FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Rollin, PE Williams, RJ Bressler, DS Pearson, S Cottingham, M Pucak, G Sanchez, A Trappier, SG Peters, RL Greer, PW Zaki, S Demarcus, T Hendricks, K Kelley, M Simpson, D Geisbert, TW Jahrling, PB Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG AF Rollin, PE Williams, RJ Bressler, DS Pearson, S Cottingham, M Pucak, G Sanchez, A Trappier, SG Peters, RL Greer, PW Zaki, S Demarcus, T Hendricks, K Kelley, M Simpson, D Geisbert, TW Jahrling, PB Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG TI Ebola (subtype Reston) virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; MONKEYS AB In April 1996, laboratory testing of imported nonhuman primates (as mandated by quarantine regulations) identified 2 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) infected with Ebola (subtype Reston) virus in a US-registered quarantine facility, The animals were part of a shipment of 100 nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines. Two additional infected animals, who were thought to be in the incubation phase, were identified among the remaining 48 animals in the affected quarantine room, The other 50 macaques, who had been held in a separate isolation room, remained asymptomatic, and none of these animals seroconverted during an extended quarantine period. Due to the rigorous routine safety precautions, the facility personnel had no unprotected exposures and remained asymptomatic, and no one seroconverted, The mandatory quarantine and laboratory testing requirements, put in place after the original Reston outbreak in 1989-1990, were effective for detecting and containing Ebola virus infection in newly imported nonhuman primates and minimizing potential human transmission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sepcial Pathogens Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Pathol & Ultrastruct Activ, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Covance Res Prod Inc, Alice & Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX USA. Microbiol Associates Inc, Rockville, MD USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Rollin, PE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sepcial Pathogens Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-14,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 179 SU 1 BP S108 EP S114 DI 10.1086/514303 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163HQ UT WOS:000078400300020 PM 9988173 ER PT J AU Rowe, AK Bertolli, J Khan, AS Mukunu, R Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ Bressler, D Williams, AJ Peters, CJ Rodriguez, L Feldmann, H Nichol, ST Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG AF Rowe, AK Bertolli, J Khan, AS Mukunu, R Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ Bressler, D Williams, AJ Peters, CJ Rodriguez, L Feldmann, H Nichol, ST Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG CA Commission Lutte Epidemies Kikwit TI Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MARBURG-VIRUS DISEASE AB A cohort of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) patients and their household contacts (HHCs) were studied prospectively to determine if convalescent body fluids contain Ebola virus and if secondary transmission occurs during convalescence. Twenty-nine EHF convalescents and 152 HHCs were monitored for up to 21 months. Blood specimens were obtained and symptom information was collected from convalescents and their HHCs; other body fluid specimens were also obtained from convalescents. Arthralgias and myalgia were reported significantly more often by convalescents than HHCs. Evidence of Ebola virus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in semen specimens up to 91 days after disease onset; however, these and all other non-blood body fluids tested negative by virus isolation. Among 81 initially antibody negative HHCs, none became antibody positive. Blood specimens of 5 HHCs not identified as EHF patients were initially antibody positive. No direct evidence of convalescent-to-HHC transmission of EHF was found, although the semen of convalescents may be infectious. The existence of initially antibody-positive HHCs suggests that mild cases of Ebola virus infection occurred and that the full extent of the EHF epidemic was probably underestimated. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth, Kinshasa, Zaire. Univ Marburg, Inst Virol, Marburg, Germany. RP Rowe, AK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Int Child Survival & Emerging Infect Program Supp, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 13 TC 143 Z9 152 U1 1 U2 20 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 179 SU 1 BP S28 EP S35 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163HQ UT WOS:000078400300009 PM 9988162 ER PT J AU Sadek, RF Khan, AS Stevens, G Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG AF Sadek, RF Khan, AS Stevens, G Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG TI Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Determinants of survival SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS AB In May 1995, an international team characterized and contained an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. This study reports the descriptive features of this outbreak along with a statistical analysis of the outbreak data. Proportional hazards analysis was used to examine the effect of age, phase of the outbreak, and sex on the risk of death, and a conditional probability analysis was used to examine the effectiveness of whole blood transfusion from convalescent patients on survival. Two hundred fifty case-patients (80.7%) died. The main predictor of survival in the proportional hazards model was age. No statistical evidence of a survival benefit of transfusion of blood from convalescent patients was evident after adjusting for age, sex, and the days since onset of symptoms (P = .1713). C1 Mallinckrodt Inc, Dept Biostat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, St Louis, MO 63134 USA. RP Sadek, RF (reprint author), Mallinckrodt Inc, Dept Biostat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, 675 McDonnell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63134 USA. EM RFSADEK@MKG.COM NR 17 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1899 EI 1537-6613 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 179 SU 1 BP S24 EP S27 DI 10.1086/514311 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163HQ UT WOS:000078400300008 PM 9988161 ER PT J AU Sanchez, A Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Miranda, MEG Trappier, SG Khan, AS Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Sanchez, A Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Miranda, MEG Trappier, SG Khan, AS Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI Detection and molecular characterization of Ebola viruses causing disease in human and nonhuman primates SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MARBURG VIRUS; ELEMENTS AB Ebola (EBO) viruses were detected in specimens obtained during the hemorrhagic fever outbreak among humans in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1995 (subtype Zaire) and during an outbreak of disease in cynomolgus macaques in Alice, Texas, and the Philippines in 1996 (subtype Reston). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays were developed and proven effective for detecting viral RNA in body fluids and tissues of infected individuals. Little change was seen in the nucleotide or deduced amino acid sequences of the glycoprotein (GP) of these EBO virus subtypes compared with those of their original representatives (i.e., the 1976 Yambuku, DRC, EBO isolate [subtype Zaire] and the 1989 Philippines and Reston, Virginia, isolates [subtype Reston]). The nonstructural secreted GP (SGP), the primary product of the GP gene, was more highly conserved than the structural GP, indicating different functional roles or evolutionary constraints for these proteins. Significant amounts of SGP were detected in acutely infected humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Philippine Dept Hlth, Res Inst Trop Med, Alabang, Philippines. RP Sanchez, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd Bldg 15,Room SB611,Mailstop G14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 80 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 22 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 179 SU 1 BP S164 EP S169 DI 10.1086/514282 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163HQ UT WOS:000078400300027 PM 9988180 ER PT J AU Tomori, O Bertolli, J Rollin, PE Fleerackers, Y Guimard, Y De Roo, A Feldmann, H Burt, F Swanepoel, R Killian, S Khan, AS Tshioko, K Bwaka, M Ndambe, R Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG AF Tomori, O Bertolli, J Rollin, PE Fleerackers, Y Guimard, Y De Roo, A Feldmann, H Burt, F Swanepoel, R Killian, S Khan, AS Tshioko, K Bwaka, M Ndambe, R Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG TI Serologic survey among hospital and health center workers during the Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB From May to July 1995, a serologic and interview survey was conducted to describe Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) among personnel working in 5 hospitals and 26 health care centers in and around Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Job-specific attack rates estimated for Kikwit General Hospital, the epicenter of the EHF epidemic, were 31% for physicians, 11% for technicians/room attendants, 10% for nurses, and 4% for other workers. Among 402 workers who did not meet the EHF case definition, 12 had borderline positive antibody test results; subsequent specimens from 4 of these tested negative. although an old infection with persistent Ebola antibody production or a recent atypical or asymptomatic infection cannot be ruled out, if they occur at all, they appear to be rare. This survey demonstrated that opportunities for transmission of Ebola virus to personnel in health facilities existed in Kikwit because blood and body fluid precautions were not being universally followed. C1 WHO, Harare, Zimbabwe. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Epidem Intelligence Serv,Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Sepcial Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Inst Trop Med, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. Univ Marburg, Inst Virol, Marburg, Germany. Dept Hlth, Natl Inst Virol, Special Pathogens Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa. WHO, Kinshasa, Zaire. Mosango Miss Hosp, Mosango, Congo. RP Bertolli, J (reprint author), CDC, Epidemiol, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1899 EI 1537-6613 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 179 SU 1 BP S98 EP S101 DI 10.1086/514307 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163HQ UT WOS:000078400300018 PM 9988171 ER PT J AU Villinger, F Rollin, PE Brar, SS Chikkala, NF Winter, J Sundstrom, JB Zaki, SR Swanepoel, R Ansari, AA Peters, CJ AF Villinger, F Rollin, PE Brar, SS Chikkala, NF Winter, J Sundstrom, JB Zaki, SR Swanepoel, R Ansari, AA Peters, CJ TI Markedly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha associated with fatal Ebola virus infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; MONKEYS; ZAIRE AB The role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) remains to be elucidated. In this report, the serum cytokine levels of patients who died of EHF were compared with those of patients who recovered and those of control patients. A marked elevation of interferon (IFN)-gamma levels (>100 pg/mL) was observed in sequential serum samples from all fatal EI-IF cases compared with patients who recovered or controls. Markedly elevated serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IFN-alpha were also noted in fatal EHF cases; however, they had a greater degree of variability. No differences were noted in serum levels of IL-4 and IL-6. mRNA quantitation from blood clots of the same patients showed relatively elevated levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha in samples from EHF patients. Taken together, these results suggest that a high degree of immune activation accompanies and potentially contributes to a fatal outcome in EHF patients. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Winship Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Virol, Sandringham, South Africa. RP Villinger, F (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Winship Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 1327 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 14 TC 153 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 179 SU 1 BP S188 EP S191 DI 10.1086/514283 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163HQ UT WOS:000078400300030 PM 9988183 ER PT J AU Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ Greer, PW Goldsmith, CS Ferebee, T Katshitshi, J Tshioko, FK Bwaka, MA Swanepoel, R Calain, P Khan, AS Lloyd, E Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ AF Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ Greer, PW Goldsmith, CS Ferebee, T Katshitshi, J Tshioko, FK Bwaka, MA Swanepoel, R Calain, P Khan, AS Lloyd, E Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ CA Commission Lutte Epidemies Kikwit TI A novel immunohistochemical assay for the detection of Ebola virus in skin: Implications for diagnosis, spread, and surveillance of Ebola hemorrhagic fever SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; MARBURG VIRUS; MONKEYS; ZAIRE; DISEASE; CELLS AB Laboratory diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is currently performed by virus isolation and serology and can be done only in a few high-containment laboratories worldwide, In 1995, during the EHF outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the possibility of using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing of formalin-fixed postmortem skin specimens was investigated as an alternative diagnostic method for EHF, Fourteen of 19 cases of suspected EHF met the surveillance definition for EHF and were positive by IHC, IHC, serologic, and virus isolation results were concordant for all EHF and non-EHF cases. IHC and electron microscopic examination showed that endothelial cells, mononuclear phagocytes, and hepatocytes are main targets of infection, and IHC showed an association of cellular damage with viral infection. The finding of abundant viral antigens and particles in the skin of EHF patients suggests an epidemiologic role for contact transmission. IHC testing of formalin-fixed skin specimens is a safe, sensitive, and specific method for laboratory diagnosis of EHF and should be useful for EHF surveillance and prevention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Activ, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Kinshasa, Zaire. Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Virol, ZA-2050 Witwatersrand, South Africa. Natl Inst Virol, Sandringhan, South Africa. RP Zaki, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Activ, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sxz1@cdc.gov NR 50 TC 83 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 12 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 179 SU 1 BP S36 EP S47 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163HQ UT WOS:000078400300010 PM 9988163 ER PT J AU Miller, KS Forehand, R Kotchick, BA AF Miller, KS Forehand, R Kotchick, BA TI Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority samples: The role of family variables SO JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY LA English DT Article DE adolescents; family processes; sexual behavior ID UNITED-STATES; CONDOM USE; AIDS; RISK; IMPACT; HIV; INTERCOURSE; PREVENTION; INTERVENTION; PREDICTORS AB This study examined family structural variables (family income, parental education, and maternal marital status) and process variables (maternal monitoring, mother-adolescent general communication, mother-adolescent sexual communication, and maternal attitudes about adolescent sexual behavior) as predictors of indices of adolescent sexual behavior and risk due to sexual behavior in 907 Black and Hispanic families from Montgomery, Alabama, New York City and San Juan, Puerto Rico. The findings indicated that family structure variables failed to predict adolescent sexual behavior. In contrast, each of three family-process variables predicted multiple indices of adolescent sexual behavior and risk due to sexual behavior: Neither adolescent gender nor ethnicity qualified the findings. Differences did emerge among the three locations and by reporter (adolescent or mother) of the family process variables. C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Behav Res, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Psychol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Miller, KS (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 49 TC 149 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL COUNCIL FAMILY RELATIONS PI MINNEAPOLIS PA 3989 CENTRAL AVE NE #550, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55421 USA SN 0022-2445 J9 J MARRIAGE FAM JI J. Marriage Fam. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1 BP 85 EP 98 DI 10.2307/353885 PG 14 WC Family Studies; Sociology SC Family Studies; Sociology GA 173DB UT WOS:000078965000007 ER PT J AU Chudy, M Budek, I Keller-Stanislawski, B McCaustland, KA Neidhold, S Robertson, BH Nubling, CM Seitz, R Lower, J AF Chudy, M Budek, I Keller-Stanislawski, B McCaustland, KA Neidhold, S Robertson, BH Nubling, CM Seitz, R Lower, J TI A new cluster of hepatitis A infection in hemophiliacs traced to a contaminated plasma pool SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hepatitis A virus; HAV transmission; S/D-treated factor VIII; nucleic acid sequence ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; FACTOR-VIII CONCENTRATE; INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; A VIRUS; BLOOD PRODUCTS; TRANSFUSION; OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; SECONDARY; DETERGENT AB Recently, several clusters of hepatitis A have been observed among hemophiliacs linked to factor VIII concentrates treated for virus inactivation solely with the solvent/detergent (S/D) method, a procedure that does not affect nonenveloped viruses such as the hepatitis A virus (HAV). A new outbreak of hepatitis A in six hemophiliacs treated with the same lot of a factor VIII preparation occurred recently in Germany. The objective of the study was to clarify whether these diseases were caused by the administration of the S/D-treated plasma product, rather than a community-acquired infection. Polymerase chain reactions designed to detect HAV nucleic acid have been carried out in the implicated factor VIII lots, in the corresponding plasma pools, and in serum samples of four out of six infected individuals. The nucleic acid sequences were determined in samples that resulted in positive amplification products. HAV sequences were found in one of the two plasma pools used for manufacture of the incriminated product, in the incriminated lot itself, and in all recipient sera tested so far, although the latter were collected up to 7 weeks after the onset of jaundice. The sequences obtained were completely identical, revealing a unique HAV strain of genotype IA. This study provides conclusive evidence that hepatitis A can be transmitted by factor VIII concentrates treated solely by the SID procedure for virus inactivation. This inactivation method is not effective against nonenveloped viruses. Since a number of hepatitis A transmission episodes have been described with such preparations during the past 10 years, their continued use seems to be questionable unless additional virus removal or inactivation steps are introduced to prevent the transmission of nonenveloped viruses. Molecular approaches again proved to be reliable tools for elucidating the chain of virus transmission. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Paul Ehrlich Inst, Sect Virol, D-63225 Langen, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Virol Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chudy, M (reprint author), Paul Ehrlich Inst, Sect Virol, Paul Ehrlich Str 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany. NR 35 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 57 IS 2 BP 91 EP 99 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199902)57:2<91::AID-JMV1>3.0.CO;2-L PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 154DJ UT WOS:000077873100001 PM 9892390 ER PT J AU Meng, JH Cong, ME Dai, X Pillot, J Purdy, MA Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE AF Meng, JH Cong, ME Dai, X Pillot, J Purdy, MA Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE TI Primary structure of open reading frame 2 and 3 of the hepatitis E virus isolated from Morocco SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hepatitis E; nucleotide sequence; structural protein; phylogenetic analysis; heterogeneity ID MOLECULAR-CLONING; VIRAL-HEPATITIS; GENOME SEQUENCE; FUSION PROTEIN; GENE STRUCTURE; NON-A; HEV; STRAINS; CHINA; RNA AB The nucleotide sequence from position 5,014 to 7,186 of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome was determined using a set of 10 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments amplified directly from a pool of fecal specimens obtained from patients with well-documented epidemic HEV infection in Morocco. This sequence contains the 3'-terminal region of open reading frame 1 (ORF1), full length ORF2 and ORF3, and a portion of the 3'-noncoding region. The HEV Morocco nucleotide sequence was com pared with the corresponding sequences of 13 HEV strains. A region of ORF2 that overlaps with ORF3 was found to be the most conserved region of ORF2, whereas a protein segment encoded by this region was found to be the most variable. Theoretical RNA secondary structure analysis predicted that this region may be folded into a strong secondary structure that may constrain nucleotide sequence variability. In addition, the nucleotide sequence comparison revealed that the HEV Morocco sequence is most homologous to the sequences of the HEV Asian strains compared with the HEV Mexico, swine, and US strains. Phylogenetic analysis performed on the entire ORF2 and ORF3 sequences and on a small fragment of ORF2 allowed classification of the HEV Morocco strain together with a few other known African strains as a separate subtype within the Asian-African genotype. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Nanjing Railway Med Coll, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nanjing, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Med Sci, Inst Dermatol, Nanjing, Peoples R China. Inst Pasteur, Unite Immunol Microbienne, Paris, France. RP Khudyakov, YE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Mail Stop A-33,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 57 IS 2 BP 126 EP 133 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199902)57:2<126::AID-JMV7>3.0.CO;2-O PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 154DJ UT WOS:000077873100007 PM 9892396 ER PT J AU Magnetti, SM Wyant, WD Greenwood, J Roder, NJ Linton, JC Ducatman, AM AF Magnetti, SM Wyant, WD Greenwood, J Roder, NJ Linton, JC Ducatman, AM TI Injuries to volunteer fire fighters in West Virginia SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT AB The distribution and characteristics of workplace injuries fm West Virginia volunteer fire fighfers (VFFs) are described using 1992 workers' compensation data. Most of the injuries occurred in VFFs who were less than 30 years of age (62 %). The most common type of injuries were those in the category of lacerations and contusions (28.9%), with a notable percentage of injuries due to smoke inhalation and respiratory problems (13.7%). The proportional rates related to falls in VFFs were almost twice the national figures for the same year (39.3% versus 22.3%). County population. density was found to be directly associated with injury rates, even when adjusted for number of responses, Claims statistics mirror a similar geographical trend in overall workers' compensation claims for all injuries in West Virginia. The results of this study provide a foundation for additional follow-up studies in order to develop improved occupational safety policies and target educational programs aimed at the prevention of injuries in volunteer fire fighters. Several findings have already resulted in programmatic recommendations. C1 W Virginia Univ, Sch Med, Inst Occupat & Environm Hlth, Dept Community Med, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Bur Employment Programs, Div Workers Compensat, Charleston, WV USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Commun Res Branch, Morgantown, WV USA. W Virginia Univ, Sch Med, Dept Behav Med, Charleston Div, Charleston, WV 25304 USA. RP Magnetti, SM (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Sch Med, Inst Occupat & Environm Hlth, Dept Community Med, POB 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 2 BP 104 EP 110 DI 10.1097/00043764-199902000-00005 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 167VT UT WOS:000078655300005 PM 10029955 ER PT J AU Sulaiman, IM Lal, AA Arrowood, MJ Xiao, LH AF Sulaiman, IM Lal, AA Arrowood, MJ Xiao, LH TI Biallelic polymorphism in the intron region of beta-tubulin gene of Cryptosporidium parasites SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; PARVUM; BOVINE; SEQUENCE AB Nucleotide sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified intron region of the Cryptosporidium parvum beta-tubulin gene in 26 human and 15 animal isolates revealed distinct genetic polymorphism between the human and bovine genotypes. The separation of 2 genotypes of C. parvum is in agreement with our previous genotyping data based on the thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP-C2) gene, indicating these genotype characteristics are linked at 2 genetic loci. Characterization of Cryptosporidium mim's and Cryptosporidium serpentis has further shown that non-parvum Cryptosporidium parasites have beta-tubulin intron sequences identical to bovine genotype of C. parvum. Thus, results of this study confirm the lineage of 2 genotypes of C. parvum at 2 genetic loci and suggest a need for extensive characterization of various Cryptosporidium spp. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sulaiman, IM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Bldg 22,Mail Stop F12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 14 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 85 IS 1 BP 154 EP 157 DI 10.2307/3285725 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 170LB UT WOS:000078806200034 PM 10207387 ER PT J AU Ohmit, SE Arden, NH Monto, AS AF Ohmit, SE Arden, NH Monto, AS TI Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine among nursing home residents during an influenza type A (H3N2) epidemic SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE elderly; influenza; influenza vaccine; nursing homes; vaccine effectiveness ID PREVENTING HOSPITALIZATION; A H3N2; EFFICACY; POPULATION; OUTBREAKS; COMMUNITY; ILLNESS AB OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of influenza Vaccine in nursing homes and its effectiveness in reducing the likelihood of influenza-like illness. DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study with active identification of influenza infection. SETTING: All nursing homes in a seven-county study area in southern lower Michigan were eligible for participation. Analyses were based on data collected from 23 homes with documented influenza transmission. PARTICIPANTS: Persons aged 65 years or older who were residents of the nursing homes under study during the influenza type A(H3N2) outbreak in 1989-1990. MEASUREMENTS: Residents were identified as cases or controls based on occurrence of febrile respiratory illness meeting a case definition. Demographic and underlying illness information were gathered as were data on the use of influenza vaccine, antibiotics, and antivirals. Characteristics of the nursing homes were also recorded. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine Vaccine effectiveness. MAIN RESULTS: Determinants of vaccine use were different from those observed in a parallel community-based study. In a multivariate model that considered the effects of resident and nursing home characteristics, vaccinated residents were significantly less likely than those who were not vaccinated to have an influenza-like illness (OR = .58 (95% CI, .43-.78), P < .001, imputed vaccine effectiveness estimate of 42%). Vaccination was more effective in younger residents (those aged 65 to 84) then in older residents (those older than 84 years). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination was effective in reducing the likelihood of influenza-like illness in nursing home residents. Effectiveness appeared to be related to age, which may function as a surrogate for related immunologic factors. Older nursing home residents should be targeted for newer vaccines and/or potential prophylactic use of antivirals. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Vaccine Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Monto, AS (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, 109 Observ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 47 IS 2 BP 165 EP 171 PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 163VE UT WOS:000078426400006 PM 9988287 ER PT J AU Willy, ME Woodward, RA Thornton, VB Wolff, AV Flynn, BM Heath, JL Villamarzo, YS Smith, S Bellini, WJ Rota, PA AF Willy, ME Woodward, RA Thornton, VB Wolff, AV Flynn, BM Heath, JL Villamarzo, YS Smith, S Bellini, WJ Rota, PA TI Management of a measles outbreak among old world nonhuman primates SO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; RHESUS MACAQUE; INFECTION; CELLS; HOST; RNA AB Background and Purpose: A measles outbreak in a facility housing Old World nonhuman primates developed over a 8-month period in 1996, providing an opportunity to study the epidemiology of this highly infectious disease in an animal-handling setting. Methods: Serum and urine specimens were collected from monkeys housed in the room where the initial measles cases were identified, other monkeys with suspicious measles-like signs, and employees working in the affected areas, Serum specimens were tested for measles virus-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, and urine specimens were tested for measles virus by virus isolation or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: A total of 94 monkeys in two separate facilities had evidence of an acute measles infection. The outbreak was caused by a wild-type virus that had been associated with recent human cases of acute measles in the United States; however, an investigation was unable to identify the original source of the outbreak. Quarantine and massive vaccination helped to control further spread of infection. Conclusions: Results emphasize the value of having a measles control plan in place that includes a preventive measles vaccination program involving human and nonhuman primates to decrease the likelihood of a facility outbreak. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Measles Virus Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIH, Warren Grant Magnuson Clin Ctr, Hosp Epidemiol Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Vet Resources Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Rota, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Measles Virus Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS-C-22,Bldg 1,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 0023-6764 J9 LAB ANIM SCI JI Lab. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 49 IS 1 BP 42 EP 48 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 175HH UT WOS:000079087000007 PM 10090093 ER PT J AU Reintjes, R Pohle, M Vieth, U Lyytikainen, O Timm, H Schreier, E Petersen, L AF Reintjes, R Pohle, M Vieth, U Lyytikainen, O Timm, H Schreier, E Petersen, L TI Community-wide outbreak of enteroviral illness caused by echovirus 30: a cross-sectional survey and a case-control study SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE aseptic meningitis; echovirus-30; community outbreak investigation; case-control study; cross-sectional survey AB Background In June, 1997, 21 children from a single community in Germany were hospitalized with aseptic meningitis. An epidemiologic investigation was conducted to determine the extent of the outbreak and risk factors for illness. Method. The extent of the outbreak was assessed with a cross-sectional survey of every 10th child listed in the town register among the 2240 town children <16 years old. A case-control study determined risk factors for illness. Sixty-two cases were identified through the cross-sectional survey from hospitalized persons and from persons seen by local physicians. Controls were 114 asymptomatic persons identified from the cross-sectional survey. Results. The overall attack rate was 16%, with the highest attack rates (24%) among the 6- to 8-year olds. Onsets occurred during a 37-day period. Among the 2240 town children <16 years of age, an estimated 353 met the case definition for enteroviral illness, 168 visited a doctor and 21 were hospitalized. Data from the case-control study indicated that contact with an ill household member [odds ratio (OR) = 6.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6 to 15.5], day-care attendance (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 6.2) and playground use, either two to three times per week (OR = 3.7; 95% CI 1.3 to 10.2) or daily (OR = 4.3; 95% CI 1.6 to 11.3), were risk factors for illness. Conclusion. Echovirus 30 caused substantial morbidity during this community outbreak caused by person-to-person spread. Household contacts, day-care centers and playgrounds were prominent risk factors for transmission. C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. European Programme Intervent Epidemiol Training, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Robert Koch Inst, Field Epidemiol Training Program, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Robert Koch Inst, Lab Enterovirus, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Municipal Hlth Serv Oberspreewald Lausitz, Senftenberg, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Reintjes, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. EM Ralf.Reintjes@rivm.nl NR 19 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 104 EP 108 DI 10.1097/00006454-199902000-00005 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 166FX UT WOS:000078566500004 PM 10048680 ER PT J AU Wilfert, C Aronson, JE Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Kline, MW Mofenson, LM Scott, GB Wara, DW Whitley-Williams, PN Lindegren, ML AF Wilfert, C Aronson, JE Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Kline, MW Mofenson, LM Scott, GB Wara, DW Whitley-Williams, PN Lindegren, ML CA Comm Pediat AIDS TI Planning for children whose parents are dying of HIV/AIDS SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AIDS; NUMBER AB Although the character of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is changing into a chronic illness, it is estimated that by the end of this century, 80 000 children and adolescents in the United States will be orphaned by parental death caused by human immunodeficiency virus infection. Plans for these children need to be made to ensure not only a stable, consistent environment that provides love and nurturing, but also the medical and social interventions necessary to cope with the tragic loss. Pediatricians should become aware of local laws and community resources and initiate discussion early in the course of parental illness to facilitate planning for the future care and custody of the children. States need to adopt laws and regulations that provide flexible approaches to guardianship and placement of children orphaned by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wilfert, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1999 VL 103 IS 2 BP 509 EP 511 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 163ZU UT WOS:000078437800024 PM 9925854 ER PT J AU Erenberg, A Lemons, J Sia, C Tunkel, D Ziring, P Adams, M Holstrum, J McPherson, M Paneth, N Strickland, B AF Erenberg, A Lemons, J Sia, C Tunkel, D Ziring, P Adams, M Holstrum, J McPherson, M Paneth, N Strickland, B CA Task Force Newborn Infant Hearing TI Newborn and infant hearing loss: Detection and intervention SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID EVOKED OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS; IDENTIFICATION; DEAFNESS AB This statement endorses the implementation of universal newborn hearing screening. In addition, the statement reviews the primary objectives, important components, and recommended screening parameters that characterize an effective universal newborn hearing screening program. C1 Amer Acad Pediat, Task Force Newborn & Infant Hearing, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Comm Fetus & Newborn, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Project Advisory Comm Med Home Program Children S, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Sect Otolaryngol Bronchoesophagol, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Comm Children Disabil, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Erenberg, A (reprint author), Amer Acad Pediat, Task Force Newborn & Infant Hearing, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. NR 31 TC 250 Z9 303 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1999 VL 103 IS 2 BP 527 EP 530 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 163ZU UT WOS:000078437800029 PM 9925859 ER PT J AU Losonsky, GA Wasserman, SS Stephens, I Mahoney, F Armstrong, P Gumpper, K Dulkerian, S West, DJ Gewolb, IH AF Losonsky, GA Wasserman, SS Stephens, I Mahoney, F Armstrong, P Gumpper, K Dulkerian, S West, DJ Gewolb, IH TI Hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants: A reassessment of current recommendations for delayed immunization SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 64th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Pediatric-Research CY MAY 05-11, 1995 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Pediat Res DE premature; hepatitis B; early vaccination ID PRETERM INFANTS; CONJUGATE VACCINE; IMMUNOGENICITY; CHILDREN AB Objective. Current American Academy of Pediatrics and United States Public Health Service Immunization Practices Advisory Committee recommendations for hepatitis B immunization in premature infants weighing <2 kg at birth born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative mothers are to delay the initiation of vaccination until such infants reach 2 kg or until 2 months of age. This proposal to delay vaccination at birth in these low-risk infants was based on limited studies not conducted in the United States. We sought to reassess current recommendations to delay administration of hepatitis B vaccine in low-risk premature infants by determining the immunogenicity of early hepatitis B vaccination in a US population and identifying variables associated with poor immunogenicity. Methods. A total of 148 infants <37 weeks' gestation born to mothers negative for HB,Ag were recruited at birth and stratified to three birth weight groups: <1000 g, 1000 to 1500 g, and >1500 g. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine was administered within the first week of life, at 1 to 2 months of age, and at 6 to 7 months of age. Serum obtained at birth and after the second and third doses of vaccine was tested for antibody to HB,Ag. Variables associated with poor response were sought prospectively by collecting demographic and clinical data. Results. A total of 118 subjects (83%) completed the study. Postsecond dose sera were available for 117 infants and postthird dose sera were available for 112 infants. The seroprotection rate (attaining greater than or equal to 10 mIU/mL HE, antibody) after two doses was low (25%) regardless of birth weight; infants weighing <1000 g at birth had the poorest response (11%). The seroprotection response rate after three doses of vaccine increased with birth weight; infants weighing less than or equal to 1500 g at birth (groups 1 and 2) had lower rates of response (52% and 68%, respectively) than did infants weighing >1500 g at birth (group 3; 84% response rate). The seroprotection response rate of group 3 infants after three doses of vaccine, although low, could not be differentiated from the response rates reported for full-term infants using 95% confidence intervals. Of all infants who did not achieve protective levels of antibody after three doses of vaccine, 96% (26/27) weighed <1700 g at birth. The geometric mean HE, antibody levels in responders were 88 and 386 mIU/mL after two and three doses, respectively. Of 36 children with a birth weight >1500 g, 33 (91%) achieved levels of HE, antibody >100 mIU/mL after three doses of vaccine, compared with 25/35 (71%) of infants with birth weight <1500 g. Using logistic regression analysis, nonresponders were more likely than were responders to have been treated with steroids (26% vs 9%) and to have had a low birth weight (1037 g vs 1455 g). In addition, the seroresponse rate of black infants was more likely than that of white infants to be associated with poor weight gain (falling off 2 percentile ranks in weight) in the first 6 months of life: 22% of black and 60% of white children who failed to gain weight adequately responded to vaccination, compared with 92% of black and 70% of white children who were growing adequately. Of interest, the only infant with a birth weight of >1700 g who did not make protective levels of specific antibody after three doses of vaccine was 2300 g at birth, but had inadequate weight gain in the first 6 months of life. Conclusions. This study supports current recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for delaying the initiation of hepatitis B immunization beyond the first week of life for premature infants at low risk for hepatitis B infection, particularly in newborns weighing <1700 g at birth. In addition, we have identified variables other than birth weight that were associated with an inadequate immune response to early hepatitis B vaccination in premature infants, such as poor weight gain in the first 6 months of life and steroid use in the first few months of life. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Dept Pediat,Div Pediat Infect Dis & Trop Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Dept Med,Div Geog Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Neonatol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland, Med Ctr, Serv Pharm, Baltimore, MD USA. Merck Res Labs, Vaccine Infect Dis, W Point, PA USA. RP Losonsky, GA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Hlth Sci Facil, Ctr Vaccine Dev, 685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1999 VL 103 IS 2 AR e14 DI 10.1542/peds.103.2.e14 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 163ZU UT WOS:000078437800043 PM 9925860 ER PT J AU Ebrahim, SH Diekman, ST Decoufle, P Tully, M Floyd, RL AF Ebrahim, SH Diekman, ST Decoufle, P Tully, M Floyd, RL TI Pregnancy-related alcohol use among women in the United States, 1988-95 SO PRENATAL AND NEONATAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE alcohol; pregnancy-related reduction; frequent drinking; USA ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; CONSUMPTION; DRINKING; CONSEQUENCES AB Objectives To determine secular trends in pregnancy-related reduction in frequent alcohol use (i.e. greater than or equal to 5 drinks/occasion or greater than or equal to 7 drinks/ week) among US women, 1988-95. Methods Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we obtained the prevalence rate ratio (PRR) for alcohol use by pregnant women compared with that by non-pregnant women, with an emphasis on frequent use, and the median number of drinks consumed per week. Results The overall PRR for any alcohol use did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) over the study period, decreasing from 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29-0.40) during 1988-89, to 0.24 (95% CI 0.21-0.28) in 1990-93, and then increasing to 0.30 (95% CI 0.25-0.37) in 1995. The pregnancy-related reduction for any alcohol use was smallest among women who were aged 31-44 years, non-white or unmarried. The PRR for frequent drinking varied significantly over time, decreasing from 0.20 (95% CI 0.12-0.33) during 1988-89 to 0.08 (95% CI 0.05-0.12) in 1990-91 and then increasing to 0.26 (95% CI 0.16-0.40) in 1995 (p < 0.05). For frequent drinking, the pregnancy-related reduction was smallest among non-white women and among unmarried women. The median number of drinks consumed per week remained steady over time for both pregnant (any, 1.0; frequent, 5.0) and non-pregnant women (any 1.5; frequent, 6.0). Conclusion Among reproductive-age women who are frequent alcohol users, the likelihood of continuing frequent alcohol use into pregnancy has increased in recent years, but the amount consumed has remained stable. Public health efforts aimed at increasing the availability of interventions for alcohol-using women of reproductive age are needed to prevent alcohol-exposed pregnancies. C1 CDC, FAS Prevent Sect, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Diekman, ST (reprint author), CDC, FAS Prevent Sect, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Mail Stop F-49,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 3 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP PI CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE PA CASTERTON HALL, CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE LA6 2LA, ENGLAND SN 1359-8635 J9 PRENAT NEONAT MED JI Prenat. Neonatal Med. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 39 EP 46 PG 8 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 194NG UT WOS:000080200000004 ER PT J AU Dobbins, JG Mastro, TD Nopkesorn, T Sangkharomya, S Limpakarnjanarat, K Weniger, BG Schmid, DS AF Dobbins, JG Mastro, TD Nopkesorn, T Sangkharomya, S Limpakarnjanarat, K Weniger, BG Schmid, DS TI Herpes in the time of AIDS: A comparison of the epidemiology of HIV-1 and HSV-2 in young men in northern Thailand SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; SIMPLEX VIRUS; GENITAL HERPES; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; RISK; PROBABILITY; PARTNERS; TYPE-2 AB Objectives: To compare the epidemiologic pattern of HIV-1, a recently introduced sexually transmitted disease (STD) agent in Thailand, with the pattern of HSV-2, a well-established STD agent, so that future trends for both viruses can be better understood. Methods: We obtained questionnaire data and determined HSV-2 (by specific gG-2) and HIV-1 seroreactivity in a cohort of 1,115 young male army conscripts who entered service in northern Thailand in 1991, Results: Seroprevalence of HIV-1 and HSV-2 was 6.9% and 14.9%, respectively, For HSV-2-seropositive men who reported previous genital ulcers, HIV-1 seroprevalence was 32%. For most variables, there was a close correspondence between the prevalence ratios for HIV-I and for HSV-2, except that prevalence ratios for HIV-1 tended to be greater than the corresponding ratios for HSV-2, The seroprevalence of both viruses was strongly related to early and frequent contact with female sex workers (FSWs), infrequent use of condoms with FSWs, and residence in the upper north region of Thailand, When differences in sexual behavior between the upper north and lower north were controlled for, the seroprevalence of both viruses still differed significantly by region. Conclusions: Although the seroprevalence levels of HSV-2 and HIV-1 were quite different in this cohort of Thai army conscripts in 1991, the patterns of infection in terms of demographic, residential, and behavioral variables were similar. Seroprevalence studies of HSV-2 in other populations, particularly where the HIV-1 epidemic is just beginning, may be useful in predicting which subgroups might be most vulnerable to the epidemic and could therefore benefit the most from public health intervention. Where differences in the patterns of the two viruses have been noted, we hypothesize that the pattern for HIV-1 will evolve toward that seen for HSV-2. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Royal Thai 3rd Army, Phitsanuloke, Thailand. RP Mastro, TD (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. EM dss1@cdc.gov OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 31 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 26 IS 2 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1097/00007435-199902000-00001 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 166QZ UT WOS:000078589700001 PM 10029978 ER PT J AU Fleming, DT Wasserheit, JN AF Fleming, DT Wasserheit, JN TI From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Review DE epidemiology; public health policy; sexually transmitted diseases; sexual transmission; HIV ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; GENITAL ULCER DISEASE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; VITAMIN-A-DEFICIENCY; RISK-FACTORS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; HAEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI; TYPE-1 SEROCONVERSION; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; RURAL TANZANIA AB Objectives: To review the scientific data on the role of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in sexual transmission of HIV infection and discuss the implications of these findings for HIV and STD prevention policy and practice. Methods: Articles were selected from a review of Medline, accessed with the OVID search engine. The search covered articles from January 1987 to September 1998 and yielded 2101 articles. Methods used to uncover articles which might have been missed included searching for related articles by author, and combing literature reviews. In addition, all abstracts under the category "sexually transmitted diseases" from the XI and XII International Conferences on AIDS (Vancouver 1996 and Geneva 1998) and other relevant scientific meetings were reviewed. Efforts were made to locate journal articles which resulted from the research reported in the identified abstracts. All original journal articles and abstracts which met one of the following criteria were included: (1) studies of the biological plausibility or mechanism of facilitation of HIV infectiousness or susceptibility by STDs, (2) prospective cohort studies (longitudinal or nested case-control) which estimate the risk of HIV infection associated with specific STDs or STD syndromes, or (3) intervention studies which quantitate the effect which STD treatment can have on HIV incidence. Results: Strong evidence indicates that both ulcerative and non-ulcerative STDs promote HIV transmission by augmenting HIV infectiousness and HIV susceptibility via a variety of biological mechanisms. These effects are reflected in the risk estimates found in numerous prospective studies from four continents which range from 2.0 to 23.5, with most clustering between 2 and 5. The relative importance of ulcerative and non-ulcerative STDs appears to be complex. Owing to the greater frequency of non-ulcerative STDs in many populations, these infections may be responsible for more HIV transmission than genital ulcers. However, the limited reciprocal impact of HIV infection on non-ulcerative STDs and the evidence that non-ulcerative STDs may increase risk primarily for the receptive partner (rather than bidirectionally) may modulate the impact of these diseases. The results of two community level randomised, controlled intervention trials conducted in Africa suggest that timely provision of STD services can substantially reduce HIV incidence, but raise additional questions about the optimal way to target and implement these services to achieve the greatest effect on HIV transmission. Conclusions: Available data leave little doubt that other STDs facilitate HN transmission through direct, biological mechanisms and that early STD treatment should be part of a high quality, comprehensive HIV prevention strategy. Policy makers, HIV prevention programme managers, and providers should focus initial implementation efforts on three key areas: (i) improving access to and quality of STD clinical services; (ii) promoting early and effective STD related healthcare behaviours; and (iii) establishing surveillance systems to monitor STD and HIV trends and their interrelations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wasserheit, JN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 82 TC 1271 Z9 1311 U1 9 U2 95 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 75 IS 1 BP 3 EP 17 PG 15 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 174ZV UT WOS:000079067200002 PM 10448335 ER PT J AU Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD Saisorn, S Uthaivoravit, W Kaewkungwal, J Korattana, S Young, NL Morse, SA Schmid, DS Weniger, BG Nieburg, P AF Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD Saisorn, S Uthaivoravit, W Kaewkungwal, J Korattana, S Young, NL Morse, SA Schmid, DS Weniger, BG Nieburg, P TI HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of female sex workers in Chiang Rai, Thailand SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article DE HIV; Thailand; sex workers; STIs ID CONDOM USE; YOUNG MEN; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; RISK-FACTORS; TRANSMISSION; DETERMINANTS; PROSTITUTES; PROGRAM; DECLINE; MAI AB Objectives: To determine demographic and behavioural factors and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) associated with prevalent HIV-1 infection among brothel based and other female sex workers (FSWs) in Chiang Rai, northern Thailand. Methods: Data were collected Gum questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory evaluations on Thai FSWs enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Chiang Rai, Thailand, from 1991 to the end of 1994. Results: HIV-1 seroprevalence was 32% among 500 women: 47% for 280 brothel workers and 13% for 220 other FSWs (p<0.001); 96% of infections were due to HIV-1 subtype E. At enrolment, other STIs were common: chlamydia, 20%; gonorrhoea, 15%; active syphilis (serological diagnosis), 9%; genital ulcer, 12%; seroreactivity to Haemophilus ducreyi, 21%, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), 76%. On multiple logistic regression analysis, HIV-1 was associated with brothel work, birth in upper northern Thailand, initiation of commercial sex at <15 years of age, syphilis, HSV-2 seropositivity, and genital ulcer. Conclusions: Young Thai FSWs working in brothels in northern Thailand in the early phase of the HIV epidemic have been at very high risk for HIV-1 infection and several other STIs. Programmes are needed to prevent girls and young women from entering the sex industry and to reduce the risk of infection with HIV-1 and other STIs. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Chiang Rai Prov Hlth Off, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Chiang Rai Hosp, Chiang Rai, Thailand. RP Limpakarnjanarat, K (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 30 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 75 IS 1 BP 30 EP 35 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 174ZV UT WOS:000079067200006 PM 10448339 ER PT J AU Jones, BH Knapik, JJ AF Jones, BH Knapik, JJ TI Physical training and exercise-related injuries - Surveillance, research and injury prevention in military populations SO SPORTS MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID INFANTRY SOLDIERS; ATHLETIC INJURIES; STRESS-FRACTURES; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; FITNESS; TRAINEES; STRENGTH; SPORTS; ARMY AB Athletes and soldiers must both develop and maintain high levels of physical fitness for the physically demanding tasks they perform; however, the routine physical activity necessary to achieve and sustain fitness can result in training-related injuries. This article reviews data from a systematic injury control programme developed by the US Army. Injury control requires 5 major steps: (i) surveillance to determine the size of the injury problem; (ii) studies to determine causes and risk factors for these injuries; (iii) studies to ascertain whether proposed interventions actually reduce injuries; (iv) implementation of effective interventions; and (v) monitoring to see whether interventions retain their effectiveness. Medical surveillance data from the US Army indicate that unintentional (accidental) injuries cause about 50% of deaths, 50% of disabilities, 30% of hospitalisations and 40 to 60% of outpatient visits. Epidemiological surveys show that the cumulative incidence of injuries (requiring an outpatient visit) in the 8 weeks of US Army basic training is about 25% for men and 55% for women; incidence rates for operational infantry, special forces and ranger units an about 10 to 12 injuries/100 soldier-months. Of the limited-duty days accrued by trainees and infantry soldiers who were treated in outpatient clinics, 80 to 90% were the result of training-related injuries. US Army studies document a number of potentially modifiable risk factors for these injuries, which include high amounts of running, low levels of physical fitness, high and law levels of flexibility, sedentary lifestyle and tobacco use, amongst others. Studies directed at interventions showed that limiting running distance can reduce the risk for stress fractures, that the use of ankle braces can reduce the likelihood of ankle sprains during airborne operations and that the use of shuck-absorbing insoles does not reduce stress fractures during training. The US Army continues to develop a comprehensive injury prevention programme encompassing surveillance, research, programme implementation and monitoring. The findings from this programme, and the general principles of injury control therein, have a wide application in civilian sports and exercise programmes. C1 USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Directorate Epidemiol & Dis Surveillance, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. RP Jones, BH (reprint author), Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 61 TC 144 Z9 152 U1 2 U2 11 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 0112-1642 J9 SPORTS MED JI Sports Med. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.2165/00007256-199927020-00004 PG 15 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 176AB UT WOS:000079127500004 PM 10091275 ER PT J AU Chapman, LE Heneine, W Switzer, W Sandstrom, P Folks, TM AF Chapman, LE Heneine, W Switzer, W Sandstrom, P Folks, TM TI Xenotransplantation: The potential for xenogeneic infections SO TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XVIIth World Congress of the Transplantation-Society CY JUL 12-17, 1998 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Transplantat Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chapman, LE (reprint author), CDC, MSG-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0041-1345 J9 TRANSPLANT P JI Transplant. Proc. PD FEB-MAR PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1-2 BP 909 EP 910 DI 10.1016/S0041-1345(98)01830-2 PG 2 WC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation SC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation GA 173BG UT WOS:000078960600408 PM 10083399 ER PT J AU Bender, C Hall, H Huang, J Klimov, A Cox, N Hay, A Gregory, V Cameron, K Lim, W Subbarao, K AF Bender, C Hall, H Huang, J Klimov, A Cox, N Hay, A Gregory, V Cameron, K Lim, W Subbarao, K TI Characterization of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in 1997-1998 SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE human influenza; avian influenza; hemagglutinin; neuraminidase; glycosylation ID A-VIRUSES; CLEAVAGE SITE; HEMAGGLUTININ; NEURAMINIDASE; PATHOGENICITY; EVOLUTION; GENE; CONJUNCTIVITIS; VIRULENCE; STRAINS AB Influenza A (H5N1) viruses infected humans in Hong Kong between May and December, 1997. Sixteen viruses, including 6 from fatal cases, were isolated during this outbreak. Molecular analysis of the surface proteins genes encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of these H5N1 isolates, of a subtype not previously known to infect humans, are presented. The 16 human H5 HA sequences contain multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a motif associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. The phylogenetic relationship among both avian and human H5 hemagglutinins indicates that the human isolates are related directly to isolates that circulated among chickens in the live poultry markets in Hong Kong prior to and during the outbreak in humans. HA sequences from the human isolates and a recent chicken isolate represent a separate clade, within which there are two subgroups that are distinguishable antigenically and by the presence of a potential glycosylation site. Likewise the N1 neuraminidases of the human H5 isolates represent a clade that is evolutionarily distinct from previously characterized N1 neuraminidases. The recent human H5N1 virus NA genes are avian-like, indicating direct introduction from an avian source rather than evolution of a human N1 NA. All of the 16 human NA genes encode a shortened stalk due to a 19-amino acid deletion, also found in the recent avian H5N1 isolates from Hong Kong. Two unique amino acids were identified in the N1 NAs of the recent human isolates; however, it is not known if these residues influence host range. Neither the HA nor the NA genes of the human H5N1 virus isolates show evidence of adaptive changes during the outbreak. Although analyses of the surface protein genes of the H5N1 viruses from this outbreak did not provide immediate answers regarding the molecular basis for virulence, the analyses provided clues to potentially important areas of the genes worth further investigation. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Inst Med Res, Div Virol, London NW7 1AA, England. Queen Mary Hosp, Govt Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Bender, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 124 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 254 IS 1 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.1006/viro.1998.9529 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 167FW UT WOS:000078622700012 PM 9927579 ER PT J AU Vitek, CR Brennan, MB Gotway, CA Bragina, VY Govorukina, NV Kravtsova, ON Rhodes, PH Bisgard, KM Strebel, PM AF Vitek, CR Brennan, MB Gotway, CA Bragina, VY Govorukina, NV Kravtsova, ON Rhodes, PH Bisgard, KM Strebel, PM TI Risk of diphtheria among schoolchildren in the Russian Federation in relation to time since last vaccination SO LANCET LA English DT Article AB Background Between 1990 and 1996, more than 110000 cases and 2900 deaths from diphtheria were reported in the Russian Federation. in 1994, because disease rates were high among children aged 7-10 years, the age of administration of the second booster dose of diphtheria vaccine was lowered from 9 years to 6 years, the age of school entry. To assess the impact of this policy change, we did a matched case-control study in three Russian cities. Methods Children aged 6-8 years who had diphtheria between September, 1994, and December, 1996, were each matched with five to seven children acting as controls who were within 3 months of age of the case and were from the same class at school. We did a matched analysis using conditional logistic regression. Findings We analysed the immunisation records of 58 cases and 306 controls. All but one case and all controls had received at least three doses of diphtheria-toxoid vaccine. 19 (33%) cases and 144 (47%) controls had received a booster dose of diphtheria toroid within the previous 2 years. Cases were more likely than were controls to have received only four doses rather than five (odds ratio 2.8 [95% CI 1.2-6.5]) and to have a time since the last dose of diphtheria toroid of 3-4 years (3.1 [1.1-9.1]) or 5-7 years (15.0 [2.5-89.0]), compared with children for whom it was 2 years or less. On multivariate analysis only a time since the last dose of 5-7 years remained significantly associated with disease (matched odds ratio adjusted for total number of doses 10.9 [1.6-75.1]). Conclusion A booster dose of diphtheria-toxoid Vaccine given to children in the Russian Federation at 6-8 years of age reduced the interval since the last dose of diphtheria toroid and improved protection against diphtheria. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Stat Anal Branch, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Vladimir, Russia. Minist Hlth, Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia. Minist Hlth, Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Voronezh, Russia. RP Vitek, CR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 30 PY 1999 VL 353 IS 9150 BP 355 EP 358 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03488-6 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 163ZL UT WOS:000078437000010 PM 9950440 ER PT J AU Chandler, B Wood, L Funk, E Beller, M Middaugh, J AF Chandler, B Wood, L Funk, E Beller, M Middaugh, J TI Transmission of measles among a highly vaccinated school population - Anchorage, Alaska, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1109, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Dept Hlth & Human Svcs Anchorage, Fairbanks, AK USA. Alaska State Virol Lab, Fairbanks, AK USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Measles Virus Sect, Resp & Enter Dis Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Bethesda, MD USA. Natl Immunizat Program, Measles Eliminat Activ, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Br, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA USA. Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Chandler, B (reprint author), Dept Hlth & Human Svcs Anchorage, Fairbanks, AK USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 4 BP 315 EP 316 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 158JB UT WOS:000078111300010 ER PT J CA CDC TI Preemptive state tobacco-control laws - United States, 1982-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1112, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 4 BP 316 EP 317 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 158JB UT WOS:000078111300011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Update: Multistate outbreak of listeriosis United States, 1998-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1117, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Cornell Univ, New York City Dept Hlth, Food Safety Lab, Ithaca, NY USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Oregon Dept Human Resources, Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Vermont Dept Hlth, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 4 BP 317 EP 318 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 158JB UT WOS:000078111300012 ER PT J AU Matrician, L Ange, G Burns, S Fanning, L Kioski, C Cage, G Harter, G Reese, D McFall, D Komatsu, K Englund, R AF Matrician, L Ange, G Burns, S Fanning, L Kioski, C Cage, G Harter, G Reese, D McFall, D Komatsu, K Englund, R TI Nosocomial Burkholderia cepacia infection and colonization associated with intrinsically contaminated mouthwash - Arizona, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, pg 47, 926, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Invest Br, Phoenix Resident Post, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Matrician, L (reprint author), Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 4 BP 318 EP 318 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 158JB UT WOS:000078111300013 ER PT J AU Notzon, FC Komarov, YM Ermakov, SP Sempos, CT Marks, JS Sempos, EV AF Notzon, FC Komarov, YM Ermakov, SP Sempos, CT Marks, JS Sempos, EV TI The role of alcohol and social stress in Russia's mortality rate - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Medsoceconominform, Moscow, Russia. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Kaiser Permanente, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Notzon, FC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 4 BP 321 EP 322 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 158JB UT WOS:000078111300019 ER PT J AU Pratt, M AF Pratt, M TI Benefits of lifestyle activity vs structured exercise SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BLOOD-PRESSURE; DISEASE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Phys Activ & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pratt, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Phys Activ & Hlth Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,K-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 4 BP 375 EP 376 DI 10.1001/jama.281.4.375 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 158JB UT WOS:000078111300039 PM 9929093 ER PT J AU Weir, HK Marrett, LD Moravan, V AF Weir, HK Marrett, LD Moravan, V TI Trends in the incidence of testicular germ cell cancer in Ontario by histologic subgroup, 1964-1996 SO CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CRYPTORCHIDISM; INCREASE; TESTIS AB Background: Testicular cancer is rare but is notable because it affects mainly young men. The incidence of this disease has been increasing in developed countries throughout the world for several decades. The authors examined trends in the incidence of testicular germ cell cancer in Ontario for the period 1964-1996 according to the 2 main histologic groups, seminoma and nonseminoma. Methods: Data on incident cases of testicular germ cell cancer diagnosed in Ontario residents aged 15-59 years between 1964 and 1996 were extracted from the population-based Ontario Cancer Registry. Annual rates of testicular cancer for the 2 histologic groups were analysed by means of log-linear regression to estimate average annual percent change. Results: Between 1964 and 1996 the incidence of testicular germ cell cancer increased by 59.4%, from 4.01 to 6.39 per 100 000. This corresponded to an average annual increase of about 2% for both nonseminoma and seminoma. The incidence was greatest in the lowest age group (15-29 years) for both histologic groups, although the data suggest that the incidence of nonseminoma cancer in this age group began to decline in the early 1990s. The increase in incidence appears to be due to a birth cohort effect, with more recent cohorts of men at increased risk. Interpretation: The rise in the incidence of testicular germ cell cancer, not only in Ontario but also in many developed countries, requires investigation. The search for explanatory factors should focus on exposures whose prevalence may have increased over the past few decades and that are common enough to affect population incidence. The similarity of trends for seminoma and nonseminoma cancer suggests that the underlying risk factors are likely the same. C1 Canc Care Ontario, Div Prevent Oncol, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Marrett, LD (reprint author), Canc Care Ontario, Div Prevent Oncol, 620 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7, Canada. NR 23 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 0820-3946 J9 CAN MED ASSOC J JI Can. Med. Assoc. J. PD JAN 26 PY 1999 VL 160 IS 2 BP 201 EP 205 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 161ZT UT WOS:000078321000021 PM 9951441 ER PT J AU Kool, JL Carpenter, JC Fields, BS AF Kool, JL Carpenter, JC Fields, BS TI Effect of monochloramine disinfection of municipal drinking water on risk of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; POTABLE WATER; TAP WATER; HOT WATER; PNEUMONIA; OUTBREAK; BIOFILM; CONTAMINATION; TRANSMISSION; SURVEILLANCE AB Background Many Legionella infections are acquired through inhalation or aspiration of drinking water. Although about 25% of municipalities in the USA use monochloramine for disinfection of drinking water. the effect of monochloramine on the occurrence of Legionnaires' disease has never been studied. Methods We used a case-control study to compare disinfection methods for drinking water supplied to 32 hospitals that had had outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease with the disinfection method for water supplied to 48 control-hospitals, with central for selected hospital characteristics and water treatment factors. Findings Hospitals supplied with drinking water containing free chlorine as a residual disinfectant were more likely to have a reported outbreak of Legionnaires' disease than those that used water with monochloramine as a residual disinfectant (odds ratio 10.2 [95% CI 1.4-460]), This result suggests that 90% of outbreaks associated with drinking water might not have occurred if monochloramine had been used Instead of free chlorine for residual disinfection (attributable proportion 0.90 [029-1.00]). Interpretation The protective effect of monochloramine against legionella should be confirmed by other studies. Chloramination of drinking water may be a cost-effective method for control of Legionnaires' disease at the municipal level or in individual hospitals, and widespread implementation could prevent thousands of cases. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kool, JL (reprint author), Univ So Calif, 313 N Figueroa St,Room 212, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. NR 51 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 11 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 23 PY 1999 VL 353 IS 9149 BP 272 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06394-6 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 161MF UT WOS:000078292200009 PM 9929019 ER PT J AU Parekh, B Phillips, S Granade, TC Baggs, J Hu, DJ Respess, R AF Parekh, B Phillips, S Granade, TC Baggs, J Hu, DJ Respess, R TI Impact of HIV type 1 subtype variation on viral RNA quantitation SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; ZIDOVUDINE RESISTANCE MUTATIONS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MOTHER-TO-INFANT; DISEASE PROGRESSION; 1-INFECTED PERSONS; SLOW PROGRESSION; BRANCHED DNA; LOAD; INFECTION AB We evaluated the performance of three HIV-1 RNA quantitation methods (Amplicor HIV-1 MONITOR-1.0, NASBA, and Quantiplex HIV RNA 2.0 [branched DNA (bDNA)]) using plasma specimens (N = 60) from individuals from Asia and Africa infected with one of three HIV-1 subtypes (A, Thai B [B'] or E; N = 20 each). Our results demonstrate that of the 20 subtype A specimens, 19 were quantifiable by the bDNA assay compared with 15 by the MONITOR-1.0 and 13 by NASBA, Of those quantifiable, the mean log(10) difference was 0.93 between bDNA and MONITOR-1.0 and 0.46 between bDNA and NASBA. For subtype B' specimens, the correlation among methods was better with only 2 specimens missed by NASBA and 3 by the bDNA assay. However the missed specimens had viral burden near the lower limit (1000 copies/ml) for these assays. For the 20 subtype E specimens, MONITOR-1.0 and NASBA quantified RNA in 17 and 14 specimens, respectively, as compared with 19 specimens quantified by the bDNA assay. The correlation among different assays, especially between bDNA/NASBA and MONITOR-1.0/NASBA, was poor, although the mean log(10) difference for subtype E specimens was 0.4 between bDNA and MONITOR-1.0 and only 0.08 between bDNA and NASBA. The addition of a new primer set, designed for non-B HIV-1 subtypes, to the existing MONITOR assay (MONITOR-1.0+) resulted in RNA detection in all 60 specimens and significantly improved the efficiency of quantitation for subtypes A and E. Our data indicate that HIV-1 subtype variation can have a major influence on viral load quantitation by different methods. Periodic. evaluation and modification of these quantitative methods may be necessary to ensure reliable quantification of divergent viruses. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV STD TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Parekh, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DASTLR, NCID, Mailstop D12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bsp1@cdc.gov OI Baggs, James/0000-0003-0757-4683 NR 41 TC 97 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1089/088922299311556 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 160JB UT WOS:000078225900004 PM 10029245 ER PT J AU Jason, J Inge, KL AF Jason, J Inge, KL TI Increased expression of CD80 and CD86 in in vitro-infected CD3(+) cells producing cytoplasmic HIV type 1 p24 SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID CD4+ T-CELLS; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; MESSENGER-RNA; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; VIRUS; ACTIVATION; CD28; PHENOTYPE; B7; COSTIMULATION AB Determining the effects of HIV infection on the expression of cell surface molecules has been limited by an inability to differentiate between productively infected cells and those without productive infection. We inoculated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) antibody-negative donors with HIV; noninoculated cells were also examined. Using multiparameter flow cytometry, we differentiated cells actively producing HIV cytoplasmic p24 antigen during acute, in vitro HIV infection from those not producing detectable cytoplasmic p24. For both resting and PHA-stimulated cells inoculated with HIV (R/H and P/H), a higher proportion of p24(+) cells expressed CD25, compared with p24(-) cells (p = 0.031 and p = 0.008, respectively), consistent with either increased viral replication in stimulated cells or increased stimulation secondary to productive HIV infection. Findings were similar for the expression of CD38, HLADR, and CD28. A striking proportion of p24(+) cells expressed CD80 or CD86, antigens not usually expressed by CD3(+) lymphocytes. The increased expression appeared to be independent of stimulation status in that it occurred in both the R/H and P/H treatment groups but not in resting or PHA-stimulated uninfected cells. CD28 expression was generally comparable between CD3(+) cells that did and did not express CD80 or CD86. Multiparameter flow cytometry, in association with improved techniques for cell permeabilization and cytoplasmic fluorescent staining, should prove useful in examining the effects of productive HIV infection on surface and cytoplasmic cellular molecules. Using this approach, we found an association between productive infection and increased expression of CD80 and CD86. This association has implications for HIV disease pathogenesis and, potentially, HIV therapy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, DASTLR,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Dept Hlth & Human Serv,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jason, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, DASTLR,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Dept Hlth & Human Serv,Publ Hlth Serv, Mailstop A25,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jmj1@cdc.gov NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2 BP 173 EP 181 DI 10.1089/088922299311592 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 160JB UT WOS:000078225900008 PM 10029249 ER PT J AU Davis, RL Mell, LK Zavitkovsky, A Thompson, RS AF Davis, RL Mell, LK Zavitkovsky, A Thompson, RS TI Impact of the sequential IPV/OPV schedule on vaccination coverage levels United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1017-1019, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Immunizat Studies Program, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. RP Davis, RL (reprint author), CDC, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 3 BP 223 EP 224 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 157GK UT WOS:000078052800009 ER PT J CA CDC TI Osteoporosis among estrogen-deficient women - United States, 1988-1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 969-973, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID BONE C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 3 BP 224 EP 226 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 157GK UT WOS:000078052800010 ER PT J AU Quinlan, KP Sacks, JJ AF Quinlan, KP Sacks, JJ TI Hospitalizations for dog bite injuries SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Quinlan, KP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 3 BP 232 EP 233 DI 10.1001/jama.281.3.232 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 157GK UT WOS:000078052800024 PM 9918476 ER PT J AU Jackson, L Benson, P Sneller, VP Butler, JC Thompson, RS Chen, RT Lewis, LS Carlone, G DeStefano, F Holder, P Lezhava, T Williams, WW AF Jackson, L Benson, P Sneller, VP Butler, JC Thompson, RS Chen, RT Lewis, LS Carlone, G DeStefano, F Holder, P Lezhava, T Williams, WW TI Safety of revaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ELDERLY PERSONS; ANTIBODY; EFFICACY; CHILDREN; DISEASE; ADULTS AB Context Revaccination of healthy adults with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) within several years of first vaccination has been associated with a higher than expected frequency and severity of local injection site reactions. The risk of adverse events associated with revaccination of elderly and chronically ill persons 5 or more years after first vaccination, as is currently recommended, has not been well defined. Objective To determine whether revaccination with PPV at least 5 years after first Vaccination is associated with more frequent or more serious adverse events than those following first vaccination. Design Comparative intervention study conducted between April 1996 and August 1997. Participants Persons aged 50 to 74 years either who had never been Vaccinated with PPV (n = 901) or who had been vaccinated once at least 5 years prior to enrollment (n=513). Intervention PPV vaccination. Main Outcome Measures Postvaccination local injection site reactions and prevaccination concentrations of type-specific antibodies. Results Those who were revaccinated were more likely than those who received their first vaccinations to report a local injection site reaction of at least 10.2 cm (4 in) in diameter within 2 days of vaccination: 11 % (55/513) vs 3% (29/901) (relative risk [RR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-5.1). These reactions resolved by a median of 3 days following vaccination. The highest rate was among revaccinated patients who were immunocompetent and did not have chronic illness: 15% (33/228) compared with 3% (10/337) among comparable patients receiving their first vaccinations (RR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.4-9.7), The risk of these local reactions was significantly correlated with prevaccination geometric mean antibody concentrations. Conclusions Physicians and patients should be aware that self-limited local injection site reactions occur more frequently following revaccination compared with first vaccination; however, this risk does not represent a contraindication to revaccination with PPV for recommended groups. C1 Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Immunizat Studies Program, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jackson, L (reprint author), Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Immunizat Studies Program, 1730 Minor Ave,Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. FU PHS HHS [200-95-0947] NR 20 TC 151 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 3 BP 243 EP 248 DI 10.1001/jama.281.3.243 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 157GK UT WOS:000078052800029 PM 9918479 ER PT J AU Williamson, DF AF Williamson, DF TI Pharmacotherapy for obesity SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID PREVENTING WEIGHT-GAIN; ADULTS; POUND C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K68, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Williamson, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K68, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM drw1@cdc.gov NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 3 BP 278 EP 280 DI 10.1001/jama.281.3.278 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 157GK UT WOS:000078052800035 PM 9918485 ER PT J AU Beach, MJ Addiss, DG Roberts, JM Lammie, PJ AF Beach, MJ Addiss, DG Roberts, JM Lammie, PJ TI Treatment of trichuris infection with albendazole SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Beach, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 16 PY 1999 VL 353 IS 9148 BP 237 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77246-9 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 159LW UT WOS:000078175600053 PM 9923900 ER PT J AU Moyer, LA Mast, EE Alter, MJ AF Moyer, LA Mast, EE Alter, MJ TI Hepatitis C: Part II. Prevention counseling and medical evaluation SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC VIRAL-HEPATITIS AB An estimated 3.9 million Americans are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and most do not know that they are infected. This group includes persons who are at risk for HCV-associated chronic liver disease and who also serve as reservoirs for transmission of HCV to others. Because there is no vaccine to prevent HCV infection and immune globulin is not effective for postexposure prophylaxis, prevention of HCV infection is paramount. Patients who are at risk of exposure to HCV should be advised on steps they might take to minimize their risk of infection. Patients who are infected with HCV should be counseled on ways to prevent transmission of HCV to others and to avoid hepatotoxins. They should also be examined for liver disease and referred for treatment, if indicated. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Moyer, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 USA SN 0002-838X J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 59 IS 2 BP 349 EP 354 PG 6 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 159WF UT WOS:000078197800011 PM 9930128 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Will, JC Bowman, BA Narayan, KMV AF Ford, ES Will, JC Bowman, BA Narayan, KMV TI Diabetes mellitus and serum carotenoids: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; diabetes mellitus; health surveys; interviews; nutrition; risk factors ID OXIDATIVE STRESS; FREE-RADICALS; AUTOXIDATIVE GLYCOSYLATION; GLUCOSE AUTOXIDATION; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; BETA-CAROTENE; COMPLICATIONS; DIETARY AB Little is known about carotenoids, a diverse group of plant compounds with antioxidant activity, and their association with diabetes, a condition characterized by oxidative stress. Data from phase I of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1991) were used to examine concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene in 40- to 74-year-old persons with a normal glucose tolerance (n = 1,010), impaired glucose tolerance (n = 277), newly diagnosed diabetes (n = 148), and previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 230) based on World Health Organization criteria. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, serum cotinine, serum cholesterol, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, vitamin use, and carotene and energy intake, geometric means of beta-carotene were 0.363, 0.316, and 0.290 mu mol/liter for persons with a normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and newly diagnosed diabetes, respectively (p = 0.004 for linear trend), and geometric means for serum lycopene were 0.277, 0.259, and 0.231 mu mol/liter, respectively (p = 0.044 for linear trend). Ail serum carotenoids were inversely related to fasting serum insulin after adjustment for confounders (p < 0.05 for each carotenoid). If confirmed, these data suggest new opportunities for research that include exploring a possible role for carotenoids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 39 TC 126 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 149 IS 2 BP 168 EP 176 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 157HJ UT WOS:000078055300011 PM 9921962 ER PT J AU Mullooly, J Drew, L DeStefano, F Chen, R Okoro, K Swint, E Immanuel, V Ray, P Lewis, N Vadheim, C Lugg, M AF Mullooly, J Drew, L DeStefano, F Chen, R Okoro, K Swint, E Immanuel, V Ray, P Lewis, N Vadheim, C Lugg, M TI Quality of HMO vaccination databases used to monitor childhood vaccine safety SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE child health services; data collection; health maintenance organizations; information systems; quality control; safety; vaccination; vaccines ID TETANUS-PERTUSSIS IMMUNIZATION; AUTOMATED RECORD LINKAGE; POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE; MEDICAID; PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY; EVENTS AB The availability of large, population-based, automated, medical care databases provides unique opportunities for monitoring the safety of childhood vaccines. The authors assessed the quality of automated vaccination databases by comparing them with vaccinations documented in paper-based medical records at three large US West Coast health maintenance organizations (HMOs) participating in the Vaccine Safety DataLink (VSD) study, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborative study of childhood vaccine safety. The authors randomly selected 1% or 2% samples of VSD study populations (n = 1,224-2,577) for data quality analyses. Agreement between automated and abstracted vaccinations required identical triads of child identification number, vaccination date, and vaccine type. Separate analyses were conducted for each HMO and for each Vaccine type administered between 1991 and 1995. Agreement was measured by three matching proportions: 1) the proportion of automated vaccinations present in the abstracted source, 2) the proportion of abstracted vaccinations present in the automated source, and 3) the proportion of vaccinations from either source present in both sources. Overall, for common childhood vaccines, proportion 1 ranged from 83% to 99%, proportion 2 ranged from 82% to 98%, and proportion 3 ranged from 70% to 97%. Lack of automated data was the most frequent type of discrepancy, followed by date mismatches and vaccine type mismatches. Vaccination exposure classification errors in the range reported here were found by mathematical modeling to only modestly bias measured medical outcome rate ratios toward the null hypothesis. The results of the data quality analyses support the usefulness of vaccination exposure data derived from these automated HMO vaccination databases. C1 Kaiser Permanente NW Div, Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Ctr Vaccine Res, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. RP Mullooly, J (reprint author), Kaiser Fdn Hosp, Ctr Hlth Res, 3800 N Kaiser Ctr Dr, Portland, OR 97227 USA. NR 20 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 149 IS 2 BP 186 EP 194 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 157HJ UT WOS:000078055300013 PM 9921964 ER PT J AU de Visser, JAGM Zeyl, CW Gerrish, PJ Blanchard, JL Lenski, RE AF de Visser, JAGM Zeyl, CW Gerrish, PJ Blanchard, JL Lenski, RE TI Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TERM EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION; MISMATCH REPAIR; ADAPTATION; SELECTION; BACTERIA AB Mutator genotypes with increased mutation rates may be especially important in microbial-evolution if genetic adaptation is generally Limited by the supply of mutations. In experimental populations of the bacterium Escherichia coli, the rate of evolutionary adaptation was proportional to the mutation supply rate only in particular circumstances of small or initially well-adapted populations. These experiments also demonstrate a "speed limit" on adaptive evolution in asexual populations, one that is independent of the mutation supply rate. C1 Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP de Visser, JAGM (reprint author), Wageningen Univ Agr, Microbiol Lab, Wageningen, Netherlands. OI Gerrish, Philip/0000-0001-6393-0553; Lenski, Richard/0000-0002-1064-8375 NR 23 TC 165 Z9 165 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5400 BP 404 EP 406 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 157MV UT WOS:000078067000052 ER PT J AU Sullivan, PS Schable, C Koch, W Do, AN Spira, T Lansky, A Ellenberger, D Lal, RB Hyer, C Davis, R Marx, M Paul, S Kent, J Armor, R McFarland, J Lafontaine, J Mottice, S Cassol, SA Michael, N AF Sullivan, PS Schable, C Koch, W Do, AN Spira, T Lansky, A Ellenberger, D Lal, RB Hyer, C Davis, R Marx, M Paul, S Kent, J Armor, R McFarland, J Lafontaine, J Mottice, S Cassol, SA Michael, N CA Seronegative AIDS Clinical Study Grp TI Persistently negative HIV-1 antibody enzyme immunoassay screening results for patients with HIV-1 infection and AIDS: serologic, clinical, and virologic results SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV infection; seronegativity; antibody response ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; GROUP-O INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; RISK; INDIVIDUALS; ABSENCE; SEROCONVERSION; COHORT; BLOOD; TIME AB Objective: To describe persons with HIV infection and AIDS but with persistently negative HIV antibody enzyme immunoassay (EIA) results. Design: Surveillance for persons meeting a case definition for HIV-1-seronegative AIDS. Setting: United States and Canada. Patients: A total of eight patients with seronegative AIDS identified from July 1995 through September 1997. Main outcome measures: Clinical history of HIV disease, history of HIV test results, and CD4 cell counts from medical record review; results of testing with a panel of EIA for antibodies to HIV-1, and HIV-1 p24 antigen; and viral subtype. Results: Negative HIV EIA results occurred at CD4 cell counts of 0-230 x 10(6)/l, and at HIV RNA concentrations of 105 000-7 943 000 copies/ml. Using a panel of HIV EIA on sera from three patients, none of the HIV EIA detected infection with HIV-1, and signal-to-cut-off ratios were less than or equal to 0.8 for all test kits evaluated. Sera from five patients showed weak reactivity in some HIV EIA, but were non-reactive in other HIV EIA. All patients were infected with HIV-1 subtype B. Conclusions: Rarely, results of EIA tests for antibodies to HIV-1 may be persistently negative in some HIV-1 subtype B-infected persons with AIDS. Physicians treating patients with illnesses or CD4 cell counts suggestive of HIV infection, but for whom results of HIV EIA are negative, should consider p25 antigen, nucleic acid amplification, or viral culture testing to document the presence of HIV. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Multnomah Cty Hlth Dept, Portland, OR USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. S Carolina Dept Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC USA. Utah Dept Publ Hlth, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Ottawa Gen Hosp, Res Inst, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Rockville, MD USA. RP Sullivan, PS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Sullivan, Patrick/A-9436-2009; OI Sullivan, Patrick/0000-0002-7728-0587 NR 26 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 14 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 89 EP 96 DI 10.1097/00002030-199901140-00012 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 178BT UT WOS:000079246400012 PM 10207549 ER PT J AU Nkengasong, JN Maurice, C Koblavi, S Kalou, M Yavo, D Maran, M Bile, C N'guessan, K Kouadio, J Bony, S AF Nkengasong, JN Maurice, C Koblavi, S Kalou, M Yavo, D Maran, M Bile, C N'guessan, K Kouadio, J Bony, S TI Evaluation of HIV serial and parallel serologic testing algorithms in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV-serologic algorithms; Abidjan; HIV-diagnosis ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; DETECTING ANTIBODIES; LINE IMMUNOASSAY; FIELD-EVALUATION; WESTERN-BLOT; ASSAYS; STRATEGIES; INFECTION; CONFIRMATION; PREVALENCE AB Objective: To evaluate HIV serologic testing algorithms based on a combination of three enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the confirmation of HIV infection in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, where HIV-2 and HIV-1 non-B subtypes are prevalent. Methods: PI total of 1069 human sera with known serologic status, in addition to a seroconversion and low titer antibody panel were initially tested by six ELISA to determine the sensitivity, specificity and delta values of the assays. On the basis of the performance of the assays, three ELISA (Enzygnost, ICE 1.0.2, and Vironostika) were selected for use in a parallel and serial testing algorithm in analyzing 8283 consecutively collected sera, in the parallel testing algorithm, sera concordantly reactive or non-reactive by Enzygnost and ICE 1.0.2 were considered as true positive or true negative, respectively. In the serial algorithm, sera reactive by Enzygnost were retested by ICE 7.0.2. Sera with discordant results were tested by Vironostika, and the results was considered definitive. All reactive sera, plus a random sample of negative sera were tested for confirmation by Peptilav. In addition, a random sample of reactive sera was tested by Western blot. Results: All ELISA had 100% sensitivity; specificities ranged from 96.8 to 100%. Positive and negative delta values of the ELISA were high (range, 6.89 to 46.07 and -2.05 to -5.75, respectively). Of the 8283 sera, 2054 were considered true positives and were correctly classified by the parallel testing algorithm (sensitivity, 100%). Of the 6229 true negative sera, 6226 were negative by the parallel testing algorithm (specificity, 99.95%). The sensitivity of the serial algorithm was 99.96%, and specificity was 99.95%. None of the 250 concordant ELISA-negative sera in the algorithm that were randomly tested in Peptilav was positive; similarly, all of the 103 concordant ELISA-positive sera were confirmed by Western blot. The three-ELISA algorithm resulted in reagent cost-savings of at least 50% compared with the Peptilav-based algorithm. Conclusion: These results suggest that a combination of ELISA using different principles or antigens in a serial or parallel algorithm is an efficient and cost-effective alternative to the standard algorithm in areas where HIV-1 and HIV-2 are prevalent. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Projet RETRO CI, Virol Lab, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Nkengasong, JN (reprint author), Projet RETRO CI, Virol Lab, BP 1712 01, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. NR 29 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 14 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 109 EP 117 DI 10.1097/00002030-199901140-00015 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 178BT UT WOS:000079246400015 PM 10207552 ER PT J AU Krug, EG Kresnow, MJ Peddicord, JP Dahlberg, LL Powell, KE Crosby, AE Annest, JL AF Krug, EG Kresnow, MJ Peddicord, JP Dahlberg, LL Powell, KE Crosby, AE Annest, JL TI Retraction: Suicide after natural disasters SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Krug, EG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 14 PY 1999 VL 340 IS 2 BP 148 EP 149 DI 10.1056/NEJM199901143400213 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 156RQ UT WOS:000078016200013 PM 9917215 ER PT J AU Hanzlick, R Powell, K Toomey, K AF Hanzlick, R Powell, K Toomey, K TI Hypothermia-related deaths - Georgia, January 1996 December 1997, and United States, 1979-1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1037-1040, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID ACCIDENTAL HYPOTHERMIA C1 Off Chief Med Examiner Fulton Cty, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30334 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Hlth Studies Br, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hanzlick, R (reprint author), Off Chief Med Examiner Fulton Cty, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 13 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 2 BP 124 EP 125 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 155VJ UT WOS:000077966800011 ER PT J AU Gabel, H Foust, E Ogburn, D Engel, N Owen-O'Dowd, J Howerton-Privott, A AF Gabel, H Foust, E Ogburn, D Engel, N Owen-O'Dowd, J Howerton-Privott, A TI Outbreak of primary and secondary syphilis - Guilford County, North Carolina, 1996-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1070, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES C1 Guilford Cty Hlth Dept, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, N Carolina HIV STD Prevent & Care Sect, Raleigh, NC USA. CDC, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Greensboro Police Dept, Greensboro, NC USA. RP Gabel, H (reprint author), Guilford Cty Hlth Dept, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 13 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 2 BP 125 EP 126 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 155VJ UT WOS:000077966800012 ER PT J AU Levy, M Heath, J AF Levy, M Heath, J TI Impact of closure of a sexually transmitted disease clinic on public health surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases - Washington, DC, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1067-1069, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Distr Columbia Dept Hlth, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Levy, M (reprint author), Distr Columbia Dept Hlth, Washington, DC USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 13 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 2 BP 127 EP 128 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 155VJ UT WOS:000077966800014 ER PT J CA Natl Resp Enteric Virus Surveillance Syst Colla CDC TI Update: Respiratory syncytial virus activity - United States, 1997-98 season (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1043-1045, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 13 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 2 BP 127 EP 127 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 155VJ UT WOS:000077966800013 ER PT J AU Van Beneden, CA Keene, WE Strang, RA Werker, DH King, AS Mahon, B Hedberg, K Bell, A Kelly, MT Balan, VK Mac Kenzie, WR Fleming, D AF Van Beneden, CA Keene, WE Strang, RA Werker, DH King, AS Mahon, B Hedberg, K Bell, A Kelly, MT Balan, VK Mac Kenzie, WR Fleming, D TI Multinational outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype newport infections due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL HAZARDS; SEEDS; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Context In December 1995, reported Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (SN) infections increased sharply in Oregon and British Columbia but not elsewhere in North America. Similar unexplained increases had been noted in 6 other states in the fall of 1995. Objective To determine the source of the outbreak(s). Design Case-control studies, environmental investigations, bacterial subtyping, and surveillance information review. Settings Oregon and British Columbia communities (winter 1995-1996) and Georgia, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia (fall 1995). Participants Oregon and British Columbia residents with culture-confirmed SN infections and onset from December 1, 1995, through February 29, 1996, and healthy community controls. Main Outcome Measures Odds ratio (OR) of illness associated with exposures; distribution patterns and culture of alfalfa seeds and sprouts; subtyping of SN isolates. Results We identified 133 cases in Oregon and British Columbia; 124 (93%) occurred in patients older than 18 years; 87 (65%) were female. Case patients were more likely than community control subjects to report having eaten alfalfa sprouts in the 5 days preceding illness (41% [17/41] vs 4% [3/75]; OR, 17.0; 95% confidence interval, 4.3-96.0). Case isolates shared a distinctive pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. The SN was grown from seeds and alfalfa sprouts. The distribution of 1 seed lot to multiple growers corresponded to the distribution of cases. Distribution of a second seed lot from the same European wholesaler corresponded to the location of the fall outbreak, which was characterized by a similar demographic profile. The PFGE pattern of fall outbreak isolates and confiscated sprouts and seeds was indistinguishable from the Oregon and British Columbia outbreak and differed from background isolates. Conclusions The SN-contaminated alfalfa seeds were distributed to multiple growers across North America in 1995 and resulted in a protracted international outbreak scattered over many months. Current sprouting methods are inadequate to protect consumers from such events. Alfalfa sprouts may be an elusive but important vehicle for salmonellosis and other enteric infections. C1 Oregon Hlth Div, Acute & Communicable Dis Program, Portland, OR 97212 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Hlth Care & Epidemiol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada. British Columbia Ctr Dis Control, Epidemiol Serv, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Hlth Canada, Lab Ctr Dis Control, Field Epidemiol Training Program, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. British Columbia Ctr Dis Control, Prov Lab, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Oregon State Publ Hlth Lab, Portland, OR USA. RP Van Beneden, CA (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Div, Acute & Communicable Dis Program, 800 NE Oregon St,Suite 772, Portland, OR 97212 USA. RI Mac Kenzie, William /F-1528-2013 OI Mac Kenzie, William /0000-0001-7723-0339 NR 27 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 13 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 2 BP 158 EP 162 DI 10.1001/jama.281.2.158 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 155VJ UT WOS:000077966800036 PM 9917119 ER PT J AU Villarino, ME Burman, W Wang, YC Lundergan, L Catanzaro, A Bock, N Jones, C Nolan, C AF Villarino, ME Burman, W Wang, YC Lundergan, L Catanzaro, A Bock, N Jones, C Nolan, C TI Comparable specificity of 2 commercial tuberculin reagents in persons at low risk for tuberculous infection SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY AB Context One or both commercial tuberculin skin test reagents (Aplisol and Tubersol) may have a high rate of false-positive reactions. Objective To compare the reaction size and specificity of skin testing with Aplisol, Tubersol, and the standard purified protein derivative (PPD-S1), Design Double-blind trial, conducted between May 14, 1997, and October 28, 1997, in which each individual received 4 tuberculin skin reagents at sites assigned at random. Setting Health departments and universities in 6 US cities. Participants A total of 1555 persons at low risk of latent tuberculosis infection. Intervention Simultaneous skin tests with Aplisol, Tubersol, PPD-S1, and either a second PPD-S1 or PPD-S2 (a proposed new standard). Main Outcome Measure Reaction size at each injection site measured by 2 investigators blinded to type of reagent. Results Aplisol produced slightly larger reactions than Tubersol, but this difference did not significantly change skin test interpretation. The mean +/- SD reaction sizes were 3.4 +/- 4.2 mm with Aplisol, 2.1 +/- 3.2 mm with Tubersol, and 2.5 +/- 3.6 mm with PPD-S1. Assuming that all participants were uninfected and using a 10-mm cutoff, the specificities of the tests were high: Aplisol, 98.2%; Tubersol, 99.2%; and PPD-S1, 98.9%, Significant variability was not detected in interobserver, host, and lot-to-lot reagent comparisons. Conclusion Using a cutoff of at least 10 mm, testing with 3 different PPD reagents resulted in similar numbers of uninfected persons being correctly classified. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Campus Hlth Serv, Tucson, AZ USA. Dept Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Emory Univ, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Marion Cty Hlth Dept, Indianapolis, IN USA. Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. RP Villarino, ME (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 13 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 2 BP 169 EP 171 DI 10.1001/jama.281.2.169 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 155VJ UT WOS:000077966800038 PM 9917121 ER PT J AU Harnagea-Theophilus, E Miller, MR Rao, N AF Harnagea-Theophilus, E Miller, MR Rao, N TI Positional isomers of acetaminophen differentially induce proliferation of cultured breast cancer cells SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE acetaminophen/paracetamol; breast cancer cells; isomers; proliferation ID PARACETAMOL; ESTROGENS AB This study demonstrates that acetaminophen (p-acetamidophenol) stimulates proliferation of estrogen-responsive cultured breast cancer cells and assesses if the proliferative activity of p-acetamidophenol is influenced by the -OH moiety position on the benzene ring. The effects of p-, m-, and o-acetamidophenol on cell number and on percentage cells in S phase of the cell cycle were determined for two estrogen receptor positive, human breast cancer cell lines, T47D and MCF7. Therapeutic concentrations of p-acetamidophenol (0.1 mM) significantly increased breast cancer cell proliferation. The relative order of potency of isomers in stimulating proliferation in both cell types was p- > m- > o-acetamidophenol, indicating the -OH position on the benzene ring influences the proliferation output in cultured breast cancer cells. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Biochem, RC Byrd Hlth Sci Ctr, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, RC Byrd Hlth Sci Ctr, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Miller, MR (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Biochem, RC Byrd Hlth Sci Ctr, POB 9142, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA45131-09] NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD JAN 11 PY 1999 VL 104 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00227-6 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 166DK UT WOS:000078560800002 PM 10048744 ER PT J AU Huston, SL Lengerich, EJ Conlisk, E Passaro, K AF Huston, SL Lengerich, EJ Conlisk, E Passaro, K TI Trends in ischemic heart disease death rates for blacks and whites United States, 1981-1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 945-949, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID CORONARY; MORTALITY; RACE C1 N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Div Community Hlth, Chron Dis Epidemiol & Evaluat Sect, Raleigh, NC 27611 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Huston, SL (reprint author), N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Div Community Hlth, Chron Dis Epidemiol & Evaluat Sect, Raleigh, NC 27611 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 6 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 1 BP 28 EP 29 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 153JE UT WOS:000077829300010 ER PT J AU Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Mitchell, C Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Jiles, R Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Metroka, M DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Melnik, T Passaro, K Kaske, J Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Man, L Hesser, J Aldrich, T Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R Roe, C Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M AF Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Mitchell, C Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Jiles, R Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Metroka, M DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Melnik, T Passaro, K Kaske, J Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Man, L Hesser, J Aldrich, T Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R Roe, C Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M CA BRFSS Coordinators TI State-specific prevalence among adults of current cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use and per capita tax-paid sales of cigarettes - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 922-926, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cook, J (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 6 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 1 BP 29 EP 30 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 153JE UT WOS:000077829300011 ER PT J AU Armstrong, GL Conn, LA Pinner, RW AF Armstrong, GL Conn, LA Pinner, RW TI Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DEATH CERTIFICATES; EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION; ACCURACY; SURVEILLANCE; AUTOPSY AB Context Recent increases in infectious disease mortality and concern about emerging infections warrant an examination of longer-term trends. Objective To describe trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century. Design and Setting Descriptive study of infectious disease mortality in the United States. Deaths due to infectious diseases from 1900 to 1996 were tallied by using mortality tables. Trends in age-specific infectious disease mortality were examined by using age-specific death rates for 9 common infectious causes of death. Subjects Persons who died in the United States between 1900 and 1996. Main Outcome Measures Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates. Results Infectious disease mortality declined during the first 8 decades of the 20th century from 797 deaths per 100 000 in 1900 to 36 deaths per 100 000 in 1980. From 1981 to 1995, the mortality rate increased to a peak of 63 deaths per 100 000 in 1995 and declined to 59 deaths per 100 000 in 1996. The decline was interrupted by a sharp spike in mortality caused by the 1918 influenza epidemic. From 1938 to 1952, the decline was particularly rapid, with mortality decreasing 8.2% per year. Pneumonia and influenza were responsible for the largest number of infectious disease deaths throughout the century. Tuberculosis caused almost as many deaths as pneumonia and influenza early in the century, but tuberculosis mortality dropped off sharply after 1945, Infectious disease mortality increased in the 1980s and early 1990s in persons aged 25 years and older and was mainly due to the emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 25- to 64-year-olds and, to a lesser degree, to increases in pneumonia and influenza deaths among persons aged 65 years and older. There was considerable year-to-year variability in infectious disease mortality, especially for the youngest and oldest age groups. Conclusions Although most of the 20th century has been marked by declining infectious disease mortality, substantial year-to-year variation as well as recent increases emphasize the dynamic nature of infectious diseases and the need for preparedness to address them. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Fdn Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Armstrong, GL (reprint author), Mailstop C-12,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 307 Z9 328 U1 5 U2 30 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 6 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 1 BP 61 EP 66 DI 10.1001/jama.281.1.61 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 153JE UT WOS:000077829300036 PM 9892452 ER PT J AU Osborn, EHS Papadakis, MA Gerberding, JL AF Osborn, EHS Papadakis, MA Gerberding, JL TI Occupational exposures to body fluids among medical students - A seven-year longitudinal study SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS; NEEDLESTICK INJURIES; BLOOD; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; ABUSE; RISK; HIV AB Background: Medical students may be at high risk for occupational exposures to blood. Objective: To measure the frequency of medical students' exposure to infectious body substances, to identify factors that affect the probability of such exposure, and to suggest targets for the prevention of such exposure. Design: Review of all exposures reported by medical students at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine. Setting: Teaching hospitals affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco. Participants: Third- and fourth-year medical students from the classes of 1990 through 1996 at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine. Interventions: A needlestick hotline service was instituted at teaching hospitals affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, and a required course was created to train students in universal precautions and clinical skills before the beginning of the third-year clerkship. Measurements: Reports of exposures made to the needlestick hotline service, including type of exposure, training site, clerkship, and time of year. Results: 119 of 1022 medical students sustained 129 exposures. Of these exposures, 82% occurred on four services: obstetrics-gynecology, surgery, medicine, and emergency medicine. The probability of exposure was not related to graduation year, clerkship location, previous clerkship experience, or training site. Surveys of two graduating classes at the beginning and end of the study showed that the percentage of exposures reported increased from 45% to 65% over the 7-year study period. Thus, the reported injury rates represent minimum estimates of actual occurrences. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and hepatitis were not reported, although follow-up was limited. Conclusions: Instruction in universal precautions and clinical procedures is not sufficient to prevent exposures to blood during medical training. Medical schools must assume greater responsibility for ensuring that students are proficient in the safe conduct of clinical procedures and must develop systems that protect students so that they can report and learn from their mistakes. C1 Palo Alto Med Fdn, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Osborn, EHS (reprint author), Palo Alto Med Fdn, 300 Home Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA. NR 24 TC 74 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JAN 5 PY 1999 VL 130 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 151WW UT WOS:000077744500008 PM 9890850 ER PT J AU Gerberding, J AF Gerberding, J TI Provider-to-patient HIV transmission: How to keep it exceedingly rare SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID NEEDLES; BLOOD C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Gerberding, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 18 Execut Pk Dr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JAN 5 PY 1999 VL 130 IS 1 BP 64 EP 65 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 151WW UT WOS:000077744500011 PM 9890853 ER PT J AU Schuchat, A AF Schuchat, A TI Group B streptococcus SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID SELECTIVE INTRAPARTUM CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; VAGINAL CHLORHEXIDINE DISINFECTION; MULTISTATE SURVEILLANCE ANALYSIS; TOXOID CONJUGATE VACCINE; SINGLE-DOSE PENICILLIN; EARLY-ONSET DISEASE; PRETERM DELIVERY; PREGNANT-WOMEN; RISK-FACTORS; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION AB During the 1990s the focus of group B streptococcus (GBS) disease research has shifted to prevention. increased use of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis in North America and Australia has led to substantial declines in perinatal disease. Vaccine development (initiated two decades earlier) has yielded results-for example, polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines given to women of reproductive age proved to be highly immunogenic and well tolerated. Also economic evaluations have assessed the cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies in different populations. Although GBS has traditionally been considered a perinatal pathogen, the burden of invasive GBS disease among nonpregnant adults has been measured. Adverse outcomes of pregnancy attributable to GBS were addressed through a multicentre study which confirmed the important role of heavy colonisation with GBS in preterm low-birthweight deliveries. Finally, the pathogen itself has continued to evolve: new capsular serotypes described in the past decade are now causing an important proportion of clinical infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schuchat, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM acs1@cdc.gov NR 86 TC 221 Z9 229 U1 1 U2 6 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 2 PY 1999 VL 353 IS 9146 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07128-1 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 155FC UT WOS:000077934800044 PM 10023965 ER PT B AU Galperin, B Huang, HP Sukoriansky, S AF Galperin, B Huang, HP Sukoriansky, S GP AMS AMS TI Anisotropic spectra in two-dimensional turbulence on a rotating sphere SO 12TH CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics CY JUN 07-11, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Columbia Univ Earth Inst ID BETA-PLANE; WAVES; FLOWS; JETS C1 Univ Colorado, CDC, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Huang, HP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CDC, CIRES, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI SUKORIANSKY, SEMION/F-1260-2012 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1999 BP 298 EP 301 PG 4 WC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics GA BS05G UT WOS:000168477900093 ER PT J AU Glass, RI Bresee, JS Parashar, UD Holman, RC Gentsch, JR AF Glass, RI Bresee, JS Parashar, UD Holman, RC Gentsch, JR TI First rotavirus vaccine licensed: Is there really a need? SO ACTA PAEDIATRICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop on Rotavirus Surveillance in Europe CY OCT 28-29, 1996 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP WHO ID BOVINE ROTAVIRUS; UNITED-STATES; YOUNG-CHILDREN; ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; DIARRHEAL DISEASES; SWEDISH CHILDREN; ORAL REHYDRATION; US CHILDREN; EFFICACY; INFECTION AB The first rotavirus vaccine was licensed in the United States on 31 August 1998 for the prevention of severe rotavirus diarrhea in children. Despite this landmark in new vaccines, many pediatricians and public health professionals in Europe are uncertain of the need for this vaccine for the routine immunization of infants. In Europe, ample evidence suggests that rotavirus is the most common cause of hospitalizations for severe diarrhea among children, but proper studies documenting the disease burden of rotavirus or the cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus immunization program have only been conducted in the United Kingdom following epidemiologic models used in the United States. Al children are infected with rotavirus during their first few years of life, 30-50% of diarrheal hospitalizations among children <5 years are due to this agent, and, by the age of 5 years, between 1 in 40 and 1 in 77 children in Europe and the United States may be hospitalized for rotavirus. The first vaccine is a live, oral preparation combining four different serotypes of rotavirus and administered in three doses with other childhood immunizations. The good efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhea, the low risk of adverse side effects and the positive cost-effectiveness equation have led the two major immunization advisory groups in the U.S. to recommend this vaccine for routine use in American infants. European physicians and policymakers should re-examine the epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus diarrhea now that an effective method of prevention is at hand. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Mailstop GO4,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 48 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0803-5253 J9 ACTA PAEDIATR JI Acta Paediatr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 88 SU 426 BP 2 EP 8 DI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14318.x PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 171JP UT WOS:000078860100002 PM 10088904 ER PT J AU Tollefson, L Fedorka-Cray, PJ Angulo, FJ AF Tollefson, L Fedorka-Cray, PJ Angulo, FJ TI Public health aspects of antibiotic resistance monitoring in the USA SO ACTA VETERINARIA SCANDINAVICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Internordic Symposium of the Nordic-Committee-for-Veterinary-Scientific-Cooperation (NKVet) CY NOV 07-08, 1997 CL SUNDVOLDEN, NORWAY SP Nord Comm Vet Sci Cooperat ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ANIMALS; CATTLE C1 US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, MPH, DVM, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tollefson, L (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, MPH, DVM, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU DANSKE DYRLAEGEFORENING PI VANLOSE PA ROSENLUNDS ALLE 8, DK-2720 VANLOSE, DENMARK SN 0044-605X J9 ACTA VET SCAND JI Acta Vet. Scand. PY 1999 SU 92 BP 67 EP 75 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 272MZ UT WOS:000084655600009 ER PT S AU Baron, PA Deye, GJ Fernback, JE Jones, WG AF Baron, PA Deye, GJ Fernback, JE Jones, WG BE Beard, ME Rook, HL TI Direct-reading measurement of fiber length/diameter distributions SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR ASBESTOS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Environmental Measurement Methods for Asbestos CY JUL 13-17, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP ASTM Comm D 22 DE fiber; fiber measurement; fiber classification; fiber size distribution; dielectrophoresis ID DIELECTROPHORESIS; SEPARATION AB A new technique for classifying fibers according to length has opened up opportunities for improving fiber measurement technology. The classification principle is dielectrophoresis, which moves conductive fibers at a velocity proportional to the square of their length. Even non-conductive fibers can be made sufficiently conductive by increasing the humidity in the classifier. A device based on this principle has been constructed. It can classify fibers from a broad distribution into length distributions with CVs in the range of 0.2-0.3 and with mean lengths selectable from about 4 mu m to >50 mu m. To complement this device, diameter classification readily can be achieved by gravitational or inertial techniques in combination with length classification. An inertial classifier was used to produce relatively monodisperse diameter fibers in the aerodynamic diameter range of 3 - 7 mu m. This device was used to calibrate the response of the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) so that real-time diameter distributions were obtained for each length distribution from the dielectrophoretic length classifier. By varying the voltage on the length classifier, a length/diameter distribution can be produced in a matter of minutes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Baron, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2616-6 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1342 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1520/STP42334S PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Materials Science GA BP57Y UT WOS:000085558700011 ER PT J AU Mahy, BWJ AF Mahy, BWJ TI Special section: Impact of viral diseases on the developing world - Introduction SO ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH, VOL 53 SE ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mahy, BWJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-3527 J9 ADV VIRUS RES JI Adv.Virus Res. PY 1999 VL 53 BP 3 EP 4 DI 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60340-1 PG 2 WC Virology SC Virology GA BP54R UT WOS:000085466400001 ER PT J AU Gubler, DJ Meltzer, M AF Gubler, DJ Meltzer, M TI Impact of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever on the developing world SO ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH, VOL 53 SE ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS; MEXICO-CITY; DENGUE; TRANSMISSION; HEALTH; DISEASE; VIRUSES; EPIDEMIC; TYPE-2 C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Surveillance, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gubler, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 72 TC 175 Z9 182 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-3527 J9 ADV VIRUS RES JI Adv.Virus Res. PY 1999 VL 53 BP 35 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60342-5 PG 36 WC Virology SC Virology GA BP54R UT WOS:000085466400003 PM 10582094 ER PT J AU Subbarao, K AF Subbarao, K TI Influenza vaccines: Present and future SO ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH, VOL 54 SE ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID A VIRUS-VACCINES; COLD-ADAPTED INFLUENZA; INACTIVATED WHOLE VIRUS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PROTECTIVE EFFICACY; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; ELDERLY ADULTS; H1N1 VIRUS; PREVENTING HOSPITALIZATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 134 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-3527 J9 ADV VIRUS RES JI Adv.Virus Res. PY 1999 VL 54 BP 349 EP 373 DI 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60371-1 PG 25 WC Virology SC Virology GA BP54S UT WOS:000085466600009 PM 10547679 ER PT J AU Folks, T Harada, S AF Folks, T Harada, S TI Virology - Overview SO AIDS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CDC, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30733 USA. Kumamoto Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biodef & Med Virol, Kumamoto 860, Japan. RP Folks, T (reprint author), CDC, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Bldg 15,Rm 2611,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30733 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PY 1999 VL 13 SU A BP S1 EP S3 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 222RR UT WOS:000081799000001 PM 10885757 ER PT J AU Weidle, PJ Holmberg, SD DeCock, KM AF Weidle, PJ Holmberg, SD DeCock, KM TI Changes in HIV and AIDS epidemiology from generation antiretroviral therapy SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE antiretroviral therapy; HIV; epidemiology; AIDS; treatment ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; VITAMIN-A-DEFICIENCY; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; MATERNAL VIRAL LOAD; CD4 CELL DEPLETION; SOCIETY USA PANEL; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION; ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Weidle, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 96 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PY 1999 VL 13 SU A BP S61 EP S68 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 222RR UT WOS:000081799000008 PM 10885764 ER PT J AU Baillargeon, J Borucki, MJ Williamson, J AF Baillargeon, J Borucki, MJ Williamson, J TI Temporal trends in AIDS-related survival SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME AB Although research indicates that AIDS-related survival has improved over calendar time, studies of temporal AIDS-related survival patterns are often confounded by the stage of AIDS diagnosis. The objective of the present study was therefore to assess temporal trends in AIDS-related survival from clinical indicators other than point of AIDS diagnosis. The study sample consisted of 2126 adult HIV-positive patients who were treated between 1987 and 1996 at a large southwestern academic medical center. Proportional hazards analyses indicate that survival from each of the following clinical baselines improved in a linear fashion over calendar period: first CD4 count, first CD4 count of 200 or greater, first CD4 count less than 200, and diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, and Mycobacterium avium complex. These findings indicate that previously estimated survival trajectories have persisted through the mid-1990s, even when defining survival from clinical indicators other than AIDS diagnosis. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Internal Med, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Baillargeon, J (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD JAN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.1089/apc.1999.13.17 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 163ZG UT WOS:000078436600004 PM 11362081 ER PT J AU Ellenberger, DL Pieniazek, D Nkengasong, J Luo, CC Devare, S Maurice, C Janini, M Ramos, A Fridlund, C Hu, DJ Coulibaly, IM Ekpini, E Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE Schochetman, G Rayfield, MA AF Ellenberger, DL Pieniazek, D Nkengasong, J Luo, CC Devare, S Maurice, C Janini, M Ramos, A Fridlund, C Hu, DJ Coulibaly, IM Ekpini, E Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE Schochetman, G Rayfield, MA TI Genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus in Abidjan, Ivory Coast reveals predominance of HIV type 1 subtype A and introduction of subtype G SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID V3 REGION SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; AFRICAN ORIGIN; COTE-DIVOIRE; IDENTIFICATION; VARIABILITY; UGANDA; INFECTIONS; DIVERSITY; CAMEROON AB To better understand the molecular epidemiology of HIV genetic diversity in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, we performed a genetic analysis of 170 HIV-1-seropositive specimens representing newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 143) and women monitored in a mother-to-child transmission cohort study (n = 27), Preliminary screening with RFLP presumptively classified 162 (95.3%) of these as subtype A, The envelope region of 108 specimens was subtyped by sequence analysis: 102 (94.4%) were subtype A, 2 (1.9%) were subtype D, and 4 (3.7%) were subtype G, Subtyping gag and env regions of the genome suggested that five of the six nonsubtype A isolates exhibited a potentially mosaic structure. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 subtype A C2V3 from 27 Ivory Coast and 21 Ugandan sequences revealed a striking clustering among Ivory Coast variants, and an independent segregation from Ugandan subtype A. Despite independent clustering with other subtype A specimens, limited variability of the V3 loop apex was observed; the globally predominant V3 motif, GPGQ, represented 90.1% of the HIV-1 strains. This study demonstrates that clade A is the predominant HIV-1 subtype in HIV-seropositive individuals in Abidjan, Ivory Coast and that these strains are phylogenetically distinct from other subtype A strains observed in East Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, DASTLR,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Project RETRO CI, Abidjan 01, Cote Ivoire. Abbott Labs, AIDS Res & Retrovirus Discovery, N Chicago, IL 60064 USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl AIDS STD TB Control Program, Abidjan 01, Cote Ivoire. RP Ellenberger, DL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, DASTLR,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Mail Stop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Janini, Luiz Mario/E-9700-2012 NR 37 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 DI 10.1089/088922299311655 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 157NW UT WOS:000078069400002 PM 10024047 ER PT J AU Chen, J Young, NL Subbarao, S Warachit, P Saguanwongse, S Wongsheree, S Jayavasu, C Luo, CC Mastro, TD AF Chen, J Young, NL Subbarao, S Warachit, P Saguanwongse, S Wongsheree, S Jayavasu, C Luo, CC Mastro, TD TI HIV type 1 subtypes in Guangxi Province, China, 1996 SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID DRUG-USERS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; INFECTION; VIETNAM; THAILAND; YUNNAN; AIDS C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Guangxi AIDS Surveillance & Testing Ctr, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Med Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. RP Young, NL (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 22 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 8 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 81 EP 84 DI 10.1089/088922299311754 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 157NW UT WOS:000078069400012 PM 10024057 ER PT J AU Moyer, LA Mast, EE Alter, MJ AF Moyer, LA Mast, EE Alter, MJ TI Hepatitis C: Part I. Routine serologic testing and diagnosis SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Article ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; NON-A-HEPATITIS; POSTTRANSFUSION HEPATITIS; BLOOD-DONORS; VIRUS-INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; LIVER-DISEASE; NEEDLESTICK INJURY; VIRAL-INFECTIONS AB Hepatitis C, which is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), is a major public health problem in the United States. HCV is most efficiently transmitted through large or repeated percutaneous exposures to blood. Most patients with acute HCV infection develop persistent infection, and 70 percent of patients develop chronic hepatitis. HCV-associated chronic liver disease results in 8.000 to 10,000 deaths per year, and the annual costs of acute and chronic hepatitis C exceed $600 million. An estimated 3.9 million Americans are currently infected with HCV, but most of these persons are asymptomatic and do not know they are infected. To identify them, primary health care professionals should obtain a history of high-risk practices associated with the transmission of HCV and other bloodborne pathogens from all patients. Routine testing is currently recommended only in patients who are most likely to be infected with HCV. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Moyer, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, NCID, Mailstop G 37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 USA SN 0002-838X J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 59 IS 1 BP 79 EP 88 PG 10 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 157BF UT WOS:000078038600007 PM 9917576 ER PT J AU Blindauer, KM Rubin, C Morse, DL McGeehin, M AF Blindauer, KM Rubin, C Morse, DL McGeehin, M TI The 1996 New York Blizzard: Impact on noninjury emergency visits SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE snow; cold (adverse effects); weather; natural disasters; myocardial infarction (epidemiology); asthma (epidemiology); New York; morbidity; emergency service; hospital (utilization) ID MORTALITY AB The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the January 1996 New York blizzard on emergency visits to 12 Suffolk County hospitals for 10 noninjury health conditions, Emergency charts from the blizzard week (January 7-11) and a nonblizzard week (January 21-25) were reviewed and information was abstracted from the records meeting the criteria. Blizzard conditions were associated with increased visits for myocardial infarction/angina, primarily shoveling-related, and with decreased visits for asthma, Diagnoses for the other noninjury conditions did not differ significantly between time periods. The decrease in asthma visits possibly resulted from asthmatics avoiding exposure to blizzard conditions, An unexpected finding was that most patients with shoveling-related myocardial infarction/angina did not report pre-existing heart disease. Also of interest was that one quarter of myocardial infarction/angina visits by women were reportedly shoveling-related. This suggests that health warnings may be less effective at decreasing shoveling-induced myocardial infarction if they are directed primarily at men and at people with heart disease. Copyright (C) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 HSB, EHHE, NCEH, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Blindauer, KM (reprint author), HSB, EHHE, NCEH, CDC, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0735-6757 J9 AM J EMERG MED JI Am. J. Emerg. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 23 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90008-6 PG 5 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 158KE UT WOS:000078114000008 PM 9928692 ER PT J AU Boyle, JP Engelgau, MM Thompson, TJ Goldschmid, MG Beckles, GL Timberlake, DS Herman, WH Ziemer, DC Gallina, DL AF Boyle, JP Engelgau, MM Thompson, TJ Goldschmid, MG Beckles, GL Timberlake, DS Herman, WH Ziemer, DC Gallina, DL TI Estimating prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in a population of African Americans with diabetes mellitus SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE classification; diabetes mellitus; logistic models ID C-PEPTIDE; INSULIN; CLASSIFICATION; KETOACIDOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; NIDDM; IDDM AB The pathogenesis, treatment, and outcomes of type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ. Current surveys derive population-based estimates of diabetes prevalence by type using limited clinical information and applying classification rules developed in white populations. How well these rules perform when deriving similar estimates in African American populations is unknown. For this study, data were collected on a group of African Americans with diabetes who enrolled at the Diabetes Unit of Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, from April 16, 1991, to November 1, 1996. The data were used to develop some simple classification rules for African Americans based on a classification tree and a logistic regression model. Sensitivities and specificities, in which fasting C-peptide was used as the gold standard, were determined for these rules and for two current rules developed in mostly white, non-Hispanic populations. Rules that yielded precise (minimum variance unbiased) estimates of the prevalence of type 1 diabetes were preferred. The authors found that a rule based on the logistic regression model was best for estimating type 1 prevalences ranging from 1% to 17%. They concluded that simple classification rules can be used to estimate prevalence of diabetes by type in African American populations and that the optimal rule differs somewhat from the current rules. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Diabet Unit, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. RP Boyle, JP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-68,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 EI 1476-6256 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 149 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 152MF UT WOS:000077780800008 PM 9883794 ER PT J AU Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Neal, JJ Li, JM AF Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Neal, JJ Li, JM CA Mode Transmission Validation Study Grp TI Is there really a heterosexual AIDS epidemic in the United States? Findings from a multisite validation study, 1992-1995 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; heterosexuality; HIV; reproducibility of results ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; RISK-FACTORS; SURVEILLANCE; INFECTION; HIV; DISEASE AB The objective of this study was to verify the mode of exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among cases who obtained acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through heterosexual contact and to determine the proportion of cases initially reported with no risk but whose exposure may have been heterosexual. Adults aged greater than or equal to 13 years with AIDS, diagnosed from 1992 through 1995 with heterosexual risk or no risk at six US study sites (Alabama, California, Florida, New Jersey, New York City, and Texas), were eligible. Heterosexual risk was validated in 82% (1,610/1,952) of the heterosexual cases. Men were more likely than women to have a risk other than heterosexual (24% vs. 13%, chi(2) p < 0.01). An HIV risk was identified for 351 (55%) of those cases with no risk, and men were more likely than women to remain without risk (48% vs. 38%, chi(2) p = 0.02). Of the 415 men with no risk, 215 (52%) were reclassified: 94 (44%) were men who had sex with men, 61 (28%) were injection drug users, 48 (22%) had a heterosexual risk, and 12 (6%) had other exposures. Of the 219 women with no risk, 136 (62%) were reclassified: 82 (60%) had a heterosexual risk, 47 (35%) were injection drug users, and 6 (4%) had infection associated with transfusion. In conclusion, most cases reported with heterosexually acquired AIDS had valid heterosexual risk exposures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Assessment Branch, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Council State & Terr Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA USA. TRW, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Klevens, RM (reprint author), Care of Morgan M, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-49, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 149 IS 1 BP 75 EP 84 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 152MF UT WOS:000077780800010 PM 9883796 ER PT J AU Hediger, ML Overpeck, MD Kuczmarski, RJ McGlynn, A Maurer, KR Davis, WW AF Hediger, ML Overpeck, MD Kuczmarski, RJ McGlynn, A Maurer, KR Davis, WW TI Growth at ages 3-6 years of non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children born small or large for gestational age. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. NCHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD USA. PricewaterhouseCoopers, Washington, DC USA. Westat Inc, Rockville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1042-0533 J9 AM J HUM BIOL JI Am. J. Hum. Biol. PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1 MA 130 BP 114 EP 114 PG 1 WC Anthropology; Biology SC Anthropology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 154HL UT WOS:000077883300042 ER PT J AU Fox, J Anderson, H Moen, T Gruetzmacher, G Hanrahan, L Fink, J AF Fox, J Anderson, H Moen, T Gruetzmacher, G Hanrahan, L Fink, J TI Metal working fluid-associated hypersensitivity pneumonitis: An outbreak investigation and case-control study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hypersensitivity pneumonitis; metal working fluids; precipitin reactions; case-control ID OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; EXPOSURE; AEROSOLS; WORKERS; LUNG AB Occupational exposure to bacterial or fungal antigens has been associated with hypersensivity pneumonitis (HP), an immunologically-mediated pulmonary disease. Between August 1995 and April 1996, 34 employees working in machining and assembly areas of an engine manufacturing plant were clinically diagnosed with HP. Of these, 20 employees met an epidemiologic case definition. In a case-control study, no exposure variables, including duration and intensity of metal working fluid (MWF) exposure, were statistically associated with art increased risk of disease. Neither cases nor controls demonstrated precipitin reactivity against unused samples of the seven MWF and two biocides used in the plant HP cases had a significantly higher prevalence of positive precipitin reactions to used oil soluble and synthetic MWFs. Reactivity to used but not unused MWF suggests a biocontaminant, probably bacteria or fungi, is the causative antigen in the development of HP in this setting. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:58-67, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 Wisconsin Bur Publ Hlth, Madison, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Field Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fox, J (reprint author), Phys Plus Insurance Corp, 340 W Washington Ave, Madison, WI 53703 USA. EM johnfox@facstaff.wwr.edu NR 32 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 58 EP 67 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199901)35:1<58::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 142EW UT WOS:000077187800008 PM 9884746 ER PT J AU Ebrahim, SH Diekman, ST Floyd, RL Decoufle, P AF Ebrahim, SH Diekman, ST Floyd, RL Decoufle, P TI Comparison of binge drinking among pregnant and nonpregnant women, United States, 1991-1995 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 125th Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY NOV 09-13, 1997 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc, Natl Assoc Publ Hlth Policy, APHA, Med Care Sect DE pregnancy; alcohol; binge drinking; United States ID PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE; LEARNING-PROBLEMS; CONSEQUENCES; PREVALENCE; STUDENTS; COLLEGE; AGE AB Our goal was to measure the pregnancy-related reduction in the prevalence of reported binge drinking (greater than or equal to 5 alcoholic drinks per occasion) and to characterize binge drinkers among pregnant and nonpregnant women aged 18-44 years, in the United States, 1991-1995. We used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 46 states. We used the prevalence rate ratio between pregnant and nonpregnant women to determine the magnitude of the reduction in reported binge drinking and multiple logistic regression models to identity characteristics associated with binge drinking. Between 1991 and 1995, the prevalence of binge drinking among pregnant women increased significantly from 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.2-0.9) to 2.9% (95% confidence interval 2.2-3.6), whereas among nonpregnant women the prevalence changed little (11.3% vs 11.2%). Over the study period pregnant women were one fifth (prevalence rate ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.1-0.2) as likely as nonpregnant women to binge drink. Among Various population subgroups of women, pregnancy-related reduction in binge drinking was smallest among black women and largest among women aged less than or equal to 30 years and among those who had quit smoking. Among pregnant women binge drinking was independently associated with being unmarried, being employed, and current smoking. Among nonpregnant women binge drinking was independently associated with age less than or equal to 30 years, nonblack race, college level education, being unmarried, being employed or a student, and current smoking. Clinicians serving women of childbearing age need to be aware of the recent rise in reported binge drinking during pregnancy, as well as the known risk factors for binge drinking. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ebrahim, SH (reprint author), CDC, Prevent Sect, Mail Stop F15,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 5 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 180 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70139-0 PN 1 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 160HJ UT WOS:000078224200001 PM 9914568 ER PT J AU Thompson, BL Nelson, DE Caldwell, B Harris, JR AF Thompson, BL Nelson, DE Caldwell, B Harris, JR TI Assessment of health risk behaviors - A tool to inform consumers, providers, health care organizations, and purchasers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE health behavior; health surveys; population surveillance; quality of health care; preventive health services; counseling ID FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; UNITED-STATES; SMOKING CESSATION; TELEPHONE SURVEY; HIV-INFECTION; HEART-DISEASE; CASS REGISTRY; GUN OWNERSHIP AB Introduction: Tobacco use, diet and physical activity patterns, and alcohol use are the leading causes of death in the United States. To make major improvements in the health statics of die population, behavioral risk factors for disease must be addressed. Methods: We propose a brief sun ey of behavioral risk factors for enrollees of health care organizations, employer groups, or other adult populations that can be used to profile the health risk behaviors of a population, assess performance of prevention and risk reduction programs, or make comparisons with other populations. The survey contains questions about tobacco, diet, physical activity, alcohol, firearms, motor vehicle safety, sexual behavior, and drugs. Results: Recommendations for sun ey items, implementation, and calculation of performance measures are given. Conclusions: Widespread adoption of this type of survey would be a major step forward in acknowledging the impact that behavior has on health and in furthering individual and organizational accountability for improving health risk behaviors. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Thompson, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE MS D01, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 93 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 48 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00091-9 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 154JG UT WOS:000077885300009 PM 9894556 ER PT J AU Smith, N Yusuf, H Averhoff, F AF Smith, N Yusuf, H Averhoff, F TI Surveillance and prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNIZATION; NEED C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Smith, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 11 EP 13 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151BR UT WOS:000077701500001 PM 9987457 ER PT J AU McQuillan, GM Coleman, PJ Kruszon-Moran, D Moyer, LA Lambert, SB Margolis, HS AF McQuillan, GM Coleman, PJ Kruszon-Moran, D Moyer, LA Lambert, SB Margolis, HS TI Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1976 through 1994 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. Data from 2 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), NHANES II (1976-1980) and NHANES III (1988-1994), were analyzed to examine trends in the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in the United States. Methods. Serum specimens were tested for markers of hepatitis B virus infection, and risk factors were determined from questionnaires. Results. The overall age-adjusted prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection was 5.5% (95% confidence interval [Cr] =4.8, 6.2) in NHANES II, as compared with 4.9% (95% CI = 4.3, 5.6) in NHANES III. In both surveys, Black participants had the highest prevalence of infection (NHANES II, 15.8%; NHANES III, 11.9%). No differences in infection were found in the major racial groups between surveys, except for a decrease among those older than 50 years. Black race, increasing number of lifetime sexual partners, and foreign birth had the strongest independent associations with hepatitis B virus infection. Conclusions. Testing of participants in 2 national surveys demonstrates no significant decrease in hepatitis B virus infection, despite the availability of hepatitis B vaccine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McQuillan, GM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 1000, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 9 TC 261 Z9 272 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 14 EP 18 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151BR UT WOS:000077701500002 PM 9987458 ER PT J AU Mahon, BE Slutsker, L Hutwagner, L Drenzek, C Maloney, K Toomey, K Griffin, PM AF Mahon, BE Slutsker, L Hutwagner, L Drenzek, C Maloney, K Toomey, K Griffin, PM TI Consequences in Georgia of a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella infections: What you don't know might hurt you SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; FOOD AB Objectives. This study assessed the Impact in Georgia of a nationwide salmonellosis outbreak caused by ice cream products and the effectiveness of the subsequent warning against eating the implicated products. Methods. A telephone survey of 250 randomly selected Georgia customers of the ice cream producer was conducted 13 to 17 days after the warning. Results. Respondents from 179 households representing 628 persons were interviewed. The median date of first hearing the warning was 5 days after it was issued, and 16 respondents (9%) had not heard it. Among those who had heard the warning, 42 (26%) did not initially believe the products were unsafe. Tn 22 (31%) of the 72 households that had the implicated ice cream when the respondent heard the warning, someone subsequently ate the ice cream. Diarrhea was reported in 26% (121/463) of persons who had eaten the products but in only 5% (8/152) who had not (odds ratio [controlling for household clustering]= 3.8; 95% confidence interval = 2.0, 7.5). We estimate this outbreak caused 11 000 cases of diarrhea in Georgia, 1760 (16%) with exposure after the warning. Conclusions. A large outbreak occurred in Georgia, much of which might have been prevented by a more timely and convincing warning. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Pediat, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. CDC, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Slutsker, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Mailstop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 31 EP 35 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151BR UT WOS:000077701500005 PM 9987461 ER PT J AU Magnani, RJ Haws, JM Morgan, GT Gargiullo, PM Pollack, AE Koonin, LM AF Magnani, RJ Haws, JM Morgan, GT Gargiullo, PM Pollack, AE Koonin, LM TI Vasectomy in the United States, 1991 and 1995 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PROSTATE-CANCER; CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE; FEMALE STERILIZATION; COHORT; MEN AB Objectives. This study sought to assess whether the controversy surrounding publications linking vasectomy and prostate cancer has had an effect on vasectomy acceptance and practice in the United States. Methods. National probability surveys of urology, general surgery, and family practices were undertaken in 1992 and 1996. Results. Estimates of the total number of vasectomies performed, population rate, and proportion of practices performing vasectomy were not significantly different in 1991 and 1995. Conclusions. This study provides no solid evidence that the recent controversy over prostate cancer has influenced vasectomy acceptance or practice in the United States. However, the use of vasectomy appears to have leveled off in the 1990s. C1 Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Dept Int Hlth & Dev, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. AVSC Int, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Magnani, RJ (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Dept Int Hlth & Dev, 1440 Canal St,Suite 2200, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 92 EP 94 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151BR UT WOS:000077701500019 PM 9987475 ER PT J AU Moorhead, A Grunenwald, PE Dietz, VJ Schantz, PM AF Moorhead, A Grunenwald, PE Dietz, VJ Schantz, PM TI Trichinellosis in the United States, 1991-1996: Declining but not gone SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TRICHINOSIS AB Since the U.S. Public Health Service began recording statistics on trichinellosis in 1947, the number of cases reported by state health departments has decreased steadily. In the late 1940s, health departments reported an average of 400 cases and 10-15 deaths each year. From 1991 to 1996, the period covered in this report, three deaths in 230 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (an average of 38 cases per year), including 14 multiple case outbreaks from 31 states and Washington, DC. Information on the suspected food item was available for 134 (58%) of the 230 reported cases. Pork was implicated in 80 (60%) cases, bear meat in 31 (23%), walrus meat in 13 (10%), and cougar meat in 10 (7%). Sausage was the most frequently implicated pork product (i.e., 57 of the 64 cases for which the form of the pork product was identified). The proportion of trichinellosis cases attributable to consumption of commercial pork continued to decrease; this decrease was probably due to a combination of factors, including the continued reduction in the prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in domestic swine, the increased use of home freezers, and the practice of thoroughly cooking pork. As a proportion of all cases reported, those associated with wild game meat products has increased; however, the absolute numbers of such cases have remained similar at approximately 9-12 per year. The continued multiple case outbreaks and the identification of nonpork sources of infection indicate the need for further education and control measures. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Moorhead, A (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1 BP 66 EP 69 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 163ZE UT WOS:000078436300012 PM 9988325 ER PT J AU Bennett, SG Webb, JP Madon, MB Childs, JE Ksiazek, TG Torrez-Martinez, N Hjelle, B AF Bennett, SG Webb, JP Madon, MB Childs, JE Ksiazek, TG Torrez-Martinez, N Hjelle, B TI Hantavirus (Bunyaviridae) infections in rodents from Orange and San Diego Counties, California SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; RENAL SYNDROME; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; VIRUS; DISEASE; HANTAAN; REITHRODONTOMYS; POPULATIONS AB During a screening program to determine the extent of hantavirus activity in Orange and San Diego Counties, California, serum samples from 2,365 rodents representing nine genera and 15 species were tested for hantavirus antibodies. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on selected seropositive rodents was used to identify the specific hantavirus. Rodents positive for Sin Nombre virus (SNV) antibodies by Western blot included 86 (9.1 %) of 948 deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), four (1.5 %) of 275 California mice (Peromyscus californicus), one (0.5 %) of 196 cactus mice (Peromyscus eremicus), 51 (12.2 %) of 417 harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis), and five (12.5 %) of 40 California voles (Microtus californicus). All other specimens tested were negative for hantavirus antibodies. There was a correlation between age and sex of the reservoir host and prevalence of SNV antibody, especially among male deer mice and harvest mice. Few seasonal trends in antibody prevalence were observed and continued maintenance of SNV and Fl Moro Canyon virus was found at several foci over a 4-5-year period. Isla Vista virus was also found in voles and represents the first recorded in Orange County. Microhabitat selection on the part of these rodents based on plant density, plant height, and availability of food plants may explain, to some extent, all of the hantavirus-positive foci throughout the study area over a broad geographic range and the lack of antibody-positive rodents in dense chaparral, woodland, and riparian areas. The majority of rodents positive for SNV was identified from localities along coastal bluffs and the foothills of the Santa Ana Mountains, where trap success was high and P. maniculatus represented 43 % of all rodents collected. Several residential, commercial, and industrial sites exist in these areas and the potential health risk should not be overlooked, This study represents an in-depth analysis of the prevalence, host distribution, and characteristics of rodent populations infected by three hantaviruses within a small, well-defined, geographic area. C1 Orange Cty Vector Control Dist, Garden Grove, CA 92843 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Vector Borne Dis Sect, Ontario, CA 91764 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Bennett, SG (reprint author), Orange Cty Vector Control Dist, 13001 Garden Grove Blvd, Garden Grove, CA 92843 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 33 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1 BP 75 EP 84 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 163ZE UT WOS:000078436300014 PM 9988327 ER PT J AU Shi, YP Udhayakumar, V Oloo, AJ Nahlen, BL Lal, AA AF Shi, YP Udhayakumar, V Oloo, AJ Nahlen, BL Lal, AA TI Differential effect and interaction of monocytes, hyperimmune sera, and immunoglobulin G on the growth of asexual stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID BLOOD STAGES; CONTINUOUS CULTURE; HUMAN-ANTIBODIES; MALARIA; INVITRO; MACROPHAGES; COOPERATION; IMMUNITY; INVASION AB Using a flow cytometry-based parasite growth inhibition assay (GIA) and an antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) assay, we have assessed the differential effect and interaction of monocytes, immune sera, and purified immunoglobulins from Kenyan adults on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in vitro. We found that monocytes from 14 different normal, healthy, non-malaria-exposed donors had varying effects on parasite growth, i.e., inhibition or enhancement of parasitemia, suggesting heterogeneity in anti-parasitic activities of monocytes from individual donors. Twenty-two serum samples collected from clinically immune adults from western Kenya inhibited growth of P. falciparum after 48 hr in culture. In contrast, all IgG preparations, except one, purified from the same serum samples enhanced parasite growth. In ADCI experiments, of the 22 purified IgG samples used, 11 showed ADCI activities with specific growth inhibition (SGI) of more than 10%, with the highest at 27.6%, and the remaining 11 IgG samples had an SGI of less than 10%. Our results also showed that the ratio of IgG1 to IgG3 antibodies, as determined by an indirect immunofluorescence assay, was higher in the high ADCI response group than in the low response group, suggesting that a higher concentration of IgG1 antibodies with a higher IgG1/IgG3 ratio might be associated with ADCI activities. The present study has resulted in the development of simple, reproducible how cytometry-based GIA and ADCI assays, and also provides baseline information for further investigation of the role of ADCI activity in naturally acquired immune protection against malaria. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Immunol Branch, Mol Vaccine Sect,Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. RP Shi, YP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Immunol Branch, Mol Vaccine Sect,Div Parasit Dis, Bldg 22,Room 4,Mailstop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 30 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1 BP 135 EP 141 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 163ZE UT WOS:000078436300024 PM 9988337 ER PT J AU Flynn, MR Gatano, BL McKernan, JL Dunn, KH Blazicko, BA Carlton, GN AF Flynn, MR Gatano, BL McKernan, JL Dunn, KH Blazicko, BA Carlton, GN TI Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE exposure modeling; spray-painting; ventilation; transfer efficiency; dimensional analysis ID ATOMIZERS AB This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting in cross-flow ventilated booths. The model focuses on characterizing the generation and transport of overspray mist. It extends previous work on conventional spray guns to include exposures generated by HVLP guns. Dimensional analysis and scale model wind-tunnel studies are employed using non-volatile oils, instead of paint, to produce empirical equations for estimating exposure to total mass. Results indicate that a dimensionless breathing zone concentration is a nonlinear function of the ratio of momentum flux of air from the spray gun to the momentum flux of air passing through the projected area of the worker's body. The orientation of the spraying operation within the booth is also very significant, The exposure model requires an estimate of the contaminant generation rate, which is approximated by a simple impactor model. The results represent an initial step in the construction of more realistic models capable of predicting exposure as a mathematical function of the governing parameters. (C) 1999 British Occupational Hygiene Society, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Raleigh, NC 27611 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. USAF, Armstrong Lab, Ind Hyg Branch, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Flynn, MR (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Dunn, Kevin/I-2195-2012 FU NIOSH CDC HHS [R01/OH02858] NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0003-4878(98)00078-7 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 164YP UT WOS:000078491400006 PM 10028895 ER PT J AU Bloland, PB Ettling, M AF Bloland, PB Ettling, M TI Making malaria-treatment policy in the face of drug resistance SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; WEST-AFRICA; SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE; CHLOROQUINE RESISTANCE; ANTIMALARIAL THERAPY; EAST-AFRICA; CHILDREN; MEFLOQUINE; EFFICACY; GAMBIA AB The threat, development, spread, and intensification of antimalarial drug resistance are posing tremendous challenges to malaria-control activities throughout the world. Fundamental aspects of these activities are the identification and promotion of safe and effective therapy for acute malarial illness. A major tool in providing guidance on appropriate therapy is the national malaria-therapy policy, which describes antimalarial drugs available for use in a given country, their relative efficacy, and how best to use them in a variety of settings, from the community to the referral hospital. This review describes some of the factors that need to be considered in the development of a national, antimalarial drug policy as well as those that have impeded timely development of national policies, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Epidemiol Sect, Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Agcy Int Dev, Africa Bur, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. RP Bloland, PB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Epidemiol Sect, Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM pbbl@cdc.gov NR 54 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 3 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 93 IS 1 BP 5 EP 23 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 164CF UT WOS:000078444300001 PM 10492667 ER PT J AU Besser, RE Griffin, PM Slutsker, L AF Besser, RE Griffin, PM Slutsker, L TI Escherichia coli O157 : H7 gastroenteritis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome: An emerging infectious disease SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE diarrheal disease; HUS; foodborne disease; colitis; Escherichia coli infections ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; UNITED-STATES; O157H7 INFECTIONS; WASHINGTON-STATE; SEROTYPE O157-H7; BLOODY DIARRHEA; SEVERE OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHILDREN; SURVEILLANCE AB Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an increasingly common cause of a variety of illnesses, including bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. This emerging infectious agent was first identified in 1982 and has been isolated with increasing frequency since then. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections with E. coli O157:H7. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. EM reb0@cdc.gov; pmg1@cdc.gov; lms5@cdc.gov NR 60 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 10 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4219 J9 ANNU REV MED JI Annu. Rev. Med. PY 1999 VL 50 BP 355 EP 367 PG 13 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 170XF UT WOS:000078831800024 PM 10073283 ER PT J AU Peters, CJ Simpson, GL Levy, H AF Peters, CJ Simpson, GL Levy, H TI Spectrum of hantavirus infection: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE Bunyaviridae; shock; acute renal failure; vascular leak syndrome; acute respiratory distress syndrome ID NEPHROPATHIA-EPIDEMICA; UNITED-STATES; PUUMALA-HANTAVIRUS; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; VIRUS; DISEASE; MANIFESTATIONS; TRANSMISSION; ILLNESS; IDENTIFICATION AB Hantaviruses chronically infect rodents without apparent disease, but when they are spread by aerosolized excreta to humans, two major clinical syndromes result: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Both diseases appear to be immunopathologic, and inflammatory mediators are important in causing the clinical manifestations. In HPS, T cells act on heavily infected pulmonary endothelium, and it is suspected that gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor are major agents of a reversible increase in vascular permeability that leads to severe, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. HFRS has prominent systemic manifestations. The retroperitoneum is a major site of vascular leak and the kidneys suffer tubular necrosis. Both syndromes are accompanied by myocardial depression and hypotension or shock. HFRS is primarily a Eurasian disease, whereas HPS appears to be confined to the Americas; these geographic distinctions correlate with the phylogenies of the rodent hosts and the viruses that coevolved with them. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New Mexico Dept Hlth, Santa Fe, NM 87502 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Peters, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cjp0@cdc.gov NR 69 TC 152 Z9 168 U1 3 U2 15 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4219 J9 ANNU REV MED JI Annu. Rev. Med. PY 1999 VL 50 BP 531 EP 545 PG 15 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 170XF UT WOS:000078831800033 PM 10073292 ER PT J AU Belay, ED AF Belay, ED TI Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; fatal familial insomnia; Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome; new variant CJD; prion diseases ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA; PRION PROTEIN GENE; DURA-MATER GRAFT; STRAUSSLER-SCHEINKER DISEASE; HUMAN GROWTH-HORMONE; SCRAPIE PRION; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS AB Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the first transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) to be described in humans, occurs in a sporadic, familial, or iatrogenic form. Other TSEs in humans, shown to be associated with specific prion protein gene mutations, have been reported in different parts of the world. These TSEs compose a heterogeneous group of familial diseases that traditionally have been classified as familial CJD, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, or fatal familial insomnia. In 1996, a newly recognized variant form of CJD among young patients (median age, 28 years) with unusual clinical features and a unique neuropathologic profile was reported in the United Kingdom. In the absence of known CJD risk factors or prion protein gene abnormalities, the UK government concluded that the clustering of these cases may represent transmission to humans of the agent causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Additional epidemiologic and recent laboratory data strongly support the UK government's conclusion. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Belay, ED (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 167 TC 70 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 13 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4227 J9 ANNU REV MICROBIOL JI Annu. Rev. Microbiol. PY 1999 VL 53 BP 283 EP 314 DI 10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.283 PG 32 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 247EW UT WOS:000083208500010 PM 10547693 ER PT J AU Khan, LK Bowman, BA AF Khan, LK Bowman, BA TI OBESITY: A major global public health problem SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE overweight; prevalence; prevention; policy ID UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; OVERWEIGHT; MORTALITY; DISEASE; TRENDS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Khan, LK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0199-9885 J9 ANNU REV NUTR JI Annu. Rev. Nutr. PY 1999 VL 19 BP XIII EP XVII DI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.0 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 226EL UT WOS:000082007300002 PM 10448513 ER PT J AU Clark, NC Olsvik, O Swenson, JM Spiegel, CA Tenover, FC AF Clark, NC Olsvik, O Swenson, JM Spiegel, CA Tenover, FC TI Detection of a streptomycin/spectinomycin adenylyltransferase gene (aadA) in Enterococcus faecalis SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID AMINOGLYCOSIDE-MODIFYING ENZYMES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; GROUP-D STREPTOCOCCI; SPECTINOMYCIN ADENYLTRANSFERASE; AMINOCYCLITOL ANTIBIOTICS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; RESISTANCE GENES; STREPTOMYCIN; IDENTIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION AB Genes encoding streptomycin/spectinomycin adenylyltransferases [ANT(3")(9)] have been reported to exist in gram-negative organisms and Staphylococcus aureus, During a study of high-level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci, we encountered an isolate of Enterococcus faecalis that was streptomycin resistant but did not appear to contain the 6'-adenylyltransferase gene (aadE) when examined by PCR with specific primers. Phosphocellulose paper binding assays indicated the presence of an ANT(3")(9) enzyme. Streptomycin and spectinomycin MICs of 4,000 and 8,000 mu g/ml, respectively, were observed for the isolate. PCR primers corresponding to a highly conserved region of the aadA gene were used to amplify a specific 284-bp product, The product hybridized with a digoxigenin-labeled PCR product from E. call C600(pHP45 Omega) known to contain the aadA gene, The aadA gene was transferred via filter matings from the E,faecalis donor to E. faecalis JH2-2, PCR primers designed for analysis of integrons were used to amplify a 1-kb product containing the aadA gene, which was cloned into the vector pCRII and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5-alpha competent cells. D-Rhodamine dye terminator cycle sequencing was used to determine the gene sequence, which was compared to previously reported sequences of aadA genes. We found the aad4 gene in E. faecalis to be identical to the aad4 genes reported by Sundstrom et al, for E. call plasmid R6-5 (L, Sundstrom, P, Radstrom, G, Swedberg, and O, Skold, Mol, Gen, Genet. 213:191-201, 1988), by Fling et al, for the aad4 within transposon Tn7 (M. E, Fling, J, Kopf, and C, Richards, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:7095-7106, 1985), and by Hollingshead and Vapnek for E. call R538-1 (S, Hollingshead and D, Vapnek, Plasmid 13:17-30, 1985), Previous reports of the presence of the aad4 gene in enterococci appear to be erroneous and probably describe an aadE gene, since the isolates were reported to be susceptible to spectinomycin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Tromso, Sch Med, Dept Med Microbiol, Tromso, Norway. Univ Wisconsin Hosp & Clin, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Madison, WI 53792 USA. RP Clark, NC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nonsocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM nccl@cdc.gov NR 36 TC 117 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 EI 1098-6596 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 157 EP 160 PG 4 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 163UD UT WOS:000078424000027 PM 9869582 ER PT J AU Pfaller, MA Zhang, J Messer, SA Brandt, ME Hajjeh, RA Jessup, CJ Tumberland, M Mbidde, EK Ghannoum, MA AF Pfaller, MA Zhang, J Messer, SA Brandt, ME Hajjeh, RA Jessup, CJ Tumberland, M Mbidde, EK Ghannoum, MA TI In vitro activities of voriconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole against 566 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from the United States and Africa SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; IN-VITRO; MENINGITIS; AIDS; UK-109,496; INFECTIONS; DISCOVERY; VIRUS; TRIAL AB We investigated the in vitro activity of voriconazole compared to those of fluconazole and itraconazole against 566 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from Africa (164) and the United States (402). Isolates were obtained from cerebrospinal fluid (362), blood (139), and miscellaneous sites (65). Voriconazole (MIC at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [MIC90], 0.12 to 0.25 mu g/ml) was more active than either itraconazole (MIC90, 0.5 mu g/ml) or fluconazole (MIC90, 8.0 to 16 mu g/ml) against both African and U.S. isolates. Isolates inhibited by greater than or equal to 16 mu g of fluconazole per ml were almost all (99%) inhibited by less than or equal to 1 mu g of voriconazole per ml These results suggest that voriconazole may be useful in the treatment of cryptococcosis. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Div Med Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Dermatol, Ctr Med Mycol, Mycol Reference Lab, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Uganda Canc Inst, Kampala, Uganda. RP Pfaller, MA (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Div Med Microbiol, C606 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 24 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 169 EP 171 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 163UD UT WOS:000078424000031 PM 9869586 ER PT J AU Chapman, LE Mertz, GJ Peters, CJ Jolson, HM Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Koster, FT Baum, KF Rollin, PE Pavia, AT Holman, RC Christenson, JC Rubin, PJ Behrman, RE Bell, LJW Simpson, GL Sadek, RF AF Chapman, LE Mertz, GJ Peters, CJ Jolson, HM Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Koster, FT Baum, KF Rollin, PE Pavia, AT Holman, RC Christenson, JC Rubin, PJ Behrman, RE Bell, LJW Simpson, GL Sadek, RF CA Ribavirin Study Grp TI Intravenous ribavirin for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: safety and tolerance during 1 year of open-label experience SO ANTIVIRAL THERAPY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; THERAPY; OUTBREAK; DISEASE; FEVER AB Intravenous ribavirin was provided non-selectively for investigational open-label use among persons with suspected hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the United States between 4 June 1993 and 1 September 1994, Therapy was initiated prior to laboratory confirmation of hantavirus infection because most deaths from HPS occur within 48 h of hospitalization. Thirty patients with confirmed HPS, 105 patients without HPS and 5 patients without adequate diagnostic testing for HPS were enrolled. This observational study arguably provides the most complete information available on ribavirin-associated adverse effects. Although ribavirin was generally well tolerated, 71% of recipients became anaemic and 19% underwent transfusion, An apparent excess of hyperamylasaemia/pancreatitis was either therapy-associated or due to enrolment bias. The 30 enrolled HPS patients had a case-fatality rate of 47% (14/30), It is not possible to assess efficacy with this study design. However, comparison of survival curves for the 30 enrolled HPS patients and 34 patients who developed HPS during the same time period but were not enrolled did not suggest an appreciable drug effect. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial that enrols patients during the prodrome phase would be necessary to assess the efficacy and further define the safety of intravenous ribavirin for HPS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hantavirus Task Force, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Denver, CO USA. Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Infect Dis Consultants Ltd, Phoenix, AZ USA. New Mexico Dept Hlth, Santa Fe, NM USA. RP Chapman, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hantavirus Task Force, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT MEDICAL PRESS PI LONDON PA 125 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON WC1V 6QA, ENGLAND SN 1359-6535 J9 ANTIVIR THER JI Antivir. Ther. PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 211 EP 219 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Virology GA 276XJ UT WOS:000084903400003 PM 10723500 ER PT J AU Glass, RI Belliot, G Ivanoff, B Parashar, U Gentsch, J Bresee, J AF Glass, RI Belliot, G Ivanoff, B Parashar, U Gentsch, J Bresee, J TI Prevention of rotavirus diarrhea by vaccination SO ARCHIVES DE PEDIATRIE LA French DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Congress of the Association-des-Pediatres-de-Langue-Francais/Annual Congress of the Societe-Francaise-de-Pediatrie CY MAY 05-08, 1999 CL TOURS, FRANCE SP Assoc Pediat Langue Francaise, Soc Francaise Pediat ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; INFANTS; PROTECTION; INFECTION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Global Programme Vaccines & Immunizat, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0929-693X J9 ARCH PEDIATRIE JI Arch. Pediatr. PY 1999 VL 6 SU 2 BP 323S EP 326S DI 10.1016/S0929-693X(99)80455-2 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 205WP UT WOS:000080843800067 PM 10370523 ER PT J AU Ivanoff, B Glass, R AF Ivanoff, B Glass, R TI Vaccines against rotavirus infections: Efficacy and possible role in vaccination campaigns SO ARCHIVES DE PEDIATRIE LA French DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Congress of the Association-des-Pediatres-de-Langue-Francais/Annual Congress of the Societe-Francaise-de-Pediatrie CY MAY 05-08, 1999 CL TOURS, FRANCE SP Assoc Pediat Langue Francaise, Soc Francaise Pediat C1 Org Mondiale Sante, Programme Mondial Vaccins & Vaccinat, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ivanoff, B (reprint author), Org Mondiale Sante, Programme Mondial Vaccins & Vaccinat, 20 Rue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0929-693X J9 ARCH PEDIATRIE JI Arch. Pediatr. PY 1999 VL 6 SU 2 BP 330S EP 331S DI 10.1016/S0929-693X(99)80457-6 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 205WP UT WOS:000080843800069 PM 10370525 ER PT J AU Holmes, JL Kirkwood, CD Gerna, G Clemens, JD Rao, MR Naficy, AB Abu-Elyazeed, R Savarino, SJ Glass, RI Gentsch, JR AF Holmes, JL Kirkwood, CD Gerna, G Clemens, JD Rao, MR Naficy, AB Abu-Elyazeed, R Savarino, SJ Glass, RI Gentsch, JR TI Characterization of unusual G8 rotavirus strains isolated from Egyptian children SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; BOVINE ROTAVIRUSES; BRAZILIAN CHILDREN; RELATIVE FREQUENCY; VP4 SEROTYPE; PROTEIN VP4; SUBGROUP-I; IDENTIFICATION AB We report the first detection of P[14], G8 rotaviruses isolated in Egypt from the stool of children participating in a 3 year study of rotavirus epidemiology. Two strains, EGY1850 and EGY2295, were characterized by a serotyping enzyme immunoassay (EIA), virus neutralization, and sequence analysis of the genes encoding VP7 and the VP8* portion of the VP4 gene. These two strains shared a high level of homology of their VP7s (87.8% nucleotide [nt], 97.2% amino acid [aa]) and VP4s (89.6% nt, 97.1% aa) and had the highest VP7 identity to serotype G8 (>82% nt, >92% aa) and VP4 identity to genotype P[14] (greater than or equal to 81% nt, >91% aa) strains. Serological results with a VP7 G8-specific and VP4 P[14]-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies supported the genetic classification of EGY1850 and EGY2295 as P[14], G8. Genogroup analysis supports earlier findings that human G8 rotaviruses may be genetically related to bovine rotaviruses. These findings demonstrate that our understanding of the geographic distribution of rotavirus strains is incomplete, emphasize the need to monitor rotavirus serotypes, and extend the known distribution of serotype G8 and genotype P[14] strains in Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect MS G04, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Nat Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Policlin San Matteo, IRCCS, Viral Diagnost Serv, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. NICHHD, Epidemiol Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USN, Med Res Unit 3, Cairo, Egypt. RP Holmes, JL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect MS G04, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Nat Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 56 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1999 VL 144 IS 7 BP 1381 EP 1396 DI 10.1007/s007050050594 PG 16 WC Virology SC Virology GA 221TE UT WOS:000081741700009 PM 10481744 ER PT J AU Favi, M Yung, V Pavletic, C Ramirez, E De Mattos, CC De Mattos, CA AF Favi, M Yung, V Pavletic, C Ramirez, E De Mattos, CC De Mattos, CA TI Role of insectivorous bats in the transmission of Rabies in Chile SO ARCHIVOS DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA LA Spanish DT Article DE monoclonal anbitodies; antigenic variant; rabies ID VIRUS AB The importance of wild animals in the epidemiology of rabies in Chile was not recognized until 1985. Since then the epidemiology of rabies has been characterized by the presence of an endemic cycle in the species of the Order Chiroptera. In 1996, after 24 years without human rabies cases, a child died of the disease. The victim was infected with an antigenic variant 4 (AgV4) virus whose reservoir is the non-hematophagous bats Tadarida brasiliensis. This event emphatized the need for a better characterization of rabies selvatic cycles, their geographical distribution, and the risk factors that influence the virus transmission to humans and domestic animals in the country. From a total of 250 isolates obtained between 1977 and 1997, 119 were reactived. These samples were antigenically characterized by the indirect inmunofluorescence technique using a panel of 8 monoclonal antibodies direct against epitopes of the viral nucleoprotein produced by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The analysis showed that all the viruses obtained from non-hematophagous bats were AgV4 seven out of 10 canine isolates were AgV4. The other 3 canine viruses were AgV1, whose reservoir is the dog. Of the 3 bovine isolates, 2 was AgV1 and 1 AgV4. Three feline and one porcine viruses was caracterized as AgV4. it was determined that a bovine rabies case reported in 1977 and all the viruses isolated from domestic animals since 1990 were AgV4. These results allowed to conclude that, in Chile, the non-hematophagous bats Tadarida brasiliensis was a rabies selvatic reservoir before 1985, and since then it has been the only wild reservoir know responsible for rabies sporadic cases in human and domestic animals. C1 Inst Salud Publ Chile, Santiago, Chile. Minist Salud, Santiago, Chile. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonosis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Favi, M (reprint author), Inst Salud Publ Chile, Marathon 1000,Nunoa Casilla 48, Santiago, Chile. EM virologia@ispch.cl NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL CHILE, FACULTAD CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS PI VALDIVIA PA CASILLA 567, VALDIVIA, CHILE SN 0301-732X J9 ARCH MED VET JI Arch. Med. Vet. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 157 EP 165 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 271RD UT WOS:000084606500002 ER PT B AU Grissom, RE Abernathy, CO Susten, AS Donohue, JM AF Grissom, RE Abernathy, CO Susten, AS Donohue, JM BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI Estimating total arsenic exposure in the United States SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUL 12-15, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Environm Geochem & Hlth, Univ Colorado, US EPA, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlantic Richfield Co, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Elf Atochem, Environm Arsen Council DE arsenic; risk assessment; routes; pathways; bioavailability ID PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; IN-VITRO; BIOAVAILABILITY; LEAD; SOIL; CHILDREN; SMELTER; MERCURY; MANAGEMENT; EXCRETION AB Arsenic is a component of the earth's crust and is ubiquitous in the environment. Consequently, humans are exposed to arsenic from a variety of sources such as food, water, air and soil. For the majority of people in the U.S., the major exposure route is through consumption of food. Ingestion of soil, dust, or water contaminated with arsenic also occurs in areas with naturally elevated arsenic levels or near hazardous waste sites. In addition, there are some people whose cultural practices such as the use of herbal medicines may cause additional exposures to arsenic. Dermal absorption of arsenic may occur if activities such as rice farming require daily exposure to water contaminated with arsenic. Unfortunately, many exposure scenarios only consider one type of exposure, e.g., exposure to arsenic in soil. It is critical to obtain a complete exposure estimate, especially at lower doses, to be certain that the exposure data used for the risk assessment does not underestimate the true exposure and present an unrealistic value. C1 ATSDR, Div Hlth Assessment & Consultat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Grissom, RE (reprint author), ATSDR, Div Hlth Assessment & Consultat, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 59 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043648-X PY 1999 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1016/B978-008043648-7/50008-X PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BP93Q UT WOS:000086671000006 ER PT J AU Toraason, M AF Toraason, M TI 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a biomarker of workplace exposures SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Review DE 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; DNA; oxidative damage; biomarker ID OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; FREE-RADICAL CHEMISTRY; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; RISK ASSESSMENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; RAT-LIVER; VITAMIN-E; FERRIC NITRILOTRIACETATE; RENAL CARCINOGEN; TISSUE-INJURY AB To date, the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) DNA adduct has been used as a biomarker in II occupational health studies examining the potential for ten different workplace exposures to cause oxidative DNA damage. Exposures examined include asbestos, ate-dyes, benzene, chromium, coal dust, glassworks, rubber manufacturing, styrene, toluene and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Experimental designs that applied 8OHdG as biomarker varied dramatically among the studies. For example, one study detected increased urinary excretion in retired workers with a history of exposure to mining dusts, while a study of workers exposed to benzene showed that the pattern of urinary excretion of 8OHdG varied over a 24 h period following exposure. All but one study reported increased 8OHdG relative to controls, but in three cases the increases were not statistically significant. Only one study demonstrated a dose-response relationship between a chemical exposure (benzene) in the workplace and elevated 8OHdG. In most cases, exposure data were lacking and the elevated 8OHdG could only be considered to be associated with a generalized job category. Numerous animal and human studies have demonstrated an effect of tobacco smoke on 8OHdG, including a study of ETS in the workplace. In the majority of occupational studies, however, smoking was found not to be a confounding variable, 8OHdG levels tended to be higher in women than men as did the response to an occupational exposure and/or smoking. Two of three studies that stratified workers by age found it to be a confounder for the 8OHdG adduct, but the relationship between age and 8OHdG was non-linear. Only one study considered the impact of dietary supplements on 8OHdG levels in workers despite the fact that diet can have a marked effect on an individual's response to oxidative stress. It is premature to consider 8OHdG as biomarker that can be used for decision making or for regulatory purposes. Nonetheless, these studies demonstrate that with additional characterization of the role 8OHdG plays in the exposure-disease continuum it may well serve as a powerful biomonitoring tool in the future. C1 NIOSH, Cellular Toxicol Sect, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Toraason, M (reprint author), NIOSH, Cellular Toxicol Sect, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 108 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 3 EP 26 DI 10.1080/135475099230967 PG 24 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 158JF UT WOS:000078111700001 PM 23898791 ER PT J AU Diaz, HF McCabe, GJ AF Diaz, HF McCabe, GJ TI A possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Nino episode SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB One of the most severe outbreaks of yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, affected the southern United States in the summer of 1878. The economic and human toll was enormous, and the city of Memphis, Tennessee, was one of the most affected. The authors suggest that as a consequence of one of the strongest El Nino episodes on record-that which occurred in 1877-78-exceptional climate anomalies occurred in the United States (as well as in many other parts of the world), which may have been partly responsible for the widespread nature and severity of the 1878 yellow fever outbreak. This study documents some of the extreme climate anomalies that were recorded in 1877 and 1878 in parts of the eastern United States, with particular emphasis on highlighting the evolution of these anomalies, as they might have contributed to the epidemic. Other years with major outbreaks of yellow fever in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries also occurred during the course of El Nino episodes, a fact that appears not to have been noted before in the literature. C1 NOAA, ERL, OAR, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Diaz, HF (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, OAR, CDC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 80 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:APCBTY>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160KR UT WOS:000078230100002 ER PT J AU Chapman, L AF Chapman, L TI Speculation, stringent reasoning, and science SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID UNITED-STATES; MALARIA; VIRUS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Chapman, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 68 EP 70 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 164RX UT WOS:000078478300016 PM 10206762 ER PT J AU Campagne, G Schuchat, A Djibo, S Ousseini, A Cisse, L Chippaux, JP AF Campagne, G Schuchat, A Djibo, S Ousseini, A Cisse, L Chippaux, JP TI Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger, 1981-96 SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article ID HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE MENINGITIS; MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; PURULENT-MENINGITIS; UNITED-STATES; WEST-AFRICA; CONJUGATE; INFANTS; CHILDREN; VACCINE; GAMBIA AB In the African meningitis belt the importance of endemic meningitis is not as well recognized as that of epidemics of meningococcal meningitis that occur from time to time. Using retrospective surveillance, we identified a total of 7078 cases of laboratory-diagnosed bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger, from 1981 to 1996. The majority (57.7%)were caused by Neisseria meningitidis, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (13.2%) and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) (9.5%). The mean annual incidence of bacterial meningitis was 101 per 100 000 population (70 per 100 000 during 11 non-epidemic years) and the average annual mortality rate was 17 deaths per 100 000. Over a 7-year period (including one major epidemic year) for which data were available, S. pneumoniae and Hib together caused more meningitis deaths than N. meningitidis. Meningitis cases were more common among males and occurred mostly during the dry season. Serogroup A caused 85.6% of meningococcal meningitis cases during the period investigated; three-quarters of these occurred among children aged <15 years, and over 40% among under-5-year-olds, Both incidence and mortality rates were highest among infants aged <1 year. In this age group, Hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, followed by S, pneumoniae. The predominant cause of meningitis in persons aged 1-40 years was N. meningitidis. Use of the available vaccines against meningitis due to N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and Hib could prevent substantial endemic illness and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, and potentially prevent recurrent meningococcal epidemics. C1 CERMES, ORSTOM, Niamey, Niger. CERMES, Cooperat Francaise, Niamey, Niger. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Abdou Moumouni Univ, Fac Hlth Sci, Niamey, Niger. RP Chippaux, JP (reprint author), CERMES, ORSTOM, BP 10887, Niamey, Niger. NR 33 TC 113 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 6 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 499 EP 508 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 212RF UT WOS:000081229500008 PM 10427935 ER PT J AU Sniadack, DH Moscoso, B Aguilar, R Heath, J Bellini, W Chiu, MC AF Sniadack, DH Moscoso, B Aguilar, R Heath, J Bellini, W Chiu, MC TI Measles epidemiology and outbreak response immunization in a rural community in Peru SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article ID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; VIRUS AB Only limited data are available on the impact of measles outbreak response immunization (ORI) in developing countries. We conducted a community survey in Espindola, a rural border community in northern Peru, following a measles outbreak and subsequent ORI to study the epidemiology and impact of the outbreak and to evaluate the costs and benefits of measles ORI. During the outbreak, 150 of the 553 Espindola residents developed clinical cases of measles. Adults accounted for 44.0% of cases, and were frequently identified as primary cases. The attack rate among all susceptible people was 45.5% and was highest (61.2%) for the 16-20 year age group. Among adults, significant risk factors for developing measles included being aged 16-20 years (relative risk [RR]=3.06, 95% CI = 2.08, 4.49) and being male (RR= 1.73, 95% CI = 1.11, 2.71). Among serologically confirmed cases, 60.7% developed diarrhoea and 32.1% pneumonia. The overall case-fatality rate was 3.3%, but reached 19.1% in the 0-23-month age group. Failure to reach children through either routine immunization or national campaigns made this community vulnerable to the severe and extensive impact of measles virus importation. The ORI campaign targeted non-measles case children aged 6 months to 15 years, regardless of their previous immunization status, and was effective in terminating this measles outbreak and in preventing morbidity, loss of livelihood and death despite the involvement of large numbers of adults in measles transmission. The last measles case occurred within 3 weeks of completing ORI. The ORI campaign, which would have cost approximately US$ 3000 in 1998, saved as many as 1155 person-days of work among 77 adults, prevented an estimated 87 cases of diarrhoea and 46 cases of pneumonia, and averted 5 deaths. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Branch, Div Field Epidemiol, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Field Epidemiol Training Programme, Lima, Peru. Minist Hlth, Gen Off Epidemiol, Lima, Peru. Minist Hlth, Ayabaca Dist Hlth Ctr, Lima, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Measles Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sniadack, DH (reprint author), Amer Embassy Dhaka, Dept State, Washington, DC 20051 USA. NR 12 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 545 EP 552 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 220YL UT WOS:000081697400002 PM 10444877 ER PT J AU Kotloff, KL Winickoff, JP Ivanoff, B Clemens, JD Swerdlow, DL Sansonetti, PJ Adak, GK Levine, MM AF Kotloff, KL Winickoff, JP Ivanoff, B Clemens, JD Swerdlow, DL Sansonetti, PJ Adak, GK Levine, MM TI Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Review ID DAY-CARE-CENTERS; SHIGA-BACILLUS DYSENTERY; ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY; ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASE; SAUDI-ARABIA; RISK-FACTORS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; ENTERIC PATHOGENS; CLINICAL-FEATURES AB Few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with Shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. Here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of Shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical category, i.e. mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care, and severe cases demanding hospitalization. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category. Finally, the frequency distribution of Shigella infection, by serogroup and serotype and by region of the world, was determined. The annual number of Shigella episodes throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million, of which 163.2 million were in developing countries (with 1.1 million deaths) and 1.5 million in industrialized countries. A total of 69% of ail episodes and 61% of all deaths attributable to shigellosis involved children under 5 years of age. The median percentages of isolates of S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae were, respectively, 60%, 15%, 6%, and 6% (30% of 5 dysenteriae cases were type 1) in developing countries; and 16%, 77%, 2%, and 1% in industrialized countries. In developing countries, the predominant serotype of S. flexneri is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6. In industrialized countries, most isolates are 5 flexneri 2a or other unspecified type 2 strains. Shigellosis, which continues to have an important global impact, cannot be adequately controlled with the existing prevention and treatment measures. Innovative strategies, including development of vaccines against the most common serotypes, could provide substantial benefits. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med,Dept Pediat, Ctr Vaccine Dev,Domest Epidemiol Sect, Div Infect Dis & Trop Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. WHO, Steering Comm Diarrhoeal Dis Vaccines, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NICHHD, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne Dis Epidemiol Sect, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Inst Pasteur, Unite Pathogenie Microbienne Mol, Paris, France. Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Ctr Communicable Dis Surveillance, Div Epidemiol, London NW9 5EQ, England. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Div Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Kotloff, KL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med,Dept Pediat, Ctr Vaccine Dev,Domest Epidemiol Sect, Div Infect Dis & Trop Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RI kotloff, karen/E-7768-2012 OI kotloff, karen/0000-0003-1808-6431 NR 119 TC 729 Z9 789 U1 5 U2 41 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 EI 1564-0604 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 651 EP 666 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 236UG UT WOS:000082617100005 PM 10516787 ER PT J AU Hutin, YJF Chen, RT AF Hutin, YJF Chen, RT TI Injection safety: a global challenge SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 WHO, Safe Inject Global Network, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hutin, YJF (reprint author), WHO, Safe Inject Global Network, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 4 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 787 EP 788 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 290JD UT WOS:000085672400001 PM 10593025 ER PT J AU Boulanger, LL Lee, LA Odhacha, A AF Boulanger, LL Lee, LA Odhacha, A TI Treatment in Kenyan rural health facilities: projected drug costs using the WHO-UNICEF integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) guidelines SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE child health services; costs and cost analysis, drug costs; delivery of health care, integrated; rural health services AB Guidelines for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) in peripheral health facilities have been developed by WHO and UNICEF to improve the recognition and treatment of common causes of childhood death. To evaluate the impact of the guidelines on treatment costs, we compared the cost of drugs actually prescribed to a sample of 747 sick children aged 2-59 months in rural health facilities in western Kenya with the cost of drugs had the children been managed using the IMCI guidelines. The average cost of drugs actually prescribed per child was US$ 0.44 (1996 US$). Antibiotics were the most costly component, with phenoxymethylpenicillin syrup accounting for 59% of the cost of all the drugs prescribed. Of the 295 prescriptions for phenoxymethylpenicillin syrup, 223 (76%) were for treatment of colds or cough. The cost of drugs that would have been prescribed had the same children been managed with the IMCI guidelines ranged from USE 0.16 per patient (based on a formulary of larger-dose tablets and a home remedy for cough) to US$ 0.39 per patient (based on a formulary of syrups or paediatric-dose tablets and a commercial cough preparation). Treatment of coughs and colds with antibiotics is not recommended in the Kenyan or in the IMCI guidelines. Compliance with existing treatment guidelines for the management of acute respiratory infections would have halved the cost of the drugs prescribed. The estimated cost of the drugs needed to treat children using the IMCI guidelines was less than the cost of the drugs actually prescribed, but varied considerably depending on the dosage forms and whether a commercial cough preparation was used. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Child Survival & Emerging Infect Program Supp, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Boulanger, LL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Child Survival & Emerging Infect Program Supp, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F22, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 852 EP 858 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 290JD UT WOS:000085672400010 PM 10593034 ER PT J AU Rowe, AK Hirnschall, G Lambrechts, T Bryce, J AF Rowe, AK Hirnschall, G Lambrechts, T Bryce, J TI Linking the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) and Health Information System (HIS) classifications: issues and options SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE child health services; delivery of integrated health care; disease classification; information systems; translation guidelines AB Differences in the terms used to classify diseases in the Integrated Management of Childhood illness (IMCI) guidelines and for health information system (HIS) disease surveillance could easily create confusion among health care workers. If the equivalent terms in the two classifications are not clear to health workers who are following the guidelines, they may have problems in performing the dual activities of case management and disease surveillance, These difficulties could adversely affect an individual's performance as well as the overall effectiveness of the IMCI strategy or HIS surveillance, or both. We interviewed key informants to determine the effect of these differences between the IMCI and HIS classifications on the countries that were implementing the IMCI guidelines. Four general approaches for addressing the problem were identified: translating the IMCI classifications into HIS classifications; changing the HIS list to include the IMCI classifications; using both the IMCI and HIS classification systems at the time of consultations; and doing nothing. No single approach can satisfy the needs of all countries. However, if the short-term or medium-term goal of IMCI planners is to find a solution that will reduce the problem for health workers and is also easy to implement, the approach most likely to succeed is translation of IMCI classifications into HIS classifications. Where feasible, a modification of the health information system to include the IMCI classifications may also be considered. C1 WHO, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Child Survival & Emerging Infect Program Supp, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bryce, J (reprint author), WHO, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 988 EP 995 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 290JF UT WOS:000085672600007 PM 10680246 ER PT S AU Forman, MR Zhang, J Gunter, E Yao, SX Gross, M Qiao, YL Graubard, BI Taylor, PR Keith, S Maher, M AF Forman, MR Zhang, J Gunter, E Yao, SX Gross, M Qiao, YL Graubard, BI Taylor, PR Keith, S Maher, M BE Bradlow, HL Fishman, J Osborne, MP TI Season-specific correlation between dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and levels of serum biomarkers among Chinese tin miners at high risk for lung cancer SO CANCER PREVENTION: NOVEL NUTRIENT AND PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENTS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cancer Prevention - Novel Nutrient and Pharmaceutical Developments CY NOV 13-14, 1998 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Ctr Strang Canc Prevent, Int Soc Canc Chemoprevent, Amer Canc Soc, Amer Italian Canc Fdn, AmerMedia Inc, Donald Beldock, Merck & Co Inc, Weill Med Coll Cornell Univ, Irving Weinstein Fdn ID PLASMA CAROTENOID CONCENTRATIONS; BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; VITAMIN-C; RETINOL; WOMEN; SMOKING; DATABASE; LYCOPENE C1 NCI, Div Clin Sci, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Yunnan Tin Mine Corp, Labor Protect Inst, Gejiu, Yunnan, Peoples R China. NHANES, Lab Biochem Analyses, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN USA. Chinese Acad Med Sci, Inst Canc, Dept Canc Epidemiol, Beijing 1000021, Peoples R China. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Biostat Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Informat Management Sci, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Forman, MR (reprint author), NCI, Div Clin Sci, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, 6006 Execut Blvd,Suite 321,MSC 7058, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Qiao, You-Lin/B-4139-2012 OI Qiao, You-Lin/0000-0001-6380-0871 NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-198-7 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 889 BP 230 EP 239 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08739.x PG 10 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BP49R UT WOS:000085323100022 PM 10668498 ER PT B AU Needham, LL Gerthoux, PM Patterson, DG Brambilla, P Smith, J Mocarelli, P AF Needham, LL Gerthoux, PM Patterson, DG Brambilla, P Smith, J Mocarelli, P BE BallarinDenti, A Bertazzi, PA Facchetti, S Fanelli, R Mocarelli, P TI Exposure assessment: serum levels of TCDD in Seveso, Italy SO CHEMISTRY, MAN AND ENVIRONMENT: THE SEVESO ACCIDENT 20 YEARS ON - MONITORING, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Chemistry, Man and Environment CY OCT 21-22, 1996 CL MILAN, ITALY SP Fdn Lombardia Ambiente ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN AB At approximately noon Saturday, 10 July 1976, an explosion occurred during the production of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol in the ICMESA plant in Meda, about 25 km north of Milan, in the Lombardia region of Italy. A cloud of chemicals, including sodium hydroxide, ethylene glycerol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and kilogram amounts of the synthetic by-product 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), was released into the atmosphere. Debris from this cloud fell south-southeast of the plant on an area of about 2.8 km(2) (700 acres), which included parts of the towns of Seveso, Cesano Maderno and Desio. Based primarily on the death of vegetation and domestic animals and soil levels of TCDD, the contaminated area was divided into three major zones (A, B and R); the surrounding noncontaminated area (zone non-ABR) was designated as a control zone. Because of the known extreme toxicity of TCDD in certain species of animals, a large health monitoring project was established in late July 1976. The earliest signs of exposure to the chemical cloud were acute lesions, characterized by severe erythema and oedema of exposed areas of the body, and caustic burns with epidermal necrosis in some of the children. These were attributed primarily to dermal contact with sodium hydroxide. In September 1976, many chloracne cases, which ranged from the mildest type 1 to the severe type 4, had been diagnosed; all of the type 4 cases were former residents of the area closest to the plant-zone A. Thus, the death of vegetation and domestic animals, soil levels of TCDD chemicals burns and chloracne had all been used as markers of exposure. Based on this information, we could ascertain that the Seveso scenario represented an acute human exposure with a wide range of exposure to both genders and to adults and children. We also knew that high levels of TCDD had been reported on the tissues of one person. In April 1988, we began our collaborative work in Seveso. We sought to determine if TCDD could be measured in stored serum specimens from zone A residents; if levels were higher in chloracne cases; if levels of other congeners were elevated, if residents of zones B and R had detectable levels of TCDD; and if we could acquire human pharmacokinetics data on TCDD. Since then, our collaborations have increased and more objectives have been added after the initial finding that some of the Seveso residents had the highest measured serum levels of TCDD. These objectives and their findings, along with exposure data from other TCDD exposure scenarios, will be discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. RP Needham, LL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043644-7 PY 1999 BP 83 EP 91 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BP15G UT WOS:000084237800008 ER PT B AU Sampson, EJ Mocarelli, P Needham, LL Patterson, DG AF Sampson, EJ Mocarelli, P Needham, LL Patterson, DG BE BallarinDenti, A Bertazzi, PA Facchetti, S Fanelli, R Mocarelli, P TI Serum levels of TCDD in different human populations SO CHEMISTRY, MAN AND ENVIRONMENT: THE SEVESO ACCIDENT 20 YEARS ON - MONITORING, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Chemistry, Man and Environment CY OCT 21-22, 1996 CL MILAN, ITALY SP Fdn Lombardia Ambiente ID MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; WORKERS; MISSOURI AB The exposure to TCDD that individuals suffered following the 1976 explosion at a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy, can be put into perspective by comparing serum TCDD levers measured in other epidemiological studies. The ranges of lipid corrected serum/adipose TCDD values measured at five other epidemiological studies, involving populations suspected or known to have been exposed to TCDD, follow: (1) the background levels of TCDD from participants in several control populations range between ND and 20 ppt, n = 400; (2) the residential exposure from dirt in roads contaminated with TCDD in Missouri, USA, showed levels of 5.2-5.9 ppt, n = 16; (3) US Military ground troop exposure to TCDD contaminated Agent Orange showed levels of ND up to 45 ppt, n = 646; (4) "Operation Ranch Hand", US Air Force personnel who sprayed agent orange contaminated with TCDD in Vietnam, showed levels of ND to 618 ppt, n = 886; (5) workers in Australia and New Zealand, who sprayed herbicide contaminated with TCDD, showed levels of ND up to 131 ppt, n = 46; and (6) US workers involved in the production of chemicals contaminated with TCDD showed levels of 20-3,400 ppt, n = 381. Individuals exposed to TCDD from the explosion in Seveso showed levels ranging between ND to 56,000 ppt, n > 400, and are the highest levels reported by the CDC laboratory to date. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hlth Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sampson, EJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hlth Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043644-7 PY 1999 BP 93 EP 98 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BP15G UT WOS:000084237800009 ER PT B AU Bolen, J Bland, S AF Bolen, J Bland, S GP IRCOBI IRCOBI TI Changes in occupant restraint use among children aged 0-14 years: United States, 1993-1997 SO CHILD OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Child Occupant Protection in Motor Vehicle Crashes CY SEP 22, 1999 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP European Vehicle Passive Safety Network, Assoc Adv Automot Med, Int Res Council Biomech Impact C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behavioral Surveillance Branch, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bolen, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behavioral Surveillance Branch, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI WESTMINISTER PA 1 BIRDCAGE WALK, WESTMINISTER SW1H 9JJ, ENGLAND BN 1-86058-240-0 PY 1999 BP 169 EP 170 PG 2 WC Transportation SC Transportation GA BN93J UT WOS:000083576100014 ER PT J AU Pizzini, CV Zancope-Oliveira, RM Reiss, E Hajjeh, R Kaufman, L Peralta, JM AF Pizzini, CV Zancope-Oliveira, RM Reiss, E Hajjeh, R Kaufman, L Peralta, JM TI Evaluation of a western blot test in an outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAPSULATUM ANTIGEN; M-GLYCOPROTEIN; ANTIBODIES; DIAGNOSIS AB A western blot (WB) test was evaluated for detection of antibodies against native glycosylated and chemically deglycosylated M and H antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum in serum obtained from patients during the acute phase of pulmonary histoplasmosis that occurred during an outbreak. Of 275 serum samples tested by immunodiffusion and complement fixation (CF) samples from 40 patients affected during this outbreak: and from 37 negative controls were tested by WB test. A group of patients whose sera were negative for CF antibodies and precipitins early in the acute stage of histoplasmosis but who all seroconverted during convalescence 6 weeks later were tested with the WB test. Antibodies against untreated H and M antigens were detected at a 1:100 dilution by WE test in 45% of the 20 acute-phase serum samples and in all 20 of the convalescent-phase specimens. The WE test's sensitivity for acute-phase specimens increased to 90% (18 of 20 specimens) when H and M antigens were treated by periodate oxidation to inactivate susceptible carbohydrate epitopes, When native glycosylated antigens were used in the WE test, positive reactions were observed in negative control serum specimens (3 of 37 specimens; 8%) and in serum specimens obtained from asymptomatic persons screened as part of the outbreak investigation (13 of 20 specimens; 65%), These positive reactions were also attributed to glycosidic epitopes since the specificity of the WE test increased from 78 to 100% when periodate treated H and M antigens were used. WE test with deglycosylated H and M antigens of histoplasmin provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific test to diagnose acute pulmonary histoplasmosis before precipitins can be detected. C1 FIOCRUZ, Hosp Evandro Chagas, Lab Micol Med, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Microbiol, BR-21941 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Zancope-Oliveira, RM (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Hosp Evandro Chagas, Lab Micol Med, Av Brasil 4365, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RI Zancope-Oliveira, Rosely /I-1955-2013 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 6 IS 1 BP 20 EP 23 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 156BE UT WOS:000077980900004 PM 9874658 ER PT J AU Marston, EL Finkel, B Regnery, RL Winoto, IL Graham, RR Wignal, S Simanjuntak, G Olson, JG AF Marston, EL Finkel, B Regnery, RL Winoto, IL Graham, RR Wignal, S Simanjuntak, G Olson, JG TI Prevalence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae in an urban Indonesian cat population SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SCRATCH DISEASE; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; DOMESTIC CATS; SP-NOV; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; RISK-FACTORS; BACTEREMIA; INFECTION; PATIENT; ANTIBODIES AB We studied evidence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae infection in 54 cats living in Jakarta, Indonesia. By using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, we found immunoglobulin G antibody to B. henselae in 40 of 74 cats (54%). The blood of 14 feral cats was cultured on rabbit blood agar plates for 28 days. Bartonella-like colonies were identified as B. henselae or B. clarridgeiae by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of the PCR amplicons. Of the cats sampled in the study, 6 of 14 (43%; all feral) were culture positive for B. henselae; 3 of 14 (21%; 2 feral and 1 pet) culture positive for B. clarridgeiae. This is the first report that documents B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae infections in Indonesian cats. C1 US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. USN, Naval Med Res Unit 2, Jakarta Detachment, Jakarta, Indonesia. Minist Hlth, Natl Inst Hlth Res & Dev, Ctr Infect Dis Res, Jakarta, Indonesia. RP Olson, JG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Mailstop G13,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 6 IS 1 BP 41 EP 44 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 156BE UT WOS:000077980900007 PM 9874661 ER PT J AU Jason, J Archibald, L McDonald, LC Hart, WM Rheanppumikankit, S Tansuphwaswadikul, S Byrd, MG Larned, J Han, A Green, TA Jarvis, WR AF Jason, J Archibald, L McDonald, LC Hart, WM Rheanppumikankit, S Tansuphwaswadikul, S Byrd, MG Larned, J Han, A Green, TA Jarvis, WR TI Immune determinants of organism and outcome in febrile hospitalized Thai patients with bloodstream infections SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; HIV-INFECTION; T-LYMPHOCYTES; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; CYTOKINES; CELLS; EXPRESSION; MACROPHAGES; RESISTANCE AB Opportunistic infections (OI) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Immune cell and cytokine profiles may be related to the type and course of OI and to the OI-HIV interaction. Examining cell-specific cytokine production ex vivo has only recently become feasible. In Thailand, 53 febrile, hospitalized adults were enrolled in a study of the immune correlates of bloodstream infections (BSI), On site, blood cells were stimulated ex vivo. Cell-surface antigens and eight intracellular cytokines were subsequently analyzed using flow cytometry to determine associations with mortality and the organism causing the BSI. By logistic regression analysis, the percentage of CD3(+) CD16/56(+) cells making tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (P = 0.033) and the percentage of CD3(-) CD16/56(+) cells (NK) (P = 0.032) were related to HIV positivity. Lymph node enlargement with HIV infection and the percentage of CD3+ CD16/56(+) making TNF-alpha were predictive of death. A lower percentage of CD3(+) CD8(+) lymphocytes making interleukin-8 (IL-8) (P = 0.005), fewer monocytes expressing CD14 (P = 0.009), and the percentage of CD3(+) CD8(+) cells producing gamma interferon (P = 0.011) were associated with blood culture positivity and the causative organism. For every one point decrease in the percentage of CD3(+) CD8(+) cells making IL-8, the likelihood of a positive culture increased 23%; for every one paint decrease in the percentage of monocytes expressing CD14, the likelihood of a positive culture increased by 5%. Only a few immune cell types and three of their related cytokines were significantly associated with HIV disease outcome or the BSI organism. These cell types did not include CD3(+) CD8(-) cells (a surrogate for CD4(+) cells), nor did they involve cytokines associated with a type I to type II cytokine shift, which might occur with advancing HIV infection. These associations support the premise that CD8(+) and CD16/56(+) lymphocytes play significant roles in HIV and type I infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, DASTLR, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div AIDS Sexually Transmitted Dis & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Invest & Prevent Branch, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bamrasnaradura Infect Dis Hosp, Nonthaburi, Thailand. RP Jason, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, DASTLR, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Mailstop A-25,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM JMJ1@CDC.gov NR 31 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 6 IS 1 BP 73 EP 78 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 156BE UT WOS:000077980900013 PM 9874667 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, CM Twite, D Shih, J Holets-McCormack, SR Gunter, EW AF Pfeiffer, CM Twite, D Shih, J Holets-McCormack, SR Gunter, EW TI Method comparison for total plasma homocysteine between the Abbott IMx analyzer and an HPLC assay with internal standardization SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID SERUM C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Abbott Labs, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA. RP Pfeiffer, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 1 BP 152 EP 153 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 157AU UT WOS:000078037300030 PM 9895360 ER PT J AU Edelstein, PH Cetron, MS AF Edelstein, PH Cetron, MS TI Sea, wind, and pneumonia - Editorial response SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Edelstein, PH (reprint author), Hosp Univ Penn, 4 Gates,3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 39 EP 41 DI 10.1086/515084 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 162RE UT WOS:000078359900008 PM 10028068 ER PT J AU Moore, M Valway, SE Ihle, W Onorato, IM AF Moore, M Valway, SE Ihle, W Onorato, IM TI A train passenger with pulmonary tuberculosis: Evidence of limited transmission during travel SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; AIR-TRAVEL; OUTBREAK; EXPOSURE AB In January 1996, smear- and culture-positive tuberculosis (TB) was diagnosed for a 22-year-old black man after he had traveled on two U.S, passenger trains (29.1 hours) and a bus (5.5 hours) over 2 days. To determine if transmission had occurred, passengers and crew were notified of the potential exposure and instructed to undergo a tuberculin skin test (TST). Of the 240 persons who completed screening, 4 (2%) had a documented TST conversion (increase in induration of greater than or equal to 10 mm between successive TSTs), 11 (5%) had a single positive TST (greater than or equal to 10 mm, and 225 (94%) had a negative TST (<10 mm). For two persons who underwent conversion, no other risk factors for a conversion were identified other than exposure to the ill passenger during train and/or bus travel. These findings support limited transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a potentially highly infectious passenger to other persons during extended train and bus travel. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Moore, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 52 EP 56 DI 10.1086/515089 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 162RE UT WOS:000078359900011 PM 10028071 ER PT J AU Tesh, RB Watts, DM Russell, KL Damodaran, C Calampa, C Cabezas, C Ramirez, G Vasquez, B Hayes, CG Rossi, CA Powers, AM Hice, CL Chandler, LJ Cropp, BC Karabatsos, N Roehrig, JT Gubler, DJ AF Tesh, RB Watts, DM Russell, KL Damodaran, C Calampa, C Cabezas, C Ramirez, G Vasquez, B Hayes, CG Rossi, CA Powers, AM Hice, CL Chandler, LJ Cropp, BC Karabatsos, N Roehrig, JT Gubler, DJ TI Mayaro virus disease: An emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; OUTBREAK; VACCINE; PERU AB This report describes the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological findings on 27 cases of Mayaro virus (MV) disease, an emerging mosquito-borne viral illness that is endemic in rural areas of tropical South America. MV disease is a nonfatal, dengue-like illness characterized by fever, chills, headache, eye pain, generalized myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea, vomiting, and rash of 3-5 days' duration. Severe joint pain is a prominent feature of this illness; the arthralgia sometimes persists for months and can be quite incapacitating. Cases of two visitors from the United States, who developed MV disease during visits to eastern Peru, are reported. MV disease and dengue are difficult to differentiate clinically. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO USA. Parma Community Gen Hosp, Parma, OH USA. USN, Med Res Inst, Bethesda, MD USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD USA. Hosp Naval, Inst Nacl Salud, Lima, Peru. USN, Med Res Inst Detachment, Lima, OH USA. Minist Salud, Iquitos, Peru. RP Tesh, RB (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Ctr Trop Dis, 301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-10894, AI-39800] NR 35 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 67 EP 73 DI 10.1086/515070 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 162RE UT WOS:000078359900014 PM 10028074 ER PT J AU Jones, TF Craig, AS Nasci, RS Patterson, LER Erwin, PC Gerhardt, RR Ussery, XT Schaffner, W AF Jones, TF Craig, AS Nasci, RS Patterson, LER Erwin, PC Gerhardt, RR Ussery, XT Schaffner, W TI Newly recognized focus of La Crosse encephalitis in Tennessee SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS-INFECTIONS; HUMANS AB La Crosse virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus that causes encephalitis in children. Only nine cases were reported in Tennessee during the 33-year period from 1964-1996. We investigated a cluster of La Crosse encephalitis cases in eastern Tennessee in 1997, Medical records of all suspected cases of La Crosse virus infection at a pediatric referral hospital were reviewed, and surveillance was enhanced in the region, Previous unreported cases were identified by surveying 20 hospitals in the surrounding 16 counties. Mosquito eggs were collected from five sites. Ten cases of La Crosse encephalitis were serologically confirmed. None of the patients had been discharged from hospitals in the region with diagnosed La Crosse encephalitis in the preceding 5 years, Aedes triseriatus and Aedes albopictus were collected at the case sites; none of the mosquitos had detectable La Crosse virus. This cluster may represent an extension of a recently identified endemic focus of La Crosse virus infection in West Virginia. C1 Tennessee Dept Hlth, CEDS, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. E Tennessee Childrens Hosp, Knoxville, TN USA. E Tennessee Reg Dept Hlth, Knoxville, TN USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Jones, TF (reprint author), Tennessee Dept Hlth, CEDS, 4th Floor,Cordell Hull Bldg,425 5th Ave N, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. NR 25 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 93 EP 97 DI 10.1086/515087 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 162RE UT WOS:000078359900017 PM 10028077 ER PT J AU Beck-Sague, CM Solomon, F AF Beck-Sague, CM Solomon, F TI Sexually transmitted diseases in abused children and adolescent and adult victims of rape: Review of selected literature SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 1998 Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases CY FEB 10-12, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; CONDYLOMATA-ACUMINATA; ANOGENITAL WARTS; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN; YOUNG GIRLS; PREVALENCE; ASSAULT; HIV AB Sexual assault (defined as sexual relations with another person obtained through physical force, threat, or intimidation) of children includes genital fondling, photographing, or viewing for sexual gratification; exposure of the child to pornographic material or to adult sexual activity; and attempted or successful penetration of any of the child's orifices. The purpose of this investigation was to review the medical literature published since 1988 that reported on the prevalence of particular sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in populations of sexually assaulted adults and adolescents and sexually abused children, as well as the prevalence of sexual abuse among children who present with an STD. These data will be helpful for managing cases of sexual assault involving children, adolescents, or adults; estimating the risk of abuse among children with specific STDs; and identifying research priorities in this area. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Minor & Womens Hlth, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Beck-Sague, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Minor & Womens Hlth, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS C-12,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cmbl@cdc.gov NR 101 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 SU 1 BP S74 EP S83 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163TX UT WOS:000078422900009 PM 10028112 ER PT J AU Beutner, KR Wiley, DJ Douglas, JM Tyring, SK Fife, K Trofatter, K Stone, KM AF Beutner, KR Wiley, DJ Douglas, JM Tyring, SK Fife, K Trofatter, K Stone, KM TI Genital warts and their treatment SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 1998 Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases CY FEB 10-12, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent ID HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE LASER; SYSTEMICALLY ADMINISTERED INTERFERON; 0.5-PERCENT PODOPHYLLOTOXIN CREAM; PENILE CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; HUMAN-LEUKOCYTE INTERFERON; RANDOMIZED CLINICAL-TRIAL; TOPICAL SELF-TREATMENT; DOUBLE-BLIND AB Genital warts are manifestations of a common viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) that are often diagnosed and treated with a variety of clinical specialties. Unlike for other STDs, there is a general lack of a well-established treatment algorithm for the management of external genital warts. This, coupled with a wide variety of treatments and clinical settings, makes the development of a simple algorithm virtually impossible. In this review what is known and not known about current treatments and case management will be discussed. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Dermatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Sutter Solano Med Ctr, Dept Med, Vallejo, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Epidemiol, Los Angeles, CA USA. Denver Dept Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Dermatol, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Microbiol Immunol, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Internal Med, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Dept Infect Dis, Indianapolis, IN USA. Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Beutner, KR (reprint author), Solano Dermatol Associates, 127 Hosp Dr,Suite 204, Vallejo, CA 94589 USA. EM kbeutner@solderm.com FU NIAID NIH HHS [T-32-AI07481] NR 126 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 SU 1 BP S37 EP S56 DI 10.1086/514722 PG 20 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163TX UT WOS:000078422900006 PM 10028109 ER PT J AU Joesoef, MR Schmid, GP Hillier, SL AF Joesoef, MR Schmid, GP Hillier, SL TI Bacterial vaginosis: Review of treatment options and potential clinical indications for therapy SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 1998 Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases CY FEB 10-12, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent ID CLINDAMYCIN VAGINAL CREAM; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; DOUBLE-BLIND; ORAL METRONIDAZOLE; GRAM STAIN; NONSPECIFIC VAGINITIS; 2-PERCENT CREAM; CERVICAL-MUCUS AB We reviewed data on the treatment of bacterial vaginosis published from 1993 through 1996. For nonpregnant women, we recommend use of metronidazole (500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days), clindamycin vaginal cream (2%, once daily for 7 days), or metronidazole vaginal gel (0.75%, twice daily for 5 days) as the preferred treatment for bacterial vaginosis. For pregnant high-risk women (women with a prior preterm birth), the objective of the treatment is to prevent adverse outcomes of pregnancy, in addition to relief of symptoms. Thus, systemic therapy for possible subclinical upper tract infection as well as medication that has been studied in pregnant women are preferable. Therefore, we recommend metronidazole (250 mg orally three times a day for 7 days). For pregnant low-risk women (women without a prior preterm birth) with symptomatic diseases, the main objective of the treatment is to relieve symptoms. We recommend metronidazole (250 mg orally three times a day for 7 days). Data do not support routine treatment of male sex partners. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Joesoef, MR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 60 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 SU 1 BP S57 EP S65 DI 10.1086/514725 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163TX UT WOS:000078422900007 PM 10028110 ER PT J AU Schmid, GP AF Schmid, GP TI Treatment of chancroid, 1997 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 1998 Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases CY FEB 10-12, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HAEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI; TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; ERYTHROMYCIN; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFTRIAXONE; RESISTANCE; AGENTS; RWANDA AB Since the 1993 treatment guidelines for sexually transmitted diseases were published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, experience has indicated that the regimens recommended then remain largely effective. The recommended therapies-with azithromycin (1 g orally, once), ceftriaxone (250 mg intramuscularly, once), or erythromycin (500 mg orally, four times a day for 7 days)-appear highly effective in the United States; limited data from Kenya suggest that the ceftriaxone regimen may not be as effective there as it once was, The alternative regimen of ciprofloxacin proposed in 1993 (500 mg orally, twice a day for 3 days) is as effective as the recommended therapies, but new information indicates that single-dose therapy with 500 mg orally is not as effective as the use of either larger single doses or more prolonged therapy. Persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) do not respond as well as those who are not HIV-infected, and males who are uncircumcised appear not to respond as well as those who are circumcised. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schmid, GP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 SU 1 BP S14 EP S20 DI 10.1086/514727 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163TX UT WOS:000078422900003 PM 10028106 ER PT J AU Walker, CK Workowski, KA Washington, AE Soper, D Sweet, R AF Walker, CK Workowski, KA Washington, AE Soper, D Sweet, R TI Anaerobes in pelvic inflammatory disease: Implications for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 1998 Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases CY FEB 10-12, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; PEPTIC-ULCER DISEASE; ACUTE SALPINGITIS; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; OUTPATIENT TREATMENT; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; CLINDAMYCIN-GENTAMICIN; MYCOPLASMA-HOMINIS AB In preparing the 1998 sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we reviewed evidence regarding the need to eradicate anaerobes when treating pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Anaerobes are present in the upper genital tract during an episode of acute PID, with the prevalence dependent on the population under study. Vaginal anaerobes can facilitate acquisition of PID and cause tissue damage to the fallopian tube, either directly or indirectly through the host inflammatory response, Use of several broad-spectrum regimens appears to result in excellent clinical cure rates, despite the fact that some combinations fall short of providing comprehensive coverage of anaerobes, There are limited data on the long-term effects of failing to eradicate anaerobes from the upper genital tract. Concern that tissue damage may continue when anaerobes are suboptimally treated has prompted many experts to caution that therapeutic regimens should include comprehensive anaerobic coverage for optimal treatment of women with PID. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Orange, CA 92863 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Clin Guidelines Unit, Epi Surveillance Branch, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Magee Womens Hosp, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Walker, CK (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, POB 14091, Orange, CA 92863 USA. NR 91 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 SU 1 BP S29 EP S36 DI 10.1086/514720 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163TX UT WOS:000078422900005 PM 10028108 ER PT J AU Workowski, KA St Louis, ME AF Workowski, KA St Louis, ME TI 1998 Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Atlanta, Georgia - 10-12 February 1997 - Introduction SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; PRETERM DELIVERY; INFECTION; METRONIDAZOLE; TRIAL; BIRTH C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Workowski, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 SU 1 BP S1 EP S3 DI 10.1086/514719 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 163TX UT WOS:000078422900001 PM 10215316 ER PT J AU Williamson, JM Lipsitz, SR Kim, KM AF Williamson, JM Lipsitz, SR Kim, KM TI GEECAT and GEEGOR: computer programs for the analysis of correlated categorical response data SO COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE LA English DT Article DE generalized estimating equations; global odds ratio; longitudinal data ID ORDINAL DATA; REGRESSION; BIVARIATE; DISCRETE; MODELS; RATIO AB GEECAT and GEEGOR are two user-friendly SAS macros for the analysis of clustered, correlated categorical response data. Both programs implement methodology which extend the generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach of Liang and Zeger (Biometrika 73 (1986) 13-22). GEECAT and GEEGOR both use a first set of estimating equations to model the marginal response. With GEECAT, either correlated nominal or ordered categorical response data can be analyzed. The program GEEGOR employs a second set of estimating equations to model the association of ordered categorical responses within a cluster using the global odds ratio as a measure of association. The programs run on both mainframe computers and microcomputers. Examples are provided to illustrate the features of both programs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biostat, Madison, WI 53792 USA. RP Williamson, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55576]; NEI NIH HHS [EY09252, EY08103] NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0169-2607 J9 COMPUT METH PROG BIO JI Comput. Meth. Programs Biomed. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 58 IS 1 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Medical Informatics GA 158YD UT WOS:000078144300003 PM 10195644 ER PT S AU Jenkins, BL Snyder, LP AF Jenkins, BL Snyder, LP BE Grieco, A Iavicoli, S Berlinguer, G TI Using documentary photography to promote World War II occupational health policy SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PREVENTION SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on the History of Occupational and Environmental Prevention CY OCT 04-06, 1998 CL PONTIFCIA UNIV URBANIANA, ROME, ITALY SP Ist Superiore Prevenz & Sicurezza Lavoro, Milan Univ, Lavoro Luigi Devoto Clin, Inhoep, ICOH, Sci Comm Hist Prevent Occupat & Environm Dis HO PONTIFCIA UNIV URBANIANA DE Elizabeth Pritchard; Farm Security Administration; industrial nursing; industrial hygiene history; John Collier Jr.; public health service AB This paper represents research of vintage 1941 photographs and negatives discovered at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 1988. These photographs were made by a noted American photographer John Collier, Jr. (1913-1992) during his Ist year as a photographer for the Farm Security Administration (FSA), a New Deal Federal agency The authors' documentation and interpretation of these photographs is based on research of archival records in the National Archives and Records Administration, the Archives of American Art, and the National Library of Medicine. The authors explore how the US Public Health Service used documentary photography in the World War TI era to produce educational materials promoting industrial hygiene. It examines the Public Health Service view of industrial hearth in light of past New Deal policy and programs, and the emerging war agenda as the USA prepared to enter World War II. The photographer's letters written at the time of the assignment illustrate the bureaucratic problems occurring when a federal occupational health agency conducted an industry survey while industrial health was under corporate and individual states' control. The photographs taken during this assignment, together with their original captions? give glimpses of workers and work of that era and reveal many of the occupational health and industrial hygiene practices of the time. Research of this 1941 photographic assignment sheds light on the vision and skill of its creators, FSA photographer John Collier and Elizabeth Pritchard, a high-level information specialist of the US Public Health Service. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45206 USA. RP Jenkins, BL (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, 4676 Columbia Pkwy R10, Cincinnati, OH 45206 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-50255-6 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1999 VL 1189 BP 401 EP 411 PG 11 WC History & Philosophy Of Science; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC History & Philosophy of Science; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BP45T UT WOS:000085199800039 ER PT B AU Utterback, DF Elliott, LJ AF Utterback, DF Elliott, LJ BE Hylko, JM Salyer, RL TI The NIOSH health-related energy research program SO CREATION AND FUTURE LEGACY OF STOCKPILE STEWARDSHIP: ISOTOPE PRODUCTION, APPLICATIONS, AND CONSUMPTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health-Physics-Society CY JAN 24-27, 1999 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Hlth Phys Soc Rio Grande Chapter C1 NIOSH, Hlth Related Energy Res Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Stud, Ctr Dis Control,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Utterback, DF (reprint author), NIOSH, Hlth Related Energy Res Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Stud, Ctr Dis Control,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEDICAL PHYSICS PUBLISHING PI MADISON PA 4513 VERNON BLVD, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 0-944838-88-X PY 1999 BP 35 EP 36 PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Applied; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BM63F UT WOS:000079308800005 ER PT J AU Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ AF Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ TI Cost-effectiveness of oral isotretinoin SO DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE isotretinoin, oral; cost-effectiveness; teratogenicity ID PREGNANCY; WOMEN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Honein, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-8665 J9 DERMATOLOGY JI Dermatology PY 1999 VL 198 IS 4 BP 404 EP 405 DI 10.1159/000018160 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 222KH UT WOS:000081783400019 PM 10449945 ER PT B AU Branche, CM AF Branche, CM BE Fletemeyer, JR Freas, SJ TI What is happening with drowning rates in the United States? SO DROWNING: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Drowning - New Perspectives on Intervention and Prevention CY MAY, 1996 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL ID CHILDHOOD; INJURIES; CHILDREN; POPULATION; ALCOHOL; COUNTY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Chamblee, GA USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-57444-223-6 PY 1999 BP 31 EP 42 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA BM91Y UT WOS:000080120800003 ER PT J AU Nickle, RA AF Nickle, RA TI Mercury - Top of the hit parade for eight years SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 27-30, 1998 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OHIO SP Air Force Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Operat Toxicol AB The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is the lead agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) for providing support to the federal response to releases of hazardous substances in the environment. Since the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act was passed and amended, ATSDR has represented HHS on the National Response Team (NRT). The NRT role, and the subsequently established National Response System, are described in the National Contingency Plan for Oil and Hazardous Substances Releases (Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations, Section 300). As part of the National Response System, ATSDR can be called when a hazardous substance is released. Consistently, one of the most common substances ATSDR is called about is mercury, usually elemental mercury. This presentation will provide some background statistics on these calls and some general response options. Several specific cases that have occurred in the last few years will be reviewed. These reviews will deal less with remedial options than with describing common issues that arose, issues unique to the specific case, and the impact of that case on the community. A brief discussion of risk communication issues and ATSDR's response to those issues concludes the presentation. C1 Acgy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nickle, RA (reprint author), Acgy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 129 EP 142 DI 10.3109/01480549909029727 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 173RY UT WOS:000078994600010 PM 10189574 ER PT J AU Warnock, DW Arthington-Skaggs, BA Li, RK AF Warnock, DW Arthington-Skaggs, BA Li, RK TI Antifungal drug susceptibility testing and resistance in Aspergillus SO DRUG RESISTANCE UPDATES LA English DT Review ID IN-VITRO ACTIVITY; LIPOSOME-ENCAPSULATED NYSTATIN; AMPHOTERICIN-B; INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; MURINE MODEL; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; VORICONAZOLE UK-109,496; FUMIGATUS INFECTION; MK-0991 L-743,872 AB Aspergillus species are the most common causes of invasive mold infections in immunocompromised patients. The introduction of new antifungal agents, and recent reports of resistance emerging during treatment of aspergillus infections, have highlighted the need for standardized methods of antifungal drug susceptibility testing for filamentous fungi. This review describes the methods that are now being developed for the in vitro testing of Aspergillus species, and the results of attempts to correlate in vitro findings with in vivo outcome. The mechanisms and clinical importance of resistance to the different agents used in the treatment of human aspergillosis are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Warnock, DW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 96 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 1368-7646 J9 DRUG RESIST UPDATE JI Drug Resist. Update PY 1999 VL 2 IS 5 BP 326 EP 334 DI 10.1054/drup.1999.0092 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 279AM UT WOS:000085021200007 ER PT J AU Butler, JC Schuchat, A AF Butler, JC Schuchat, A TI Epidemiology of pneumococcal infections in the elderly SO DRUGS & AGING LA English DT Review ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; HOSPITALIZED-PATIENTS; REQUIRING HOSPITALIZATION; POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; CHLAMYDIA-PNEUMONIAE; CENTRAL AUSTRALIA; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; BACTEREMIA AB The risk of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection (primarily bacteraemia and meningitis) is greatest among the very young and the very old. Persons in certain racial groups, including African-Americans, American Indians, Native Alaskans and Australian Aborigines, are also at increased risk of disease. Other factors that appear to increase the risk of pneumococcal infection are lower socioeconomic status, recent infection with influenza and possibly other viral respiratory tract infections, chronic medical conditions, and immunosuppressive medications. Reported annual incidences of invasive pneumococcal disease among persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years in North America and Europe range from 25 to 90 cases/100 000 persons. In the US and Canada, these rates represent between 15 000 and 30 000 cases annually among the elderly. Mortality caused by pneumococcal infections is highest among the elderly, with nearly 1 in 5 cases resulting in death. Worldwide, S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. The high fatality rates, as well as recent outbreaks of pneumococcal infection among unvaccinated nursing home residents and the emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal strains, highlight the importance of preventing invasive infection by vaccination. C1 CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. CDC, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Butler, JC (reprint author), CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 71 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 7 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 1170-229X J9 DRUG AGING JI Drugs Aging PY 1999 VL 15 SU 1 BP 11 EP 19 DI 10.2165/00002512-199915001-00002 PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 279YC UT WOS:000085071900003 PM 10690791 ER PT B AU Rollin, PE Peters, CJ AF Rollin, PE Peters, CJ BE Saluzzo, JF Dodet, B TI Arenavirus and Hantavirus infections: disease, host response, and vaccination SO EMERGENCE AND CONTROL OF RODENT-BORNE VIRAL DISEASES (HANTAVIRAL AND ARENAL DISEASES): EMERGING DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Emerging Diseases CY OCT 28-31, 1998 CL ANNECY LE VIEUX, FRANCE SP Marcel Merieux Fdn DE Arenavirus; Hantavirus; rodent; hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; pathogenesis ID ARGENTINE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; CREEK CANAL VIRUS; NORTH-AMERICAN HANTAVIRUS; PULMONARY SYNDROME; RENAL SYNDROME; VIRAL PERSISTENCE; HANTAAN-VIRUS; LASSA FEVER; GUINEA-PIGS AB The maintenance of arenaviruses and hantaviruses in rodents is characterized by an association between each virus and a single rodent reservoir, and by a chronic or prolonged infection in the host. The strong evidence for immunopathogenesis of some model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice is not reflected in the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers. On the contrary. human diseases caused by hantaviruses appear to be immunopathologic, and inflammatory mediators are important in causing the clinical manifestations. The vaccine development is hampered by several factors: poor understanding of the immunology of the diseases, multiple distinct antigenic types, and for hantaviruses, lack of realistic animal models. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rollin, PE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 56 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ET MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23, RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE BN 2-84299-114-1 PY 1999 BP 43 EP 51 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Virology GA BP90S UT WOS:000086564100004 ER PT B AU Nichol, ST AF Nichol, ST BE Saluzzo, JF Dodet, B TI Genetic analysis of hantaviruses and their host relationships SO EMERGENCE AND CONTROL OF RODENT-BORNE VIRAL DISEASES (HANTAVIRAL AND ARENAL DISEASES): EMERGING DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Emerging Diseases CY OCT 28-31, 1998 CL ANNECY LE VIEUX, FRANCE SP Marcel Merieux Fdn DE Hantavirus maintenance and transmission genetics; reassortment; co-evolution ID CREEK CANAL VIRUS; PULMONARY SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; SIGMODON HISPIDUS; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION; DIVERSITY; DISEASE; RODENTS AB Analysis of naturally and experimentally infected rodents confirms that hantaviruses establish extensive and persistent infections in their primary rodent reservoir hosts. Prolonged virus shedding is detected in the excreta of these rodents and can result in efficient transmission to other members of the host species. Extensive spillover infection into other rodent species can be seen at times of high virus activity in the primary rodent-host species, but these instances result in acute infections which are more quickly cleared. Spillover infections provide the potential for genetic interaction of different hantaviruses during co-infection of the same rodent-host cell. Hantavirus genetic reassortants can be observed both in naturally infected rodents and mixed hantavirus infection of tissue culture cells, but appear to be restricted to closely related viruses. This pattern is due to the much lower frequency of naturally occurring contact of viruses belonging to different rodent-host species, and the lower viability of virus reassortants of more genetically diverse backgrounds. These features of the hantavirus biology are reflected in the close phylogenetic relationships of hantaviruses and their primary rodent-reservoir hosts. The viruses appear to have co-evolved with their rodent hosts over the past 30 million years or so, with only infrequent virus host-switching events having occurred. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ET MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23, RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE BN 2-84299-114-1 PY 1999 BP 99 EP 109 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Virology GA BP90S UT WOS:000086564100011 ER PT S AU Golaz, A Guha-Sapir, D Lopes-Cardozo, B Spiegel, P Dubois, V AF Golaz, A Guha-Sapir, D Lopes-Cardozo, B Spiegel, P Dubois, V BE DeClercq, M Andreoli, A Lamarre, S Forster, P TI Overview of mental health issues in populations affected by war and genocide SO EMERGENCY PSYCHIATRY IN A CHANGING WORLD SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th World Congress of the International-Association-for-Emergency-Psychiatry CY OCT 15-17, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP World Psychiatr Assoc, Assoc European Psychiatrists, European Region Council World Federat Ment Hlth, Belgian Royal Soc Ment Hlth Med, Belgian Soc Emergency & Disaster Med DE post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD); public health; refugee ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; TRAUMA; TORTURE; SURVIVORS; CHILDREN; REFUGEES AB The psychological damages of exposure to violence, terror, torture and rape during war and genocide have not been traditionally addressed or given priority in international humanitarian aid. Mental trauma, in victims as well as in perpetrators, should be seen as a major public health problem in countries plagued by collective violence. This paper gives an overview of the literature on mental health issues in populations affected by conflict and genocide and discusses further directions for research. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Golaz, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Program, MS F48,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-50017-0 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1999 VL 1179 BP 235 EP 243 PG 9 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA BQ28U UT WOS:000087816100030 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Stern, NJ Fields, PI Swerdlow, DL AF Altekruse, SF Stern, NJ Fields, PI Swerdlow, DL TI Campylobacter jejuni - An emerging foodborne pathogen SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; RAW-MILK; THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS; INTESTINAL COLONIZATION; BROILER-CHICKENS; GUILLAIN-BARRE; POULTRY; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; SALMONELLA AB Campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of foodborne infection in the United States. Adding to the human and economic costs are chronic sequelae associated with C. jejuni infection-Guillain-Barre syndrome and reactive arthritis. In addition, an increasing proportion of human infections caused by C. jejuni are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Mishandling of raw poultry and consumption of undercooked poultry are the major risk factors for human campylobacteriosis. Efforts to prevent human illness are needed throughout each link in the food chain. C1 US FDA, Blacksburg, VA USA. USDA, Athens, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Altekruse, SF (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Duckpond Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. NR 65 TC 480 Z9 496 U1 8 U2 61 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 28 EP 35 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700004 PM 10081669 ER PT J AU Ramos, A Tanuri, A Schechter, M Rayfield, MA Hu, DJ Cabral, MC Bandea, CI Baggs, J Pieniazek, D AF Ramos, A Tanuri, A Schechter, M Rayfield, MA Hu, DJ Cabral, MC Bandea, CI Baggs, J Pieniazek, D TI Dual and recombinant infections: An integral part of the HIV-1 epidemic in Brazil SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; HETERODUPLEX MOBILITY ASSAY; V3 REGION; SUBTYPE-B; INDIVIDUALS; GENES; IDENTIFICATION; HETEROGENEITY; SEQUENCE; THAILAND AB We systematically evaluated multiple and recombinant infections in an HIV-infected population selected for vaccine trials. Seventy-nine HIV-I infected persons in a clinical cohort study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were evaluated for 1 year. A combination of molecular screening assays and DNA sequencing showed 3 dual infections (3.8%), 6 recombinant infections (7.6%), and 70 (88.6%) infections involving single viral subtypes. In the th ree dual infections, we identified HIV-1 subtypes F and B, F and D, and B and D; in contrast, the single and recombinant infections involved only HIV-1 subtypes B and F. The recombinants had five distinct B/F mosaic patterns: Bgag-p17/Bgag-p24/F-pol/B-env, Fgag-p17/Bgag-p24/F-pol/F-env, Bgag-p17/B-Fgag-p24/F-pol/F-env, Bgag-p17/B-Fgag-p24/F-pol/B-env, and Fgag-p17/B-Fgag-p24/F-pol/F-env. No association was found between dual or recombinant infections and demographic or clinical variables. These findings indicate that dual and recombinant infections are emerging as an integral part of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil and emphasize the heterogenous character of epidemics emerging in countries where multiple viral subtypes coexist. C1 CDC, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Pieniazek, D (reprint author), CDC, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dxp1@cdc.gov OI Baggs, James/0000-0003-0757-4683 NR 34 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 65 EP 74 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700008 PM 10081673 ER PT J AU Monroe, MC Morzunov, SP Johnson, AM Bowen, MD Artsob, H Yates, T Peters, CJ Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Nichol, ST AF Monroe, MC Morzunov, SP Johnson, AM Bowen, MD Artsob, H Yates, T Peters, CJ Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Nichol, ST TI Genetic diversity and distribution of Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses in North America SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; GEOGRAPHIC-DISTRIBUTION; WESTERN PARAGUAY; VIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; GENOME; BUNYAVIRIDAE; CALIFORNIA; INFECTION AB The 1993 outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the southwestern United States was associated with Sin Nombre virus, a rodent-borne hantavirus; The virus' primary reservoir is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Hantavirus-infected rodents were identified in various regions of North America. An extensive nucleotide sequence database of an 139 bp fragment amplified from virus M genomic segments was generated. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that SNV-like hantaviruses are widely distributed in Peromyscus species rodents throughout North America. Classic SNV is the major cause of HPS in North America, but other Peromyscine-borne hantaviruses, e.g., New York and Monongahela viruses, are also associated with HPS cases. Although genetically diverse, SNV-like viruses have slowly coevolved with their rodent hosts. We show that the genetic relationships of hantaviruses in the Americas are complex, most likely as a result of the rapid radiation and speciation of New World sigmodontine rodents and occasional virus-host switching events. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Lab Ctr Dis Control, Fed Labs, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Mail Stop G14,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM stn1@edc.gov NR 38 TC 98 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 75 EP 86 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700009 PM 10081674 ER PT J AU Engelthaler, DM Mosley, DG Cheek, JE Levy, CE Komatsu, KK Ettestad, P Davis, T Tanda, DT Miller, L Frampton, JW Porter, R Bryan, RT AF Engelthaler, DM Mosley, DG Cheek, JE Levy, CE Komatsu, KK Ettestad, P Davis, T Tanda, DT Miller, L Frampton, JW Porter, R Bryan, RT TI Climatic and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Four Corners region, United States SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID OUTBREAK; RODENT AB To investigate climatic, spatial, temporal, and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases in the Four Corners region, we collected exposure site data for HPS cases that occurred in 1993 to 1995. Cases clustered seasonally and temporally by biome type and geographic location, and exposure sites were most often found in pinyon-juniper woodlands, grasslands, and Great Basin desert scrub lands, at elevations of 1,800 m to 2,500 m. Environmental factors (e.g., the dramatic increase in precipitation associated with the 1992 to 1993 El Nino) may indirectly increase the risk for Sin Nombre virus exposure and therefore may be of value in designing disease prevention campaigns. C1 Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Bur Epidemiol & Dis Control, Phoenix, AZ 85015 USA. Indian Hlth Serv, Albuquerque, NM USA. New Mexico Dept Hlth, Santa Fe, NM USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. Utah Dept Hlth, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Mosley, DG (reprint author), Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Bur Epidemiol & Dis Control, 3815 N Black Canyon Highway, Phoenix, AZ 85015 USA. NR 23 TC 136 Z9 147 U1 4 U2 12 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700010 PM 10081675 ER PT J AU Mills, JN Yates, TL Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Childs, JE AF Mills, JN Yates, TL Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Childs, JE TI Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: Rationale, potential, and methods SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; RENAL SYNDROME; RODENT RESERVOIR; VIRUS; INFECTION; DYNAMICS; ANTIBODY; HUMANS AB Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonotic agents that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Asia and Europe and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North and South America. The epidemiology of human diseases caused by these viruses is tied to the ecology of the rodent hosts, and effective control and prevention relies on a thorough understanding of host ecology. After the 1993 HPS outbreak in the southwestern United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated long-term studies of the temporal dynamics of hantavirus infection in host populations. These studies, which used mark-recapture techniques on 24 trapping webs at nine sites in the southwestern United States, were designed to monitor changes in reservoir population densities and in the prevalence and incidence of infection; quantify environmental factors associated with these changes; and when linked to surveillance databases for HPS, lead to predictive models of human risk to be used in the design and implementation of control and prevention measures for human hantavirus disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mills, JN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 31 TC 93 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 7 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700011 PM 10081676 ER PT J AU Abbott, KD Ksiazek, TG Mills, JN AF Abbott, KD Ksiazek, TG Mills, JN TI Long-term hantavirus persistence in rodent populations in central Arizona SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; SMALL MAMMALS; VIRUS; RESERVOIR AB For 35 months, we monitored hantavirus activity in rodent populations in central Arizona. The most frequently captured hantavirus antibody-positive rodents were Peromyscus boylii and P. truei. Antibody-positive P. boylii were more frequently male (84%), older, and heavier, and they survived longer on trapping web sites than antibody-negative mice. The number of antibody-positive P. boylii was greater during high population densities than during low densities, while antibody prevalence was greater during low population densities. Virus transmission and incidence rates, also related to population densities, varied by trapping site. The spatial distribution of antibody-positive P. boylii varied by population density and reflected the species preference for dense chaparral habitats. The focal ranges of antibody-positive P. boylii also demonstrated a patchy distribution of hantavirus. C1 Yavapai Coll, Dept Biol, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Abbott, KD (reprint author), Yavapai Coll, Dept Biol, 1100 E Sheldon, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU913429-02] NR 21 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 9 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 102 EP 112 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700012 PM 10081677 ER PT J AU Calisher, CH Sweeney, W Mills, JN Beaty, BJ AF Calisher, CH Sweeney, W Mills, JN Beaty, BJ TI Natural history of Sin Nombre virus in western Colorado SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB A mark-recapture longitudinal study of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to Sin Nombre virus (SNV) in rodent populations in western Colorado (1994-results summarized to October 1997) indicates the presence of SNV or a closely related hantavirus at two sites. Most rodents (principally deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, and pinyon mice, P. truei) did not persist on the trapping webs much beyond 1 month after first capture. Some persisted more than 1 year, which suggests that even a few infected deer mice could serve as transseasonal reservoirs and mechanisms for overwinter virus maintenance. A positive association between wounds and SNV antibody in adult animals at both sites suggests that when infected rodents in certain populations fight with uninfected rodents, virus amplification occurs. At both sites, male rodents comprised a larger percentage of seropositive mice than recaptured mice, which suggests that male mice contribute more to the SNV epizootic cycle than female mice. In deer mice, IgG antibody prevalence fluctuations were positively associated with population fluctuations. The rates of seroconversion, which in deer mice at both sites occurred mostly during late summer and midwinter, were higher than the seroprevalence, which suggests that the longer deer mice live, the greater the probability they will become infected with SNV. C1 Colorado State Univ, Arthropodborne & Infect Dis Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Calisher, CH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Arthropodborne & Infect Dis Lab, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU809862-03] NR 17 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 126 EP 134 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700015 PM 10081680 ER PT J AU Mills, JN Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Childs, JE AF Mills, JN Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Childs, JE TI Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: A synthesis SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEPHROPATHIA-EPIDEMICA; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; RODENT RESERVOIR; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; PUUMALA VIRUS; SMALL MAMMALS; VOLES AB A series of intensive, longitudinal, mark-recapture studies of hantavirus infection dynamics in reservoir populations in the southwestern United States indicates consistent patterns as well as important differences among sites and host-virus associations. All studies found a higher prevalence of infection in older (particularly male) mice; one study associated wounds with seropositivity. These findings are consistent with horizontal transmission and transmission through fighting between adult male rodents. Despite very low rodent densities at some sites, low-level hantavirus infection continued, perhaps because of persistent infection in a few long-lived rodents or periodic reintroduction of virus from neighboring populations. Prevalence of hantavirus antibody showed seasonal and multiyear patterns that suggested a delayed density-dependent relationship between prevalence and population density. Clear differences in population dynamics and patterns of infection among sites, sampling periods, and host species underscore the importance of replication and continuity of long-term reservoir studies. Nevertheless, the measurable associations between environmental variables, reservoir population density, rates of virus transmission, and prevalence of infection in host populations may improve our capacity to model processes influencing infection and predict increased risk for hantavirus transmission to humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mills, JN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop G14,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jum0@cdc.gov RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 26 TC 155 Z9 162 U1 0 U2 11 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 135 EP 142 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700016 PM 10081681 ER PT J AU McDonald, LC Garza, LR Jarvis, WR AF McDonald, LC Garza, LR Jarvis, WR TI Proficiency of clinical laboratories in and near Monterrey, Mexico, to detect vancomycin-resistant enterococci SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ABILITY AB Early detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci is important for preventing its spread among hospitalized patients. We surveyed the ability of eight hospital laboratories in and near Monterrey, Mexico, to detect vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus spp. and found that although laboratories can reliably detect high-level vancomycin resistance, many have difficulty detecting low-level resistance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hosp Jose A Muguerza, SA De CV, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 143 EP 146 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700017 PM 10081682 ER PT J AU Rotun, SS McMath, V Schoonmaker, DJ Maupin, PS Tenover, FC Hill, BC Ackman, DM AF Rotun, SS McMath, V Schoonmaker, DJ Maupin, PS Tenover, FC Hill, BC Ackman, DM TI Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin isolated from a patient with fatal bacteremia SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB A Staphylococcus aureus isolate with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin was obtained from a dialysis patient with a fatal case of bacteremia. Comparison of the isolate with two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from the same patient 4 months earlier suggests that the S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin emerged from the MRSA strain with which the patient was infected. Atypical phenotypic characteristics, including weak or negative latex-agglutination test results, weak or negative-slide coagulase test results, heterogeneous morphologic features, slow rate of growth, and vancomycin susceptibility (by disk diffusion test) were observed. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12208 USA. United Hosp, Med Ctr, Port Chester, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schoonmaker, DJ (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208 USA. NR 7 TC 111 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 147 EP 149 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700018 PM 10081683 ER PT J AU Jamal, F Pit, S Facklam, R Beall, B AF Jamal, F Pit, S Facklam, R Beall, B TI New emm (M protein gene) sequences of group A streptococci isolated from Malaysian patients SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; FEVER C1 Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jamal, F (reprint author), Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 182 EP 183 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 171HN UT WOS:000078857700029 PM 10081694 ER PT B AU Weis, BK Susten, AS AF Weis, BK Susten, AS BE Schafran, GC TI Groundwater contamination by PCE and TCE: ATSDR's approach to evaluating public health hazard SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASCE-CSCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUL 25-28, 1999 CL NORFOLK, VA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Div Environm Engn, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Div Environm Engn, US EPA, URS Greiner Woodward Clyde, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Norfolk Branch, Hampton Roads Sanitat Dist, City Norfolk Dept Utilit, Environm Assessment Assoc, Int Eros Control Assoc, Natl Onsite Wastewater Recycling Assoc, SE Public Serv Authority, USN, Old Dominion Univ AB The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) conducts public health assessments and consultations that evaluate the potential health impacts from human exposure to hazardous substances and recommend appropriate actions needed to mitigate or prevent exposures. ATSDR has conducted health evaluations for more than 80 federal facilities. Eighteen sites involve human exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE) or trichloroethylene (TCE) in groundwater. ATSDR uses a two-tiered approach to evaluate health hazard or risk from exposure. The first tier of analysis is described as a tote algorithmic determination of risk (RAD) and is used to screen exposure conditions that do not pose a health hazard under conservative assumptions of exposure. The second tier is a weight-of-evidence analysis that incorporates the traditional elements of risk assessment within the broader context of professional and biomedical judgment. This paper will discuss the approaches that ATSDR uses to evaluate health hazard for exposure pathways involving groundwater contamination at federal facilities. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Fed Facilities Assessment Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Weis, BK (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Fed Facilities Assessment Branch, Mailstop E-56,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0435-6 PY 1999 BP 34 EP 48 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP85T UT WOS:000086435900005 ER PT B AU Bell, LF Telofski, JS AF Bell, LF Telofski, JS BE Schafran, GC TI Radon monitoring wear a DOE facility at Fernald, OH SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASCE-CSCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUL 25-28, 1999 CL NORFOLK, VA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Div Environm Engn, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Div Environm Engn, US EPA, URS Greiner Woodward Clyde, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Norfolk Branch, Hampton Roads Sanitat Dist, City Norfolk Dept Utilit, Environm Assessment Assoc, Int Eros Control Assoc, Natl Onsite Wastewater Recycling Assoc, SE Public Serv Authority, USN, Old Dominion Univ AB The Feed Materials Production Center (FMPC) was a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facility that produced uranium metal products for the defense industry. Production of uranium stopped in 1991. Studies by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that inhalation of radon gas from past site releases were major sources of radiation dose to some people who lived near the facility. Public concern about radon emissions from the site prompted radon monitoring efforts by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and EPA's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratories (NAREL). ATSDR and NAREL set up two different radon monitoring programs. The first studied radon in homes. The second responded to citizens' concerns about ambient radon emissions during remediation of the site. It monitors off-site ambient radon concentrations near the plant and serves as an independent measure of off-site radon levels. These data may be used in dose calculations for present exposures or to detect exposures during site cleanup. Although DOE confirmed that radon emissions from particular onsite sources are slowly increasing, the radon concentrations measured off-site by ATSDR and NAREL indicate naturally occurring levels. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bell, LF (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E56, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0435-6 PY 1999 BP 152 EP 156 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP85T UT WOS:000086435900016 ER PT B AU Henriques, WD Briggs, DJ AF Henriques, WD Briggs, DJ BE Briggs, DJ Stern, R Tinker, TL TI Chapter ten. Environmental modelling in the NEHAP process SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FOR ALL: RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK COMMUNICATION FOR NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ACTION PLANS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Inclusive Approaches to Risk Assessment and Priority Setting for National Environmental Health Action Plans CY DEC 15-20, 1997 CL OSTRAVA, CZECH REPUBLIC SP NATO C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5452-4 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1999 VL 49 BP 113 EP 132 PG 20 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM74W UT WOS:000079678700010 ER PT B AU Tinker, TL AF Tinker, TL BE Briggs, DJ Stern, R Tinker, TL TI Chapter fourteen. Putting risk communication policy into practice: A US federal perspective SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FOR ALL: RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK COMMUNICATION FOR NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ACTION PLANS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Inclusive Approaches to Risk Assessment and Priority Setting for National Environmental Health Action Plans CY DEC 15-20, 1997 CL OSTRAVA, CZECH REPUBLIC SP NATO C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Educ & Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5452-4 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1999 VL 49 BP 169 EP 174 PG 6 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM74W UT WOS:000079678700014 ER PT J AU Rabinovich, NR Orenstein, WA AF Rabinovich, NR Orenstein, WA TI Vaccines - Overview SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Editorial Material ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; UNITED-STATES; ADULT IMMUNIZATION; VACCINATION; INFLUENZA; EFFICACY; CHILDREN; POLIOMYELITIS; STRATEGIES C1 NIAID, Clin & Regulatory Affairs Branch, Div Microbiol & Infect Dis, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rabinovich, NR (reprint author), NIAID, Clin & Regulatory Affairs Branch, Div Microbiol & Infect Dis, 6019 Neilwood Dr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 48 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 235QX UT WOS:000082555000001 PM 10520469 ER PT J AU Clemens, J Keckich, N Naficy, A Glass, R Rao, M AF Clemens, J Keckich, N Naficy, A Glass, R Rao, M TI Public health considerations for the introduction of new rotavirus vaccines for infants: A case study of tetravalent rhesus rotavirus-based reassortant vaccine SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; YOUNG-CHILDREN; PROTECTIVE EFFICACY; UNITED-STATES; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; DIARRHEAL DISEASE; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; BANGLADESHI CHILDREN; IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM C1 Int Vaccine Inst, Seoul 151600, South Korea. NICHHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NICHHD, World Hlth Org, Collaborating Ctr Clin Evaluat Vaccines Dev Count, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Clemens, J (reprint author), Int Vaccine Inst, POB 14, Seoul 151600, South Korea. NR 116 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 24 EP 42 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 235QX UT WOS:000082555000003 PM 10520471 ER PT J AU Mulholland, K Levine, O Nohynek, H Greenwood, BM AF Mulholland, K Levine, O Nohynek, H Greenwood, BM TI Evaluation of vaccines for the prevention of pneumonia in children in developing countries SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; TRACT INFECTIONS; PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE; CONJUGATE VACCINE; GAMBIAN CHILDREN; UNITED-STATES; ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; B POLYSACCHARIDE C1 WHO, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, SF-00300 Helsinki, Finland. Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England. RP Mulholland, K (reprint author), WHO, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 65 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 43 EP 55 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 235QX UT WOS:000082555000004 PM 10520472 ER PT J AU Shefer, A Briss, P Rodewald, L Bernier, R Strikas, R Yusuf, H Ndiaye, S Wiliams, S Pappaioanou, M Hinman, AR AF Shefer, A Briss, P Rodewald, L Bernier, R Strikas, R Yusuf, H Ndiaye, S Wiliams, S Pappaioanou, M Hinman, AR TI Improving immunization coverage rates: An evidence-based review of the literature SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID INFLUENZA VACCINATION RATES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION; HEPATITIS-B IMMUNIZATION; HIGH-RISK PATIENTS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE GUIDELINES; COMPUTER-GENERATED REMINDERS; NEW-YORK-STATE; UNITED-STATES; INNER-CITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. Task Force Community Prevent Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Shefer, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-52,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 252 TC 113 Z9 117 U1 3 U2 4 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 96 EP 142 PG 47 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 235QX UT WOS:000082555000008 PM 10520476 ER PT J AU Jumaan, AO Holmberg, L Zack, M Mokdad, AH Ohlander, EM Wolk, A Byers, T AF Jumaan, AO Holmberg, L Zack, M Mokdad, AH Ohlander, EM Wolk, A Byers, T TI Beta-carotene intake and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene; breast; cancer; postmenopausal; latency; Sweden; screening; diet ID VITAMIN-A; DIETARY FACTORS; ADOLESCENT DIET; ALCOHOL INTAKE; RECALL BIAS; NEW-YORK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VEGETABLES; FRUIT; AGE AB We assessed the relation between beta-carotene consumption at various times in life and breast cancer risk by conducting a case-control study nested within a population-based cohort of women screened for breast cancer in Sweden. We conducted a telephone interview with 273 incident breast cancer cases and 371 controls about their diet at various ages throughout their Lifetime. Controls were frequency matched to cases on age, month and year of mammography, and county of residence. We used unconditional logistic regression to measure the association between beta carotene intake and breast cancer risk while adjusting for total energy intake, recency of intake, and the matching variables. Women were at lower risk with increasing levers of reported intake of beta-carotene. This pattern of association between breast cancer and beta-carotene intake was similar at various times before screening. These findings indicate that although diets high in beta-carotene may be associated with lower breast cancer risk, there does not seem to be evidence of a critical time period during which such diets are more relevant. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Uppsala Hosp, Dept Surg, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Chron Dis Prevent Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Food Adm, S-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Colorado, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Jumaan, AO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 56 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 49 EP 53 DI 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00009 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151HR UT WOS:000077715100009 PM 9888279 ER PT J AU Shaw, GM Wasserman, CR O'Malley, CD Nelson, V Jackson, RJ AF Shaw, GM Wasserman, CR O'Malley, CD Nelson, V Jackson, RJ TI Maternal pesticide exposure from multiple sources and selected congenital anomalies SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE congenital anomalies; anencephaly; chemicals; environment; pregnancy; spina bifida; teratogen ID PARENTAL CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BIRTH-DEFECTS; SPINA-BIFIDA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; NEURAL-TUBE; PREGNANCY; RISK; MALFORMATIONS; LIMB AB We explored the relation between various potential sources of maternal periconceptional pregnancy exposures to pesticides and congenital anomalies in offspring. Data were derived from a case-control study of fetuses and liveborn infants with orofacial clefts, neural tube defects, conotruncal defects, or limb anomalies, among 1987-1989 California births and fetal deaths. We conducted telephone interviews with mothers of 662 (85% of eligible) orofacial cleft cases, 265 (84%) neural tube defect cases, 207 (87%) conotruncal defect cases, 165 (84%) limb cases, and 734 (78%) nonmalformed controls. The odds ratio (OR) estimates did not indicate increased risk for any of the studied anomaly groups among women whose self-reported occupational tasks were considered by an industrial hygienist likely to involve pesticide exposures. Paternal occupational exposure to pesticides, as reported by the mother, revealed elevated ORs for only two of the cleft phenotypes {OR = 1.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-3.4] for multiple cleft lip with/without cleft palace and OR = 1.6 [95% CI = 0.7-3.4] for multiple cleft palate}. Use of pesticide products for household gardening, by mothers or by professional applicators, was associated with ORs greater than or equal to 1.5 for most of the studied anomalies. Use of pesticide products for the control of pests in or around homes was not associated with elevated risks for most of the studied anomalies, although women who reported that a professional applied pesticides to their homes had increased risks for neural tube defect-affected pregnancies [OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1-2.5)] and limb anomalies [OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.0-2.7)]. Having a pet cat or dog and treating its fleas was not associated with increased anomaly risk. Women who reported living within 0.25 miles of an agricultural crop revealed increased risks for offspring with neural tube defects [OR = 1.5 (95%CI = 1.1-2.1)]. For many of the comparisons, data were sparse, resulting in imprecise effect estimation. Despite our investigating multiple sources of potential pesticide exposures, without more specific information on chemical and level of exposure, we could not adequately discriminate whether the observed effects are valid, whether biased exposure reporting contributed to the observed elevated risks, or whether nonspecific measurement of exposure was responsible for many of the observed estimated risks not being elevated. C1 March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Calif Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Olympia, WA USA. Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Shaw, GM (reprint author), March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Calif Birth Defects Monitoring Program, 1900 Powell St,Suite 1050, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA. NR 33 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 60 EP 66 DI 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00011 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151HR UT WOS:000077715100011 PM 9888281 ER PT J AU Li, G Kelen, GD Baker, SP Langlois, JA AF Li, G Kelen, GD Baker, SP Langlois, JA TI Gender and driver safety SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Ctr Injury Res & Policy, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Li, G (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 99 EP 99 DI 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00024 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151HR UT WOS:000077715100024 ER PT J AU Marras, WS Fine, LJ Ferguson, SA Waters, TR AF Marras, WS Fine, LJ Ferguson, SA Waters, TR TI The effectiveness of commonly used lifting assessment methods to identify industrial jobs associated with elevated risk of low-back disorders SO ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ergonomics; low-back disorders; risk assessment; risk identification ID MANUAL HANDLING TASKS; DESIGN; INJURY; PAIN AB Low-back disorders (LBD) continue to be the most costly and common musculoskeletal problem facing society today. Investigators have developed tools or measures that are intended to identify jobs that will probably be associated with an elevated risk of low-back disorders. However, an important and not widely discussed issue associated with these tools and procedures has been that of the validity or effectiveness of the tools. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and effectiveness of two commonly used types of LED assessment methods in terms of their ability to correctly associate jobs with LED risk. The 1981 NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting and the 1991 NIOSH revised lifting equation, along with psychophysical measures were assessed for their ability to correctly identify high-, medium-, and low-risk (of LED) jobs. Risk was defined according to a database of 353 industrial jobs representing over 21 million person-hours of exposure. The results indicated that both NIOSH measures were predictive and resulted in odds ratios between 3.1 and 4.6. Higher odds ratios were found when the maximum horizontal distance was used to assess a job compared to the average horizontal distance. Further analyses indicated that the two NIOSH assessment methods classified risk in very different ways. The 1981 NIOSH Guide demonstrated good specificity (91%) in that it identified low-risk jobs well but it also displayed low sensitivity by only correctly identifying 10% of the high-risk jobs. The 1993 NIOSH revised lifting equation, on the other hand, had better sensitivity. It correctly identified 73% of the high-risk jobs but did not identify low- and medium-risk jobs well. Using psychophysical criteria it was observed that 60% of the high-risk jobs would be judged to be acceptable, whereas, 64% and 91% of the medium and low-risk jobs, respectively, would be judged to be acceptable. This study indicates that the different measures have various strengths and weaknesses. When controlling for occupational LED it should be recognized that a variety of measures exist and that the measure that most appropriately assesses risk depends upon the characteristics of the job. C1 Ohio State Univ, Biodynam Lab, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Marras, WS (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Biodynam Lab, 1971 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 21 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0014-0139 J9 ERGONOMICS JI Ergonomics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 42 IS 1 BP 229 EP 245 DI 10.1080/001401399185919 PG 17 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied; Psychology SC Engineering; Psychology GA 162HX UT WOS:000078341100017 PM 9973881 ER PT J AU Simondon, F Preziosi, MP Pinchinat, S Yam, A Chabirand, L Wassilak, S Pines, E Trape, JF Salomon, H Hoffenbach, A AF Simondon, F Preziosi, MP Pinchinat, S Yam, A Chabirand, L Wassilak, S Pines, E Trape, JF Salomon, H Hoffenbach, A TI Randomised study of the possible adjuvant effect of BCG vaccine on the immunogenicity of diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis vaccine in Senegalese infants SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CONTROLLED TRIAL; WHOOPING-COUGH; CHILDREN; SAFETY; TOXIN; EFFICACY AB Following a study in Senegal (1990-1995) in which the relative efficacy of a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) was compared with that of a diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis vaccine in children given a simultaneous injection of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, this subsequent study was conducted to evaluate the possible adjuvant effect of the BCG vaccine on acellular pertussis vaccine components. A second objective was to compare the immunogenicity of these components when administered in accordance with a 2-4-6-month (spaced) schedule or an accelerated 2-3-4-month schedule. In all, 390 healthy Senegalese infants were randomly divided into three groups of 130 infants. Antibodies to acellular pertussis components were measured in serum samples obtained within 2 days of the first DTaP dose and 1 month after the third dose. BCG vaccine, given simultaneously with the DTaP vaccine, did not influence the immunogenicity of the acellular pertussis vaccine components when compared with separate administration of the two vaccines. Infants immunised according to a 2-4-6-month schedule had a significantly higher immune response than those immunised according to a 2-3-4-month schedule with respect to the response to pertussis toroid assessed by seroneutralisation on Chinese hamster ovary cells (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that BCG and DTaP vaccines can be given simultaneously without interference or enhancement and that more optimal immunogenicity is achieved with an extended than with an accelerated schedule. C1 ORSTOM, Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat, Unite Rech Malad Infect & Parasitaires, F-34032 Rennes, France. ORSTOM, Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat, Unite Rech Malad Infect & Parasitaires, Dakar, Senegal. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. ORSTOM, Lab Paludol, Dakar, Senegal. Pasteur Merieux Connaught, Dept Med, Marnes La Coquette, France. RP Simondon, F (reprint author), ORSTOM, Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat, Unite Rech Malad Infect & Parasitaires, F-34032 Rennes, France. EM Francois.Simondon@mpl.orstom.fr NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-9723 J9 EUR J CLIN MICROBIOL JI Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1007/s100960050221 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 175BV UT WOS:000079072700003 PM 10192710 ER PT J AU Vitek, CR Brisgalov, SP Bragina, VY Zhilyakov, AM Bisgard, KM Brennan, M Kravtsova, ON Lushniak, BD Lyerla, R Markina, SS Strebel, PM AF Vitek, CR Brisgalov, SP Bragina, VY Zhilyakov, AM Bisgard, KM Brennan, M Kravtsova, ON Lushniak, BD Lyerla, R Markina, SS Strebel, PM TI Epidemiology of epidemic diphtheria in three regions, Russia, 1994-1996 SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age distribution; diphtheria (epidemiology); diphtheria (prevention and control); disease outbreaks; USSR (epidemiology); world health ID RESURGENCE; STATES AB Background: A massive diphtheria epidemic which began in the former Soviet Union in 1990 is the first large-scale diphtheria epidemic in developed countries in more than 30 years and has primarily affected adults. In response, health authorities attempted to maximize vaccination for children and conducted an unprecedented campaign to vaccinate adults. Methods: We analyzed diphtheria surveillance data (case report forms and diphtheria vaccine coverage data) from three Russian regions from January 1994 to December 1996 and estimated vaccine effectiveness by the screening method. Results: We reviewed records from 2243 (97.2%) of 2307 reported cases. The highest cumulative incidence in the period was among children aged 5 to 9 years (106 cases per 100,000 population); adults aged 40-49 years had the highest adult incidence for disease (88 cases per 100,000) and the highest incidence of any age group of clinically severe disease (29 cases per 100,000) and death (5.1 deaths per 100,000). The incidence among women aged 20-49 years (82 per 100,000 women) was higher than among men (47 per 100,000, p < 0.01). The annual incidence decreased from 25.2 cases per 100,000 population in 1994 to 9.4 cases per 100,000 in 1996. The decrease occurred as adult coverage increased from an estimated 25-30% in December 1992 to 88% in December 1995. Vaccine effectiveness was high among both children and adults. Conclusions: The Russian diphtheria epidemic primarily affected adults, especially women; this pattern is likely representative of diphtheria epidemics in immunized populations. Raising childhood immunization coverage and mass adult vaccination was effective in controlling the Russian epidemic. An improved understanding of the current epidemiology of diphtheria will be useful to design public health responses to prevent or control modern epidemics. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vitek, CR (reprint author), CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0393-2990 J9 EUR J EPIDEMIOL JI Eur. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1023/A:1007558601804 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 172TH UT WOS:000078940400012 PM 10098999 ER PT J AU Brackbill, RM Sternberg, MR Fishbein, M AF Brackbill, RM Sternberg, MR Fishbein, M TI Where do people go for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases? SO FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SERVICES; MEN AB Context: Major public health resources are devoted to the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) through public STD clinics. However, little is known about where people actually receive treatment for STDs. Methods: As part of the National Health and Social Life Survey household interviews were performed from February to September 1992 with 3,432 persons aged 13-59. Weighted population estimates and multinomial response methods were used to describe the prevalence of self-reported STDs and patterns of treatment utilization by persons who ever had a bacterial or viral STD. Results: An estimated two million STDs were self-reported in the previous year, and 22 million 13-59;year-olds self-reported lifetime STDs. Bacterial STDs (gonorrhea, chlamydia, nongonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and syphilis) were more common than viral STDs (genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis and HIV). Genital warts were the most commonly reported STD in the past year, while gonorrhea was the most common ever-reported STD. Almost half of all respondents who had ever had an STD had gone to a private practice for treatment (49%); in comparison, only 5% of respondents had sought treatment at an STD clinic. Respondents with a bacterial STD were seven times more likely to report going to an STD clinic than were respondents with a viral STD-except for chlamydia, which was more likely to be treated at family planning clinics. Men were significantly more likely than women to go to an STD clinic. Young. poor or black respondents were all more likely to use a family planning clinic for STD treatment than older, relatively wealthy or white respondents. Age, sexual history and geographic location did not predict particular types of treatment-seeking. Conclusions: The health care utilization patterns for STD treatment in the United States are complex. Specific disease diagnosis, gender, race and income status all affect where people will seek treatment. These factors need to be taken into account when STD prevention strategies are being developed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Brackbill, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 2 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 0014-7354 J9 FAM PLANN PERSPECT JI Fam. Plann. Perspect. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 10 EP 15 DI 10.2307/2991551 PG 6 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA 165NC UT WOS:000078526700002 PM 10029927 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Wilson, R Doll, L Jones, TS Barker, P AF Anderson, JE Wilson, R Doll, L Jones, TS Barker, P TI Condom use and HIV risk behaviors among US adults: Data from a national survey SO FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; UNITED-STATES; COCAINE USE; PREVENTION; WOMEN; MEN; CONTRACEPTIVES; CONSISTENCY; PREVALENCE; INFECTION AB Context: How much condom use among U. S. adults varies by type of partner or by risk behavior is unclear. Knowledge of such differentials would aid in evaluating the progress being made toward goals for levels of condom use as part of the Healthy People 2000 initiative. Methods: Data were analyzed from the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, an annual household-based probability sample of the noninstitutionalized population aged 12 and older that measures the use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco. The personal behaviors module included 25 questions covering sexual activity in the past year, frequency of condom use in the past year, circumstances of the last sexual encounter and HIV testing. Results: Sixty-two percent of adults reported using a condom at last intercourse outside of an ongoing relationship, while only 19% reported using condoms when the most recent intercourse occurred within a steady relationship. Within ongoing relationships, condom use was highest among respondents who were younger, black, of lower income and from large metropolitan areas. Forty percent of unmarried adults used a condom at last sex, compared with the health objective of 50% for the year 2000. Forty percent of injecting drug users used condoms at last intercourse, compared with the 60% condom use objective for high-risk individuals. Significantly persons at increased risk for HIV because of their sexual behavior or drug use were not more likely to use condoms than were persons not at increased risk; only 22% used condoms during last intercourse within an ongoing relationship. Conclusions: Substantial progress has been made toward national goals for increasing condom use. The rates of condom use by individuals at high risk of HIV need to be increased, however, particularly condom use with a steady partner. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 47 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 9 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 0014-7354 J9 FAM PLANN PERSPECT JI Fam. Plann. Perspect. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 24 EP 28 DI 10.2307/2991553 PG 5 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA 165NC UT WOS:000078526700004 PM 10029929 ER PT S AU Noah, DL Sobel, AL Ostroff, SM Kildew, JA AF Noah, DL Sobel, AL Ostroff, SM Kildew, JA BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI Biological warfare training - Infectious disease outbreak differentiation criteria SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv AB The threat of biological terrorism and warfare may increase as the availability of weaponizable agents increase, the relative production costs of these agents decrease, and, most importantly, there exist terrorist groups willing to use them. Therefore, an important consideration during the current emphasis of heightened surveillance for emerging infectious diseases is the capability to differentiate between natural and intentional outbreaks, Certain attributes of a disease outbreak, while perhaps not pathognomic for a biological attack when considered singly, may in combination with other attributes provide convincing evidence for intentional causation. These potentially differentiating criteria include proportion of combatants at risk, temporal patterns of illness onset, number of cases, clinical presentation, strain/variant, economic impact, geographic location, morbidity/mortality, antimicrobial resistance patterns, seasonal distribution, zoonotic potential, residual infectivity/toxicity, prevention/therapeutic potential, route of exposure, weather/climate conditions, incubation period, and concurrence with belligerent activities of potential adversaries. C1 USAF, Med Operat Agcy, SGPA, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC 20332 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Syst Res Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Noah, DL (reprint author), USAF, Armed Forces Med Intelligence Ctr, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08041.x PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200006 PM 10681967 ER PT J AU Sun, FZ Cheng, R Flanders, WD Yang, QH Khoury, MJ AF Sun, FZ Cheng, R Flanders, WD Yang, QH Khoury, MJ TI Whole genome association studies for genes affecting alcohol dependence SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Genetic Analysis Workshop on Analysis of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Common Diseases CY SEP 08-10, 1998 CL ARCACHON, FRANCE SP INSERM, Commiss Europeenne, Assoc Francaise Myopathiers, Inst Rhone Poulence Rorer France, Conseil Reg Aquitaine DE alcoholism; linkage; transmission/disequilibrium test ID LINKAGE; RISK AB We applied the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) for sibs (S-TDT) and for families with one parent(l-TDT), to the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data set. The combined test is used to screen the whole genome to locate genes responsible for alcohol dependence. This analysis supports the previous finding that the region close to GABRB1 on chromosome 4 might be associated with alcohol dependence. The regions close to D6S474 and D11S1998 are also of particular interest. We found segregation distortion at the GR1K1 locus. The segregation distortion might be due to the binning method used in genotyping at this locus. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Birth Defect & Genet Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sun, FZ (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Sun, Fengzhu /G-4373-2010 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R29-DK53392] NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PY 1999 VL 17 SU 1 BP S337 EP S342 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 260JM UT WOS:000083945800055 PM 10597459 ER PT J AU Yang, QH Khoury, MJ Atkinson, M Sun, FZ Cheng, R Flanders, WD AF Yang, QH Khoury, MJ Atkinson, M Sun, FZ Cheng, R Flanders, WD TI Using case-control designs for genome-wide screening for associations between genetic markers and disease susceptibility loci SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Genetic Analysis Workshop on Analysis of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Common Diseases CY SEP 08-10, 1998 CL ARCACHON, FRANCE SP INSERM, Commiss Europeenne, Assoc Francaise Myopathiers, Inst Rhone Poulence Rorer France, Conseil Reg Aquitaine DE gene(x)environment interaction ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; FUTURE AB We used a case-control design to scan the genome for any associations between genetic markers and disease susceptibility loci using the first two replicates of the Mycenaean population from the GAW11 (Problem 2) data. Using a case-control approach, we constructed a series of 2-by-3 tables for each allele of every marker on all six chromosomes. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated for all alleles of every marker. We selected the one allele for which the estimated OR had the minimum p-value to plot in the graph. Among these selected ORs, we calculated 95% CI for those that had a p-value less than or equal to adjusted a level. Significantly high ORs were taken to indicate an association between a marker locus and a suspected disease-susceptibility gene. For the Mycenaean population, the case-control design identified allele number 1 of marker 24 on chromosome 1 to be associated with a disease susceptibility gene, OR = 2.10 (95% CI 1.66-2.62). Our approach failed to show any other significant association between case-control status and genetic markers. Stratified analysis on the environmental risk factor (E1) provided no further evidence of significant association other than allele 1 of marker 24 on chromosome 1. These data indicate the absence of linkage disequilibrium for markers flanking loci A, B, and C. Finally, we examined the effect of gene(x)environment (GxE) interaction for the identified allele. Our results provided no evidence of GxE interaction, but suggested that the environmental exposure alone was a risk factor for the disease. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Yang, QH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Sun, Fengzhu /G-4373-2010 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PY 1999 VL 17 SU 1 BP S779 EP S784 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 260JM UT WOS:000083945800126 PM 10597530 ER PT J AU Grossman, GL Cornel, AJ Rafferty, CS Robertson, HM Collins, FH AF Grossman, GL Cornel, AJ Rafferty, CS Robertson, HM Collins, FH TI Tsessebe, Topi and Tiang: three distinct Tc1-like transposable elements in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae; mosquito; Tc1; transposable element; transposase ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; HERMES ELEMENT; AEDES-AEGYPTI; TC1 FAMILY; TRANSFORMATION; GENE; COMPLEX AB Three distinct types of Tc1-family transposable elements have been identified in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. These three elements, named Tsessebe, Topi and Tiang, have the potential to encode transposases that retain most of the conserved amino acids that are characteristic of this transposon family. However, all three are diverged from each other by more than 50% at the nucleotide level. Full-length genomic clones of two types, Topi and Tsessebe, have been isolated and fully sequenced. The third, Tiang, is represented only by a 270 bp, PCR-amplified fragment of the transposase coding region. The Topi and Tsessebe elements are 1.4 kb and 2.0 kb in length, respectively, and differ in the length of their inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). The Topi elements have 26 bp ITRs, whereas the Tsessebe clones have long ITRs ranging in length from 105 to 209 bp, with the consensus being about 180 bp. This difference is due primarily to variation in the length of an internal stretch of GT repeats. The copy number and location of these elements in ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosomes varies greatly between element subtypes: Topi elements are found at between 17-31 sites, Tsessebe at 9-13 and at 20 euchromatic sites, in addition to several copies of these elements in heterochromatic DNA. The copy number and genomic insertion sites of these transposons varies between A.gambiae strains and between member species of the A.gambiae complex. This may be indicative of transpositionally active Tc1-like elements within the genome. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Entomol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Grossman, GL (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Galvin Life Sci Bldg, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1023/A:1003690102610 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 235PR UT WOS:000082552200008 PM 10483094 ER PT J AU Kellerman, S Alter, MJ AF Kellerman, S Alter, MJ TI Preventing hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections in end-stage renal disease patients: Back to basics SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID HEMODIALYSIS CENTERS; RECOMMENDATIONS; DIALYSIS; ANTIBODY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kellerman, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sek0@cdc.gov NR 17 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 291 EP 293 DI 10.1002/hep.510290132 PG 3 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 152CU UT WOS:000077758700043 PM 9862883 ER PT J AU Phillips, JB Gaines, RB Blomberg, J van der Wielen, FWM Dimandja, JM Green, V Granger, J Patterson, D Racovalis, L de Geus, HJ de Boer, J Haglund, P Lipsky, J Sinha, V Ledford, EB AF Phillips, JB Gaines, RB Blomberg, J van der Wielen, FWM Dimandja, JM Green, V Granger, J Patterson, D Racovalis, L de Geus, HJ de Boer, J Haglund, P Lipsky, J Sinha, V Ledford, EB TI A robust thermal modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography SO HRC-JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE multidimensional gas chromatography; orthogonal separations; GC x GC; comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography; characterization of gasoline ID MIXTURES AB In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC), two capillary columns are connected in series through an interface known as a "thermal modulator". This device transforms effluent from the first capillary column into a series of sharp injection-like chemical pulses suitable for high-speed chromatography on the second column. Dramatic increases in the resolving power sensitivity, and speed of the gas chromatograph result. This paper describes the development of a robust and reliable thermal modulator for GC x GC. C1 Zoex Corp, Lincoln, NE 68502 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. US Coast Guard Acad, Dept Sci, New London, CT 06320 USA. Shell Int Chem BV, Shell Res & Technol Ctr, NL-1031 CM Amsterdam, Netherlands. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Toxicol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Cooperat Res Ctr, Unit 8, Mulgrave, Vic 3170, Australia. Netherlands Inst Fishery Res, DLO, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, Netherlands. Umea Univ, Inst Environm Chem, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. Quadrex Corp, Woodbridge, CT 06525 USA. RP Ledford, EB (reprint author), Zoex Corp, 2400 B St, Lincoln, NE 68502 USA. RI de Boer, Jacob/L-5094-2013; OI de Boer, Jacob/0000-0001-6949-4828; Haglund, Peter/0000-0003-2293-7913 NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0935-6304 J9 HRC-J HIGH RES CHROM JI HRC-J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 153AG UT WOS:000077810100002 ER PT B AU Moss, CE AF Moss, CE BE Dennis, J TI Laser non-beam hazards in the 21(st) century SO ILSC'99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LASER SAFETY CONFERENCE SE LASER INSTITUTE OF AMERICA - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Laser Safety Conference (ILSC 99) CY MAR 08-11, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Laser Inst Amer AB It is known that eye and skin effects can occur to workers exposed to direct and scattered laser beams. Often forgotten, however, is the need to control occupational hazards that do not result from direct or scattered laser beam exposures. Hazards such as fire, compressed gases, dyes and solvents, laser generated air contaminants (LGAC), ergonomics, robotics, electrical issues, and plasma production exist and have been denoted as non-beam hazards (NBHs) by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z-136. 1 Safe Use of laser standard. Under this standard the laser safety officer (LSO) is also charged with the responsibility of controlling these NBHs. Unfortunately, many LSOs are not aware of these hazards and/or how to control them. Identification of some of the more hazardous NBHs are presented and discussed. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Moss, CE (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LASER INST AMERICA PI ORLANDO PA 12424 RESEARCH PKWY, STE 130, ORLANDO, FL 32826 USA BN 0-912035-17-4 J9 LIA P PY 1999 VL 4 BP 302 EP 308 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Ophthalmology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Ophthalmology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BN49H UT WOS:000082032700036 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, JW Kirlin, WG Wirsiy, YG Matheravidathu, S Hodge, TW Urso, P AF Rodriguez, JW Kirlin, WG Wirsiy, YG Matheravidathu, S Hodge, TW Urso, P TI Maternal exposure to benzo[a]pyrene alters development of T lymphocytes in offspring SO IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CIGARETTE-SMOKE EXPOSURE; PARENTS SMOKING; GESTATION STAGE; DNA-ADDUCTS; TISSUES; BENZO(A)PYRENE; METABOLISM; CELLS; BIOACTIVATION AB Childhood cancer has been increasing significantly over the past two decades in the United States, suggesting that environmental exposures may be playing a causative role. One such cause may be maternal smoking during pregnancy. Suspected carcinogens in cigarette smoke and environmental pollution include N-nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which may be several micrograms per exposure. Previously, we have shown that mouse progeny of mothers exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) during midpregnancy had abnormalities in their humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Immunodeficiency was detectable during gestation, at one week after birth and persisted for 18 months. Tumor incidences in progeny were eight to 10-fold higher than in controls. The present study compared frequencies of CD4+, CD8+, V gamma 2+, and V beta 8+ T cells in progeny following in utero exposure to B[a]P. The significant reduction in newborn CP4+CD8+, CD4+CD8+V beta 8+ thymocytes and CD4+ splenocytes from 1-week-old progeny, suggests that B[a]P induces abnormal changes in developing T cells. These early alterations may lead to postnatal T cell supression, thus providing a more suitable environment for the growth of tumors later in life. These:results suggest that developmental immunosuppression mediated by B[a]P may play a critical role in the relationship between maternal exposures and childhood carcinogenesis. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rodriguez, JW (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-03034]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-028248] NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0892-3973 J9 IMMUNOPHARM IMMUNOT JI Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 2 BP 379 EP 396 DI 10.3109/08923979909052769 PG 18 WC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 194XU UT WOS:000080220700013 PM 10319287 ER PT B AU Sweeney, MH Bryant, CJ Palassis, J Becker, P AF Sweeney, MH Bryant, CJ Palassis, J Becker, P BE Singh, A Hinze, J Coble, RJ TI Reducing construction-related injuries and illnesses through education SO IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH ON CONSTRUCTION SITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference of CIB Working Commission W99 CY MAR 24-27, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Carter & Burgess, Corp Headquarters, Natl Sci Fdn, HI Occupat Safety & Hlth Div, HI Dept Transportat, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Construct Educ Concepts AB In the United States, construction workers experience one of the highest occupational fatality rates as well as rate of injuries and illnesses resulting in lost work days. Young workers, particularly those under 18 years and those with less than two years of experience in the trade are at high risk for injury or death. Training programs in occupational health and safety are seen as an effective means of increasing the awareness of workers and managers alike of work hazards and of methods of preventing injuries and illnesses. A variety of approaches are being used to develop training programs to address the many health and safety risks encountered on the construction site. Programs to prevent falls, musculoskeletal disorders and respiratory diseases, three principal causes of morbidity and mortality among construction workers are described. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Sweeney, MH (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-036-1 PY 1999 BP 273 EP 276 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM63E UT WOS:000079308700037 ER PT B AU Methner, MM AF Methner, MM BE Singh, A Hinze, J Coble, RJ TI Hazard surveillance in new residential construction SO IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH ON CONSTRUCTION SITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference of CIB Working Commission W99 CY MAR 24-27, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Carter & Burgess, Corp Headquarters, Natl Sci Fdn, HI Occupat Safety & Hlth Div, HI Dept Transportat, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Construct Educ Concepts AB Construction workers suffer elevated disease and death rates. However, with the exception of lead and asbestos, little exposure data among this population have been documented. With this in mind, an observational study aimed at identifying the potential hazards associated with each phase of construction was conducted. Each phase consisted of multiple tasks, each with its own potential for exposure. Observations were made by an industrial hygienist (IH) who visited four different residential construction sites and observed and documented specific work practices and recorded all chemical substances used during each task. The information gathered and examined during this study indicate that a substantial potential for exposure to hazardous agents exists for some workers involved in building a new home. In general, a lack of appropriate/effective personal protective equipment was noted for all trades. Potential ergonomic hazards were noted for 63% of the trades observed. Other hazards associated with different trades are presented in Table 1. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Methner, MM (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-036-1 PY 1999 BP 601 EP 605 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM63E UT WOS:000079308700080 ER PT B AU Lentz, TJ Casini, VJ AF Lentz, TJ Casini, VJ BE Singh, A Hinze, J Coble, RJ TI Assessment of hazards for telecommunication tower construction workers SO IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH ON CONSTRUCTION SITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference of CIB Working Commission W99 CY MAR 24-27, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Carter & Burgess, Corp Headquarters, Natl Sci Fdn, HI Occupat Safety & Hlth Div, HI Dept Transportat, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Construct Educ Concepts AB Growth in the telecommunications industry has been accompanied by concerns about the safety of workers who erect towers to hold transmitting devices and broadcast antennas. These concerns are validated by injury statistics, including 123 tower-related deaths between 1980 and 1994. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have been assessing hazards of tower erection while investigating tower-related fatalities. Objectives of the assessment have been to identify hazards and high-risk activities, to promote hazard awareness, and to recommend strategies for their prevention. Activities which contribute to the risk of falls, such as failure to comply with existing standards and the improper or non-use of personal protective equipment, and other factors including exposure to radiofrequency radiation, tower instability, equipment and procedures used to hoist materials and personnel, and inspection and certification of hoist systems were identified for consideration in developing a strategy to minimize hazards during tower construction. C1 NIOSH, Div Educ & Informat, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Lentz, TJ (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Educ & Informat, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-036-1 PY 1999 BP 619 EP 623 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM63E UT WOS:000079308700083 ER PT B AU Linch, KD AF Linch, KD BE Singh, A Hinze, J Coble, RJ TI Prevention of silicosis in concrete and masonry workers SO IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH ON CONSTRUCTION SITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference of CIB Working Commission W99 CY MAR 24-27, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Carter & Burgess, Corp Headquarters, Natl Sci Fdn, HI Occupat Safety & Hlth Div, HI Dept Transportat, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Construct Educ Concepts AB Respirable crystalline silica dust is a respiratory hazard commonly found in the construction industry. When concrete or other masonry is disturbed by either saving, grinding or hammering, dust controls such as water application or local exhaust should be used to reduce or eliminate the high concentrations of respirable crystalline silica that are generated. Since power equipment produces high concentrations of dust in a short time, if not properly controlled, working in enclosed or partially enclosed areas which are not ventilated increases exposures. A number of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) field studies have found a need for improved control of respirable crystalline silica during sawing and drilling of masonry material. For example, NIOSH obtained a measurement of 14.2 mg/m(3) of respirable crystalline silica dust, while a plumber used a handheld masonry saw on a concrete floor, without dust control, inside an unventilated office building that was being renovated. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Linch, KD (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-036-1 PY 1999 BP 717 EP 721 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM63E UT WOS:000079308700096 ER PT B AU Robinson, CF Petersen, M Palu, S AF Robinson, CF Petersen, M Palu, S BE Singh, A Hinze, J Coble, RJ TI Mortality patterns among construction site electrical workers SO IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH ON CONSTRUCTION SITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference of CIB Working Commission W99 CY MAR 24-27, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Carter & Burgess, Corp Headquarters, Natl Sci Fdn, HI Occupat Safety & Hlth Div, HI Dept Transportat, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Construct Educ Concepts ID OCCUPATIONAL RISK-FACTORS; MAGNETIC-FIELD EXPOSURE; TABLE ANALYSIS SYSTEM; LOS-ANGELES-COUNTY; UTILITY WORKERS; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; UNITED-STATES; BRAIN-TUMORS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CANCER MORTALITY AB This study evaluated the mortality of 31,068 U.S. members of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers who primarily worked in the construction industry and died 1982-1987. Comparison to the U.S. population showed significantly elevated proportionate mortality for the diseases caused by asbestos: lung cancer (PMR=117), asbestosis (PMR=247), and malignant mesothelioma (PMR=356) and from fatal injuries, particularly electrocutions (PMR=1180). The findings of excess deaths for prostate cancer (PMR=107), musculoskeletal disease (PMR=130), suicide (PMR=113), and disorders of the blood-forming organs (PMR=141) were unexpected. Elevated mortality for leukemia (PMR=115) and brain tumors (PMR=136) is not inconsistent with previous reports of electricians with occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields. Excess deaths due to melanoma skin cancer (PMR=123) are consistent with other findings of PCB-exposed workers. Results suggest that more detailed investigations of occupational risk factors are needed to prevent excess mortality for this occupation. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Robinson, CF (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-036-1 PY 1999 BP 723 EP 731 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM63E UT WOS:000079308700097 ER PT B AU Alterman, T Robinson, CF Sieber, K Durst, J AF Alterman, T Robinson, CF Sieber, K Durst, J BE Singh, A Hinze, J Coble, RJ TI What's killing carpenters? Injury and illness prevention for the future SO IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH ON CONSTRUCTION SITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference of CIB Working Commission W99 CY MAR 24-27, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Carter & Burgess, Corp Headquarters, Natl Sci Fdn, HI Occupat Safety & Hlth Div, HI Dept Transportat, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Construct Educ Concepts ID UNION AB A pilot intervention was conducted with 79 attendees at a national conference held by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America (UBCJA) in 1997. NIOSH education documents and mortality study results were provided, as well as an opportunity for participants to share their experiences. Participants were carpenters, business agents, health and safety personnel, trainers, and apprenticeship coordinators. NIOSH investigators, along with a UBCJA member led two workshops. Focus groups were used to discuss injuries, illnesses, and stresses that carpenters experience. Training needs were also discussed and results from a recently completed NIOSH mortality study of 27,362 UBCJA members was presented. Although mortality studies have been instrumental in identifying areas for further research and examination of risks, results have typically not been disseminated to workers. Suggestions for improved injury and illness prevention were made, and demonstrated the need to take into account social, economic, situational behavioral, and environmental factors. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Alterman, T (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-036-1 PY 1999 BP 749 EP 754 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM63E UT WOS:000079308700100 ER PT B AU Grubb, PL Swanson, NG AF Grubb, PL Swanson, NG BE Singh, A Hinze, J Coble, RJ TI Identification of work organization risk factors in construction work SO IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH ON CONSTRUCTION SITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference of CIB Working Commission W99 CY MAR 24-27, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Carter & Burgess, Corp Headquarters, Natl Sci Fdn, HI Occupat Safety & Hlth Div, HI Dept Transportat, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Construct Educ Concepts AB The term "work organization" refers to the way work is structured and managed, including topics such as workload, work schedule, training, interpersonal relationships, and organizational factors such as safety climate and company culture. In the present study, qualitative techniques were used to explore work organization risk factors among construction workers employed by small, non-unionized firms engaged in residential construction. Focus groups, comprised of construction workers, contractors, and company owners drawn from a broad range of occupations, were asked about work organization issues. Results indicated that safety climate was generally poor, and that there was very little training in this regard. Job demand/workload was a major stressor, particularly for company owners. The findings suggest that interventions targeting safety climate, workload, and training may be particularly effective in preventing injuries and stress among construction workers. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Grubb, PL (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-036-1 PY 1999 BP 793 EP 797 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM63E UT WOS:000079308700106 ER PT J AU Yang, CF Collins, WE Sullivan, JS Kaslow, DC Xiao, LH Lal, AA AF Yang, CF Collins, WE Sullivan, JS Kaslow, DC Xiao, LH Lal, AA TI Partial protection against Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection in Saimiri monkeys by immunization with a recombinant C-terminal fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 in block copolymer adjuvant SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID T-CELL EPITOPES; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; MURINE MALARIA; AOTUS MONKEYS; TETANUS TOXIN; YOELII; ANTIGEN; ISOTYPE AB Merozoite surface protein 1 is a candidate for blood-stage vaccines against malaria parasites. Ne report here an immunization study of Saimiri monkeys with a yeast-expressed recombinant protein containing the C terminus of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 and two T-helper epitopes of tetanus toxin (yP(2)P(30)Pv200(19)), formulated in aluminum hydroxide (alum) and block copolymer P1005. Monkeys immunized three times with yP(2)P(30)Pv200(19) in block copolymer P1005 had significantly higher prechallenge titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the immunogen and asexual blood-stage parasites than those immunized with yP(2)P(30)Pv200(19) in alum, antigen alone, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (P < 0.05). Their peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to immunogen stimulation 4 weeks after the second immunization were also significantly higher than those from the PBS control group (P < 0.05). Upon challenge with 100,000 asexual blood-stage parasites 5 weeks after the last immunization, monkeys immunized with YP(2)P(30)PV200(19) in block copolymer P1005 had prepatent periods longer than those for the control alone group (P > 0.05). Three of the five animals in this group also had low parasitemia (peak parasitemia, less than or equal to 20 parasites/mu l of blood). Partially protected monkeys had significantly higher levels of prechallenge antibodies against the immunogen than those unprotected (P < 0.05). There was also a positive correlation between the prepatent period and titers of IgG antibodies against the immunogen and asexual blood-stage parasites end a negative correlation between accumulated parasitemia and titers of IgG antibodies against the immunogen (P < 0.05). These results indicate that when combined with block copolymer and potent T-helper epitopes, the yeast-expressed P(2)P(30)Pv200(19) recombinant protein may offer some protection against malaria. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NIAID, Malaria Res Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Lal, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; Yang, Chunfu/G-6890-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; NR 47 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 67 IS 1 BP 342 EP 349 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 152EV UT WOS:000077764000048 PM 9864235 ER PT J AU Roe, AL Howard, G Blouin, R Snawder, JE AF Roe, AL Howard, G Blouin, R Snawder, JE TI Characterization of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activity and expression in male and female ob/ob mice SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE ob/ob mice; obesity; cytochrome P450; glutathione S-transferase ID OBESE OVERFED RAT; P450-DEPENDENT METABOLISM; PHENOBARBITAL TREATMENT; DRUG DISPOSITION; ACETAMINOPHEN; INDUCTION; MODULATION; HUMANS; LIVER AB OBJECTIVE: To characterize the effect(s) of gender, age (glycemic status) and obese state, on hepatic biotransformation activities, expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) mRNAs and glutathione transferase activity in the ob/ob mouse. DESIGN: Male and female, ob/ob or ob/+ mice were killed at 3-4 months or 7-8 months of age. Hepatic microsomes, cytosol and RNA were prepared from each animal. ANIMALS: Male and female ob/ob and ob/+ mice, 3-4 or 7-8 months of age. MEASUREMENTS: CYP450 form-specific activities of CYP1A1/1A2, CYP3A and CYP2B were estimated by determining the 0-dealkylation of alkoxyresorufin substrates (ethoxy-EROD, benzoxy-BROD and pentoxy-resorufin, PROD, respectively). CYP2E1-dependent, 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNP-OH) and CYP3A-dependent erythromycin N-demethylase (ERY-DM) were also measured in hepatic microsomes. CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A protein in microsomal fractions was determined by ELISA. Glutathione transferase activity (GST) was determined in hepatic cytosol and CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 mRNA was estimated by Northern blot analysis. RESULTS: Female mice, regardless of glycemic status, showed an obesity enhanced level of CYP2E1-dependent PNP-OH activity and CYP2E1 protein as shown by ELISA. These increases were observed to be independent of the diabetic state, since 7-8 month-old mice had blood glucose levels identical to lean mice. The mRNA level of CYP2E1 in female mice also exhibited age-and obesity-influenced decreases in expression. No significant differences in CYP2E1 activity or expression were observed in male mice. CYP3A-dependent ERY-DM activity was significantly higher in young males, regardless of phenotype. CYP3A and CYP2B activities did not differ among any animals; however, CYP1A activity, while depressed in obese animals of both genders, was significantly different in old animals. Glutathione S-transferase activity was lower in obese male mice, whereas no difference was observed between lean and obese females CONCLUSION: This study supports earlier observations in man and rats that the obese state produces alterations in the expression of important oxidation and conjugation pathways. In addition, this report more thoroughly examines the role of gender and glycemic status on biotransformation activities in the ob/ob mouse as demonstrated by increased CYP2E1 protein and CYP2E1-dependent activity in obese females, decreased CYP1A2 protein and CYP1A2-dependent activity in obese animals, and obesity had no effect of glutathione transferase in female mice, in contrast with the previously reported obesity-dependent decrease of this activity in male mice. C1 NIOSH, ETB MSC23, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Kentucky, Grad Ctr Toxicol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Univ Kentucky, Coll Pharm, Div Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. RP Snawder, JE (reprint author), NIOSH, ETB MSC23, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 23 IS 1 BP 48 EP 53 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800756 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 151KP UT WOS:000077719500007 PM 10094576 ER PT J AU Desai, MM Bruce, ML Kasl, SV AF Desai, MM Bruce, ML Kasl, SV TI The effects of major depression and phobia on stage at diagnosis of breast cancer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE depression, involutional; phobic disorders; breast neoplasms; longitudinal studies ID NATIONAL COMORBIDITY SURVEY; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; WHITE WOMEN; MAMMOGRAPHY; RISK; DISEASE; RACE; AGE AB Objective: To examine the longitudinal effects of major depression and phobia on stage at diagnosis of subsequent breast cancer. Method: Data from the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study were linked to the Connecticut Tumor Registry (CTR). The sample comprised of seventy-two women with a first primary breast cancer diagnosed sometime after their baseline ECA study interview. In the ECA study, lifetime psychiatric history was assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule based on DSM-III criteria. Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer was taken from CTR records and dichotomized into early stage (in situ and localized tumors) versus late stage (regional and distant tumors). Results: A positive history of major depression was associated with an increased likelihood of late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 9.81, p = 0.039), whereas a positive history of phobic disorders was associated with a decreased likelihood of late-stage diagnosis (OR = 0.01, p = 0.021), controlling for sociodemographic characteristics of the sample. Conclusions: These analyses revealed a longitudinal association between reported lifetime psychiatric history and stage at diagnosis of subsequent breast cancer. Phobia may motivate women to adhere to breast cancer screening recommendations and to report suspicious symptoms to a physician without delay. Major depression, on the other hand, was identified as an important predictor of late-stage diagnosis; proper recognition and management of depression in the primary care setting may have important implications for breast cancer detection and survival. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Med, White Plains, NY 10605 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Desai, MM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 790, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [5 T32 MH14235] NR 62 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 8 PU BAYWOOD PUBL CO INC PI AMITYVILLE PA 26 AUSTIN AVE, AMITYVILLE, NY 11701 USA SN 0091-2174 J9 INT J PSYCHIAT MED JI Int. J. Psychiatr. Med. PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 29 EP 45 PG 17 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 198PF UT WOS:000080432600003 PM 10376231 ER PT J AU Collins, MD Lawson, PA Monasterio, R Falsen, E Sjoden, B Facklam, RR AF Collins, MD Lawson, PA Monasterio, R Falsen, E Sjoden, B Facklam, RR TI Ignavigranum ruoffiae sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ignavigranum ruoffiae; taxonomy; phylogeny; 16S rRNA ID AEROCOCCUS-LIKE ORGANISMS; GEN-NOV; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; INFECTIONS AB Two strains of a hitherto undescribed Gram-positive catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccus isolated from human sources were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods, Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated the unknown strains were genealogically identical, and constitute a new line close to, but distinct from, the genera Facklamia and Globicatella, The unknown bacterium was readily distinguished from Facklamia species and Globicatella sanguinus by biochemical tests and electrophoretic analysis of whole-cell proteins, Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified as Ignavigranum ruoffiae gen, nov., sp, nov. The type strain of Ignavigranum ruoffiae is CCUG 37658(T). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. BBSRC Inst Food Res, Reading Lab, Dept Microbiol, Reading RG6 6BZ, Berks, England. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Clin Bacteriol, Culture Collect, Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Facklam, RR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rrf@cdc.gov RI Lawson, Paul/E-3760-2012 NR 13 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 49 BP 97 EP 101 PN 1 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 159MD UT WOS:000078176600009 PM 10028250 ER PT J AU Chaisson, RE Coberly, JS De Cock, KM AF Chaisson, RE Coberly, JS De Cock, KM TI DOTS and drug resistance: a silver lining to a darkening cloud SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; TUBERCULOSIS C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr TB Res, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chaisson, RE (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr TB Res, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 3 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 175WY UT WOS:000079119900001 PM 10094162 ER PT J AU Kenyon, TA Mwasekaga, MJ Huebner, R Rumisha, D Binkin, N Maganu, E AF Kenyon, TA Mwasekaga, MJ Huebner, R Rumisha, D Binkin, N Maganu, E TI Low levels of drug resistance amidst rapidly increasing tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-epidemics in Botswana SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; human immunodeficiency virus; drug resistance; survey; directly-observed therapy; Africa, Botswana ID DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; NEW-YORK-CITY; HIV-INFECTION; ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; SAN-FRANCISCO; GOLD MINERS; OUTBREAK AB SETTING: Botswana, southern Africa, where the tuberculosis (TB) case rate increased by 120% from 1989 to 1996 in spite of a decade of implementation of the directly observed therapy, short-course (DOTS) strategy. OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of and risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis in an epidemic setting. DESIGN: Systematic national random survey of newly diagnosed pulmonary TB and all patients with TB requiring retreatment during 1995-1996. Interviews were conducted, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing was offered, and drug susceptibility testing was performed for isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol. RESULTS: Resistance to at least one drug was identified in 16 (3.7%) new cases and 18 (14.9%) retreatment cases. One (0.2%) new and seven (5.8%) retreatment cases had resistance to at least both isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug-resistant TB). Retreatment cases with multidrug-resistant TB were significantly more likely to have worked in the mines in South Africa than were cases with fully susceptible isolates (6/7 [85.7%] versus 32/103 [31.1%], odds ratio 13.3, 95% confidence interval 1.5-311.0, P = 0.007). Of 240 patients tested for HIV, 117 (48.8%) were positive; prevalence was similar among new and retreatment cases, and was not a risk factor for drug resistance in either group. CONCLUSION: During the HIV and TB co-epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa, DOTS may help to control drug-resistant TB. However, the TB case rate can be expected to continue to climb in spite of the implementation of the DOTS strategy. C1 BOTUSA TB Project, Gaborone, Botswana. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Gaborone, Botswana. S African Inst Med Res, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Kenyon, TA (reprint author), US Dept State, BOTUSA TB Project, Amer Embassy Gaborone, Washington, DC 20521 USA. EM tak8@cdc.gov NR 53 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 3 IS 1 BP 4 EP 11 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 175WY UT WOS:000079119900002 PM 10094163 ER PT J AU Lockman, S Tappero, JW Kenyon, TA Rumisha, D Huebner, RE Binkin, NJ AF Lockman, S Tappero, JW Kenyon, TA Rumisha, D Huebner, RE Binkin, NJ TI Tuberculin reactivity in a pediatric population with high BCG vaccination coverage SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculin test; BCG vaccine; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; diagnosis; child; Botswana ID BACILLUS-CALMETTE-GUERIN; SKIN-TEST; CHILDREN; COUNTRIES; CHILDHOOD; BIRTH; HIV AB SETTING: The tuberculin skin test (TST) is often included in diagnostic algorithms for tuberculosis (TB) in children. TST interpretation, however, may be complicated by prior Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. We assessed the prevalence of and risk factors for positive TST reactions in children 3 to 60 months of age in Botswana, a country with high TB rates and BCG coverage of over 90%. METHODS: A multi-stage cluster survey was conducted in one rural and three urban districts. Data collected included demographic characteristics, nutritional indices, vaccination status, and prior TB exposure. Mantoux TSTs were administered and induration measured at 48-72 hours. RESULTS: Of 821 children identified, 783 had TSTs placed and read. Of the 759 children with vaccination cards, 755 (99.5%) had received BCG vaccine. Seventy-nine per cent of children had 0 mm induration, 7% had greater than or equal to 10 mm induration ('positive' TST), and 2% had greater than or equal to 15 mm. A positive TST was associated with reported contact with any person with active TB (odds ratio [OR] 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-3.6), or a mother (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.1-12.4) or aunt (OR 5.3; 95% CI 2.0-14.0) with active TB. TSTs greater than or equal to 5 mm (but not greater than or equal to 10 mm) were associated with presence of a BCG scar. Positive reactions were not associated with age, time since BCG vaccination, clinical signs or symptoms of TB, nutritional status, crowding, or recent measles or polio immunization. CONCLUSION: The TST remains useful in identifying children with tuberculous infection in this setting of high TB prevalence and extensive BCG coverage. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. BOTUSA TB Project, Gaborone, Botswana. Botswana Minist Hlth, Communicable Dis Sect, Gaborone, Botswana. RP Tappero, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd MS C09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 45 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 3 IS 1 BP 23 EP 30 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 175WY UT WOS:000079119900005 PM 10094166 ER PT J AU Scholten, JN Fujiwara, PI Frieden, TR AF Scholten, JN Fujiwara, PI Frieden, TR TI Prevalence and factors associated with tuberculosis infection among new school entrants, New York City, 1991-1993 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; tuberculin skin testing; school children; annual risk of infection; BCG vaccination ID BACILLUS-CALMETTE-GUERIN; SKIN-TEST; VACCINATED SUBJECTS; UNITED-STATES; SENSITIVITY; REACTIVITY AB SETTING: New York City public (or state-run) and private schools-elementary and secondary. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and determine factors associated with positive tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) in school children. DESIGN: Mandatory TST surveys among cohorts of new school entrants for the 1991, 1992 and 1993 school years, of whom birthplace was known for 81%. A positive tuberculin skin test defined as greater than or equal to 10 mm induration. RESULTS: Of the 298 506 new school entrants, 2.1% (6326) were tuberculin test positive. The proportion that was tuberculin test positive was 0.5% (931/199 728) among US-born and 9.2% (3794/41 346) among foreign-born students. Foreign-born (FB) students with a history of BCG vaccination were much more likely to have a positive tuberculin test than US-born students (13.6% vs. 0.5%, odds ratio [OR] = 33.6, 95% confidence interval [CT] 31.7, 35.6), and were more likely to have a positive tuberculin test than FB students with no history of BCG (13.6% vs. 4.4%, OR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.5, 4.6). Older age was independently associated with tuberculin test positivity, except among foreign-born BCG-vaccinated children, in whom the youngest were more likely to have a positive tuberculin test. CONCLUSIONS: Even in the midst of a tuberculosis resurgence such as that experienced by New York City, where tuberculosis cases nearly tripled from 1978 to 1992, the risk of tuberculosis infection among school children remained quite low. Given the reduced predictive value of the tuberculin test among low risk children and the effects of BCG vaccination, many children (especially younger children) with positive tuberculin test results are probably not infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To reduce unnecessary evaluation and treatment, routine tuberculin tests should be administered only to high risk groups such as older children from countries with high rates of tuberculosis. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fujiwara, PI (reprint author), 125 Worth St,Rm 214,Box 74, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 41 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 3 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 PG 11 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 175WY UT WOS:000079119900006 PM 10094167 ER PT J AU Lan, NTN Wells, CD Binkin, NJ Becerra, JE Linh, PD Co, NV AF Lan, NTN Wells, CD Binkin, NJ Becerra, JE Linh, PD Co, NV TI Quality control of smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli: the case for blinded re-reading SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; acid-fast bacillus; microscopy; quality control; Vietnam AB SETTING: Quality control of sputum smear microscopy, which is essential for ensuring correct tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, is often performed through the unblinded rereading of all positive slides and a sample of negative slides. OBJECTIVE: To assess misclassification error introduced by knowledge of prior results. METHODS: The Southern Vietnam Regional TB Laboratory prepared three gold-standard sets of 750 slides: an unblinded set, an unblinded set in which 13% of negative slides were replaced by weakly positive slides purposefully mislabelled as negative, and a blinded set. Six provincial technicians who normally perform district quality control each reread 125 slides from each set. RESULTS: In the three sets only one negative slide was misread as positive. In the unblinded set (referent), 2.9% (9/311) positive slides were misread as negative, compared with 18.7% (57/305) in the blinded set (prevalence ratio [PR] = 6.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-12.8; P < 0.001), and 11.3% (33/293) in the unblinded set with mislabelled slides (PR = 3.9; 95% CI 1.9-8.0; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: False-negative error was more common than false-positive error. Knowledge of prior reading influences re-reading. Blinded re-reading of systematically selected slides would appear preferable, although this method requires high levels of proficiency among quality control technicians. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Pham Ngoc Thach TB & Lung Dis Ctr, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Natl Inst TB & Resp Dis, Hanoi, Vietnam. RP Binkin, NJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSE10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Becerra, Jose/C-4071-2014 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 3 IS 1 BP 55 EP 61 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 175WY UT WOS:000079119900009 PM 10094170 ER PT J AU Tanuri, A Swanson, T Devare, S Berro, OJ Savedra, A Costa, LJ Telles, JG Brindeiro, R Schable, C Pieniazek, D Rayfield, M AF Tanuri, A Swanson, T Devare, S Berro, OJ Savedra, A Costa, LJ Telles, JG Brindeiro, R Schable, C Pieniazek, D Rayfield, M TI HIV-1 subtypes among blood donors from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV-1 subtypes; Brazil; volunteer blood donors ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; V3 REGION; RECOMBINANT; IDENTIFICATION; THAILAND; GENES AB The prevalence of HIV infection in Brazil is one of the highest in the world. In addition, transfusion-transmitted HIV accounts for 2.3% of all AIDS cases in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity and distribution of HIV-1 strains circulating in the blood-donor population. We characterized 43 seropositive blood units collected from volunteer blood donors residing throughout Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma, reverse transcribed, and amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using HIV group M degenerate primers. Genetic heterogeneity was evaluated by direct automated cycle sequencing of the following gene fragments: gag p24 (399 bp), env C2V3 (345 bp), and env gp41 (369 bp). Phylogenetic analysis reflected the complexity of the Brazilian HIV epidemic: the majority of specimens, 33 of 43 (76.7%) were subtype B, and 6 of 43 (14%) were subtype F. The remaining 4 samples (9.3%) involved potential mosaic viruses of subtypes B and F or B and D. This survey is the first to document HIV-1 genetic variation in the Brazilian blood-donor population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biol, Dept Genet, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Abbott Labs, Abbott Diagnost Div, AIDS Res & Retroviral Discovery, N Chicago, IL USA. Secretaria Saude Estado, Inst Noel Nutel, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP Rayfield, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Mail Stop G-15,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mar3@cdc.gov RI Costa, Luciana/B-7878-2013 NR 14 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 60 EP 66 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 157UA UT WOS:000078079000009 PM 9928731 ER PT J AU Des Jarlais, DC Friedman, SR Perlis, T Chapman, TF Sotheran, JL Paone, D Monterroso, E Neaigus, A AF Des Jarlais, DC Friedman, SR Perlis, T Chapman, TF Sotheran, JL Paone, D Monterroso, E Neaigus, A TI Risk behavior and HIV infection among new drug injectors in the era of AIDS in New York City SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE substance abuse; injecting drug use; new injectors; HIV; AIDS; epidemiology; New York City ID HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY; USERS; PREVALENCE AB Objective: To examine HIV risk behavior and HIV infection among new initiates into illicit drug injection in New York City. Design and Methods: Cross-sectional surveys of injecting drug users (IDUs) recruited from a large detoxification treatment program (n = 2489) and a street store-front research site (n = 2630) in New York City from 1990 through 1996. Interviews covering demographics, drug use history, and HIV risk behavior were administered; serum samples were collected for HIV testing. Subjects were categorized into two groups of newer injectors: very recent initiates (just began injecting through 3 years) and recent initiates (injecting 4-6 years); and long-term injectors (injecting greater than or equal to 7 years). Results: 954 of 5119 (19%) of the study subjects were newer injectors, essentially all of whom had begun injecting after knowledge about AIDS was widespread among IDUs in the city. New injectors were more likely to be female and white than long-term injectors, and new injectors were more likely to have begun injecting at an older age (median age at first injection for very recent initiates, 27 years; median age at first injection for recent initiates, 25 years; compared with median age at first injection for long-term injectors, 17 years). The newer injectors generally matched the long-term injectors in frequencies of HIV risk behavior; no significant differences were found among these groups on four measures of injection risk behavior. HIV infection was substantial among the newer injectors: HIV prevalence was 11% among the very recent initiates and 18% among the recent initiates. Among the new injectors, African Americans, Hispanics, females, and men who engaged in male-male sex were more likely to be infected. Conclusions: The new injectors appear to have adopted the reduced risk injection practices of long-term injectors in the city. HIV infection among new injectors, however, must still be considered a considerable public health problem in New York City. C1 Beth Israel Med Ctr, New York, NY 10003 USA. Natl Res & Dev Inst, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Des Jarlais, DC (reprint author), Beth Israel Med Ctr, 1st Ave & 16th St, New York, NY 10003 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA 03574]; PHS HHS [464CCU209685] NR 25 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 67 EP 72 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 157UA UT WOS:000078079000010 PM 9928732 ER PT J AU Horn, K Williams, J Hungerford, D Gao, X Helmkamp, J Furbee, M Manley, B AF Horn, K Williams, J Hungerford, D Gao, X Helmkamp, J Furbee, M Manley, B TI Conjoint alcohol and tobacco use: An opportunity for dual intervention? SO JOURNAL OF ADDICTIVE DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 W Virginia Univ, Sch Med, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1055-0887 J9 J ADDICT DIS JI J. Addict. Dis. PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 MA 1A BP 141 EP 141 PG 1 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 273ZL UT WOS:000084739200013 ER PT J AU Klein, RS Flanigan, T Schuman, P Smith, D Vlahov, D AF Klein, RS Flanigan, T Schuman, P Smith, D Vlahov, D CA HIV Epidemiologic Res Study Grp TI Criteria for assessing cutaneous anergy in women with or at risk for HIV infection SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anergy; cellular immunity; delayed hypersensitivity; skin tests ID DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; SKIN-TEST ANERGY; DRUG-USERS; TUBERCULIN; PROGRESSION; PLASMA; AIDS; RNA AB Background: Controversy exists about both the clinical utility of anergy testing and the optimal criteria for defining anergy. Objective: We sought to assess various definitions of cutaneous anergy for ability to distinguish HIV status, level of immunodeficiency, and ability to mount a tuberculin reaction among women with or at risk for HIV infection. Methods: HIV-seropositive (n = 721) and HIV-seronegative (n = 358) at-risk women at academic medical centers in Baltimore, Detroit, New York, and Providence had cutaneous testing with mumps, Candida, tetanus toroid, and tuberculin antigens. Associations with HIV status and CD4+ lymphocyte levels mere analyzed. Results: Candida, mumps, and tetanus antigens alone or in combination elicited reactions significantly less often in HIV-seropositive than in HIV-seronegative women and less often in seropositive women with lower CD4+ counts, regardless of induration cutpoint chosen to define a positive reaction. The best antigen combinations far distinguishing groups included tetanus and mumps. Some women nonreactive to the 3 antigens ("anergic") had positive tuberculin reactions among both seropositive subjects (range, 1.1% to 2.9% depending on induration cutpoint for defining anergy) and seronegative subjects (range, 8.9% to 14%). Conclusion: Absence of reactions to Candida, mumps, and tetanus antigens alone or in combination and at any induration cutpoint is associated with HIV status and with CD4+ level. Combinations, including tetanus and mumps antigens with an induration cutpoint of less than 2 mm, mag be the best for defining anergy. C1 Montefiore Med Ctr, AIDS Res Program, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Miriam Hosp, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Providence, RI 02906 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Klein, RS (reprint author), Montefiore Med Ctr, AIDS Res Program, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU106795, U64/CCU206798, U64/CCU306802] NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 93 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70531-2 PN 1 PG 6 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 158JM UT WOS:000078112300015 PM 9893191 ER PT J AU Biagini, RE Krieg, EF Sharpnack, DD Murphy, DM MacKenzie, BA Robertson, SA Hamilton, RG AF Biagini, RE Krieg, EF Sharpnack, DD Murphy, DM MacKenzie, BA Robertson, SA Hamilton, RG TI Performance of FDA-cleared serologic assays for latex-specific IgE antibody. SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, DHHS, PHS, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 SU S MA 475 BP S124 EP S124 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 165FC UT WOS:000078509000480 ER PT J AU Najam, AR Korver, MP Williams, CC Burse, VW Needham, LL AF Najam, AR Korver, MP Williams, CC Burse, VW Needham, LL TI Analysis of a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in human serum by column fractionation and dual-column capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE; BLOOD AB An analytical method is presented for precise identification and quantitation of 29 specific polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 15 chlorinated pesticides in human serum. Analyte surrogates PCB 30, PCB 204, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromo-biphenyl, perthane, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, and dichlorobenzophenone were added to each sample. The serum was extracted with an organic solvent and separated by adsorption chromatography into 3 elution fractions for high-resolution gas chromatographic analysis. Each fraction was analyzed by dual-column capillary chromatography followed by electron capture detection. Two capillary columns, DB-5 and DB-170l,with different polarities were used to increase selectivity for each analyte. Quantitation was performed by selecting 2 sets of calibration standard mixtures and 1,2-dichloronaphthalene as an internal standard. Mean recoveries ranged from 39 to 126% for selected analytes and from 31 to 88% for surrogates. Detection limits for specific congeners and pesticides are reported. Typical chromatographic profiles of calibration standard mixtures, as well as a human sample, are illustrated. Verification of each analyte is assessed, and results of analyses of selected human samples and quality control criteria used to ensure data validity also are presented. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Toxicol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Najam, AR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Toxicol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 11 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 177 EP 185 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 165KA UT WOS:000078518900026 PM 10028686 ER PT J AU Comer, JA Nicholson, WL Sumner, JW Olson, JG Childs, JE AF Comer, JA Nicholson, WL Sumner, JW Olson, JG Childs, JE TI Diagnosis of human ehrlichiosis by PCR assay of acute-phase serum SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; UNITED-STATES; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AB A PCR assay of 43 acute-phase serum samples was evaluated as a method for early detection of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) and determination of etiology when serologic testing is inconclusive. Sequence-confirmed products of the HGF agent were amplified from three individuals residing or having exposure history in Minnesota or Wisconsin, and similarly confirmed products from Ehrlichia chaffeensis were amplified from three individuals from Florida or Maryland. Etiology, as determined by PCR and serology, was the same whenever there was a fourfold difference between the maximum titers of antibodies to both antigens, indicating that presumptive determination of etiology may be based on fourfold differences in titers. PCR testing determined that E, chaffeensis was the etiologic agent for one individual who had similar titers of antibodies to both agents. PCR assay of acute-phase serum in the absence of whole blood specimens may be a useful method for early detection of human ehrlichiosis and determination of etiology when serologic testing is inconclusive. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Dept HHS,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Comer, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Dept HHS,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jnc0@cdc.gov RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 17 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 31 EP 34 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 149CQ UT WOS:000077587900006 PM 9854059 ER PT J AU Shin, JH Nolte, FS Holloway, BP Morrison, CJ AF Shin, JH Nolte, FS Holloway, BP Morrison, CJ TI Rapid identification of up to three Candida species in a single reaction tube by a 5 ' exonuclease assay using fluorescent DNA probes SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BLOOD CULTURES; PCR; FLUCONAZOLE; AMPLIFICATION; PATHOGENS; ALBICANS; FUNGI; GENE AB We used fungus-specific PCR primers and species-specific DNA probes to detect up to three Candida species in a single reaction tube by exploiting the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of Tag DNA polymerase. Probes to the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene were labeled at the 5' end with one of three fluorescent reporter dyes, 6-carboxy-fluorescein (FAM), tetrachloro-6-carboxy-fluorescein (TET), or hexachloro-6-carboxy-fluorescein (HEX), and at the 3' end with a quencher dye, 6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine. During PCR amplification, each reporter dye emits a characteristic wavelength as it is cleaved from its specific target DNA and from the quencher dye. Therefore, signals from up to three probes can be detected simultaneously during the PCR assay. Six probes were designed for use in this study: CA-FAM, CT TET, and CP-HEX were added to one tube to simultaneously detect the typically fluconazole-sensitive species C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, respectively. CC-PAM and CK-TET were added to a second tube to simultaneously detect the typically more innately fluconazole-resistant species C. glabrata and C. krusei, respectively. AII-CAN-TET, a Candida genus probe,pas added to a third tube to detect DNAs from all Candida species tested. DNAs recovered from 61 blood culture bottles, including 23 positive for C. albicans, 18 positive for C. glabrata, 6 positive for C. tropicalis, 6 positive for C. krusei, 5 positive for C. parapsilosis, and 3 positive for mixed fungemias, were tested. Control samples included those from blood culture bottles with no growth (n = 10) or from patients with confirmed bacteremia (n = 10). Probes detected and correctly identified the organisms in 58 of 61 specimens (95.1%) and gave no false-positive results. This method is simple and rapid and does not require post-PCR hybridization and incubation steps. It is sensitive and specific for the detection and identification of Candida species from blood culture bottles, including those containing mixtures of Candida species, and should facilitate an earlier specific diagnosis, leading to more appropriately targeted antifungal drug therapy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Sci Resources Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Chonnam Univ, Sch Med, Dept Clin Pathol, Kwangju 501190, South Korea. Emory Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Morrison, CJ (reprint author), CDC, Mailstop G-11,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cjm3@cdc.gov NR 33 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 165 EP 170 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 149CQ UT WOS:000077587900031 PM 9854084 ER PT J AU Petrovec, M Sumner, JW Nicholson, WL Childs, JE Strle, F Barlic, J Lotric-Furlan, S Zupanc, TA AF Petrovec, M Sumner, JW Nicholson, WL Childs, JE Strle, F Barlic, J Lotric-Furlan, S Zupanc, TA TI Identity of ehrlichial DNA sequences derived from Ixodes ricinus ticks with those obtained from patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Slovenia SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHAGOCYTOPHILA AB Adult Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks collected near Ljubljana, Slovenia, were tested for the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) by using PCR assays based on the 16S rRNA gene. Three (3.2%) of 93 ticks were found to contain granulocytic ehrlichiae. Nucleotide sequences of portions of the bacterial groESL heat shock operon amplified from these ticks were identical or nearly (99.8%) identical to those previously determined for human patients with HGE from Slovenia, providing additional evidence that the ticks were infected with the HGE agent. This study identified I. ricinus as the likely vector for these ehrlichial pathogens of humans in this part of Europe. C1 Univ Ljubljana, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Fac Med, Ljubljana 1105, Slovenia. Univ Ljubljana, Med Ctr, Dept Infect Dis, Ljubljana 61000, Slovenia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Petrovec, M (reprint author), Univ Ljubljana, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Fac Med, Zaloska 4, Ljubljana 1105, Slovenia. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 14 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 209 EP 210 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 149CQ UT WOS:000077587900040 PM 9854093 ER PT J AU Elliott, JA Facklam, RR Nathan, C Weinstein, RA Kauffmann, L McAllister, J Stadnik, P AF Elliott, JA Facklam, RR Nathan, C Weinstein, RA Kauffmann, L McAllister, J Stadnik, P TI Coisolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from middle ear fluid and sputum: Effect on MIC results SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cook Cty Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Med Coll, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. SmithKline Beecham, Clin Labs, Dept Infect Dis, Norristown, PA 19403 USA. RP Elliott, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 277 EP 277 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 149CQ UT WOS:000077587900063 PM 9988593 ER PT J AU Sabouraud, A Smith, JS Orciari, LA de Mattos, C de Mattos, C Rohde, R AF Sabouraud, A Smith, JS Orciari, LA de Mattos, C de Mattos, C Rohde, R TI Typing of rabies virus isolates by DNA enzyme immunoassay SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE rabies virus; RT-PCR; molecular epidemiology; RNA sequence; hybridization; probe ID UNITED-STATES; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; PCR PRODUCTS; SURVEILLANCE AB Background: Alternatives to antigenic typing are needed for epidemiologic surveys of the rabies virus associated with translocated coyotes and foxes, especially in areas where a closely related rabies virus is transmitted by striped skunks. Objectives: We developed and evaluated two enzyme based typing methods for rabies virus. The products of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) of the nucleoprotein gene were hybridized to type specific probes and detected by enzyme assay after immobilization on microtiter plates. Study design: We tested RT/PCR products of 27 rabies isolates by two different DNA enzyme immunoassays (DEIA) and evaluated the quality of the results from the corresponding nucleotide sequence of the samples. Results: Using a set of two probes, one of the DEIAs correctly identified 26/27 samples as variants of rabies virus associated with either skunks, foxes, or coyotes. The identity of one fox rabies sample was unresolved by this assay. The second DEIA correctly identified 24/27 samples as variants of rabies virus associated with either skunks, foxes, or coyotes. This assay did not resolve the identity of two fox rabies samples, and misidentified one fox rabies sample as a skunk rabies sample. Conclusions: DEIA can be used for epidemiologic studies of variants of rabies virus associated with skunks, foxes, and coyotes. Both DEIA methods were effective when typing probes recognized changes at a minimum of two nucleotide positions between variants, but only one assay method was sufficiently stringent to detect a single base pair mismatch. The inherent mutability of RNA viruses must be considered when designing and evaluating typing methods. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Lab, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Zoonosis Control Div, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Smith, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Lab, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS G-33, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6532 J9 J CLIN VIROL JI J. Clin. Virol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S1386-6532(98)00006-7 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 168NT UT WOS:000078699700003 PM 10073409 ER PT J AU Kolbe, LJ Talley, RC Short, RJ AF Kolbe, LJ Talley, RC Short, RJ TI Integrating education, health, and social services for young people: Current status and future directions SO JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTATION LA English DT Article ID IMPROVE AB The preceding articles that comprise this special issue of the Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation have portrayed the need to integrate education, health, and social services for young people more effectively; the principles and processes of integrating such services; and the existing barriers and opportunities. This concluding article briefly summarizes the preceding articles in sequence, highlights some recent national developments and resources, and explores means that might be used to improve services integration in the future. C1 US Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ctr Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Louisville, Ohio Valley Educ Cooperat, Partnership School Improvement, Louisville, KY USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kolbe, LJ (reprint author), US Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1047-4412 J9 J EDUC PSYCHOL CONS JI J. Educ. Psychol. Consult. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 3 BP 297 EP 313 DI 10.1207/s1532768xjepc1003_8 PG 17 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 241WY UT WOS:000082907900008 ER PT J AU Yu, YM Black, JB Goldsmith, CS Browning, PJ Bhalla, K Offermann, MK AF Yu, YM Black, JB Goldsmith, CS Browning, PJ Bhalla, K Offermann, MK TI Induction of human herpesvirus-8 DNA replication and transcription by butyrate and TPA in BCBL-1 cells SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS; EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; BCL-2 HOMOLOG; SEQUENCES; ESTABLISHMENT; LATENCY; LINES; AGENT; GENES AB Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is a gammaherpesvirus that is present primarily in a state of low level persistence in primary effusion lymphoma cell lines. Using BCBL-1 cells that harbour HHV-8 but lack Epstein-Barr virus, we demonstrate that sodium butyrate is much more effective than the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at inducing high levels of class II and III virus transcription and viral DNA replication, but also initiates apoptosis. Apoptosis occurs prior to assembly of virions when high concentrations of butyrate (1-3 mM) are used, whereas reduction of butyrate concentration to 0.3 mM decreases the rate of apoptosis and results in production and secretion of enveloped virions that are visualized at high number by electron microscopy in approximately 20% of BCBL-1 cells. Butyrate induces much higher levels of multiple class II and class III transcripts than does TPA, including v-MIP I, v-IL-6, v-Bcl-2, vGPCR and ORF26, A decrease in concentration of butyrate from 3 to 0.3 mM delays the peak induction of these genes, but peak levels remain higher than peak levels in response to TPA, These studies indicate that the massive apoptosis induced by 3 mM butyrate could be diminished and delayed by reduction of butyrate concentration to 0.3 mM, thereby allowing expression of high levels of lytic-associated genes and production of high yields of HHV-8 virions. C1 Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Canc Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. Emory Univ, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Offermann, MK (reprint author), Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, 1365-B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA67382]; NIAMS NIH HHS [P30AR42687] NR 23 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 80 BP 83 EP 90 PN 1 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 158UJ UT WOS:000078135200014 PM 9934688 ER PT J AU Alter, MJ AF Alter, MJ TI Hepatitis C virus infection in the United States SO JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis C CY FEB 26-27, 1999 CL PARIS, FRANCE DE epidemiology; hepatitis C; prevention ID NON-B HEPATITIS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HEALTH-CARE PERSONNEL; NON-A; RISK-FACTORS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; TRANSMISSION; SEROPREVALENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States, and most infected persons are younger than 50 years old. The relative importance of the two most common exposures associated with transmission of HCV blood transfusion and intravenous drug use (IVDU), has changed over time. Blood transfusion, which accounted for a substantial proportion of HCV infections acquired >10 years ago, rarely accounts for recently acquired infections. In contrast, IVDU has consistently accounted for a substantial proportion of HCV infections and currently accounts for 60% of HCV transmission while sexual exposures account for up to 20%. Other known exposures (occupational, hemodialysis, household, perinatal) together account for about 10% of infections. In the remaining 10%, no recognized source of infection can be identified, although most persons in this category are associated with low socioeconomic level. Case-control studies have found no association with military service or exposures resulting from medical, surgical or dental procedures, tattooing, acupuncture, ear piercing or foreign travel. Reducing the burden of HCV infection and disease in the United States requires implementation of primary prevention activities that reduce or eliminate HCV transmission and secondary prevention activities that reduce liver and other chronic diseases in HCV-infected persons by identifying them and providing appropriate medical management and antiviral therapy. Surveillance and evaluation activities also are important to determine the effectiveness of these programs in reducing the incidence of disease, identifying persons infected with HCV, and promoting healthy lifestyles and behaviors. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alter, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Mailstop G37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 164 Z9 169 U1 2 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0168-8278 J9 J HEPATOL JI J. Hepatol. PY 1999 VL 31 SU 1 BP 88 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80381-X PG 4 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 278HU UT WOS:000084983900016 PM 10622567 ER PT J AU Han, LL Alexander, JP Anderson, LJ AF Han, LL Alexander, JP Anderson, LJ TI Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia among the elderly: An assessment of disease burden SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NURSING-HOME; INFECTION; INFLUENZA; ADULTS; OUTBREAK; TRACT; COMMUNITY; EPIDEMIC; ILLNESS; PEOPLE AB Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract disease among the elderly, but national estimates of the burden of this disease have not been made. To estimate the morbidity, mortality, and medical costs of RSV-associated pneumonia among US elderly, national hospital discharge data, vital statistics, etiologic studies of adult pneumonia hospitalizations, and Medicare cost data were reviewed. Ln the United States, 687,000 hospitalizations and 74,000 deaths caused by pneumonia occur annually among the elderly; similar to 2%-9% of these are caused by RSV, At a cost of $11,000 per RSV pneumonia hospitalization, the estimated annual cost of RSV pneumonia hospitalizations is $150-$680 million. Exacerbations of congestive heart failure and other chronic conditions may also contribute substantially to RSV disease burden among the elderly. The total RSV disease burden is probably great enough to justify development of an RSV vaccine for use in this group. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Han, LL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop A-34,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 176 Z9 177 U1 1 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 179 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.1086/314567 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 151MW UT WOS:000077725000004 PM 9841818 ER PT J AU De Serres, G Cromeans, TL Levesque, B Brassard, N Barthe, C Dionne, M Prud'homme, H Paradis, D Shapiro, CN Nainan, OV Margolis, HS AF De Serres, G Cromeans, TL Levesque, B Brassard, N Barthe, C Dionne, M Prud'homme, H Paradis, D Shapiro, CN Nainan, OV Margolis, HS TI Molecular confirmation of hepatitis A virus from well water: Epidemiology and public health implications SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 96th Annual General Meeting of the American-Society-for-Microbiology CY MAY 19-24, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID SURFACE MICROBIAL-CONTAMINATION; A VIRUS; DRINKING-WATER; NATURAL PROTECTION; WASTE-WATER; OUTBREAK; SURVIVAL; GASTROENTERITIS; GROUNDWATER; PARAMETERS AB An outbreak of hepatitis A in a rural river-island community was found to be associated with consumption of contaminated well water, Specimens from case-patients, the implicated well, and a cesspool suspected to be the source of contamination were all positive for hepatitis 4 virus (HAV) RNA by immunocapture reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were identical over about 400 bases from two capsid-encoding regions of the genome, identifying the chain of transmission. Other wells up to 60 m from the cesspool also contained HAV RNA. In addition, HAV RNA was detected in the contamination source well 6 months after the initial contamination, when fecal coliform bacteria were no longer present. These findings demonstrate the utility of viral detection techniques to evaluate contaminated ground water. C1 Univ Laval, Ctr Sante Publ Quebec, Dept Med Sociale & Prevent, Fac Med, Quebec City, PQ G1E 7G9, Canada. Minist Environm & Faune, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP De Serres, G (reprint author), Univ Laval, Ctr Sante Publ Quebec, Dept Med Sociale & Prevent, Fac Med, 2400 Estimauville, Quebec City, PQ G1E 7G9, Canada. EM gdeserres@cspq.qc.ca NR 30 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 179 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1086/314565 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 151MW UT WOS:000077725000006 PM 9841820 ER PT J AU Kuhn, L Steketee, RW Weedon, J Abrams, EJ Lambert, G Bamji, M Schoenbaum, E Farley, J Nesheim, SR Palumbo, P Simonds, RJ Thea, DM AF Kuhn, L Steketee, RW Weedon, J Abrams, EJ Lambert, G Bamji, M Schoenbaum, E Farley, J Nesheim, SR Palumbo, P Simonds, RJ Thea, DM CA Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study TI Distinct risk factors for intrauterine and intrapartum human immunodeficiency virus transmission and consequences for disease progression in infected children SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections CY FEB 01-05, 1998 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MOTHER-TO-CHILD; VITAMIN-A-DEFICIENCY; HIV-1 TRANSMISSION; NEONATAL-PERIOD; TYPE-1; INFANTS; BIRTH; REPLICATION; ASSOCIATION AB Predictors and prognosis of intrauterine and intrapartum human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission were investigated among 432 children of HIV-infected women in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study. Timing of transmission was inferred from polymerase chain reaction or viral culture within 2 days of birth, Proportions of infections due to intrauterine transmission were similar among women using (29%) or not using zidovudine (30%). Preterm delivery was strongly associated with intrapartum transmission (relative risk, 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-6.1), particularly among infants delivered longer after membrane rupture, but was not associated with intrauterine transmission, Progression to AIDS or death increased 2.5-fold (95% CI, 1.1-5.8) among intrauterine infected children, adjusting for preterm delivery, and maternal CD4 cell count, Early transmission appears unlikely to explain instances of zidovudine failure. Preterm infants may be more vulnerable to HIV acquisition at delivery, especially if membrane rupture is prolonged. Intrauterine infection does not appear to increase risk of preterm delivery. C1 Columbia Univ, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, Med & Hlth Res Assoc Inc, Harlem Hosp Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA. Metropolitan Hosp Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USA. Lebanon Hosp, Bronx, NY USA. Montifore Hosp, Bronx, NY USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Kuhn, L (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, Med & Hlth Res Assoc Inc, Harlem Hosp Ctr, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. EM lk24@columbia.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD039611-01, R01 HD039611] NR 32 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 179 IS 1 BP 52 EP 58 DI 10.1086/314551 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 151MW UT WOS:000077725000008 PM 9841822 ER PT J AU Galil, K Singleton, R Levine, OS Fitzgerald, MA Bulkow, L Getty, M Perkins, BA Parkinson, A AF Galil, K Singleton, R Levine, OS Fitzgerald, MA Bulkow, L Getty, M Perkins, BA Parkinson, A TI Reemergence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in a well-vaccinated population in remote Alaska SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID HEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; CONJUGATE VACCINE; OROPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; CHILDREN; INFANTS; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOGENICITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; COLONIZATION; EFFICACY AB Before vaccination, Alaska Natives experienced very high rates of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease and carriage. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine PRP-OMP (polyribosylribitol phosphate Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein) began in 1991 and resulted in a sharp decline in cases. In 1996, after switching to a different Hib conjugate vaccine, DTP-HbOC (which combines diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccines with HbOC [Hib oligosaccharide CRM197]), cases of invasive Hib disease increased, suggesting ongoing Hib transmission despite widespread vaccination. To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for carriage, a cross-sectional study of oropharyngeal Hib carriage was conducted among Alaska Native children aged 1-5 years in remote southwestern Alaska. Of 496 children with swabs taken, 46 (9.3%) were colonized with Hib, Carriage rates varied by village from 2.2% to 13.2% and by age from 6.1% in 1-year-olds to 14.7% in 5-year-olds. Crowding was associated with Hib carriage. Widespread vaccination with PRP-OMP Hib conjugate-vaccine did not eliminate carriage in this population of Alaska Natives, and ongoing carriage contributed to disease resurgence. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Galil, K (reprint author), CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E61,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 93 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 179 IS 1 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1086/314569 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 151MW UT WOS:000077725000014 PM 9841828 ER PT J AU Han, LL Popovici, F Alexander, JP Laurentia, V Tengelsen, LA Cernescu, C Gary, HE Ion-Nedelcu, N Campbell, GL Tsai, TF AF Han, LL Popovici, F Alexander, JP Laurentia, V Tengelsen, LA Cernescu, C Gary, HE Ion-Nedelcu, N Campbell, GL Tsai, TF TI Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer AB In 1996, an epidemic of 393 cases of laboratory-confirmed West Nile meningoencephalitis occurred in southeast Romania, with widespread subclinical human infection, Two case-control studies were performed to identify risk factors for acquiring infection and for developing clinical meningoencephalitis after infection. Mosquitoes in the home were associated with infection (reported by 37 [97%] of 38 asymptomatically seropositive persons compared with 36 [72%] of 50 seronegative controls, P < .01) and, among apartment dwellers, flooded basements were a risk factor (reported by 15 [63%] of 24 seropositive persons vs. 11 [30%] of 37 seronegative controls, P = .01). Meningoencephalitis was not associated with hypertension or other underlying medical conditions but was associated with spending more time outdoors (meningoencephalitis patients and asymptomatically seropositive persons spent 8.0 and 3.5 h [medians] outdoors daily, respectively, P<.01). Disease prevention efforts should focus on eliminating peridomestic mosquito breeding sites and reducing peridomestic mosquito exposure. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Publ Hlth Inspectorate Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. Minist Hlth, Bucharest, Romania. Inst Virol, Bucharest, Romania. RP Campbell, GL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Mailstop P-02, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 11 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 179 IS 1 BP 230 EP 233 DI 10.1086/314566 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 151MW UT WOS:000077725000030 PM 9841844 ER PT J AU Othoro, C Lal, AA Nahlen, B Koech, D Orago, ASS Udhayakumar, V AF Othoro, C Lal, AA Nahlen, B Koech, D Orago, ASS Udhayakumar, V TI A low interleukin-10 tumor necrosis factor-alpha ratio is associated with malaria anemia in children residing in a holoendemic malaria region in western Kenya SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene CY DEC 07-11, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Trop Med & Hyg ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; EXPERIMENTAL CEREBRAL MALARIA; SERUM LEVELS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GAMMA; IL-10 AB The balance between Th1 cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interferon [IFN]-gamma) and Th2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-10, -4) may be critical in the development of severe falciparum malaria. Therefore, plasma concentrations of these cytokines were determined in children with various manifestations of malaria. Plasma levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 were undetectable in most children. However, TNF-alpha and IL-10 were significantly elevated in children with high-density parasitemia and malaria anemia compared with children in control groups. In children with mild malaria, IL-10, but not TNF-alpha, was significantly elevated. While the highest concentrations of TNF-alpha were found in children with malaria anemia, IL-10 levels were highest in children with high-density uncomplicated malaria. The mean ratio of IL-10 to TNF-alpha was significantly higher in children with mild and high-density parasitemia (4.64, P < .005) than in children with malaria anemia (1.77), Thus, higher levels of IL-10 over TNF-alpha may prevent development of malaria anemia by controlling the excessive inflammatory activities of TNF-alpha. C1 Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. Kenyatta Univ, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Udhayakumar, V (reprint author), Mail Stop f-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 190 Z9 196 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 179 IS 1 BP 279 EP 282 DI 10.1086/314548 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 151MW UT WOS:000077725000041 PM 9841855 ER PT J AU Harcourt, BH Rota, PA Hummel, KB Bellini, WJ Offermann, MK AF Harcourt, BH Rota, PA Hummel, KB Bellini, WJ Offermann, MK TI Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene expression by measles virus in human umbilical vein endothelial cells SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE cellular adhesion molecules; vaccines; double-stranded RNA; NF-kappa B ID INTERFERON-GAMMA; ICAM-1; AGGREGATION; ADHERENCE; MECHANISM; LIGAND AB The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) by endothelial cells is important for the regulation of adhesion and transendothelial migration of a variety of leukocytes that express the integrins lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and/or Mac-1. Here, we demonstrate strain-specific differences in the ability of measles virus (MV) to induce ICAM-1 expression. The vaccine strain Moraten (Mor) rapidly induced high levels of ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression, whereas the vaccine strain CAM-70 and the Edmonston wild type (Edwt) strain were far less effective, even when th ey were used at very high multiplicities of infection (MOIs). Strain-specific differences in the induction were not a consequence of differences in the ability to infect ECs. Furthermore, induction of ICAM-1 by Mor was not dependent on de novo expression of MV or cellular proteins. Dual-immunofluorescence analysis indicated that there was no association between the expression of either MV nucleocapsid or hemagglutinin protein and the induction of ICAM-1 expression. Some human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that expressed high nucleocapsid protein in response to either Mor or CAM-70 failed to express elevated ICAM-1, whereas some HUVECs that were incubated with Mor expressed high ICAM-1 prior to expression of MV nucleocapsid protein. Strain-specific differences in the ability of Mor and CAM-70 to induce ICAM-1 correlated with their ability to activate the latent transcription factor NF-KB. These studies suggest a preexisting component of MV particles that leads to strain-specific differences in the activation of NF-KB and the induction of ICAM-1 gene expression. J. Med. Virol 57:9-16, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Internal Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enterovirus Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Offermann, MK (reprint author), Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, 1365 B Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM mofferm@emory.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA60345]; NIAMS NIH HHS [P30AR42687] NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199901)57:1<9::AID-JMV2>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 142PX UT WOS:000077210200002 PM 9890416 ER PT J AU Sirimanne, SR Barr, JR Patterson, DG AF Sirimanne, SR Barr, JR Patterson, DG TI Cloud-point extraction and capillary electrochromatography: An approach for the analysis of selected environmental toxicants in spiked human serum SO JOURNAL OF MICROCOLUMN SEPARATIONS LA English DT Article DE cloud-point extraction; human serum; CEC; PAHs; dioxins; phthalates ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PACKED CAPILLARIES; PRECONCENTRATION; EXPOSURE AB The use of cloud-point extraction (CPE) coupled with capillary electrochromatography (CEC) as an approach for the analysis of environmental toxicants in human serum was explored. Human serum samples spiked with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, or phthalates were extracted using Genapol X-080 and 25% NaCl at 46 degrees C for 5 min. The surfactant-rich phase was treated with acetonitrile to remove some of the interfering coextractants and then analyzed by CEC. The analytes within these three groups were well separated via this technique even though the presence of the residual coextractants/surfactant shifted the migration time slightly. The use of CPE-CEC proved to be a viable approach for environmental toxicant analysis. In addition, both CPE and CEC require relatively small amounts of organic solvents compared with conventional sample preparation techniques, and thus are more environmentally friendly. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sirimanne, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-7685 J9 J MICROCOLUMN SEP JI J. Microcolumn Sep. PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 109 EP 116 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-667X(1999)11:2<109::AID-MCS3>3.0.CO;2-V PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 158KD UT WOS:000078113900003 ER PT J AU Hutchins, SS Rosenthal, J Eason, P Swint, E Guerrero, H Hadler, S AF Hutchins, SS Rosenthal, J Eason, P Swint, E Guerrero, H Hadler, S TI Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of linking the special supplemental program for women, infants, and children (WIC) and immunization activities SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; MEASLES; IMPACT AB Objective: To raise immunization coverage among children at risk for underimmunization, we evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of immunization activities in the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). Method: A controlled intervention trial was conducted in seven WIC sites in Chicago between October 1990 and March 1994 At intervention sites, staff screened children for vaccination status at every visit, referred vaccine-eligible children to either an on-site WIC nurse, on-site clinic, or off-site community provider, and issued either a g-month supply of food vouchers to up-to-date children or a I-month supply to children not up-to-date-a usual practice for high-risk WIC children. Our primary measure of effectiveness was the change in the baseline percentage of up-to-date children at the second birthday; cost-effectiveness was approximated for each of the three referral interventions. Results: After one year, up-to-date vaccination coverage increased 23% above baseline for intervention groups and decreased 9% in the control group. After the second year, up-to-date vaccination further increased to 38% above baseline in intervention groups and did not change in the control group. The total cost per additional up-to-date child ranged from $30 for sites referring children off-site to $73 for sites referring children on-site to a nurse. Conclusion: This controlled intervention trial of screening, referral, and a voucher incentive in the WIC program demonstrated a substantial increase in immunization coverage at a low cost. Continuing to design linkages between WIC and immunization programs by building on WIC's access to at-risk populations is worth the investment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Chicago Immunizat Program, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hutchins, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Hutchins, Sonja/0000-0002-7557-1006 NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOURNAL PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY PI S BURLINGTON PA 208 MEADOWOOD DR, S BURLINGTON, VT 05403 USA SN 0197-5897 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH POL JI J. Public Health Policy PY 1999 VL 20 IS 4 BP 408 EP 426 DI 10.2307/3343128 PG 19 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 270XM UT WOS:000084562500003 PM 10643168 ER PT J AU Garrett, DO Jochimsen, E Jarvis, W AF Garrett, DO Jochimsen, E Jarvis, W TI Invasive Aspergillus spp infections in rheumatology patients SO JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aspergillosis; infection; rheumatology ID PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS; CORTICOSTEROID-THERAPY; HOSPITAL CONSTRUCTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Objective. The number of immunocompromised patients in hospitals has increased, resulting in a concomitant increase in the number of Aspergillus spp infections, with an exceedingly high death rate. From January 1995 through June 1996, 7 patients acquired invasive aspergillosis at a Maryland hospital (Hospital A). No cases had been detected in 1994. Methods. To determine risk factors for infection, we conducted a case-control study and an environmental evaluation. A case was defined as histopathologic evidence of invasive Aspergillus spp infection in any Hospital A patient admitted from January 1994 through July 1996. Results. Of 7 case patients identified, 5 were rheumatology patients hospitalized on 2 wards. Rheumatology case patients were more likely than randomly selected rheumatology patients without invasive Aspergillus spp infection (controls) to die (p = 0.004), to have longer hospitalization both in current (p = 0.008) and prior (p = 0.001) admissions, to receive high doses of intravenous immunosuppressive agents (p = 0.03). or to receive immunosuppressive agents for a longer period of time (p = 0.001). The environmental evaluation showed that construction areas were neither sealed off from patient care areas nor under negative pressure relative to patient-care areas. The air flow from patients' rooms was not positive in relation to the hallway and had only 1.6 air changes per hour. Conclusion. This investigation suggests that rheumatology patients, particularly those receiving high dose intravenous immunosuppressive agents, are at increased risk of invasive Aspergillus spp infection. A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of nosocomial aspergillosis should be maintained in these patients and, when hospitalized, they should be assigned to rooms removed from or physically separated from construction activity. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Garrett, DO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop E69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU J RHEUMATOL PUBL CO PI TORONTO PA 920 YONGE ST, SUITE 115, TORONTO, ONTARIO M4W 3C7, CANADA SN 0315-162X J9 J RHEUMATOL JI J. Rheumatol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 26 IS 1 BP 146 EP 149 PG 4 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 155CC UT WOS:000077927500025 PM 9918256 ER PT J AU Bjoersdorff, A Svendenius, L Owens, JH Massung, RF AF Bjoersdorff, A Svendenius, L Owens, JH Massung, RF TI Feline granulocytic ehrlichiosis - a report of a new clinical entity and characterisation of the infectious agent SO JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; EQUINE EHRLICHIOSIS; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; DOGS; CATS; IDENTIFICATION; PHAGOCYTOPHILA; DISEASE; SWEDEN AB A 14-month-old shorthaired cat was presented to the Animal Hospital in Skara, Sweden, with a two-day history of lethargy, anorexia and tachypnoea. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations revealed fever, dehydration, tick infestation, neutrophilia with left shift, lymphopenia, hyperglycaemia and intracytoplasmic neutrophilic Ehrlichia inclusions. After treatment with intravenous doxycycline and lactated Ringer's solution the temperature returned to normal, Oral treatment with doxycycline continued for 20 days, The ehrlichiosis diagnosis was confirmed by serology, polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing, No relapse was observed during the eight-month follow-up period. The granulocytotropic Ehrlichia strain found in the cat was later characterised by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence which showed 100 per cent identity to DNA sequences found in Swedish canine and equine granulocytotropic Ehrlichia strains. This is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first reported case of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a cat. C1 Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Kalmar, Sweden. Univ Lund, Dept Med Microbiol, Lund, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Skara Anim Hosp, Skara, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bjoersdorff, A (reprint author), Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Kalmar, Sweden. NR 36 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 7 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0022-4510 J9 J SMALL ANIM PRACT JI J. Small Anim. Pract. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 20 EP 24 DI 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03249.x PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 160JF UT WOS:000078226300005 PM 10092038 ER PT J AU Serdula, MK Mokdad, AH Byers, T Siegel, PZ AF Serdula, MK Mokdad, AH Byers, T Siegel, PZ TI Assessing alcohol consumption: Beverage-specific versus grouped-beverage questions SO JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL LA English DT Article AB Objective: The quantity-frequency method is commonly used to measure alcohol intake in large surveys. Because of time and space constraints, questionnaires are often shortened by combining questions on all types of alcohol into a single question. We investigated the effect of this practice using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Method: we examined data collected from 213,842 respondents to surveys conducted by 32 states and the District of Columbia participating in the years 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1990. The 1987 and 1988 surveys asked questions about respondents' frequency and level of intake of specific alcohol-containing beverages. The 1989 and 1990 surveys asked about the frequency and quantity of intake of alcohol-containing beverages by combining all beverages into a single group. Results: Among drinkers, the mean number of drinks per month was higher for those who were asked beverage-specific questions than for those who were asked grouped-beverage questions (men: 37.0 vs 29.6; women: 17.0 vs 13.9). Conclusion: Caution must be used in comparing level of alcohol intake from surveys in which beverages are not grouped identically. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Chron Dis Prevent Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Serdula, MK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Chron Dis Prevent Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALCOHOL RES DOCUMENTATION INC CENT ALCOHOL STUD RUTGERS UNIV PI PISCATAWAY PA C/O DEIRDRE ENGLISH, 607 ALLISON RD, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854-8001 USA SN 0096-882X J9 J STUD ALCOHOL JI J. Stud. Alcohol PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1 BP 99 EP 102 PG 4 WC Substance Abuse; Psychology SC Substance Abuse; Psychology GA 146ZT UT WOS:000077464300012 PM 10096314 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Miller, DR Rogers, JD Bewerse, B AF Hall, HI Miller, DR Rogers, JD Bewerse, B TI Update on the incidence and mortality from melanoma in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT-MELANOMA; SKIN-CANCER; ANATOMIC SITE; TRENDS; RISK; INCREASE AB Background: Increases in the incidence of malignant melanoma have been among the largest of all cancers in the United States. Objective: We report updated trends in melanoma rates among the US white population. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were calculated for 1973 to 1994. Trends were examined with stratification by state, age, and sex, and by anatomic site, stage, and melanoma thickness at diagnosis. Results: Melanoma incidence and mortality rates increased dramatically from 1973 to 1994, rising 120.5% and 38.9%, respectively. In recent years, however, rates for most age-sex groups appeared to stabilize or even decline. Male patients continued to have higher incidence and mortality rates than female patients, but for both male and female patients the largest increases by site were for the trunk. A large proportion of melanomas were detected in the local stage and with a thickness less than 0.75 mm. Conclusion: Prevention of sun exposure is recommended to reverse the high incidence rates of melanoma. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCDPHP, DCPC, CSB, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Hall, HI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCDPHP, DCPC, CSB, K53,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 29 TC 171 Z9 172 U1 1 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0190-9622 J9 J AM ACAD DERMATOL JI J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70562-1 PG 8 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 156GP UT WOS:000077993500004 PM 9922010 ER PT J AU Keenan, NL Franks, AL Croft, JB Scholes, D Murray, ET AF Keenan, NL Franks, AL Croft, JB Scholes, D Murray, ET TI Vaginal estrogen creams: Use patterns among a cohort of women SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Epidemiological-Research CY JUN 12-15, 1996 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Soc Epidemiol Res ID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN; UROGENITAL ATROPHY; ELDERLY WOMEN; RISK-FACTORS; OLDER WOMEN; DISEASE; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; HEALTH AB OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, amount, and duration of use of vaginal estrogen cream among several birth cohorts of women from 1983 through 1992. DESIGN: Analyses are based on automated membership, pharmacy, and hospital discharge databases from Group Health Cooperative (GHC) of Puget Sound, a large health maintenance organization in Seattle, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 33,822 women, aged 45 years and older as of December 31, 1983, who were enrolled in GHC from 1983 to 1992 or who were enrolled at baseline and died in the following decade. RESULTS: About 24% of the cohort had filled at least one prescription for vaginal estrogen cream during 1983 through 1992, and about 60% of the users had more than one prescription filled. The annual birth cohort-specific prevalence of having filled one or more prescriptions for vaginal estrogen creams ranged between 1.6 and 8.2% across birth cohorts, whereas the average annual prevalence for the cohort was between 5.3 and 6.8%. The total amount, duration of use, and proportion of total estrogen exposure from creams increased with age of the birth cohort. Among the 733 women with intact uteri who were long-term cream users, 60.4% had no progestin prescriptions while averaging 22.1 tubes of estrogen cream. CONCLUSION: The prescription-filling patterns for estrogen in this cohort show an increase in the amount, years of use, and proportion of estrogen exposure from creams with the age of the birth cohort and extensive unopposed cream use among a small proportion of women with intact uteri. The systemic effects of vaginal estrogen cream among older postmenopausal women with urogenital atrophy deserve closer scrutiny. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Keenan, NL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 65 EP 70 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 156RY UT WOS:000078016900010 PM 9920231 ER PT J AU Ing, RT Bloch, AB AF Ing, RT Bloch, AB TI Internet access to 1990 census data on housing and population to target childhood lead poisoning screening SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA SN 1067-5027 J9 J AM MED INFORM ASSN JI J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. PY 1999 SU S BP 1084 EP 1084 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & Library Science; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Medical Informatics GA 458RA UT WOS:000170207300282 ER PT J AU Hadgu, A Qu, Y AF Hadgu, A Qu, Y TI A biomedical application of latent class models with random effects (vol 47, pg 603, 1998) SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS LA English DT Correction C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hadgu, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-9254 J9 J ROY STAT SOC C-APP JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C-Appl. Stat. PY 1999 VL 48 BP 425 EP 425 DI 10.1111/1467-9876.00162 PN 3 PG 1 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 204NA UT WOS:000080769400010 ER PT J AU McCaig, LF Burt, CW AF McCaig, LF Burt, CW TI Poisoning-related visits to emergency departments in the United States, 1993-1996 SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTROL-CENTERS; SURVEILLANCE AB Background: Poisoning continues to be an important public health problem in the US. In 1995, 2 million human poison exposures were reported to all poison centers in the US. Hospital emergency department data may be used to examine the most critical nonfatal poisoning exposures. Methods: Data from the 1993-1996 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which is a national probability sample survey of visits to emergency departments of nonFederal, short-stay, and general hospitals, were examined to describe poisoning-related emergency department visits in the US. Results: During 1993-1996, the average annual number of emergency department visits was 93 million, of which 37 million were injury related and 1 million were poisoning related. Children under 5 years of age had a significantly higher average annual rate of poisoning-related visits (84 visits per 10,000 persons) than persons 5-19 years of age and persons 35 years of age and over. "Poisoning by other and unspecified drugs and medicinal substances" was the leading diagnosis and was recorded at 21% of all poisoning-related visits. Poisoning-related visits were more often recorded as urgent (75%) and were more likely to result in hospital admission (22%) compared to illness visits (45% and 17%, respectively) and nonpoisoning-related injury visits (47% and 6%, respectively). Conclusions: Poisoning-related injury visits comprise a small (1%), but important component of the health care provided in emergency departments. An examination of different definitions of poisoning revealed that for emergency department data, it is most appropriate to use the poisoning E-codes from the injury data framework developed by the injury control community. Data from emergency departments are needed to monitor any changing patterns of nonfatal poisonings and to provide guidance for effective poison prevention programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ambulatory Care Stat Branch, Div Hlth Care Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP McCaig, LF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ambulatory Care Stat Branch, Div Hlth Care Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 952, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 22 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0731-3810 J9 J TOXICOL-CLIN TOXIC JI J. Toxicol.-Clin. Toxicol. PY 1999 VL 37 IS 7 BP 817 EP 826 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 274MA UT WOS:000084768600001 PM 10630264 ER PT J AU Thompson, MP Kaslow, NJ Kingree, JB Puett, R Thompson, NJ Meadows, L AF Thompson, MP Kaslow, NJ Kingree, JB Puett, R Thompson, NJ Meadows, L TI Partner abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder as risk factors for suicide attempts in a sample of low-income, inner-city women SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS LA English DT Article DE partner abuse; suicidal behavior; PTSD; women ID FUNCTIONAL HEALTH LITERACY; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL-RESEARCH; VIETNAM VETERANS; PREVALENCE; BEHAVIOR; COMORBIDITY; POPULATION; PREVENTION; EMERGENCY AB This study examined partner abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as risk factors for suicidal behavior among women, and whether or not PTSD mediated the partner abuse-suicidal behavior association. Attempters (n = 119) were approximately three times more likely to be above clinical cut-points for physical partner abuse, nonphysical abuse, and PTSD than nonattempters (n = 85). Physical partner abuse, but not nonphysical partner abuse, was associated with an increased risk for PTSD. Further, PTSD mediated the link between physical partner abuse and suicidality, such that when PTSD was statistically controlled, the association between physical partner abuse and suicide attempt status was reduced to nonsignificance. Implications of findings for interventions for female victims of partner abuse, and women who make nonfatal suicide attempts are discussed. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Thompson, MP (reprint author), CDC, NCIPC, Div Violence Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Puett, Robin/A-4449-2012 NR 42 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0894-9867 J9 J TRAUMA STRESS JI J. Trauma Stress PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 59 EP 72 DI 10.1023/A:1024742215337 PG 14 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 164JY UT WOS:000078461500005 PM 10027142 ER PT J AU Warner, C Fekadu, M Whitfield, S Shaddock, J AF Warner, C Fekadu, M Whitfield, S Shaddock, J TI Use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE rabies; rabies-related virus; formalin-fixed detection; anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies ID ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES; DIFFERENTIATION; PROTEINS; VARIANTS AB Seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (FF) tissues. Forty-three of the Mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. Twenty of the anti-glycoprotein Mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid Mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (CVS) in FF tissue. These 21 Mabs were screened against other lyssaviruses in FF tissues: five rabies virus strains (coyote, skunk, raccoon, red bat, and silver-haired bat), and four rabies-related viruses (Australian bat lyssavirus, Duvenhage virus, Lagos bat virus, and Mokola virus). One of the anti-glycoprotein Mabs was reactive with all the virus strains screened. Another of the anti-glycoprotein Mabs reacted with all of the rabies virus strains tested, but not with any of the rabies-related virus strains tested. The remaining Mabs had reactivity patterns that could be useful for characterizing lyssaviruses in FF tissues. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch,Rabies Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Warner, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch,Rabies Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00136-0 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 164JQ UT WOS:000078460800008 PM 10029326 ER PT J AU Schrag, SJ Rota, PA Bellini, WJ AF Schrag, SJ Rota, PA Bellini, WJ TI Spontaneous mutation rate of measles virus: Direct estimation based on mutations conferring monoclonal antibody resistance SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; HIGH-FREQUENCY; CLONAL POOLS; HEMAGGLUTININ; EVOLUTION; GENES; POPULATIONS; POLIOVIRUS; REVERSION AB High mutation rates typical of RNA viruses often generate a unique viral population structure consisting of a large number of genetic microvariants. In the case of viral pathogens, this can result in rapid evolution of antiviral resistance or vaccine-escape mutants. We determined a direct estimate of the mutation rate of measles virus, the next likely target for global elimination following poliovirus. In a laboratory tissue culture system, we used the fluctuation test method of estimating mutation rate, which involves screening a large number of independent populations initiated by a small number of viruses each for the presence or absence of a particular single point mutation. The mutation we focused on, which can be screened for phenotypically, confers resistance to a monoclonal antibody (MAb 80-III-B2), The entire H gene of a subset of mutants was sequenced to verify that the resistance phenotype was associated with single point mutations. The epitope conferring MAb resistance was further characterized by Western blot analysis. Based on this approach, measles virus was estimated to have a mutation rate of 9 x 10(-5) per base per replication and a genomic mutation rate of 1.43 per replication. The mutation rates we estimated for measles virus are comparable to recent in vitro estimates for both poliovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus. In the field, however, measles virus shows marked genetic stability. We briefly discuss the evolutionary implications of these results. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. RP Schrag, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, MS-C23,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 51 EP 54 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA 146YP UT WOS:000077461700007 PM 9847306 ER PT J AU Johnson, AJ Roehrig, JT AF Johnson, AJ Roehrig, JT TI New mouse model for dengue virus vaccine testing SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERFERON-GAMMA GENE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ANTIVIRAL DEFENSE; E-GLYCOPROTEIN; MICE; INFECTION; LYMPHOCYTES; ENCEPHALITIS; ALPHA/BETA; RECEPTORS AB Several dengue (DEN) virus vaccines are in development; however, the lack of a reliable small animal model in which to test them is a major obstacle. Because evidence suggests that interferon (IFN) is involved in the human anti-DEN virus response, we tested mice deficient in their IFN functions as potential models. Intraperitoneally administered mouse-adapted DEN 2 virus was uniformly lethal in AG129 mice (which lack alpha/beta IFN and gamma IFN receptor genes), regardless of age. Immunized mice were protected from virus challenge, and survival times increased following passive transfer of anti-DEN polyclonal antibody. These results demonstrate that AG129 mice are a promising small animal model for DEN virus vaccine trials. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DVBID, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Johnson, AJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DVBID, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 30 TC 218 Z9 226 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 783 EP 786 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA 146YP UT WOS:000077461700089 PM 9847388 ER PT J AU Daniel, KL AF Daniel, KL TI Observations from the CDC - Using health communications research to reduce birth defects SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Daniel, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1059-7115 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 8 IS 1 BP 19 EP 22 DI 10.1089/jwh.1999.8.19 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 174CH UT WOS:000079016200004 PM 10094075 ER PT J AU Guarner, J Shieh, WJ Dawson, J Shaw, M Xiyan, X Ferebee, T Morken, T Zaki, SR AF Guarner, J Shieh, WJ Dawson, J Shaw, M Xiyan, X Ferebee, T Morken, T Zaki, SR TI Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of influenza virus infection in human lungs. SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 79 IS 1 MA 886 BP 151A EP 151A PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 162YZ UT WOS:000078376600898 ER PT J AU Shieh, WJ Guarner, J Greer, P Morken, T Bartlett, J Ferebee, T Zaki, SR AF Shieh, WJ Guarner, J Greer, P Morken, T Bartlett, J Ferebee, T Zaki, SR TI Histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies for acute viral encephalomyelitis in formalin-fixed human tissues SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 79 IS 1 MA 897 BP 153A EP 153A PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 162YZ UT WOS:000078376600909 ER PT S AU Peters, CJ Khan, AS AF Peters, CJ Khan, AS BE Klenk, HD TI Filovirus diseases SO MARBURG AND EBOLA VIRUSES SE Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology LA English DT Review ID MARBURG-VIRUS DISEASE; EBOLA-VIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; ANTIBODIES; OUTBREAK; STRAIN; GABON; KENYA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Peters, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 49 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X BN 3-540-64729-5 J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 1999 VL 235 BP 85 EP 95 PG 11 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BM10K UT WOS:000077639800006 PM 9893380 ER PT S AU Zaki, SR Goldsmith, CS AF Zaki, SR Goldsmith, CS BE Klenk, HD TI Pathologic features of filovirus infections in humans SO MARBURG AND EBOLA VIRUSES SE Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology LA English DT Review ID EBOLA-VIRUS-INFECTION; MONKEYS; PARTICLES; STRAIN; CELLS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Zaki, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 43 TC 104 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X BN 3-540-64729-5 J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 1999 VL 235 BP 97 EP 116 PG 20 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BM10K UT WOS:000077639800007 PM 9893381 ER PT J AU Ostroff, SM AF Ostroff, SM TI Emerging infectious diseases 1997-1998: The role of molecular epidemiology SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article DE infectious diseases; molecular epidemiology C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ostroff, SM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop C12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 94 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 159BH UT WOS:000078151600001 PM 10029902 ER PT J AU Silva, YPE Secor, E Andrade, MO Katz, N Rabello, A AF Silva, YPE Secor, E Andrade, MO Katz, N Rabello, A TI Circulating antigens levels in different clinical forms of the Schistosoma mansoni infection SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article DE Schistosoma mansoni; circulating antigens; diagnosis; ELISA ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; CATHODIC ANTIGEN; ANODIC ANTIGEN; SERUM; URINE; DIAGNOSIS; ASSAY; MICE; CAA AB With the aim to evaluate the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) levels in relation to the different clinical phases of Schistosoma sp. infection a sandwich ELISA using monoclonal antibody 5H11 was performed. The sera of three groups of 25 Brazilian patients with acute, intestinal and hepatosplenic forms of S. mansoni infection were tested and compared to a non-infected control group. Patients and control groups were matched for age and sex and the number of eggs per gram of feces was equally distributed among the three patient groups. Sensitivity of 100%, 72% 52% of the assay was observed for the intestinal, hepatosplenic and acute toxemic groups respectively. The specificity was 100%. Intestinal and hepatosplenic groups presented CCA levels significantly higher in comparison to those observed for acute patients (F-ratio = 2,524; p = 0.000 and F-ratio = 6,314; p = 0.015 respectively). There was no significant difference of CCA serum levels between hepatosplenic and intestinal groups (F-ratio = 1,026; p = 0.316). C1 Fiocruz MS, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Lab Esquistossomose, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Parasitol Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rabello, A (reprint author), Fiocruz MS, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Lab Esquistossomose, Av Augusto de Lima 1715, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. EM ana@netra.cpqrr.fiocruz.br NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 EI 1678-8060 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 94 IS 1 BP 83 EP 86 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 159BH UT WOS:000078151600017 ER PT J AU Monteiro, FA Perez, R Panzera, F Dujardin, JP Galvao, C Rocha, D Noireau, F Schofield, C Beard, CB AF Monteiro, FA Perez, R Panzera, F Dujardin, JP Galvao, C Rocha, D Noireau, F Schofield, C Beard, CB TI Mitochondrial DNA variation of Triatoma infestans populations and its implication on the specific status of T. melanosoma SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Advances in Knowledge of Chagas Disease 90 Years After its Discovery CY APR 11-16, 1999 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP Acad Nacl Med, Conselho Nacl Desenvolvimento Cientifico Technol, Financiadora Estudos Projetos, Fundacao Amparo Pesquisa Rio de Janeiro, Fundacao nacl Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Org Pan Amer Saude, Org Mundial Saude, Roche Prod Quimicos Farmaceuticos, Unibind, ABT & I Technoway DE Triatoma infestans; Triatoma melanosoma; mitochondrial DNA; cytogenetics; allozymes; phylogeny; molecular systematics; Chagas disease vectors ID HEMIPTERA-REDUVIIDAE; HOLOCENTRIC CHROMOSOMES; BOLIVIAN CHACO; HETEROPTERA; VARIABILITY; SPECIATION; SEQUENCES AB DNA sequence comparison of 412 base-pairs fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene was used to infer the genetic structure of nine geographical Triatoma infestans populations and their phylogenetic relationship with T. melanosoma and T. brasiliensis. T. infestans and T. melanosoma were compared by morphometry, allozyme and cytogenetic analyses, as well as subjected to reciprocal crosses, in order to clarify the taxonomic status of the latter No differences were found to distinguish the two species and the crosses between them yielded progeny. T infestans populations presented four haplotypes that could be separated in two clusters: one formed by the samples from Bolivia (Andes and Chaco) and the other formed by samples from Argentina and Brazil. Silvatic and domestic T. infestans populations from Bolivia (Andes) were genetically identical. C1 Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Genet, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Fac Ciencias, Secc Genet Evolut, Montevideo, Uruguay. Inst Rech Dev, La Paz, Bolivia. Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Lab Nacl & Int Referencia Taxon Triatomineos, Dept Entomol, BR-20001 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. RP Monteiro, FA (reprint author), Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Genet, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RI Galvao, C/F-7088-2011; OI Galvao, C/0000-0003-4027-9205; Perez, Ruben/0000-0003-4961-4743; Panzera, Francisco/0000-0001-5148-957X NR 32 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 3 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PY 1999 VL 94 SU 1 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1590/S0074-02761999000700037 PG 10 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 245AH UT WOS:000083083300037 PM 10677723 ER PT J AU Stewart, AL Napoles-Springer, A Perez-Stable, EJ AF Stewart, AL Napoles-Springer, A Perez-Stable, EJ TI Interpersonal processes of care in diverse populations SO MILBANK QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID PATIENT-PHYSICIAN COMMUNICATION; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; MEDICAL OUTCOMES; HEALTH-CARE; DECISION-MAKING; PATIENTS PERSPECTIVE; TERMINAL CARE; QUALITY CARE; SATISFACTION; RISK AB Persons of lower socioeconomic status and members of racial and ethnic minority groups experience poorer health and increased health risk factors. A framework of interpersonal processes of care specifies distinct components and incorporates the perspective of diverse racial and ethnic or socioeconomic groups. Its dimensions, each with several domains, are communication (general clarity, elicitation of and responsiveness to patient concerns, explanations, empowerment), decision making (responsiveness to patient preferences, consideration of ability and desire to comply), and interpersonal style (friendliness, respectfulness, discrimination, cultural sensitivity, support). AII the domains, except cultural sensitivity, were validated through a survey of 603 ethnically diverse, low-income adults. Confirmation of the framework's usefulness should enable researchers to explore how interpersonal processes might account for observed ethnic and social class differences in health care and health. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Hlth & Aging, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Stewart, AL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Hlth & Aging, Box 0646, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. OI Posner, Samuel/0000-0003-1574-585X FU AHRQ HHS [HS07373]; NIA NIH HHS [P30 AG15272] NR 100 TC 116 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0887-378X J9 MILBANK Q JI Milbank Q. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 3 BP 305 EP + DI 10.1111/1468-0009.00138 PG 36 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 241TT UT WOS:000082899200003 PM 10526547 ER PT J AU Guarner, J Greer, PW Bartlett, T Ferebee, T Fears, M Pope, V Zaki, SR AF Guarner, J Greer, PW Bartlett, T Ferebee, T Fears, M Pope, V Zaki, SR TI Congenital syphilis in a newborn: An immunopathologic study SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE congenital syphilis; immunopathology ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM; ANTIBODY; LESIONS; DNA AB A 3-week-old girl presented to the emergency room with respiratory distress and generalized maculopapular rash. The newborn was hospitalized with a presumptive diagnosis of congenital syphilis, but she died after 2 days of therapy. Tissue from the gastrointestinal tract, brain, liver, spleen, and lung was studied by using direct fluorescent antibody and immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) for Treponema pallidum. The inflammatory infiltrate was characterized by using IHC against CD3, CD20, CD68, and smooth muscle actin. The diagnosis of congenital syphilis was confirmed by demonstrating spirochetes in tissues with IHC and direct fluorescent antibody examination. IHC showed abundant treponemes in the small intestine and liver and occasional spirochetes in the meninges. Bacteria were seen as intact spirochetes, granular staining, or large extracellular collections of antigen. A constant pathologic feature throughout the tissues was concentric macrophage (CD68-positive) infiltrate around vessels, giving an onion-skin appearance. IHC identified the macrophages as the prime immune response in congenital syphilis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Activ, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Activ, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mailstop G32,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 16 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 82 EP 87 PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 159WA UT WOS:000078197200014 PM 9950167 ER PT J AU Gregg, EW Kriska, AM Salamone, LM Wolf, RL Roberts, MM Ferrell, RE Anderson, SJ Kuller, LH Cauley, JA AF Gregg, EW Kriska, AM Salamone, LM Wolf, RL Roberts, MM Ferrell, RE Anderson, SJ Kuller, LH Cauley, JA TI Correlates of quantitative ultrasound in the women's healthy lifestyle project SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE broadband ultrasound attenuation; quantitative ultrasound; speed of sound ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; HIP AXIS LENGTH; OS CALCIS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; FRACTURE RISK; ELDERLY WOMEN; CALCANEUS; OSTEOPOROSIS AB Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) assessment of bone is a strong predictor of hip fractures and is currently an FDA-approved tool to identify women at risk of osteoporosis. However, few studies have investigated the lifestyle and genetic correlates of QUS in women. This study investigated the cross-sectional associates of several lifestyle, demographic and genetic factors with calcaneal QUS parameters (broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS)) in 393 women aged 45-53 years. Leisure-time and historical physical activity, dietary calcium and protein, body composition, vitamin D receptor genotypes, menopause status, other health behaviors, calcaneal QUS parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed at a single clinic visit. Lean mass, recent physical activity and African-American race were the strongest correlates of SOS whereas dietary protein, calcium and recent physical activity were the strongest correlates of BUA. These predictors explained 13% and 6% of the variance in SOS and BUA, respectively. Smoking, alcohol intake, education, hormone replacement therapy, calcium and vitamin D supplements, historical physical activity and vitamin D receptor genotypes were not significantly associated with BUA or SOS. Lean body mass and premenopausal status were the strongest correlates of lumbar BMD whereas lean body mass, physical activity, African-American race and body mass index were significantly related to femoral neck BMD. Physical activity remained predictive of SOS after controlling for lumbar BMD. The spectrum and magnitude of risk factors for SOS and BUA, including lean body mass, physical activity, race, protein and calcium intake, parallel previously observed predictors of BMD. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Med, Div Primary Care Internal Med, Burlington, VT USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Human Genet, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Mailstop K-68,4770 Buford Hwy,NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM edg7@cdc.gov RI Cauley, Jane/N-4836-2015; OI Cauley, Jane/0000-0003-0752-4408; Kriska, Andrea/0000-0002-3522-0869; Anderson, Stewart/0000-0001-8948-0650 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL45167]; NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00181]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46206] NR 49 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER LONDON LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, 6TH FLOOR, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X EI 1433-2965 J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 5 BP 416 EP 424 DI 10.1007/s001980050248 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 262RJ UT WOS:000084080000010 PM 10591840 ER PT J AU Zeidner, NS Higgs, S Happ, CM Beaty, BJ Miller, BR AF Zeidner, NS Higgs, S Happ, CM Beaty, BJ Miller, BR TI Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice SO PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokines; IFN gamma; IL-4; flavivirus; flavivirus resistant mice ID JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; SALIVARY-GLAND EXTRACTS; CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; SUBSTANCE-P; AEDES-AEGYPTI; MAST-CELLS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; IN-VITRO; TRANSMISSION AB Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on C3H/HeJ mice and systemic cytokine production was quantified from stimulated lymphocytes harvested four to ten days after feeding, Mosquito Seeding on C3H/HeJ mice significantly down regulated IFN gamma production seven to ten days post feeding by Cx. pipiens and seven days after Ae aegypti feeding. Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, were significantly up regulated 4-7 days after Cx, pipiens and Ae. aegypti feeding. The immunosuppressive effect of Cx, pipiens Seeding on systemic cytokine production was not evident in congenic flavivirus resistant (C3H/RV) mice, as systemic IFN gamma and IL-2 were significantly rip regulated at days 7 and 10, correlating,vith a significant decrease in IL-4 10 days after feeding by Cx. pipiens mosquitoes. Inoculation of 5-1000 ng of sialokinin-I into C3H/HeJ mice mimicked the effect of Ae. aegypti feeding by down regulating Th1 cytokines and significantly rip regulating Th2 cytokines four days post inoculation, Injections of sialokinin-II resulted in only moderate effects on IFN gamma and IL-4 production seven and ten days after injection. Thus natural feeding by two arbovirus vectors had a profound T cell modulatory effect in vivo in virus susceptible animals which was not demonstrated in the flavivirus resistant host. Moreover, sialokinin-I and sialokinin-II mimicked the effect of mosquito feeding by modulating the host T cell response. These results may lend new insight into specific aspects of the role of the mosquito vector in potentiating virus transmission in the mammalian host. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Arthropod Borne I Infect Dis Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Zeidner, NS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 46 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-9838 J9 PARASITE IMMUNOL JI Parasite Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00199.x PG 10 WC Immunology; Parasitology SC Immunology; Parasitology GA 222RV UT WOS:000081799300005 PM 10081770 ER PT J AU Rodewald, LE AF Rodewald, LE TI More on immunizations - Dr. Rodewald responds SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Letter ID PRIMARY-CARE; CHILDREN; PHYSICIANS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rodewald, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 7 EP 8 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157YT UT WOS:000078089800002 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF Butler, JC Giebink, GS Jacobs, MR Jernigan, D Musher, DM Rakowsky, A Schwartz, B AF Dowell, SF Butler, JC Giebink, GS Jacobs, MR Jernigan, D Musher, DM Rakowsky, A Schwartz, B CA Drug Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae Therape TI Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance - a report from the Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE acute otitis media; Streptococcus pneumoniae; antimicrobial resistance; surveillance; therapeutics ID MIDDLE-EAR FLUID; 30-CENTER NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE; DAY-CARE-CENTER; UNITED-STATES; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; BACTERIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; AMOXICILLIN-CLAVULANATE; ORAL CEPHALOSPORINS; PEDIATRIC-PATIENTS; RISK-FACTORS AB Objective. To provide consensus recommendations for the management of acute otitis media (AOM) and the surveillance of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), Five questions were addressed: (1) Can amoxicillin remain the best initial antimicrobial agent for treating AOM in the current period of increasing prevalence of DRSP? (2) What are suitable alternative agents for use if amoxicillin fails? (3) Should empiric treatment of AOM vary by geographic region? (4) Where can clinicians learn about resistance patterns in their patient populations? (5) What modifications to laboratory surveillance would improve the utility of the information for clinicians treating AOM? Participants. Experts in the management of otitis media and the DRSP Therapeutic Working Group, This group was convened by the CDC to respond to changes in antimicrobial susceptibility among pneumococci and includes clinicians, academicians and public health practitioners. Evidence. Published and unpublished data summarized from the scientific literature and experience from the experts present. Consensus process. After group presentations and review of background materials, subgroup chairs prepared draft responses to the five questions, discussed the responses as a group and edited those responses until consensus was reached. Conclusions. Oral amoxicillin should remain the first line antimicrobial agent for treating AOM, In view of the increasing prevalence of DRSP, the safety of amoxicillin at higher than standard dosages and evidence that higher dosages of amoxicillin can achieve effective middle ear fluid concentrations, an increase in the dosage used for empiric treatment from 40 to 45 mg/kg/day to 80 to 90 mg/kg/day is recommended, For patients with clinically defined treatment failure after 3 days of therapy, useful alternative agents include oral amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime axetil and intramuscular ceftriaxone. Many of the 13 other Food and Drug Administration-approved otitis media drugs lack good evidence for efficacy against DRSP, Currently local surveillance data for pneumococcal resistance that are relevant for the clinical management of AOM are not available from most areas in the United States. Recommendations to improve surveillance include establishing criteria for setting susceptibility breakpoints for clinically appropriate antimicrobials to ensure relevance for treating AOM, testing middle ear fluid or nasal swab isolates in addition to sterile site isolates and testing of drugs that are useful in treating AOM, The management of otitis media has entered a new era with the development of DRSP, These recommendations are intended to provide a framework for appropriate clinical and public health responses to this problem. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 58 TC 360 Z9 375 U1 1 U2 14 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1097/00006454-199901000-00002 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 159QU UT WOS:000078185900001 PM 9951971 ER PT J AU Rigau-Perez, JG AF Rigau-Perez, JG TI Case definition for dengue hemorrhagic fever SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Rigau-Perez, JG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 80 EP 80 DI 10.1097/00006454-199901000-00027 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 159QU UT WOS:000078185900026 PM 9951995 ER PT J AU Rodewald, LE Szilagyi, PG Humiston, SG Barth, R Kraus, R Raubertas, RF AF Rodewald, LE Szilagyi, PG Humiston, SG Barth, R Kraus, R Raubertas, RF TI A randomized study of tracking with outreach and provider prompting to improve immunization coverage and primary care SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE immunization; primary care; randomized; controlled trial; missed immunization opportunities; outreach ID MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; HEALTH CENTERS; RISK-FACTORS; VACCINATION; UNDERIMMUNIZATION; PHYSICIANS; DELIVERY; BALTIMORE; VACCINES AB Objective. To compare and measure the effects and cost-effectiveness of two interventions designed to raise immunization rates. Settings. Nine primary care sites serving impoverished and middle-class children. Subjects. Complete birth cohorts (ages 0 to 12 months; n = 3015) from these sites. Interventions. Two 18-month duration interventions: 1) tracking with outreach [tracking/outreach] to bring underimmunized children to their primary care provider office, and 2) a primary care provider office policy change to identify and reduce missed immunization opportunities (prompting). Design. Randomized, controlled trial, randomizing within sites using a two-by-two factorial design. Subjects were allocated to one of four study groups: control, prompting only, tracking/outreach only, and combined prompting with tracking/outreach. Outcomes were obtained by blinded chart abstraction. Measures. Immunization status for age; number of days of delay in immunization; primary care utilization; and rates of screening for occult disease. Results. Out of 3015 subjects, 274 subjects (9%) transferred out of the participating sites or had incomplete charts and were excluded. The 2741 (91%) remaining subjects were assessed. At baseline, study groups did not differ in age, gender, insurance type, or immunization status. Of the remaining subjects, 63% received Medicaid. Final series-complete immunization coverage levels were: control, 74%; prompting-only, 76%; tracking/outreach-only 95%; and combined tracking/outreach with prompting, 95%. Analysis of variance showed that: 1) tracking/outreach increased immunization rates 20 percentage points; 2) tracking/outreach decreased mean immunization delay 63 days; 3) tracking/outreach increased mean health supervision visits 0.44 visits per child; 4) tracking/outreach increased mean anemia screening 0.17 screenings per child and mean lead screenings 0.12 screenings per child; 5) impact of tracking/outreach was greatest for uninsured and impoverished patients; and 6) the prompting intervention had no impact on the studied outcomes, and its failure was caused by inconsistent use of prompts and failure to vaccinate ill children when prompted. Using tracking/outreach, the cost per additional child fully immunized was $474. Each $1000 spent on the tracking/outreach intervention resulted in: 2.1 additional fully vaccinated children and 668 fewer child-days of delayed immunization; 4.6 additional health supervision visits and 5.9 additional other visits to the primary care provider; and 1.8 additional anemia screenings and 1.3 additional lead screenings. Conclusions. Outreach directed toward children not up-to-date on immunizations improves not only immunization status, but also health supervision visit attendance and screening rates. The cost per additional child immunized was high, but should be interpreted in view of the spillover benefits that accompanied improved immunization. Effective means to improve coverage by reducing missed immunization opportunities still need to be identified. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Rochester, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY USA. Univ Rochester, Dept Biostat, Rochester, NY USA. RP Rodewald, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [200-90-0869] NR 48 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 31 EP 38 DI 10.1542/peds.103.1.31 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900006 PM 9917436 ER PT J AU Mercy, JA AF Mercy, JA TI Advocating for children: The pediatrician's role in violence prevention SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mercy, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 157 EP 157 DI 10.1542/peds.103.1.157 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900038 PM 9917455 ER PT J AU Wilfert, C Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Mofenson, LM Pantell, RH Schonberg, SK Scott, GB Sklaire, MW Whitley-Williams, PN Rogers, MF AF Wilfert, C Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Mofenson, LM Pantell, RH Schonberg, SK Scott, GB Sklaire, MW Whitley-Williams, PN Rogers, MF TI Disclosure of illness status to children and adolescents with HIV infection SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; DIAGNOSIS; CANCER; VIRUS; AIDS AB Many children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are surviving to middle childhood and adolescence. Studies suggest that children who know their HIV status have higher self-esteem than children who are unaware of their status. Parents who have disclosed the status to their children experience less depression than those who do not. This statement addresses our current knowledge and recommendations for disclosure of HIV infection status to children and adolescents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wilfert, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 12 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 164 EP 166 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900041 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Abramson, JS Chesney, PJ Fisher, MC Gerber, MA Marcy, SM Murray, DL Overturf, GD Prober, CG Saari, T Weiner, LB Whitley, RJ Peter, G Pickering, LK Baker, CJ Hirsch, AT Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Schwartz, B Orenstein, WA Hardegree, MC Rabinovich, NR Breiman, RF AF Halsey, NA Abramson, JS Chesney, PJ Fisher, MC Gerber, MA Marcy, SM Murray, DL Overturf, GD Prober, CG Saari, T Weiner, LB Whitley, RJ Peter, G Pickering, LK Baker, CJ Hirsch, AT Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Schwartz, B Orenstein, WA Hardegree, MC Rabinovich, NR Breiman, RF TI Poliomyelitis prevention: Revised recommendations for use of inactivated and live oral poliovirus vaccines SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article AB Since 1997 when the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued revised guidelines for the prevention of poliomyelitis, substantial progress in global eradication of poliomyelitis has occurred and the use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) has increased considerably in the United States with a corresponding decrease in the use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Surveys indicate that the majority of physicians now routinely immunize chit dren with the sequential IPV-OPV or IPV-only regimens. Nevertheless, vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) continues to occur, albeit infrequently, in children who have received the OPV-only regimen and their contacts. To reduce further the risk of VAPP, the AAP now recommends that children in the United States receive IPV for the first 2 doses of the polio vaccine series in most circrumstances. Exceptions include a parent's refusal to permit the number of injections necessary to administer the other routinely recommended vaccines at the 2- and 4-month visits. Either IPV or OPV can be administered for the third and fourth doses. Assuming continuing progress toward global eradication, a recommendation of IPV-only immunization for children in the United States is anticipated by 2001. C1 AAP Council Pediat Practice, New York, NY USA. Canadian Pediat Soc, Calgary, AB, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Natl Vaccine Program Off, Washington, DC USA. NR 5 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 171 EP 172 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900043 ER PT J AU Spivak, H Christoffel, KK Gray, HB Hayes, M Jenkins, R Montes, L Moore, CD Bryn, S Crosby, A Bell, C AF Spivak, H Christoffel, KK Gray, HB Hayes, M Jenkins, R Montes, L Moore, CD Bryn, S Crosby, A Bell, C TI The role of the pediatrician in youth violence prevention in clinical practice and at the community level SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID URBAN BLACK-ADOLESCENTS; FIGHTING BEHAVIOR; TRAUMA; CHILDREN; VICTIMIZATION; INJURIES; EXPOSURE; CITY AB Violence and violent injuries are a serious threat to the health of children and youth in the United States. It is crucial that pediatricians define their role and develop the appropriate skills to address this threat effectively. From a clinical perspective, pediatricians should incorporate into their practices preventive education, screening for risk, and linkages to necessary intervention and follow-up services. As advocates, pediatricians should become involved at the local and national levels to address key risk factors and assure adequacy of preventive and treatment programs. There are also educational and research needs central to the development of effective clinical strategies. This policy statement defines the emerging role of pediatricians in youth violence prevention and management. It reflects the importance of this issue in the strategic agenda of the American Academy of Pediatrics for promoting optimal child health and development. C1 Maternal & Child Hlth Bur, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 47 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 173 EP 181 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900044 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Abramson, JS Chesney, PJ Fisher, MC Gerber, MA Marcy, SM AF Halsey, NA Abramson, JS Chesney, PJ Fisher, MC Gerber, MA Marcy, SM TI Recommended childhood immunization schedule - United States, January December 1999 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article C1 AAP Council Pediat Practice, New York, NY USA. Canadian Pediat Soc, Calgary, AB, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Natl Vaccine Program Off, Washington, DC USA. NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 182 EP 185 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900045 ER PT J AU Kairys, SW Alexander, RC Block, RW Everett, VD Hymel, KP Johnson, CF Goldman, LS Shelley, GA Wagner, KD Jenny, C Bays, JA AF Kairys, SW Alexander, RC Block, RW Everett, VD Hymel, KP Johnson, CF Goldman, LS Shelley, GA Wagner, KD Jenny, C Bays, JA TI Guidelines for the evaluation of sexual abuse of children: Subject review SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID TRAUMA AB This statement serves to update guidelines for the evaluation of child sexual abuse first published in 1991. The role of the physician is outlined T-vith respect to obtaining a history, physical examination, and appropriate laboratory data and in determining the need to report sexual abuse. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Acad Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Washington, DC USA. Amer Med Assoc, Chicago, IL 60610 USA. NR 29 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP 186 EP 191 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900046 ER PT J AU Holman, RC Parashar, UD Clarke, MJ Kaufman, SF Glass, RI AF Holman, RC Parashar, UD Clarke, MJ Kaufman, SF Glass, RI TI Trends in diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among American Indian and Alaska native children, 1980-1995 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE Indian health; diarrhea; hospitalizations; epidemiology; children; rotavirus ID REASSORTANT ROTAVIRUS VACCINE; WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHES; UNITED-STATES; ORAL REHYDRATION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; INTERVENTIONS; DISEASES; EFFICACY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORTALITY AB Objective. To describe trends in diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children and to estimate the morbidity from rotavirus. Design. Retrospective analysis of Indian Health Service hospital discharge records. Patients. AI/AN children 1 month through 4 years of age with a diarrhea-associated diagnosis listed on the hospital discharge record. Setting. Hospitals on or near US Indian reservations from 1980 through 1995. Results. During 1980 through 1995, 21 669 diarrhea-associated hospitalizations were reported among AI/AN children. The annual incidence of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations declined by 76% from 276 per 10 000 in 1980 to 65 per 10 000 in 1995. The median length of hospital stay decreased from 4 days during 1980-1982 to 2 days during 1993-1995. Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations peaked during the winter months (October through March), especially among children 4-35 months of age, with the peaks appearing first in the Southwest during October and moving to the East in March. In the early years of the study (1980-1982), the rate of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among AI/AN children (236 per 10 000) was greater than the national rate (136 per 10 000). By the end of the study period (1993-1995), the rate for AI/AN children (71 per 10 000) was similar to the national rate (89 per 10 000), although the rate for AI/AN infants remained higher than the national rate for infants. Conclusions. Diarrhea-associated hospitalization rates for AI/AN children have declined to a level similar to that of the national population. Rotavirus may be an important contributor to diarrheal morbidity among AI/AN children, underscoring the need for vaccines against this pathogen. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Indian Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Rockville, MD USA. RP Holman, RC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 43 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 BP art. no. EP e11 DI 10.1542/peds.103.1.e11 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 157KW UT WOS:000078060900031 PM 9917491 ER PT B AU Wohlhueter, RM Fang, SA Wells, TW Jue, DL AF Wohlhueter, RM Fang, SA Wells, TW Jue, DL BE Tam, JP Kaumaya, PTP TI On the reaction kinetics of peptide: Antibody binding in the "BIAcore (TM)" biosensor SO PEPTIDES: FRONTIERS OF PEPTIDES SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th American Peptide Symposium CY JUN 14-19, 1997 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Amer Peptide Soc, Vanderbilt Univ ID MASS-TRANSPORT C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wohlhueter, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G36, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5160-6 PY 1999 BP 791 EP 792 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BP45W UT WOS:000085202200345 ER PT S AU Lowe, BD Freivalds, A Goldberg, JH AF Lowe, BD Freivalds, A Goldberg, JH GP HFES HFES TI Grip force control capabilities of older adults, revisited SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 43RD ANNUAL MEETING, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Annual Meeting of the Human-Factors-and-Ergonomics-Society CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 1999 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Human Factors & Ergon Soc ID PRECISION GRIP AB This cross-sectional study examined the effects of age on the dynamic coordination and control of grip force with external force applied with a simulated hand tool. Grip force coordination capabilities were hypothesized to decline with age in light of previous studies examining simple lift and static hold maneuvers with a precision grip. Subjects performed a force-matching task in which dynamic forces were applied with the simulated tool. Subjects were given visual feedback regarding the applied force magnitude but not the grip force magnitude. Grip force control efficiency was measured by the ratio of grip to applied force and the degree of parallel modulation in grip force with respect to applied force. The measures of grip force control efficiency revealed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the younger (< 64 years) and older (65+ years) subject groups. Older adults, when prudently screened for visual and motor impairments, performed equivalently to younger adults in terms of grip force coordination efficiency. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Lowe, BD (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOC PI SANTA MONICA PA PO BOX 1369, SANTA MONICA, CA 90406-1369 USA SN 1071-1813 BN 0-945289-12-X J9 HUM FAC ERG SOC P PY 1999 BP 98 EP 102 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Ergonomics; Telecommunications; Transportation Science & Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications; Transportation GA BS93U UT WOS:000171438400020 ER PT S AU Dietz, WH AF Dietz, WH BE GuyGrand, B TI Childhood origins of adult obesity SO PROGRESS IN OBESITY RESEARCH: 8 SE PROGRESS IN OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress on Obesity CY AUG 29-SEP 03, 1998 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Assoc Study Obesity ID BIRTH-WEIGHT; AGE; OVERWEIGHT; ADOLESCENCE; ADIPOSITY; CHILDREN; GROWTH; ONSET; WOMEN AB Several critical periods appear to exist in early life for the development of adult obesity. Multiple questions regarding the associations of early obesity with later adiposity remain. From the public hearth perspective, the most important of these questions are the risk of adult obesity attributable to obesity that begins at each of these periods, and whether age of onset: in early life has a differential effect on the risk of morbidity in childhood, and morbidity and mortality in adulthood. No studies yet allow careful estimates of the age of onset of obesity on subsequent morbidity or mortality. Likewise, no data exist to indicate that the risk of persistence, morbidity, or mortality is affected by remission of obesity in childhood. If, as the adolescent data suggest, the effects of childhood obesity on adult disease are independent of the effects of childhood obesity on adult obesity, primary prevention of childhood obesity should be accorded the highest priority. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Dietz, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K24, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN LIBBEY & CO PI LONDON PA 13 SMITHS YARD, SUMMERLEY ST, LONDON SW18 4HR, ENGLAND SN 0962-7936 BN 0-86196-581-7 J9 PROG OBES R PY 1999 BP 627 EP 631 PG 5 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Anatomy & Morphology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics GA BP16V UT WOS:000084261200075 ER PT S AU Williamson, DF AF Williamson, DF BE GuyGrand, B TI Estimating the Impact of weight loss on morbidity and mortality: Past, present, and future SO PROGRESS IN OBESITY RESEARCH: 8 SE PROGRESS IN OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress on Obesity CY AUG 29-SEP 03, 1998 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Assoc Study Obesity ID BODY-WEIGHT; HEALTH OUTCOMES; OBESITY; INTERVENTION; TRIAL; RISK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Williamson, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN LIBBEY & CO PI LONDON PA 13 SMITHS YARD, SUMMERLEY ST, LONDON SW18 4HR, ENGLAND SN 0962-7936 BN 0-86196-581-7 J9 PROG OBES R PY 1999 BP 757 EP 762 PG 6 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Anatomy & Morphology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics GA BP16V UT WOS:000084261200091 ER PT J AU Harlow, LL Prochaska, JO Redding, CA Rossi, JS Velicer, WF Snow, MG Schnell, D Galavotti, C O'Reilly, K Rhodes, F AF Harlow, LL Prochaska, JO Redding, CA Rossi, JS Velicer, WF Snow, MG Schnell, D Galavotti, C O'Reilly, K Rhodes, F CA AIDS Community Demonstration Project Res Grp TI Stages of condom use in a high HIV-risk sample SO PSYCHOLOGY & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE AIDS/HIV risk; stages of condom use; anal vs. vaginal sex; steady vs. casual partner; demographics ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; SELF-CHANGE; TAILORED MESSAGES; SMOKING CESSATION; BEHAVIORAL-CHANGE; CONTRACEPTIVE USE; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; SCHOOL-STUDENTS; SAN-FRANCISCO AB The goals were to (1) clarify high risk individuals into one of five stages of readiness for consistent condom use based on the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change (e.g., Prochaska, Norcross and DiClemente, 1994); (2) investigate whether frequency of condom use was different for vaginal vs. anal sex, and for steady vs. other partners; and (3) explore whether condom use was related to several demographic variables. Street interviews were conducted in six major geographic areas across the United States on a diverse sample of 345 individuals engaging in high HIV-risk behaviors. Percentages of individuals found in each of five stages of condom use were: 36% Precontemplators, 15% Contemplators, 7% in Preparation, 7% in Action, and 35% in Maintenance. Individuals used condoms more with other, casual partners than with a steady partner, and slightly more when engaging in anal sex rather than vaginal sex. Condoms were also used more by: men, Caucasians, non-heterosexuals, and those who were not in a steady relationship than by others not in these categories. Still, the majority of high-risk individuals were not using condoms and were not prepared to start. This presents an urgent need for effective interventions to encourage condom use. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Psychol, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Calif State Univ Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. RP Harlow, LL (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Psychol, 10 Chafee Rd,Suite 8, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RI Redding, Colleen /J-8261-2012 OI Redding, Colleen /0000-0002-5044-3155 NR 64 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0887-0446 J9 PSYCHOL HEALTH JI Psychol. Health PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 143 EP 157 DI 10.1080/08870449908407320 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology GA 181YM UT WOS:000079471100010 ER PT J AU Zell, ER Peak, RR Rodewald, LE Ezzati-Rice, TM AF Zell, ER Peak, RR Rodewald, LE Ezzati-Rice, TM TI Vaccine coverage SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Zell, ER (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 114 IS 1 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 158DB UT WOS:000078099800003 PM 9925158 ER PT J AU Miller, MA Olive, JM Strebel, P AF Miller, MA Olive, JM Strebel, P TI More on measles SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Letter C1 WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Childrens Vaccine Initiat, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Miller, MA (reprint author), Childrens Vaccine Initiat, Geneva, Switzerland. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 114 IS 1 BP 4 EP 5 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 158DB UT WOS:000078099800004 PM 9925159 ER PT J AU Landen, MG Middaugh, J Dannenberg, AL AF Landen, MG Middaugh, J Dannenberg, AL TI Injuries associated with snowmobiles, Alaska, 1993-1994 SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID TRAUMA AB Objective. To characterize the nature and burden of snowmobile injuries in Alaska by examining injury deaths and hospitalizations associated with snowmobiles and comparing these with injury deaths and hospitalizations associated with on-road motor vehicles, Methods, The authors used vital statistics, medical examiner, Department of Public Safety, and Department of Transportation records to identify snowmobile injury deaths, and used vital statistics mortality files to identify on-road motor vehicle injury deaths. The Alaska Trauma Registry provided data on hospitalizations, The number of vehicles in use in 1993-1994 was estimated from snowmobile sales and on-road motor vehicle registrations, Results. For 1993-1994, injury death and hospitalization rates were greater for snowmobiles than for on-road motor vehicles. In northern Alaska, snowmobile injuries outnumbered on-road motor vehicle injuries, A total of 26 snowmobile injury deaths were reported; 7 decedents drowned after breaking through ice and 8 were ejected from vehicles. More than half (58%) of the snowmobile injury deaths involved a natural object such as a boulder, ravine, or river, Of the 17 decedents for whom blood alcohol concentrations were available, 11 (65%) had blood alcohol concentrations greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL. Conclusions. Natural obstacles and alcohol intoxication contribute to the high risk of injury death associated with snowmobile use. injury control strategies, including trail development and improvement, should be evaluated. C1 New Mexico Dept Hlth, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Landen, MG (reprint author), New Mexico Dept Hlth, 1170 N Solano, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. EM mg15@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 114 IS 1 BP 48 EP 52 DI 10.1093/phr/114.1.48 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 158DB UT WOS:000078099800020 PM 9925171 ER PT J AU Kharrazi, M Epstein, D Hopkins, B Kreutzer, R Doebbert, G Hiatt, R Swan, S Eskenazi, B Pirkle, JL Bernert, JT AF Kharrazi, M Epstein, D Hopkins, B Kreutzer, R Doebbert, G Hiatt, R Swan, S Eskenazi, B Pirkle, JL Bernert, JT TI Evaluation of four maternal smoking questions SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BIRTH-WEIGHT; PERINATAL-MORTALITY; PREGNANCY OUTCOMES; DRINKING; ALCOHOL; WOMEN; CONSUMPTION; VALIDATION; CALIFORNIA AB Objective, The authors evaluated four questions about maternal smoking during pregnancy for use on birth certificates, Methods, Question I (yes/no format) and Question 2 ( trimester-specific design) were tested among 1171 women who delivered at two Kaiser Permanente medical centers in northern California, Responses to Questions and 2 were compared with smoking information provided by participants in telephone interviews conducted during pregnancy, Question 3 (multiple choice format) and Question 4 (month- and grouped month-specific design) were tested among 900 women who enrolled in a statewide prenatal screening program and who delivered in 20 hospitals in four Central Valley counties, Responses to Questions 3 and 4 were compared with mid-pregnancy serum cotinine levels, The authors evaluated the four questions in terms of conciseness, response rate, data accuracy, and type of data requested, Results, Questions 1 and 2 were the most concise, Response rates could not be calculated for Questions I and 2, Response rates were 86.0% for Question 3 and 74.2% for Question 4, Sensitivity was 47.3% for Question I, 62.1% for Question 2, 83.8% for Question 3, and 86.7% for Question 4. The types of data requested by Questions 2 and 4 seem to best satisfy the needs of the broad audience of birth certificate users. Conclusions. No single question was clearly superior, The authors propose a combination of Questions 2 and 4, which asks about average number of cigarettes smoked per day in the three months before pregnancy and in each trimester of pregnancy. C1 CA Dept Hlth Serv, Environm Hlth Invest Branch, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Ctr Hlth Stat, Sacramento, CA USA. Kaiser Permanente Med Care Program, Div Res, Oakland, CA 94611 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth, Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kharrazi, M (reprint author), CA Dept Hlth Serv, Environm Hlth Invest Branch, 1515 Clay St,17th Fl, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. NR 36 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 114 IS 1 BP 60 EP 70 DI 10.1093/phr/114.1.60 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 158DB UT WOS:000078099800022 PM 9925173 ER PT J AU Smith, JM AF Smith, JM TI Discussion: Dosimetry at low dose rates SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 2021 SPRING RD, STE 600, OAK BROOK, IL 60521 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 151 IS 1 BP 110 EP 111 PG 2 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 154VQ UT WOS:000077910400029 ER PT J AU Lybarger, JA Lichtveld, MY Amler, RW AF Lybarger, JA Lichtveld, MY Amler, RW TI Biomedical testing of the kidney for persons exposed to hazardous substances in the environment SO RENAL FAILURE LA English DT Article DE environmental hazards; nephrotoxicity; biomarkers AB To identify kidney injury and dysfunction among persons exposed to hazardous substances in the environment, a battery of biomarker rests has been identified for systematic public health use. The standardized use of tests for conducting field epidemiology studies was reviewed in a 1995 joint American-European workshop, and recommended tests were selected by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These tests would be useful in conducting public health activities but are not recommended in a manner that would suggest changes in routine clinical practice. The tests selected include serum creatinine, urine analysis, urinary albumin, retinol-binding protein, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), and osmolality. Urinary creatinine was also included to adjust for urine concentration. The tests were chosen for use not only in epidemiologic field studies but also clinically oriented population screening and case studies of persons exposed to hazardous substances at waste sites. Studies using the battery may address the relationship between kidney damage and dysfunction and exposures to hazardous substances especially in susceptible populations including children. Also, longitudinal studies should be conducted to evaluate the long-term health implications of abnormal tests and to measure the tests' predictive value for renal injury. These studies could evaluate the continuum of renal dysfunction as expressed by persistent decrements in glomerular filtration to the development of end-stage renal disease. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lybarger, JA (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0886-022X J9 RENAL FAILURE JI Ren. Fail. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3-4 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.3109/08860229909085088 PG 12 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 217KF UT WOS:000081497900005 PM 10416203 ER PT J AU Mueller, PW Caudill, SP AF Mueller, PW Caudill, SP TI Urinary albumin excretion in children: Factors related to elevated excretion in the United States population SO RENAL FAILURE LA English DT Article DE urine albumin; children AB Past population studies have indicated a higher prevalence of high albumin excretion in children than in adults. In this study, NHANES III United States population data was analyzed to study factors associated with elevated albumin excretion in children 8 to 18 years of age. The analysis confirmed a higher prevalence of albumin values > 30 mg/g creatinine and > 200 mg/g creatinine in children than in adults, and indicated that girls are two to three times more likely to have albumin excretion above these levels than boys. Neither hypertension nor reported diabetes - major factors influencing albumin excretion in adults - accounted for the higher excretion levels in children. The higher excretion levels were not associated with prescription medications or a poor rating of the child's overall health status by a physician. The higher prevalence is influenced by puberty stage and is more likely to occur in children with lower than average body mass index, independent of the relationship with urine creatinine excretion. The increased prevalence of high albumin excretion is probably associated with normal development in children, bur an increased susceptibility to chronic diseases in the future among the children with high excretion cannot be ruled out. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Mol Biol Branch,Natl Diabet Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mueller, PW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Mol Biol Branch,Natl Diabet Lab, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0886-022X J9 RENAL FAILURE JI Ren. Fail. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3-4 BP 293 EP 302 DI 10.3109/08860229909085091 PG 10 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 217KF UT WOS:000081497900008 PM 10416206 ER PT J AU Mueller, PW AF Mueller, PW TI Study design and data analysis in clinical and environmental models of nephrotoxicity SO RENAL FAILURE LA English DT Article DE nephrotoxicity; clinical models; biomarkers ID GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; CLEARANCE AB Protocols for clinical studies of nephrotoxicity may include several elements. They include background information, study objectives study design, data handling and analysis, organization and administration, and methods and definitions. Response variables used to indicate the development of clinically apparent renal disease should be clearly defined. Susceptibility factors such as diabetes hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, smoking history, and genetic factors mall influence the development of renal disease and other health outcomes. These factors may also affect the pattern of abnormal biomarkers that appear during the development of renal disease. Some individuals who are normal by standard clinical criteria will be in various stages of disease development and will have abnormal biomarker levels. With all approaches, an adequate baseline assessment of biomarker values is critically important. Consistent findings among studies reinforce conclusions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Mol Biol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mueller, PW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Mol Biol Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0886-022X J9 RENAL FAILURE JI Ren. Fail. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 340 DI 10.3109/08860229909085096 PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 217KF UT WOS:000081497900013 PM 10416211 ER PT J AU Mueller, PW AF Mueller, PW TI Review of the genetics of renal disease SO RENAL FAILURE LA English DT Article DE renal disease; genetics; nephrotoxicity ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING-ENZYME; SYSTEMIC LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY-DISEASE; AFRICAN-AMERICANS; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; FAMILIAL PREDISPOSITION; IGA NEPHROPATHY; PIMA-INDIANS; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The results of many of human studies indicate that the genetics of the more common forms of renal disease are quite complex. There are indications that human renal disease may be both polygenic and heterogenic. There are several approaches. Some researchers studying small populations are collecting larger numbers of families with multiple affected individuals. Others are employing discordant sib-pair analysis. Also, trios (individual with renal disease and that individual's parents) have been suggested as a means of collecting larger numbers of people with renal disease. Another population of interest is the group susceptible to nephrotoxicity. At common doses of nephrotoxic drugs and common levels of exposure to environmental and occupational nephrotoxic substances, only a portion of those similarly exposed develop significant renal damage. This subset of individuals may have a genetic susceptibility to renal damage caused by toxic agents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Mol Biol Branch,Natl Diabet Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mueller, PW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Mol Biol Branch,Natl Diabet Lab, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0886-022X J9 RENAL FAILURE JI Ren. Fail. PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3-4 BP 395 EP 402 DI 10.3109/08860229909085103 PG 8 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 217KF UT WOS:000081497900020 PM 10416218 ER PT J AU Aguilar-Madrid, G Piacitelli, GM Juarez-Perez, CA Vazquez-Grameix, JH Hu, H Hernandez-Avila, M AF Aguilar-Madrid, G Piacitelli, GM Juarez-Perez, CA Vazquez-Grameix, JH Hu, H Hernandez-Avila, M TI Occupational exposure to inorganic lead in a printing plant in Mexico City. SO SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO LA Spanish DT Article DE occupational exposure; lead; blood lead; bone lead; book imprints; Mexico ID X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; IN-VIVO; BONE; BLOOD; WORKERS; WOMEN AB Objective. To describe occupational lead exposure and its biological indicators in workers in a printing company. Material and methods. An epidemiological and industrial hygiene research was undertaken. Lead was measured in the air of work environment and on the hands of the participants; additionally, subjects underwent a venous blood samples for the determination of whole blood lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; and a bone lead measurement using a spot-source Cd K-X-ray fluorescence instrument. Also, a standardized questionnaire was applied. We obtained information on demographic and life styles factors,work history, type of work, position and activity within the company. Results. Of the 209 workers, 117 agreed to participate and 90 (83.3% males and 16.7% females) completed all phases of the study. The average lead concentrations were: in air samples, of 0.94 mu g/m(3); in hands before washing, of 6 802 mu g/m(2); in hands after washing, of 194 mu g/m(2); in whole blood, of 12.3 mu g/dl; and in tibia and fibula, of 25.9 and 43.3 mu g Pb/g of bone mineral, respectively. Important variations in these measurements were observed according to the workers post. Conclusions. Worldwide, lead exposure levels have been used to evaluate acute exposures being in the workplace. The higher lead levels find in the bone of the workers in this study are similar to other occupational studies in the United States of America and suggest that the accumulated metal in bone may be an important endogenous exposure source, and here its measurement importance. However in developing countries because its high costs per application, the measurements in bone lead become limited to epidemiological research, although not as an instrument for occupational epidemiological surveillance. In Mexico, there are no reliable studies of occupational lead exposure, which would allow the establishment of both, maximum permissible ambient and biological levels. This study is intended to contribute to blood lead standard setting, which is being discussed in Mexico. C1 Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Salud Pobiac, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Anal & Evaluac Salud Trabajo, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Aguilar-Madrid, G (reprint author), Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Salud Pobiac, Av univ 655,Colonia Santa Maria Ahuacatitlan, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5 P42 ES-05947] NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU INST NACIONAL SALUD PUBLICA PI CUERNAVACA PA AV UNIVERSIDAD 655, COL SANTA MARIA AHUACATITLAN, CUERNAVACA 62508, MORELOS, MEXICO SN 0036-3634 J9 SALUD PUBLICA MEXICO JI Salud Publica Mexico PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 42 EP 54 DI 10.1590/S0036-36341999000100006 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 173XL UT WOS:000079005000006 PM 10081333 ER PT J AU Bjoersdorff, A Brouqui, P Eliasson, I Massung, RF Wittesjo, B Berglund, J AF Bjoersdorff, A Brouqui, P Eliasson, I Massung, RF Wittesjo, B Berglund, J TI Serological evidence of Ehrlichia infection in Swedish Lyme borreliosis patients SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; CAUSATIVE AGENT; HUMAN-DISEASE; PCR ASSAY; IDENTIFICATION; PHAGOCYTOPHILA; SWEDEN; EQUI; IXODIDAE AB We studied sera from patients who had participated in a prospective study of borreliosis in Sweden and had acquired tick bites in areas of the country with a high prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichial infections in animals. The sera were examined for IgG anti Ehrlichia antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescence assay using locally isolated bovine Ehrlichia antigen. Confirmation of the serological results was done at the Unite des Rickettsies, Marseille, France. Three out of 37 of the investigated patients and 1 out of 100 investigated healthy blood donors had significant antibody titres to granulocytotropic Ehrlichiae. No patient or blood donor had specific antibody titres to Ehrlichia chaffeensis. These data suggest that Scandinavian Ehrlichia species can infect and evoke immunological response in tick-exposed humans. C1 Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden. Univ Lund, Dept Med Microbiol, Lund, Sweden. Fac Med Marseille, Unite Rickettsies, Marseille, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Dept Infect Dis, Karlskrona, Sweden. Dept Infect Dis Control, Karlskrona, Sweden. Univ Lund, Dept Community Hlth Sci, S-21401 Malmo, Sweden. Blekinge Inst Res & Dev, Karlshamn, Sweden. RP Bjoersdorff, A (reprint author), Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden. RI Brouqui, Philippe/P-5771-2016 NR 32 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0036-5548 J9 SCAND J INFECT DIS JI Scand. J. Infect. Dis. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 51 EP 55 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 202NK UT WOS:000080658800009 PM 10381218 ER PT J AU Christensen, JJ Gruhn, N Facklam, RR AF Christensen, JJ Gruhn, N Facklam, RR TI Endocarditis caused by Abiotrophia species SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NUTRITIONALLY VARIANT STREPTOCOCCI; IDENTIFICATION AB Two cases of endocarditis with nutritionally variant streptococci are presented. Such strains have recently been included in the new genus Abiotrophia. A total of 12 additional Abiotrophia strains, including the type strains of Abiotrophia defectiva and Abiotrophia adiacens, were characterized in order to comment on their microbiological characteristics. C1 Herlev Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Statens Serum Inst, Copenhagen, Denmark. Herlev Hosp, Dept Urol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Streprococcus Lab, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Christensen, JJ (reprint author), Herlev Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Copenhagen, Denmark. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0036-5548 J9 SCAND J INFECT DIS JI Scand. J. Infect. Dis. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 210 EP 212 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 218TN UT WOS:000081567900024 PM 10447338 ER PT J AU Sobottka, I Albrecht, H Visvesvara, GS Pieniazek, NJ Deplazes, P Schwartz, DA Laufs, R Elsner, HA AF Sobottka, I Albrecht, H Visvesvara, GS Pieniazek, NJ Deplazes, P Schwartz, DA Laufs, R Elsner, HA TI Inter- and intra-species karyotype variations among microsporidia of the genus Encephalitozoon as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CUNICULI STRAINS; CHROMOSOMAL DNA; IDENTIFICATION; HELLEM; AIDS; RABBITS; PATIENT AB Disseminated infections due to microsporidia of the genus Encephalitozoon are detected increasingly, especially in patients with AIDS. Identification of microsporidia can be achieved by a variety of immunological and molecular methods. This study evaluates the feasibility of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for the analysis of karyotypes of the 3 known species of this genus (Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon intestinalis) and of 2 of the 3 known E. cuniculi strains (strains I and III). Eleven chromosomal DNA bands were resolved for E, cuniculi and 10 chromosomal DNA bands for E. hellem and E, intestinalis, with molecular sizes ranging from 231 to 320 kb, from 197 to 288 kb and from 195 to 285 kb, respectively, resulting in estimated genome sizes of about 3.0 Mb, 2.5 Mb and 2.4 Mb. Different PFGE chromosomal banding patterns indicate that not only E, cuniculi, as previously described, but also E. hellem, represent a heterogeneous entity. PFGE is a valuable method of evaluating inter- and intra-species variations among Encephalitozoon species that may enable the identification of environmental sources of infection and modes of transmission. C1 Univ Hamburg, Hosp Eppendorf, Inst Med Microbiol & Immunol, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Zurich, Inst Parasitol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Sobottka, I (reprint author), Univ Hamburg, Hosp Eppendorf, Inst Med Microbiol & Immunol, Martinistr 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. RI Albrecht, Helmut/D-5319-2011 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0036-5548 J9 SCAND J INFECT DIS JI Scand. J. Infect. Dis. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 6 BP 555 EP 558 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 279JA UT WOS:000085039600005 PM 10680984 ER PT J AU Kesner, JS Knecht, EA Krieg, EF AF Kesner, JS Knecht, EA Krieg, EF TI Measuring endocrine profiles of women in field studies SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Environment, Life-Style and Fertility CY DEC 07-10, 1997 CL AARHUS, DENMARK DE estrogens; follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone; menstrual cycle; progestins; urine ID MONITORING MENSTRUAL FUNCTION; REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; URINE AB Improved methods are needed to evaluate the effects of occupational and environmental hazards on the reproductive health of human female populations. This communication describes highly specific, sensitive, and reliable time-resolved fluorescence immunoassays for measuring luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone 3-glucuronide (E(1)3G), and pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (Pd3G) in urine, a fluid that is convenient and painless to collect serially from large populations. Furthermore, some of the technical issues relevant to the successful application of these measurements to field studies are discussed. C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Expt Toxicol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Kesner, JS (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Expt Toxicol Branch, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS-C23, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM JSK4@cdc.gov NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCAND J WORK ENV HEALTH PI HELSINKI PA TOPELIUKSENKATU 41A, SF-00250 HELSINKI, FINLAND SN 0355-3140 J9 SCAND J WORK ENV HEA JI Scand. J. Work Environ. Health PY 1999 VL 25 SU 1 BP 17 EP 19 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 184GK UT WOS:000079602600006 PM 10235400 ER PT J AU Morse, SA AF Morse, SA TI Etiology of genital ulcer disease and its relationship to HIV infection SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HAEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI; CLINICAL-DIAGNOSIS; TYPE-2; MEN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morse, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 26 IS 1 BP 63 EP 65 DI 10.1097/00007435-199901000-00010 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 156DR UT WOS:000077986600010 PM 9918325 ER PT J AU Fanslow, JL AF Fanslow, JL TI Making sense of suicide: An in-depth look at why people kill themselves SO SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE LA English DT Book Review C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, NE Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Fanslow, JL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway, NE Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-9536 J9 SOC SCI MED JI Soc. Sci. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 48 IS 1 BP 135 EP 135 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 156DK UT WOS:000077986000016 ER PT J AU Gaudino, JA Jenkins, B Rochat, RW AF Gaudino, JA Jenkins, B Rochat, RW TI No fathers' names: a risk factor for infant mortality in the State of Georgia, USA SO SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Conference of the Society-for-Epidemiologic-Research CY JUN 15, 1993 CL KEYSTONE, COLORADO SP Soc Epidemiol Res DE infant mortality; social support; fathers; father absence; marital status; husbands; single parent ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; UNITED-STATES; LIFE EVENTS; PRETERM DELIVERY; PREGNANT-WOMEN; BLACK; OUTCOMES; HEALTH; ABUSE AB Many studies have explored maternal and infant factors as risks for infant mortality, but little attention is given to paternal factors. In Georgia, listing a father's name on the birth certificate is optional for married couples and possible after paternal acknowledgment for unmarried couples. The authors evaluated father's name reporting as a paternity measure and risk for infant mortality. Using the linked 1989-1990 birth and death certificates of singleton Georgia infants to calculate relative risks (RRs), infant mortality rates for 38,943 infants with no father's names listed were compared to rates for 178,100 with father's names listed. Compared with the rate for married women listing names, the death rates were higher for unmarried mothers not listing fathers (relative risk, RR = 2.5; 95% CI 2.3-2.7), unmarried mothers listing fathers (RR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.3-1.6), and married women not listing fathers (RR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.6-3.1). Increased risks remained after stratifying by maternal race, age, adequacy of prenatal care and medical risks; and congenital malformations, birthweight, gestational age, and small-for-gestational age. Using logistic regression to examine for effect modification and to adjust for these factors together, the adjusted relative risks for death varied across different groups without fathers' names, regardless of marital status. For example, it remained statistically higher for infants with no father listed and without effect-modifying conditions such as low birthweight (estimated RR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.4). Although these findings suggest paternal involvement, as measured by listing fathers names, is protective against low birthweight and infant mortality, further evaluation is needed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Pregnancy & Infant Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis & HIV Prevent, Epidemiol Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gaudino, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Pregnancy & Infant Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jag1303@hub.doh.wa.gov RI Rochat, Roger/J-9802-2012 NR 53 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-9536 J9 SOC SCI MED JI Soc. Sci. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 48 IS 2 BP 253 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00342-6 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 156DL UT WOS:000077986100010 PM 10048782 ER PT S AU Kahn, HS Patel, AV Jacobs, EJ Calle, EE Kennedy, BP Kawachi, I AF Kahn, HS Patel, AV Jacobs, EJ Calle, EE Kennedy, BP Kawachi, I BE Adler, NE Marmot, M McEwen, B Stewart, J TI Pathways between area-level income inequality and increased mortality in US men SO SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH IN INDUSTRIAL NATIONS: SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations - Social, Psychological, and Biological Pathways CY MAY 10-12, 1999 CL NIH, BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP John D & Catherine T MacArthur Fdn Res Network Socioecon Statius & Hlth, New York Acad Sci HO NIH C1 Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth & Social Behav, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div Diabet Translat, MS K-68,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Kahn, Henry/0000-0003-2533-1562 NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-211-8 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 896 BP 332 EP 334 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08132.x PG 3 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA BP47L UT WOS:000085238100033 PM 10681913 ER PT S AU Shinberg, DS AF Shinberg, DS BE Adler, NE Marmot, M McEwen, B Stewart, J TI For richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health: Socioeconomic status and health among married couples SO SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH IN INDUSTRIAL NATIONS: SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations - Social, Psychological, and Biological Pathways CY MAY 10-12, 1999 CL NIH, BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP John D & Catherine T MacArthur Fdn Res Network Socioecon Statius & Hlth, New York Acad Sci HO NIH C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Demog & Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Sociol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Shinberg, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Interview Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 875, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-211-8 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 896 BP 341 EP 343 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08135.x PG 3 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA BP47L UT WOS:000085238100036 PM 10681916 ER PT S AU Anderson, L Fullilove, M Scrimshaw, S Fielding, J Normand, J Zaza, S Wright-DeAguero, L Higgins, D AF Anderson, L Fullilove, M Scrimshaw, S Fielding, J Normand, J Zaza, S Wright-DeAguero, L Higgins, D BE Adler, NE Marmot, M McEwen, B Stewart, J TI A framework for evidenced-based reviews of interventions for supportive social environments SO SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH IN INDUSTRIAL NATIONS: SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations - Social, Psychological, and Biological Pathways CY MAY 10-12, 1999 CL NIH, BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP John D & Catherine T MacArthur Fdn Res Network Socioecon Statius & Hlth, New York Acad Sci HO NIH C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10032 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Anderson, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop Mail K-73, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-211-8 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 896 BP 487 EP 489 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08177.x PG 3 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA BP47L UT WOS:000085238100078 PM 10681958 ER PT J AU Qureshi, AI Giles, WH Croft, JB Guterman, LR Hopkins, LN AF Qureshi, AI Giles, WH Croft, JB Guterman, LR Hopkins, LN TI Apolipoproteins A-1 and B and the likelihood for nonfatal stroke and myocardial infarction: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. SO STROKE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD JAN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 MA P7 BP 269 EP 269 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 155EW UT WOS:000077934200274 ER PT J AU Hennessy, M Bolan, GA Hoxworth, T Iatesta, M Rhodes, F Zenilman, JM AF Hennessy, Michael Bolan, Gail A. Hoxworth, Tamara Iatesta, Michael Rhodes, Fen Zenilman, Jonathan M. CA Project RESPECT Study Grp TI Using Growth Curves to Determine the Timing of Booster Sessions SO STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RELAPSE PREVENTION; SMOKING PREVENTION; BEHAVIOR-THERAPY; HIV PREVENTION; FOLLOW-UP; MODELS; MAINTENANCE; TRIAL AB Booster sessions are often recommended to reestablish or reinforce the cognitive messages or behavior changes due to therapeutic and behavioral interventions. To plan intervention-relevant booster sessions, researchers need to know the pattern(s) of individual change over time in outcome variables and for experimental groups. Growth curve analysis of repeated measures can estimate these patterns for different categories of intervention participants. This article demonstrates an application of this method using data from a recently completed multisite randomized experiment that compared 3 different counseling and testing methods for prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, Project RESPECT. Reported self-efficacy for condom use with the main sexual partner is used as an illustrative example. For most experimental groups, self-efficacy for condom use declined for both female and male respondents soon after the intervention and booster sessions should have been instituted within 3 months after the intervention. The article closes with some recommendations for both prospective and retrospective use of growth curves to rationally plan the timing of booster sessions and to evaluate their effectiveness in preventing relapse. C1 [Hennessy, Michael] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. [Bolan, Gail A.] San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. [Hoxworth, Tamara] Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. [Iatesta, Michael] Project RESPECT, Newark, NJ USA. [Rhodes, Fen] Calif State Univ Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. [Zenilman, Jonathan M.] Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Hennessy, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop E-44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mhh0@cdc.gov NR 51 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU PSYCHOLOGY PRESS PI HOVE PA 27 CHURCH RD, HOVE BN3 2FA, EAST SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1070-5511 J9 STRUCT EQU MODELING JI Struct. Equ. Modeling PY 1999 VL 6 IS 4 BP 322 EP 342 DI 10.1080/10705519909540139 PG 21 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA V19HP UT WOS:000208063800002 ER PT J AU Springer, KW Sterk, CE Jones, TS Friedman, L AF Springer, KW Sterk, CE Jones, TS Friedman, L TI Syringe disposal options for injection drug users: A community-based perspective SO SUBSTANCE USE & MISUSE LA English DT Article DE syringe; syringe disposal; injection drug user; qualitative; HIV; AIDS; needlestick injury; paraphernalia laws ID NEEDLE EXCHANGE PROGRAM; INFECTION; IMPACT; BLOOD; HIV AB This study was a qualitative exploration of syringe disposal interventions for injection drug users (IDUs). Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 26 community members who injected drugs and 32 noninjecting community members in Atlanta, Georgia. Both groups supported syringe exchange programs as syringe disposal interventions, while noninjecting community members favored a one-way drop box. IDUs identified fear of arrest for possession of syringes as the most salient barrier to safe syringe disposal, revealing the negative consequences of drug paraphernalia laws. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sterk, CE (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6084 J9 SUBST USE MISUSE JI Subst. Use Misuse PY 1999 VL 34 IS 13 BP 1917 EP 1934 DI 10.3109/10826089909039432 PG 18 WC Substance Abuse; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Substance Abuse; Psychiatry; Psychology GA 249DT UT WOS:000083318100008 PM 10540978 ER PT J AU Garry, VF Burroughs, B Tarone, R Kesner, JS AF Garry, VF Burroughs, B Tarone, R Kesner, JS TI Herbicides and adjuvants: an evolving view SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE adjuvants; herbicides; hormone analysis; human study; micronucleus assay ID CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; PESTICIDE APPLIERS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; MUTAGENICITY; INVITRO; INVIVO; ASSAYS; CELLS; CYTOTOXICITY; GENOTOXICITY AB The present report examines the br vitro genotoxicity (micronucleus assay) of herbicides and adjuvants and reports on an in vivo human study on potential endocrine effects of pesticides, including herbicides. Adjuvants are used in conjunction with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and other herbicides. Earlier pesticide applier survey results (n = 709) show that 59% of the applicators used adjuvants, and the majority of this group used paraffinic oils and/or surfactant mixtures. As a beginning effort to explore the role of adjuvants and herbicides in hormonally based reproductive effects, a prospective, controlled study was performed to analyze blood specimens from three different exposure groups (applicators using herbicides only; applicators using both herbicides and insecticides; and applicators using fumigants in addition to herbicides and insecticides; and a control group composed of other agricultural workers including organic farmers). The applicators and controls were age- and smoking-matched. Study subjects (n = 78) were tested before, during, and after completion of pesticide application season for the effects of pesticide products on hormone levels in the bloodstream. Of the applicator exposure groups examined, only the herbicide group showed significant endocrinologic differences from controls. Free testosterone levels were significantly elevated in post-season measurements (p = 0.032), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was significantly decreased at the height of the season (p = 0.016) and in the post-season (p = 0.010) as compared to controls. These endocrinologic findings are discussed in terms of their possible relationship to potential endocrine effects of herbicides, herbicide contaminants, and adjuvants. In vitro genotoxicity examination compared four different commercially available surfactant mixtures with 12 different commercial herbicide products, including six different chlorophenoxy herbicides. Only one herbicide yielded a significant dose-response curve. All four adjuvants showed positive dose-response effects. These preliminary data suggest that adjuvants are not inert but are toxicologically active components added to herbicide mixtures. Whether adjuvant toxicant effects are additive or are independent of herbicide effects is poorly understood. C1 Univ Minnesota, Environm Med & Pathol Program, Stone Lab 1, Lab Environm Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIOSH, Expt Toxicol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Garry, VF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Environm Med & Pathol Program, Stone Lab 1, Lab Environm Med & Pathol, 1st Floor,421 29th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ESO8161] NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 9 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 159 EP 167 DI 10.1191/074823399678846619 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500013 PM 10188198 ER PT J AU Barr, DB Barr, JR Driskell, WJ Hill, RH Ashley, DL Needham, LL Head, SL Sampson, EJ AF Barr, DB Barr, JR Driskell, WJ Hill, RH Ashley, DL Needham, LL Head, SL Sampson, EJ TI Strategies for biological monitoring of exposure for contemporary-use pesticides SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE biological monitoring; contemporary-use pesticides; exposure; internal dose; pharmacokinetics; reference ranges ID 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 2,4-D; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; REFERENCE RANGE CONCENTRATIONS; HUMAN URINARY METABOLITE; AGRICULTURAL HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL-HEALTH; CHLORINATED PHENOLS; UNITED-STATES; LC-MS/MS; HERBICIDES AB Pesticides are used on a massive scale in the United States. The widespread use of these pesticides has made it virtually impossible for the average person to avoid exposure at some level. Generally, it is believed that low-level exposure to these pesticides does not produce acute toxic effects; however, various cancers and other noncancer health endpoints have been associated with chronic exposure to several groups of pesticides. Therefore, it is imperative that well-designed studies investigate the potential relationship between contemporary pesticide exposure and health effects. For these studies to be accurate, reliable methods for determining individual exposure must be used. Biological monitoring is a useful tool for assessing exposure to some contemporary pesticides. As with any analytical method, biological monitoring entails many difficulties, but, in many instances, they can be overcome by the logical use of available information and information acquired in carefully designed studies. At the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we have acquired extensive experience in the development and application of specific techniques for biological monitoring of a variety of toxicants, including many of the contemporary-use pesticides. We have used these methods to measure the internal dose of pesticides received by people in acute and chronic incidents resulting from both environmental and industrial exposure. Additionally, we have established normative values, or reference ranges, of several pesticides based on measurements of their metabolites in the urine of randomly selected adults in the US population. These data have been successfully used to distinguish overt exposures from 'background' exposure. In this paper, we present several examples of the usefulness of biological monitoring in urine and blood and describe the difficulties involved with developing methods in these matrices. We also present a general strategy, considerations, and recommendations for developing biological monitoring techniques for measuring the internal dose of contemporary-use pesticides. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Barr, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011 NR 57 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 8 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 168 EP 179 DI 10.1191/074823399678846556 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500014 PM 10188199 ER PT J AU Radolf, JD Steiner, B Shevchenko, D AF Radolf, JD Steiner, B Shevchenko, D TI Treponema pallidum: doing a remarkable job with what it's got SO TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID OUTER-MEMBRANE; SYPHILIS SPIROCHETE; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Radolf, JD (reprint author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0966-842X J9 TRENDS MICROBIOL JI Trends Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1 BP 7 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01422-X PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 206UT UT WOS:000080898200004 PM 10068990 ER PT S AU Schulte, PA Waters, M AF Schulte, PA Waters, M BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Using molecular epidemiology in assessing exposure for risk assessment SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM ID CANCER RISK; RADIATION WORKERS; VARIABILITY; BIOMARKERS; MARKERS; MUTATIONS; GENE; LYMPHOCYTES; DAMAGE AB Quantitative estimation of health risks depends on exposure characterization, the nature of the dose response relationships, and the toxicity of the agents involved. The greatest uncertainties in risk assessment almost always arise from sparse or inadequate exposure data, inadequate understanding of exposure mechanisms, and insufficient understanding of the exposure-dose-response pathway. Additional sources of uncertainty arise when mixed or multiple exposures are implicated in the disease pathway, and as a result of variability in both exposures and responses within and between individuals. Here we consider the role of exposure assessment in the risk assessment process, the use of biological markers or molecular epidemiology to contribute to improvements in exposure assessment for risk assessment, and uncertainties associated with the use of biological markers. C1 NIOSH, Educ & Informat Div, Robert A Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Schulte, PA (reprint author), NIOSH, Educ & Informat Div, Robert A Taft Labs, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Waters, Martha/B-7441-2011 NR 38 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08079.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100007 PM 10676411 ER PT S AU Stayner, L Bailer, AJ Smith, R Gilbert, S Rice, F Kuempel, E AF Stayner, L Bailer, AJ Smith, R Gilbert, S Rice, F Kuempel, E BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Sources of uncertainty in dose-response modeling of epidemiological data for cancer risk assessment SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS; CARCINOGENESIS; MORTALITY AB Epidemiologic data is increasingly being used for dose-response analysis in risk assessment. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other U.S. agencies have expressed a preference for using epidemiologic data rather than toxicologic data when possible. However, there are a number of important sources of uncertainty in using epidemiologic data for this purpose that need to be clearly recognized and, when possible, quantified. This paper presents a critical renew of the major sources of uncertainty in the use of epidemiologic data far cancer risk assessment. These mag include: (1) study design issues such as potential confounding and other biases, inadequate sample size, and followup, (2) the choice of the data set, (3) specification of the dose-response model, (4) estimation of exposure and dose, and (5) unrecognized variability in susceptibility. Examples from risk assessments for cadmium, asbestos, and diesel exhaust are used to illustrate the potential magnitude of some of these sources of uncertainty. It is shown that the overall uncertainty from these various sources combined may often result in highly uncertain risk estimates from dose-response modeling of epidemiologic data. For this reason, we believe it is best to present a range of possible risk estimates, which, to the extent possible, reflects the variability and uncertainty inherent in the dose-response evaluation of epidemiologic data. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Educ & Informat Div, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIOSH,Robert A Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Stayner, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Educ & Informat Div, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIOSH,Robert A Taft Labs, 4676 Columibia Pkwy,MSC-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 212 EP 222 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08087.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100015 PM 10676419 ER PT S AU Bailar, JC Bailer, AJ AF Bailar, JC Bailer, AJ BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Risk assessment - the mother of all uncertainties - Disciplinary perspectives on uncertainty in risk assessment SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM AB Uncertainty in the detection and evaluation of chemical hazards to health leads to challenges when conducting risk assessments. Some of the uncertainty has to do with data, some with incomplete understanding of processes, and some with the most fundamental ways of viewing the questions. True variability-across space, in time, or among individuals-complicates the search for understanding many important aspects of risk. A few statistical and toxicologic tools are available to assess uncertainty. Three methods of classifying uncertainty are briefly discussed. In addition, our disciplinary background may influence how we view and discuss variability and uncertainty. We rarely know as much its we think we do (and not just in risk assessment). Great uncertainty is likely to remain an important part of risk assessment for some decades to come. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Hlth Studies, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Harris Sch Publ Policy, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NIOSH, Educ & Informat Div, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Bailar, JC (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Hlth Studies, 5841 S Maryland Ave,MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 273 EP 285 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08091.x PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100019 PM 10676423 ER PT S AU De Rosa, CT Pohl, HR Hansen, H Leonard, RC Holler, J Jones, D AF De Rosa, CT Pohl, HR Hansen, H Leonard, RC Holler, J Jones, D BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Reducing uncertainty in the derivation and application of health guidance values in public health practice - Dioxin as a case study SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM ID ESTIMATING SOIL INGESTION; INTERIM POLICY GUIDELINE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; CONTAMINATED SOIL; GUINEA-PIGS; MONKEYS; RATS; BIOAVAILABILITY; 2,3,7,8-TCDD; EXPOSURES AB We were requested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to clarify the relationships among the minimal risk level (MRL), action level, and environmental media evaluation guide (EMEG) for dioxin established by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), In response we developed a document entitled "Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds in Soil, Part I: ATSDR Interim Policy Guideline"; and a supporting document entitled "Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds in Soil, Part II: Technical Support Document". In these documents, we evaluated the key assumptions underlying the development and use of the ATSDR action level, MRL, and EMEG for dioxin. We described the chronology of events outlining these different health guidance values far dioxin and identified the areas of uncertainty surrounding these values. Four scientific assumptions were found to hal-e had a great impact on this process; these were: (I) the specific uncertainty factors used, (2) the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) approach, (3) the fractional exposure from different pathways. and (4) the use of body burdens in the absence of exposure data. This information nas subsequently used to develop a framework for reducing the uncertainties in public health risk assessment associated with exposure to other chemical contaminants in the environment, Within this framework are a number of future directions for reducing uncertainty, including physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK), benchmark dose modeling (BMD), functional toxicology, and the assessment of chemical mixture interactions. C1 US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Publ Hlth Serv, Div Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dupont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP De Rosa, CT (reprint author), US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Publ Hlth Serv, Div Toxicol, E-29,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 348 EP 364 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100023 PM 10676427 ER PT S AU Bailer, AJ AF Bailer, AJ BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Uncertainty in risk assessment - Current efforts and future hopes SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM AB The incorporation of sampling variability in estimates of excess risk has been part of risk assessment practice for decades. Currently, there is a strong desire to incorporate understanding of biological mechanisms into the models used for exposure assessment and exposure-response modeling. In addition, representing population heterogeneity in the assessment of risks and the identification of sensitive subpopulations is of great concern. Finally, the communication of uncertainty and variability remains a challenge to risk assessors. Based upon the presentations of workshop faculty, a summary of current practice when addressing uncertainty together with conjectures concerning future challenges for addressing uncertainty, are presented. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NIOSH, Educ & Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Bailer, AJ (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, 123 Bachelor Hall, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 367 EP 372 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08097.x PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100025 PM 10676429 ER PT S AU Bailar, JC Bailer, AJ AF Bailar, JC Bailer, AJ BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Common themes at the workshop on uncertainty in the risk assessment of environmental and occupational hazards SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Hlth Studies, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Harris Sch Publ Policy, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NIOSH, Educ & Informat Div, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Bailar, JC (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Hlth Studies, 5841 S Maryland Ave,MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 373 EP 376 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08098.x PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100026 PM 10676430 ER PT J AU Aggarwal, R McCaustland, KA Dilawari, JB Sinha, SD Robertson, BH AF Aggarwal, R McCaustland, KA Dilawari, JB Sinha, SD Robertson, BH TI Genetic variability of hepatitis E virus within and between three epidemics in India SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hepatitis E virus; India; polymerase chain reaction ID MOLECULAR-CLONING; GENOME SEQUENCE; HEV; STRAINS; ISOLATE; CHINA; SWINE AB Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of epidemic and sporadic acute viral hepatitis in many developing countries, including India. We evaluated the genetic variability within two regions (a 476-nt long ORF1 segment and a 304-nt long ORF2 segment) from specimens collected during three outbreaks in the cities of Karnal (1987), Yamunanagar (1989), and Meerut (1996), India, and from one patient, residing in Lucknow, India, who had a case of sporadic hepatitis (1996). Within an outbreak, sequences in the ORF1 and ORF2 regions were 99.3-100.0% identical. However, when strains were compared between outbreaks, identity in the ORF1 and ORF2 region was 97.1-99.2 and 96.4-100.0%, respectively. A comparison of these sequences to previously published Indian ORF1 and ORF2 sequences revealed even lower similarities, 95.2-98.5 and 95.1-98.7%, respectively. One patient in the Meerut outbreak had genomic sequences that differed substantially from the other patients affected during this outbreak and probably reflected a sporadic infection. The sporadic hepatitis E strain from Lucknow clustered with a previously described HEV strain from a patient with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Our data suggest that the ORF1 and ORF2 segments can be used to study the molecular epidemiology of HEV infection and indicate that much remains to be determined about the genetic variability of Indian HEV strains. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Sanjay Gandhi Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Dept Gastroenterol, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India. Postgrad Inst Med Educ & Res, Dept Hepatol, Chandigarh 160012, India. RP Robertson, BH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Aggarwal, Rakesh/0000-0001-9689-494X NR 28 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 59 IS 1 BP 35 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00123-3 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 166CY UT WOS:000078559700004 PM 10854164 ER PT J AU Zheng, HQ Storch, GA Zang, CY Peret, TCT Park, CS Anderson, LJ AF Zheng, HQ Storch, GA Zang, CY Peret, TCT Park, CS Anderson, LJ TI Genetic variability in envelope-associated protein genes of closely related group A strains of respiratory syncytial virus SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); genetic drift; genetic diversity ID ANTIGENIC SUBGROUP-A; ATTACHMENT PROTEIN; SH-GENE; HETEROGENEITY; GLYCOPROTEIN; DIVERSITY; RNA; RSV AB The genetic and antigenic diversity present in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strains may in part be explained by genetic drift similar to that which occurs with influenza virus B. To study drift in RSV strains, we sequenced the five membrane-associated genes, M, SH, G, F, and M2, from three sets of RSV isolates: one set of seven closely related isolates obtained over 5 years in St. Louis, MO, and two sets of four closely related RSV isolates from other communities. We found nucleotide-variable and conserved regions in all five genes, and the greatest diversity in the SH and G genes. We did not find clear evidence of genetic drift in the seven isolates from St. Louis for any of the five genes. Although the relationships between strains were usually maintained independent of the genes studied, for several isolates there was a dramatic shift in genetic relationships for one of the five genes. Our inability to demonstrate genetic drift and the dramatic shift in; genetic relationships between some strains for some genes suggest that we need to better define the mechanisms and rate of change in this virus to accurately define phylogenetic relationships between strains. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. RP Anderson, LJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Mail Stop A-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM lja2@cdc.gov NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 59 IS 1 BP 89 EP 99 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00132-4 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 166CY UT WOS:000078559700008 PM 10854168 ER PT J AU Busch, M Chamberland, M Epstein, J Kleinman, S Khabbaz, R Nemo, G AF Busch, M Chamberland, M Epstein, J Kleinman, S Khabbaz, R Nemo, G TI Oversight and monitoring of blood safety in the United States SO VOX SANGUINIS LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TRANSFUSION-TRANSMITTED VIRUSES; FROZEN WHOLE-BLOOD; NON-A; POSTTRANSFUSION HEPATITIS; INFECTION; RISK; DONORS; HIV-1; TRANSMISSION AB The US blood safety vigilance system is composed of a network of interwoven programs, now organized under a formal structure, with the Assistant Secretary of Health and DHHS Blood Safety Committee bearing overall responsibility. It takes advantage of the breadth of expertise and close collaborative relationship of transfusion medicine and infectious disease scientists within and outside of the government. Core elements include an array of ongoing surveillance programs for monitoring established as well as new and emerging infectious agents that may pose a risk to blood safety, and the existence of historical and contemporary repositories of donor and recipient specimens that enable rapid investigation of putative new risks. This report summarizes the historical events that shaped the US blood safety oversight system, reviews the current organization and decision-making processes related to blood safety issues, and highlights key surveillance systems and research programs which monitor the US and global blood supplies for known and potential emerging risks. C1 Blood Ctr Pacific, Res Serv, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Blood Ctr Pacific, Sci Serv, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada. Westat Inc, Rockville, MD USA. NHLBI, US Natl Inst Hlth, Div Blood Dis & Resources, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Busch, M (reprint author), Blood Ctr Pacific, Res Serv, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. NR 62 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9007 J9 VOX SANG JI Vox Sang. PY 1999 VL 77 IS 2 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1159/000031079 PG 10 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 242BV UT WOS:000082919100001 PM 10516550 ER PT J AU Moll, DM Summers, RS AF Moll, DM Summers, RS TI Assessment of drinking water filter microbial communities using taxonomic and metabolic profiles SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Microbial Ecology of Biofilms - Concepts, Tools and Applications CY OCT 08-10, 1998 CL LAKE BLUFF, ILLINOIS DE biofilm; biofiltration; BIOLOG; community structure; drinking water; PLFA AB Biofiltration is used in drinking water treatment to oxidize the biodegradable fraction of natural organic matter (NOM), thus controlling disinfection byproducts (DBP), DBP formation and microbial regrowth. Most work to date has focused on assessing drinking water biofilter performance; the microbial dynamics of biofilters have not been examined and are poorly understood. The objective of this research was to provide baseline information about the impact of design, operational and water quality parameters on NOM and DBP precursor removal, and microbial biomass and community structure profiles of biologically active drinking water rapid media filters. Phospholipid fairy acid (PLFA) profiles and the BIOLOG system for detecting the metabolism of sole carbon sources were found to be useful for characterizing the microbial communities in drinking water biofilters. Substrate removal was impacted most by ozonation, contact time, backwashing with water containing disinfectants, and low temperature. Using the PLFA technique, it was found that ozonation, contact time, and backwashing with water containing disinfectants had the greatest impact on microbial community structure. The BIOLOG system differentiated communities based on ozonation, contact rime, pH, and temperature. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the IAWQ. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Moll, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F 46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 7 BP 83 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00154-7 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 201QX UT WOS:000080607500012 ER PT J AU Chabra, A Chavez, GF Harris, ES AF Chabra, A Chavez, GF Harris, ES TI Mental illness in elementary-school-aged children SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENT TREATMENT; HEALTH-SERVICES; GENERAL HOSPITALS; ADOLESCENTS; DISORDERS; LENGTH; HOSPITALIZATIONS; POPULATION; BENEFITS; PATTERNS AB We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1992 hospital discharge data to determine the incidence of mental illness hospitalizations among elementary-school-aged children and to analyze differences in hospital use by selected population characteristics. We analyzed population-based records of hospitalizations of 6- to 12-year-olds (n = 4,460) with a principal diagnosis of mental illness and calculated relative risks (RRs) for hospitalization by sex, race/ethnicity, and payment source. Mental illnesses accounted for 8.1% of hospitalizations and 28.9% of hospital days for 6- to 12-year-olds. Hospital charges totaled $85 million. Boys had a higher risk of mental illness hospitalization than girls (RR 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.84-2.08). Latino children had a lower risk than whites (RR 0.22; 95% CI 0.20-0.24), as did children in the "Asian/other" group (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.10-0.15). Inpatient hospitalizations for mental illness have a major impact on hospital morbidity for elementary-school-age children. Boys are overrepresented and Latinos and Asians/others are underrepresented among mental illness hospitalizations. Clinical implications for these findings and barriers to the delivery of inpatient mental health care are discussed. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Maternal & Child Hlth Branch, Sacramento, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Psychiat, Div Child Adolescent & Family Psychiat, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. RP Chabra, A (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Maternal & Child Hlth Branch, 2151 Berkeley Way,Annex 4,Room 200, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARDEN JENNINGS PUBL CO LTD PI CHARLOTTESVILLE PA BLAKE CTR, STE 200, 1224 W MAIN ST, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 170 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 158FU UT WOS:000078106000005 PM 9926733 ER PT J AU VanDevanter, N Parikh, NS Cohall, RM Merzel, C Faber, N Litwak, E Gonzales, V Kahn-Krieger, S Messeri, P Weinberg, G Greenberg, J AF VanDevanter, N Parikh, NS Cohall, RM Merzel, C Faber, N Litwak, E Gonzales, V Kahn-Krieger, S Messeri, P Weinberg, G Greenberg, J TI Factors influencing participation in weekly support groups among women completing an HIV/STD intervention program SO WOMEN & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE support group; behavioral intervention; HIV; STD; women ID HIV-INFECTION; ADOLESCENTS; RISK AB Over the past three decades, the influence and importance of social support has been well documented and the findings have suggested a beneficial effect on stress-related situations, mental and physical health, and social functioning. More recently, smalt group/skills training behavioral interventions have demonstrated success in changing behaviors which affect the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV among populations at risk for these diseases. Studies of support groups to date have been conducted exclusively in research settings where women are offered financial incentives for participation. Little is known about the willingness of women to participate in ongoing support groups after successfully completing a skills training intervention. The present study examines the factors that may influence participation among women in a weekly support soup after completing a structured, six session HIV/STD intervention. Both quantitative and qualitative data are collected from 265 women in the intervention arm of a multi-site randomized controlled behavioral intervention trial. Results reveal that less than a quarter (22%) of women participated in at least one support group. Participation varied significantly by site, ranging from 34% to 15% (p = .008). Participation was also strongly linked to recent use of domestic violence services. Qualitative data indicated that although monetary incentives play some role in the woman's decision to participate, other factors are also important. These include program outreach, support soup size, salience of the soup content, consistency of group leadership from the intervention to the support group, and use of peer lenders along with professional facilitators. Implications for design of post-intervention support groups programs an discussed. C1 Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Sociomed Sci, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY 10032 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Hlth Educ & Res, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Infect Dis Program, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP VanDevanter, N (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Sociomed Sci, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, 600 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 0363-0242 J9 WOMEN HEALTH JI Women Health PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 15 EP 34 PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 316BT UT WOS:000087148000002 PM 10813265 ER PT J AU Hogben, M Wilson, TE Feldman, J Landesman, S DeHovitz, J AF Hogben, M Wilson, TE Feldman, J Landesman, S DeHovitz, J TI The influence of HIV-related knowledge and exposure fears on behavior change and incident STDs SO WOMEN & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE HIV/STD covariance; STD risk reduction; HIV symptoms ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; INFECTION; STUDENTS; TRIAL AB Using a sample of 678 HIV-seronegative women, we measured self-reports of HIV-related cognitions, specifically knowledge, perceived exposure risks, and outcome expectations. We also ascertained prevalent and incident bacterial STDs and measured self-reports of behavioral risk reductions. We tested for associations between (a) cognitions and STD prevalence, (b) cognitions and incident STDs, (c) cognitions and behavioral risk reductions, and (d) risk reductions and incident STDs. Symptom knowledge was associated with lower prevalence, but not incidence. Beliefs in the efficacy of risk reductions showed a protective effect against incident STDs. Perceived exposure risk and symptom knowledge were associated with risk reduction behavior. RP Hogben, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div STD Prevent, Mail Sto E-44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [R01-AZ-31834] NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 0363-0242 J9 WOMEN HEALTH JI Women Health PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 25 EP 37 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 324UP UT WOS:000087640000002 PM 10881756 ER PT J AU Metsch, LR McCoy, HV McCoy, CB Miles, CC Edlin, BR Pereyra, M AF Metsch, LR McCoy, HV McCoy, CB Miles, CC Edlin, BR Pereyra, M TI Use of health care services by women who use crack cocaine SO WOMEN & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE women; health services; health care utilization; crack cocaine; chronic drug use ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INJECTION-DRUG USERS; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HIGH-RISK BEHAVIORS; HIV-INFECTION; PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY; YOUNG-ADULTS; DISEASE; AIDS; SEX AB Chronic drug users demonstrate a need for access to health care due to both acute health problems related directly to substance use and to other existing medical problems. This study attempts to examine how women differ from men in their utilization of health services. Also, it analyzes how crack use affects men and women differentially. The study population is a community-based sample of 624, comprised equally of men and women, as well as crack users and non-users of crack. Results indicate that women utilized health care more than men; however, crack use among women appears to be an inhibitory factor in the utilization of health services by women. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Miami, FL 33136 USA. Univ Miami, Comprehens Drug Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33136 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, N Miami, FL USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Urban Hlth Study, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Metsch, LR (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, 1801 NW 9th Ave,Suite 313, Miami, FL 33136 USA. FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U64/CC4 404539] NR 57 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 0363-0242 J9 WOMEN HEALTH JI Women Health PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 35 EP 51 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 316BT UT WOS:000087148000003 PM 10813266 ER PT J AU Lantz, PM Richardson, LC Macklem, DJ Shugarman, LR Knutson, DB Sever, LE AF Lantz, PM Richardson, LC Macklem, DJ Shugarman, LR Knutson, DB Sever, LE TI Strategies for follow-up and treatment services in state breast and cervical cancer screening programs SO WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA. RP Lantz, PM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1049-3867 J9 WOMEN HEALTH ISS JI Womens Health Iss. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 42 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S1049-3867(98)00027-9 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 160XG UT WOS:000078256900005 PM 9949695 ER PT J AU Tauxe, RV AF Tauxe, RV TI Foodborne illness - Strategies for surveillance and prevention SO LANCET LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30306 USA. RP Tauxe, RV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30306 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 26 PY 1998 VL 352 SU 4 BP 10 EP 10 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 151WD UT WOS:000077742900010 ER PT J AU Kogan, MD Martin, JA Ventura, SJ Alexander, GR Kotelchuck, M Frigoletto, FD AF Kogan, MD Martin, JA Ventura, SJ Alexander, GR Kotelchuck, M Frigoletto, FD TI Benefits and limitations of prenatal care SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID ADVICE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Kogan, MD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 23 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 24 BP 2071 EP 2072 DI 10.1001/jama.280.24.2071-a PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 149LE UT WOS:000077606100016 PM 9875865 ER PT J AU Kogan, MD Martin, JA Ventura, SJ Alexander, GR Kotelchuck, M Frigoletto, FD AF Kogan, MD Martin, JA Ventura, SJ Alexander, GR Kotelchuck, M Frigoletto, FD TI Benefits and limitations of prenatal care - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Kogan, MD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 23 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 24 BP 2073 EP 2073 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 149LE UT WOS:000077606100020 ER PT J AU Caraballo, RS Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP Pechacek, TF Richter, P AF Caraballo, RS Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP Pechacek, TF Richter, P TI Racial and ethnic differences in serum cotinine levels - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Caraballo, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 23 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 24 BP 2076 EP 2076 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 149LE UT WOS:000077606100029 ER PT J AU Racoosin, JA Whitney, CG Conover, CS Diaz, PS AF Racoosin, JA Whitney, CG Conover, CS Diaz, PS TI Serogroup Y meningococcal disease in Chicago, 1991-1997 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS AB Context.-In 1994, surveillance by the Chicago Department of Public Health detected a growing trend in the proportion of invasive meningococcal infections caused by serogroup Y. Objective.-To examine the emergence of serogroup Y meningococcal disease and compare its clinical characteristics with those of other meningococcal serogroups. Design.-Population-based retrospective review of surveillance records; medical record review and cohort analysis of serogroup Y vs non-serogroup Y case patients. Setting.-Chicago, Ill. Participants.-City residents with Neisseria meningitidis isolated from a normally sterile site from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 1997; cohort analysis included those identified through March 31, 1996. Main Outcome Measures.-Serogroup-specific incidence, demographics, and clinical outcomes. Results.-We identified 214 case patients; 53 (25%) had serogroup Y. The attack rate of serogroup Y meningococcal disease increased from 0.04 cases per 100 000 in 1991 to a peak of 0.82 cases per 100 000 in 1995 and subsequently decreased to 0.26 cases per 100 000 and 0.34 cases per 100 000 in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Compared with patients infected by other serogroups, patients with serogroup Y were older (median age, 16 years vs 1 year; P=.001) and more likely to have a chronic underlying illness (prevalence ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.4). Outcome did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis typing of isolates from 19 case patients identified 5 different types. We found no clustering among the enzyme types by age, race/ethnicity, community area, or time. Conclusions.-Serogroup Y emerged as the most frequent cause of meningococcal disease in Chicago in 1995 and accounted for a substantial proportion of cases in 1996 and 1997. Current data suggest that the magnitude of serogroup Y meningococcal disease is sufficient for vaccine developers to incorporate serogroup Y into new vaccines. C1 Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. RP Diaz, PS (reprint author), Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, 2160 W Ogden Ave, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. NR 15 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 23 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 24 BP 2094 EP 2098 DI 10.1001/jama.280.24.2094 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 149LE UT WOS:000077606100033 PM 9875877 ER PT J AU Lotric-Furlan, S Petrovec, M Avsic-Zupanc, T Nicholson, WL Sumner, JW Childs, JE Strle, F AF Lotric-Furlan, S Petrovec, M Avsic-Zupanc, T Nicholson, WL Sumner, JW Childs, JE Strle, F TI Human ehrlichiosis in Central Europe SO WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT LA English DT Article DE tick-borne infections; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; human monocytic ehrlichiosis; Central Europe; Slovenia ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; LYME-DISEASE SEROLOGY; AGENT AB Ehrlichioses are tick-transmitted diseases associated with illnesses of animals for decades, but recently recognised to be emerging human diseases. In the last ten years increasing number of cases of human infections caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and granulocytic ehrlichia were described in the United States. Several reports also indicate the presence of infection with the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent in Europe. The first confirmed acute human disease caused by HGE agent was reported from Slovenia. Until 1997, five patients have been discovered in a prospective study on the etiology of febrile illnesses occurring within six weeks following a tick bite, conducted at the Department of infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia. The diagnosis of acute HGE was established by seroconversion to the HGE agent and/or molecular identification of ehrlichial organisms. None of the patients had detectable morulae on blood smear examination. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were similar to those reported from the United States, although the disease course was relatively mild in the Slovenian cases. All patients recovered rapidly and without sequelae, although only three patients received antibiotic therapy (of whom only two were treated with doxycycline). Many ehrlichiosis cases could go undetected due to a lack of physician awareness, lack of public knowledge, or limited investigation. HGE should now be also included in the differential diagnosis of febrile illnesses occurring after a tick bite in Europe. C1 Univ Ljubljana, Ctr Med, Dept Infect Dis, SLO-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Univ Ljubljana, Fac Med, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, SLO-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lotric-Furlan, S (reprint author), Univ Ljubljana, Ctr Med, Dept Infect Dis, Japljeva 2, SLO-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0043-5325 J9 WIEN KLIN WOCHENSCHR JI Wien. Klin. Wochen. PD DEC 23 PY 1998 VL 110 IS 24 BP 894 EP 897 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 156XD UT WOS:000078026900011 PM 10048172 ER PT J AU Lasky, T Terracciano, GJ Magder, L Koski, CL Ballesteros, M Nash, D Clark, S Haber, P Stolley, PD Schonberger, LB Chen, RT AF Lasky, T Terracciano, GJ Magder, L Koski, CL Ballesteros, M Nash, D Clark, S Haber, P Stolley, PD Schonberger, LB Chen, RT TI The Guillain-Barre syndrome and the 1993 and 1993-1994 influenza vaccines SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; VACCINATION; ASSOCIATION AB Background The number of reports of influenza-vaccine-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome to the national Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System increased from 37 in 1992-1993 to 74 in 1993-1994, arousing concern about a possible increase in vaccine-associated risk. Methods Patients given a diagnosis of the Guillain-Barre syndrome in the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 influenza-vaccination seasons were identified in the hospital-discharge data bases of four states. Vaccination histories were obtained by telephone interviews during 1995-1996 and were confirmed by the vaccine providers. Disease with an onset within six weeks after vaccination was defined as vaccine-associated. Vaccine coverage in the population was measured through a random-digit-dialing telephone survey. Results We interviewed 180 of 273 adults with the Guillain-Barre syndrome; 15 declined to participate, and the remaining 78 could not be contacted. The vaccine providers confirmed influenza vaccination in the six weeks before the onset of Guillain-Barre syndrome for 19 patients. The relative risk of the Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with vaccination, adjusted for age, sex, and vaccine season, was 1.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.8; P=0.04). The adjusted relative risks were 2.0 for the 1992-1993 season (95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 4.3) and 1.5 for the 1993-1994 season (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 2.9). In 9 of the 19 vaccine-associated cases, the onset was in the second week after vaccination, all between day 9 and day 12. Conclusions There was no increase in the risk of vaccine-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome from 1992-1993 to 1993-1994. For the two seasons combined, the adjusted relative risk of 1.7 suggests slightly more than one additional case of Guillain-Barre syndrome per million persons vaccinated against influenza. (N Engl J Med 1998;339:1797-802.) (C) 1998, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Safety & Dev Act Epidemiol & Surveillance, Natl Immunizat Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lasky, T (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, 660 W Redwood St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU 300860-10] NR 30 TC 291 Z9 305 U1 1 U2 5 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 17 PY 1998 VL 339 IS 25 BP 1797 EP 1802 DI 10.1056/NEJM199812173392501 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 148RJ UT WOS:000077545800001 PM 9854114 ER PT J AU Farrelly, MC Bray, JW AF Farrelly, MC Bray, JW TI Response to increases in cigarette prices by race/ethnicity, income, and age groups - United States, 1976-1993 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 605-609, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Farrelly, MC (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 16 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 23 BP 1979 EP 1980 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 146YW UT WOS:000077462300009 ER PT J CA WHO Reg Off W Africa WHO Reg Off Africa WHO CDC TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - West Africa, 1997 September 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 882-886, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Intercountry Program, Expanded Program Immunizat, Subreg Off W Africa, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. WHO, Expanded Program Immunizat, Reg Off Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. WHO, Global Program Vaccines & Immunizat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP WHO, Intercountry Program, Expanded Program Immunizat, Subreg Off W Africa, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 16 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 23 BP 1980 EP 1981 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 146YW UT WOS:000077462300010 ER PT J AU Hennessey, KA Schulte, JM Cook, L Collins, M Onorato, IM Valway, SE AF Hennessey, KA Schulte, JM Cook, L Collins, M Onorato, IM Valway, SE TI Tuberculin skin test screening practices among US colleges and universities SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society / American-Lung-Association CY MAY 18-21, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Thorac Soc, Amer Lung Assoc ID UNITED-STATES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTION AB Context.-Concern about transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on college campuses has prompted some schools to institute tuberculin skin test screening of students, but this screening has never been evaluated. Objective-To describe tuberculin skin test screening practices and results of screening in colleges and universities in the United States. Design and Setting.-Self-administered mail and telephone questionnaire in November and December 1995 to a stratified random sample of US 2-year and 4-year colleges and universities. Main Outcome Measures.-Type of tuberculin screening required; types of schools requiring screening; number and rate of students with positive skin test results and/or diagnosed as having tuberculosis. Results.-Of the 3148 US colleges and universities, 624 (78%) of 796 schools surveyed responded. Overall, 378 schools (61%) required tuberculin screening; it was required for all new students (US residents and international students) in 161 (26%) of 624 schools, all new international students but not new US residents in 53 (8%), and students in specific academic programs in 294 (47%). Required screening was more likely in 4-year vs 2-year schools, schools that belonged to the American College Health Association vs nonmember schools, schools with immunization requirements vs schools without, and schools with a student health clinic vs those without(P<.001 for all). Public and private schools were equally likely to require screening (64% vs 62%; P=.21). In the 378 schools with screening requirements, tine or multiple puncture tests were accepted in 95 (25%);test results were recorded in millimeters of induration in 95 (25%); and 100 (27%) reported collecting results in a centralized registry or database. Of the 168 (27%) of 624 schools accepting only Mantoux skin tests and reporting results for school years 1992-1993 through 1995-1996, 3.1% of the 348 368 students screened had positive skin test results (median percentage positive, 0.8%). International students had a significantly higher case rate for active tuberculosis than US residents (35.2 vs 1.1 per 100 000 students screened). Conclusions.-Widespread tuberculin screening of students yielded a low prevalence of skin test reactors and few tuberculosis cases. To optimize the use of limited public health resources, tuberculin screening should target students at high risk for infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Hennessey, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [H75/CCU312238-01] NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 16 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 23 BP 2008 EP 2012 DI 10.1001/jama.280.23.2008 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 146YW UT WOS:000077462300031 PM 9863852 ER PT J AU Forrester, MB Merz, RD Yoon, PW AF Forrester, MB Merz, RD Yoon, PW TI Impact of prenatal diagnosis and elective termination on the prevalence of selected birth defects in Hawaii SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE congenital defects; prenatal diagnosis; prevalence ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; DOWN-SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; SPINA-BIFIDA; ABNORMALITIES; GASTROSCHISIS; AMNIOCENTESIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; CALIFORNIA AB This study examined the effect of prenatal diagnosis and elective termination on the prevalence of neural tube defects, oral clefts, abdominal wall defects, and chromosomal anomalies in Hawaii by using actively ascertained surveillance data collected between 1987 and 1996 by the Hawaii Birth Defects Program. Because the Program has nearly universal access to prenatal diagnostic information and to follow-up data on elective terminations, Hawaii is an ideal setting in which to study their effects on prevalence rates of birth defects. Except for oral clefts, a large proportion of the defects studied were prenatally diagnosed: anencephaly (87%), spina bifida (62%), encephalocele (83%), cleft palate (0%), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (14%), omphalocele (60%), gastroschisis (76%), Down syndrome (43%), trisomy 18(61%), and trisomy 13(40%). The effect of elective terminations on the birth prevalence rates for most of these birth defects was significant. Including electively terminated cases in the calculations of birth prevalence rates increased the rates by more than 50% for five of the 10 birth defects studied. C1 Hawaii Birth Defects Program, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Merz, RD (reprint author), Hawaii Birth Defects Program, 510 S Beretania St,204, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 35 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 12 BP 1206 EP 1211 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 149PA UT WOS:000077613000013 PM 9867267 ER PT J AU Chen, FM Breiman, RF Farley, M Plikaytis, B Deaver, K Cetron, MS AF Chen, FM Breiman, RF Farley, M Plikaytis, B Deaver, K Cetron, MS TI Geocoding and linking data from population-based surveillance and the US census to evaluate the impact of median household income on the epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE censuses; drug resistance; socioeconomic status; Streptococcus pneumoniae ID PNEUMOCOCCAL BACTEREMIA; CHARLESTON COUNTY; SOUTH-CAROLINA; UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; CHILDREN AB The emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae poses new clinical challenges and may also reflect a change in the epidemiology of S. pneumoniae infections. A variety of studies have shown that drug-resistant S. pneumoniae infections are linked to antimicrobial use. It has been hypothesized that persons of high socioeconomic status are at increased risk for a drug-resistant infection because of greater access to antimicrobial drugs. To assess whether median household income is associated with increased risk of penicillin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae infections, the authors geocoded and linked data from population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease with data from the 1990 US Census, Among invasive pneumococcal isolates from Atlanta, Georgia, in 1994, increasing proportions of penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates were associated with higher median household incomes (chi(2) for trend, 15.17; p = 0.002), Despite higher rates of invasive pneumococcal disease among blacks and persons who resided within lower median household income areas, white patients in areas with higher median household income had a higher risk of being infected with strains that were not susceptible to penicillin (Wilcoxon rank sum, Z= 2.66, p = 0.008), These findings demonstrated the utility of geocoding and US Census data in describing the epidemiology of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae and also provided more evidence that socioeconomic factors may influence the development of drug resistance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, VA Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Cetron, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 12 BP 1212 EP 1218 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 149PA UT WOS:000077613000014 PM 9867268 ER PT J AU Weinstock, H Sweeney, S Satten, GA Gwinn, M AF Weinstock, H Sweeney, S Satten, GA Gwinn, M CA STD Clinic HIV Seroincidence Study Grp TI HIV seroincidence and risk factors among patients repeatedly tested for HIV attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States, 1991 to 1996 SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIth International Conference on AIDS CY JUL 07-13, 1996 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA DE HIV-1; incidence; sexually transmitted diseases; homosexuality ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; ENTERING DRUG-TREATMENT; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; BISEXUAL MEN; TYPE-1 SEROCONVERSION; VACCINE TRIALS; SEROPREVALENCE; PREVALENCE; AIDS; TRENDS AB To assess the incidence of HIV infection and risk factors associated with HIV seroconversion among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), medical record reviews were conducted in 12 clinics in 7 U.S. cities. The records of all patients who initially tested negative for HIV from 1991 through 1996 and who received at least one additional HIV rest during the study period were reviewed. In each of 7 cities, 5 to 112 patients seroconverted. Of the 286 seroconverters identified in total, 53% (152 of 286) were heterosexual men and 28% (81 of 286) were women. HIV incidence rates among men who have sex with men (MSM) ranged by city from 0.81 to 7.0 new infections/100 person-years. Rates among heterosexual men and women ranged from 0.018 to 1.2 infections/100 person-years. Multivariate analyses showed that drugs use was associated with HIV seroconversion only among heterosexuals. Most new HIV infections in these clinics are being transmitted heterosexually and are associated with drug use. Nevertheless, MSM, particularly young MSM, are at greatest risk for HIV in this population: 1 of 47 seroconvert/year. The effective use of targeted prevention efforts depends upon the continued ability to monitor the incidence of HIV infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Weinstock, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 506 EP 512 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 146JA UT WOS:000077424500010 PM 9859965 ER PT J AU Krebs, JW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE AF Krebs, JW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE TI Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1997 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RACCOON RABIES; PUBLIC-HEALTH; VIRUS; COYOTES AB In 1997, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 8,509 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 93% (7,899) were wild animals, whereas 7% (610) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases increased 19.4% from that of 1996 (7,128 cases). Increases were apparent in each of the major species groups, with the exception of cattle. The relative contributions of these groups to the total reported for 1997 were as follows: raccoons (50.5%; 4,300 cases), skunks (24.0%; 2,040), bats (11.3%; 958), foxes (5.3%; 448), cats (3.5%; 300), dogs (1.5%; 126), and cattle (1.4%; 122). The 958 cases of rabies reported in bats represented a 29.3% increase over the total reported for 1996 and the greatest number reported since 1984, with cases reported by 46 of the 48 contiguous states. The epizootic of rabies in raccoons expanded into Ohio in 1997 and now includes 19 states and the District of Columbia. Thirteen stales, where rabies in raccoons is enzootic, reported increases over 1996 in total numbers of reported cases. Among these, New York (1,264 cases), North Carolina (879), Virginia (690), and Maryland (619) reported the greatest numbers of cases. Five states reported increases that exceeded 50%, compared with cases reported in 1996. Ohio (673.3%; 15 cases in 1996 to 116 in 1997), Massachusetts (144.3%; 115 to 281), South Carolina (97.9%; 96 to 190), Connecticut (97.4%; 274 to 541), and Maine (86.3%; 131 to 244). Cases of rabies associated with foci of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas continued to decline, with this stale reporting 78.3% fewer rabid foxes (13 cases), 26.7% fewer rabid dogs (11), and 63.2% fewer rabid coyotes (7) during 1997, compared with 1996. Reported cases of rabies in cats (300) and dogs (126) increased 12.8% and 13.5%, respectively, whereas cases in cattle (122) decreased by 6.9%. Thirty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported increases in rabies in animals during 1997, compared with decreases reported by 31 states and the District of Columbia in 1996. One state (Mississippi; 5 cases) remained unchanged. Hawaii was the only slate that did not report a case of rabies in 1997. Four indigenously acquired cases of rabies reported in human beings were the result of infection with rabies virus variants associated with bats. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Krebs, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 32 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 12 BP 1713 EP 1728 PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 146ZP UT WOS:000077464000009 PM 9861958 ER PT J AU Angulo, FJ Swerdlow, DL AF Angulo, FJ Swerdlow, DL TI Salmonella Enteritidis infections in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Post-Harvest Food, at the 135th Annual Meeting of the AVMA CY JUL 25, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP AVMA ID PHAGE TYPE-4; OUTBREAKS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Mailstop A38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 12 BP 1729 EP 1731 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 146ZP UT WOS:000077464000011 PM 9861959 ER PT J AU Sparling, PH AF Sparling, PH TI Escherichia coli O157 : H7 outbreaks in the United States, 1982-1996 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Post-Harvest Food, at the 135th Annual Meeting of the AVMA CY JUL 25, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP AVMA C1 USDA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food Safety Inspect Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sparling, PH (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food Safety Inspect Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 12 BP 1733 EP 1733 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 146ZP UT WOS:000077464000013 PM 9861961 ER PT J AU Paxton, LA Kiwanuka, N Nalugoda, F Gray, R Wawer, MJ AF Paxton, LA Kiwanuka, N Nalugoda, F Gray, R Wawer, MJ CA Rakai Project Study Grp TI Community based study of treatment seeking among subjects with symptoms of sexually transmitted disease in rural Uganda SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Populat & Family Hlth, New York, NY 10032 USA. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Rakai Project, Entebbe, Uganda. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Paxton, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop E45,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01AI34826]; NICHD NIH HHS [5P30HD06826] NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD DEC 12 PY 1998 VL 317 IS 7173 BP 1630 EP 1631 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 149JW UT WOS:000077602100026 PM 9848902 ER PT J AU Cao, W Henry, MD Borrow, P Yamada, H Elder, JH Ravkov, EV Nichol, ST Compans, RW Campbell, KP Oldstone, MBA AF Cao, W Henry, MD Borrow, P Yamada, H Elder, JH Ravkov, EV Nichol, ST Compans, RW Campbell, KP Oldstone, MBA TI Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and lassa fever virus SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; MEMBRANE; DISEASE; MICE AB A peripheral membrane protein that is interactive with Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was purified from cells permissive to infection. Tryptic peptides from this protein were determined to be alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). Several strains of LCMV and other arenaviruses, including Lassa fever virus (LFV), Oliveros, and Mobala, bound to purified alpha-DG protein. Soluble alpha-DG blocked both LCMV and LFV infection. Cells bearing a null mutation of the gene encoding DG were resistant to LCMV infection, and reconstitution of DC expression in null mutant cells restored susceptibility to LCMV infection. Thus, alpha-DG is a cellular receptor for both LCMV and LFV. C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, Div Virol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Phys & Biophys, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Edward Jenner Inst Vaccine Res, Newbury RG20 7NN, Berks, England. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Oldstone, MBA (reprint author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, Div Virol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RI Compans, Richard/I-4087-2013; OI Compans, Richard/0000-0003-2360-335X; Cao, Wei/0000-0002-8952-9159 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 00080]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI 09484]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK09712] NR 24 TC 383 Z9 385 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 11 PY 1998 VL 282 IS 5396 BP 2079 EP 2081 DI 10.1126/science.282.5396.2079 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 147BB UT WOS:000077467100046 PM 9851928 ER PT J CA CDC TI Assessment of infant sleeping position - selected states, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 873-877, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Pregnancy Risk Assess Monitor Syst Work Grp, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP WHO (reprint author), CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Pregnancy Risk Assess Monitor Syst Work Grp, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 9 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 22 BP 1899 EP 1900 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 145HF UT WOS:000077364500009 ER PT J AU Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Mitchell, C Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Jiles, R Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Metroka, M DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Melnik, T Passaro, K Kaske, J Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Shepard, D Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R Roe, C Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M AF Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Mitchell, C Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Jiles, R Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Metroka, M DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Melnik, T Passaro, K Kaske, J Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Shepard, D Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R Roe, C Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M TI Self-reported use of mammography and insurance status among women aged >= 40 years - United States, 1991-1992 and 1996-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 825-830, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cook, J (reprint author), CDC, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 9 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 22 BP 1900 EP 1901 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 145HF UT WOS:000077364500010 ER PT J AU Hoyer, AP Grandjean, P Jorgensen, T Brock, JW Hartvig, HB AF Hoyer, AP Grandjean, P Jorgensen, T Brock, JW Hartvig, HB TI Organochlorine exposure and risk of breast cancer SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS; GROWTH AB Background Some organochlorine compounds may have. weak oestrogenic effects and are, therefore, suspected of increasing the risk of breast cancer. We assessed prospectively the risk of breast cancer in relation to serum concentrations of several organochlorine compounds. Methods In 1976, serum samples from 7712 women were obtained from participants in the Copenhagen City Heart Study as part of physical examinations and interviews about lifestyle factors. During 17 years of follow-up, 268 women developed invasive breast cancer. Each woman with breast cancer was matched with two breast-cancer-free women from the remaining cohort. We analysed in 1996-97 the serum samples from 240 women with breast cancer and 477 controls. Findings Dieldrin was associated with a significantly increased dose-related risk of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio 2.05 [95% CI 1.17-3.57], p for trend 0.01). beta-hexachlorocyclohexane increased risk slightly but not significantly (p for trend 0.24). There was no overall association between risk of breast cancer and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or metabolites or for polychlorinated biphenyls. Exclusion of women with breast cancer diagnosed within 5 years of blood sampling strengthened the result for dieldrin, but did not affect the other results. Interpretation These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to xeno-oestrogens may increase the risk of breast cancer. C1 Copenhagen Ctr Prospect Populat Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark. Odense Univ, Inst Community Hlth, Odense, Denmark. KAS Glostrup, Ctr Prevent Med, Glostrup, Denmark. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biostat, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Hoyer, AP (reprint author), Harsdoffrej 1B,2tr, DK-1874 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07381] NR 29 TC 199 Z9 206 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 5 PY 1998 VL 352 IS 9143 BP 1816 EP 1820 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04504-8 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 144WE UT WOS:000077337900010 PM 9851382 ER PT J AU Harcourt, BH Sanchez, A Offermann, MK AF Harcourt, BH Sanchez, A Offermann, MK TI Ebola virus inhibits induction of genes by double-stranded RNA in endothelial cells SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NF-KAPPA-B; INTERFERON-BETA PROMOTER; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA CELLS; ADHESION MOLECULE-1; PROTEIN-KINASE; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; LYMPHOCYTE ADHESION; CELLULAR-RESPONSES; MARBURG VIRUS; ACTIVATION AB Fatal cases of filoviral infection are accompanied by a marked immunosuppression. Endothelial cells play a vital role in the host immune response through the expression of several immunomodulatory genes in addition to the expression of the antiviral genes, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase [2'-5'(A)(N)], and the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR). dsRNA, an intermediate generated during viral replication and gene transcription of many viruses, leads to the induction of immunomodulatory genes in endothelial cells. In this report, we show that induction of the major histocompatibility complex class I family of genes, 2'-5'(A)(N), interleukin-6 (IL-6), PKR, interferon (IFN)-regulatory factor-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by dsRNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells is suppressed by infection with the filovirus Ebola-Zaire (EZ). In contrast, induction of IL-6 and ICAM-1 by IL-1 is intact in EZ-infected cells. Gel shift analysis demonstrates that dsRNA-induced protein binding to IFN-responsive elements is strongly suppressed by EZ-IFN, whereas NF-kappa B activation by dsRNA remains intact. We previously reported that IFN signaling is suppressed by EZ infection, and these data strongly suggest that elements shared between IFN and dsRNA signaling are being inhibited by EZ Inhibition of IFN and dsRNA responsiveness could play a role in the immunosuppression seen in EZ infections and would play a role in the pathogenesis of disease caused by EZ. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Internal Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Program Genet & Mol Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Offermann, MK (reprint author), Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, 1365 B Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 57 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD DEC 5 PY 1998 VL 252 IS 1 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1006/viro.1998.9446 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 148ZH UT WOS:000077564700018 PM 9875327 ER PT J AU Lanciotti, RS Ludwig, ML Rwaguma, EB Lutwama, JJ Kram, TM Karabatsos, N Cropp, BC Miller, BR AF Lanciotti, RS Ludwig, ML Rwaguma, EB Lutwama, JJ Kram, TM Karabatsos, N Cropp, BC Miller, BR TI Emergence of epidemic O'nyong-nyong fever in Uganda after a 35-year absence: Genetic characterization of the virus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SINDBIS VIRUS; ALPHAVIRUSES; RNA AB O'nyong-nyong (ONN) virus is an alphavirus (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) classified in the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) antigenic complex. ONN was initially isolated in northern Uganda in 1959 during the early stages of an explosive arbovirus epidemic in which >2 million cases were reported. No additional epidemics or human isolations of ONN were reported until 1996, when it was isolated from an epidemic in southern Uganda. We report the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of one of these 1996-1997 ONN isolates (SG650) and that of the related alphavirus Igbo Ora virus. The data indicate that the recent ONN virus isolate is closely related to the previously published ONN strain isolated in 1959. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data reveals that Igbo Ora virus, previously thought to be a separate virus closely related to ONN and Chikungunya (CHIK), clearly is a strain of ON N. The sequence data also reveal that unlike the published ONN (1959) sequence, all ONN strains from the 1996-1997 epidemic possess a stop codon at the nsp3-nsp4 junction. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, Uganda. RP Lanciotti, RS (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. EM rsl2@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD DEC 5 PY 1998 VL 252 IS 1 BP 258 EP 268 DI 10.1006/viro.1998.9437 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 148ZH UT WOS:000077564700025 PM 9875334 ER PT J AU Mastin, JP Striley, CAF Biagini, RE Hines, CJ Hull, RD MacKenzie, BA Robertson, SK AF Mastin, JP Striley, CAF Biagini, RE Hines, CJ Hull, RD MacKenzie, BA Robertson, SK TI Use of immunoassays for biomonitoring of herbicide metabolites in urine SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Immunochemistry Summit Meeting CY SEP 08-09, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV DE biological monitoring; immunoassay; atrazine; metolachlor; urine; metabolites ID COMMERCIAL PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; ALACHLOR; ATRAZINE; METOLACHLOR; EXPOSURE AB Commercially available ground-water immunoassays (RaPID Assay(R)) are being evaluated to determine their potential value for measuring herbicides or their metabolites in urine. Preliminary investigations of matrix effects and cross-reactivities indicate potential usefulness for the atrazine kit, but not the metolachlor kit, as a urinary biomonitoring tool. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. RP Mastin, JP (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,Mail Stop C-26, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD DEC 4 PY 1998 VL 376 IS 1 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00451-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 149DE UT WOS:000077589200017 ER PT J AU Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Mitchell, C Hoecherl, S Martin, LM Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Jiles, RB Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Metroka, M DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Melnick, TA Passaro, K Kaske, J Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Shepard, D Gildmaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R Roe, C Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M Greby, SM AF Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Mitchell, C Hoecherl, S Martin, LM Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Jiles, RB Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Metroka, M DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Melnick, TA Passaro, K Kaske, J Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Shepard, D Gildmaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R Roe, C Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M Greby, SM TI Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels among adults aged >= 65 years - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 797-802, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Assoc Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Adult Vaccine Preventable Dis Br, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Stat Anal Br, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Behav Surveillance Br, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cook, J (reprint author), Assoc Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 2 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 21 BP 1818 EP 1819 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 141ZZ UT WOS:000077176600008 ER PT J CA CDC TI Trends in sexual risk behaviors among high school students - United States, 1991-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 749-751, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP WHO (reprint author), CDC, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 2 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 21 BP 1819 EP 1820 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 141ZZ UT WOS:000077176600009 ER PT J AU O'Leary, A Ambrose, TK Raffaelli, M Maibach, E Jemmott, LS Jemmott, JB Labouvie, E Celentano, D AF O'Leary, A Ambrose, TK Raffaelli, M Maibach, E Jemmott, LS Jemmott, JB Labouvie, E Celentano, D TI Effects of an HIV risk reduction project on sexual risk behavior of low-income STD patients SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID SELF-EFFICACY; AIDS; INTERVENTION; PREVENTION; WOMEN; EXPECTANCIES; PROMOTION; EDUCATION AB A 10-hour small-group informational and skill-building intervention was tested among patients (N = 472) attending publicly funded sexually transmitted disease clinics in Maryland, Georgia, and New Jersey. After completing a 90-minute interview concerning HN risk behaviors, condom use self-efficacy and condom outcome expectancies, participants were randomized to either an intervention or a control condition. Participants in both conditions displayed significant reductions in unprotected encounters and number of partners and increases in condom use. No differences between treatment conditions were observed, indicating that the motivational effects of the interview may have been stronger than the effects of the intervention in this population. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Penn, Sch Nursing, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Alcohol Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP O'Leary, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Maibach, Edward/0000-0003-3409-9187 FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH48019, MH49062, MH48013] NR 25 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 10 IS 6 BP 483 EP 492 PG 10 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 155MD UT WOS:000077950200001 PM 9883284 ER PT J AU Coffey, CC Campbell, DL Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ Das, S AF Coffey, CC Campbell, DL Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ Das, S TI Comparison of six respirator fit test methods with an actual measurement of exposure in a simulated health care environment: Part I - Protocol development SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE exposure measurement; fit factor; quantitative fit test; respirator; 1,1,2 trichloro-1,2,2 trifluoroethane (Freon-113); workplace protection factor ID PROTECTION FACTOR MEASUREMENTS; AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS; SECONDARY LEAD SMELTER; INHALATION PHARMACOKINETICS; PERFORMANCE-MEASUREMENTS; MODEL AB Quantitative fit tests (QNFT) have been assumed to be predictive of the protection respirators would provide to a wearer in the workplace. Workplace studies have consistently found no correlation between quantitative fit factors and workplace protection factors. This article is the first in a series of three describing a study designed to compare the fit factors from six QNFT methods against the actual dose of 1,1,2 trichloro-1,2,2 trifluoroethane (Freon-113) received under the same laboratory conditions. Five preliminary studies conducted to develop the protocol to assess the respirator wearer's dose through end-exhaled air analysis are described in this article: (1) chamber characterization, (2) end-exhaled air sampling, (3) skin absorption testing, (4) pharmacokinetic modeling, and (5) subject characterization. It was established that the concentration of corn oil aerosol and Freon-113 could be generated simultaneously in the chamber. it was ascertained that the optimum time to sample the exhaled breath was 30 minutes after the subject exited the chamber. It was also found that in a chamber concentration of 500 ppm, without any respiratory exposure, Freon-113 was still present in the end-exhaled air. This was attributed to skin absorption. The end-exhaled air of subjects exposed to 0.5, 3, 5, 25, 50, and 100 ppm (30 minute time-weighted average) of Freon-113 was evaluated at 30 minutes postexposure. This characterization was then used to predict the actual dose of Freon-113 received during the method comparison and validation testing to be described in subsequent articles. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. W Virginia Univ, Coll Engn & Mineral Resources Ind & Management Sy, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Coffey, CC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Coffey, Christopher/I-2471-2012; Zhuang, Ziqing/K-5462-2012 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 12 BP 852 EP 861 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1998)059<0852:COSRFM>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 148KL UT WOS:000077504100004 PM 9866165 ER PT J AU Coffey, CC Campbell, DL Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ AF Coffey, CC Campbell, DL Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ TI Comparison of six respirator fit test methods with an actual measurement of exposure in a simulated health care environment: Part II - Method comparison testing SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE exposure measurement; fit factor; quantitative fit test; respirator; 1,1,2 trichloro-1,2,2 trifluoroethane (Freon-113); workplace protection factor ID HALF AB This article, the second in a series of three, describes the method comparison testing portion of a study conducted to compare the fit factors from six quantitative fit-tests (QNFT) with a measure of a respirator wearer's actual exposure assessed by end-exhaled air analysis for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon-113) under the same conditions. The six QNFT methods were (1) continuous low flow, flush probe; (2) continuous high flow, deep probe (CHD); (3) exhalation valve discharge (EVD); (4) controlled negative pressure; (5) 10-minute Ambient Aerosol 1 (AA1); and (6) 30-minute Ambient Aerosol 2. The first three methods utilized corn oil and a forward light scattering photometer. The last two methods used the TSI Portacount. Respirators used in the study were both disposable and elastomeric organic vapor/ high efficiency half-masks. The characterization equations from the preliminary research (described previously) were used to determine the actual exposure to Freon-113 during the method comparison testing. The fit factors resulting from the QNFT methods were then individually correlated with the Freon-113 exposures using the coefficient of determination, R-2. The lowest R-2 value, 0.20, was found with the EVD method. The highest R-2 values, 0.81 and 0.78, were associated, respectively, with the CHD and AA1 methods. This study suggests that some QNFT methods may be used to estimate actual respirator performance under laboratory conditions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. W Virginia Univ, Coll Engn & Mineral Resources Ind & Management Sy, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Coffey, CC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Coffey, Christopher/I-2471-2012; Zhuang, Ziqing/K-5462-2012 NR 17 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 12 BP 862 EP 870 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1998)059<0862:COSRFM>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 148KL UT WOS:000077504100005 PM 9866166 ER PT J AU Waters, TR Putz-Anderson, V Baron, S AF Waters, TR Putz-Anderson, V Baron, S TI Methods for assessing the physical demands of manual lifting: A review and case study from warehousing SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE biomechanical; grocery warehouse; physiological; psychophysical ID MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE WEIGHTS; LOW-BACK-PAIN; HANDLING TASKS; INDUSTRY; RISK; DISORDERS; WORKERS; FORCES; INJURY; DESIGN AB Assessment of the physical demands of potentially hazardous manual material handling (MMH) activities is fundamental to the prevention of disabilities from occupationally related low back pain, a problem costing the nation billions of dollars annually. Although there is a variety of ergonomic assessment methods available for assessing MMH activities, there is a lack of practical information to assist users in choosing the most appropriate assessment methods for a particular job. This article reviews currently available assessment methods and presents case study results of a physically demanding repetitive manual lifting job in two grocery warehouses. The case study will provide a framework for a comparison of the methods and a discussion of relevant application issues designed to assist users in selecting appropriate methods for assessing MMH jobs. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that all of the ergonomic methods were in agreement that the job of grocery selector has a high level of risk for low back pain. Differences between the methods were noted, however, that should be considered when choosing a specific method for a specific application. C1 NIOSH, MS C24, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Waters, TR (reprint author), NIOSH, MS C24, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 12 BP 871 EP 881 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1998)059<0871:MFATPD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 148KL UT WOS:000077504100006 PM 9866167 ER PT J AU Roberts, T Golan, E Williams, R Messonnier, M Ready, R AF Roberts, T Golan, E Williams, R Messonnier, M Ready, R TI The adequacy of cost of illness for valuing health risk reductions: Applications to microbial food safety. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US ERS, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Agr Univ Norway, N-1432 As Nlh, Norway. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 80 IS 5 BP 1165 EP 1165 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 163CZ UT WOS:000078386300100 ER PT J AU Dietz, PM Adams, MM Kendrick, JS Mathis, MP AF Dietz, PM Adams, MM Kendrick, JS Mathis, MP CA PRAMS Working Grp TI Completeness of ascertainment of prenatal smoking using birth certificates and confidential questionnaires - Variations by maternal attributes and infant birth weight SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Pediatric-Epidemiologic-Research/Society-for-Epidemiologic-R esearch CY JUN 10-11, 1997 CL EDMONTON, CANADA SP Soc Pediat Epidemiol Res, Soc Epidemiolog Res DE bias (epidemiology); birth certificates; data collection; epidemiologic methods; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; smoking; vital statistics ID MISCLASSIFICATION; VALIDATION; CESSATION; IMPACT; BIAS; RISK AB Birth certificate data frequently are used to monitor the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy. The authors used a two-sample capture-recapture method to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of prenatal smoking on birth certificates and on confidential questionnaires in six US states. Completeness of ascertainment was also examined according to maternal attributes and infant birth weight. The samples included white women who delivered a live infant between 1993 and 1995 in one of six states (Alabama, Alaska, Georgia, Maine, South Carolina; or West Virginia) and who responded to a questionnaire mailed to them 2-6 months postpartum as part of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. State-specific sample sizes ranged from 2,647 to 4,795, The completeness of ascertainment ranged from 70.6% to 82.0% using birth certificates and from 86.2% to 90.3% using confidential questionnaires. In all six states, the birth certificates' completeness of ascertainment varied by maternal education and infant birth weight, and the questionnaires' completeness varied by maternal age. Both birth certificates and questionnaires underestimated the true extent of smoking during pregnancy among these white women. Differential reporting by birth weights recorded on birth certificates would result in an overestimated association between tow birth weight and prenatal smoking. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Georgia Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Div Publ Hlth, Off Perinatal Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kendrick, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K35,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 18 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 11 BP 1048 EP 1054 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 145CR UT WOS:000077353900004 PM 9850126 ER PT J AU Neuzil, KM Reed, GW Mitchel, EF Simonsen, L Griffin, MR AF Neuzil, KM Reed, GW Mitchel, EF Simonsen, L Griffin, MR TI Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hospitalization; influenza; influenza vaccine; pregnancy ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; MORTALITY; PNEUMONIA; VACCINE; EPIDEMIC AB This study sought to quantify influenza-related serious morbidity in pregnant women, as measured by hospitalizations for or death from selected acute cardiopulmonary conditions during predefined influenza seasons. The study population included women aged 15-44 years who were enrolled in the Tennessee Medicaid program for at least 180 days between 1974 and 1993. In a nested case-control study, 4,369 women with a first study event during influenza season were compared with 21,845 population controls. The odds ratios associated with study events increased from 1.44 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-2.15) for women at 14-20 weeks' gestation to 4.67 (95% CI 3.42-6.39) for those at 37-42 weeks in comparison with postpartum women. A retrospective cohort analysis, which controlled for risk factors identified in the case-control study, identified 22,824 study events during 1,393,166 women-years of follow-up. Women in their third trimester without other identified risk factors for influenza morbidity had an event rate of 21.7 per 10,000 women-months during influenza season. Approximately half of this morbidity, 10.5 (95% CI 6.7-14.3) events per 10,000 women-months, was attributable to influenza. Influenza-attributable risks in comparable nonpregnant and postpartum women were 1.91 (95% CI 1.51-2.31) and 1.16 (95% CI -0.09 to 2.42) per 10,000 women months, respectively. The data suggest that, out of every 10,000 women in their third trimester without other identified risk factors who experience an average influenza season of 2.5 months, 25 will be hospitalized with influenza-related morbidity. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Griffin, MR (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Med Ctr N A-1124, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. OI Simonsen, Lone/0000-0003-1535-8526 FU FDA HHS [FD-U-000073]; PHS HHS [U50-CCU300760-11] NR 34 TC 376 Z9 397 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 11 BP 1094 EP 1102 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 145CR UT WOS:000077353900010 PM 9850132 ER PT J AU Soucie, JM Evatt, B Jackson, D AF Soucie, JM Evatt, B Jackson, D CA Hemophilia Surveillance Syst Project Investigat TI Occurrence of hemophilia in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hemophilia; haemophilia; bleeding disorder; hematology; surveillance; public health; prevalence; incidence; epidemiology ID DEATH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; MORTALITY AB An active surveillance system was used to identify all residents with hemophilia in six U.S. states (Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New York, and Oklahoma). A hemophilia case was defined as a person with physician-diagnosed hemophilia A or B and/or a measured baseline factor VIII or IX activity (FA) of 30% or less. Case-finding methods included patient reports from physicians, clinical laboratories, hospitals, and hemophilia treatment centers. Once identified, trained data abstractors collected clinical end outcome data retrospectively from medical records. Among cases identified in 1993-1995, 2,743 were residents of the six states in 1994, of whom 2,156 (79%) had hemophilia A. Of those with available FA measurements, 1,140 (43%) had severe (FA < 1%), 684 (26%) had moderate (FA 1%-5%), and 848 (31%) had mild (FA 6%-30%) disease. The mean and median age was 25.4 and 23 years, respectively. The age-adjusted prevalence of hemophilia in all six states in 1994 was 13.4 cases/100,000 males (10.5 for hemophilia A and 2.9 for B). The prevalence by race/ethnicity was 13.2 cases/100,000 among white, 11.0 among African American, and 11.5 among Hispanic males. Application of age-specific prevalence rates from the six surveillance states to the U.S. population resulted in an estimated national population of 13,320 cases of hemophilia A and 3,640 cases of hemophilia B. For the 10-year period 1982-1991, the average incidence of hemophilia A and B in the hemophilia surveillance system (HSS) states was estimated to be 1 in 5,032 live male births. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss. Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, DASTLR, HDB, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Soucie, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, DASTLR, HDB, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E64, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jps9@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 156 Z9 156 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0361-8609 J9 AM J HEMATOL JI Am. J. Hematol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 4 BP 288 EP 294 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199812)59:4<288::AID-AJH4>3.0.CO;2-I PG 7 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 141HU UT WOS:000077138200004 PM 9840909 ER PT J AU Burnett, CA Lushniak, BD McCarthy, W Kaufman, J AF Burnett, CA Lushniak, BD McCarthy, W Kaufman, J TI Occupational dermatitis causing days away from work in US private industry, 1993 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE occupational dermatitis; surveillance; Bureau of Labor Statistics; exposure source; days away from work ID SKIN-DISEASE AB Background Occupational skin disease is an important cause of disability in the workplace. The aim of this report is to estimate the incidence of occupational dermatitis cases that causes days away from work and to characterize the cases. Methods The Annual Survey of Occupational injuries ann Illnesses from the Bureau of labor Statistics collects employer reports on work-related dermatitis. Descriptive data are collected on a sample of the cases that result in days away from work. Estimates of the number of cases and days away from work were calculated by industry occupation, and exposure source. Results In 1993, there were an estimated 8,835 cases of occupational dermatitis, a rate of 1.12/10,000 workers. The largest number of cases was in health services, while the highest rate tvas in agricultural crops. The occupation with the largest number of cases,was non-construction laborers. Cleaning/polishing agents caused the largest number of cases. Calcium hydroxide and oxides caused a median of nine days away from work. Discussion/Conclusions The survey data show that the effect of occupational dermatitis is substantial in the lives of workers. These descriptive data should be used to target interventions. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Res, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. US Bur Labor Stat, Off Compensat & Working Condit, Washington, DC 20212 USA. Washington State Dept Labor & Ind, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. RP Burnett, CA (reprint author), 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS R-18, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Kaufman, Joel/B-5761-2008 OI Kaufman, Joel/0000-0003-4174-9037 NR 14 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 568 EP 573 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199812)34:6<568::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 136JG UT WOS:000076855200004 PM 9816414 ER PT J AU Jones, CA McQuillan, GM Kusek, JW Eberhardt, MS Herman, WH Coresh, J Salive, M Jones, CP Agodoa, LY AF Jones, CA McQuillan, GM Kusek, JW Eberhardt, MS Herman, WH Coresh, J Salive, M Jones, CP Agodoa, LY TI Serum creatinine levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES LA English DT Article DE NHANES III; cross-sectional population survey; serum creatinine; ethnicity/race; sex; age; kidney; renal function ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES POPULATION; NON-HISPANIC WHITES; MEXICAN-AMERICANS; EXCESS INCIDENCE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; HYPERTENSION; NIDDM; COMPLICATIONS; PREVALENCE AB This report describes the distribution of serum creatinine levels by sex, age, and ethnic group in a representative sample of the US population. Serum creatinine level was evaluated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) in 18,723 participants aged 12 years and older who were examined between 1988 and 1994. Differences in mean serum creatinine levels were compared for subgroups defined by sex, age, and ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican-American). The mean serum creatinine value was 0.96 mg/dL for women in the United States and 1.16 mg/dL for men. Overall mean creatinine levels were highest in non-Hispanic blacks (women, 1.01 mg/dL; men, 1.25 mg/dL), lower in non-Hispanic whites (women, 0.97 mg/dL; men, 1.16 mg/dL), and lowest in Mexican-Americans (women, 0.86 mg/dL; men, 1.07 mg/dL). Mean serum creatinine levels increased with age among both men and women in all three ethnic groups, with total US mean levels ranging from 0.88 to 1.10 mg/dL in women and 1.00 to 1.29 mg/dL in men. The highest mean creatinine level was seen in non-Hispanic black men aged 60+ years. In the total US population, creatinine levels of 1.5 mg/dL or greater were seen in 9.74% of men and 1.78% of women. Overall, among the US noninstitutionalized population, 10.9 million people are estimated to have creatinine values of 1.5 mg/dL or greater, 3.0 million have values of 1.7 mg/dL or greater, and 0.8 million have serum creatinine levels of 2.0 mg/dL or greater. Mean serum creatinine values are higher in men, non-Hispanic blacks, and older persons and are lower in Mexican-Americans. In the absence of information on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or lean body mass, it is not clear to what extent the variability by sex, ethnicity, and age reflects normal physiological differences rather than the presence of kidney disease. Until this information is known, the use of a single cutpoint to define elevated serum creatinine values may be misleading. (C) 1998 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. C1 NIDDKD, Program Epidemiol, NIH, DKUHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIDDKD, Clin Trials Program, NIH, DKUHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIDDKD, End Stage Renal Dis Program, NIH, DKUHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIDDKD, Minor Hlth Program, NIH, DKUHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Div Biostat & Epidemiol, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth & Social Behav, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Jones, CP (reprint author), NIDDKD, Program Epidemiol, NIH, DKUHD, Natcher Bldg,Room 6AS-13K,45 Ctr Dr,MSC 6600, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 33 TC 365 Z9 377 U1 0 U2 8 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0272-6386 J9 AM J KIDNEY DIS JI Am. J. Kidney Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 32 IS 6 BP 992 EP 999 DI 10.1016/S0272-6386(98)70074-5 PG 8 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 145QY UT WOS:000077383900011 PM 9856515 ER PT J AU Spitz, AM Lee, NC Peterson, HB AF Spitz, AM Lee, NC Peterson, HB TI Treatment for lactation suppression: Little progress in one hundred years SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lactation; lactation suppression; breast-feeding AB Our goal was to characterize the postpartum symptoms experienced by women who do not breast-feed and to review data on the efficacy of nonpharmacologic methods of lactation suppression. The placebo arms of randomized clinical trials of pharmacologic methods for lactation suppression were used to characterize postpartum symptoms. A subset of the placebo arms was reviewed to assess current strategies for treatment of symptoms associated with lactation suppression. Studies of nonpharmacologic methods of lactation suppression were also reviewed to assess efficacy. Engorgement and breast pain may encompass most of the first postpartum week. Up to one third of women who do not breast-feed and who use a brassiere or binder, ice packs. or analgesics may experience severe breast pain. Specific studies of nonpharmacologic methods of lactation suppression were limited and inconclusive. Available data suggest that many women using currently recommended strategies for treatment of symptoms may nevertheless experience engorgement or pain for most of the first postpartum week. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Spitz, AM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop K-35, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 179 IS 6 BP 1485 EP 1490 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70013-4 PN 1 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 151CD UT WOS:000077702500032 PM 9855585 ER PT J AU Factor, SH Levine, OS Nassar, A Potter, J Fajardo, A O'Sullivan, MJ Schuchat, A AF Factor, SH Levine, OS Nassar, A Potter, J Fajardo, A O'Sullivan, MJ Schuchat, A TI Impact of a risk-based prevention policy on neonatal group B streptococcal disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE group B streptococcal disease; intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis; risk-based approach; screening ID MULTISTATE SURVEILLANCE ANALYSIS AB OBJECTIVE: Neonatal group B streptococcal infections can be prevented by intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Beginning in 1992, women with obstetric risk factors at University of Miami-Jackson Memorial Medical Center were targeted to receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. We evaluated these preventive efforts. STUDY DESIGN: A case was defined as isolation of group B streptococci from a sterile site in an infant <7 days old born during the study period, 1992-1995. We reviewed systematic samples of women with preterm delivery and prolonged rupture of membranes to assess use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. RESULTS: Group B streptococcal cases declined from 1.7 cases/1000 live births to 0.2 cases/1000 live births (Poisson regression, P=.002). Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis use increased from 13% of preterm deliveries in 1992 to 42% in 1995, and from 20% of deliveries with prolonged rupture of membranes in 1992 to 72% in 1995 (chi(2) test for linear trend P = .007 and P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Provision of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on the basis of risk factors was associated with decreased group B streptococcal disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Miami, Jackson Mem Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Miami, FL USA. RP Factor, SH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 179 IS 6 BP 1568 EP 1571 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70026-2 PN 1 PG 4 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 151CD UT WOS:000077702500045 PM 9855598 ER PT J AU Calvert, GM Mueller, CA Fajen, JM Chrislip, DW Russo, J Briggle, T Fleming, LE Suruda, AJ Steenland, K AF Calvert, GM Mueller, CA Fajen, JM Chrislip, DW Russo, J Briggle, T Fleming, LE Suruda, AJ Steenland, K TI Health effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide exposure among structural fumigation workers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SENSITIVITY; RATS AB Objectives. This study assessed the health effects associated with occupational exposure to methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride among structural fumigation workers. Methods. A cross-sectional study of 123 structural fumigation workers and 120 referents in south Florida was conducted. Nerve conduction, vibration, neurobehavioral, visual, olf factory and renal function testing was included. Results. The median lifetime duration of methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride exposure among workers was 1.20 years and 2.85 years, respectively. Sulfuryl fluoride exposure over the year preceding examination was associated with significantly reduced performance on die Pattern Memory Test and on olfactory testing. In addition, fumigation workers had significantly reduced performance on the Santa Ana Dexterity Test of the dominant hand and ii nonsignificantly higher prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome than did the referents. Conclusions. Occupational sulfuryl fluoride exposure may be associated. with subclinical effects on the central nervous system, including effects on olfactory and some cognitive functions. However, no widespread pattern Or cognitive deficits was observed, The peripheral nerve effects were likely caused by ergonomic stresses experienced by the fumigation workers. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveill Hazard Evaluat & Field Stud, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Utah, Rocky Mt Ctr Occupat & Environm Hlth, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Calvert, GM (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveill Hazard Evaluat & Field Stud, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-21, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD DEC PY 1998 VL 88 IS 12 BP 1774 EP 1780 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.12.1774 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 143HT UT WOS:000077249900004 PM 9842373 ER PT J AU Des Jarlais, DC Perlis, T Friedman, SR Deren, S Chapman, T Sotheran, JL Tortu, S Beardsley, M Paone, D Torian, LV Beatrice, ST DeBernardo, E Monterroso, E Marmor, M AF Des Jarlais, DC Perlis, T Friedman, SR Deren, S Chapman, T Sotheran, JL Tortu, S Beardsley, M Paone, D Torian, LV Beatrice, ST DeBernardo, E Monterroso, E Marmor, M TI Declining seroprevalence in a very large HIV epidemic: Injecting drug users in new York city, 1991 to 1996 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; INFECTION; AIDS; COHORT AB Objectives. This study assessed recent trends in HIV seroprevalence among injecting drug users in New York City. Methods. We analyzed temporal trends in HIV seroprevalence from 1991 through 1996 in 5 studies of injecting drug users recruited from a detoxification program, a methadone maintenance program, research storefronts in the Lower East Side and Harlem areas, and a citywide network of sexually transmitted disease clinics. A total of 11 334 serum samples were tested. Results. From 1991 through 1996, HIV seroprevalence declined substantially among subjects in all 5 studies: from 53% to 36% in the detoxification program, from 45% to 29% in the methadone program, from 44% to 22% at the Lower East Side storefront, from 48% to 21% at the Harlem storefront, and from 30% to 21% in the sexually transmitted disease clinics tall P<.002 by chi(2) tests for trend). Conclusions. The reductions in HIV seroprevalence seen among injecting drug users in New York City from 1991 through 1996 indicate a new phase in this large HIV epidemic. Potential explanatory factors include the loss of HIV-seropositive individuals through disability and death and lower rates of risk behavior leading to low HIV incidence. C1 Beth Israel Med Ctr, Inst Chem Dependency, New York, NY 10003 USA. Natl Dev & Res Inst Inc, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NYU, Sch Med, New York, NY USA. RP Des Jarlais, DC (reprint author), Beth Israel Med Ctr, Inst Chem Dependency, 1st Ave & 16th St, New York, NY 10003 USA. EM dcdesjarla@aol.com OI Marmor, Michael/0000-0001-6605-2661 FU NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA 03574, U01 DA 07286]; PHS HHS [U64/CCU209685] NR 26 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD DEC PY 1998 VL 88 IS 12 BP 1801 EP 1806 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.12.1801 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 143HT UT WOS:000077249900008 PM 9842377 ER PT J AU Johnson, JL Nyole, S Okwera, A Whalen, CC Nsubuga, P Pekovic, V Huebner, R Wallis, RS Mugyenyi, PN Mugerwa, RD Ellner, JJ AF Johnson, JL Nyole, S Okwera, A Whalen, CC Nsubuga, P Pekovic, V Huebner, R Wallis, RS Mugyenyi, PN Mugerwa, RD Ellner, JJ CA Ugand Case West Reser U Res Collab TI Instability of tuberculin and candida skin test reactivity in HIV-infected Ugandans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS; GAMMA-INTERFERON; TEST ANERGY; DRUG-USERS; HIGH-RISK AB Anergy testing has been used as an adjunct to tuberculin testing for assessing M. tuberculosis (MTB) infection and indications for isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV-infected persons. We examined factors associated with the stability of skin test responses to purified protein derivative (PPD) and candida antigens in a cohort: of HIV-infected adults followed prospectively in a tuberculosis preventive therapy trial in Uganda. PPD-positive and anergic subjects in the placebo arms of the preventive therapy study underwent: repeat skin testing and immunologic testing including measurement of MTB culture filtrate (CF)-stimulated interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in whole-blood culture supernatants. Anergy was present in 27% of 4,058 HIV-infected subjects screened for the tuberculosis preventive therapy trial compared with 10% of 682 HIV-non-infected persons. On follow-up testing of enrolled subjects, 42% of 139 initially anergic subjects were no longer anergic; two thirds of these had PPD reactions greater than or equal to 5 mm. Stability of anergy was associated with intercurrent opportunistic infections and AIDS-associated dermatitis at baseline. Thirty-five percent of 313 subjects with an initial positive PPD had a negative PPD test at follow-up, 26% of whom had a positive candida skin test at the same time as the negative PPD test. Baseline MTBCF-stimulated IFN-gamma levers were significantly higher among PPD-positive subjects who remained PPD-positive than In those who were falsely negative. We conclude first that anergy is unstable and second that anergy testing is unreliable in Identifying HIV-infected adults who are not infected with MTB and should not be used routinely for this purpose in assessing indications for isoniazid preventive therapy. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Div Infect Dis, Sch Med, Dept Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Natl TB & Leprosy Control Programme, Joint Clin Res Ctr, Kampala, Uganda. Mulago Hosp, Dept Med, Kampala, Uganda. Makerere Univ, Kampala, Uganda. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Johnson, JL (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Div Infect Dis, Sch Med, Dept Med, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Wallis, Robert/A-8018-2009 OI Wallis, Robert/0000-0001-6152-5183 FU FIC NIH HHS [TW-00011-08] NR 33 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 158 IS 6 BP 1790 EP 1796 PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 147RP UT WOS:000077511800016 PM 9847269 ER PT J AU Garcia, HH Araoz, R Gilman, RH Valdez, J Gonzalez, AE Gavidia, C Bravo, ML Tsang, VCW AF Garcia, HH Araoz, R Gilman, RH Valdez, J Gonzalez, AE Gavidia, C Bravo, ML Tsang, VCW CA The Cysticercosis Working Grp in Peru TI Increased prevalence of cysticercosis and taeniasis among professional fried pork vendors and the general population of a village in the Peruvian Highlands SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; SOLIUM; DIAGNOSIS; THERAPY AB Two different populations in Saylla, a Peruvian village near Cusco, known for chicharrones, a local pork dish, were surveyed by serology and stool examination to determine the prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of Taenia solium infection. Group I (n = 43), the chicharroneros, were members of families professionally devoted to the making and selling of chicharrones, and Group II (n = 102)was a sample of the general population of the same village. Unlike people in Group I, general villagers only occasionally prepare or sell this food product, and then only to their neighbors or relatives. The prevalence of taeniasis was extremely high (8.6%) for the chicharroneros and 3% for the general villagers. Seroprevalence for cysticercosis by immunoblot was similarly high in both groups (23.3% and 23.8%, respectively). Being female, older than 30, and having daily contact with pork were factors strongly associated with a positive serologic result for cysticercosis in the chicharroneros, whereas males were more frequently seropositive in the general villagers group. Antibody reaction to more antigen bands in immunoblots and neurologic symptoms were more common among the chicharroneros. Also, in the general villagers group, seroprevalence increased with each exposure factor, ranging from 9.4% in individuals who did not raise pigs to 50% in the small subgroup that raised pigs, butchered their own animals, sold pork, and sold chicharrones, suggesting that these activities are related to increased risk for tapeworm or larval infection. C1 Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Pathol, Lima, Peru. Inst Nacl Ciencias Neurol, Dept Transmissible Dis, Lima, Peru. Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad, Cusco, Peru. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Fac Med Vet, Lima 14, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Garcia, HH (reprint author), Inst Nacl Ciencias Neurol, Dept Transmissible Dis, Ancash 1271, Lima, Peru. OI Gavidia, Cesar Miguel/0000-0003-3936-5077 FU PHS HHS [1-U01 A135894-01] NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 6 BP 902 EP 905 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 154RE UT WOS:000077901900012 PM 9886197 ER PT J AU Semenza, JC Roberts, L Henderson, A Bogan, J Rubin, CH AF Semenza, JC Roberts, L Henderson, A Bogan, J Rubin, CH TI Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: A case study in Uzbekistan SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIC CHOLERA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; YOUNG-CHILDREN; RISK; INTERVENTIONS; PERU; PREVENTION; COMMUNITY; STORAGE AB Deteriorating water treatment facilities and distribution systems pose a significant public health threat, particularly in republics of the former Soviet Union. Interventions to decrease the disease burden associated with these water systems range from upgrading distribution networks to installing reverse osmosis technology. To provide insight into this decision process, we conducted a randomized intervention study to provide epidemiologic data for water policy decisions in Nukus, Uzbekistan, where drinking water quality is suboptimal. We interviewed residents of 240 households, 120 with and 120 without access to municipal piped water. Residents of 62 households without piped water were trained to chlorinate their drinking water at home in a narrow-necked water container with a spout. All study subjects (1583 individuals) were monitored biweekly for self-reported diarrheal illness over a period of 9.5 weeks. The home chlorination intervention group had the lowest diarrheal rate (28.8/1,000 subjects/month) despite lack of access to piped water in their homes. Compared with the two groups that did not receive the intervention this rate was one-sixth that of the group with no piped water (179.2/1,000 subjects/month) and one-third that of the households with piped water (75.5/1,000 subjects/month). More than 30% of the households with piped water lacked detectable levels of chlorine residues in their drinking water, despite two-stage chlorination of the source water, and were at increased risk of diarrhea. Forty-two percent of these municipal users reported that water pressure had been intermittent within the previous two days. The dramatic reduction in diarrheal rates in the home-chlorination intervention group indicates that a large proportion of; diarrheal diseases in Nukus are water-borne. The home-chlorination group had less diarrhea than the group with piped water, implicating the distribution system as a source of disease transmission. Taken together, these epidemiologic data would support the hypothesis that diarrhea in the piped water group could be attributed to cross-contamination between the municipal water supply and sewer, due to leaky pipes and lack of water pressure. Relatively inexpensive steps, including chlorination, maintaining water pressure, and properly maintaining the distribution system, rather than reverse osmosis technology, should reduce diarrheal rates. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Div Epidemiol, Dept Med, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Semenza, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Div Epidemiol, Dept Med, 224 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NR 16 TC 110 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 6 BP 941 EP 946 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 154RE UT WOS:000077901900019 PM 9886204 ER PT J AU Kinney, RM Pfeffer, M Tsuchiya, KR Chang, GJJ Roehrig, JT AF Kinney, RM Pfeffer, M Tsuchiya, KR Chang, GJJ Roehrig, JT TI Nucleotide sequences of the 26S mRNAs of the viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis antigenic complex SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SEMLIKI-FOREST VIRUS; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; SINDBIS VIRUS; STRUCTURAL PROTEINS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; MOLECULAR EVIDENCE; DEDUCED SEQUENCE; E2 GLYCOPROTEIN; SUBGENOMIC RNA AB Genetic relationships among viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus antigenic complex were determined by analyzing the 3'-terminal 561 nucleotides of the nonstructural protein 4 gene and the entire 26S RNA region of the genome. New sequence information is reported for VEE 78V-3531 (VEE subtype-variety IF), Mucambo (IIIA), Tonate (IIIB), 71D-1252 (IIIC), Pixuna (IV), Cabassou (V), and AG80-663 (VI) viruses. The results reported here and by previous investigators largely support the current classification scheme of these viruses, while clearly identifying Everglades (II)asa subtype I virus. A genetic relationship between 78V-3531 (IF) and AG80-663 (VI) viruses contradicted previous serologic results. Mutations near the amino terminus of the E2 envelope proteins of Pixuna and AG80-663 viruses probably account for the previously reported low reactivity of the protective monoclonal antibody 1A2B-10 with these two viruses. Variations in the distribution of potential glycosylation sites in the E2 glycoprotein are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Munich, Inst Med Microbiol Infect & Epidem Dis, Fac Vet, D-80539 Munich, Germany. RP Kinney, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 73 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 6 BP 952 EP 964 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 154RE UT WOS:000077901900021 PM 9886206 ER PT J AU Niezgoda, M Briggs, DJ Shaddock, J Rupprecht, CE AF Niezgoda, M Briggs, DJ Shaddock, J Rupprecht, CE TI Viral excretion in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; VIRUS AB Objective-To determine susceptibility incubation and morbidity periods, clinical signs of infection, serologic response, and excretion of virus in domestic ferrets inoculated with rabies virus of raccoon origin. Animals-54 domestic ferrets. Procedure-5 groups of ferrets were inoculated IM with the rabies virus. Oral cavity swab specimens and saliva were obtained for virus isolation. Blood was obtained for virus-neutralizing antibody determination. If clinical signs were severe, ferrets were euthanatized immediately. Salivary gland and brain tissue was collected for virus isolation and rabies diagnosis, respectively. Results-Of 51 inoculated ferrets, 19 (37%) were euthanatized with clinical signs of rabies. Mean incubation period was 28 days (range, 17 to 63 days). Clinical signs included ataxia, cachexia, inactivity, paresis, paraparesis, bladder atony, tremors, hypothermia, lethargy, constipation, paralysis, and anorexia. Two rabid ferrets manifested aggressive behavior. Mean morbidity period was 4 to 5 days (range, 1 to 8 days). Virus antigen was detected in brain tissue from all rabid ferrets (n = 19). Two rabid ferrets had detectable virus-neutralizing antibody. Of 32 ferrets that survived, only 1 seroconverted; survivors remained clinically normal throughout the observation period. Babies virus was isolated from salivary glands of 12 of 19 (63%) rabid ferrets, and 9 (47%) shed virus in saliva. Initiation of virus excretion ranged from 2 days before onset of illness to 6 days after onset. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Babies should be considered in the differential diagnosis for ferrets that have acute onset of paralysis or behavioral changes and a condition that rapidly deteriorates despite intense medical intervention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,USHHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost Invest, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Niezgoda, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,USHHS, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 59 IS 12 BP 1629 EP 1632 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 162DC UT WOS:000078329300028 PM 9858418 ER PT J AU Ho, M Pemberton, JE AF Ho, M Pemberton, JE TI Alkyl chain conformation of octadecylsilane stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy. 1. Temperature dependence SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-STATE NMR; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SILICA SURFACES; BONDED SILICAS; RETENTION; ORIENTATION; TRANSITIONS; INTERFACE; PACKINGS; LAYERS AB Raman spectroscopy is used for the first time to probe the effect of temperature on the conformational order of polymeric and monomeric octadecylsilane stationary phases. Spectral data in the v(C-C) and v(C-H) regions are interpreted in terms of alkyl chain conformational state and its dependence on temperature. In contrast to the liquidlike disordered state characteristic of these stationary phases at room temperature, at liquid N-2 temperatures, the alkyl chains exist in a more ordered state with a residual level of gauche conformational defects. Systematic studies between -15 and 95 degrees C reveal more subtle changes in conformational order as ascertained from empirical spectral indicators including the intensity ratios I[v(a)(CH2)]/I[v(s)(CH2)] and I[v(C-C)(Tau)]/I[v(C-C)(G)]. Plots of these ratios as a function of temperature reveal two distinct regimes of behavior. By extrapolating the linear regions of these plots, a surface "phase transition" temperature of similar to 20 degrees C for both surface-confined octadecylsilane stationary phases is estimated that represents subtle changes in alkyl chain conformational order from a more ordered phase to a slightly more disordered phase. The similarity in behavior between the polymeric and monomeric octadecylsilane stationary phases is interpreted as evidence for similar interchain spacing of the alkylsilanes on these silica surfaces. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Pemberton, JE (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 44 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 23 BP 4915 EP 4920 DI 10.1021/ac980471s PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 143VW UT WOS:000077278700020 PM 21644674 ER PT J AU Franks, AL Marks, JS AF Franks, AL Marks, JS TI Introduction to supplement on iron overload, public health, and genetics SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Franks, AL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Mailstop K-24,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 923 EP 924 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200023 PM 9867743 ER PT J AU Powell, LW George, DK McDonnell, SM Kowdley, KV AF Powell, LW George, DK McDonnell, SM Kowdley, KV TI Diagnosis of hemochromatosis SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention Conference on Iron Overload Public Health and Genetics / Meeting on Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Gene Discovery and its Implications CY MAR 04-05, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Human Genome Res Inst ID HEPATIC IRON INDEX; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; GENETIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; BLOOD-DONORS; HLA-H; PREVALENCE; OVERLOAD C1 Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Powell, LW (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. NR 40 TC 123 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 925 EP 931 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200024 PM 9867744 ER PT J AU Barton, JC McDonnell, SM Adams, PC Brissot, P Powell, LW Edwards, CQ Cook, JD Kowdley, KV AF Barton, JC McDonnell, SM Adams, PC Brissot, P Powell, LW Edwards, CQ Cook, JD Kowdley, KV CA Hemochromatosis Management Working Grp TI Management of hemochromatosis SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention Conference on Iron Overload Public Health and Genetics / Meeting on Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Gene Discovery and its Implications CY MAR 04-05, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Human Genome Res Inst ID LONG-TERM SURVIVAL; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; IDIOPATHIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; GENETIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; TRANSFERRIN SATURATION; LIVER-TRANSPLANTATION; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; IRON DEPLETION AB The complications of iron overload in hemochromatosis can be avoided by early diagnosis and appropriate management. Therapeutic phlebotomy is used to remove excess iron and maintain low normal body iron stores, and it should be initiated in men with serum ferritin levels of 300 mu g/L or more and in women with serum ferritin levels of 200 mu g/L or more, regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. Typically, therapeutic phlebotomy consists of 1) removal of 1 unit (450 to 500 mL) of blood weekly until the serum ferritin level is 10 to 20 mu g/L and 2) maintenance of the serum ferritin level at 50 mu g/L or less thereafter by periodic removal of blood. Hyperferritinemia attributable to iron overload is resolved by therapeutic phlebotomy. When applied before iron overload becomes severe, this treatment also prevents complications of iron overload, including hepatic cirrhosis, primary liver cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, joint disease, and cardiomyopathy. In patients with established iron overload disease, weakness, fatigue, increased hepatic enzyme concentrations, right upper quadrant pain, and hyperpigmentation are often substantially alleviated by therapeutic phlebotomy. Patients with liver disease, joint disease, diabetes mellitus and other endocrinopathic abnormalities, and cardiac abnormalities often require additional, specific management. Dietary management of hemochromatosis includes avoidance of medicinal iron, mineral supplements, excess vitamin C, and uncooked seafoods. This can reduce the rate of iron reaccumulation; reduce retention of nonferrous metals; and help reduce complications of liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and Vibrio infection. This comprehensive approach to the management of hemochromatosis can decrease the frequency and severity of iron overload, improve quality of life, and increase longevity. C1 So Iron Overload Disorders Ctr, Birmingham, AL 35209 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. London Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada. Hop Univ Pontchaillou, INSERM, U49, Clin Malad Foie, Rennes, France. Univ Queensland, Bancroft Ctr, Queensland Inst Med Res, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Univ Utah, Coll Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84143 USA. Univ Utah, Latter Day St Hosp, Outpatient Clin, Salt Lake City, UT 84143 USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Div Hematol, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA. Univ Washington, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Barton, JC (reprint author), So Iron Overload Disorders Ctr, Suite G-105,2022 Brookwood Med Ctr Dr, Birmingham, AL 35209 USA. NR 84 TC 189 Z9 193 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 932 EP 939 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200025 PM 9867745 ER PT J AU Looker, AC Johnson, CL AF Looker, AC Johnson, CL TI Prevalence of elevated serum transferrin saturation in adults in the United States SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention Conference on Iron Overload Public Health and Genetics / Meeting on Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Gene Discovery and its Implications CY MAR 04-05, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Human Genome Res Inst ID IRON OVERLOAD; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; AFRICAN-AMERICANS; DEFICIENCY; MEN; POPULATION; FERRITIN AB Background: A population-based hemochromatosis screening program that uses serum transferrin saturation has been proposed, but few data exist on the number of U.S. adults that such a program would identify for further testing. Objective: To determine the prevalence of an initially elevated serum transferrin saturation and the prevalence of concurrently elevated serum transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels in the adult population of the United States. Design: Nationally representative cross-sectional survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population. Participants: 15 839 men and nonpregnant women 20 years of age and older who were examined in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Measurements: Single measurements of serum transferrin saturations and serum ferritin levels. Cut-off values used to define elevated serum transferrin saturation ranged from greater than 45% to greater than 62%. Results: The prevalence of initially elevated serum transferrin saturation ranged from 1% to 6%. Approximately 11% to 22% of those with elevated serum transferrin saturation had concurrently elevated serum ferritin levels. The prevalence of elevated serum transferrin saturation was lower in women than in men when the same cut-off value was used to define elevated serum transferrin saturation. The prevalence of elevated serum transferrin saturation in non-Hispanic black persons and Mexican-Americans was similar to or slightly less than that in non-Hispanic white persons. The prevalence of elevated serum transferrin saturation in persons 20 to 49 years of age was as high as or higher than that in older adults. Conclusions: A hemochromatosis screening program that uses a cut-off value of greater than 60% to define elevated serum transferrin saturation would identify an estimated 1.4 to 2.5 million U.S. adults for further testing. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Looker, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 38 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 940 EP 945 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200026 PM 9867746 ER PT J AU Yang, QH McDonnell, SM Khoury, MJ Cono, J Parrish, RG AF Yang, QH McDonnell, SM Khoury, MJ Cono, J Parrish, RG TI Hemochromatosis-associated mortality in the United States from 1979 to 1992: An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention Conference on Iron Overload Public Health and Genetics / Meeting on Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Gene Discovery and its Implications CY MAR 04-05, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Human Genome Res Inst ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; BODY IRON STORES; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; RISK; DEATH; GENE; EXPRESSION; PREVALENCE; MORBIDITY; OVERLOAD AB Background: Hemochromatosis, which can lead to serious chronic diseases resulting from iron overload, has an estimated prevalence of 50 to 80 cases per 10 000 persons. However, little population-based information is available on the impact of hemochromatosis on morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate trends over 14 years in deaths and medical conditions associated with hemochromatosis in the United States. Design: We searched Multiple-Cause Mortality Files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics for the years 1979 to 1992 for all records listing hemochromatosis. We used these data to calculate age-adjusted and age-specific mortality rates, identify medical conditions associated with a known diagnosis of hemochromatosis at death, and calculate proportionate mortality ratios for these medical conditions. Results: The listing of hemochromatosis on death certificates increased 60% from 1979 to 1992. Decedents with hemochromatosis were 23, 13, and 5 times more likely to have liver neoplasms, liver disease, and cardiomyopathy, respectively, than were decedents without hemochromatosis. Conversely, decedents with liver neoplasms, liver disease, and cardiomyopathy were 26, 14, and 5 times more likely, respectively, to have hemochromatosis than were decedents without these conditions. Hemochromatosis was 82 times more likely in persons with the combination of liver neoplasms and diabetes and 43 times more likely in those with the combination of liver disease and diabetes than in those without these conditions. Conclusions: Comparison of the reported prevalence of hemochromatosis among decedents with estimates of prevalence in the general U.S. population suggests that either the penetrance or the recognition of hemochromatosis, or both, is low. Nevertheless, substantial mortality resulting from liver disease, liver neoplasms, cardiomyopathy, and a combination of liver disease and diabetes in patients with hemochromatosis argues for the improved diagnosis and treatment of hemochromatosis in persons with these conditions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Egleston Childrens Hosp, Dept Gen Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30312 USA. RP McDonnell, SM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Mailstop C-08,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 113 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 946 EP 953 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200027 PM 9867747 ER PT J AU McDonnell, SM Phatak, PD Felitti, V Hover, A McLaren, GD AF McDonnell, SM Phatak, PD Felitti, V Hover, A McLaren, GD TI Screening for hemochromatosis in primary care settings SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention Conference on Iron Overload Public Health and Genetics / Meeting on Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Gene Discovery and its Implications CY MAR 04-05, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Human Genome Res Inst ID HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; IRON OVERLOAD; GENETIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; AFRICAN-AMERICANS; PHENOTYPIC-EXPRESSION; BLOOD-DONORS; PREVALENCE; AGE; MEN AB Interest in including screening for hemochromatosis in the routine medical care of adults has grown in recent years. In March 1997, at a meeting on iron overload at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the directors of four hemochromatosis screening programs described the major challenges that they faced and the lessons that they learned in implementing their programs. Seven issues were consistently described as important challenges: 1) changes in case definitions of hemochromatosis, 2) selection of screening threshold values and identification of false-positive cases, 3) variability and lack of standardization in screening test measurements, 4) physician education, 5) informed consent and concerns about medical and genetic discrimination, 6) patient compliance with screening and therapy, and 7) incidental detection of iron deficiency. The two programs that have been completed report a prevalence of iron overload from hemochromatosis of 4.2 to 4.5 per 1000 persons screened; this is consistent with findings in the recent literature. All programs report that screening is feasible and propose that hemochromatosis be defined by repeated elevated serum transferrin saturation values (with or without DNA test results) rather than by the clinical outcome of excessive iron in tissue. The goal of screening programs is to diagnose iron status disorders, particularly hemochromatosis, before they lead to iron overload and chronic disease states. Further research is needed on the ability of genetic and phenotypic tests to predict the clinical expression of hemochromatosis. The experiences outlined in this report highlight practical issues that need to be addressed when iron status screening for hemochromatosis is implemented. It is hoped that this information will facilitate similar efforts in other health care settings. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Rochester Gen Hosp, Rochester, NY 14621 USA. Kaiser Permanente Med Care Program, San Diego, CA 92111 USA. St Johns Hlth Syst, Springfield, MO 65807 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Fargo, ND USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Hematol Oncol Sect 11111H, Fargo, ND USA. RP McDonnell, SM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Epidemiol Program Off, Mailstop C-108,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [R01 HS07616] NR 48 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 962 EP 970 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200029 PM 9867749 ER PT J AU Cogswell, ME McDonnell, SM Khoury, MJ Franks, AL Burke, W Brittenham, G AF Cogswell, ME McDonnell, SM Khoury, MJ Franks, AL Burke, W Brittenham, G TI Iron overload, public health, and genetics: Evaluating the evidence for hemochromatosis screening SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention Conference on Iron Overload Public Health and Genetics / Meeting on Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Gene Discovery and its Implications CY MAR 04-05, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Human Genome Res Inst ID HUMAN GENOME PROJECT; LONG-TERM SURVIVAL; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; IDIOPATHIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; DIABETIC-PATIENTS; BLOOD-DONORS; HLA-H; MUTATION ANALYSIS; SERUM FERRITIN AB Population screening for hemochromatosis done by using the transferrin saturation test has been advocated by experts to permit the initiation of therapeutic phlebotomy before the onset of clinical disease. The discovery of a gene associated with hemochromatosis has made DNA testing another option for screening and diagnosis. In this paper, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force criteria are used to evaluate the evidence for the usefulness of population screening done by using iron measures or genetic testing. Published clinical research offers little evidence to suggest that population screening for hemochromatosis done by using genetic testing improves clinical outcomes. Although one recently discovered mutation, C282Y, accounts for 60% to 92% of cases of the disease in series of patients with hemochromatosis, uncertainties remain about the clinical penetrance of various genotypes; the accuracy of genetic testing; and the ethical, legal, and social effects of genetic testing. Before population screening for hemochromatosis done by using transferrin saturation testing can be recommended, laboratory standardization needs to be addressed and questions about risk for clinical disease in asymptomatic persons with mutations or early biochemical expression of disease require resolution. Evidence from case series suggests that hemochromatosis may be associated with liver cancer, other liver disease, diabetes, bradyarrhythmias, and arthritis. In ail studies but one, however, estimation of the magnitude and significance of this risk is limited by lack of adequate comparison groups. The need for population data to answer questions about penetrance among asymptomatic persons should not impede efforts to increase the detection and treatment of hemochromatosis in persons found to have elevated iron measures, a family history of hemochromatosis, or consistent early signs and symptoms of the disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Washington, Womens Hlth Care Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Cogswell, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop K-25,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mec0@cdc.gov NR 80 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 971 EP 979 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200030 PM 9867750 ER PT J AU Wetterhall, SF Cogswell, ME Kowdley, KV AF Wetterhall, SF Cogswell, ME Kowdley, KV TI Public health surveillance for hereditary hemochromatosis SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention Conference on Iron Overload Public Health and Genetics / Meeting on Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Gene Discovery and its Implications CY MAR 04-05, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Human Genome Res Inst ID UNITED-STATES; GENETIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DISCRIMINATION; CERTIFICATES; INFORMATION; PREVALENCE; HEPATITIS; SURVIVAL; DEATH AB The recent realization that hemochromatosis is a common condition has created opportunities to develop unified public health surveillance for this disorder and its complications and to design programs to prevent unnecessary illness and death resulting from this disorder. Public health surveillance for hemochromatosis can be used to measure the magnitude of the problem (for example, to establish the number of persons with evidence of early iron overload); identify research needs; reveal the natural history of the disease; detect changes in health care practices, such as use of screening tests; and evaluate interventions, such as phlebotomy. Existing surveillance has been limited to periodic measurement of morbidity and mortality done by using hospital discharge records, health examination surveys, vital statistics, and data from small research registries. The improvement of surveillance will entail the ongoing collection of information from population-based surveys, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; the collection of data on provider practices (for example, through the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey); and the establishment of population-based registries. Creating population-based registries requires consensus on case definitions; strategies to encourage case ascertainment and reporting; policies and procedures for protecting privacy and ensuring confidentiality; and partnerships among providers, researchers, and public health officials. Longitudinal data from population-based registries will provide insight into determinants of disease expression, such as pattern or degree of iron overload. This information is critical for developing evidence-based recommendations for population screening, monitoring changes in medical practices, and assessing the effect of preventive measures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Wetterhall, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop D-24,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sfw1@cdc.gov NR 58 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 980 EP 986 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200031 PM 9867751 ER PT J AU McDonnell, SM Witte, DL Cogswell, ME McIntyre, R AF McDonnell, SM Witte, DL Cogswell, ME McIntyre, R TI Strategies to increase detection of hemochromatosis SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; GENETIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; UNITED-STATES; FINANCIAL INCENTIVES; BLOOD-DONORS; PHYSICIANS; PREVALENCE; RECOMMENDATIONS; PERFORMANCE AB As part of the iron Overload, Public Health and Genetics conference, sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in March 1997, a working group was convened to consider strategies to increase early case detection of hemochromatosis. This group emphasized that the primary public health goal should be to diagnose hemochromatosis before symptoms appear. To reach this goal, education and action need to be targeted to physicians and other health care workers, laboratorians, administrators, payers, and the public. Strategies to disseminate updated information and increase early case detection were prioritized according to expected effectiveness. Strategies targeting physicians are 1) to identify national and local physician-leaders and 2) to educate physicians about hemochromatosis in basic, graduate specialty, and continuing medical education. Strategies aimed at the health system are 1) to encourage laboratories to provide the transferrin saturation test as part of routine laboratory panels and 2) to work with policymakers and payers to allow reimbursement for case detection. Finally, public education is recommended to increase lay support for the early diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Attempts to educate the public should be aimed first at persons who receive diagnoses of hemochromatosis in order to ensure that they are properly treated and then at asymptomatic persons who could be screened as part of health appraisals. Although identifying physician-leaders and educating physicians are the highest priorities, physicians should not be targeted at the exclusion of payers and the public. Simultaneous efforts to reach all groups in appropriate ways should be initiated to provide the interest and infrastructure necessary to decrease morbidity and mortality from hemochromatosis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Lab Control Ltd, Ottumwa, IA USA. RP McDonnell, SM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Mailstop C-08,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. EM sem0@cdc.gov NR 65 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 EI 1539-3704 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 987 EP 992 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200032 PM 9867752 ER PT J AU Brittenham, GM Franks, AL Rickles, FR AF Brittenham, GM Franks, AL Rickles, FR TI Research priorities in hereditary hemochromatosis SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID GENE AB The Working Group on Research Priorities used a formal nominal group technique to identify and prioritize the specific aims of applied research needed to provide the scientific basis for population screening for iron overload disorders. The most important applied research goal was characterization of the natural history of the relation between genotype and phenotype in hereditary hemochromatosis and other iron overload disorders. Three other important research objectives were development of an optimal approach to screening for iron overload; analyses of the cost-effectiveness of screening; and assessment of the ethical, legal, and social implications of screening. To achieve these specific aims, two research studies were recommended as being of the highest priority: a multicenter, cross-sectional, population-based study of the natural history of iron overload and a multicenter, case-control study of patients with disease manifestations potentially attributable to hereditary hemochromatosis in primary care and subspecialty clinics. C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10032 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Brittenham, GM (reprint author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pediat, Harkness Pavil Room HP 550,630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 11 BP 993 EP 996 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 143DF UT WOS:000077239200033 PM 9867753 ER PT J AU Camp, MJ Wingard, JR Gilmore, CE Lin, LS Dix, SP Davidson, TG Geller, RB AF Camp, MJ Wingard, JR Gilmore, CE Lin, LS Dix, SP Davidson, TG Geller, RB TI Efficacy of low-dose dopamine in preventing amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in bone marrow transplant patients and leukemia patients SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article AB This study evaluated the efficacy of low-dose dopamine for prevention of amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity in autologous bone marrow transplant and leukemia patients. Seventy-one patients undergoing cytoreductive therapy who required amphotericin B were randomly assigned in an unblinded fashion to a group receiving continuous-infusion low-dose dopamine (3 mu g/kg/min) or a group receiving no dopamine. Amphotericin B was dosed at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg/day based on computerized tomography scan results or presence of positive blood cultures. No patient received saline boluses. The rate of nephrotoxicity, severity as graded by Southwest Oncology Group toxicity criteria, and time to each grade of nephrotoxicity were compared between the two groups. Eighty percent of the no dopamine group and 66.7% of the dopamine group developed nephrotoxicity, defined as a 1.5-fold or greater increase in baseline serum creatinine level (P = 0.20). No statistical difference was noted at any grade of nephrotoxicity between the two groups. Thirty-four percent of patients in the no-dopamine group versus 17.6% in the dopamine group had a 2.5-fold or greater increase in serum creatinine level, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.0888). Ten patients developed grade IV nephrotoxicity and were withdrawn from the study, 7 in the no-dopamine group and 3 in the dopamine group (P = 0.19). The time to each grade of nephrotoxicity was also not significantly different for the two groups. Eleven adverse drug reactions were reported in the dopamine group in comparison to one in the no-dopamine group. Thus, dopamine offers little in the way of prevention of nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B therapy. Although the significance of drug reactions in the dopamine group is not clearly established due to lack of cardiac monitoring in the no-dopamine group, dopamine therapy is not without complications. C1 Emory Univ Hosp, Dept Pharmaceut Serv, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Stat & Data Management Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surviellance & Epidemiol, Nat Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Camp, MJ (reprint author), 3726 Tynemoore Trace, Smyrna, GA 30080 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 42 IS 12 BP 3103 EP 3106 PG 4 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 145ER UT WOS:000077358500009 PM 9835498 ER PT J AU Pfaller, MA Messer, SA Hollis, RJ Jones, RN Doern, GV Brandt, ME Hajjeh, RA AF Pfaller, MA Messer, SA Hollis, RJ Jones, RN Doern, GV Brandt, ME Hajjeh, RA TI In vitro susceptibilities of Candida bloodstream isolates to the new triazole antifungal agents BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; FLUCONAZOLE; UK-109,496 AB BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole are three new investigational triazoles with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. The in vitro activities of these three agents were compared,vith those of itraconazole and fluconazole against 1,300 bloodstream isolates of Candida species obtained from over 50 different medical centers in the United States. The MICs of all of the antifungal drugs were determined by broth microdilution tests performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards method using RPMI 1640 as a test medium. BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole were all quite active against all Candida sp. isolates (MICs for 90% of the isolates tested [MIC(90)s], 0.5, 1.0, and 0.5 mu g/ml, respectively). Candida albicans was the most susceptible species (MIC(90)s, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.06 mu g/ml, respectively), and C. glabrata was the least susceptible (MIC(90)s, 4.0, 4.0, and 2.0 mu g/ml, respectively). BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole mere all more active than itraconazole and fluconazole against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. There existed a clear rank order of in vitro activity of the five azoles examined in this study when they were tested versus C. glabrata: voriconazole > BMS-207147 = Sch 56592 = itraconazole > fluconazole (MIC(90)s, 2.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, and 64 mu g/ml, respectively). For isolates of Candida spp, with decreased susceptibility to both itraconazole and fluconazole, the MICs of BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole were also elevated. These results suggest that BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole all possess promising antifungal activity and that further in vitro and in vivo investigations are warranted to establish the clinical value of this improved potency. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Div Med Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pfaller, MA (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Div Med Microbiol, C606 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 13 TC 99 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 42 IS 12 BP 3242 EP 3244 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 145ER UT WOS:000077358500031 PM 9835520 ER PT J AU Dietz, WH AF Dietz, WH TI Prevention: It all starts with the children. SO APPETITE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; OBESITY; PROGRAM; ONSET C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Dietz, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop Highway NE,K-24, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0195-6663 J9 APPETITE JI Appetite PD DEC PY 1998 VL 31 IS 3 BP 413 EP 416 PG 4 WC Behavioral Sciences; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Behavioral Sciences; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 153UV UT WOS:000077851900014 ER PT J AU Waters, TR Baron, SL Kemmlert, K AF Waters, TR Baron, SL Kemmlert, K TI Accuracy of measurements for the revised NIOSH lifting equation SO APPLIED ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE revised NIOSH lifting equation; measurement reliability; training issues ID EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GUIDELINES AB Twenty-seven non-ergonomists who participated in a one-day training session on the use of the NIOSH lifting equation (NLE) were subsequently tested on a simulated lifting task eight weeks later to determine their accuracy in measuring the variables. Analysis of the results indicate that (1) inter-observer variability was small, especially for the most important factor (i.e. horizontal distance); (2) individuals can be trained to make measurements with sufficient accuracy to provide consistent recommended weight limit and lifting index values; and (3) measurement of the coupling and asymmetric variables were the least accurate. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Natl Board Occupat Safety & Hlth, S-17184 Solna, Sweden. RP Waters, TR (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 13 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-6870 J9 APPL ERGON JI Appl. Ergon. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 29 IS 6 BP 433 EP 438 DI 10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00015-5 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied SC Engineering; Psychology GA 120WY UT WOS:000075981500004 PM 9796788 ER PT J AU Fairchok, MP Trementozzi, DP Carter, PS Regnery, HL Carter, ER AF Fairchok, MP Trementozzi, DP Carter, PS Regnery, HL Carter, ER TI Effect of prednisone on response to influenza virus vaccine in asthmatic children SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNIZATION AB Objective: To evaluate the immunogenicity of the influenza virus vaccine in children receiving short-course (a burst) prednisone therapy for acute asthmatic exacerbations. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Outpatient pediatric clinic of a military medical center. Patients: Children aged 6 months to 18 years requiring the 1996 influenza virus vaccine were eligible for the study. A total of 58 children were enrolled initially. The control group included 37 asthmatic children requiring less than 900 mu g/d of inhaled prednisone and their siblings. The prednisone group included 21 children vaccinated at the beginning of a course of prednisone prescribed to treat an asthma exacerbation. Thirty-one control subjects (84%) and 19 patients in the prednisone group (90%) completed the study. Dropout was due to failure to come in for the postvaccination serum sampling. Interventions: All study patients underwent immunization with the 1996-1997 trivalent subvirion influenza virus vaccine (FluShield; Wyeth Laboratories Inc, Marietta, Pa) containing 15-mu g hemagglutinin antigens each of A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1)(A/H1), A/Wuhan/359/95 (H3N2)(A/H3), and B/Beijing/184/93 (B). The prednisone cohort received a burst of oral prednisone therapy (2 mg/kg per day for 5 days). Main Outcome Measures: To assess the immunogenicity of the vaccine between both groups, at least a 4-fold rise in titer and end titers of at least 1:40 to each of the 3 antigens were compared. Mean changes in geometric titers to the 3 antigens were also compared. Results: Proportion of patients in each group with at least a 4-fold rise in titer to each of the influenza antigens was as follows: for A/H3N3 antigen, 15 patients (79%) in the prednisone group vs 22 controls (71%) (P =.74); for A/H1N1 antigen, 16 patients in the prednisone group (84%) vs 20 controls (64%) (P =.20);and for B antigen, 7 patients in the prednisone group (37%) vs 8 controls (26%) (P =.53). Proportion nf patients in each group with an end titer of at least 1.40 to each of the antigens was as follows: for A/H3N2 antigen, 18 patients in the prednisone group (95%) vs 28 controls (90%) (P =.69); for A/H1N1 antigen, 17 patients in the prednisone group (89%) vs 26 controls (84%) (P =.99); and for B antigen, 7 patients in the prednisone group (37%) vs 13 controls (42%) (P =.99). There were also no significant differences between groups in the mean changes in geometric titers to any of the 3 antigens. Conclusions: Prednisone bursts did not diminish the response of asthmatic children to the 1996 influenza virus vaccine, compared with controls. Children can be effectively vaccinated against influenza virus while they are receiving prednisone therapy bursts for asthmatic exacerbations. C1 Madigan Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Tacoma, WA 98431 USA. Madigan Army Med Ctr, Dept Family Practice, Tacoma, WA 98431 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fairchok, MP (reprint author), Madigan Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Tacoma, WA 98431 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 152 IS 12 BP 1191 EP 1195 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 146PH UT WOS:000077439200006 PM 9856428 ER PT J AU Hediger, ML Overpeck, MD Maurer, KR Kuczmarski, RJ McGlynn, A Davis, WW AF Hediger, ML Overpeck, MD Maurer, KR Kuczmarski, RJ McGlynn, A Davis, WW TI Growth of Infants and Young Children Born Small or Large for Gestational Age - Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; LONG-TERM MORBIDITY; CHILDHOOD GROWTH; BODY-COMPOSITION; PRETERM INFANTS; VARIED SAMPLE; FETAL GROWTH; SIZE; RETARDATION; PATTERNS AB Objectives: To compare the growth profiles of infants and young children born small for gestational age (SGA, <10th percentile birth weight for gestation) or large for gestational age (LGA, greater than or equal to 90th percentile) with those appropriate for gestational age, and to document the expected growth patterns through early childhood based on national health examination survey data. Sample: Infants and children, 2 to 47 months of age, who were born in the United States and examined using the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Main Outcome Measures: Measurements of growth status based on normalized distributions (z scores or standard deviation units [SDUs] for weight, length, and head circumference. Results: Prevalence rates were as follows: SGA infants, 8.6%; appropriate for gestational age infants, 80.9%; and LGA infants, 10.5%. Infants who were SGA appeared to catch up in weight in the first 6 months, but thereafter maintained a deficit of about -0.75 SDUs compared with infants who were appropriate for gestational age. The weight status of LGA infants remained at about +0.50 SDUs through 47 months of age. Length and head circumference were also associated with birth weight status, averaging over -0.60 SDUs for SGA infants and +0.43 SDUs for LGA infants. Conclusions: Birth weight status is related to growth rates in infancy and early childhood, which underscores the importance of considering child growth relative to birth status when using growth charts. Small for gestational age infants remain shorter and lighter and have smaller head circumferences, while LGA infants grow longer and heavier and have larger head circumferences. C1 NICHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Klemm Anal Grp, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Overpeck, MD (reprint author), NICHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, NIH, Bldg 6100,Room 7B03, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 46 TC 98 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 152 IS 12 BP 1225 EP 1231 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 146PH UT WOS:000077439200012 PM 9856434 ER PT J AU Snider, DE AF Snider, DE TI The CDC and technology transfer SO ASM NEWS LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0044-7897 J9 ASM NEWS JI ASM News PD DEC PY 1998 VL 64 IS 12 BP 671 EP 671 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 149RW UT WOS:000077620200004 ER PT J AU Garrett, LC Conway, GA Manwaring, JC AF Garrett, LC Conway, GA Manwaring, JC TI Epidemiology of work-related aviation fatalities in Alaska, 1990-94 SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Alaska, with less than one-half of 1% of the United States workforce, accounts for 9% of all occupational aviation fatalities nationally; 30% of all occupational fatalities in Alaska are related to aviation. To understand this high mortality, we investigated occupational aviation crashes to identify risk factors. Occupational aviation fatalities in Alaska during 1990-94 were examined using National Transportation Safety Board reports and merged with records from the Alaska Occupational Injury Surveillance System. There were 876 aircraft crashes; 407 (46%) were work-related. Occupational crashes were 2.2 times (CI: 1.5, 3.2) more likely to result in fatalities than non-occupational crashes. Risk factors identified included poor weather conditions defined as Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). A crash during IMC was 5.3 times (CI: 3.5, 7.9) more likely to result in fatalities than crashes in other conditions. Of aircraft involved in fatal occupational incidents, 33% were not completely destroyed, allowing the potential for survivors. An estimated 30% reduction in fatalities could have occurred if current technology in occupant protection had been used. C1 NIOSH, Div Safety Res, Alaska Field Stn, Anchorage, AK USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Garrett, LC (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, 4230 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 69 IS 12 BP 1131 EP 1136 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 142DF UT WOS:000077184100001 PM 9856535 ER PT J AU Briggs, DJ Smith, JS Mueller, FL Schwenke, J Davis, RD Gordon, CR Schweitzer, K Orciari, LA Yager, PA Rupprecht, CE AF Briggs, DJ Smith, JS Mueller, FL Schwenke, J Davis, RD Gordon, CR Schweitzer, K Orciari, LA Yager, PA Rupprecht, CE TI A comparison of two serological methods for detecting the immune response after rabies vaccination in dogs and cats being exported to rabies-free areas SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article ID VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN; SEQUENCE AB Levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody in sera from dogs and cats were titrated to endpoint by the Rapid Fluorescent Focus inhibition Test (RFFIT) and retested by the RFFIT and the Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization test (FAVN). The two tests were compared for their ability to detect the 0.5 international units/ml (I.U.) of antibody required by the World Health Organization and the Office International des Epizooties as the minimum response for proof of rabies immunization. No difference was observed in sensitivity or specificity for either method in tests of 168 sera from unvaccinated animals or 70 sera from vaccinated animals with high levels of neutralizing antibody tan initial RFFIT titre of greater than or equal to 1.0 I.U.). Test to test variation occurred for results obtained by both RFFIT and FAVN for 95 sera from vaccinated animals with low to moderate levels of neutralizing antibody (RFFIT titre < 1.0 I.U.). No significant differences were detected for the 95 sera in the frequency for one methodology more often than the other to have a positive response (greater than or equal to 0.5 I.U.), nor were significant differences detected for the symmetry (P=0.43) or the marginal homogeneity (P=0.39) of results obtained by the two methods. Both methods can adequately identify unvaccinated animals, but false positive and false negative results are possible for either method when a single test is used to measure the antibody response of low-responding vaccinated animals. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified several amino acid differences in stocks of the challenge rabies virus from different laboratories. The small differences in neutralizing antibody titre that may result from mutations in the challenge virus are not important for evaluating immunity induced by vaccines which are themselves prepared from a variety of different rabies virus strains, but differences in the challenge virus, rather than differences in methodology, may account for at least some of the discrepant results reported in inter-laboratory surveys. Comparative studies of serological methods for measuring rabies antibodies should use well-characterized unpassaged virus stocks obtained from a single reference laboratory. (C) 1998 The International Association of Biological Standardization. C1 Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med Pathobiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Briggs, DJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med Pathobiol, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD DEC PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 347 EP 355 DI 10.1006/biol.1998.0162 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 202WB UT WOS:000080674200011 PM 10403038 ER PT J AU Curtin, SC Kozak, LJ AF Curtin, SC Kozak, LJ TI Decline in US cesarean delivery rate appears to stall SO BIRTH-ISSUES IN PERINATAL CARE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Reprod Stat Branch, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Care Stat Branch, Div Hlth Care Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Curtin, SC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Reprod Stat Branch, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Room 820,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 6 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0730-7659 J9 BIRTH-ISS PERINAT C JI Birth-Issue Perinat. Care PD DEC PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 259 EP 262 DI 10.1046/j.1523-536X.1998.00259.x PG 4 WC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 149LV UT WOS:000077607500010 PM 9892895 ER PT J AU Osoagbaka, OU Reiss, E Kaufman, L AF Osoagbaka, OU Reiss, E Kaufman, L TI Immunodominant Nocardia asteroides antigens: isolation and characterisation by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blotting, and the value of immunoblot strips SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antigens, bacterial; immunoblotting; Nocardia asteroides ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEINS; DISEASES AB Concentrated cell-free filtrates (nocardins) were prepared from Nocardia asteroides cultures grown on Sauton's synthetic broth. Nocardins from 10 strains of six N. asteroides serotypes were produced and the proteins separated by isoelectric focusing. N. asteroides antigens among these proteins were tested for specificity using rabbit antisera and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against N. asteroides and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot test. At least 15 protein antigens were identified from each of the 10 nocardins. The immunodominant antigens were one serotype-specific N. asteroides protein with an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.0 (factor 1) and two group antigens with pIs of 4.43 (factor 6) and 4.68 (factor 8). The nitrocellulose strips prepared with these antigens did not react with antibodies to M. tuberculosis, nor with normal sera from humans, rabbits, or mice, but reacted specifically with anti-N. asteroides MAbs and polyclonal antibodies. Four purified protein derivatives of tuberculin were tested and did not cross-react with the three anti-N. asteroides MAbs. These reactions suggest that the antigens identified as factors 1, 6 and 7 are specific to N. asteroides and that factor 1 is specific for serotype 2, while factors 6 and 8 are species-specific. C1 Rivers State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Med Lab Sci, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Infect Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Osoagbaka, OU (reprint author), Rivers State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Med Lab Sci, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0967-4845 J9 BRIT J BIOMED SCI JI Br. J. Biomed. Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 55 IS 4 BP 258 EP 263 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 160LD UT WOS:000078231400006 PM 10436541 ER PT J AU McGuire, DB Yeager, KA Dudley, WN Peterson, DE Owen, DC Lin, LS Wingard, JR AF McGuire, DB Yeager, KA Dudley, WN Peterson, DE Owen, DC Lin, LS Wingard, JR TI Acute oral pain and mucositis in bone marrow transplant and leukemia patients: Data from a pilot study SO CANCER NURSING LA English DT Article DE acute oral pain; bone marrow transplant; cancer-related pain; intensive chemotherapy; leukemia; mucositis; oral complications ID CANCER; STOMATITIS; TOXICITY; NAUSEA AB The purposes of this prospective, repeated-measures descriptive pilot study were to describe patterns of acute oral pain and mucositis in patients receiving a bone marrow transplant or high-dose chemotherapy for leukemia, and to test procedures and instruments before initiating a larger intervention study. A nonprobability, purposive selection process was used to enroll 18 patients admitted to two acute care inpatient hospital units for bone marrow transplantation or leukemia therapy at a university health sciences center in the southeastern United States. Data were collected at baseline, then daily through patient interviews, oral examination and chart review for at beast 3 weeks or until discharge. Research variables were pain intensity, intolerable pain, ver-bal descriptors of pain, pain relief, and use of pain relief strategies (Pain Assessment Form), mucositis (erythema and ulceration) in eight anatomic locations of the oral cavity (Oral Mucositis Index), voice/talking (Oral Assessment Guide), and mood states (11-item Brief Profile of Mood States). Mild to moderate pain occurred in nearly 70% of patients and was described as "tender," "irritating," and "sore." Patients used pain medicines, mouth care, and mental and physical activities to relieve pain, and reported partial overall relief of pain. Mucositis was mild, with the tongue and buccal and labial mucosa most commonly affected with erythema and the buccal mucosa with ulceration. Voice/talking were only mildly impaired, and mood disturbance was mild. Patterns of pain, mucositis, and mood disturbance were consistent with each other and followed the trajectory described in previous research. Results suggest that nurses should continue to assess these symptoms vigorously and assist patients in selecting multiple management strategies. Research using repeated-measures designs in this acutely ill inpatient population is challenging and needs careful attention by researchers. The results have been used to improve the ongoing larger intervention study. C1 Emory Univ, Nell Hodgson Woodruff Sch Nursing, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Sch Dent Med, Farmington, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Stat & Data Management Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Florida, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Gainesville, FL USA. RP McGuire, DB (reprint author), Emory Univ, Nell Hodgson Woodruff Sch Nursing, 531 Asbury Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. FU NINR NIH HHS [1RO1NR03929] NR 52 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0162-220X J9 CANCER NURS JI Cancer Nurs. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 21 IS 6 BP 385 EP 393 DI 10.1097/00002820-199812000-00002 PG 9 WC Oncology; Nursing SC Oncology; Nursing GA 142RY UT WOS:000077215200002 PM 9848996 ER PT J AU Shenep, JL English, BK Kaufman, L Pearson, TA Thompson, JW Kaufman, RA Frisch, G Rinaldi, MG AF Shenep, JL English, BK Kaufman, L Pearson, TA Thompson, JW Kaufman, RA Frisch, G Rinaldi, MG TI Successful medical therapy for deeply invasive facial infection due to Pythium insidiosum in a child SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PYTHIOSIS AB Pythiosis occurs in animals and humans who encounter aquatic habitats that harbor Pythium insidiosum. Drug therapy for deeply invasive infections with this organism has been ineffective in humans and animals; patients have been cured only by radical surgical debridement. A 2-year-old boy developed periorbital cellulitis unresponsive to antibiotic and antifungal therapy, The cellulitis extended to the nasopharynx, compromising the airway and necessitating a gastrostomy for feeding. P. insidiosum was isolated from surgical biopsy specimens of the affected tissue. On the basis of in vitro susceptibility studies of the isolate, the patient was treated with a combination of terbinafine and itraconazole. The infection resolved over a period of a few months. The patient remained well 1.5 years after completing a 1-year course of therapy. Cure of deep P. insidiosum infection is feasible with drug therapy. C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Pediat, Memphis, TN USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Otolaryngol, Memphis, TN USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Radiol, Memphis, TN USA. Le Bonheur Childrens Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Memphis, TN USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Sandoz Res Inst, E Hanover, NJ USA. RP Shenep, JL (reprint author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA 21765] NR 15 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1388 EP 1393 DI 10.1086/515042 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 148UU UT WOS:000077552300009 PM 9868648 ER PT J AU Scott, JAG Hall, AJ Hannington, A Edwards, R Mwarumba, S Lowe, B Griffiths, D Crook, D Marsh, K AF Scott, JAG Hall, AJ Hannington, A Edwards, R Mwarumba, S Lowe, B Griffiths, D Crook, D Marsh, K TI Serotype distribution and prevalence of resistance to benzylpenicillin in three representative populations of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from the coast of Kenya SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; MULTIRESISTANT CLONE; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; CONJUGATE VACCINE; CAPSULAR TYPES AB As surveillance data from sub-Saharan Africa are few, three representative populations of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were examined in Kenya for serotype distribution and Etest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of benzylpenicillin: (1) 75 lung aspirate or blood culture isolates from 301 consecutive adult patients with pneumonia, (2) 112 invasive isolates from continuous pediatric inpatient surveillance over 4 years, and (3) 97 nasopharyngeal isolates from systematically selected sick children. The proportions with benzylpenicillin MICs of greater than or equal to 0.1 mu g/ML were 0.27, 0.29, and 0.47, respectively, Vaccine-related serotypes accounted for 96% of invasive isolates from children and 90% of those from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive adults. Serotype 1 accounted for 44% of pneumococci from HIV-seronegative patients but only 5% of those from HIV-seropositive patients (P = .0002). Of serotype 1 isolates, 98% were susceptible to benzylpenicillin, but serogroups 13, 14, 19, and 23 were strongly associated with an MIC of greater than or equal to 0.1 mu g/mL. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Immunol Sect, Resp Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, CRC, Kilifi Res Unit, Kilifi, Kenya. Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Infect Dis Epidemiol Unit, London WC1E 7HT, England. Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford Vaccine Grp, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. RP Scott, JAG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Immunol Sect, Resp Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Bldg 1,Room 1252,Mailstop A-36, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU Wellcome Trust NR 49 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1442 EP 1450 DI 10.1086/515013 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 148UU UT WOS:000077552300019 PM 9868658 ER PT J AU Ampel, NM Mosley, DG England, B Vertz, PD Komatsu, K Hajjeh, RA AF Ampel, NM Mosley, DG England, B Vertz, PD Komatsu, K Hajjeh, RA TI Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona: Increase in incidence from 1990 to 1995 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS AB The number of cases of coccidioidomycosis (incidence) reported to the Arizona Department of Health Services increased from 255 (7.0 per 100,000 population) in 1990 to 623 (14.9 per 100,000 population) in 1995 (P <.001). Four counties in the south central region of the state, which contained 80% of the state's population, had the largest increase and accounted for 95% of all cases in 1995. Cases in persons aged 65 years or older and men were reported more frequently (for both, P < .001). During 1995, 890 patients were discharged from Arizona hospitals with a diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Rates of hospitalization were greater among persons aged 55 years or older, men, and African-Americans (for all three, P < .01). Of the hospitalized patients, 48 died, and 12 (25%) of these patients had a concurrent diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. These data demonstrate that coccidioidomycosis is a growing health problem in Arizona. C1 Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Tucson, AZ USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Med & Res Serv, Tucson, AZ USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ampel, NM (reprint author), Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Med Serv 111, 3601 S 6th Ave, Tucson, AZ 85723 USA. NR 13 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1528 EP 1530 DI 10.1086/515044 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 148UU UT WOS:000077552300034 PM 9868673 ER PT J AU Buffington, J Mast, EE AF Buffington, J Mast, EE TI Prevaccination screening for hepatitis B among sexually active adolescents and young adults SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Buffington, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hepatitis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1562 EP 1563 DI 10.1086/517762 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 148UU UT WOS:000077552300062 PM 9868699 ER PT J AU Hendrix, CM Benfield, LT Wohl, JS Bloom, BC Ostrowski, SR AF Hendrix, CM Benfield, LT Wohl, JS Bloom, BC Ostrowski, SR TI International travel with pets. Part III. Recognizing imported pathogens SO COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN LA English DT Article ID TRYPANOSOMA-CONGOLENSE INFECTION; CANINE LEISHMANIASIS; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS; BABESIA-GIBSONI; DOGS; TUNGIASIS AB This the final article in a three-part series on international travel with pets and the importation of foreign pathogens into the United-States. Almost a million U.S, citizens temporarily reside outside U.S. territorial borders. These citizens often own pets that were either acquired in the U.S. but transported overseas or purchased or adopted overseas. en U.S, citizens return home, their pets usually return with them; these pets may be inadvertently infected with foreign diseases or parasites that have the potential to produce serious consequences within U.S. borders. Veterinarians must be able to advise clients regarding the multitude of diseases or parasites that might be encountered within any foreign ecosystem. Part I of this series explored the details and regulations of leaving and returning to the United States with pets. Part II reviewed the first two of the five major categories of "invading" pathogens. This article discusses the final three pathogen categories, which include leishmania species, Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, Trypanosoma congolense, Schistosoma japonicum, and Tunga penetrans. Each pathogen is discussed in relation to geographic distribution, clinical presentation, diagnosis treatment, and zoonotic potential. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Quarantine, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Care, Valdosta, GA USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Small Anim Surg & Med, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Hendrix, CM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU VETERINARY LEARNING SYSTEMS PI TRENTON PA 425 PHILLIPS BLVD #100, TRENTON, NJ 08618 USA SN 0193-1903 J9 COMP CONT EDUC PRACT JI Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1342 EP + PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 149ME UT WOS:000077608500005 ER PT J AU Engelgau, MM Geiss, LS Manninen, DL Orians, CE Wagner, EH Friedman, NM Hurley, JS Trinkaus, KM Shatin, D Van Vorst, KA AF Engelgau, MM Geiss, LS Manninen, DL Orians, CE Wagner, EH Friedman, NM Hurley, JS Trinkaus, KM Shatin, D Van Vorst, KA CA CDC Diabet Managed Care Work Grp TI Use of services by diabetes patients in managed care organizations - Development of a diabetes surveillance system SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article AB OBJECTIVE - To develop a diabetes surveillance system that estimates the prevalence of diabetes and characterizes service use in diverse managed care organizations (MCOs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Computerized inpatient, pharmacy, outpatient, and laboratory records were used to develop an algorithm to identify diabetes patients and to develop surveillance indicators common to the three participating MCOs. Using 1993 data, the availability, specifications, and limitations of various surveillance indicators were determined. RESULTS - An extensive set of diabetes surveillance indicators was identified from the four sources of data. Consistent data specifications across MCOs needed to consider variation in the type of data collected, a lack of documentation on level of coverage, differences in coding data, and different models of health care delivery. A total of 16,363 diabetes patients were identified. The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes ranged from 24 to 29 per 1,000 enrollees. Approximately one-third of patients with diabetes (32-134%) were taking insulin. The majority had one or more visits to a primary care physician during the year (72-94%). Visits to specialists were less frequent. Ophthalmologists and optometrists were the most commonly used specialists: 29-60% of the patients with diabetes at the three MCOs had visited an ophthalmologist or optometrist. About one-fifth had an overnight hospital stay during the year. CONCLUSIONS - This diabetes surveillance system is a useful tool for MCOs to track trends in prevalence of diabetes, use of health services, and delivery of preventive care to individuals with diabetes. This system may also be useful for health care planning and for assessing use changes after new developments in diabetes care or new quality management initiatives. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Seattle, WA USA. Lovelace Resp Res Inst, SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM USA. US Healthcare, Minnetonka, MN USA. RP Engelgau, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-10,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 9 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD DEC PY 1998 VL 21 IS 12 BP 2062 EP 2068 DI 10.2337/diacare.21.12.2062 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 141UP UT WOS:000077162900004 PM 9839095 ER PT J AU Vinicor, F AF Vinicor, F TI The public health burden of diabetes and the reality of limits SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Worldwide Burden of Diabetes CY DEC 06-07, 1996 CL PHOENIX, ARIZONA SP Amylin Pharmaceut Inc ID MANAGED CARE; DECISION-MAKING; MELLITUS; OREGON; PRINCIPLES; PHYSICIANS; CHALLENGE; LESSONS; NATION; TIMES AB Improvements in diabetes surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment have, in recent years, heightened awareness of the burden of diabetes and aroused concern about the amount of health care resources that will be necessary to manage this disease effectively in the future. Examination of diabetes from the twin perspectives of economics and public health challenges basic notions of the health care tradition in the Western world: the real-world combination of finite resources and the growing need/demand for health services forces the consideration of limits in the provision of health care. The growing need to rationally allocate limited health care resources poses emotional, potentially divisive questions of science, politics, economics, and ethics that patients and physicians must each address. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vinicor, F (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 56 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD DEC PY 1998 VL 21 SU 3 BP C15 EP C18 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 143MT UT WOS:000077260000005 PM 9850481 ER PT J AU Middleton, DC AF Middleton, DC TI Chronic beryllium disease: Uncommon disease, less common diagnosis SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE berylliosis; beryllium; granulomatous; hypersensitive; lymphocyte; pulmonary; sarcoidosis ID LUNG-DISEASE; LYMPHOCYTE-TRANSFORMATION; PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE; EXPOSURE; MECHANISMS AB Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is typically considered only when occupational exposure to beryllium is a certainty; however, CBD has also occurred in occupational and environmental settings where exposure was unexpected. When the etiology of a case of granulomatous pulmonary disease is not determined, sarcoidosis is the "diagnosis of exclusion." This diagnosis does not communicate much information about the patient's prognosis, the disease's etiology, or even what disease etiologies were specifically excluded. Some cases of CBD have been called sarcoidosis, allowing exposure to continue for the patient and (at times) other individuals. The granulomatous changes of sarcoidosis are thought to result from an abnormal immune response. While the etiologic agents that can initiate this response are largely unknown, the immunopathogenesis of CBD has been well described, and laboratory methods are available in a few centers that can (if used) identify beryllium hypersensitivity. The potential for exposure and disease to be widely separated in time and location makes it important for health-care and environmental health professionals to be aware of these new diagnostic methods. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Hlth Invest Branch, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Middleton, DC (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Hlth Invest Branch, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd MS E31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 IS 12 BP 765 EP 767 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106765 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 155PB UT WOS:000077954600015 PM 9831535 ER PT J AU Hansen, H De Rosa, CT Pohl, H Fay, M Mumtaz, MM AF Hansen, H De Rosa, CT Pohl, H Fay, M Mumtaz, MM TI Public health challenges posed by chemical mixtures SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE chemical mixtures; hazardous waste; exposure; multiple chemical exposure; occupational; alcohol; drugs; tobacco ID HAZARDOUS-WASTE SITES; CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT; EXPOSURE; STATES; OZONE; PROXIMITY; QUALITY; LIFE AB Approximately 40 million people live within a Li-mile radius of waste sites that the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has assessed to date. Human populations living in the vicinity of such sites are often subjected to complex chemical exposures that may contribute to the total body burden of oxogenous chemicals. Apart from the contaminants found at waste sites, exposure may also include environmental, occupational, and personal agents. Concurrent exposure to chemicals such as welding fumes, indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke, alcohol, and prescription and nonprescription drugs makes the health assessment of exposure to waste site chemicals a more complex task. Voluntary exposures such as these frequently entail exposures to relatively high chemical concentrations and can usually be well defined and quantified. Conversely, involuntary exposures from waste sites may be at low concentrations and hence difficult to characterize and quantify. Of the approximately 1450 waste sites evaluated by the ATSDR, 530 (37%) had either completed or potentially completed exposure pathways. Results of public health assessments conducted at 167 sites during 1993 to 1995 show that about 1.5 million people have been exposed to site-specific contaminants. At 10% or more of the sites that had either completed or potentially completed exposure pathways, 56 substances were identified. Of these, 19 are either known or anticipated human carcinogens, and 9 are associated with reproductive or endocrine-disrupting effects. in this paper we present important concerns regarding hazardous waste sites including the impact on human health, ecology, and quality of life, To address such human-health related issues, the ATSDR has established a mixtures program that consists of three components: trend analysis to identify combinations of chemicals of concern, experimental studies to identify data that would be useful in the development and implementation of predictive decision support methodologies, and development of assessment methodologies and guidance to provide health assessors with the tools to incorporate the evaluation of multiple-chemical exposure into site assessments. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hansen, H (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, Mail Stop E-29,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM hjh1@cdc.gov NR 68 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1271 EP 1280 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100003 PM 9860881 ER PT J AU Mumtaz, MM De Rosa, CT Groten, J Feron, VJ Hansen, H Durkin, PR AF Mumtaz, MM De Rosa, CT Groten, J Feron, VJ Hansen, H Durkin, PR TI Estimation of toxicity of chemical mixtures through modeling of chemical interactions SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE chemical mixtures; modeling of chemical interactions; weight of evidence; estimation of nephrotoxicity; risk assessment ID RATS AB The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), in collaboration with the Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Nutrition and Food Research Institute, is conducting studies to evaluate the role of chemical interactions in the expression of toxicity from low-level exposure to combinations of chemicals. The goal of this collaborative effort is to use a weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach to estimate joint toxicity of some simple chemical mixtures and to compare the estimations with test results from animal toxicity studies. The WOE approach uses individual chemical dose-response assessments and algorithms that incorporate various assumptions regarding potential chemical interactions, Qualitative evaluations were prepared for binary combinations of chemicals for the effect of butyl hydroxyanisole on di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the effect of stannous chloride on Cd chloride (CdCl2), and the effect of CdCl2 on loperamide, Analyses of these evaluations and their comparison with the conclusions of laboratory animal experiments indicate that the WOE approach can be used to estimate qualitatively the joint toxicity of such simple mixtures. To further test the utility of the WOE approach, qualitative and semiquantitative evaluations were prepared for two chemical mixtures-one with similarly acting halogenated aliphatics (trichloroethylene, tetrachlorcethylene, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene [HCBD], and 1,1, 2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene [TCTFP]) and the other with dissimilarly acting nephrotoxic components (mercuric chloride, lysinolalanine, D-limonene, and HCBD). These two sets of data were used to estimate the overall toxicities of the mixtures using the WOE algorithm for the mixture. The comparison of the results of the estimated toxicity with experimentally determined toxicity of the mixture of similarly acting nephrotoxicants demonstrated that the WOE approach correctly adjusted for the observed interactions in experimental animal studies. However, this was not true for the mixture of dissimilarly acting nephrotoxicants. This could be attributed to the fact that WOE evaluations are based on dose additivity that postulates that all chemicals in a given mixture act in the same way-by the same mechanism-and differ only in their potencies. In these cases the WOE approach evaluations, based on consideration of common mechanisms for simple chemical mixtures, can lead to better estimates of joint toxicity of chemical mixtures than the default assumption of dose additivity. The results also show that the WOE evaluations should be target-organ specific because none of the models tested could approximate the observed responses in organs other than the target organs in the laboratory animal studies. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. TNO, Nutr & Food Res Inst, Div Toxicol, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands. Syracuse Environm Res Associates, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Mumtaz, MM (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, Bldg 4,Execut Pk Dr,Suite 2400, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. EM mgm4@cdc.gov NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1353 EP 1360 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100014 PM 9860892 ER PT J AU Yang, RSH Thomas, RS Gustafson, DL Campain, J Benjamin, SA Verhaar, HJM Mumtaz, MM AF Yang, RSH Thomas, RS Gustafson, DL Campain, J Benjamin, SA Verhaar, HJM Mumtaz, MM TI Approaches to developing alternative and predictive toxicology based on PBPK/PD and QSAR modeling SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling; PBPK/PD modeling; quantitative structure-activity relationship; QSAR; alternative toxicology; predictive toxicology; chemical mixtures ID GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE; EPIDERMAL-KERATINOCYTES; INTERACTION THRESHOLD; RISK ASSESSMENT; RATS; TOLUENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; PARAMETERS; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY AB Systematic toxicity testing, using conventional toxicology methodologies, of single chemicals and chemical mixtures is highly impractical because of the immense numbers of chemicals and chemical mixtures involved and the limited scientific resources. Therefore, the development of unconventional, efficient, and predictive toxicology methods is imperative. Using carcinogenicity as an end point, we present approaches for developing predictive tools for toxicologic evaluation of chemicals and chemical mixtures relevant to environmental contamination. Central to the approaches presented is the integration of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling with focused mechanistically based experimental toxicology. In this development, molecular and cellular biomarkers critical to the carcinogenesis process are evaluated quantitatively between different chemicals and/or chemical mixtures. Examples presented include the integration of PBPK/PD and QSAR modeling with a time-course medium-term liver foci assay, molecular biology and cell proliferation studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses of DNA changes, and cancer modeling to assess and attempt to predict the carcinogenicity of the series of 12 chlorobenzene isomers. Also presented is an ongoing effort to develop and apply a similar approach to chemical mixtures using in vitro cell culture (Syrian hamster embryo cell transformation assay and human keratinocytes) methodologies and in vivo studies. The promise and pitfalls of these developments are elaborated. When successfully applied. these approaches may greatly reduce animal usage, personnel, resources, and time required to evaluate the carcinogenicity of chemicals and chemical mixtures. C1 Colorado State Univ, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Utrecht, Toxicol Res Inst, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Yang, RSH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Technol, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM ryang@cvmbs.colostate.edu OI Thomas, Russell/0000-0002-2340-0301 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES05949] NR 65 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 13 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1385 EP 1393 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100019 PM 9860897 ER PT J AU Parashar, UD Dow, L Fankhauser, RL Humphrey, CD Miller, J Ando, T Williams, KS Eddy, CR Noel, JS Ingram, T Bresee, JS Monroe, SS Glass, RI AF Parashar, UD Dow, L Fankhauser, RL Humphrey, CD Miller, J Ando, T Williams, KS Eddy, CR Noel, JS Ingram, T Bresee, JS Monroe, SS Glass, RI TI An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUS; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; UNITED-STATES AB Although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection in outbreaks of foodborne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the timing of infectivity in relation to illness. We investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing company and found an association (RR = 14.1, 95 % CI = 2.0-97.3) between disease and eating sandwiches prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had subsided 4 days earlier. Norwalk-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from several company employees, the sick food handler whose specimen was obtained 10 days after resolution of illness, and an asymptomatic food handler. All RT-PCR product sequences were identical, suggesting a common source of infection. These data support observations from recent volunteer studies that current recommendations to exclude food handlers from work for 48-72 h after recovery from illness may not always prevent transmission of Norwalk-like viruses because virus can be shed up to 10 days after illness or while exhibiting no symptoms. C1 CDC, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NCID, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hamilton Cty Gen Hlth Dist, Cincinnati, OH USA. CDC, NCID, Infect Dis Pathol Unit, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Family Med Program, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Parashar, UD (reprint author), CDC, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 21 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 121 IS 3 BP 615 EP 621 DI 10.1017/S0950268898001150 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 159YX UT WOS:000078204400016 PM 10030711 ER PT J AU Palacio, LG Jimenez, I Garcia, HH Jimenez, ME Sanchez, JL Noh, J Ahn, L Mora, O Giraldo, M Tsang, VCW AF Palacio, LG Jimenez, I Garcia, HH Jimenez, ME Sanchez, JL Noh, J Ahn, L Mora, O Giraldo, M Tsang, VCW CA The Neuroepidemiological Res Grp of Antioquia TI Neurocysticercosis in persons with epilepsy in Medellin, Colombia SO EPILEPSIA LA English DT Article DE cysticercosis; Taenia solium; EITB; epilepsy ID TAENIA-SOLIUM; CEREBRAL CYSTICERCOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DIAGNOSIS; COMMUNITY; MEXICO; BLOT AB Purpose: A prospective series of 643 persons with epilepsy attending a reference neurologic center in Medellin, Colombia, was examined by computed tomography (CT scan) or serology or both with the enzyme-linked immunoelectro-transfer blot assay (EITB) to assess the prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis. Methods: All presenting patients were consecutively enrolled in the study. Five hundred forty-six persons underwent cerebral CT scans; 376 of them also had serum EITB performed. Results: prevalence of neurocysticercosis by CT scan was 13.92%. Overall prevalence of T. solium antibodies with EITB was 9.82%, but for those with late-onset epilepsy (onset after age 30 years), prevalence increased to 17.5% and 19% for those who originated from outside urban Medellin. Seroprevalence in individuals with mixed lesions (cysts and calcifications) was 88.2% and 64.10% in these with live cysts. Conversely, only 2.72% of persons with CT findings not related to neurocysticercosis had positive EITB tests. Conclusions: Our study shows that an important proportion of individuals with epilepsy have radiologic or serologic evidence of T. solium infection, suggesting that neurocysticercosis is an important etiology for epilepsy in Colombia. C1 Inst Neurol Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Inst Ciencias Neurol, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Univ Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Palacio, LG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Immunol Branch, Mail Stop F-13,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU PHS HHS [1-U01 A135894-01] NR 31 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0013-9580 J9 EPILEPSIA JI Epilepsia PD DEC PY 1998 VL 39 IS 12 BP 1334 EP 1339 DI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01333.x PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 147LF UT WOS:000077568900014 PM 9860070 ER PT J AU Uchio, E Stanford, M Hasan, A Satoh, S Ohno, S Shinnick, T Van der Zee, R Mizushima, Y Lehner, T AF Uchio, E Stanford, M Hasan, A Satoh, S Ohno, S Shinnick, T Van der Zee, R Mizushima, Y Lehner, T TI HSP-derived peptides inducing uveitis and IgG and IgA antibodies SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Behcet's disease; ELISA; heat shock protein; Lewis rat; uveitis ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; T-CELL EPITOPE; BEHCETS-DISEASE; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; STRESS PROTEINS; LYMPHOCYTES-T; ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS; LEWIS RATS; MYCOBACTERIAL; ANTIGEN AB Heat shock protein (HSP) 65 kD-derived peptides, which specifically stimulate T cells from patients with Behcet's disease (BD). are capable of inducing uveitis in rats. Mycobacterial HSP 65 kD and BD-specific peptides were injected into Lewis rats and the development of uveitis was monitored clinically and histologically, and IgG and IgA antibodies were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rats immunized with HSP peptides that developed uveitis showed significantly higher serum IgG antibody levels to peptide 311-326 (P < 0.05) and the corresponding homologous human peptide 336-351 (P < 0.01) than rats without uveitis. Significant increases in serum IgA antibodies in rats with uveitis were also observed in those immunized with peptides 111-125, 311-326 and 336-351 (P < 0.05). Rats injected with HSP 65 kD showed a rise in IgG antibody levels to peptides 111-125, 154-172 and 311-326 and to a lesser extent, a rise in IgA antibody level to peptide 311-326. BSP showed almost complete inhibition of binding of IgG antibodies to HSP 65 kD, but peptides 111-125, 154-172, 311-326 and 336-351 showed inhibition to a lesser extent in a competitive assay. These results suggest that increases in IgG and IgA antibody levels to specific peptides within HSP, develop in rats with uveitis. The T and B cell epitopes responsible for the development of ocular disease in rats immunized with HSP-derived peptides, appear to be similar or identical to those found in patients; with the ocular type of ED. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Yokohama City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236, Japan. United Med & Dent Sch Guys & St Thomas Hosp, Div Immunol, London SE1 9RT, England. Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial Dis, Hansens Dis Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Utrecht, Inst Infect Dis & Immunol, Dept Immunol, NL-3508 Utrecht, Netherlands. St Marianna Med Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Miyamae Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213, Japan. RP Uchio, E (reprint author), Yokohama City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Kanazawa Ku, 3-9 Fukuura, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236, Japan. RI van der Zee, Ruurd/O-5256-2015 OI van der Zee, Ruurd/0000-0002-4331-2755 NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 67 IS 6 BP 719 EP 727 DI 10.1006/exer.1998.0574 PG 9 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 158ZQ UT WOS:000078147700011 PM 9990336 ER PT J AU Bailer, AJ Stayner, LT Halperin, W Reed, LD Seymour, T AF Bailer, AJ Stayner, LT Halperin, W Reed, LD Seymour, T TI Comparing injury and illness risk assessments for occupational hazards SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE hazard identification; exposure assessment; exposure-response modeling; risk characterization; risk management; intervention research ID FATAL INJURY AB One common framework for describing the evaluation and assessment of hazards in the workplace includes the four steps of hazard identification, exposure assessment, exposure-response modeling, and risk characterization (NAS, 1983). We discuss hazards for occupational injury and illness in light of this framework, and we contrast the evaluation of injury hazards with the evaluation of illness hazards. In particular, the nature of the hazards, typical exposure patterns, quantification of exposure, and the attribution of outcome to exposure are discussed. Finally, we discuss the management of occupational illness and injury hazards and issues encountered when evaluating efforts designed to mitigate the effects of occupational hazards. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Fire & Rescue Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bailer, AJ (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 4 IS 6 BP 1265 EP 1274 DI 10.1080/10807039891284640 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155XU UT WOS:000077972400003 ER PT J AU See, K Bailer, AJ AF See, K Bailer, AJ TI Estimates of lifetime risk of occupational fatal injury from age-specific rates SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE confidence interval; delta method; risk assessment AB The lifetime risk of fatal workplace injury is a critical issue in the evaluation of occupational hazards. Recently, Fosbroke, Kisner, and Myers (1997) described a metric for working lifetime risk (WLTR) to determine the probability that a worker will die due to a work-related fatal injury in a year over a certain number of years of employment. This quantity was defined assuming chat the annual rate of fatal injuries will be the same each year during employment. Recognizing the fact that annual fatal injury rates differ with the age of the worker along with other factors, modification of the definition of working lifetime risk is derived. We obtain the estimates of the lifetime risk using age-categorized annual fatality rates and derive an estimate of the standard error of the WLTR estimator and a confidence interval for the WLTR. We illustrate these calculations by estimating the lifetime risk for work-related fatal injuries for workers in four high-risk industries: agriculture-forestry-fishing, mining, construction, and transportation-public utilities. The estimates are based on employment data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and an updated version of fatality data from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP See, K (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 4 IS 6 BP 1309 EP 1319 DI 10.1080/10807039891284686 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155XU UT WOS:000077972400007 ER PT J AU Gilbert, SJ Bailer, AJ Stayner, LT AF Gilbert, SJ Bailer, AJ Stayner, LT TI Years of potential life lost due to occupational fatal injury in the United States SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE multiple regression; linear interpolation; actuarial adjustments AB Fatal injury surveillance data coupled with life expectancy data may be used to assess the impact of occupational fatal injuries on years of potential life lost (YPLL). We compare three definitions of YPLL and trends over time in YPLL. Two definitions determine YPLL as expected life lost to fixed life expectancies of 65 or 85 years. The third definition uses actuarial adjustments of life expectancy given survival to a given age stratified by gender and race. Fatalities from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality (NTOF) database are used to illustrate the three definitions of YPLL. The three YPLL measures were similar in magnitude and direction of the trend in YPLL over 1980-1992. Proper interpretation of these trends can only be made in conjunction with other measures (e.g., rates). Almost all YPLL trends are declining, implying that over time fatal injuries are shifting to older workers. The exception is the increasing trend in YPLL for the retail trade industry, injury rates have also been increasing over time for this industry. Mining and construction have the highest YPLL among all industries. This analysis suggests efforts to prevent the occupational fatalities of younger workers should focus on the retail trade, mining, and construction industries. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Gilbert, SJ (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 4 IS 6 BP 1321 EP 1335 DI 10.1080/10807039891284695 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155XU UT WOS:000077972400008 ER PT J AU Estill, CF Kroemer, KHE AF Estill, CF Kroemer, KHE TI Evaluation of supermarket bagging using a wrist motion monitor SO HUMAN FACTORS LA English DT Article AB The supermarket industry has one of the highest numbers of repeated trauma illnesses. Checkout departments have a rate of musculoskeletal injuries 2 to 3 times higher than that of other supermarket departments. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the wrist motions required to bag groceries using a wrist motion monitor. The wrist motions included deviations, velocities, and accelerations for flexion-extension, radial-ulnar, and pronation-supination directions. The independent variables were handle type and object location. Objects with finger-thumb couplings required more extreme pronations, greater wrist velocities for pronation-supination deviations, and greater wrist accelerations for pronation-supination deviations than did other objects. Objects with 10-cm hand couplings required more extreme flexion, larger ranges of movement for radial-ulnar deviations and pronation-supination deviations, and greater wrist velocities in the radial-ulnar and pronation-supination directions than did 5-cm objects. The right and front locations required more extreme deviations than did the left and back locations. Because finger-thumb and 10-cm hand couplings require larger wrist deviations and greater velocities, these objects may pose a greater risk of developing cumulative trauma disorders to the bagger. Potential applications of this research include engineering design of grocery packaging and supermarket bagging workstations. C1 US Dept HHS, Cincinnati, OH USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Estill, CF (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS R-5, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMAN FACTORS SOC PI SANTA MONICA PA BOX 1369, SANTA MONICA, CA 90406 USA SN 0018-7208 J9 HUM FACTORS JI Hum. Factors PD DEC PY 1998 VL 40 IS 4 BP 624 EP 632 DI 10.1518/001872098779649300 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied; Psychology SC Behavioral Sciences; Engineering; Psychology GA 161KK UT WOS:000078287700008 PM 9974233 ER PT J AU Kamen, E AF Kamen, E TI Four-day CDC in 1999 SO IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kamen, E (reprint author), CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0272-1708 J9 IEEE CONTR SYST MAG JI IEEE Control Syst. Mag. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6 BP 89 EP 90 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA 148CR UT WOS:000077535700009 ER PT J AU McGill, SL Regnery, RL Karem, KL AF McGill, SL Regnery, RL Karem, KL TI Characterization of human immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype and IgG subclass response to Bartonella henselae infection SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEROLOGICAL CROSS-REACTIONS; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; WESTERN-BLOT; SP-NOV; ANTIBODIES; QUINTANA; PATIENT AB Serologic parameters of cat scratch disease (CSD) were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Sera from patients with serologically confirmed CSD antigen were screened for immunoglobulin (Tg) isotype-specific as well as IgG subclass-specific reactivity against Bartonella henselae whole-cell antigen. Bartonella negative control sera were used to determine baseline antibody activity. Heterogeneous B. henselae specific IgG reactivity with numerous protein bands, ranging from >150 to <17 kDa, was observed. Though individual banding patterns were variable, one approximately 83-kDa B. henselae protein (Bh83) was immunoreactive with all CSD sera tested, suggesting it is a conserved antigen during infection. Bh83 was not recognized by reference human antisera against Rickettsia rickettsii, Chlamydia group positive, Treponema pallidum, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Fransciscella tularensis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli, although other cross-reactive proteins were evident. Significantly, CSD sera failed to recognize the 83-kDa protein when tested against Bartonella quintana antigen, though sera from B. quintana-infected patients did react to Bh83. This cross-reactivity suggests epitope conservation during infection with B. henselae or B. quintana. Western blot analysis further revealed similar banding patterns when B. henselae was reacted against the Ig isotypes IgG and IgG, and both secretory and alpha chains of IgA. Neither IgM nor IgE reacted significantly to Bartonella antigen by our Western blot analysis. Dissection of the antibody response at the IgG subclass level indicated that prominent antigen recognition was limited to IgG,. These observations provide insight into induced immunity during CSD and provide evidence for conserved epitope expression during infection with B. henselae or B. quintana. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Heska Corp, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Karem, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 66 IS 12 BP 5915 EP 5920 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 142BG UT WOS:000077179600043 PM 9826373 ER PT J AU Jennings, VM Lal, AA Hunter, RL AF Jennings, VM Lal, AA Hunter, RL TI Evidence for multiple pathologic and protective mechanisms of murine cerebral malaria SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID STAGE PLASMODIUM-CHABAUDI; TNF-ALPHA; MICE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; MICROGLIA; MEMBRANE; GAMMA AB Murine cerebral malaria (CM) induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA kills susceptible mice within 24 to 48 h of onset of symptoms and is characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. C57BL/6J mice are sensitive to lethal CM, while A/J mice are resistant. These strains of mice were immunized with an adjuvant vaccine of killed whole-blood-stage parasites. The immunization protected C57BL/6 mice from lethal CM following virulent challenge. The same immunization increased the incidence of lethal CM in A/J mice challenged similarly. Histopathologic examination of the brains of mice from these studies revealed two distinct types of lesions. Type I CM is acute in onset; usually lethal; and characterized bg widespread microglial activation, endothelial cell damage, and microvascular disruption in the brain. Type IE CM is characterized by intense, but focal, mononuclear cell inflammation without endothelial cell damage or microvascular destruction. Animals with type II lesions were clinically normal and protected from type I lesions. Available clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical evidence suggests that type I and type II lesions might exist in human CR I as well. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Hlth Sci Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Jennings, VM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway,Bldg 15,Mail Stop F-33, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI31064] NR 30 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 66 IS 12 BP 5972 EP 5979 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 142BG UT WOS:000077179600050 PM 9826380 ER PT J AU Kool, JL Fiore, AE Kioski, CM Brown, EW Benson, RF Pruckler, JM Glasby, C Butler, JC Cage, GD Carpenter, JC Mandel, RM England, B Breiman, RF AF Kool, JL Fiore, AE Kioski, CM Brown, EW Benson, RF Pruckler, JM Glasby, C Butler, JC Cage, GD Carpenter, JC Mandel, RM England, B Breiman, RF TI More than 10 years of unrecognized nosocomial transmission of Legionnaires' disease among transplant patients SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION; WATER-SYSTEM; OUTBREAK; RECIPIENTS; PNEUMONIA; LEGIONELLOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SURVEILLANCE; ASSOCIATION; INFECTIONS AB OBJECTIVE: To investigate a cluster of cases of legionnaires' disease among patients at a hospital. SETTING: A university hospital that is a regional transplant center. DESIGN: Retrospective review of microbiology and serology data from the hospital laboratories and prospective surveillance via the radiology department; a case-control study and environmental sampling within the hospital and from nearby cooling towers. RESULTS: Diagnosis of seven cases of legionnaires' disease in the first 9 months of 1996 led to recognition of a nosocomial outbreak that may have begun as early as 1979. Review of charts from 1987 through September 1996 identified 25 culture confirmed cases of nosocomial or possibly nosocomial legionnaires' disease, including 18 in bone marrow and heart transplant patients. Twelve patients (48%) died. During the first 9 months of 1996, the attack rate was 6% among cardiac and bone marrow transplant patients. For cases that occurred before 1996, intubation was associated with increased risk for disease. High-dose corticosteroid medication was strongly associated with the risk for disease, but other immunosuppressive therapy or cancer chemotherapy was not. Several species and serogroups of Legionella were isolated from numerous sites in the hospital's potable water system. Six of seven available clinical isolates were identical and were indistinguishable from environmental isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Initial infection control measures failed to interrupt nosocomial acquisition of infection. After extensive modifications to the water system, closely monitored repeated hyperchlorinations, and reduction of patient exposures to aerosols, transmission was interrupted. No cases have been identified since September 1996. CONCLUSIONS: Legionella can colonize hospital potable water systems for long periods of time, resulting in an ongoing risk for patients, especially those who are immunocompromised. In this hospital, nosocomial transmission possibly occurred for more than 17 years and was interrupted in 1996, after a sudden increase in incidence led to its recognition. Hospitals specializing in the care of immunocompromised patients (eg, transplant centers) should prioritize surveillance for cases of legionnaires' disease. Aggressive control measures can interrupt transmission of this disease successfully. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Univ Arizona, Med Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Kool, JL (reprint author), Cty Los Angeles Dept Hlth Serv, 313 N Figueroa St,Rm 212, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. NR 30 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 3 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 19 IS 12 BP 898 EP 904 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 148DC UT WOS:000077536700006 PM 9872525 ER PT J AU Lepine, LA Jernigan, DB Butler, JC Pruckler, JM Benson, RF Kim, G Hadler, JL Cartter, ML Fields, BS AF Lepine, LA Jernigan, DB Butler, JC Pruckler, JM Benson, RF Kim, G Hadler, JL Cartter, ML Fields, BS TI A recurrent outbreak of nosocomial legionnaires' disease detected by urinary antigen testing: Evidence for long-term colonization of a hospital plumbing system SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA SEROGROUP-1; PROSPECTIVE PNEUMONIA; RISK-FACTORS; EPIDEMIC; INFECTIONS; DIAGNOSIS; ASSAY; PCR AB BACKGROUND: In 1994, a hospital reported an increase in nosocomial legionnaires' disease after implementing use of a rapid urinary antigen test for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lpl). This hospital was the site of a previous nosocomial legionnaires' disease outbreak during 1980 to 1982. METHODS: Infection control records were reviewed to compare rates of nosocomial pneumonia and the proportion of cases attributable to legionnaires' disease during the 1994 outbreak period with those during the same period in 1993. Water samples were collected for Legionella culture from the hospital's potable water system and cooling towers, and isolates were subtyped by monoclonal antibody (MAb) testing and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). RESULTS: Nosocomial pneumonia rates were similar from April through October 1993 and April through October 1994: 5.9 and 6.6 per 1,000 admissions, respectively Gate ratio [RR], 1.1; P=.56); however, 3.2% of nosocomial pneumonias were diagnosed as legionnaires' disease in 1993, compared with 23.9% in 1994 (RR, 9.4; P<.001). In 1994, most legionnaires' disease cases were detected by the urinary antigen testing alone, MAb testing and AP-PCR demonstrated identical patterns among Lpl isolates recovered from a patient's respiratory secretions, the hospital potable water system, and stored potable water isolates from the 1980 to 1982 outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: There may have been persistent transmission of nosocomial legionnaires' disease at this hospital that went undiscovered for many years because there was no active surveillance for legionnaires' disease. Introduction df a rapid urinary antigen test improved case ascertainment. Legionella species can be established in colonized plumbing systems and may pose a risk for infection over prolonged periods C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. St Vincents Med Ctr, Bridgeport, CT USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. RP Lepine, LA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 31 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 19 IS 12 BP 905 EP 910 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 148DC UT WOS:000077536700007 PM 9872526 ER PT J AU Borda, IA Philen, RM de la Paz, MP de la Camara, AG Ruiz-Navarro, MD Ribota, OG Soldevilla, JA Terracini, B Pena, SS Leal, CF Kilbourne, EM AF Borda, IA Philen, RM de la Paz, MP de la Camara, AG Ruiz-Navarro, MD Ribota, OG Soldevilla, JA Terracini, B Pena, SS Leal, CF Kilbourne, EM TI Toxic oil syndrome mortality: the first 13 years SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE toxic oil syndrome; eosinophilia; myalgia; rapeseed oil; cause of death; mortality AB Background The toxic oil syndrome (TOS) epidemic that occurred in Spain in the spring of 1981 caused approximately 20 000 cases of a new illness. Overall mortality and mortality by cause in this cohort through 1994 are described for the first rime in this report. Methods We contacted, via mail or telephone, almost every living member of the cohort and family members of there who were known to have died in order to identify all deaths from 1 May 1981 through 31 December 1994. Cause of death data were collected from death certificates and underlying causes of death were coded using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. Results We identified 1663 deaths between 1 May 1981 and 31 December 1994 among 19 754 TOS cohort members, for a crude mortality rate of 8.4%. Mortality was highest during 1981, with a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 4.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 4.39-5.50) compared with the Spanish population as a whole. The highest SMR, (20.41, 95% CI : 15.97-25.71) was seen among women aged 20-39 years during the period from 1 May 1981 through 31 December 1982. Women <40 years old, who were affected by TOS, were at greater risk for death in most time periods than their unaffected peers, while older women and men were not. Over the follow-up period, mortality of the cohort was less than expected when compared with mortality of the general Spanish population, or with mortality of the population of the 14 provinces where the epidemic occurred. We also found that, except for deaths attributed to external causes including TOS and deaths due to pulmonary hypertension, all causes of death were decreased in TOS patients compared to the Spanish population. The most frequent underlying causes of death were TOS, 350 (21.1%); circulatory disorders, 536 (32.3%); and malignancies, 310 (18.7%). Conclusions We conclude that while on average people affected by toxic oil syndrome are not at greater risk for death over the 13-year study period than any of the comparison groups, women <40 pears old were at greater risk of death. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Turin, Dept Biomed Sci & Human Oncol, I-0126 Turin, Italy. Comunidad Autonoma madrid, Consejeria Salud, Serv Informat Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain. Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Invest Sobre Sindrome Aceite Toxico, Subdirect Gen Epidemiol & Informac Sanitaria, Minist Sanidad & Consumo, Madrid, Spain. RP Philen, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects F46, Hlth Studies Branch, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Posada, Manuel/0000-0002-8372-4180 NR 12 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1057 EP 1063 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 166XJ UT WOS:000078602900021 ER PT J AU Reichler, MR Darwish, A Stroh, G Stevenson, J Abu Al Nasr, M Oun, SA Wahdan, MH AF Reichler, MR Darwish, A Stroh, G Stevenson, J Abu Al Nasr, M Oun, SA Wahdan, MH TI Cluster survey evaluation of coverage and risk factors for failure to be immunized during the 1995 National Immunization Days in Egypt SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE poliomyelitis; immunization survey; Egypt; eradication; National Immunization Days ID ORAL POLIOVIRUS VACCINE; PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; STRATEGIES AB Background In 1995, Egypt continued to experience endemic wild poliovirus transmission despite achieving high routine immunization coverage with at least three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3) and implementing National Immunization Days (NIDs) annually for several years. Methods Parents of 4188 children in 3216 households throughout Egypt were surveyed after the second round of the 1995 NIDs. Results Nationwide, 74% of children are estimated to have received both NID doses, 17% one NID dose, and 9% neither NID dose. Previously unimmunized (47%) or partially immunized (64%) children were less likely to receive two NID doses of OPV than were fully immunized children (76%) (P < 0.001). Other risk factors nationwide for failure to receive NID OPV included distance from residence to nearest NID site >10 minute walk (P < 0.001), not being informed about the NID at least one day in advance (p < 0.001), and residing in a household which does not watch television (P < 0.001). Based on these findings, subsequent NIDs in Egypt were modified to improve coverage, which has resulted in a marked decrease in the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in Egypt. Conclusions Ln selected situations, surveys can provide important information that is useful for planning future NIDs. C1 Ctr Dis Control, DTBE, Natl Immunizat Program, Polio Eradicat Act & Datd Management Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reichler, MR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, DTBE, Natl Immunizat Program, Polio Eradicat Act & Datd Management Div, Mailstop E-10,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1083 EP 1089 DI 10.1093/ije/27.6.1083 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 166XJ UT WOS:000078602900026 PM 10024208 ER PT J AU Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Gaines, CG Troxler, S AF Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Gaines, CG Troxler, S TI Completeness of HIV reporting in Louisiana, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control, Assessment Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Klevens, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Assessment Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1105 EP 1105 DI 10.1093/ije/27.6.1105 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 166XJ UT WOS:000078602900029 PM 10024211 ER PT J AU Joesoef, MR Valleroy, LA Kuntjoro, TM Kamboji, A Linnan, M Barakbah, Y Idajadi, A St Louis, ME AF Joesoef, MR Valleroy, LA Kuntjoro, TM Kamboji, A Linnan, M Barakbah, Y Idajadi, A St Louis, ME TI Risk profile of female sex workers who participate in a routine penicillin prophylaxis programme in Surabaya, Indonesia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS LA English DT Article DE penicillin; self-medication; sex workers; STD; Indonesia ID HIV AB We conducted a sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence survey of 1867 female sex workers in Surabaya, Indonesia, some of whom reported participation in a routine penicillin prophylaxis programme. In Surabaya, 34% of female sex workers had received a prophylactic penicillin injection programme from the government within 28 days. Sex workers who had received routine prophylaxis injection were more likely to be less educated, to work in brothel complexes, and to have more customers per week than other sex workers. The prevalence rates of syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis were higher among sex workers who received the routine penicillin treatment than among those who had not received antibiotic treatment in the last 28 days. However, after adjustment for age, education, fee per sex act, number of customers, and condom use in the previous 7 days, only trichomoniasis was still significantly different (adjusted odds ratio of 3.2). High-risk women were more likely to participate in the routine penicillin prophylaxis programme. The lack of a demonstrable individual-level protection from this prophylaxis treatment programme in this cross-sectional study appears due to differential uptake of penicillin prophylaxis by women at higher presumptive risk for STD. Randomized clinical trials and mathematical modelling, together with observational data such as presented here, all can contribute to optimal understanding of a complex intervention like mass chemoprophylaxis for STD among female sex workers. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dept Hlth, Communicable Dis Prevent Sect, Surabaya, Indonesia. Prospect Fdn, Surabaya, Indonesia. CDC, Int Hlth Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Airlangga, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Surabaya, Indonesia. Univ Airlangga, Sch Med, Dept Dermatovenereol, Surabaya, Indonesia. RP Joesoef, MR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Mailstop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0956-4624 J9 INT J STD AIDS JI Int. J. STD AIDS PD DEC PY 1998 VL 9 IS 12 BP 756 EP 760 DI 10.1258/0956462981921521 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 147QL UT WOS:000077577500009 PM 9874124 ER PT J AU Louisirirotchanakul, S Beddows, S Cheingsong-Popov, R Shaffer, N Mastro, TD Auewarakul, P Likanonsakul, S Wasi, C Weber, J AF Louisirirotchanakul, S Beddows, S Cheingsong-Popov, R Shaffer, N Mastro, TD Auewarakul, P Likanonsakul, S Wasi, C Weber, J TI Characterization of sera from subjects infected with HIV-1 subtypes B and E in Thailand by antibody binding and neutralization SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV-1 antibody; subtype-specific; binding and neutralizing; subtypes B and E ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; HETERODUPLEX MOBILITY ASSAY; INJECTING DRUG-USERS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; GENETIC SUBTYPE; SEROTYPES; VACCINE; BANGKOK; REGION; STRAIN AB The range and specificity of the humoral immune response to HIV-I subtypes B and E was investigated in Thai samples. Sera from HIV-l-positive subjects, consisting of subtypes B (n = 24) and E (n = 138), were characterized in relation to the neutralization of primary isolates and T-cell Line-adapted (TCLA) strains and binding to monomeric gp120, the CD4/gp120 binding site (BS)I and V3 peptides. A subtype-specific pattern of antibody binding was observed with the exception of the CD4/gp 120(MN) BS. Neutralization of TCLA strains (n = 4) was strongly type-specific (p = .002); however, neutralization of primary isolates (n = 8) was weak and group specific. Thus, the subtype specificity of B and E sera in the neutralization of TCLA strains, but not primary isolates, supports the dominance of the V3 region in TCLA virus neutralization but does not support the distinction of subtypes B and E as discrete neutralization serotypes in Thailand. C1 Imperial Coll Sch Med St Marys, Jefferiss Res Trust Labs, Dept Genitourinary Med & Communicable Dis, London W2 1NY, England. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Dept Microbiol, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Communicable Dis Control, Bamrasnaradura Infect Dis Hosp, Nonthaburi, Thailand. RP Weber, J (reprint author), Imperial Coll Sch Med St Marys, Jefferiss Res Trust Labs, Dept Genitourinary Med & Communicable Dis, Praed St, London W2 1NY, England. EM j.weber@ic.ac.uk RI Auewarakul, Prasert /D-6015-2011; OI Auewarakul, Prasert/0000-0002-4745-4291 FU Wellcome Trust NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4 BP 315 EP 320 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 140CZ UT WOS:000077070300001 PM 9833739 ER PT J AU Sackoff, J McFarland, J Su, S Bryan, E AF Sackoff, J McFarland, J Su, S Bryan, E TI Prophylaxis for opportunistic infections among HIV-infected patients receiving medical care SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV/AIDS; prophylaxis; PCP; Mycobacterium avium complex ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM COMPLEX; DISEASE AB In 1995 and 1997, the United Stales Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) published recommendations for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), and toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected adults. We evaluated their implementation at four hospital-based HIV clinics in New York City in patients who initially met the CD4(+) criterion for prophylaxis between January, 1995 and April: 1997. Medical records were reviewed at 6-month intervals to determine drugs prescribed. We identified 149 patients for the PCP sample, 130 for MAC, and 138 for toxoplasmosis. In the three samples, 91% were black and Hispanic, 75% to 81% were male, and 43% to 47% had a history of injection drug use (IDU); median age was between 39 and 40 years. PCP prophylaxis was prescribed during 93% of intervals and did not vary significantly by clinic or patient characteristics. Over the study period, MAC prophylaxis increased from 22% to 62%, and prescriptions for macrolides increased from 38% to 87% of all prescriptions. In the logistic regression analysis, prescription for MAC prophylaxis at any time during the study period was less likely in blacks compared with whites (odds ratio [OR] = .08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .01, .52) and patients attending the clinic with the lowest rate of MAC prophylaxis (clinic D) compared with the clinic with the highest rate (clinic B; OR = .04; 95% CI = .01,.26). Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis was prescribed in 73% of intervals and did not differ significantly by antibody status (p = .42). Prescribing patterns were uniform across gender, HIV risk behavior, and age for PCP and MAC prophylaxis but differed by clinic and race for MAC prophylaxis. Trends in prophylaxis for opportunistic illnesses must continue to be monitored in light of the success of antiretroviral therapy in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Off AIDS Surveillance, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sackoff, J (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Off AIDS Surveillance, 346 Broadway,Box 44, New York, NY 10013 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU206208] NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4 BP 387 EP 392 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 140CZ UT WOS:000077070300010 PM 9833748 ER PT J AU Dettinger, MD Cayan, DR Diaz, HF Meko, DM AF Dettinger, MD Cayan, DR Diaz, HF Meko, DM TI North-south precipitation patterns in western North America on interannual-to-decadal timescales SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CALIFORNIA; PACIFIC; TEMPERATURES; EXTREME; TIME AB The overall amount of precipitation deposited along the West Coast and western cordillera of North America from 25 degrees to 55 degrees N varies from year to year, and superimposed on this domain-average variability are varying north-south contrasts on timescales from at least interannual to interdecadal. In order to better understand the north-south precipitation contrasts, their interannual and decadal variations are studied in terms of how much they affect overall precipitation amounts and how they are related to large-scale climatic patterns. Spatial empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and spatial moments (domain average, central latitude, and latitudinal spread) of zonally averaged precipitation anomalies along the westernmost parts of North America are analyzed, and each is correlated with global sea level pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature series, on interannual (defined here as 3-7 yr) and decadal (>7 yr) timescales. The interannual band considered here corresponds to timescales that are particularly strong in tropical climate variations and thus is expected to contain much precipitation variability that is related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation; the decadal scale is defined so as to capture the whole range of long-term climatic variations affecting western North America. Zonal EOFs of the interannual and decadal filtered versions of the zonal-precipitation series are remarkably similar. At both timescales, two leading EOFs describe I) a north-south seesaw of precipitation pivoting near 40 degrees N and 2) variations in precipitation near 40 degrees N, respectively. The amount of overall precipitation variability is only about 10% of the mean and is largely determined by precipitation variations around 40 degrees-45 degrees N and most consistently influenced by nearby circulation patterns; in this sense, domain-average precipitation is closely related to the second EOF. The central latitude and latitudinal spread of precipitation distributions are strongly influenced by precipitation variations in the southern parts of western North America and are closely related to the first EOF Central latitude of precipitation moves south (north) with tropical warming (cooling) in association with midlatitude western Pacific SLP variations, on both interannual and decadal timescales. Regional patterns and zonal averages of precipitation-sensitive tree-ring series are used to corroborate these patterns and to extend them into the past and appear to share much long- and short-term information with the instrumentally based zonal precipitation EOFs and moments. C1 US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA USA. NOAA, Environm Res Lab, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Dettinger, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr,Dept 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 40 TC 239 Z9 242 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 12 BP 3095 EP 3111 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3095:NSPPIW>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 151ZY UT WOS:000077751700002 ER PT J AU Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD Diaz, HF Graham, NE AF Cayan, DR Dettinger, MD Diaz, HF Graham, NE TI Decadal variability of precipitation over western North America SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; HEIGHT FIELD; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HEMISPHERE WINTER; PATTERNS; PACIFIC; TEMPERATURE; STREAMFLOW AB Decadal (>7- yr period) variations of precipitation over western North America account for 20%-50% of the variance of annual precipitation. Spatially, the decadal variability is broken into several regional [O(1000 km)] components. These decadal variations are contributed by fluctuations in precipitation from seasons of the year that vary from region to region and that are not necessarily concentrated in the wettest season(s) alone. The precipitation variations are linked to various decadal atmospheric circulation and SST anomaly patterns where scales range from regional to global scales and that emphasize tropical or extratropical connections, depending upon which precipitation region is considered. Further, wet or dry decades are associated with changes in frequency of at least a few shea-period circulation "modes" such as the pacific-North American pattern. precipitation fluctuations over the southwestern United States and the Saskatchewan region of western Canada are associated with extensive shifts of sea level pressure and SST anomalies, suggesting that they are components of low-frequency precipitation variability from global-scale climate processes. Consistent with the global scale of its pressure and SST connection, the Southwest decadal precipitation is aligned with opposing precipitation fluctuations in northern Africa. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Environm Res Lab, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cayan, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 58 TC 203 Z9 205 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 12 BP 3148 EP 3166 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3148:DVOPOW>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 151ZY UT WOS:000077751700005 ER PT J AU Thompson, MP Kaslow, NJ Kingree, JB King, M Bryant, L Rey, M AF Thompson, MP Kaslow, NJ Kingree, JB King, M Bryant, L Rey, M TI Psychological symptomatology following parental death in a predominantly minority sample of children and adolescents SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHILDHOOD AB Examined the psychological correlates related to experiencing the death of a parent, the main and interactive effects of sex, race, and age on youth distress and the degree of cross-informant correspondence on the outcome measures. The predominately minority sample included 80 bereaved youth and 45 nonbereaved youth. Youth and their legal guardians completed a battery of questionnaires, including measures assessing the youth's psychological symptomatology. Results revealed that bereaved youth manifested greater psychological and behavior problems than their nonbereaved counterparts on guardian-reported measures (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). The clinical significance of parental death experienced during childhood is indicated by the magnitude of distress exhibited by the bereaved sample; almost one quarter of bereaved youth scored in the clinical distress range (T score greater than or equal to 63) on the CBCL Externalizing and Internalizing Distress scales. The effect of parental death on guardian-reported externalizing distress was moderated by race, such that distress levels did not significantly differ between bereaved and nonbereaved minority youth but did differ significantly among bereaved and nonbereaved nonminority youth. Finally, the degree of cross-informant agreement was relatively low but consistent with prior studies. Study implications for interventions with bereaved youth and directions for future research are discussed. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Dept Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Thompson, MP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0047-228X J9 J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL JI J. Clin. Child Psychol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 434 EP 441 DI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_7 PG 8 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 147UG UT WOS:000077515300007 PM 9866080 ER PT J AU Langlois, JA Rosen, CJ Visser, M Hannan, MT Harris, T Wilson, PWF Kiel, DP AF Langlois, JA Rosen, CJ Visser, M Hannan, MT Harris, T Wilson, PWF Kiel, DP TI Association between insulin-like growth factor I and bone mineral density in older women and men: The Framingham Heart Study SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID IGF-I; BODY-COMPOSITION; ELDERLY-MEN; IDIOPATHIC OSTEOPOROSIS; SERUM-LEVELS; POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; RANCHO-BERNARDO; BINDING-PROTEIN; HORMONE AB Few studies of the GH axis and bone have focused specifically on elderly people. The objective of this study was to determine the association between insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and bone mineral density (BMD) in 425 women and 257 men aged 72-94 who participated in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study component of the Framingham Heart Study in 1992-1993. Serum IGF-I level was determined by RIA. BMD at three femoral sites and the lumbar spine was determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry, and at the radius by single-photon absorptiometry. IGF-I level was positively associated with BMD at all five sites (Ward's area, femoral neck, trochanter, radius, and lumbar spine) in women after adjustment for weight loss and other factors (P less than or equal to 0.01) and protein intake in a subset of participants (0.006 < P < 0.07). A threshold effect of higher BMD was evident at each of the 3 femoral sites and the spine (P < 0.03) but not at the radius for women in the highest quintile of IGF-I (greater than or equal to 179 g/liter) vs, those in the lowest four quintiles. IGF-I was not significantly associated with BMD in men. These results indicate that higher IGF-I levels are associated with greater BMD in very old women, and suggest that future clinical trials employing GH may have a role in the development of treatments for older women with osteoporosis. C1 NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometry Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. St Joseph Hosp, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Res & Training Inst, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02131 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Langlois, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Acute Care Rehabil Res & Disabil Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-41, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM JAL7@CDC.GOV OI Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG41398]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR41398]; NIMHD NIH HHS [263-MD-247269] NR 56 TC 174 Z9 179 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 83 IS 12 BP 4257 EP 4262 DI 10.1210/jc.83.12.4257 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 145FB UT WOS:000077359400015 PM 9851760 ER PT J AU Gomes, TAT Vieira, MAM Abe, CM Rodrigues, D Griffin, PM Ramos, SRTS AF Gomes, TAT Vieira, MAM Abe, CM Rodrigues, D Griffin, PM Ramos, SRTS TI Adherence patterns and adherence-related DNA sequences in Escherichia coli isolates from children with and without diarrhea in Sao Paulo city, Brazil SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERSISTENT DIARRHEA; AGGREGATIVE ADHERENCE; BANGLADESHI CHILDREN; HEP-2 CELLS; HELA-CELLS; STRAINS; PREVALENCE; DIFFUSE; INFANTS; PROBE AB The correlation between various adherence patterns and adherence-related DNA sequences in Escherichia coli isolates from 1- to 4-year-old children with and without diarrhea in Sao Paulo, Brazil, was evaluated. A total of 1,801 isolates obtained from 200 patients and 200 age-matched controls were studied. The adherence patterns found were classified as diffuse, aggregative, aggregative in a 6-h assay, aggregative predominantly in coverslips, localized, localized-like, and noncharacteristic. In general, the DNA sequences used as probes showed excellent specificities (>93%), but their sensitivities varied. Thus, the results of bioassays and assays with DNA probes normally used to search for adherent E. coli did not correlate well, and the best method for the identification of these organisms in the clinical research setting remains controversial. Isolates presenting diffuse adherence or hybridizing with the related daaC probe, or both, were by far the most frequent in patients (31.5, 26.0, and 23.0%, respectively), followed by isolates presenting aggregative adherence or hybridizing with the related EAEC probe, or both (21.5, 13.0, and 10.5%, respectively). None of the different combinations of adherence patterns and adherence-related DNA sequences found were associated with acute diarrhea. C1 Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Hosp Clin, Inst Crianca, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gomes, TAT (reprint author), Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, Rua Botucatu 862,3 Andar, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Abe, Cecilia/F-1518-2013; Gomes, Tania/H-3950-2012 OI Abe, Cecilia/0000-0003-0218-9372; Gomes, Tania/0000-0002-4525-8705 NR 44 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3609 EP 3613 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 140CP UT WOS:000077069400031 PM 9817882 ER PT J AU Gaggero, A O'Ryan, M Noel, JS Glass, RI Monroe, SS Mamani, N Prado, V Avendano, LF AF Gaggero, A O'Ryan, M Noel, JS Glass, RI Monroe, SS Mamani, N Prado, V Avendano, LF TI Prevalence of astrovirus infection among Chilean children with acute gastroenteritis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN ROTAVIRUSES; DIARRHEA; IMMUNOASSAY; SANTIAGO AB The frequency of astrovirus infection in 456 Chilean children with diarrhea was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase PCR, and cell culture. Astrovirus was detected in 16.5% of rotavirus-negative and 7% of rotavirus-positive samples obtained from emergency rooms or hospitals and in 11% of samples from day care centers. HAst-1 was the predominant serotype identified. C1 Univ Chile, Fac Med, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Programa Virol, Santiago 7, Chile. Univ Chile, Fac Med, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Programa Microbiol, Santiago 7, Chile. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gaggero, A (reprint author), Univ Chile, Fac Med, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Programa Virol, Independencia 1027, Santiago 7, Chile. RI O'Ryan, Miguel/H-3478-2013; OI O'Ryan, Miguel/0000-0002-7926-2163; Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 21 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3691 EP 3693 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 140CP UT WOS:000077069400048 PM 9817899 ER PT J AU Kaufman, L Valero, G Padhye, AA AF Kaufman, L Valero, G Padhye, AA TI Misleading manifestations of Coccidioides immitis in vivo SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We describe a case of coccidioidomycosis in which several unusual morphologic forms of Coccidioides immitis occurred in biopsy tissue from the right lower lung of a patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case where so many diverse morphologic forms were manifested in a single patient in the absence of typical endospurulating spherules, Immature spherules demonstrating segmentation mimicked morula forms of Prototheca spp. Certain elements resembled budding cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis. These consisted of juxtaposed immature spherules without endospores, a germinating endospore, or thick-walled hyphal cells. Branched, septate hyphae and moniliform hyphae consisting of chains of thick-walled arthroconidia or immature spherules were also present. Complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests performed on the patient's serum were negative for C. immitis, B. dermatitidis, and Histoplasma capsulatum antibodies. Fluorescent-antibody studies were carried out with a specific C. immitis conjugate. All of the diverse fungal tissue elements stained positive with a moderate to strong (2 to 3+) intensity. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, McAllen Med Ctr, McAllan, TX 78501 USA. RP Kaufman, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3721 EP 3723 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 140CP UT WOS:000077069400056 PM 9817907 ER PT J AU Stark, MJ Tesselaar, HM O'Connell, AA Person, B Galavotti, C Cohen, A Walls, C AF Stark, MJ Tesselaar, HM O'Connell, AA Person, B Galavotti, C Cohen, A Walls, C TI Psychosocial factors associated with the stages of change for condom use among women at risk for HIV and STDs: Implications for intervention development SO JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SELF-EFFICACY; ADOLESCENT WOMEN; SEXUAL PARTNERS; DRUG-USERS; LOW-INCOME; SAFER SEX; AIDS; MODEL; BEHAVIOR AB This study examined the prevalence of consistent condom use among inner-city women at risk for HIV, measured the distribution of these women across the stages of change for condom use, determined psychosocial factors associated with the stages, and suggested intervention strategies based on the results. The 5-city sample of women aged 15-34 years consisted predominantly of African Americans. Only 18% reported consistent condom use with main partners and 45% with other partners. Logistic regressions compared women in each stage of change with those in higher stages for each partner type. Results indicated that women who practice or intend to practice consistent condom use were more likely to talk with others about condoms, acknowledge the advantages of condoms, have higher self-efficacy for condom use, and indicate that people important to them favored condom use. Intervention approaches are suggested for women in different stages of change for condom use. C1 Oregon Hlth Div, Program Design & Evaluat Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Multnomah Cty Hlth Dept, Portland, OR USA. Univ Memphis, Coll Educ, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Family Planning Council SE Penn, Philadelphia, PA USA. Philadelphia Hlth Management Corp, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Stark, MJ (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Div, Program Design & Evaluat Serv, 800 NE Oregon St,Suite 550, Portland, OR 97232 USA. RI O'Connell, Ann/A-6833-2013; Cohen, Abigail/K-9180-2013 OI Cohen, Abigail/0000-0002-7425-7218 NR 66 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0022-006X J9 J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH JI J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 66 IS 6 BP 967 EP 978 DI 10.1037//0022-006X.66.6.967 PG 12 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 151DU UT WOS:000077706100010 PM 9874910 ER PT J AU Chaparro, J Vega, J Terry, W Vera, JL Barra, B Meyer, R Peters, CJ Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG AF Chaparro, J Vega, J Terry, W Vera, JL Barra, B Meyer, R Peters, CJ Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG TI Assessment of person-to-person transmission of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a Chilean hospital setting SO JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION LA English DT Article DE hantavirus; transmission; pulmonary syndrome ID ARGENTINA; OUTBREAK; VIRUS AB Person-to-person transmission of Andes hantavirus among healthcare workers was reported in Argentina for the first time in 1996. To determine whether such transmission of the virus occurred during a 1997 outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in southern Chile due to Andes virus, we conducted a serological and epidemiological study in the Coyhaique Regional Hospital, where the majority of HPS patients were admitted. Workers in every department of the hospital were evaluated for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM hantavirus antibodies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A standardized questionnaire was used to determine the type and extent of exposure to HPS patients, as well as other potential risk factors and previous febrile respiratory illnesses requiring hospitalization. Less than half (44%) reported always using gloves when touching patients or their secretions; respiratory protection was not used. Of the 319 participants (87.9% of those eligible), 12 (3.7%) had Ige antibodies. This finding is consistent with the antibody prevalence in the community in which the participants lived. Of the 12 positive healthcare workers, six reported contact with HPS patients. A similar exposure was found in those who tested negative [6/140 (4%) compared to 6/179 (3%), P=0.66]. There was no significant difference in the types of hospital activities performed or the number of hospitalizations for febrile respiratory illnesses between antibody-positive and antibody-negative individuals. These data suggest that there was no person-to-person transmission among healthcare workers during a recent outbreak of HPS in Southern Chile in 1997, despite the inconsistent use of any precautions against transmission. C1 Hosp Reg Coyhaique, Coyhaique, Chile. Pan Amer Hlth Org & Catholic Univ, Santiago, Chile. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth &, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Vega, J (reprint author), CDC, Special Pathogens Branch, A-26,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM vega@paho.org NR 12 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0195-6701 J9 J HOSP INFECT JI J. Hosp. Infect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 40 IS 4 BP 281 EP 285 DI 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90304-8 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 147CR UT WOS:000077470800004 PM 9868619 ER PT J AU Fankhauser, RL Noel, JS Monroe, SS Ando, T Glass, RI AF Fankhauser, RL Noel, JS Monroe, SS Ando, T Glass, RI TI Molecular epidemiology of "Norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the united states SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Meeting of the American-Society-for-Virology CY JUL 11-15, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Amer Soc Virol ID ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; ACUTE NONBACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS; CRUISE SHIP; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; HOSPITAL OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; AGENT; WATER; CONSUMPTION; NETHERLANDS AB Fecal specimens from 90 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis reported to 33 state health departments from January 1996 to June 1997 were examined to determine the importance of and to characterize "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) in these outbreaks, NLVs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in specimens from 86 (96%) of 90 outbreaks, Outbreaks were most frequent in nursing homes and hospitals (43%), followed by restaurants or events with catered meals (26%); consumption of contaminated food was the most commonly identified mode of transmission (37%), Nucleotide sequence analysis showed great diversity between strains but also provided evidence indicating the emergence of a common, predominant strain. The application of improved molecular techniques to detect NLVs demonstrates that most outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the United States appear to be associated with these viruses and that sequence analysis is a robust tool to help link or differentiate these outbreaks. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA USA. Atlanta VA Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G04,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 43 TC 341 Z9 368 U1 0 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 178 IS 6 BP 1571 EP 1578 DI 10.1086/314525 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 147AU UT WOS:000077466700004 PM 9815206 ER PT J AU Bell, BP Shapiro, CN Alter, MJ Moyer, LA Judson, FN Mottram, K Fleenor, M Ryder, PL Margolis, HS AF Bell, BP Shapiro, CN Alter, MJ Moyer, LA Judson, FN Mottram, K Fleenor, M Ryder, PL Margolis, HS TI The diverse patterns of hepatitis a epidemiology in the United States - Implications for vaccination strategies SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IX Triennial International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease CY APR 21-25, 1996 CL ROME, ITALY AB Hepatitis A is the most frequently reported vaccine-preventable disease in the United States. Hepatitis A incidence and risk factors during 1983-1995 were examined among cases reported to the study's Sentinel Counties: Denver County, Colorado; Pierce County Washington; Jefferson County, Alabama; and Pinellas County, Florida. Of 4897 serologically confirmed cases, 611 patients (13%) were hospitalized and 9 (0.2%) died. The average incidence was 14.7/100,000 (range, 0.6-100.7/100,000, depending on county and year). The frequency of reported sources of infection varied by county, but the largest single group overall (52%) did not report a source. During 3-year communitywide outbreaks in Denver (1991-1993) and Pierce (1987-1989) Counties, rates increased 4- and 13-fold, respectively, and increased in all age, racial/ethnic, and risk groups. During communitywide outbreaks, hepatitis A is not limited to specific risk groups; sustained nationwide reductions in incidence are more likely to result from routine childhood vaccination than from targeted vaccination of high-risk groups. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Denver Dept Hlth, Denver, CO USA. Tacoma Pierce Cty Dept Hlth, Tacoma, WA USA. Jefferson Cty Dept Hlth, Birmingham, AL USA. Pinellas Cty Dept Hlth, St Petersburg, FL USA. RP Bell, BP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, G-37,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 124 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 178 IS 6 BP 1579 EP 1584 DI 10.1086/314518 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 147AU UT WOS:000077466700005 PM 9815207 ER PT J AU Palmer, KL Schnizlein-Bick, CT Orazi, A John, K Chen, CY Hood, AF Spinola, SM AF Palmer, KL Schnizlein-Bick, CT Orazi, A John, K Chen, CY Hood, AF Spinola, SM TI The immune response to Haemophilus ducreyi resembles a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction throughout experimental infection of human subjects SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Congress of Sexually Transmitted Diseases CY OCT 19-22, 1997 CL SEVILLE, SPAIN ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; GENITAL ULCER DISEASE; CELLS; LESIONS; LEPROSY AB Previous work in 3 subjects infected for 2 weeks indicated that experimental infection with Haemophilus ducreyi recruits CD4 cells to the skin at the pustular stage of disease. In order to describe the kinetics of the host response, 23 subjects were infected at 2 sites with a standardized dose of H, ducreyi. Subjects were biopsied 1 or 4 days after inoculation or when they developed a painful pustular lesion (days 7-14), Papules and pustules contained a predominant T cell infiltrate that consisted of CD45RO and CD4 cells of the alpha beta lineage. Both papules and pustules contained mixed or T helper 1 type cytokine mRNA and interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA, Although the subjects had no history of chancroid, their immune responses resembled delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that occurred within 24 h of inoculation and persisted throughout the course of experimental infection. C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Dermatol, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Spinola, SM (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Emerson Hall,Room 435,545 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-00750]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI-31494, AI-27863] NR 28 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 178 IS 6 BP 1688 EP 1697 DI 10.1086/314489 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 147AU UT WOS:000077466700020 PM 9815221 ER PT J AU Lin, JSL Donegan, SP Heeren, TC Greenberg, M Flaherty, EE Haivanis, R Su, XH Dean, D Newhall, WJ Knapp, JS Sarafian, SK Rice, RJ Morse, SA Rice, PA AF Lin, JSL Donegan, SP Heeren, TC Greenberg, M Flaherty, EE Haivanis, R Su, XH Dean, D Newhall, WJ Knapp, JS Sarafian, SK Rice, RJ Morse, SA Rice, PA TI Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sex partners SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GONOCOCCAL-INFECTION; SEROVARS; DISEASE; CULTURE AB Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among infected men and their female sex partners was examined using a design enhancing the likelihood that spread was directed from men to women. Chlamydia culture-negative specimens were examined using DNA amplification tests. Infection rates in women exposed to male sex partners with Chlamydia only were 65% (20/31) and with gonorrhea only were 73% (33/45), Infection of women by either agent was not influenced by the number of sexual exposures to or coinfection in men. There was a 98% (40/41) concordance of N, gonorrhoeae isolates among partners by auxotype and serovar, Chlamydia isolates were serotyped using ELISA and immunofluorescence testing and confirmed by nested polymerase chain reaction: 50% (6/12) of men and 57% (8/14) of women yielded mixed serovars, Sixty-four percent of pairs (9/14) were infected with identical serovars and an additional 28% shared at least one serovar, Multiple serovars of C, trachomatis, but not of N. gonorrhoeae, were common in sex partners and exchanged frequently. C1 Maxwell Finland Lab Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Med Ctr, Boston, MA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Med, Boston, MA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Boston, MA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Francis I Proctor Fdn, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lin, JSL (reprint author), Maxwell Finland Lab Infect Dis, 774 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-24760, AI-38515] NR 21 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 178 IS 6 BP 1707 EP 1712 DI 10.1086/314485 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 147AU UT WOS:000077466700022 PM 9815223 ER PT J AU Mertz, KJ Trees, D Levine, WC Lewis, JS Litchfield, B Pettus, KS Morse, SA St Louis, ME Weiss, JB Schwebke, J Dickes, J Kee, R Reynolds, J Hutcheson, D Green, D Dyer, I Richwald, GA Novotny, J Weisfuse, I Goldberg, M O'Donnell, JA Knaup, R AF Mertz, KJ Trees, D Levine, WC Lewis, JS Litchfield, B Pettus, KS Morse, SA St Louis, ME Weiss, JB Schwebke, J Dickes, J Kee, R Reynolds, J Hutcheson, D Green, D Dyer, I Richwald, GA Novotny, J Weisfuse, I Goldberg, M O'Donnell, JA Knaup, R CA Genital Ulcer Dis Surveillance Grp TI Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 97th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Microbiology CY MAY 02-08, 1997 CL MIAMI, FLORIDA SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; UNITED-STATES; CARE CENTER; INFECTION; HEALTH; HIV AB To determine the etiology of genital ulcers and to assess the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in ulcer patients in 10 US cities, ulcer and serum specimens were collected from similar to 50 ulcer patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in each city, Ulcer specimens were tested using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV); sera were tested for antibody to HIV, H. ducreyi was detected in ulcer specimens from patients in Memphis (20% of specimens) and Chicago (12%), T. pallidum was detected in ulcer specimens from every city except Los Angeles (median, 9% of specimens; range, 0%-46%), HSV was detected in greater than or equal to 50% of specimens from all cities except Memphis (42%), HIV seroprevalence in ulcer patients was 6% (range by city, 0%-18%). These data suggest that chancroid is prevalent in some US cities and that persons with genital ulcers should be a focus of HIV prevention activities. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Roche Mol Syst, Alameda, CA USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Cincinnati Hlth Dept, Cincinnati, OH USA. Dallas Cty Hlth & Human Serv, Dallas, TX USA. City Houston Hlth & Human Serv, Houston, TX USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Memphis & Shelby Cty Hlth Dept, Memphis, TN USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Philadelphia Dept Publ Hlth, Philadelphia, PA USA. Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA. St Louis Dept Hlth & Hosp, St Louis, MO USA. RP Mertz, KJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MS E-02,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 91 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 178 IS 6 BP 1795 EP 1798 DI 10.1086/314502 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 147AU UT WOS:000077466700036 PM 9815237 ER PT J AU Dilley, A Austin, H Hooper, WC El-Jamil, M Whitsett, C Wenger, NK Benson, J Evatt, B AF Dilley, A Austin, H Hooper, WC El-Jamil, M Whitsett, C Wenger, NK Benson, J Evatt, B TI Prevalence of the prothrombin 20210 G-to-A variant in blacks: Infants, patients with venous thrombosis, patients with myocardial infarction, and control subjects SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Hematology CY DEC 05-09, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Hematol ID GENE; RISK AB A genetic variation in the prothrombin gene is located in the 3'-untranslated region at position 20210 where a G-->A transition occurs, The prevalence of the mutation is 1% to 2% in white populations, and the mutation is associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis and myocardial infarction. We report the prevalence of the A allele in blacks at birth; in black control subjects with no history of heart attack, stroke, or blood clots; in black patients with venous thrombosis; and in black patients with myocardial infarction. Among 318 infants, the prevalence of the A allele was 0.2% (1 heterozygote), with an exact, one-sided upper 95% confidence limit of 0.7%. Among 185 control subjects the variant was absent, yielding an exact, one-sided upper 95% confidence limit of 0.8% for the A allele, The heterozygous genotype was found in 2 of 91 subjects with deep vein thrombosis and in none of 123 subjects with myocardial infarction. The very low prevalence of the A allele indicates that the prothrombin variant is not a major cause of venous thrombosis or myocardial infarction in blacks. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Crawford Long Hosp, Atlanta, GA 30365 USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. RP Dilley, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 132 IS 6 BP 452 EP 455 DI 10.1016/S0022-2143(98)90121-4 PG 4 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 145XQ UT WOS:000077398000005 PM 9851733 ER PT J AU Helfand, RF Kim, DK Gary, HE Edwards, GL Bisson, GP Papania, MJ Heath, JL Schaff, DL Bellini, WJ Redd, SC Anderson, LJ AF Helfand, RF Kim, DK Gary, HE Edwards, GL Bisson, GP Papania, MJ Heath, JL Schaff, DL Bellini, WJ Redd, SC Anderson, LJ TI Nonclassic measles infections in an immune population exposed to measles during a college bus trip SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE asymptomatic infection; vaccination; measles-containing vaccine (MCV); measles ID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; VACCINE FAILURE; VIRUS; ANTIBODY; ELIMINATION AB This study investigated the frequency of mild or asymptomatic measles infections among 44 persons exposed to a student with measles during a 3-day bus trip using two buses. Questionnaires and serum samples were obtained 26-37 days after the trip. All participants had detectable measles-neutralizing antibodies, and none developed classic measles symptoms. Ten persons (23%) were IgM positive for measles, indicating recent infection. Among previously vaccinated IgM-negative persons, those who rode on bus A with the index case-patient had significantly higher microneutralization titers than those on bus B (P = .001), suggesting that some persons on bus A were infected but were IgM negative at the time of the study. Mild or asymptomatic measles infections are probably very common among measles-immune persons exposed to measles cases and may be the most common manifestation of measles during outbreaks in highly immune populations. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. SW Utah Publ Hlth Dept, St George, UT USA. RP Helfand, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol Surveillance Div, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 56 IS 4 BP 337 EP 341 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199812)56:4<337::AID-JMV9>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA 136AA UT WOS:000076834200009 PM 9829639 ER PT J AU Buxbaum, JD Thinakaran, G Koliatsos, V O'Callahan, J Slunt, HH Price, DL Sisodia, SS AF Buxbaum, JD Thinakaran, G Koliatsos, V O'Callahan, J Slunt, HH Price, DL Sisodia, SS TI Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor in the rat hippocampus: Transport and processing through the perforant path SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Alzheimer's disease; axonal transport; A beta; amyloid precursor protein; entorhinal cortex; hippocampus ID MESSENGER-RNA; BETA-PROTEIN; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; TERMINAL FRAGMENT; DISEASE; CELLS; BRAIN; IDENTIFICATION; MICE; VARIANTS AB Amyloid deposition is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The principal component of amyloid deposits is beta amyloid peptide (A beta), a peptide derived by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is axonally transported by the fast anterograde component. Several studies have indicated that A beta deposits occur in proximity to neuritic and synaptic profiles. Taken together, these latter observations have suggested that APP, axonally transported to nerve terminals, may be processed to A beta at those sites. To examine the fate of APP in the CNS, we injected [S-35]methionine into the rat entorhinal cortex and examined the trafficking and processing of de novo synthesized APP in the perforant pathway and at presynaptic sites in the hippocampal formation. We report that both full-length and processed APP accumulate at presynaptic terminals of entorhinal neurons. Finally, we demonstrate that at these synaptic sites, C-terminal fragments of APP containing the entire A beta domain accumulate, suggesting that these species may represent the penultimate precursors of synaptic A beta. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Pharmacol & Physiol Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Lab Mol Neuropsychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Sisodia, SS (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Pharmacol & Physiol Sci, 947 E 58th St Abbott 316, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. OI Buxbaum, Joseph/0000-0001-8898-8313 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 05146, AG14996]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS 20471] NR 53 TC 184 Z9 188 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC NEUROSCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 11 DUPONT CIRCLE, NW, STE 500, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0270-6474 J9 J NEUROSCI JI J. Neurosci. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 18 IS 23 BP 9629 EP 9637 PG 9 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 141XP UT WOS:000077169800007 PM 9822724 ER PT J AU Santelli, J Vernon, M Lowry, R Osorio, J DuShaw, M Lancaster, MS Pham, N Song, E Ginn, E Kolbe, LJ AF Santelli, J Vernon, M Lowry, R Osorio, J DuShaw, M Lancaster, MS Pham, N Song, E Ginn, E Kolbe, LJ TI Managed care, school health programs, and adolescent health services: Opportunities for health promotion SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PREVENTIVE SERVICES; INSURANCE STATUS; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; QUALITY AB The rapid expansion of managed care creates opportunities and dilemmas for those involved in school health and adolescent health promotion. Managed care organizations (MCOs), public health agencies, and school and adolescent health providers share certain common goals and priorities including an emphasis on prevention. cost-effectiveness, and quality of care - and a willingness to explore innovative approaches to health promotion and disease prevention. However, MCOs often face conflicting challenges, balancing the goals of cost containment and investment in prevention. In considering support for school health programs, MCOs will be interested in evidence about the effectiveness of services in improving health and/or reducing medical expenditures. Mechanisms for improving prevention efforts within MCOs include quality assurance systems to monitor the performance of health plans. practice guidelines from professional organizations, and the contracting process between payers and health care providers. Development of partnerships between MCOs and schools, will be a challenge given competing priorities, variation in managed care arrangements. structural differences between MCOs and schools, and variability in services provided by school health programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Santelli, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, MS-K33,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD DEC PY 1998 VL 68 IS 10 BP 434 EP 440 PG 7 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 156RT UT WOS:000078016400009 PM 9919500 ER PT J AU Bredal, WP Gjerde, B Eberhard, ML Aleksandersen, M Wilhelmsen, DK Mansfield, LS AF Bredal, WP Gjerde, B Eberhard, ML Aleksandersen, M Wilhelmsen, DK Mansfield, LS TI Adult Dirofilaria repens in a subcutaneous granuloma on the chest of a dog SO JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID CANINE FILARIASIS AB A 10-year-old, 9 kg, intact male crossbred dog was treated for nasal mites with milbemycin oxime using a dose of 1 mg/kg bodyweight orally, three times at 10-day intervals. One month after the initiation of this treatment a subcutaneous nodule developed on the sternum of the dog. The nodule was removed and found to contain a single, 82 mm long, thread-like nematode. Several exotic parasites were suspected as possibilities because the dog had been imported to Norway from South Africa. Microfilariae were not detected in the blood and heartworm antigen tests were negative. The worm was identified morphologically as an adult, female Dirofilaria repens, This is the first report of D repens from Norway. The case is of interest because of the differential diagnostic problem it posed and because infestation was recognised following treatment of another parasitic condition with a broad-spectrum, antiparasitic drug. In addition, the case provides a reminder of the necessity to be aware of geographical differences in disease occurrence which can produce unexpected disease in non-endemic areas as a consequence of increased international travel with pets. C1 Norwegian Coll Vet Med, Sect Parasitol, Dept Pharmacol Microbiol & Food Hyg, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Norwegian Coll Vet Med, Dept Morphol Genet & Aquat Biol, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Borre Horten Small Anim Clin, N-3183 Horten, Norway. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bredal, WP (reprint author), Norwegian Coll Vet Med, Sect Parasitol, Dept Pharmacol Microbiol & Food Hyg, POB 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. OI Mansfield, Linda S./0000-0002-7523-7577 NR 20 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0022-4510 J9 J SMALL ANIM PRACT JI J. Small Anim. Pract. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 39 IS 12 BP 595 EP 597 DI 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03715.x PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 146PT UT WOS:000077440100007 PM 9888115 ER PT J AU Clark, GG AF Clark, GG TI AMCA Presidential Address - March 9, 1998 - Is the AMCA ready for the new millennium? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. RP Clark, GG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, 2 Calle Casia, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 357 EP 362 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 174BE UT WOS:000079013600001 PM 10084126 ER PT J AU Moore, CG AF Moore, CG TI Appropriateness of methodology in 1988 Howard and Oliver study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter DE vector control; naled; eastern equine encepharomyelitis; Culiseta melanura; experimental design; pseudoreplication ID ECOLOGICAL FIELD EXPERIMENTS; DESIGN AB This letter questions the appropriateness of methodology used in a study by Howard and Oliver (J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 13:315-325; 1988). Two independent data sets, collected for different purposes by 2 different groups, were subjected to statistical analysis to determine if the data sets differed. The experimental "design," as described by the authors, is an example of pseudoreplication, which arises when replicates are collected at a scale finer than the one for which conclusions of statistical testing are intended to be drawn. All of the components of a properly designed field experiment (control, replication, randomization, and interspersion) are missing from this study. The authors proceed to draw a series of conclusions from the data presented. Few, if any, of the conclusions can be supported by the evidence presented. The assertions put forward in this paper could have a severe negative impact on efforts to prevent transmission of arboviruses or other pathogens to humans and domestic animals. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Moore, CG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 482 EP 484 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 174BE UT WOS:000079013600023 PM 10084147 ER PT J AU Kemmerer, TP Cetron, M Harper, L Kozarsky, PE AF Kemmerer, TP Cetron, M Harper, L Kozarsky, PE TI Health problems of corporate travelers: Risk factors and management SO JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Background: Numerous studies have been done regarding health problems experienced by tourists in developing countries; however, little data exist about these health risks and illnesses experienced by corporate travelers. Methods: The authors examined by electronic survey the health risks encountered, compliance with pretravel health recommendations, and illnesses and injuries experienced by employees of the Coca-Cola Company who travel internationally. Results: Two hundred twenty-six travelers responded. Although most travelers ate meals at their hotels and chose foods that were cooked and still hot, over half also ate foods that remained at room temperature for prolonged periods and/or ate from cold salad bars. Almost half drank untreated tap water. Thirty-five percent of travelers developed diarrhea and 29% reported respiratory illnesses, with 12% seeking medical attention for their problems. Forty-three percent of those traveling to malarious regions admitted to noncompliance with antimalarial recommendations. Health kits provided were used by only 51% of travelers. Conclusions: Although many corporate travelers followed pretravel health recommendations, some did not. Injuries, fever, and illnesses such as diarrhea a nd respiratory infections occurred. Strategies to im prove access to the travel clinic and the acquisition of health information and travel health kits are being implemented. The health risks and behaviors of corporate travelers, including the potential impact of psychosocial stressors, need greater attention. C1 Coca Cola Co, Dept Med Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Div Quarantine, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kozarsky, PE (reprint author), Emory Clin Internal Med, 25 Prescott St,5th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA. NR 4 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1195-1982 J9 J TRAVEL MED JI J. Travel Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 5 IS 4 BP 184 EP 187 DI 10.1111/j.1708-8305.1998.tb00504.x PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 248ZP UT WOS:000083306900004 PM 9876192 ER PT J AU O'Carroll, PW Cahn, MA Auston, I Selden, CR AF O'Carroll, PW Cahn, MA Auston, I Selden, CR TI Information needs in public health and health policy: Results of recent studies SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Margaret E Mahoney Symposium on the State of the Nations Health CY MAR 23, 1998 CL NEW YORK ACAD MED, NEW YORK, NEW YORK HO NEW YORK ACAD MED C1 Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, NW Ctr Publ Hlth Practice, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Carroll, PW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, NW Ctr Publ Hlth Practice, Mailbox 354809, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 3 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 4 BP 785 EP 793 DI 10.1007/BF02344508 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 145KH UT WOS:000077369800017 PM 9854240 ER PT J AU Ross, D AF Ross, D TI Meeting information needs in health policy and public health: Roles for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Margaret E Mahoney Symposium on the State of the Nations Health CY MAR 23, 1998 CL NEW YORK ACAD MED, NEW YORK, NEW YORK HO NEW YORK ACAD MED C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Informat & Commun Serv, Publ Hlth Practice Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Informat Network Publ Hlth Officials, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Informat & Commun Serv, Publ Hlth Practice Off, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop K-37, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 4 BP 884 EP 887 DI 10.1007/BF02344516 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 145KH UT WOS:000077369800025 PM 9854248 ER PT J AU Shaw, MW Kiseleva, IV Egorov, AY Hemphill, ML Xu, XY AF Shaw, MW Kiseleva, IV Egorov, AY Hemphill, ML Xu, XY TI Generation of influenza transfectants using purified recombinant nucleocapsid protein SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE ribonucleoprotein; polymerase; transfection; baculovirus ID A VIRUS; NUCLEOPROTEIN; RESCUE; GENES; NEURAMINIDASE; EXPRESSION; MUTATIONS; GENOME; MUTANT AB Affinity-purified type A influenza virus nucleocapsid protein expressed by a recombinant baculovirus vector was used in in vitro RNA transcription reactions to create RNP complexes containing a synthetic influenza A virus NS gene. When used in transfection assays, the baculovirus-expressed NP was shown to be biologically active allowing the efficient isolation of transfectant viruses containing the artificially-introduced NS gene. The results demonstrate that NP is the only virion protein necessary in the reconstituted RNP complexes used for transfection thus eliminating the need for purified RNP complexes containing active polymerase. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Russian Acad Med Sci, Inst Expt Med, Dept Virol, St Petersburg, Russia. RP Shaw, MW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Egorov, Andrej/M-9651-2016 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD DEC PY 1998 VL 76 IS 1-2 BP 149 EP 151 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 157JN UT WOS:000078057900016 PM 9923749 ER PT J AU Spotts, DR Reich, RM Kalkhan, MA Kinney, RM Roehrig, JT AF Spotts, DR Reich, RM Kalkhan, MA Kinney, RM Roehrig, JT TI Resistance to alpha/beta interferons correlates with the epizootic and virulence potential of Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and is determined by the 5 ' noncoding region and glycoproteins SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; MENGOVIRUS; COMPLEX; ASSAY AB We compared the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) sensitivities of the TC-83 vaccine strain and 24 enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) isolates: The IFN-resistant or -sensitive phenotype correlated well with epizootic or enzootic potential. IFN-alpha/beta resistance of Trinidad donkey (TRD) virus correlated with virulence determinants in the 5' noncoding region and glycoproteins. Infection of mice lacking a functional IFN system with the IFN-sensitive TC-83 virus resulted in disease equivalent to that produced by the virulent, IFN-resistant TRD virus, further demonstrating that IFN resistance contributes to VEE virus virulence and is a biological marker of epizootic potential. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Roehrig, JT (reprint author), CDC, NCID, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM JTR1@CDC.GOV OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 38 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 72 IS 12 BP 10286 EP 10291 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 137AW UT WOS:000076892100104 PM 9811777 ER PT J AU Wenker, CJW Kaufman, L Bacciarini, LN Robert, N AF Wenker, CJW Kaufman, L Bacciarini, LN Robert, N TI Sporotrichosis in a nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE armadillo; Dasypus novemcinctus; sporotrichosis; Sporothrix schenckii ID FELINE SPOROTRICHOSIS; CUTANEOUS SPOROTRICHOSIS; TRANSMISSION AB An adult female nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) died in the quarantine station of a private Swiss zoo. Multifocal ulcerative skin lesions and multiple hemorrhages in the lungs were found at necropsy. The spleen was enlarged and dark red. Histologically, there was diffuse granulomatous infiltration, including multinucleated giant cells, of the skin lesions, lungs, spleen, liver; heart, and kidneys. Abundant periodic acid-Schiff-positive yeastlike cells were demonstrated intracellularly in giant cells and extracellularly scattered throughout the tissues. Morphology of the cells varied, with some nonbudding cells resembling Cryptococcus neoformans and others resembling Sporothrix schenckii. A diagnosis of sporotrichosis was confirmed by immunofluorescence studies. This is the first report of sporotrichosis in an armadillo in a zoological garden and the third report of sporotrichosis in D. novemcinctus. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Bern, Dept Zoo Anim Pathol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Wenker, CJW (reprint author), Univ Zurich, Fac Vet, Clin Exot Pets & Zoo Anim, Winterthurerstr 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 29 IS 4 BP 474 EP 478 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 169PN UT WOS:000078757900018 PM 10065860 ER PT J AU La Perle, KMD Wack, R Kaufman, L Blomme, EAG AF La Perle, KMD Wack, R Kaufman, L Blomme, EAG TI Systemic candidiasis in a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Acinonyx jubatus; Candida sp.; candidiasis; cheetah; Helicobacter acinonyx ID MICE AB Systemic candidiasis, with involvement of the spleen, liver, kidneys, and lymph nodes, was diagnosed in a geriatric captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). The animal had a long clinical history of intermittent chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter acinonyx and chronic renal failure, both of which were repeatedly treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Following euthanasia, it postmortem examination, showed numerous microabscesses and granulomas composed of degenerate eosinophils and containing asteroids or Splendore-Hoeppli material throughout the body. Yeast, pseudohyphae, and infrequently branching septate hyphae, demonstrated with special stains, were identified as a Candida sp. by fluorescent antibody testing. Low genetic variation in cheetahs may increase their susceptibility to infectious agents. Additional factors contributing to the overgrowth and dissemination of Candida sp. in this case may have included changes in the bacterial flora of the alimentary tract as a result of repeated antimicrobial therapy and alterations in the topography of the alimentary mucosa caused by chronic gastritis. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Biosci, Coll Vet Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Columbus Zoo, Powell, OH 43065 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP La Perle, KMD (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Biosci, Coll Vet Med, 1925 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI La Perle, Krista/B-3099-2015 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 29 IS 4 BP 479 EP 483 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 169PN UT WOS:000078757900019 PM 10065861 ER PT J AU McCartney, JR Campbell, VA AF McCartney, JR Campbell, VA TI Confirmed abuse cases in public residential facilities for persons with mental retardation: A multi-state study SO MENTAL RETARDATION LA English DT Article AB Data regarding cases of confirmed abuse or neglect in large state-operated facilities in 6 states were collected and analyzed, Neglect and physical abuse were the most common abuse types. Incidents occurred more frequently on the afternoon-early evening shift, particularly between 3 and 6 p.m., and more frequently in residential than in nonresidential areas. In-transit activities were found to be relatively risky. The major risk factors for victims were maladaptive behavior and previous abuse victimization. Staff perpetrators were more likely to be males, assigned to the afternoon shift, newer employees, and previous perpetrators, Abuse reporters tended to be newer employees, and the likelihood of reporting abuse was increased by recent related inservice, The findings should assist administrators in focusing abuse prevention efforts. C1 Alabama Dept Mental Hlth & Mental Retardat, Reg Mental Retardat Serv 2, Tuscaloosa, AL 35403 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Disabil & Hlt, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP McCartney, JR (reprint author), Alabama Dept Mental Hlth & Mental Retardat, Reg Mental Retardat Serv 2, POB 1730, Tuscaloosa, AL 35403 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC MENTAL RETARDATION PI WASHINGTON PA 444 N CAPITOL ST, NW, STE 846, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-1512 USA SN 0047-6765 J9 MENT RETARD JI Ment. Retard. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 465 EP 473 DI 10.1352/0047-6765(1998)036<0465:CACIPR>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 149ZT UT WOS:000077637800004 PM 9879184 ER PT J AU Probert, WS Johnson, BJB AF Probert, WS Johnson, BJB TI Identification of a 47 kDa fibronectin-binding protein expressed by Borrelia burgdorferi isolate B31 SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; IN-VIVO; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ADHERENCE; CELLS; FIBROBLASTS; CHALLENGE; PLASMID; DOMAINS; MATRIX AB The attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to host cells and tissues is often mediated through the expression of surface receptors recognizing components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we investigate the ability of Borrelia spirochaetes to bind the ECM constituent, fibronectin. Borrelia lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with alkaline phosphatase-labelled fibronectin (fibronectin-AP). Five of six Borrelia species and four of eight B. burgdorferi sensu late isolates expressed one or more fibronectin-binding proteins. Borrelia burgdorferi isolate B31 expressed a 47 kDa (P47) fibronectin-binding protein that was localized to the outer envelope based on susceptibility to proteinase K. The interaction of P47 with fibronectin was specific, and the region of fibronectin bound by P47 mapped to the gelatin/collagen binding domain. P47 was purified by affinity chromatography, digested with endoproteinase Lys-C, and the peptide fragments analysed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy. A search of protein databases disclosed that the P47 peptide mass profile matched that predicted for the bbk32 gene product of B. burgdorferi isolate B31. The bbk32 gene was cloned into Escherichia coli, and the ability of recombinant BBK32 to bind fibronectin and inhibit the attachment of B. burgdorferi was demonstrated. The identification of BBK32 as a receptor for fibronectin binding may enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis and chronic nature of Lyme disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Johnson, BJB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 46 TC 175 Z9 178 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1003 EP 1015 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01127.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 153DD UT WOS:000077817100010 PM 9988477 ER PT J AU Fiscella, K Franks, P Kendrick, JS Bruce, FC AF Fiscella, K Franks, P Kendrick, JS Bruce, FC TI The risk of low birth weight associated with vaginal douching SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRETERM DELIVERY; UNITED-STATES; BLACK-WOMEN; PREGNANCY; INFECTIONS; GROWTH; AGE AB Objective: To examine the association between vaginal douching and low birth weight (LBW) after accounting for known risk factors. Methods: We used cross-sectional interview data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth, a nationally representative sample of 4665 women of child-bearing age and 11,553 singleton live births. We compared the risk of LBW among women who reported they douched regularly with the risk among women who did not douche, after controlling for potential confounders including maternal age, race, household income, marital status, total number of pregnancies, smoking, alcohol use, drug use during the pregnancy, year of birth of each infant, geographic region, and self-reported history of pelvic inflammatory disease. Results: In multivariate analysis, regular douching was associated with an increased risk of LBW (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06, 1.57). Frequency of douching and LBW exhibited a dose-response. The adjusted OR for the association between daily douching and LBW was 2.49 (95% CI 1.23, 5.01) compared with an adjusted OR of 1.13 (95% CI 0.83, 1.55) for the association between monthly douching and LBW. There was no racial difference in the risk of LBW associated with douching. Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest an association between douching and LBW risk. If these findings are replicated in future studies, douching may represent a major preventable risk factor for LBW. (Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:913-7. (C) 1998 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.). C1 Highland Hosp, Primary Care Inst, Rochester, NY 14260 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Family Med, Rochester, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fiscella, K (reprint author), Highland Hosp, Primary Care Inst, Rochester, NY 14260 USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 92 IS 6 BP 913 EP 917 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00325-1 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 140ZT UT WOS:000077118700004 PM 9840548 ER PT J AU Yonow, T Brewster, CC Allen, JC Meltzer, MI AF Yonow, T Brewster, CC Allen, JC Meltzer, MI TI Models for heartwater epidemiology: Practical implications and suggestions for future research SO ONDERSTEPOORT JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Amblyomma hebraeum; Cowdria ruminantium; epidemiology; heartwater; modelling; ticks ID TICK AMBLYOMMA-HEBRAEUM; EASTERN CAPE-PROVINCE; COWDRIA-RUMINANTIUM; SOUTH-AFRICA; TRANSMISSION; ECOLOGY; ANAPLASMOSIS; VARIEGATUM; INFECTION; DYNAMICS AB We present a simple model of the dynamics of heartwater that we use to explore and better understand various aspects of this disease. We adapted the Ross-Macdonald model for malaria epidemiology so that we could consider both host and vector populations, and evaluate the interactions between the two. We then use two more biologically detailed models to examine heartwater epidemiology. The first includes a carrier state and host mortality, and the second includes density dependence. The results from all three models indicate that a stable equilibrium with high disease levels is probably the standard situation for heartwater (R-o between 5,7 and 22,4). More than 80% of cattle become infected with heartwater if only 12% of infected tick bites produce an infection in cattle, if tick burdens are as low as only five ticks per host per day, or if tick lifespans are as short as 7 d. A host recovery rate of 30 d results in over 50 % of the cattle becoming infected with heartwater. Our analyses indicate that it is quite difficult to prevent the establishment and maintenance of high levels of heartwater in a herd, thereby supporting previous suggestions that any attempts at controlling this disease through stringent tick control regimens are not warranted. C1 CSIRO, Entomol, Long Pocket Labs, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Infect Dis, USAID,SADC,Heartwater Res Project, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Program Appl Math, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Dept HHS, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Yonow, T (reprint author), CSIRO, Entomol, Long Pocket Labs, PMB 3, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. EM tania.yonow@tag.csiro.au NR 49 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ONDERSTEPOORT VETERINARY INST, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI ONDERSTEPOORT PA PRIVATE BAG X5, ONDERSTEPOORT 0110, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0030-2465 J9 ONDERSTEPOORT J VET JI Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 65 IS 4 BP 263 EP 273 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 178TP UT WOS:000079282800006 PM 10192838 ER PT J AU Guyer, B MacDorman, MF Martin, JA Peters, KD Strobino, DM AF Guyer, B MacDorman, MF Martin, JA Peters, KD Strobino, DM TI Annual summary of vital statistics - 1997 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE birth; death; infant mortality; low birth weight; mortality; multiple births; injury; vital statistics ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; INFANT SLEEP POSITION; MULTIPLE BIRTHS; UNITED-STATES; MORTALITY; SURFACTANT; PREGNANCY; HEALTH; RISK AB Many positive trends in the health of Americans continued into 1997. In 1997, the preliminary birth rate declined slightly to 14.6 births per 1000 population, and the fertility rate, births per 1000 women 15 to 44 years of age, was unchanged from the previous year (65.3). These indicators suggest that the downward trend in births observed since the early 1990s may have abated. Fertility rates for white, black, and Native American women were essentially unchanged between 1996 and 1997. Fertility among Hispanic women declined 2% in 1997 to 103.1, the lowest level reported since national data for this group have been available. For the sixth consecutive year, birth rates dropped for teens. Birth rates for women 30 years or older continued to increase. The proportion of births to unmarried women (32.4%) was unchanged in 1997. The trend toward earlier utilization of prenatal care continued for 1997; 82.5% of women began prenatal care in the first trimester. There was no change in the percentage with late (third trimester) or no care in 1997. The cesarean delivery rate rose slightly to 20.8% in 1997, a reversal of the downward trend observed since 1989. The percentage of low birth weight (LBW) infants rose again in 1997 to 7.5%. The percentage of very low birth weight was up only slightly to 1.41%. Among births to white mothers, LBW increased for the fifth consecutive year, to 6.5%, whereas the rate for black mothers remained unchanged at 13%. Much, but not all, of the rise in LBW for white mothers during the 1990s can be attributed to an increase in multiple births. In 1996, the multiple birth rate rose again by 5%, and the higher-order multiple birth rate climbed by 20%. Infant mortality reached an all time low level of 7.1 deaths per 1000 births, based on preliminary 1997 data. Both neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates declined. In 1996, 64% of all infant deaths occurred to the 7.4% of infants born at LBW. Infant mortality rates continue to be more than two times greater for black than for white infants. Among all the states in 1996, Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire had the lowest infant mortality rates. Despite declines in infant mortality, the United States continues to rank poorly in international comparisons of infant mortality. Expectation of life at birth reached a new high in 1997 of 76.5 years for all gender and race groups combined. Age-adjusted death rates declined in 1997 for diseases of the heart, accidents and adverse affects (unintentional injuries), homicide, suicide, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular disease, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, and diabetes. In 1997, mortality due to HIV infection declined by 47%. Death rates for children from all major causes declined again in 1997. Motor vehicle traffic injuries and firearm injuries were the two major causes of traumatic death. A large proportion of childhood deaths continue to occur as a result of preventable injuries. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Populat & Family Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Guyer, B (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Populat & Family Hlth Sci, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 48 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1998 VL 102 IS 6 BP 1333 EP 1349 DI 10.1542/peds.102.6.1333 PG 17 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 144JR UT WOS:000077311500001 PM 9832567 ER PT J AU Adams, EJ Chavez, GF Steen, D Shah, R Iyasu, S Krous, HF AF Adams, EJ Chavez, GF Steen, D Shah, R Iyasu, S Krous, HF TI Changes in the epidemiologic profile of sudden infant death syndrome as rates decline among California infants: 1990-1995 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE sudden infant death syndrome; infant mortality ID SLEEP POSITION; UNITED-STATES; SYNDROME SIDS; ETHNICITY; BIRTH; RISK AB Objectives. To evaluate changes in the rates and epidemiologic patterns of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) after implementation of public health campaigns to promote back sleeping and reduce exposure to cigarette smoke and environmental risk factors for SIDS. Methods. California vital statistics data were used to evaluate changes in SIDS rates (deaths/1000 live births) and in the proportions of SIDS deaths by age and season of occurrence for California infants of black or other races from 1990 through 1995. Results. From 1990 through 1995, 3508 SIDS deaths occurred. SIDS rates declined from 2.69 to 2.15 for black infants and from 1.04 to 0.61 for others between 1990 and 1995. Most SIDS deaths occurred during the 2nd to 4th months of life; the proportion of SIDS deaths during this period was unchanged for blacks but decreased for others from 70% to 65%. Of all SIDS deaths, 62% occurred during the colder season (October through March); the proportion of deaths in each season did not change for either race. Conclusion. California SIDS rates declined 20% for blacks and 41% for others between 1990 and 1995. Declines coincided with campaigns to reduce environmental risk factors for SIDS. Blacks continue to be at increased risk for SIDS compared with others, and the SIDS rate for blacks relative to others has increased. Reductions in SIDS mortality coinciding with interventions were smaller for blacks than for others. New strategies are needed to reduce further SIDS rates and narrow the gap between blacks and others. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Maternal & Child Hlth Branch, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, San Diego, CA USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, San Diego, CA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Chavez, GF (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Maternal & Child Hlth Branch, 714 P St, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 26 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1998 VL 102 IS 6 BP 1445 EP 1451 DI 10.1542/peds.102.6.1445 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 144JR UT WOS:000077311500017 PM 9832583 ER PT J AU Landen, MG Beller, M Funk, E Rolla, HR Middaugh, J AF Landen, MG Beller, M Funk, E Rolla, HR Middaugh, J TI Measles outbreak in Juneau, Alaska, 1996: Implications for future outbreak control strategies SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE measles; outbreak; vaccination; epidemiology; Alaska ID VACCINATED POPULATION; SCHOOL POPULATION; RISK-FACTORS; REVACCINATION; TRANSMISSION AB Objective. To determine the most effective outbreak control strategy for school-based measles outbreaks as the proportion of children with two doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) increases. Setting. A school-based measles outbreak during 1996 involving 63 cases in Juneau, Alaska (population 29 288), where systematic revaccination with MCV was not implemented. Design. A retrospective evaluation using chain-of-transmission data of three possible outbreak control strategies: no school revaccination, targeted school revaccination (affected schools only), and community-wide school revaccination (all schools). Two-dose MCV coverage among students was estimated from school vaccination records and a survey issued to parents. Primary Outcome Measures. Potentially preventable cases of measles and doses of MCV administered per case prevented. Results. Two-dose MCV coverage among Juneau students was estimated to be 44% and 53% immediately before and after the outbreak, respectively. Of all the measles cases, an estimated 24 to 28 and 2.7 to 31 were potentially preventable by the targeted and communitywide school revaccination strategies, respectively. Either strategy might have optimally decreased the outbreak duration by 1 month, sparing one of seven affected schools and 10 of 12 unvaccinated children who had measles. Approximately 133 to 155 and 139 to 160 doses of MCV per case prevented would have been required for targeted and community-wide school revaccination, respectively. Conclusions. Either targeted or community wide school revaccination would have been effective control strategies for this outbreak. Targeted school revaccination is probably the intervention of choice for school-based measles outbreaks in larger communities with higher two-dose MCV coverage. As two-dose MCV coverage continues to increase in the United States, public health control measures to respond to outbreaks need to be reevaluated. C1 New Mexico Dept Hlth, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Stat Anal Branch, Data Management Div, Atlanta, GA USA. Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Landen, MG (reprint author), New Mexico Dept Hlth, 1170 N Solano, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1998 VL 102 IS 6 AR e71 DI 10.1542/peds.102.6.e71 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 144JR UT WOS:000077311500029 PM 9832599 ER PT J AU Bashor, MM AF Bashor, MM TI International terrorism and weapons of mass destruction SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material ID BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM; CONTAMINATION; OUTBREAK; WARFARE C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bashor, MM (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Mailstop E-28,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6 BP 675 EP 678 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 162QA UT WOS:000078357200005 ER PT J AU Giles, WH Croft, JB Greenlund, KJ Ford, ES Kittner, SJ AF Giles, WH Croft, JB Greenlund, KJ Ford, ES Kittner, SJ TI Total homocyst(e)ine concentration and the likelihood of nonfatal stroke - Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 SO STROKE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; homocyst(e)ine; race; stroke ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ELEVATED PLASMA HOMOCYST(E)INE; RISK FACTOR; TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; ISCHEMIC STROKE; MEN; FOLATE AB Background and Purpose-Elevated serum total homocyst(e)ine [H(e)] is an independent risk factor for stroke. Few studies, however, have examined this association in blacks. Methods-Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=4534), a nationally representative sample of US adults, were used to examine the relationship between H(e) and a physician diagnosis of stroke (n=185) in both black and white adults. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to examine this relationship. Results-Serum vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations were significantly lower among participants in the highest H(e) quartile (greater than or equal to 12.1 mu mol/L) than among participants in the lowest quartile (less than or equal to 7.4 mu mol/L). Those in the highest quartile were older, had higher mean cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and were more likely to smoke and to have completed <12 years of education. After adjustment for age, the odds ratio (OR) for stroke was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 5.7; highest versus lowest quartile). Adjustment for gender, race/ethnicity, education, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and smoking reduced the magnitude of the association (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.6). The association between H(e) and stroke did not differ by race [P=0.265 for race-H(e) interaction term]. The multivariate adjusted OR for the highest quartile versus the lowest was 2.5 (1.1 to 5.5) among whites and 1.4 (0.4 to 4.7) among blacks. Conclusions-In this nationally representative sample of US adults, H(e) concentration was independently associated with an increased likelihood of nonfatal stroke. This association was present in both black and white adults. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Chron Dis Nutr Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Giles, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy,MS K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 100 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD DEC PY 1998 VL 29 IS 12 BP 2473 EP 2477 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 142PA UT WOS:000077207900004 PM 9836753 ER PT J AU Philipp, CS Dilley, A Saidi, P Evatt, B Austin, H Zawadsky, J Harwood, D Ellingsen, D Barnhart, E Phillips, DJ Hooper, WC AF Philipp, CS Dilley, A Saidi, P Evatt, B Austin, H Zawadsky, J Harwood, D Ellingsen, D Barnhart, E Phillips, DJ Hooper, WC TI Deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene as a thrombophilic risk factor after hip arthroplasty SO THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS LA English DT Article ID DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-C; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; VENOUS THROMBOSIS; PROPHYLAXIS; MUTATION; REPLACEMENT AB Despite thromboprophylaxis, deep vein thrombosis is a common complication of major orthopedic surgery. Predisposing genetic risk factors are unknown. In this case-control study, we investigated the association of the insertion (I)/deletion (D) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism. Factor V Leiden (R506Q) mutation, and 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism with post-operative venous thrombosis in 85 patients who underwent elective total hip arthroplasty. The odds of a thrombotic event following hip surgery among subjects with the DD genotype of the ACE gene was increased more than 10-fold compared to subjects with the II genotype (odds ratio 11.7 [95% confidence interval 2.3-84.5]); it was increased 5-fold in subjects with the ID genotype compared to the II genotype (odds ratio 5.0 [95% confidence interval 1.1-34.9]). Mean plasma ACE level in control subjects not on ACE inhibitors at the time of study (n = 43) was lowest in persons homozygous for the I allele (18.9 +/- 7.95 U/l), intermediate in patients with the ID genotype (31.6 +/- 10.8 U/l) and highest in subjects homozygous for the D allele (44.0 +/- 7.14 U/l). Mean plasma ACE level among cases was higher (33.0 U/l, n = 25) than among controls (29.4 U/l, n = 43) but this difference was not statistically significant. Neither the Factor V Leiden mutation nor MTHFR gene polymorphism increased the risk of thrombosis following hip replacement. These results demonstrate that the I/D ACE gene polymorphism is a potent risk factor for thrombosis in subjects undergoing total hip arthroplasty. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Div Hematol, New Brunswick, NJ 08904 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Div Orthoped Surg, New Brunswick, NJ 08904 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Philipp, CS (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Div Hematol, Med Educ Bldg,Room 378,1 RWJ Pl, New Brunswick, NJ 08904 USA. NR 30 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU F K SCHATTAUER VERLAG GMBH PI STUTTGART PA P O BOX 10 45 45, LENZHALDE 3, D-70040 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-6245 J9 THROMB HAEMOSTASIS JI Thromb. Haemost. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 80 IS 6 BP 869 EP 873 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 145ZR UT WOS:000077403200001 PM 9869151 ER PT J AU Alciati, MH Frosh, M Green, SB Brownson, RC Fisher, PH Hobart, R Roman, A Sciandra, RC Shelton, DM AF Alciati, MH Frosh, M Green, SB Brownson, RC Fisher, PH Hobart, R Roman, A Sciandra, RC Shelton, DM TI State laws on youth access to tobacco in the United States: measuring their extensiveness with a new rating system SO TOBACCO CONTROL LA English DT Article DE adolescents; legislation; access laws; United States ID CIGARETTE SALES; PREEMPTION; MINORS AB Objective-To develop and implement a rating system evaluating the extensiveness of state laws restricting youth access to tobacco. Design-State laws on youth access to tobacco were analysed and assigned ratings on nine items. Six items addressed specific tobacco-control provisions, and three related to enforcement provisions. For each item, a target was specified reflecting public health objectives. Achieving the target resulted in a rating of +4 points; for three items, a rating of +5 was possible if the target was exceeded. Criteria for lower ratings were established for situations when the target was not met. Setting-United States. Results-State scores (sum of the ratings across all nine items) ranged from 0-18 in 1993, 2-21 in 1994, and 1-21 in 1995 and 1996, out of a possible total of 39. The average score across states was 7.2 in 1993, 7.9 in 1994, 8.2 in 1995, and 9.0 in 1996. The overall mean rating (per item) was 0.80 in 1993, 0.88 in 1994, 0.91 in 1995, and 1.00 in 1996, on a scale where 4.0 indicates that the target goals (per item) were met. From 1993 to 1996, scores increased for 20 states, decreased for one state, and remained unchanged for the others. The number of states for which state preemption of local tobacco regulation was a factor doubled from 10 states in 1993 to 20 states in 1996. Conclusions-Although all states have laws addressing youth access to tobacco, this analysis reveals that, as of the end of 1996, the progress towards meeting health policy targets is slow, and state legislation that preempts local tobacco regulation is becoming more common. C1 Management Solut Hlth, Reston, VA USA. MayaTech Corp, Silver Spring, MD USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Community Hlth, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Prevent Res Ctr, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Natl Ctr Tobacco Free Kids, Washington, DC USA. Amer Nonsmokers Rights, Berkeley, CA USA. Subst Abuse & Mental Hlth Serv Adm, Ctr Subst Abuse Prevent, Rockville, MD USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Alciati, MH (reprint author), 1600 Waters Edge Lane, Reston, VA 20190 USA. OI Alciati, Marianne/0000-0001-6294-1090 NR 34 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 6 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0964-4563 J9 TOB CONTROL JI Tob. Control PD WIN PY 1998 VL 7 IS 4 BP 345 EP 352 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 173YU UT WOS:000079008000009 PM 10093166 ER PT J AU Miller, MA Redd, S Hadler, S Hinman, A AF Miller, MA Redd, S Hadler, S Hinman, A TI A model to estimate the potential economic benefits of measles eradication for the United States SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE measles; eradication; economics ID VACCINATION PROGRAM; RUBELLA; MUMPS; FINLAND; IMMUNIZATION; ELIMINATION; COSTS AB Measles incidence is at a nadir in many parts of the world due to vaccination efforts. Although the technical feasibility of eradication has been acknowledged financial and political commitment need to be concomitantly identified on the national and global level, We demonstrate the potential value of measles eradication by identifying the potential cost-savings to one country resulting from measles eradication, For the US, measles eradication would save $45 million annually, If achieved by the year 2010, the US would save $500 million to $4.1 billion depending on the year of elimination, post-eradication schedule and discount rate, Intensification of measles control efforts in the US beyond current levels would have minimal marginal benefits on disease burden reduction. Allocation of resources to achieve global measles eradication is the next level of efficiency which would provide substantial savings. Countries may adapt this model to estimate their savings for consideration of the required political and financial contribution towards a global measles eradication program. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. Childrens Vaccine Initiat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Miller, MA (reprint author), Childrens Vaccine Initiat, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. EM millermark@who.ch NR 39 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD DEC PY 1998 VL 16 IS 20 BP 1917 EP 1922 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00125-X PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 127ER UT WOS:000076338100004 PM 9796043 ER PT J AU Hayes, EB Dennis, DT AF Hayes, EB Dennis, DT TI Immunization against Lyme disease SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Hayes, EB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 26 PY 1998 VL 339 IS 22 BP 1637 EP 1637 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 141ZU UT WOS:000077176100012 PM 9867525 ER PT J AU Nelson, DE Thompson, BL Bland, SD AF Nelson, DE Thompson, BL Bland, SD TI Cost as a barrier to medical care in relation to unemployment rates SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Nelson, DE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 26 PY 1998 VL 339 IS 22 BP 1644 EP 1645 DI 10.1056/NEJM199811263392217 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 141ZU UT WOS:000077176100028 PM 9867535 ER PT J AU Alvarez, LA Deseda, C AF Alvarez, LA Deseda, C TI Deaths associated with Hurricane Georges - Puerto Rico, September 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 897-898, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Puerto Rico Dept Hlth, Div Epidemiol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hazards Epidemiol Sect, Hlth Studies Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alvarez, LA (reprint author), Puerto Rico Dept Hlth, Div Epidemiol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. NR 1 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 25 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 20 BP 1736 EP 1737 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 140HF UT WOS:000077081400011 ER PT J AU Poblete, J Bermudez-Walcott, A Ebbesen-Fludd, V Heyliger, J Hatcher, A AF Poblete, J Bermudez-Walcott, A Ebbesen-Fludd, V Heyliger, J Hatcher, A TI Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis - St Croix, US Virgin Islands, September October 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 899-901, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 US Virgin Isl Dept Hlth, Charlotte Amalie, VI 00805 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Hlth Studies Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Poblete, J (reprint author), US Virgin Isl Dept Hlth, Charlotte Amalie, VI 00805 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 25 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 20 BP 1737 EP 1737 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 140HF UT WOS:000077081400012 ER PT J AU Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV Thompson, TJ Boyle, JP Williamson, DF Manninen, DL Dong, FB Orians, CE Dasbach, EJ Teutsch, SM Eastman, R Herman, WH Songer, TJ AF Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV Thompson, TJ Boyle, JP Williamson, DF Manninen, DL Dong, FB Orians, CE Dasbach, EJ Teutsch, SM Eastman, R Herman, WH Songer, TJ CA CDC Diabetes Cost-Effect Study Grp TI The cost-effectiveness of screening for type 2 diabetes SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL-DIAGNOSIS; NIDDM; COMPLICATIONS; MELLITUS; PREVALENCE; ROCHESTER; HEALTH; TRIAL; ONSET; RETINOPATHY AB Context.-Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common and serious disease in the United States, but one third of those affected are unaware they have it. Objective.-To estimate the cost-effectiveness of early detection and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Design.-A Monte Carlo computer simulation model was developed to estimate the lifetime costs and benefits of 1-time opportunistic screening (ie, performed during routine contact with the medical care system) for type 2 diabetes and to compare them with current clinical practice. Cost-effectiveness was estimated for all persons aged 25 years or older, for age-specific subgroups, and for African Americans. Data were obtained from clinical trials, epidemiologic studies, and population surveys, and a single-payer perspective was assumed. Costs and benefits are discounted at 3% and costs are expressed in 1995 US dollars. Setting.-Single-payer health care system. Participants.-Hypothetical cohort of 10000 persons with newly diagnosed diabetes from the general US population. Main Outcome Measures.-Cost per additional life-year gained and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Results.-The incremental cost of opportunistic screening among all persons aged 25 years or older is estimated at $236 449 per life-year gained and $56 649 per QALY gained. Screening is more cost-effective among younger people and among African Americans. The benefits of early detection and treatment accrue more from postponement of complications and the resulting improvement in quality of life than from additional life-years. Conclusions.-Early diagnosis and treatment through opportunistic screening of type 2 diabetes may reduce the lifetime incidence of major microvascular complications and result in gains in both life-years and QALYs. Incremental increases in costs attributable to screening and earlier treatment are incurred but may well be in the range of acceptable cost-effectiveness for US health care systems, especially for younger adults and for some subpopulations (eg, minorities) who are at relatively high risk of developing the major complications of type 2 diabetes. Although current recommendations are that screening begin at age 45 years, these results suggest that screening is more cost-effective at younger ages. The selection of appropriate target populations for screening should consider factors in addition to the prevalence of diabetes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Publ Hlth Res, Seattle, WA USA. Merck & Co Inc, Blue Bell, PA USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. NIDDKD, Div Diabet Endocrinol & Metab Dis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Engelgau, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-10,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 54 TC 148 Z9 152 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 25 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 20 BP 1757 EP 1763 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 140HF UT WOS:000077081400031 ER PT J AU Cappello, M Li, S Chen, XO Li, CB Harrison, L Narashimhan, S Beard, CB Aksoy, S AF Cappello, M Li, S Chen, XO Li, CB Harrison, L Narashimhan, S Beard, CB Aksoy, S TI Tsetse thrombin inhibitor: Bloodmeal-induced expression of an anticoagulant in salivary glands and gut tissue of Glossina morsitans morsitans SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE serine protease inhibitor; trypanosomiasis ID ARTHROPODS; DIPTERA; HIRUDIN AB The tsetse thrombin inhibitor, a potent and specific low molecular mass (3,530 Da) anticoagulant peptide, was purified previously from salivary gland extracts of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). A 303-bp coding sequence corresponding to the inhibitor has now been isolated from a tsetse salivary gland cDNA library by using degenerate oligonucleotide probes. The full-length cDNA contains a 26-bp untranslated segment at its 5' end, followed by a 63-bp sequence corresponding to a putative secretory signal peptide. A 96-bp segment codes for the mature tsetse thrombin inhibitor, whose predicted molecular weight matches that of the purified native protein. Based on its lack of homology to any previously described family of molecules, the tsetse thrombin inhibitor appears to represent a unique class of naturally occurring protease inhibitors. Recombinant tsetse thrombin inhibitor expressed in Escherichia coli and the chemically synthesized peptide are both substantially less active than the purified native protein, suggesting that posttranslational modification(s) may be necessary for optimal inhibitory activity. The tsetse thrombin inhibitor gene, which is present as a single copy in the tsetse genome, is expressed at high levels in salivary glands and midguts of adult tsetse flies, suggesting a possible role for the anticoagulant in both feeding and processing of the bloodmeal. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Sector Vector Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Fudan Univ, State Key Lab Genet Engn, Inst Genet, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Aksoy, S (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Sector Vector Biol, 60 Coll St,606 LEPH, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. OI Aksoy, Serap/0000-0001-9941-143X FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-01299, AI-34033]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-27757] NR 24 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 24 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 24 BP 14290 EP 14295 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14290 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 142GE UT WOS:000077191200055 PM 9826693 ER PT J AU Zanetti, G Francioli, P Tagan, D Paddock, CD Zaki, SR AF Zanetti, G Francioli, P Tagan, D Paddock, CD Zaki, SR TI Imported epidemic typhus SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Zanetti, G (reprint author), Univ Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. NR 3 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD NOV 21 PY 1998 VL 352 IS 9141 BP 1709 EP 1709 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61487-0 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 140VX UT WOS:000077110300059 PM 9853468 ER PT J CA World Hlth Org CDC TI Update: Influenza activity - Worldwide, April-September 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 830-833, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Natl Influenza Ctr, Emerging & Other Communicable Dis Div, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, WHO,Influenza Branch, Collaborating Ctr Surveillance Epidemiol & Contro, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP WHO, Natl Influenza Ctr, Emerging & Other Communicable Dis Div, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 18 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 19 BP 1650 EP 1651 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 138PD UT WOS:000076980700009 ER PT J AU Shallow, S Daily, P Rothrock, G Reingold, A Vugia, D Waterman, S Fiorentino, T Marcus, R Ryder, R Mshar, P Cartter, M Hadler, J Farley, M Bardsley, M Baughman, W Koehler, J Blake, P Toomey, K Wicklund, J Hedberg, C Osterholm, M Cassidy, M McGivern, T Stanton, R Shiferaw, B Cieslak, P Fleming, D AF Shallow, S Daily, P Rothrock, G Reingold, A Vugia, D Waterman, S Fiorentino, T Marcus, R Ryder, R Mshar, P Cartter, M Hadler, J Farley, M Bardsley, M Baughman, W Koehler, J Blake, P Toomey, K Wicklund, J Hedberg, C Osterholm, M Cassidy, M McGivern, T Stanton, R Shiferaw, B Cieslak, P Fleming, D TI Incidence of foodborne Illnesses - FoodNet, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 782-786, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Calif Emerg Infect Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Connecticut State Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Atlanta Metropolitan Act Surveillance Project, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Minnesota Dept Publ Hlth, St Paul, MN USA. Oregon Dept Human Resources, State Hlth Div, Salem, OR USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. CDC, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shallow, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Calif Emerg Infect Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 18 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 19 BP 1651 EP 1652 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 138PD UT WOS:000076980700010 ER PT J AU Osorio, LE Villegas, MV Benitez, AM Hernandez, H Miranda, JF Saravia, N Castano, MC Henriquez, N Quinonez, S Sanchez, LW AF Osorio, LE Villegas, MV Benitez, AM Hernandez, H Miranda, JF Saravia, N Castano, MC Henriquez, N Quinonez, S Sanchez, LW TI Acquired multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - Buenaventura, Colombia, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 759-762, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Int Ctr Training & Med Invest, Cali, Colombia. Buenaventura Hosp, Cali, Colombia. CDC, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Int Act, Field Serv Branch, Div TB Eliminat,Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Osorio, LE (reprint author), Int Ctr Training & Med Invest, Cali, Colombia. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 18 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 19 BP 1653 EP 1653 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 138PD UT WOS:000076980700011 ER PT J AU Branson, BM AF Branson, BM TI Home sample collection tests for HIV infection SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Context.-Home sample collection (HSC) tests allow persons to test themselves for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at home without medical supervision. Characterizing the use of such tests can help assess their potential effect on public health efforts to prevent and control HIV. Objective.-To describe use of HIV HSC tests. Design.-Retrospective descriptive analysis from data collected by test manufacturers during 1996 and 1997. Setting.-United States. Participants.-Volunteer sample of consumers who used either of 2 HSC tests. Main Outcome Measures.-Demographic and behavioral aspects of users. Results.-During the first year of availability, 174316 HIV HSC tests were submitted to the manufacturers for analysis; 0.9% of the results were positive for HIV, and 97% of all users called to learn test results. Survey responses from 70 620 HIV-negative and 865 HIV-positive users revealed that most were men, white, and aged 25 to 34 years; HIV prevalence was highest among nonwhites, aged 35 to 44 years, men who have sex with men, and injection drug users. Bisexual men accounted for a large proportion of HIV-positive users. Nearly 60% of all users and 49% of those who tested HIV positive had never been tested before. Telephone counselors found that 23% of HIV-positive users already had a source of follow-up care, 65% accepted referrals, and 12% had tested themselves to evaluate the effects of antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions.-Home sample collection tests for HIV were used by persons who were at risk for HIV and by persons who did not use other testing. Most HIV-positive users either had a source of medical care or received referrals. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Branson, BM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Mailstop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 18 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 19 BP 1699 EP 1701 DI 10.1001/jama.280.19.1699 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 138PD UT WOS:000076980700037 PM 9832003 ER PT J AU Freeman, SB Taft, LF Dooley, KJ Allran, K Sherman, SL Hassold, TJ Khoury, MJ Saker, DM AF Freeman, SB Taft, LF Dooley, KJ Allran, K Sherman, SL Hassold, TJ Khoury, MJ Saker, DM TI Population-based study of congenital heart defects in Down syndrome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE trisomy 21; Down syndrome; congenital heart defects; congenital malformations ID CARDIOVASCULAR MALFORMATIONS; DISEASE; INFANTS AB Mental retardation and hypotonia are found in virtually all Down syndrome (DS) individuals, whereas congenital heart defects (CHDs) are only present in a subset of cases. Although there have been numerous reports of the frequency of CHDs in DS, few of the studies have had complete ascertainment of DS in a defined geographic area. The Atlanta Down Syndrome Project, a population-based study of infants born with trisomy 21, provides such a resource. In the first 6.5 years of the study, 243 trisomy 21 livebirths were identified in the five-county Atlanta area (birth prevalence: 9.6/10,000), Cardiac diagnoses were available on 227 (93%) of the cases and 89% of these evaluations were made by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, surgery, or autopsy. Of the 227 DS infants, 44% had CHDs including 45% atrioventricular septal defect (with or without other CHDs), 35% ventricular septal defect (with or without other CHDs), 8% isolated secundum atrial septal defect, 7% isolated persistent patent ductus arteriosus, 4% isolated tetralogy of Fallot, and 1% other. This report is unique in that it contains the largest number of trisomy 21 infants ascertained in a population-based study where modern techniques for diagnosing cardiac abnormalities predominate. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pediat, Childrens Heart Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Ctr Human Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Freeman, SB (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Genet, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD 92907, P01-HD 32111] NR 19 TC 173 Z9 180 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 16 PY 1998 VL 80 IS 3 BP 213 EP 217 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19981116)80:3<213::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 140ZG UT WOS:000077117700006 PM 9843040 ER PT J AU Meltzer, MI AF Meltzer, MI TI Reply to comment on "A possible explanation of the apparent breed-related resistance in cattle to bont tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) infestations" SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID BOOPHILUS-MICROPLUS; NDAMA; ZEBU C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Meltzer, MI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 16 PY 1998 VL 79 IS 3 BP 265 EP 266 PG 2 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 132ZM UT WOS:000076662000011 ER PT J AU Campbell, GL Fritz, CL Fish, D Nowakowski, J Nadelman, RB Wormser, GP AF Campbell, GL Fritz, CL Fish, D Nowakowski, J Nadelman, RB Wormser, GP TI Estimation of the incidence of Lyme disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes; Lyme disease; theoretical models; tick infestations ID DEER-TICK BITES; NEW-YORK STATE; ENDEMIC AREA; ERYTHEMA MIGRANS; WESTCHESTER-COUNTY; PROPHYLAXIS; PREVENTION; FEATURES; DURATION; CHILDREN AB The incidence of Lyme disease in most endemic areas is unknown but will be an important factor in determining the cost-effectiveness of Lyme disease vaccines in those areas. The authors developed a deterministic model with nine components to estimate the frequency of Ixodes scapularis tick bites and the resulting incidence of Lyme disease in residents of endemic areas. For each component, best point estimates and plausible ranges of values were based on the published literature, unpublished data, expert opinion, or a combination of the above. By using the mean, crude, annual total of 3,827 Lyme disease cases reported from the endemic county of Westchester, New York, in 1991-1994, a mean of 178,889 I. scapularis bites (20.4 per 100 person-years) and a mean of 10,632 incident Lyme disease cases (1.2 per 100 person-years) were estimated to have occurred per year. Results of a sensitivity analysis that used two different methods suggested that this deterministic model is reasonably robust. In conclusion, according to this model, the incidence of Lyme disease in Westchester County is several-fold higher than suggested by the current passive reporting system. C1 Ctr Res Dis Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Westchester Cty Med Ctr, Lyme Dis Diagnost Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. New York Med Coll, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP Campbell, GL (reprint author), Ctr Res Dis Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU206626-01, U50/CCU210280-02, U50/CCU210286-02] NR 38 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 10 BP 1018 EP 1026 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 140DD UT WOS:000077070700012 PM 9829875 ER PT J AU Sham, R Ou, CY Braggins, C Phatak, P AF Sham, R Ou, CY Braggins, C Phatak, P TI Clinical characteristics of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis who are H63D homozygotes. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Rochester Gen Hosp, Rochester, NY 14621 USA. Mary M Gooley Hemophilia Ctr Inc, Rochester, NY 14621 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30431 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 92 IS 10 SU 1 MA 3075 BP 23B EP 23B PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 141AX UT WOS:000077121400089 ER PT J AU Briones, MA Phillips, D Hooper, WC Evatt, B AF Briones, MA Phillips, D Hooper, WC Evatt, B TI Differential chemokine expression between human coronary artery endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Hematol Oncol Bone Marrow Transplantat, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Hematol Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 92 IS 10 SU 1 MA 3304 BP 76B EP 76B PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 141AX UT WOS:000077121400320 ER PT J AU Addiego, J Lusher, J Hooper, C Chase, E Lutes, R AF Addiego, J Lusher, J Hooper, C Chase, E Lutes, R TI Genetic variables and inhibitor development in a cohort of PUPs with severe Factor VIII hemophilia treated with Kogenate (R). SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Childrens Hosp, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. Childrens Hosp, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 92 IS 10 SU 1 MA 3426 BP 103B EP 103B PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 141AX UT WOS:000077121400444 ER PT J AU Weakland, LL Unger, ER Kerstann, KW Neisch, A Offermann, MK AF Weakland, LL Unger, ER Kerstann, KW Neisch, A Offermann, MK TI Sporadic expression of viral interferon-regulatory factor in human herpesvirus 8-infected BCBL-1 cells is insufficient to block responses to interferons. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Program Genet & Mol Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 92 IS 10 SU 1 MA 3798 BP 188B EP 188B PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 141AX UT WOS:000077121400816 ER PT J AU Adamkiewicz, TV Buchanan, GR Facklam, RR Iyer, RB O'Brien, K Miller, ST Pegelow, C Rogers, ZR Sarniak, I Schwartz, B Vichinsky, E Wang, W AF Adamkiewicz, TV Buchanan, GR Facklam, RR Iyer, RB O'Brien, K Miller, ST Pegelow, C Rogers, ZR Sarniak, I Schwartz, B Vichinsky, E Wang, W TI 1997-98 survey of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae (PN) infection in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Texas, CDC, Austin, TX USA. Univ Mississippi, SUNY, University, MS 38677 USA. Miami Univ, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Childrens Hosp Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Childrens Hosp Oakland, Oakland, CA USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Memphis, TN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 92 IS 10 SU 1 MA 2161 BP 526A EP 527A PN 1 PG 2 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 141AW UT WOS:000077121302151 ER PT J AU Robbins, AH Borden, MD Windmiller, BS Niezgoda, M Marcus, LC O'Brien, SM Kreindel, SM McGuill, MW DeMaria, A Rupprecht, CE Rowell, S AF Robbins, AH Borden, MD Windmiller, BS Niezgoda, M Marcus, LC O'Brien, SM Kreindel, SM McGuill, MW DeMaria, A Rupprecht, CE Rowell, S TI Prevention of the spread of rabies to wildlife by oral vaccination of raccoons in Massachusetts SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PROCYON-LOTOR; STATES AB Objective-To evaluate the use of bait containing rabies vaccine to create a barrier of rabies-vaccinated raccoons in Massachusetts and to determine the effectiveness of various bait distribution strategies in halting the spread of rabies. Design-Prospective study. Sample Population-Free-ranging raccoons. Procedure-Baits were distributed twice yearly in a 207-km(2) (80-mi(2)) area in the vicinity of the Cape Cod Canal. Bait density and distribution strategy varied among 3 treatment areas. Raccoons were caught in live traps after bait distribution and anesthetized; blood samples were obtained to measure serum antibody liters to rabies virus. Vaccination rates were determined by the percentage of captured raccoons with antibody titers to rabies virus greater than or equal to 1.5. In addition, raccoons with clinical signs of illness inside the vaccination zone and adjacent areas were euthanatized and submitted for rabies testing. Results-The percentage of vaccinated raccoons differed significantly among the following 3 areas with various bait densities: high-density area with uniform bait distribution (103 bails/km(2) [267 baits/mi(2)]) = 37%; low-density area with additional targeted bait distribution (93 bails/km(2) [240 baits/mi(2)]) = 67%; and, high-density area with additional targeted bait distribution (135 baits/km(2) [350 baits/mi(2)]) = 77%. Nineteen animals with rabies (15 raccoons, 3 skunks, 1 cat) were reported in the area just outside of the vaccination zone, but only 1 raccoon with rabies was reported from inside the vaccination zone. Clinical Implications-In this suburban study area, an approximate vaccination rate of 63% was sufficient to halt the spread of rabies in free-ranging raccoons. Compared with uniform bait distribution, targeting raccoon habitats increased vaccination rates. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biomed Sci, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. Hyla Ecol Serv, Concord, MA 01742 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Travelers Hlth & Immunizat Serv, Newton, MA 02165 USA. Barnstable Cty Dept Hlth & Environm, Barnstable, MA 02630 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis Control, Boston, MA 02130 USA. RP Rowell, S (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biomed Sci, 200 Westboro Rd, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. NR 18 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 10 BP 1407 EP 1412 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 139GZ UT WOS:000077021300008 PM 9828930 ER PT J AU McGuill, MW Kreindel, SM DeMaria, A Robbins, AH Rowell, S Hanlon, CA Rupprecht, CE AF McGuill, MW Kreindel, SM DeMaria, A Robbins, AH Rowell, S Hanlon, CA Rupprecht, CE TI Human contact with bait containing vaccine for control of rabies in wildlife SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RECOMBINANT VIRUS-VACCINE; RACCOONS PROCYON-LOTOR; ORAL VACCINATION; PROGRAM AB Objective-To document the number of human contacts with bait containing liquid vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine, to evaluate factors that might affect human contact with bail-vaccine units, and to summarize adverse reactions in people after contact with vaccine. Design-Retrospective 4-year survey of directors of 6 oral rabies vaccination programs. Sample Population-Human residents in areas of vaccination programs. Procedure-Data were collected from report forms and telephone conversations with directors of oral rabies vaccination programs in Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Texas, and New York. Data collected included information regarding human contact with bail and vaccine, sex and age of person involved in contact, human population density, bait density, type of labeling used on bail, and other factors. Results-Human contact with bait was more likely in areas where bait had while labels (vs lettering in black ink) and in areas with high human population densities. Directors of all programs reported that human contact with bait-vaccine units was minimal. Adverse reactions in exposed people were not reported. On the basis of these findings, concerns about V-RG vaccine posing a substantial public health risk remain unfounded. Clinical Implications-Directors of oral rabies vaccination programs should systematically collect information about exposures and potential factors affecting exposure of people to bait-vaccine units. People with substantial exposure to V-RG vaccine should be evaluated for immune status and any resulting symptoms should be documented and monitored. C1 Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis Control, Boston, MA 02130 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biomed Sci, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McGuill, MW (reprint author), Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis Control, 305 South St, Boston, MA 02130 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 10 BP 1413 EP 1417 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 139GZ UT WOS:000077021300009 PM 9828931 ER PT J AU Rothenberg, RB Scarlett, M del Rio, C Reznik, D O'Daniels, C AF Rothenberg, RB Scarlett, M del Rio, C Reznik, D O'Daniels, C TI Oral transmission of HIV SO AIDS LA English DT Review DE HIV; oral transmission; oral conditions ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; FRANCISCO MENS HEALTH; HOMOSEXUAL BISEXUAL MEN; TO-FEMALE TRANSMISSION; RISK-FACTORS; SAN-FRANCISCO; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; HTLV-III; HETEROSEXUAL PARTNERS; HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rothenberg, RB (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, 69 Butler St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RI del Rio, Carlos/B-3763-2012 OI del Rio, Carlos/0000-0002-0153-3517 NR 125 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD NOV 12 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 16 BP 2095 EP 2105 DI 10.1097/00002030-199816000-00004 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 137FY UT WOS:000076905100004 PM 9833850 ER PT J AU Palanuvej, T Kilmarx, PH Limpakarnjanarat, K Chitvarakorn, A Mastro, TD St Louis, ME AF Palanuvej, T Kilmarx, PH Limpakarnjanarat, K Chitvarakorn, A Mastro, TD St Louis, ME TI Lack of demonstrable association between use of a cervicovaginal mucosal irritant and HIV infection in female commercial sex workers in Thailand SO AIDS LA English DT Letter C1 Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Communicable Dis Control, Venereal Dis Div, Bangkok, Thailand. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Palanuvej, T (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Communicable Dis Control, Venereal Dis Div, Bangkok, Thailand. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD NOV 12 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 16 BP 2230 EP 2231 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 137FY UT WOS:000076905100022 PM 9833868 ER PT J AU Paulozzi, L AF Paulozzi, L TI Effects of age of diagnosis and latency on the correlation of testicular cancer incidence with fat consumption SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Paulozzi, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PD NOV 9 PY 1998 VL 78 IS 4 BP 527 EP 528 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19981109)78:4<527::AID-IJC22>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 2 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 131TC UT WOS:000076590500022 PM 9797145 ER PT J AU Khan, LK Li, RW Gootnick, D AF Khan, LK Li, RW Gootnick, D CA Peace Corps Thyroid Investigation Grp TI Thyroid abnormalities related to iodine excess from water purification units SO LANCET LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Peace Corps, Off Med Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Khan, LK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD NOV 7 PY 1998 VL 352 IS 9139 BP 1519 EP 1519 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)00058-0 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 136ME UT WOS:000076862300012 PM 9820302 ER PT J AU Davis, B AF Davis, B CA CDC TI Outbreak of acute febrile illness among athletes participating in triathlons - Wisconsin and Illinois, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR vol 47, pg 585-588, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID LEPTOSPIROSIS C1 Springfield Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62703 USA. City Madison Hlth Dept, Madison, WI USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Illinois Outbreak Invest Team, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Council State & Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Wisconsin Div Hlth, Wisconsin Outbreak Invest Team, Madison, WI USA. RP Davis, B (reprint author), Springfield Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62703 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 4 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 17 BP 1473 EP 1474 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 134RR UT WOS:000076757200005 ER PT J CA CDC TI Update: Leptospirosis and unexplained acute febrile illness among athletes participating in triathlons - Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR vol 47, pg 673-676, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID OUTBREAK C1 CDC, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Springfield Dept Hlth, Illinois Outbreak Invest Team, Springfield, IL 62703 USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Council State & Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, USDA, Washington, DC 20002 USA. Wisconsin Div Hlth, Wisconsin Outbreak Invest Team, Madison, WI USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 4 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 17 BP 1474 EP 1475 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 134RR UT WOS:000076757200006 ER PT J AU Lobel, HO Coyne, PE Rosenthal, PJ AF Lobel, HO Coyne, PE Rosenthal, PJ TI Drug overdoses with antimalarial agents: Prescribing and dispensing errors SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Lobel, HO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 4 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 17 BP 1483 EP 1483 DI 10.1001/jama.280.17.1483 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 134RR UT WOS:000076757200018 PM 9809726 ER PT J AU Cook, KA Dobbs, TE Hlady, G Wells, JG Barrett, TJ Puhr, ND Lancette, GA Bodager, DW Toth, BL Genese, CA Highsmith, AK Pilot, KE Finelli, L Swerdlow, DL AF Cook, KA Dobbs, TE Hlady, G Wells, JG Barrett, TJ Puhr, ND Lancette, GA Bodager, DW Toth, BL Genese, CA Highsmith, AK Pilot, KE Finelli, L Swerdlow, DL TI Outbreak of Salmonella serotype hartford infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; PRESSED APPLE CIDER; ODDS RATIO; FRESH AB Context.-Acidic foods such as orange juice have been thought to be unlikely vehicles of foodborne illness. Objective.-To investigate an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Hartford (Salmonella Hartford) infections among persons visiting a theme park in Orlando, Fla, in 1995, Design.-Review of surveillance data, matched case-control study, laboratory investigation, and environmental studies. Setting.-General community, Participants.-The surveillance case definition was Salmonella Harfford or Salmonella serogroup C-1 infection in a resident of or a visitor to Orlando in May or June 1995. In the case-control study, case patients were limited to theme park hotel visitors and controls were matched to case patients by age group and hotel check-in date. Main Outcome Measures.-Risk factors for infection and source of implicated food. Results.-Sixty-two case patients from 21 states were identified, Both Salmonella Harfford and Salmonella enterica serotype Gaminara (Salmonella Gaminara) were isolated from stool samples of 1 ill person. Thirty-two case patients and 83 controls were enrolled in the case-control study, Ninety-seven percent of case patients had drunk orange juice in the theme park vs 54% of controls (matched odds ratio, undefined; 95% confidence interval, 5.2 to undefined). The orange juice was unpasteurized and locally produced. Salmonella Gaminara was isolated from 10 of 12 containers of orange juice produced during May and July, indicating ongoing contamination of juice probably because of inadequately sanitized processing equipment. Conclusions.-Unpasteurized orange juice caused an outbreak of salmonellosis in a large Florida theme park. All orange juice was recalled and the processing plant closed, Pasteurization or other equally effective risk-management strategies should be used in the production of all juices. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, SE Reg Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Orange Cty Publ Hlth Unit, Orlando, FL USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. RP Cook, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS A38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 38 TC 100 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 4 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 17 BP 1504 EP 1509 DI 10.1001/jama.280.17.1504 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 134RR UT WOS:000076757200024 PM 9809731 ER PT J AU De Cock, KM AF De Cock, KM TI Public health implications of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) SO AIDS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD NOV PY 1998 VL 12 SU 4 MA KL12 BP S1 EP S1 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 144JP UT WOS:000077311300003 ER PT J AU McNicholl, JM Bond, KB Ruhadze, ER Olsen, MR Takayama, K Hunter, RL AF McNicholl, JM Bond, KB Ruhadze, ER Olsen, MR Takayama, K Hunter, RL TI Enhancement of HIV type 1 vaccine immunogenicity by block copolymer adjuvants. I. Induction of high-titer, long-lasting, cross-reactive antibodies of broad isotype SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; MHC CLASS-I; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; SUBUNIT VACCINES; SAPONIN ADJUVANT; PEPTIDE VACCINE; GUINEA-PIGS; ANTIGEN; GP120 AB Improvements in HIV-1 vaccines are urgently needed since many of the available vaccines are weak immunogens, We examined the ability of CRL1005, a novel nonionic block copolymer adjuvant, to improve the immunogenicity of multiple HIV-1 envelope vaccines: six gp120s and single and multiple V3 peptides (MAPs), Formulation of vaccine with adjuvant, as compared with alum or saline, enhanced antibody titer in mice up to 200-fold, with antibody half-lives of >200 days. For most vaccinations, an oil-in-water formulation induced the highest antibody titers; for some antigens, however, particularly single peptides, water-in-oil (w/o) was better. Antigen cross-reactivity was optimized by formulation in w/o, while addition of detoxified lipopolysaccharide enhanced levels of IgG(2a) and IgG(2b), After more than 1 year of observation, no vaccine-related toxicity was observed and emulsified antigen in encapsulated depots was found at immunization sites of w/o-immunized animals, No other adjuvant has been reported to induce such long-lasting antibodies, and the ability of CRL1005 to greatly amplify and qualitatively modify antibody responses suggests that it may be useful in developing improved HIV vaccines for humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, DASLTR, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP McNicholl, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, DASLTR, NCID, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [U01-AI33231-01] NR 72 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 14 IS 16 BP 1457 EP 1471 DI 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1457 PG 15 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 137VA UT WOS:000076936100008 PM 9824324 ER PT J AU Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ AF Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ TI Field performance measurements of half-facepiece respirators: Steel mill operations SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE assigned protection factor; dust exposures; half-facepiece respirators; in-facepiece sampling; workplace protection factors AB Ambient and in-facepiece samples to evaluate the protection provided by negative-pressure, half-facepiece respirators were collected on workers in different areas of a steel mill including a sinter plant and a basic oxygen process shop. Protection was assessed by workplace protection factors (WPF). All the in-facepiece concentrations were dramatically less than the corresponding ambient concentration levels or permissible exposure limits. The geometric mean (GM) ambient and in-facepiece concentrations of iron were found to vary among tasks. Significant differences were also found to occur between the GM ambient exposure levels in which some of the respirators were used. Significant differences in respirator performance as measured by WPF or in-facepiece iron concentration were observed among different brands of respirators. For all job classifications and at all levels of airborne exposure, the fifth percentile estimates for the WPF distributions for each brand of respirator were all greater than 20. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Ind & Management Syst Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Myers, WR (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Ind & Management Syst Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RI Zhuang, Ziqing/K-5462-2012 NR 6 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 11 BP 789 EP 795 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 142EG UT WOS:000077186500008 PM 9830087 ER PT J AU Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ AF Myers, WR Zhuang, ZQ TI Field performance measurements of half-facepiece respirators: Developing probability estimates to evaluate the adequacy of an APF of 10 SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE assigned protection factor; dust exposures; half-facepiece respirators; in-facepiece sampling; workplace protection factors ID PROTECTION FACTORS; MASK RESPIRATORS; OPERATIONS AB To evaluate the protection provided by negative-pressure, half-facepiece respirators, ambient and in-facepiece samples were collected on workers in foundry, aircraft-painting, and steel-manufacturing operations. Protection was assessed by workplace protection factors (WPF). The appropriateness of the assigned protection factor (APF) for half-facepiece respirators was evaluated with a new approach using the WPF data from these and other studies previously published. The new approach utilizes binomial statistics based on the number of successes (no overexposure) and failures (overexposure) and is illustrated with a graphical representation of WPF data. With this consideration of the data, the probability of overexposure occurring during a wearing period for workers wearing the half-facepiece respirators represented by the studies referenced here was 0.5%, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.01 to 2.7%. If 50% in-facepiece sampling errors are considered, the probability of overexposure was 2.9%, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.1 to 6.3%. The authors believe the current APF of 10 for half-facepiece respirators is appropriate. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Ind & Management Syst Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Myers, WR (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Ind & Management Syst Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RI Zhuang, Ziqing/K-5462-2012 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 11 BP 796 EP 801 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1998)059<0796:FPMOHR>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 142EG UT WOS:000077186500009 PM 9830088 ER PT J AU Esche, CA Groff, JH AF Esche, CA Groff, JH TI Proficiency analytical testing (PAT) Program - February 28, 1998 SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv,CDCP,Div Phys Sci & Engn, Qual Assurance & Stat Activ,Robert A Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45225 USA. RP Esche, CA (reprint author), NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv,CDCP,Div Phys Sci & Engn, Qual Assurance & Stat Activ,Robert A Taft Labs, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS-R8, Cincinnati, OH 45225 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 11 BP 821 EP 822 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 142EG UT WOS:000077186500011 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Tolbert, PE Coates, R Brann, EA Kjeldsberg, CR AF Freedman, DS Tolbert, PE Coates, R Brann, EA Kjeldsberg, CR TI Relation of cigarette smoking to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among middle-aged men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE case-control studies; lymphoma; non-Hodgkin's; men; smoking ID WORKING FORMULATION; MULTIPLE-MYELOMA; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; RISK; TOBACCO; CANCER; DISEASES; SMOKERS; ALCOHOL AB Because of previous inconsistencies in the observed relation of cigarette smoking to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, this association was investigated in the Selected Cancers Study, a population-based case-control study of 1,193 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases and 1,903 controls, conducted between 1984 and 1988. Study subjects were men, and the median age of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases was 50 years (range, 32-60 years). As compared with the risk among men who had never smoked cigarettes, the risk among ever smokers was not increased (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, p similar to 0.50), but the risk was significantly elevated among men who reported smoking greater than or equal to 21/2 packs per day and among men who had smoked for 30-39 years (OR = 1.45 in each group, p < 0.05), The estimated odds ratio among the 350 heavy smokers (greater than or equal to 50 pack-years) was 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.85) after controlling for educational achievement, various occupational and medical exposures, and other potential confounders. The observed associations, however, tended to vary by age, with the odds ratio among heavy smokers decreasing from 2.8 among 32- to 44-year-olds to 1.1 among men over 55 years of age. These age-related differences, which may account for some of the inconsistencies seen in previous studies of cigarette smoking and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, should be considered in future investigations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Utah, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-26,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Tolbert, Paige/A-5676-2015 NR 42 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 9 BP 833 EP 841 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 132MR UT WOS:000076634300003 PM 9801013 ER PT J AU Simon, JA Fong, J Bernert, JT Browner, WS AF Simon, JA Fong, J Bernert, JT Browner, WS CA MRFIT Res Grp TI Serum fatty acids and the risk of fatal cancer SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; fatty acids; neoplasms ID CHOLESTEROL ESTERS AB To examine the relation between serum fatty acids and cancer, the authors conducted a nested case-control study of 108 middle-aged men who died of cancer and 215 men without cancer, who were enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) between 1973 and 1976, Control subjects were matched to case subjects on age, smoking status, treatment assignment, date of randomization, and clinical center. After confirming the stability of the stored serum samples, the authors measured serum fatty acid levels by gas-liquid chromatography and analyzed their association with cancer. In stepwise logistic regression analyses that controlled for the MRFIT selection criteria variables and for alcohol consumption, no fatty acid was significantly associated with overall risk of cancer death tall p > 0.05). Serum levels of phospholipid dihomogammalinolenic acid (20:3), an essential fatty acid, were inversely associated with the risk of dying from lung cancer; a standard deviation increase was associated with a 32% decrease in risk (p = 0.05). Dietary cholesterol intake was associated with the risk of nonlung, non-digestive tract cancers; a standard deviation increase (331 mg/day) was associated with a 75% increase in risk (p = 0.02). The authors found no evidence to suggest that increased dietary intake or serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of fatal cancer among middle-aged men at high risk for coronary heart disease, The clinical significance of the inverse association between dihomogammalinolenic acid and lung cancer death is uncertain and requires confirmation. C1 Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Gen Internal Med Sect 111A1, Med Serv, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Program Clin Epidemiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Clin Biochem Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Simon, JA (reprint author), Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Gen Internal Med Sect 111A1, Med Serv, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 43232, HL 32338] NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 9 BP 854 EP 858 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 132MR UT WOS:000076634300005 PM 9801015 ER PT J AU Sun, FZ Flanders, WD Yang, QH Khoury, MJ AF Sun, FZ Flanders, WD Yang, QH Khoury, MJ TI A new method for estimating the risk ratio in studies using case-parental control design SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE case-control studies; gene frequency; genes; genetic markers; genetics; odds ratio; risk ID HAPLOTYPE-RELATIVE-RISK; CANDIDATE-GENE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE; HRR AB The authors describe a new simple noniterative, yet efficient method to estimate the risk ratio in studies using case-parental control design. The new method is compared with two other noniterative methods, Khoury's method and Flanders and Khoury's method, and with a maximum likelihood-based method of Schaid and Sommer. The authors found that the variance of the new estimation method is usually smaller than that of Khoury's method or Flanders and Khoury's method and that it is slightly larger than that of the maximum likelihood-based method of Schaid and Sommer. Despite the slightly large variance of the new estimator compared with that of the maximum likelihood-based method, the simplicity of the new estimator and its variance makes the new method appealing. When genotypic information for only one parent is available, the authors also describe a method to estimate the risk ratio without assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or random mating. A simple formula for the variance of the estimator is given. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sun, FZ (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 1462 Clifton Rd,4th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Sun, Fengzhu /G-4373-2010 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R29-DK53392] NR 8 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 9 BP 902 EP 909 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 132MR UT WOS:000076634300011 PM 9801021 ER PT J AU Eriksen, MP Gottlieb, NH AF Eriksen, MP Gottlieb, NH TI A review of the health impact of smoking control at the workplace SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Review DE smoking cessation programs; tobacco policy; worksite health promotion; review ID CESSATION INCENTIVE PROGRAM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; NICOTINE CHEWING GUM; WORKSITE SMOKING; CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION; EMPLOYEE SMOKING; CHEMICAL EMPLOYEES; SOCIAL SUPPORT; TOTAL BAN; INTERVENTION AB Purpose. To summarize and provide a critical review of worksite health promotion program evaluations published between 1968 and 1994 that addressed the health impact of worksite smoking cessation programs and smoking policies. Methods. A comprehensive literature search conducted under the auspices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified 53 smoking cessation program evaluation reports, of which 41 covered worksite single-topic cessation programs. Nine additional reports were located through manual search of citations from published reports and reviews. These 50 reports covered 52 original data-based studies of cessation programs. The search produced 19 reports for tobacco policy evaluations, of which 12 addressed health impact. An additional 17 reports were located by the authors. These 29 reports covered 29 studies of policy impact. Summary of important Findings. Smoking cessation group programs were found to be more effective than minimal treatment programs, although less intensive treatment, when combined with high participation rates, can influence the total population. Tobacco policies were found to reduce cigarette consumption at work and worksite environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. Conclusions. The literature is rated suggestive for group and incentive interventions; indicative for minimal interventions, competitions, and medical interventions; and acceptable for the testing of incremental effects. Because of the lack of experimental control, the smoking policy literature is rated as weak, although there is strong consistency in results for reduced cigarette consumption and decreased exposure to ETS at work. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Kinesiol & Hlth Educ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gottlieb, NH (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Kinesiol & Hlth Educ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NR 102 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 83 EP 104 PG 22 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 138RL UT WOS:000076986400004 PM 10346662 ER PT J AU Skov, T Steenland, K Deddens, J AF Skov, T Steenland, K Deddens, J TI Effect of age and height on vibrotactile threshold among 1,663 US workers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE vibrotactile; vibration threshold; neuropathy; Vibratron II; age ID PERIPHERAL-NERVE FUNCTION; CARPAL-TUNNEL SYNDROME; VIBRATION SENSITIVITY; NEUROPATHY; RELIABILITY; VIBROMETRY; POPULATION AB Assessment of vibrotactile threshold has gained application in studies of neuropathies induced by toxic substances, compression, and vibration. The effect of age and height on vibrotactile threshold is of interest for its own sake and for the purpose of confounder control. We have studied the relation between finger and toe vibrotactile thresholds and age and height in five studies carried out by the National institute for Occupational Safety and Health with vibrometry data (N = 1,663). A unique property of the merged data set was its wide age range front 14 to 82 years (mean 42 years). We demonstrate a J-shaped increase in finger threshold value (expressed on a log scale) with age, with no increase up to age 35 and a linear increase thereafter For finger threshold, height was not an important predictor The data were sparser (n = 541) for toe threshold but suggested a linear increase with both age and height. While consistent with prior data, this study provides a better understanding of the relation between vibrotactile threshold and age and height than has been available before. The greater effect of age and height on toe rather than finger threshold is consistent with the hypothesis that the length of the nerve increases susceptibility to peripheral neuropathy. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Natl Inst Occupat Hlth, Kobenhavn, Denmark. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 438 EP 444 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199811)34:5<438::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-M PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 125GE UT WOS:000076228400004 PM 9787847 ER PT J AU Weltermann, BM Hodgson, M Storey, E DeGraff, AC Bracker, A Groseclose, S Cole, SR Cartter, M Phillips, D AF Weltermann, BM Hodgson, M Storey, E DeGraff, AC Bracker, A Groseclose, S Cole, SR Cartter, M Phillips, D TI Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A sentinel event investigation in a wet building SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hypersensitivity pneumonitis; indoor air quality; moisture ID OFFICE WORKERS; HEALTH; RECOGNITION; OUTBREAK; DAMPNESS; CHILDREN; MOLDS AB Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) as a sentinel event implies a remediable exposure and an exposed cohort that require evaluation. A patient with HP convincingly related to her building led to a questionnaire survey in follow-up. Building coworkers demonstrated substantially higher symptom rates than did controls in five other buildings, although no further cases of disease were identified. It is likely that moisture sources in the building included an oversized cooling system and below-grade moisture, but the building met all applicable regulations and standards. Screening investigations for disease are not mandated by law and are often not conducted, in part because cost coverage is unclear The absence of regulatory or professional standards that adequately address moisture in the built environment forces occupational health professionals to rely on disease documentation strategies to justify intervention. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Med, Div Occupat & Environm Med, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Muenster, Dept Neurol, Muenster, Germany. Hartford Hosp, Dept Pulm, Hartford, CT 06115 USA. Hartford Hosp, Dept Pathol, Hartford, CT 06115 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. CDC, NCID, STD Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hodgson, M (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Med, Div Occupat & Environm Med, MC 6210, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 499 EP 505 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199811)34:5<499::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-X PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 125GE UT WOS:000076228400012 PM 9787855 ER PT J AU Axtell, CD Ward, EM McCabe, GP Schulte, PA Stern, FB Glickman, LT AF Axtell, CD Ward, EM McCabe, GP Schulte, PA Stern, FB Glickman, LT TI Underlying and multiple cause mortality in a cohort of workers exposed to aromatic amines SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE bladder cancer; mortality; cohort; multiple cause of death data; aromatic amines ID TABLE ANALYSIS SYSTEM; SAFETY-AND-HEALTH; BLADDER-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE; RISK ASSESSMENT; NOTIFICATION; INSTITUTE AB Background The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has previously conducted studies of bladder cancer incidence and mortality at a synthetic dye plant that manufactured beta-naphthylamine front 1940 through 1979. This report extends the period of mortality follow-up 13 years and analysis both underlying and nonunderlying causes of death. Methods The vital status of each cohort member; as of December 31, 1992, was determined by using the national Death Index and information from the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Postal Service The NIOSH life table analysis system (LTAS) was used to generate person-years-at-risk and the expected numbers of death for 92 categories of death, using several referent rates (U.S. underlying, Georgia underlying, U.S. multiple cause). Results There were three bladder cancer deaths listed as underlying cause, yielding a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) based on U.S. rates of 2.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5, 7.0) and a total of eight bladder cancers listed anywhere on the death certificates (SMR based on multiple cause referent rates = 5.6; 95% CI = 2.4, 11.1). Mortality from esophageal cancer which had been significantly, elevated in the previous study, was no longer significantly elevated (SMR = 2.0; 95% CI = 0.8, 4.1). Mortality from all causes was significantly higher than expected (SMR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.3, 1.6). Conclusions The elevated bladder cancer risk in this cohort was detected by the multiple cause, bur not the underlying cause, analysis. Elevated mortality from other causes of death, especially among short-term workers, may be related to regional and lifestyle factors. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 Univ New Mexico, Ctr Hlth Promot & Dis Prevent, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NIOSH, Ind Wide Studies Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Stat, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NIOSH, Educ & Informat Div, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Axtell, CD (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Ctr Hlth Promot & Dis Prevent, 2701 Frontier NE,Surge Bldg,Room 251, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 506 EP 511 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199811)34:5<506::AID-AJIM12>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 125GE UT WOS:000076228400013 PM 9787856 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Spaeth, S Cassinelli, R Laber, P Chang, LH Koch, K AF Steenland, K Spaeth, S Cassinelli, R Laber, P Chang, LH Koch, K TI NIOSH life table program for personal computers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE life table analysis; cohort; mortality ID SAFETY-AND-HEALTH; INSTITUTE C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 2 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 517 EP 518 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199811)34:5<517::AID-AJIM14>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 125GE UT WOS:000076228400015 PM 9787858 ER PT J AU Jochimsen, EM Frenette, C Delorme, M Arduino, M Aguero, S Carson, L Ismail, J Lapierre, S Czyziw, E Tokars, JI Jarvis, WR AF Jochimsen, EM Frenette, C Delorme, M Arduino, M Aguero, S Carson, L Ismail, J Lapierre, S Czyziw, E Tokars, JI Jarvis, WR TI A cluster of bloodstream infections and pyrogenic reactions among hemodialysis patients traced to dialysis machine waste-handling option units SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Enterobacter cloacae; bacteremia; hemodialysis; disease outbreaks; equipment contamination; disinfection; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTEREMIA; OUTBREAK; REUSE AB From June 17 through November 15, 1995, ten episodes of Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection and three pyrogenic reactions occurred in patients at a hospital-based hemodialysis center. In a case-control study limited to events occurring during October 1-31, 1995, seven dialysis sessions resulting in E. cloacae bacteremia or pyrogenic reaction without bacteremia were compared with 241 randomly selected control sessions. Dialysis machines were examined, dialysis fluid and equipment were cultured, and E. cloacae isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Each dialysis machine had a waste-handling option (WHO) through which dialyzer-priming fluid was discarded before each dialysis session; in 7 of 11 machines, one-way check valves designed to prevent backflow from the WHO into patient bloodlines were dysfunctional. In the case-control study, case sessions were more frequent when machines with greater than or equal to 1 dysfunctional check valves were used. E. cloacae with identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were isolated from case patients, dialysis fluid, station drains, and WHO units. Our investigation shows that bloodstream infections and pyrogenic reactions were caused by backflow from contaminated dialysis machine WHO units into patient bloodlines. The outbreak was terminated when WHO use was discontinued, check valves were replaced, and dialysis machine disinfection was enhanced. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hop Charles LeMoyne, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Lab Sante Publ Quebec, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Bur Communicable Dis Epidemiol, Field Epidemiol Training Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Jochimsen, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0250-8095 J9 AM J NEPHROL JI Am. J. Nephrol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6 BP 485 EP 489 DI 10.1159/000013392 PG 5 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 150TC UT WOS:000077680500003 PM 9845821 ER PT J AU Marcus, BH Owen, N Forsyth, LH Cavill, NA Fridinger, F AF Marcus, BH Owen, N Forsyth, LH Cavill, NA Fridinger, F TI Physical activity interventions using mass media, print media, and information technology SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE exercise; physical fitness; intervention studies; mass media; pamphlets; telecommunications; information science ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE PREVENTION; STANFORD 5-CITY PROJECT; HEART HEALTH-PROGRAM; MIDDLE-AGED MEN; EXERCISE BEHAVIOR; PUBLIC-HEALTH; CONTROLLED TRIAL; COMMUNITY; WOMEN; PROMOTION AB Introduction: Media-based physical activity interventions include a variety of print, graphic, audiovisual, and broadcast media programs intended to influence behavior change. New information technology allows print to be delivered in personalized, interactive formats that may enhance efficacy. Media-based interventions have been shaped by conceptual models from health education, Social Cognitive Theory, the Transtheoretical Model, and Social Marketing frameworks. Methods: We reviewed 28 studies of media-based interventions of which seven were mass media campaigns at the state or national level and the remaining 21 were delivered through health care, the workplace, or in the community. Results: Recall of mass-media messages generally tvas high, but: mass-media campaigns had very little impact on physical activity behavior. Interventions using print and/or telephone were effective in changing behavior in the short term. Studies in which there were more contacts and interventions tailored to the target audience were most effective. Conclusion: A key issue for research on media-based physical activity interventions is reaching socially disadvantaged groups for whom access, particularly to new forms of communication technology, may be limited. There is a clear need for controlled trials comparing different forms and intensities of media-based physical activity interventions. Controlled studies of personalized print, interactive computer-mediated programs, and web-based formats for program delivery also are needed. The integration of media-based methods into public and private sector service delivery has much potential for innovation. C1 Brown Univ, Sch Med, Miriam Hosp, Ctr Behav & Prevent Med, Providence, RI 02906 USA. Deakin Univ, Dept Human Movement Sci, Geelong, Vic 3125, Australia. Hlth Educ Author, London, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Marcus, BH (reprint author), Brown Univ, Sch Med, Miriam Hosp, Ctr Behav & Prevent Med, 164 Summit Ave, Providence, RI 02906 USA. RI Owen, Neville/F-8329-2010; Owen, Neville/K-5986-2012; OI Owen, Neville/0000-0003-2784-4820 NR 68 TC 172 Z9 175 U1 6 U2 63 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 362 EP 378 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00079-8 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 138QC UT WOS:000076982900008 PM 9838978 ER PT J AU Sallis, JF Bauman, A Pratt, M AF Sallis, JF Bauman, A Pratt, M TI Environmental and policy - Interventions to promote physical activity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE social environment; social policy; policy; community intervention studies; social behavior ID HEALTH-PROMOTION; VIGOROUS EXERCISE; PREVENTION; CHILDREN; PATTERNS; PROGRAMS; BEHAVIOR; AMERICAN; DISEASE; FITNESS AB Introduction: Because most adults in industrialized countries do not meet physical activity guidelines, population-wide interventions are needed. Environmental and policy interventions are based on ecological models of behavior and have the potential to influence entire populations. Ecological models are particularly applicable to physical activity because the behavior must be done in specific physical settings. Cross-sectional data indicate that environmental and policy variables are associated with physical activity behaviors of young people and adults. Method: Seven published evaluations of environmental and policy interventions to increase physical activity were reviewed. Results: Two studies showed that placing signs encouraging stair use can be effective. Quasi-experimental evaluations provided limited evidence that broad environmental changes can be effective. Large-scale policy interventions are currently being conducted in several countries. Proposed Model: A model describing the development of policy and environmental interventions is proposed, in the hope of stimulating more research in this area. Advocacy or planning groups identify and work with agencies that control policies and environments that can be altered to increase physical activity. Educational and policy/environmental interventions are seen as complementary. Conclusion: Lack of conceptual models and the inherent difficulties of evaluation have hampered research on environmental and policy interventions. Further research is needed, and practitioners and researchers should work together to evaluate programs. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. Univ New S Wales, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sallis, JF (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, 6363 Alvarado Court 103, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. NR 73 TC 569 Z9 577 U1 11 U2 80 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 379 EP 397 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00076-2 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 138QC UT WOS:000076982900009 PM 9838979 ER PT J AU Chu, MC Dong, XQ Zhou, X Garon, CF AF Chu, MC Dong, XQ Zhou, X Garon, CF TI A cryptic 19-kilobase plasmid associated with US isolates of Yersinia pestis: A dimer of the 9.5-kilobase plasmid SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID VIRULENCE-ASSOCIATED FACTORS; CATASTROPHE HYPOTHESIS; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; PLAGUE AB Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, carries three prototypic plasmids with sizes of 110 kb (pFra, pTox), 70 kb (pLcr, pVW, pCad), and 9.5 kb (pPla, pPst). Studies suggest that geographic isolates of Y. pestis may be differentiated by plasmid profiles. Yersinia pestis isolated from the western United States harbor an additional plasmid, estimated to be approximately 19 kb in size. This cryptic plasmid was characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion, amplification and sequencing of the plasminogen activator gene segment, Southern blotting, and visualized by electron microscopy. Results revealed that this cryptic plasmid is a supercoiled DNA plasmid, 18.85 +/- 0.59 (mean +/- SD) kb in length, and is a dimer of the 9.5-kb plasmid. The genetic reason for the appearance of this form of the 9.5-kb plasmid in Y. pestis from Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas is under study. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Yunnan Prov Inst Epidem Dis Control & Res, Dali, Yunnan, Peoples R China. Chinese Base Control & Treatment Plague & Brucell, Baicheng, Jilin, Peoples R China. NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. RP Chu, MC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 5 BP 679 EP 686 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 141JL UT WOS:000077140000004 PM 9840581 ER PT J AU Glass, GE Livingstone, W Mills, JN Hlady, WG Fine, JB Biggler, W Coke, T Frazier, D Atherley, S Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Childs, JE AF Glass, GE Livingstone, W Mills, JN Hlady, WG Fine, JB Biggler, W Coke, T Frazier, D Atherley, S Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Childs, JE TI Black Creek Canal Virus infection in Sigmodon hispidus in southern Florida SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; COMMUNITIES; ASSOCIATION; BALTIMORE; ILLNESS AB A total of 1,500 small mammals were collected and tested for antibodies cross-reactive to Sin Nombre virus (Hantavirus: Bunyaviridae) at 89 sites in a 1,600 km: study area of southern Florida. More than 95% of the 123 seropositive animals were cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), suggesting infection by Black Creek Canal Virus, although seroreactive Rattus rattus (5 of 294) and Peromyscus gossypinus (1 of 39) also were captured. Crude seroprevalence in S. hispidus was 11%. Seroprevalence increased with body size and was more common in male (18%; n = 451) than in female (6%; n = 593) cotton Fats. Infection within S. hispidus populations was widespread throughout the study area. Prevalence ranged from 0% to 60% at sites where more than five cotton rats were sampled but was not only a function of sample size. Sites with seropositive cotton rats were geographically clustered compared with sites with no seropositive cotton rats. Clustering was not due to the spatial distribution of sites with few animals, season of collection, or sex bias of animals captured at these sires. However, sites with no seropositive animals had an excess of animals in the intermediate size class (60-99 g) and a deficit of the largest and smallest animals. These data suggest that population structure within the habitat mosaic may play a significant role in the spatial distribution of hantavirus infection in local populations of reservoir species. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Florida Dept Hlth & Rehabil Serv, Miami, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Glass, GE (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HIQ/CCG408954-01] NR 26 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 EI 1476-1645 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 5 BP 699 EP 703 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 141JL UT WOS:000077140000007 PM 9840584 ER PT J AU Kuno, G Cropp, CB Wong-Lee, J Gubler, DJ AF Kuno, G Cropp, CB Wong-Lee, J Gubler, DJ TI Evaluation of an IgM immunoblot kit for dengue diagnosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ANTIBODY CAPTURE ELISA; MULTICENTER EVALUATION; JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; VIRUS-INFECTIONS; HIV-1 PCR; SURVEILLANCE; SPECIMENS AB A commercial IgM immunoblot kit was evaluated for dengue diagnosis with a panel of serum specimens collected from patients in a dengue endemic area. The kit is not recommended for use in its present form because of its undesirable rate of false-positive results. However, by substituting internal controls with the reference positive and negative controls that are more representative of those seen in endemic areas and by modifying the positive and negative scoring criteria, sensitivity and specificity of 80.3% and 94.5%, respectively, were obtained. These results are comparable with those obtained with the IgM ELISA on specimens, most of which were obtained from outpatient health care facilities. With further technical modifications, inclusion of a visual guide to ensure scoring standardization, and a more complete elaboration of the limitations of the test, wide application of the kit in diagnostic laboratories should be possible. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Genelabs Technol Inc, Redwood City, CA USA. RP Kuno, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 5 BP 757 EP 762 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 141JL UT WOS:000077140000016 PM 9840593 ER PT J AU Parise, ME Ayisi, JG Nahlen, BL Schultz, LJ Roberts, JM Misore, A Muga, R Oloo, AJ Steketee, RW AF Parise, ME Ayisi, JG Nahlen, BL Schultz, LJ Roberts, JM Misore, A Muga, R Oloo, AJ Steketee, RW TI Efficacy of sulfadoxlne-pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in an area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; INFANT-MORTALITY; PREGNANT-WOMEN; WESTERN KENYA; RURAL MALAWI; CHLOROQUINE; AFRICA; NEWBORN; PROPHYLAXIS AB A fever case management (CM) approach using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was compared with two presumptive intertmittent SP treatment regimens in the second and third trimesters in pregnant primigravidae and secundigravidae in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in western Kenya. The investigation evaluated efficacy of the antimalarial regimens for prevention of placental malaria and examined the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on antimalarial drug efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Twenty seven percent (93 of 343) of pregnant women in the CM group had placental malaria compared with 12% (38 of 330; P < 0.001) of women who received two doses of SP and compared with 9% (28 of 316; P < 0.001) of women who received monthly SP. Fourteen percent (49 of 341) of women in the CM group delivered low birth weight (LBW) infants compared with 8% (27 of 325; P = 0.118) of women who received two doses of SP and compared with 8% (26 of 331; P = 0.078) of women who received monthly SP. Seven percent (7 of 99) of the HIV-negative women on the two-dose SP regimen had placental malaria compared with 25% (10 of 39; P = 0.007) of HIV-positive women on the same regimen; the rate of placental malaria in HIV-positive women was reduced to 7% (2 of 28; P = 0.051) for women on the monthly SP regimen. Less than 2% of women reported adverse drug reactions, with no statistically significant differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Intermittent treatment with SP is safe and efficacious for the prevention of placental malaria in pregnant primigravidae and secundigravidae in sub-Saharan Africa. While a two-dose SP regimen may be effective in areas with low HIV seroprevalence, administration of SP monthly during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy should be considered in areas of high HIV seroprevalence to prevent the effects of maternal malaria on the newborn. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Kisian, Kenya. Kenya Minist Hlth, Kisumu, Kenya. RP Parise, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 49 TC 264 Z9 265 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 5 BP 813 EP 822 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 141JL UT WOS:000077140000027 PM 9840604 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, AE Falcon, N Gavidia, C Garcia, HH Tsang, VCW Bernal, T Romero, M Gilman, RH AF Gonzalez, AE Falcon, N Gavidia, C Garcia, HH Tsang, VCW Bernal, T Romero, M Gilman, RH TI Time-response curve of oxfendazole in the treatment of swine cysticercosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TAENIA-SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS; PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS; PRAZIQUANTEL TREATMENT; MEXICO; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; ALBENDAZOLE; DIAGNOSIS; EPILEPSY; ANTIGENS; BRAIN AB Human Taenia solium cysticercosis is a major cause of epilepsy in developing countries, and porcine infection causes widespread economic losses because of infested pork. Recently, the use of oxfendazole (OFZ) for porcine cysticercosis provided, for the first time, an effective, single-dose treatment. We performed a controlled study to determine the time required between treatment with a single dose of OFZ and the death of cysticerci to define its applicability as preslaughter treatment or as a field control measure. Twenty naturally infected pigs were included in this study. Sixteen received a single dose (30 mg/kg) of OFZ, and were killed in groups of four at one, two, four, and 12 weeks after treatment. Four untreated controls were killed at week 12, No adverse reactions to OFZ were noted. A clear decrease in viability and number of cysts was evident after the first week after therapy, but even at week 4 some viable cysticerci were found in all samples. Twelve weeks after treatment, all meat appeared clear and only minuscule scars remained, except in one animal that had viable brain cysts. This study confirms the efficacy of a single dose of 30 mg/kg of OFZ for porcine cysticercosis but demonstrates that preslaughter treatment of pigs with OFZ will not be useful in controlling cysticercosis. The inclusion of porcine treatment with OFZ in mass cysticercosis control programs is, however, highly promising because it is a simple, ineffective, inexpensive, and potentially sustainable able method for decreasing the porcine reservoir of cysticercosis in disease-endemic countries. C1 Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Fac Med Vet, Lima 14, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Patol, Lima, Peru. Inst Nacl Ciencias Neurol, Dept Enfermedades Transmisibles, Lima, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Asociac Benefica Proyecto Informat Salud Med & Ag, Lima, Peru. RP Gonzalez, AE (reprint author), Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Fac Med Vet, Lima 14, Peru. OI Gavidia, Cesar Miguel/0000-0003-3936-5077 NR 28 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 5 BP 832 EP 836 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 141JL UT WOS:000077140000030 PM 9840607 ER PT J AU Campagne, G Garba, A Schuchat, A Boulanger, D Plikaytis, BD Ousseini, M Chippaux, JP AF Campagne, G Garba, A Schuchat, A Boulanger, D Plikaytis, BD Ousseini, M Chippaux, JP TI Response to conjugate Haemophilus influenzae B vaccine among infants in Niamey, Niger SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TETANUS PROTEIN CONJUGATE; GAMBIAN INFANTS; HEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; PERTUSSIS VACCINE; YOUNG INFANTS; IMMUNOGENICITY; SAFETY; IMMUNIZATION; CHILDREN AB Despite near elimination of Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) meningitis from several industrialized countries following introduction of conjugate Hib vaccines into infant immunization schedules, Hib remains a major cause of meningitis and pneumonia in resource-poor countries. In Niger, Hib causes nearly 200 cases of meningitis per 100,000 children < one year of age, and > 40% of cases are fatal. We evaluated the immunogenicity of Hib polysaccharide-tetanus toroid conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) administered in the same syringe as diphtheria-tetanus pertussis (DTP) vaccine among infants in Niger. Infants were randomized into group 1 (PRP-T at six, 10, and 14 weeks), group 2 (PRP-T at 10 and 14 weeks), or a control group (meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine). By 14 weeks of age, all subjects in groups land 2 had greater than or equal to 0.15 mu g/ml of anti-PRP antibody, and 82% versus 76% had greater than or equal to 1.0 mu g/ml of antibody (P = not significant). By nine months of age the proportion of infants with greater than or equal to 0.15 and greater than or equal to 1.0 mu g/ml was group 1 = 97% and 76%; group 2 = 93% and 67%; controls = 10% and 2.6%. Four weeks after the first, second, and third doses of PRP-T, infants in group 1 showed geometric mean titers (GMTs) of 0.19, 3.97, and 6.09 mu g/ml while infants in group 2 had GMTs of 2.40 and 4.41 mu g/ml four weeks after the delayed first and second doses. Both PRP-T groups had significantly higher GMTs at 18 weeks and nine months of age than infants in the control group. The Hib PRP-T vaccine was immunogenic in infants In Niger. The strong response after PRP-T was initiated one month after the first DTP vaccination may reflect carrier priming. Two dose schedules of PRP-T should be given serious consideration, particularly if their reduced cost permits vaccine introduction that would be otherwise unaffordable. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Rech Meningites & Schistosomoses, Niamey, Niger. CSMI Yantala, Niamey, Niger. RP Schuchat, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI BOULANGER, Denis/G-9644-2016 OI BOULANGER, Denis/0000-0002-8757-0350 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 5 BP 837 EP 842 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 141JL UT WOS:000077140000031 PM 9840608 ER PT J AU Giles, WH Kittner, SJ Croft, JB Anda, RF Casper, ML Ford, ES AF Giles, WH Kittner, SJ Croft, JB Anda, RF Casper, ML Ford, ES TI Serum folate and risk for coronary heart disease: Results from a cohort of US adults SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coronary heart disease; epidemiology; folic acid; risk factors ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMA HOMOCYST(E)INE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; ARTERY DISEASE; FOLLOW-UP; HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; NATIONAL-HEALTH; VITAMIN-B12; HYPERHOMOCYST(E)INEMIA AB PURPOSE: To assess the role of serum folate in the risk for coronary heart disease in a national cohort of US adults. METHODS: Data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (N = 1921) were used to determine whether a low serum folate concentration was associated with an increased risk for incident coronary heart disease (N = 284). The Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, race, education, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: The association between folate and risk for coronary heart disease differed by age group (p = 0.03). Among persons aged 35-55 years, the relative risk for heart disease was 2.4 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-5.2) for persons in the lowest quartile (less than or equal to 9.9 nmol/L) when compared with those in the highest quartile (greater than or equal to 21.8 nmol/L). However, among persons greater than or equal to 55 years the relative risk was 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3-0.8) for comparisons of the lowest versus highest quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: Ii the age differences in the risk for heart disease are confirmed, randomized clinical trials assessing the role of folic acid for the prevention of heart disease may need to include young adults in order to demonstrate benefits related to folate supplementation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Chron Dis Prevent Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Stroke Epidemiol Unit, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Giles, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE Mailstop K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS16332-11] NR 38 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 8 BP 490 EP 496 DI 10.1016/S1047-2797(98)00027-1 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 130JC UT WOS:000076515900003 PM 9802593 ER PT J AU Bloch, KC Zwerling, L Pletcher, MJ Hahn, JA Gerberding, JL Ostroff, SM Vugia, DJ Reingold, AL AF Bloch, KC Zwerling, L Pletcher, MJ Hahn, JA Gerberding, JL Ostroff, SM Vugia, DJ Reingold, AL TI Incidence and clinical implications of isolation of Mycobacterium kansasii: Results of a 5-year, population-based study SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium kansasii; human immunodeficiency virus infections; socioeconomic factors; population surveillance; comorbidity ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; SAN-FRANCISCO; INFECTION; DISEASE; WATER; AIDS; INTRACELLULARE; TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Background: Mycobacterium kansasii, an unusual pathogen in the pre-AIDS era, is increasingly reported to cause infection among patients with HIV infection. Little is known about the epidemiology and clinical implications of M. kansasii infection in the AIDS era. Objective: To compare the incidence, demographic characteristics, and clinical features of M. kansasii infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons. Design: Population-based laboratory surveillance. Setting: Three counties in northern California. Patients: All persons who had a positive culture for M. kansasii between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1996. Measurements: Cumulative incidence rates were calculated for each year by dividing the number of adult patients by the annual estimated adult population. Demographic and socioeconomic data for a single county were obtained by linkage with the 1990 U.S. Census report. Results: 270 patients (69.3% of whom were HIV positive) were identified, for an incidence of 2.4 cases per 100 000 adults per year (95% Cl, 2.1 to 2.7), 115 cases per 100 000 HIV-positive persons per year (Cl, 99 to 133), and 647 cases per 100 000 persons with AIDS per year (Cl, 554 to 751). Indicators of lower socioeconomic status were common among patients: Median incomes were $32 317 in census tracts in which cases were identified and $38 048 in census tracts without cases (P = 0.001), and 35.7% of patients had unstable housing situations. Ninety-four percent of cases were from respiratory isolates, and 87.5% of patients had evidence of infection. Persons with HIV infection differed from those without HIV infection with respect to mycobacteremia (9.6% compared with 0%; P = 0.001), need for hospitalization (77.4% compared with 51.9%; P < 0.001), and smear positivity (41.7% compared with 20.7%; P = 0.005). Chronic diseases were common among HIV-negative persons; however, 40.3% had no predisposing medical condition. Conclusions: Mycobacterium kansasii isolation is more common in HIV-positive persons, but most patients with M. kansasii infection have clinical and radiologic evidence of infection regardless of HIV status. Persons infected with HIV and M. kansasii have a higher rate of hospitalization and a greater burden of organisms. A possible association with poverty suggests mechanisms of transmission and requires further study. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Bloch, KC (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, A-3310 MCN, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH 19105, MH 42459] NR 52 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 129 IS 9 BP 698 EP + PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 135DH UT WOS:000076785200003 PM 9841601 ER PT J AU Murphy, ST AF Murphy, ST TI The impact of factual versus fictional media portrayals on cultural stereotypes SO ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Future of Fact CY FEB 26, 1997 CL UNIV PENN, ANNENBERG SCH COMMUN, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA HO UNIV PENN, ANNENBERG SCH COMMUN ID SEX-ROLE ACQUISITION; TELEVISION AB The present article explores how factual and fictional media portrayals may activate culturally shared racial and gender stereotypes and influence subsequent judgments involving members of stereotyped groups. In line with previous research (Power, Murphy, and Coover 1996), new data are presented that demonstrate that exposure to a stereotypic or counterstereotypic portrayal primes consistent interpretations of unrelated events (such as the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas hearings, the William Kennedy Smith-Patricia Bowman rape accusations, and spousal abuse). Both cognitive and motivational factors such as ingroup-outgroup bias appear to influence the relative weight given factual as opposed to fictional portrayals. For instance, men were equally harsh in the wake of a stereotypic female portrayal regardless of whether they believed it to be factual or fictitious. Moreover, men tended to discount a fictitious counterstereotypic portrayal of a female, whereas women were more likely to dismiss a fictitious stereotypic portrayal. Recommendations are offered suggesting how media portrayals might successfully reduce prejudice. C1 Univ So Calif, Annenberg Sch Commun, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Murphy, ST (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Annenberg Sch Commun, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 10 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0002-7162 J9 ANN AM ACAD POLIT SS JI Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 560 BP 165 EP 178 DI 10.1177/0002716298560001013 PG 14 WC Political Science; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Government & Law; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 129PW UT WOS:000076473000013 ER PT J AU Nicola, FG McDougal, LK Biddle, JW Tenover, FC AF Nicola, FG McDougal, LK Biddle, JW Tenover, FC TI Characterization of erythromycin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus recovered in the united states from 1958 through 1969 SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID STREPTOGRAMIN-B RESISTANCE; COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; ERM GENE CLASSES; INDUCIBLE RESISTANCE; MLS-RESISTANCE; MACROLIDES; LINCOSAMIDE; ANTIBIOTICS; EVOLUTION AB We tested 16 erythromycin-resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus, recovered from patients hospitalized in the United States from 1958 to 1969, for the presence of ermA, ermB, and ermC by using PCR. Fifteen of 16 isolates contained at least one copy of ermA; the remaining isolate, which was also clindamycin resistant, contained ermB. Fight of the 15 isolates harboring ermA, all of which were inducible, contained a single copy of the gene in the chromosome, while the remaining seven isolates had two copies of the gene, ermB was plasmid encoded and mediated constitutive resistance to erythromycin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial pathogens Lab Branch G08, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial pathogens Lab Branch G08, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 42 IS 11 BP 3024 EP 3027 PG 4 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 133NK UT WOS:000076692500046 PM 9797248 ER PT J AU Teixeira, JMS Camera, GNNL Pimentel, PFV Ferreira, MNR Ferreira, MSR Alfieri, AA Gentsch, JR Leite, JPG AF Teixeira, JMS Camera, GNNL Pimentel, PFV Ferreira, MNR Ferreira, MSR Alfieri, AA Gentsch, JR Leite, JPG TI Human group C rotavirus in children with diarrhea in the Federal District, Brazil SO BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE group C rotavirus; diarrhea; HIV; RT-PCR; probe hybridization ID SERIAL PROPAGATION; CELL-LINE; ATYPICAL ROTAVIRUS; OUTBREAK; GASTROENTERITIS; ADULTS AB Group C rotaviruses are fastidious in their in vitro cell culture requirements. Recent serosurveys indicate that antibody to group C rotavirus is present in 3-45% of the human population in certain geographic locations, suggesting that rotavirus group C infection is more prevalent than previously believed and that the low rate of detection of these agents is probably due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic assays. From March to December 1994, 406 fecal specimens were collected from children under five years of age who were outpatients at the emergency services of nine public hospitals in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil. In addition to the samples from children, one public outpatient unit requested virological investigation of a stool sample from an HIV-seropositive adult male with diarrhea of sudden onset. All samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay for group A rotavirus and adenovirus (EIARA) and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). One hundred and seven (26%) were positive for group A rotavirus. Four samples from children and the sample from the HIV-seropositive patient, although negative by EIARA, showed a group C rotavirus profile by PAGE and were positive for rotavirus by electron microscopy. Using specific VP6 and VP7 primers for group C rotavirus, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed and products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. These products were confirmed to be specific for group C rotavirus by using digoxigenin-oligonucleotide probes, Southern hybridization and chemiluminescent detection. The five positive group C rotavirus samples were detected in August (3 samples) and September (2 samples). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of group C rotavirus detected in the Federal District, Brazil and in an HIV-seropositive patient with acute gastroenteritis. C1 Inst Saude Dist Fed, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Virol, BR-20001 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Estadual Londrina, Ctr Ciencias Agr, Lab Virol Anim, Londrina, PR, Brazil. CDC, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Leite, JPG (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Dept Virol, Lab Virol Comparada, Av Brasil 4365, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. EM jpgleite@gene.dbbm.fiocruz.br NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC BRAS DIVULG CIENTIFICA PI SAO PAULO PA FACULDADE MEDICINA, SALA 21, 14049 RIBEIRAO PRETO, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SN 0100-879X J9 BRAZ J MED BIOL RES JI Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1397 EP 1403 PG 7 WC Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 143AA UT WOS:000077232300005 PM 9921274 ER PT J AU Kelly, TM Padmalayam, I Baumstark, BR AF Kelly, TM Padmalayam, I Baumstark, BR TI Use of the cell division protein FtsZ as a means of differentiating among Bartonella species SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAT-SCRATCH-DISEASE; SEROLOGICAL CROSS-REACTIONS; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE FTSZ; RING; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; BACILLIFORMIS AB Genes coding for homologs of the highly conserved cell division protein FtsZ were isolated from Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana, the causative agents of cat scratch disease and trench fever, respectively. DNA fragments coding for the ftsZ open reading frames (ORFs) were cloned into Escherichia coli following PCR amplification with primers based on the ftsZ sequence of the closely related species Bartonella bacilliformis. The amino acid sequences predicted from the cloned B. henselae and B. quintana ftsZ ORFs are 81 to 83% identical to the corresponding protein in B. bacilliformis, Like the FtsZ protein of B. bacilliformis, the B. henselae and B. quintana homologs are about twice as large as the FtsZ proteins reported in most other organisms. Localized sequence differences within the C-terminal coding regions of the Bartonella ftsZ genes were used as the basis for species-specific identification of these organisms at both the DNA and protein levels. Oligonucleotide primers which permit the amplification of an ftsZ fragment from each of the Bartonella species without amplifying DNA from the other two species were designed. Anti-FtsZ antisera raised in rabbits against synthetic peptides corresponding to the relatively divergent C-terminal regions were shown via Western blot analysis to react only with the FtsZ protein from the cognate Bartonella species. These observations raise the possibility that the differences in ftsZ sequences can be used as the basis for diagnostic tests to differentiate among these closely related pathogens. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Baumstark, BR (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA. EM biobrb@panther.gsu.edu NR 33 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 5 IS 6 BP 766 EP 772 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 136TB UT WOS:000076874300006 PM 9801332 ER PT J AU Sacchi, CT Lemos, APS Brandt, ME Whitney, AM Melles, CEA Solari, CA Frasch, CE Mayer, LW AF Sacchi, CT Lemos, APS Brandt, ME Whitney, AM Melles, CEA Solari, CA Frasch, CE Mayer, LW TI Proposed standardization of Neisseria meningitidis PorA variable-region typing nomenclature SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY; VACCINE DESIGN; CLASS-1; STRAINS; NORWAY; GENE; MENINGOCOCCI AB Neisseria meningitidis isolates are conventionally classified by serosubtyping, which characterizes the reactivities of the PorA outer membrane protein variable-region (VR) epitopes with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). A newer method (PorA VR typing) uses predicted amino acid sequences derived from DNA sequence analysis. The resulting classification schemes are not standardized, offering conflicting and sometimes irreconcilable data from the two methods. In this paper, we propose a standardization of the PorA VR typing nomenclature that incorporates serologic information from traditional PorA serosubtyping with molecular data from predicted VR sequences. We performed a comprehensive literature and database search, generating a collection of strains and DNA sequences that reflects the diversity within PorA that exists to date. We have arranged this information in a comprehensive logical model that includes both serosubtype and PorA VR type assignments. Our data demonstrate that the current panel of serosubtype-defining MAbs underestimates PorA VR variability by at least 50%. Our proposal for VR typing is informative because amino acid sequence and serologic information, when serosubtype-defining MAbs are available, can be deduced simultaneously from the PorA VR designation. This scheme will be useful in future classification and applied epidemiologic studies of N. meningitidis, being a systematic way of selecting PorA vaccine candidates and analyzing vaccine coverage and failure. C1 Adolfo Lutz Inst, Dept Bacteriol, Div Med Biol, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Fdn Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Bacteriol, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Sch Med & Surg, Dept Pathol & Clin Med, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Sacchi, CT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop D-11,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cls9@cdc.gov NR 36 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 5 IS 6 BP 845 EP 855 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 136TB UT WOS:000076874300021 PM 9801347 ER PT J AU Gotto, AM Cooper, GR AF Gotto, AM Cooper, GR TI Citation classics in lipid measurement and applications SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; EDUCATION-PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS; DEFINITIVE METHOD; SERUM; TRIGLYCERIDES; PLASMA; A-1 C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Gotto, AM (reprint author), Care Of Jou J, Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Med, 445 E 69th St,Olin Hall,Room 205, New York, NY 10021 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 44 IS 11 BP 2234 EP 2237 PG 4 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 135FB UT WOS:000076789300002 PM 9799746 ER PT J AU Rees, JR Pinner, RW Hajjeh, RA Brandt, ME Reingold, AL AF Rees, JR Pinner, RW Hajjeh, RA Brandt, ME Reingold, AL TI The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1992-1993: Results of population-based laboratory active surveillance SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; SYSTEMIC MYCOSES; GROWING PROBLEM; FUNGEMIA; THERAPY AB Population-based active laboratory surveillance for invasive mycotic infections was conducted during 1992 and 1993 in three California counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, and San Francisco (population, 2.94 million). The cumulative incidence of invasive mycotic infections was 178.3 per million per year. Invasive mycoses were most commonly caused by Candida (72.8 per million per year), Cryptococcus (65.5), Coccidioides (15.3), Aspergillus (12.4), and Histoplasma (7.1). The clinical significance of other, less common fungi was determined by detailed chart review. The cumulative incidence was determined for zygomycosis (1.7 per million per year), hyalohyphomycosis (1.2), and phaeohyphomycosis (1.0). The most common underlying conditions were human immunodeficiency virus infection (47.4%), nonhematologic malignancy (14.7%), diabetes mellitus (9.9%), and chronic lung disease (9.3%). This represents the first population-based epidemiological assessment of invasive mycoses in the United States. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rees, JR (reprint author), Calif Emerging Infect Program, 2140 Shattuck Ave 406, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 58 TC 197 Z9 217 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1138 EP 1147 DI 10.1086/514975 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 137YQ UT WOS:000076945000005 PM 9827260 ER PT J AU Schuman, P Sobel, JD Ohmit, SE Mayer, KH Carpenter, CCJ Rompalo, A Duerr, A Smith, DK Warren, D Klein, RS AF Schuman, P Sobel, JD Ohmit, SE Mayer, KH Carpenter, CCJ Rompalo, A Duerr, A Smith, DK Warren, D Klein, RS CA HIV Epidemiol Res Study HERS Grp TI Mucosal candidal colonization and candidiasis in women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS; HIV-SEROPOSITIVE WOMEN; ORAL CANDIDIASIS; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; POSITIVE PATIENTS; NATURAL-HISTORY; AIDS PATIENTS; BISEXUAL MEN; ALBICANS; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB The epidemiology of mucosal candidal colonization and candidiasis was studied in a multicenter cohort of 871 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and 439 demographically and behaviorally similar HIV-seronegative women. Cross-sectional analyses at baseline revealed that oropharyngeal colonization with Candida species was more prevalent among seropositive women and among women reporting recent cigarette smoking and injection drug use. Oropharyngeal candidiasis was also more prevalent among seropositive women. Both oropharyngeal colonization and candidiasis were significantly associated with a lower median CD4 lymphocyte count among seropositive women. Vaginal candidal colonization was more prevalent among seropositive women and among those reporting recent injection drug use and current insulin or oral antihyperglycemic therapy. Vaginal candidiasis was equally likely to be diagnosed in seropositive and seronegative women and was not significantly related to recent sexual contact, Neither vaginal colonization nor candidiasis was significantly related to a lower median CD4 lymphocyte count among seropositive women. Baseline evaluation indicated differences in the epidemiology of oropharyngeal and vaginal candidal colonization and candidiasis in HIV-seropositive women and suggested possible variation in pathogenesis of candidal infection at these two mucosal sites. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Miriam Hosp, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Bronx, NY 10451 USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Soc Med, Bronx, NY 10451 USA. Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10451 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schuman, P (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU106795, U64/CCU306802, U64/CCU200714] NR 40 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1161 EP 1167 DI 10.1086/514979 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 137YQ UT WOS:000076945000008 PM 9827263 ER PT J AU Koumans, EH Johnson, RE Knapp, JS St Louis, ME AF Koumans, EH Johnson, RE Knapp, JS St Louis, ME TI Laboratory testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by recently introduced nonculture tests: A performance review with clinical and public health considerations SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LIGASE CHAIN-REACTION; DNA-PROBE ASSAY; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS; GEN-PROBE; ENDOCERVICAL SPECIMENS; CULTURE; DIAGNOSIS; INFECTION; PACE-2; PHARYNGEAL AB Since 1992 two new nucleic acid-based tests (Gen-Probe Pace 2 and Abbott LCR) for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We systematically assessed the quality of 21 studies that evaluated these tests' performance compared with that of culture for diagnosis of gonorrhea, on the basis of established criteria. We estimated overall test sensitivity and specificity by the testing method, sex, and anatomic site. None of the studies optimally fulfilled all quality criteria; few studies adequately used reference tests or described blinding. The sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid hybridization (similar to 85%, similar to 98%) and amplification tests (similar to 95%, similar to 99%) were high and did not appear to differ substantially by sex or anatomic site. When proficiency in the performance of culture is high, the new tests are comparable to culture and may not offer a substantial advantage; in settings where optimization of culture is difficult, nucleic acid amplification may detect more infections than nucleic acid probe or culture. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Koumans, EH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS-E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 43 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1171 EP 1180 DI 10.1086/514994 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 137YQ UT WOS:000076945000010 PM 9827265 ER PT J AU Virata, M Rosenstein, NE Hadler, JL Barrett, NL Tondella, ML Mayer, LW Weyant, RS Hill, B Perkins, BA AF Virata, M Rosenstein, NE Hadler, JL Barrett, NL Tondella, ML Mayer, LW Weyant, RS Hill, B Perkins, BA TI Suspected Brazilian purpuric fever in a toddler with overwhelming Epstein-Barr virus infection SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-G AB We describe a toddler from Connecticut who developed purulent conjunctivitis, fever, and a morbilliform rash. Blood cultures were positive for Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius; further investigation was performed to assess the possibility that the illness was consistent with Brazilian purpuric fever, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported in the United States. This isolate shared morphological and some biochemical characteristics with previously studied H, influenzae biogroup aegyptius strains but differed according to slide agglutination testing, plasmid characterization, and ribotyping. Blood and tissue samples obtained during his hospitalization were also positive for Epstein-Barr virus. The child died 8 days after hospitalization. Fifty other cases of invasive H. influenzae infection were identified by active surveillance studies. Of the 49 viable surveillance isolates, 10 were biotype III (two of which had the same ribotype as the strain from our case). C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth & Addict Serv, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. Connecticut Emerging Infect Program, Hartford, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Virata, M (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, 333 Cedar St,CB 618, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1238 EP 1240 DI 10.1086/514988 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 137YQ UT WOS:000076945000021 PM 9827276 ER PT J AU O'Malley, CD Smith, N Braun, R Prevots, DR AF O'Malley, CD Smith, N Braun, R Prevots, DR TI Tetanus associated with body piercing SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID ANTITETANUS C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Immunizat Branch, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Sierra View Dist Hosp, Porterville, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Malley, CD (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Immunizat Branch, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1343 EP 1344 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 137YQ UT WOS:000076945000060 PM 9827311 ER PT J AU Barden, LS Dowell, SF Schwartz, B Lackey, C AF Barden, LS Dowell, SF Schwartz, B Lackey, C TI Current attitudes regarding use of antimicrobial agents: Results from physicians' and parents' focus group discussions SO CLINICAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY-CARE; ANTIBIOTICS; RESISTANCE AB Antibiotics are widely prescribed for children with nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections, contributing to the recent emergence of resistant :pneumococci. To understand the reasons for the overprescription of antibiotics, we conducted focus groups with parents and with pediatricians and family physicians to assess heir attitudes regarding the use of antibiotics. Physicians asserted that their own antibiotic prescribing could be safely reduced. Parental expectation to receive antibiotics was a major factor influencing their overuse of antibiotics. Parents indicated that they would be satisfied with the medical visit even if antibiotics were not prescribed, provided the physician explained the reasons for the decision. This study highlights differences in physician and parent perceptions about antibiotic overuse and suggests that educational efforts to narrow this communication gap will be important for improving antibiotic use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Off Hlth Commun, Hlth Educ Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Lab Syst,Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lackey, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Off Hlth Commun, Hlth Educ Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-C14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 122 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 6 PU WESTMINSTER PUBL INC PI GLEN HEAD PA 708 GLEN COVE AVE, GLEN HEAD, NY 11545 USA SN 0009-9228 J9 CLIN PEDIATR JI Clin. Pediatr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 11 BP 665 EP 671 DI 10.1177/000992289803701104 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 138PJ UT WOS:000076981200004 PM 9825210 ER PT J AU Hendrix, CM Wohl, JS Bloom, BC Ostrowski, SR Benefield, LT AF Hendrix, CM Wohl, JS Bloom, BC Ostrowski, SR Benefield, LT TI International travel with pets. Part II. The threat of foreign pathogens SO COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN LA English DT Article ID MEDITERRANEAN SPOTTED-FEVER; SCREW-WORM FLY; CORDYLOBIA-ANTHROPOPHAGA; CHRYSOMYA-BEZZIANA; DOG; MYIASIS; SWITZERLAND; FEATURES; GERMANY; FRANCE AB This article reviews an assortment of foreign pathogens that have been introduced into the United States (or other countries) by the pets of unwitting owners. These pathogens may be rickettsiae, protozoans, schistosomes, dipteran fly larvae, filarial parasites, ticks, fleas, or leeches. Each pathogen is discussed according to geographic distribution, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and zoonotic potential. Protozoans such as Trypanosoma evansi have been introduced from other countries by pets. Myiasis-producing dipteran fly larvae, such as Cochliomyia hominivorax. Chrysomyia bezziana, Cordylobia anthropophaga, and Dermatobia hominis, have the potential for producing significant myiases in humans and animals in the United States. Rhipicephalus sanguineus is already native to the United States and North America; however, this tick is capable of transmitting a variety of serious foreign pathogens, especially Rickettsia conorii, the etiologic agent of tick-borne typhus. Ixodes holocyclus, the scrub tick, produces the most serious form of tick paralysis and could easily become established in North America. Dirofilaria repens, a filarial parasite found in the subcutaneous tissues of dogs in Africa and the Orient, is now a proven zoonosis. A hermaphroditic nasal leech, Myxobdella annandalei, has been imported into Germany in the nostrils of a dog returning from Nepal. Veterinarians must be able to recognize this wide variety of foreign pathogens. Part I of this three-part presentation discussed issues pertinent to leaving and returning to U.S, territorial borders with pets. Parts II and III review foreign pathogens that have been introduced into various countries by pets. C1 Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Surg & Med, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Vet Care, Valdosta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Quarantine, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hendrix, CM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 50 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU VETERINARY LEARNING SYSTEMS PI TRENTON PA 425 PHILLIPS BLVD #100, TRENTON, NJ 08618 USA SN 0193-1903 J9 COMP CONT EDUC PRACT JI Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1239 EP + PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 145LX UT WOS:000077373700004 ER PT J AU Dreesen, DW Hanlon, CA AF Dreesen, DW Hanlon, CA TI Current recommendations for the prophylaxis and treatment of rabies SO DRUGS LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE AB Once onset of clinical rabies develops in an individual; death is inevitable. Thus, it is imperative that, for persons exposed or potentially exposed to rabies virus, prophylaxis must be instituted as soon as possible following the exposure. Local wound management is an essential part of postexposure rabies prophylaxis. Exposed persons should receive a recommended series of a tissue culture or cell culture origin vaccine. The number of doses and route of vaccination differ in various regions of the world and are discussed in the text. The administration of a rabies immune globulin is generally recommended in conjunction with the first dose of the rabies vaccine. Nerve tissue origin vaccines, although used extensively in some parts of the world, are not recommended if cell or tissue culture vaccines are available. Decision trees are presented in the text to aid in determining if rabies vaccine is necessary following a known or presumed exposure to the virus, along with a table outlining the various rabies vaccines available in the World. Rabies pre-exposure immunisation is recommended for those individuals at risk of exposure to the virus. Pre-exposure prophylaxis consists of 3 doses of an approved rabies vaccine administered either intramuscularly or intradermally on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28 with periodic booster doses or titre determination depending on the level of risk of potential exposure to the virus. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dreesen, DW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dreesen@calc.vet.uga.edu NR 15 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 0012-6667 J9 DRUGS JI Drugs PD NOV PY 1998 VL 56 IS 5 BP 801 EP 809 DI 10.2165/00003495-199856050-00005 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 139FQ UT WOS:000077017700005 PM 9829154 ER EF