FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Sullivan, JS Morris, CL McClure, HM Strobert, E Richardson, BB Galland, GG Goldman, IF Collins, WE AF Sullivan, JS Morris, CL McClure, HM Strobert, E Richardson, BB Galland, GG Goldman, IF Collins, WE TI Plasmodium vivax infections in chimpanzees for sporozoite challenge studies in monkeys SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SAIMIRI-SCIUREUS-BOLIVIENSIS; SALVADOR I-STRAIN; AOTUS MONKEYS; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOS; IRRADIATED SPOROZOITES; INHIBITORY ACTIVITY; HUMAN MALARIA; RECOMBINANT; IMMUNIZATION AB The development and testing of vaccines directed against Plasmodium vivax has relied on Saimiri and Aotus monkeys as the animal test system and on chimpanzees to provide infective gametocytes to produce sporozoites for monkey challenge studies and vaccine development. One sporozoite-induced and 29 blood-induced infections with the Salvador I strain of P. vivax were studied in splenectomized chimpanzees. Eighteen primary infections with P. vivax resulted in maximum parasite counts ranging from 1,519 to 81,810/mu l (median 29,100/mu l). Twelve infections induced in animals previously infected with the homologous or heterologous strains of P. vivax had maximum parasite counts ranging from 155 to 14,136/mu l (median 1,736/mu l). A total of 202 of 237 lots containing a total of 293,175 Anopheles freeborni, An. stephensi, An. gambiae, An. dirus, An. quadrimaculatus, and An. maculatus mosquitoes were infected by membrane feeding on gametocytes from chimpanzees. Despite lower levels of parasitemia during secondary (reinfection) parasitemia, 66 of 70 lots of mosquitoes (94.3%) were infected. Based on the mean number of oocysts per positive mosquito gut, An. freeborni was more heavily infected than An. stephensi; An. stephensi was more heavily infected than An. gambiae; there was no significant difference between An. stephensi and An. dirus. Sporozoites from An. stephensi, An. gambiae, An. dirus, and An. freeborni infected with the Salvador I strain of P. vivax produced in chimpanzees were used to infect 193 Saimiri and six Aotus monkeys as well as one chimpanzee. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,YERKES REG PRIMATE RES CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Sullivan, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,MAILSTOP F-12,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00165] NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 55 IS 3 BP 344 EP 349 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VK574 UT WOS:A1996VK57400020 PM 8842127 ER PT J AU Kennedy, ER Fischbach, TJ Song, RG Eller, PM Shulman, SA AF Kennedy, ER Fischbach, TJ Song, RG Eller, PM Shulman, SA TI Summary of the NIOSH guidelines for air sampling and analytical method development and evaluation SO ANALYST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Modern Principles of Air Monitoring (AIRMON 96) CY FEB 05-08, 1996 CL SALEN, SWEDEN SP Natl Inst Working Life, Sweden, Natl Inst Occupat Hlth, Norway, Nordic Inst Adv Training Occupat Hlth DE precision; bias; accuracy; air sampling; NIOSH guidelines ID COLLECTION; VAPORS AB Suggested guidelines for the development and evaluation of sampling and analytical methods for industrial hygiene monitoring have recently been published in a NIOSH technical report, These guidelines are based in part on various published approaches for method development and evaluation and serve as an attempt at a more unified experimental approach, This paper presents some salient features of this unified approach for method development and evaluation, The basic goal of the approach is to determine if the method under study meets the criterion to produce a result that fell within 25% of the true value 95 times out of 100 on average, although other factors of method performance are evaluated, The experiments proposed for the evaluation of method performance include determination of analytical recovery from the sampler, sampler capacity, storage stability of samples and effect of environmental factors, Evaluation criteria for the experimental data and procedures for the calculation of method bias, precision and accuracy are also included. C1 NIOSH,COMP SCI CORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Kennedy, ER (reprint author), NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,US PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MAIL STOP R-7,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD SEP PY 1996 VL 121 IS 9 BP 1163 EP 1169 DI 10.1039/an9962101163 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VG299 UT WOS:A1996VG29900005 PM 8831274 ER PT J AU Birch, ME Cary, RA AF Birch, ME Cary, RA TI Elemental carbon-based method for occupational monitoring of particulate diesel exhaust: Methodology and exposure issues SO ANALYST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Modern Principles of Air Monitoring (AIRMON 96) CY FEB 05-08, 1996 CL SALEN, SWEDEN SP Natl Inst Working Life, Sweden, Natl Inst Occupat Hlth, Norway, Nordic Inst Adv Training Occupat Hlth DE diesel exhaust; diesel particulate; soot; carbon; carbonaceous aerosol ID WORKERS; SAMPLER AB Diesel exhaust has been classified a probable human carcinogen, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that employers reduce workers' exposures, Because diesel exhaust is a chemically complex mixture containing thousands of compounds, some measure of exposure must be selected, Previously used methods involving gravimetry or analysis of the soluble organic fraction of diesel soot lack adequate sensitivity and selectivity for low-level determination of particulate diesel exhaust; a new analytical approach was therefore needed, In this paper, results of investigation of a thermal-optical technique for the analysis of the carbonaceous fraction of particulate diesel exhaust are discussed, With this technique, speciation of organic and elemental carbon is accomplished through temperature and atmosphere control and by an optical feature that corrects for pyrolytically generated carbon, or 'char,' which is formed during the analysis of some materials, The thermal-optical method was selected because the instrument has desirable design features not present in other carbon analysers, Although various carbon types are determined by the method, elemental carbon is the superior marker of diesel particulate matter because elemental carbon constitutes a large fraction of the particulate mass, it can be quantified at low levels and its only significant source in most workplaces is the diesel engine, Exposure-related issues and sampling methods for particulate diesel exhaust also are discussed. C1 SUNSET LAB, FOREST GROVE, OR 97116 USA. RP Birch, ME (reprint author), NIOSH, US DEPT HHS, PUBL HLTH SERV, 4676 COLUMBIA PKWY, CINCINNATI, OH 45226 USA. NR 50 TC 114 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 17 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD SEP PY 1996 VL 121 IS 9 BP 1183 EP 1190 DI 10.1039/an9962101183 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VG299 UT WOS:A1996VG29900008 PM 8831275 ER PT J AU Chew, EY Klein, ML Ferris, FL Remaley, NA Murphy, RP Chantry, K Hoogwerf, BJ Miller, D AF Chew, EY Klein, ML Ferris, FL Remaley, NA Murphy, RP Chantry, K Hoogwerf, BJ Miller, D TI Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy - Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) report 22 SO ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MELLITUS AB Objective: To evaluate the relationship between serum lipid levels, retinal hard exudate, and visual acuity in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Design: Observational data from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Participants: Of the 3711 patients enrolled in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, the first 2709 enrolled had serum lipid levels measured. Main Outcome Measures: Baseline fasting serum lipid levels, best-corrected visual acuity, and assessment of retinal thickening and hard exudate from stereoscopic macular photographs. Results: Patients with elevated total serum cholesterol levels or serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at baseline were twice as likely to have retinal hard exudates as patients with normal levels. These patients were also at higher risk of developing hard exudate during the course of the study. The risk of losing visual acuity was associated with the extent of hard exudate even after adjusting for the extent of macular edema. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that elevated serum lipid levels are associated with an increased risk of retinal hard exudate in persons with diabetic retinopathy. Although retinal hard exudate usually accompanies diabetic macular edema, increasing amounts of exudate appear to be independently associated with an increased risk of visual impairment. Lowering elevated serum lipid levels has been shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular morbidity. The observational data from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study suggest that lipid lowering may also decrease the risk of hard exudate formation and associated vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Preservation of vision may be an additional motivating factor for lowering serum lipid levels in persons with diabetic retinopathy and elevated serum lipid levels. C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,CASEY EYE INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201. RETINA INST MARYLAND,BALTIMORE,MD. CLEVELAND OHIO CLIN FDN,CLEVELAND,OH. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Chew, EY (reprint author), NEI,NIH,BLDG 31,ROOM 6A52,31 CTR DR,MSC 2510,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z99 EY999999] NR 31 TC 294 Z9 309 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9950 J9 ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC JI Arch. Ophthalmol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 114 IS 9 BP 1079 EP 1084 PG 6 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA VF908 UT WOS:A1996VF90800004 PM 8790092 ER PT J AU Whitworth, WC Kuffner, T McNicholl, JM AF Whitworth, WC Kuffner, T McNicholl, JM TI A new look at the RA-associated shared epitope: The importance of charge in pocket 4. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 30 EP 30 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300030 ER PT J AU Murphy, FT Pugh, AM Larsen, SA George, RA Dennis, GJ AF Murphy, FT Pugh, AM Larsen, SA George, RA Dennis, GJ TI Confirmation of false positive syphilis serologies in patients with autoimmune disease. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,DEPT MED,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,DEPT RHEUMATOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,DEPT CLIN IMMUNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS LAB RES,DEPT TREPONEMAL PATHOGENESIS & IMMUNOBIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 410 EP 410 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300410 ER PT J AU Jordan, JM Luta, G Renner, JB Dragomir, A Fryer, JG Hochberg, M Helmick, C AF Jordan, JM Luta, G Renner, JB Dragomir, A Fryer, JG Hochberg, M Helmick, C TI Ethnic differences in self-reported disability (DIS). SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MARYLAND,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 517 EP 517 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300517 ER PT J AU Jordan, JM Luta, G Renner, JB Roseberry, R Dragomir, A Fryer, JG Hochberg, M Helmick, C AF Jordan, JM Luta, G Renner, JB Roseberry, R Dragomir, A Fryer, JG Hochberg, M Helmick, C TI The importance of knee pain and knee osteoarthritis (OA) severity in self-reported disability (DIS) SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV MARYLAND,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 518 EP 518 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300518 ER PT J AU Jordan, JM Luta, G Renner, JB Dragomir, A Fryer, JG Hochberg, M Helmick, C AF Jordan, JM Luta, G Renner, JB Dragomir, A Fryer, JG Hochberg, M Helmick, C TI Independent and additive effects of knee and hip pain upon self-reported disability. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV MARYLAND,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 519 EP 519 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300519 ER PT J AU Wener, MH Daum, PR McQuillan, G AF Wener, MH Daum, PR McQuillan, G TI Influence of age, gender, and race on the reference range of C-reactive protein. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,SEATTLE,WA 98195. CDC,NHANESSIII,BETHESDA,MD. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 779 EP 779 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300780 ER PT J AU Kuffner, T Jonas, BL Whitworth, W Tigges, S Caroenter, W Truslow, W Linkins, R Callahan, LF Gonzalez, EB McNicholl, JM AF Kuffner, T Jonas, BL Whitworth, W Tigges, S Caroenter, W Truslow, W Linkins, R Callahan, LF Gonzalez, EB McNicholl, JM TI HLA-DR and DQ alleles and disease in African Americans with RA SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,CDC,GRADY MEM HOSP,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 791 EP 791 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300792 ER PT J AU Jonas, BL Bognar, M Varela, N Kuffner, T Whitworth, W Linkins, R Tigges, S Carpenter, W Gonzalez, EB McNicoll, JM Callaghan, LF AF Jonas, BL Bognar, M Varela, N Kuffner, T Whitworth, W Linkins, R Tigges, S Carpenter, W Gonzalez, EB McNicoll, JM Callaghan, LF TI Evaluation of the five-item rheumatology attitudes index in African-Americans with rheumatoid arthritis. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,CDC,GRADY MEM HOSP,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 848 EP 848 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300849 ER PT J AU Gabriel, SE Hunder, GG Espy, MJ Anderson, LJ Erdman, DD Bjornsson, J Smith, TF AF Gabriel, SE Hunder, GG Espy, MJ Anderson, LJ Erdman, DD Bjornsson, J Smith, TF TI Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (GCA). SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MAYO CLIN,ROCHESTER,MN 55905. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI sebastianovitsch, stepan/G-8507-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 1149 EP 1149 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88301150 ER PT J AU Hinman, AR AF Hinman, AR TI New challenges in prevention SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article RP Hinman, AR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 67 IS 9 BP 890 EP 895 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA VF795 UT WOS:A1996VF79500015 PM 9025810 ER PT J AU Clarke, SC Taffel, SM AF Clarke, SC Taffel, SM TI Rates of cesarean and VBAC delivery, United States, 1994 SO BIRTH-ISSUES IN PERINATAL CARE LA English DT Article ID SECTION RP Clarke, SC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US DEPT HHS,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,REPROD STAT BRANCH,DIV VIRAL STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 10 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0730-7659 J9 BIRTH-ISS PERINAT C JI Birth-Issue Perinat. Care PD SEP PY 1996 VL 23 IS 3 BP 166 EP 168 DI 10.1111/j.1523-536X.1996.tb00478.x PG 3 WC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA VK196 UT WOS:A1996VK19600007 PM 8924103 ER PT J AU Havens, B Beland, F VanNostrand, J AF Havens, B Beland, F VanNostrand, J TI Long-term care in five countries SO CANADIAN JOURNAL ON AGING-REVUE CANADIENNE DU VIEILLISSEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Havens, B (reprint author), UNIV MANITOBA,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH SCI,WINNIPEG,MB R3T 2N2,CANADA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN JOURNAL AGING PI GUELPH PA UNIV GUELP, RM 039, MAC KINNON BUILDING, GUELPH ON N1G 2WL, CANADA SN 0714-9808 J9 CAN J AGING JI Can. J. Aging-Rev. Can. Vieil. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 15 SU 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1017/S0714980800005687 PG 4 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA VR882 UT WOS:A1996VR88200001 ER PT J AU VanNostrand, JF AF VanNostrand, JF TI The focus of long-term care in the United States: Nursing home care SO CANADIAN JOURNAL ON AGING-REVUE CANADIENNE DU VIEILLISSEMENT LA English DT Article DE nursing homes in the US; long-term care; history of nursing home care; policy concerns for nursing home care; Medicaid and Medicare nursing homes; potential users of LTC; residents in certified nursing homes ID ASSET SPEND-DOWN AB Major milestones in the evolution of nursing home care in the United States between 1960 and 1985 were the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare (resulting in a rapid growth in beds), national health planning (slowing the growth of beds), and prospective payment system for hospitals (shifting the case mix to a more disabled population). Critical policy concerns for nursing home care in the mid-1980s were the appropriate mix of public and private expenditures, impoverishment of some elderly persons as a result of long stays, improvement of the quality of care, and the funding bias toward institutional long-term care. Policy changes in the past few years have addressed quality by requiring a standard assessment linked to a care plan. although quality remains a major issue. Recent policies creating home care and community-based care programs may signal a shift away from institutional care. The issues of impoverishment and of the appropriate mix of expenditures are unresolved. Nursing homes certified by Medicaid and Medicare differed from those not certified in providing more services, having more nursing staff, and having more residents with disability and behaviour problems. Between 1985 and 1994, there were some significant changes in sources of funding for national nursing home expenditures, Out-of-pocket expenditures dropped, while government expenditures rose, with the increase occurring in the federal-government share. RP VanNostrand, JF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,US DEPT HHS,6525 BELCREST RD,ROOM 1120,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN JOURNAL AGING PI GUELPH PA UNIV GUELP, RM 039, MAC KINNON BUILDING, GUELPH ON N1G 2WL, CANADA SN 0714-9808 J9 CAN J AGING JI Can. J. Aging-Rev. Can. Vieil. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 15 SU 1 BP 73 EP 90 DI 10.1017/S0714980800005754 PG 18 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA VR882 UT WOS:A1996VR88200006 ER PT J AU Schurz, HH Hill, RH delaPaz, MP Philen, RM Borda, IA Bailey, SL Needham, LL AF Schurz, HH Hill, RH delaPaz, MP Philen, RM Borda, IA Bailey, SL Needham, LL TI Products of aniline and triglycerides in oil samples associated with the toxic oil syndrome SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EOSINOPHILIA-MYALGIA-SYNDROME; DERIVATIVES; ESTERS; SPAIN AB The toxic oil syndrome (TOS) was a devastating disease that occurred in Spain in 1981. The disease was associated with the consumption of aniline-denatured and refined rapeseed oil that had been illegally sold as olive oil. Many aniline-derived oil components have been identified in the oils; however, no etiological agent has ever been identified for this disease. We have continued the study of the TOS problem by applying new technology in the form of liquid chromatography interfaced via atmospheric pressure ionization with tandem mass spectrometry. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we studied diluted TOS-associated oils by direct analysis without prior sample treatment; Using this technology, we found new classes of compounds that are associated with disease-related oils, The compounds that have been identified are esters and ester amides of 3-(N-phenylamino)-1,2-propanediol and are products of aniline and triglycerides. Because of the varied fatty acid (oleic acid, etc.) content of the oils, many variations of the above compounds are possible. We now report the identities of more than 20 compounds not previously identified. These compounds are strongly associated with oils that caused the toxic oil syndrome. We believe these compounds should be considered for future animal studies. C1 MINIST SANIDAD & CONSUMO,FONDO INVEST SANITARIA,DIRECC GEN ORDENAC INVEST & FORMAC,MADRID 28029,SPAIN. RP Schurz, HH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,MAILSTOP F17,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; OI Posada, Manuel/0000-0002-8372-4180 NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 9 IS 6 BP 1001 EP 1006 DI 10.1021/tx950181w PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA VF546 UT WOS:A1996VF54600013 PM 8870988 ER PT J AU Tsai, JF Margolis, HS Jeng, JE Ho, MS Chang, WY Hsieh, MY Lin, ZY Tsai, JH AF Tsai, JF Margolis, HS Jeng, JE Ho, MS Chang, WY Hsieh, MY Lin, ZY Tsai, JH TI Hepatitis B surface antigen- and immunoglobulin-specific circulating immune complexes in acute hepatitis B virus infection SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC LIVER-DISEASE; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; C VIRUS; ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN; HBSAG/IGM COMPLEXES; LYMPHOCYTES-T; RISK-FACTORS; IGM; SERUM; ANTIBODIES AB For assessing the role of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in acute hepatitis B, CICs containing HBsAg, IgM, and IgG were determined, by C1q and conglutinin (K) assays, in 242 patients with acute hepatitis B and 60 healthy controls. CIC is a common feature of acute hepatitis B with 90.9% of cases having at least one abnormal test result. Patients with shorter interval (<1 week) between onset of symptoms and patient presentation have significantly higher frequency of abnormal IgM class CIC, HBsAg-specific CIC, and higher frequency of raised alanine aminotransferase activity (>30-fold upper limit of normal). The prevalence of raised alanine aminotransferase in patients with CIC containing HBsAg and IgM is higher than those without (P = 0.001). There is significant association between HBsAg-CIC and C1q-CIC. In conclusion, HBsAg-CIC and IgM class CIC correlate with disease activity. C1q-binding CIC is the predominant CIC that may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis B. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 KAOHSIUNG MED COLL, CLIN LAB, KAOHSIUNG 80708, TAIWAN. ACAD SINICA, INST BIOMED SCI, BEIJING 100864, PEOPLES R CHINA. CTR DIS CONTROL, HEPATITIS BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Tsai, JF (reprint author), KAOHSIUNG MED COLL, DEPT INTERNAL MED, 100 SHIH CHUAN 1 RD, KAOHSIUNG 80708, TAIWAN. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0090-1229 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 80 IS 3 BP 278 EP 282 DI 10.1006/clin.1996.0124 PN 1 PG 5 WC Immunology; Pathology SC Immunology; Pathology GA VG749 UT WOS:A1996VG74900008 PM 8811048 ER PT J AU Richmond, JY Knudsen, RC Good, RC AF Richmond, JY Knudsen, RC Good, RC TI Biosafety in the clinical mycobacteriology laboratory SO CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TUBERCULOSIS; INFECTIONS AB This article presents an expanded agent summary statement for laboratorians working with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. it focuses on reducing the serious risk of infection in clinical laboratories that process specimens from tuberculosis patients or that work with purified cultures of tubercle bacilli. Administrative and engineering controls, practices and procedures, and personal protective equipment are discussed. Guidelines for packaging specimens for transfer to another laboratory also are presented. RP Richmond, JY (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF HLTH & SAFETY,F05,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0272-2712 J9 CLIN LAB MED JI Clin. Lab. Med. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 527 EP & PG 25 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA VG152 UT WOS:A1996VG15200003 PM 8866179 ER PT J AU Calle, EE Heath, CW MiracleMcMahill, HL Coates, RJ Liff, JM Franceschi, S Talamini, R Chantarakul, N Koetsawang, S Rachawat, D Morabia, A Schuman, I Stewart, W Szklo, M Bain, C Schofield, F Siskind, V Band, P Coldman, AJ Gallagher, RP Hislop, TG Yang, P Duffy, SW Kolonel, LM Nomura, AMY Oberle, MW Ory, HW Peterson, HB Wilson, HG Wingo, PA Ebeling, K Kunde, D Nishan, P Colditz, G Martin, N Pardthaisong, T Silpisornkosol, S Theetranont, C Boosiri, B Chutivongse, S Jimakorn, P Virutamasen, P Wongsrichanalai, C McMichael, AJ Rohan, T Ewertz, M Paul, C Skegg, DCG Spears, GFS Boyle, P Evstifeeva, T Daling, JR Malone, K Noonan, EA Stanford, JL Thomas, DB Weiss, NS White, E Andrieu, N Bremond, A Clavel, F Gairard, B Lansac, J Piana, L Renaud, R Fine, SRP Cuevas, HR Ontiveros, P Palet, A Salazar, SB Aristizabel, N Cuadros, A Bachelot, A Le, MG Deacon, J Peto, J Taylor, CN Alfandary, E Modan, B Ron, E Friedman, GD Hiatt, RA Bishop, T Kosmelj, K PrimicZakelj, M Ravnihar, B Stare, J Beeson, WL Fraser, G Allen, DS Bulbrook, RD Cuzick, J Fentiman, IS Hayward, JL Wang, DY Hanson, RL Leske, MC Mahoney, MC Nasca, PC Varma, AP Weinstein, AL Moller, TR Olsson, H Ranstam, J Goldbohm, RA vandenBrandt, PA Apelo, RA Baens, J delaCruz, JR Javier, B Lacaya, LB Ngelangel, CA LaVecchia, C Negri, E Marbuni, E Ferraroni, M Gerber, M Richardson, S Segala, C Gatei, D Kenya, P Kungu, A Mati, JG Brinton, LA Hoover, R Schairer, C Spirtas, R Lee, HP Rookus, MA vanLeeuwen, FE Schoenberg, JA Gammon, MD Clarke, EA Jones, L McPherson, K Neil, A Vessey, M Yeates, D Beral, V Bull, D Crossley, B Hermon, C Jones, S Key, T Lewis, C Reeves, G Smith, P Collins, R Doll, R Peto, R Hannaford, P Kay, C RoseroBixby, L Yuan, JM Wei, HY Yun, T Zhiheng, C Berry, G Booth, JC Jelihovsky, T MacLennan, R Shearman, R Wang, QS Baines, CJ Miller, AB Wall, C Lund, E Stalsberg, H Dabancens, A Martinez, L Molina, R Salas, O Alexander, FE Hulka, BS Chilvers, CED Bernstein, L Haile, RW PaganiniHill, A Pike, MC Ross, RK Ursin, G Yu, MC Adami, HO Bergstrom, R Longnecker, MP Newcomb, P Farley, TMN Holck, S Meirik, O AF Calle, EE Heath, CW MiracleMcMahill, HL Coates, RJ Liff, JM Franceschi, S Talamini, R Chantarakul, N Koetsawang, S Rachawat, D Morabia, A Schuman, I Stewart, W Szklo, M Bain, C Schofield, F Siskind, V Band, P Coldman, AJ Gallagher, RP Hislop, TG Yang, P Duffy, SW Kolonel, LM Nomura, AMY Oberle, MW Ory, HW Peterson, HB Wilson, HG Wingo, PA Ebeling, K Kunde, D Nishan, P Colditz, G Martin, N Pardthaisong, T Silpisornkosol, S Theetranont, C Boosiri, B Chutivongse, S Jimakorn, P Virutamasen, P Wongsrichanalai, C McMichael, AJ Rohan, T Ewertz, M Paul, C Skegg, DCG Spears, GFS Boyle, P Evstifeeva, T Daling, JR Malone, K Noonan, EA Stanford, JL Thomas, DB Weiss, NS White, E Andrieu, N Bremond, A Clavel, F Gairard, B Lansac, J Piana, L Renaud, R Fine, SRP Cuevas, HR Ontiveros, P Palet, A Salazar, SB Aristizabel, N Cuadros, A Bachelot, A Le, MG Deacon, J Peto, J Taylor, CN Alfandary, E Modan, B Ron, E Friedman, GD Hiatt, RA Bishop, T Kosmelj, K PrimicZakelj, M Ravnihar, B Stare, J Beeson, WL Fraser, G Allen, DS Bulbrook, RD Cuzick, J Fentiman, IS Hayward, JL Wang, DY Hanson, RL Leske, MC Mahoney, MC Nasca, PC Varma, AP Weinstein, AL Moller, TR Olsson, H Ranstam, J Goldbohm, RA vandenBrandt, PA Apelo, RA Baens, J delaCruz, JR Javier, B Lacaya, LB Ngelangel, CA LaVecchia, C Negri, E Marbuni, E Ferraroni, M Gerber, M Richardson, S Segala, C Gatei, D Kenya, P Kungu, A Mati, JG Brinton, LA Hoover, R Schairer, C Spirtas, R Lee, HP Rookus, MA vanLeeuwen, FE Schoenberg, JA Gammon, MD Clarke, EA Jones, L McPherson, K Neil, A Vessey, M Yeates, D Beral, V Bull, D Crossley, B Hermon, C Jones, S Key, T Lewis, C Reeves, G Smith, P Collins, R Doll, R Peto, R Hannaford, P Kay, C RoseroBixby, L Yuan, JM Wei, HY Yun, T Zhiheng, C Berry, G Booth, JC Jelihovsky, T MacLennan, R Shearman, R Wang, QS Baines, CJ Miller, AB Wall, C Lund, E Stalsberg, H Dabancens, A Martinez, L Molina, R Salas, O Alexander, FE Hulka, BS Chilvers, CED Bernstein, L Haile, RW PaganiniHill, A Pike, MC Ross, RK Ursin, G Yu, MC Adami, HO Bergstrom, R Longnecker, MP Newcomb, P Farley, TMN Holck, S Meirik, O TI Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Further results SO CONTRACEPTION LA English DT Article ID REQUIRING PROLONGED OBSERVATION; ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES; RISK-FACTORS; FINAL REPORT; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; YOUNG-WOMEN; AGE; POPULATION; ESTROGEN; PATTERNS AB The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together and reanalysed the worldwide epidemiological evidence on breast cancer risk and use oi hormonal contraceptives. Original data from 54 studies, representing about 90% of the information available on the topic, were collected, checked and analysed centrally. The 54 studies were performed in 26 countries and include a total of 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer. The studies were varied in their design, setting and timing. Most information came from case-control studies with controls chosen from the general population; most women resided in Europe or North America and most cancers were diagnosed during the 1980s. Overall 41% of the women with breast cancer and 40% of the women without breast cancer had used oral contraceptives at some time: the median age at first use was 26 years, the median duration of use was 3 years, the median year of first use was 1968, the median time since first use was 16 years, and the median time since last use was 9 years. The main findings, summarised elsewhere,I are that there is a small increase in the risk of having breast cancer diagnosed in current users of combined oral contraceptives and in women who had stopped use in the past 10 years but that there is no evidence of an increase in the risk more than 10 years after stopping use. In addition, the cancers diagnosed in women who had used oral contraceptives tended to be less advanced clinically than the cancers diagnosed in women who had not used them. Despite the large number of possibilities investigated, few factors appeared to modify the main findings either in recent or in past users. For recent users who began use before age 20 the relative risks are higher than for recent users who began at older ages. For women whose use of oral contraceptives ceased more than 10 years before there was some suggestion of a reduction in breast cancer risk in certain subgroups, with a deficit of tumors that had spread beyond the breast, especially among women who had used preparations containing the highest doses of oestrogen and progestogen. These findings are unexpected and need to be confirmed. Although these data represent most of the epidemiologi cal evidence on the topic to date, there is still insufficient information to comment reliably about the effects of specific types of oestrogen or of progestogen. What evidence there is suggests, however, no major differences in the effects for specific types of oestrogen or of progestogen and that the pattern of risk associated with use of hormonal contraceptives containing progestogens alone may be similar to that observed for preparations containing both oestrogens and progestogens. On the basis of these results, there is little difference between women who have and have not used combined oral contraceptives in terms of the estimated cumulative number of breast cancers diagnosed during the period from starting use up to 20 rears after stopping. The cancers diagnosed in women who have used oral contraceptives are, however, less advanced clinically than the cancers diag nosed in never users. Further research is needed to establish whether the associations described here are due to earlier diagnosis of breast cancer in women who have used oral contraceptives, to the biological effects of the hormonal contraceptives or to a combination of both. Little information is as yet available about the effects on breast cancer risk of oral contraceptive use that ceased more than 20 years before and as such data accumulate it will be necessary to reexamine the worldwide evidence. C1 RADCLIFFE INFIRM, IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, CANC EPIDEMIOL UNIT, OXFORD OX2 6HE, ENGLAND. AMER CANC SOC, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA. EMORY UNIV, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. AVIANO CANC CTR, PORDENONE, ITALY. MAHIDOL UNIV, BANGKOK 10700, THAILAND. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, BREAST TUMOR COLLABORAT STUDY, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA. UNIV QUEENSLAND, BRISBANE, QLD, AUSTRALIA. BRITISH COLUMBIA CANC AGCY, VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA. MRC, BIOSTAT UNIT, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND. UNIV HAWAII, CTR CANC RES, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. CENT INST CANC RES, BERLIN, GERMANY. HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,CHANNING LAB, NURSES HLTH STUDY RES GRP, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. CHIANG MAI UNIV, CHIANG MAI 50000, THAILAND. CHULALONGKORN UNIV, BANGKOK 10330, THAILAND. CSIRO, DIV HUMAN NUTR, ADELAIDE, SA 5000, AUSTRALIA. DANISH CANC SOC, AARHUS, DENMARK. UNIV OTAGO, DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND. EUROPEAN INST ONCOL, MILAN, ITALY. FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA. INSERM, FRENCH MULTICTR BREAST STUDY, F-75654 PARIS 13, FRANCE. HOSP GEN MEXICO SA, MEXICO CITY, DF, MEXICO. INST GUSTAVE ROUSSY, INSERM, F-94805 VILLEJUIF, FRANCE. INST CANC RES, SUTTON, SURREY, ENGLAND. ISRAEL CHAIM SHEBA MED CTR, TEL HASHOMER, ISRAEL. KAISER PERMANENTE, OAKLAND, CA USA. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, GENET EPIDEMIOL LAB, LEEDS, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND. INST ONCOL, LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA. LOMA LINDA UNIV, LOMA LINDA, CA 92350 USA. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, LONDON WC2A 3PX, ENGLAND. LONG ISL BREAST CANC STUDY, LONG ISL CITY, NY USA. UNIV LUND HOSP, S-22185 LUND, SWEDEN. UNIV LIMBURG, NL-6200 MD MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS. UNIV PHILIPPINES, MANILA, PHILIPPINES. IST RIC FARMACOL MARIO NEGRI, MILAN, ITALY. UNIV MILAN, IST STAT MED & BIOMETRIA, I-20122 MILAN, ITALY. IST NAZL TUMORI, DIV STAT MED & BIOMETRA, I-20133 MILAN, ITALY. CTR CANC, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE. INSERM, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE. NAIROBI CTR RES REPROD, NAIROBI, KENYA. NCI, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. NICHHD, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE 117548, SINGAPORE. NETHERLANDS CANC INST, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS. NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH, TRENTON, NJ 08625 USA. COLUMBIA UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, NEW YORK, NY USA. ONTARIO CANC TREATMENT & RES FDN, TORONTO, ON, CANADA. DEPT PUBL HLTH & PRIMARY CARE, OXFORD, ENGLAND. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, MRC, BHF CLIN TRIAL SERV UNIT, OXFORD, ENGLAND. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, MRC, EPIDEMIOL STUDIES UNIT, OXFORD, ENGLAND. ROYAL COLL GEN PRACTITIONERS, ORAL CONTRACEPT STUDY, LONDON, ENGLAND. UNIV COSTA RICA, SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA. SHANGHAI INST PLANNED PARENTHOOD RES, SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA. UNIV SYDNEY, DEPT PUBL HLTH, SYDNEY, NSW 2006, AUSTRALIA. TIANJIN CANC INST, TIANJIN, PEOPLES R CHINA. UNIV TORONTO, DEPT PREVENT MED & BIOSTAT, TORONTO, ON, CANADA. UNIV TROMSO, TROMSO, NORWAY. UNIV CHILE, SANTIAGO, CHILE. UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH EH8 9YL, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND. UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH PUBL HLTH, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. UNIV NOTTINGHAM, NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD, ENGLAND. UNIV SO CALIF, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA. UNIV UPPSALA, S-75105 UPPSALA, SWEDEN. UNIV WISCONSIN, CTR COMPREHENS CANC, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. WHO, UNDP,UNFPA,WORLD BANK, SPECIAL PROGRAMME RES DEV & TRAINING H, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND. RI Ranstam, Jonas/A-4386-2009; Beral, Valerie/B-2979-2013; Negri, Eva/B-7244-2013; Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise/G-6733-2014; Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015; Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009; Ferraroni, Monica/D-6548-2017 OI Ranstam, Jonas/0000-0002-8287-7273; Negri, Eva/0000-0001-9712-8526; Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562; Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291; Ferraroni, Monica/0000-0002-4542-4996 NR 70 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-7824 J9 CONTRACEPTION JI Contraception PD SEP PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 SU S BP S1 EP S106 PG 106 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA VN552 UT WOS:A1996VN55200002 ER PT J AU Watkins, ML Scanlon, KS Mulinare, J Khoury, MJ AF Watkins, ML Scanlon, KS Mulinare, J Khoury, MJ TI Is maternal obesity a risk factor for anencephaly and spina bifida? SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE obesity; fatness; pregnancy outcome; abnormalities; anencephaly; spina bifida ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; US ADULTS; WEIGHT; EXPOSURE; VALIDITY AB To determine whether the risk of having an infant with anencephaly or spina bifida is greater among obese women than among average-weight women, we compared 307 Atlanta area women who gave birth to a liveborn or stillborn infant with anencephaly or spina bifida (case group) with 2,755 Atlanta-area women who gave birth to an infant without birth defects (control group). The infants of control women were randomly selected from birth certificates and frequency-matched to the case group by race, birth hospital, and birth period from 1968 through 1980. After adjusting for maternal age, education, smoking status, alcohol use, chronic illness, and vitamin use, we found that, compared with average-weight women, obese women (pregravid body mass index greater than 29) had almost twice the risk of having an infant with spina bifida or anencephaly (odds ratio=1.9; 95% confidence limits=1.1, 3.4). A woman's risk increased with her body mass index: adjusted odds ratios ranged from 0.6 (95% confidence limits=0.3, 2.1) for very underweight women to 1.9 for obese women. RP Watkins, ML (reprint author), CDC,NCEH,BDDD,MAILSTOP F-45,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 32 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 5 BP 507 EP 512 DI 10.1097/00001648-199609000-00009 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VC739 UT WOS:A1996VC73900010 PM 8862982 ER PT J AU Tomar, SL Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP AF Tomar, SL Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP TI The peril of smokeless tobacco SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID MORTALITY RP Tomar, SL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 5 BP 559 EP 560 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VC739 UT WOS:A1996VC73900027 PM 8862997 ER PT J AU Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE AF Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE TI Feline rabies SO FELINE PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CATS; VIRUS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VACCINATION; ZIMBABWE; DOG AB In the US, annual reports of rabid cats typically ranged from 200 to 500 cases between 1938 and 1960, but were typically outnumbered by rabid dogs by a factor greater than or equal to 10. In 1981, a reversal of this pattern began, with cats outnumbering dogs, which has continued to date (with a single exception in 1987). Overall, cats have been the numerically most important domestic animal reported rabid (exceeding livestock) since 1992. Hosts, incubation periods, and control measures are discussed here from the feline perspective. RP Rupprecht, CE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU VETERINARY PRACTICE PUBL CO PI SANTA BARBARA PA 7 ASHLEY AVE SOUTH, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93103-9989 SN 1057-6614 J9 FELINE PRACT JI Feline Pr. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 24 IS 5 BP 15 EP 19 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VP181 UT WOS:A1996VP18100005 ER PT J AU Schantz, PM AF Schantz, PM TI Tapeworms (Cestodiasis) SO GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TAENIA-SOLIUM TAENIASIS; HYMENOLEPIS-NANA INFECTIONS; COPROANTIGEN DETECTION; COPRO-ANTIGENS; PRAZIQUANTEL; SAGINATA; HUMANS; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; CYSTICERCOSIS; NICLOSAMIDE AB Nearly all of the cestodes, or tapeworms (class Cestoda in the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms), are parasitic as adults in the intestinal tract of vertebrates. This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of taeniasis, diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, dipylidiasis, and other tapeworm infections. RP Schantz, PM (reprint author), NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 52 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0889-8553 J9 GASTROENTEROL CLIN N JI Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 637 EP & DI 10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70267-3 PG 18 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA VB530 UT WOS:A1996VB53000012 PM 8863044 ER PT J AU Pierce, JP Choi, WS Gilpin, EA Farkas, AJ Merritt, RK AF Pierce, JP Choi, WS Gilpin, EA Farkas, AJ Merritt, RK TI Validation of susceptibility as a predictor of which adolescents take up smoking in the United States SO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE smoking initiation; adolescents; exposure to smoking; susceptibility to smoking ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; INITIATION; BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN; ONSET AB Smoking onset has 4 levels, with a ''susceptibility'' level preceding early experimentation. This study assessed the predictive validity of smoking susceptibility in a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of 4,500 adolescents who at baseline reported never having puffed on a cigarette. At follow-up 4 years later, 40% of the sample had experimented with smoking, and 8% had established a smoking habit. Baseline susceptibility to smoking, defined as the absence of a firm decision not to smoke, was a stronger independent predictor of experimentation than the presence of smokers among either family or the best friend network. However, susceptibility to smoking was not as important as exposure to smokers in distinguishing adolescents who progressed to established smoking from those who remained experimenters at follow-up. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Pierce, JP (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR CANC,CANC PREVENT & CONTROL PROGRAM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. RI Choi, Won/G-7441-2015 OI Choi, Won/0000-0002-5634-844X NR 34 TC 464 Z9 476 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 SN 0278-6133 J9 HEALTH PSYCHOL JI Health Psychol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 355 EP 361 DI 10.1037/0278-6133.15.5.355 PG 7 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology SC Psychology GA VL047 UT WOS:A1996VL04700004 PM 8891714 ER PT J AU Henriques, WD Dixon, KR AF Henriques, WD Dixon, KR TI Estimating spatial distribution of exposure by integrating radiotelemetry, computer simulation, and geographic information system (GIS) techniques SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE GIS; computer simulation; radiotelemetry; exposure assessment ID HOME-RANGE AB The presence of native wildlife species at a chemical production facility provides an interesting opportunity to assess the movement, uptake, and potential impact of pollutants in the environment. Representatives of a wildlife species that serve as sentinels for adverse health effects can be captured and radio collared to determine their movement patterns and home range by telemetry. Data on the characteristics of the point source air release were used in a Gaussian plume model to provide estimates of ambient air contaminant levels. These concentration and telemetry data were then mapped spatially using land use/land cover data in a geographic information system (GIS) to develop an integrated exposure estimate. This was then used to predict study areas that may be of ecological concern and that may warrant further investigation for potentially adverse effects in wildlife populations at other contaminated sites. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,INST WILDLIFE & ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PENDLETON,SC 29670. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PENDLETON,SC 29670. RP Henriques, WD (reprint author), PUBL HLTH SERV,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV HLTH ASSESSMENT & CONSULTAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 2 IS 3 BP 527 EP 538 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WT986 UT WOS:A1996WT98600013 ER PT J AU Stroud, L Edwards, J Danzig, L Culver, D Gaynes, R AF Stroud, L Edwards, J Danzig, L Culver, D Gaynes, R TI Risk factors for mortality associated with enterococcal bloodstream infections SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; BACTEREMIA; ENDOCARDITIS; VANCOMYCIN; RESISTANCE; MICROBIOLOGY; GENTAMICIN; DISEASE; SYSTEM; DEATH AB OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for mortality in patients with a nosocomial enterococcal primary bloodstream infection (EPBI) and to assess whether vancomycin resistance placed a patient at increased risk of death. DESIGN/SETTING: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in four National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System hospitals. RESULTS: Of 145 patients identified with EPBIs, 74 (51%) died, and 26 (18%) had a vancomycin-resistant isolate. Upon comparing patients with EPBIs who survived to those who died, no associations were found between mortality and prior invasive device use, procedure history, type or number of prior nosocomial infections, length of hospitalization before infection, or receipt vancomycin. Independent predictors of mortality were indices of severity of illness (APACHE II score and comorbidity weighted index), age, the use of third-generation cephalosporins or metronidazole during the week prior to infection, and female gender. CONCLUSIONS: Vancomycin resistance was not an independent predictor of death, and its role was difficult to establish, because cohort patients were among the most severely ill of all hospitalized patients. Enterococcal primary bloodstream infections appear to indicate severe, life-threatening disease processes. The pathogenicity of enterococci and the role of vancomycin resistance as a cause of mortality in patients with EPBIs need to be assessed further. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 30 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 17 IS 9 BP 576 EP 580 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VG245 UT WOS:A1996VG24500006 PM 8880229 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, EM Parrott, C Rolka, H Monroe, SS Dwyer, DM AF Rodriguez, EM Parrott, C Rolka, H Monroe, SS Dwyer, DM TI An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis in a nursing home: Importance of excluding ill employees SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION; UNITED-STATES; NORWALK AB BACKGROUND: In May 1994, 43 persons in a nursing home were reported with gastroenteritis. An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine risk factors for gastroenteritis among residents and staff. METHODS: Data were analyzed using contingency tables; relative risks (RR) and statistical significance were determined with Fisher's Exact Test. The chi-squared statistic to perform a goodness of fit test for the binomial distribution was used to determine whether cases occurred randomly and independently of each other. Stools were tested for bacterial enteric pathogens, ova, and parasites and were examined by electron microscopy, Southern hybridization, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Paired sera were collected to detect fourfold rises in antibody titer by enzyme immunoassay against Norwalk viruses. RESULTS: Of 121 residents, 62 (51%) had gastroenteritis, as did 64 (47%) of the 136 staff. The index case was a nurse who became ill at work and continued to work, while symptomatic, for another 2 days. Only residents who had received medications from this nurse between May 17 and May 20 became ill on the first day of the outbreak (13 of 35 versus 0 of 5). Nurses and nurse aides were more likely than employees without direct resident contact to be cases (46 of 68 versus 18 of 58; RR, 2.18; P<.001). Bacterial stool cultures and parasite examinations were negative. Results of electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction with Southern hybridization, and enzyme immunoassay indicated the causative agent was a small, round, structured virus similar to the Snow Mountain Agent. CONCLUSION: To minimize outbreaks in nursing homes, we recommend that ill staff be excluded from work until symptoms resolve. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. SOMERSET CTY DEPT HLTH,WESTOVER,MD. MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG,BALTIMORE,MD 21202. CDC,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,DIV PREVENT RES & ANALYT METHODS,STAT & EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 16 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 17 IS 9 BP 587 EP 592 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VG245 UT WOS:A1996VG24500008 PM 8880231 ER PT J AU Wharton, M AF Wharton, M TI The epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infections SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HERPES-ZOSTER; UNITED-STATES; WEST-INDIES; ST-LUCIA; POPULATION; CHILDREN; CHICKENPOX; INFANCY; COMPLICATIONS; PREVALENCE AB Historically, varicella has been a disease predominantly affecting preschool and school-aged children in the United States. The live attenuated varicella vaccine was licensed in this country in 1995 and has been recommended for routine use in immunization of children 12 to 18 months of age. As an increasing proportion of the children in the United States are protected from varicella by vaccination, changes in the current epidemiology of the disease are anticipated. This article reviews the current epidemiology of VZV infection and outlines issues related to possible changes in varicella epidemiology that may follow widespread use of the live varicella (Oka) vaccine. RP Wharton, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILD VACCINE PREVENTABLE DIS BRANCH,EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE DIV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 40 TC 135 Z9 144 U1 2 U2 12 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 571 EP & DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70313-5 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VB586 UT WOS:A1996VB58600007 PM 8856352 ER PT J AU Johnson, JT Macke, BA AF Johnson, JT Macke, BA TI Estimating contraceptive needs from trends in method mix in developing countries SO INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article AB Contraceptive prevalence has grown substantially in developing-countries creating problems for donor agencies and program managers trying to estimate the need for contraceptive supplies. Data from 106 national surveys conducted in 35 countries between 1974 and 1992 permit calculation of changes in total and method-specific prevalence and of annual rates of change, upon which contraceptive forecasts can be based. In all, 44% of women in the most recent surveys were practicing contraception; 36% were using a modern method. Between the first and most recent surveys, total contraceptive prevalence rose at an annual rate of 5%, and modern method use increased by 6% annually The increases were most rapid in Sub-Saharan Africa (9-10% annually) and slowest in Latin America and the Caribbean (3-4%). Whereas reliance on sterilization grew by 8% yearly increases in prevalence of the pill, IUD and condom were 2% or less annually. In most regions, reliance on sterilization has changed at a much quicker pace than use of other methods, the exception is North Africa and the Middle East where the annual increase for sterilization has been modest, but IUD use has climbed quite rapidly. RP Johnson, JT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 SN 0162-2749 J9 INT FAM PLAN PERSPEC JI Int. Fam. Plan. Perspect. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 92 EP 96 DI 10.2307/2950748 PG 5 WC Demography; Family Studies; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Demography; Family Studies; Biomedical Social Sciences GA VF586 UT WOS:A1996VF58600001 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF AF Gillum, RF TI Is elevated heart rate part of the insulin resistance syndrome! SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Letter ID CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; BLOOD-PRESSURE; DISEASE; MEN; HYPERTENSION; ASSOCIATION; WOMEN RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 20 IS 9 BP 886 EP 886 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE562 UT WOS:A1996VE56200016 PM 8880359 ER PT J AU Yang, QH Guo, F AF Yang, QH Guo, F TI Occupational attainments of rural to urban temporary economic migrants in China, 1985-1990 SO INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MIGRATION AB Since the inauguration of reform in 1978, a large number of Chinese peasants were released from agricultural production and became ''surplus labor.'' Because a large proportion of rural-urban population mobility assumes the form of temporary movement, attention to such movement is therefore essential to any assessment of social, economic and political changes in urban and rural China and of the overall urbanization process. The present study uses the 1 percent sample of the 1990 census data of China to study long-term rural to urban temporary economic migrants, the provincial pattern and variation of these migrants, and their economic activities represented by the occupational attainments in cities in comparison with urban residents. C1 EAST WEST CTR,HONOLULU,HI 96848. RP Yang, QH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 23 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU CENTER MIGRATION STUD PI STATEN ISL PA 209 FLAGG PLACE, STATEN ISL, NY 10304 SN 0197-9183 J9 INT MIGR REV JI Int. Migr. Rev. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 771 EP 787 DI 10.2307/2547636 PG 17 WC Demography SC Demography GA UZ844 UT WOS:A1996UZ84400006 ER PT J AU Hennessy, CH John, R AF Hennessy, CH John, R TI American Indian family caregivers' perceptions of burden and needed support services SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED GERONTOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual Indian Health Service Research Conference CY APR, 1994 CL TUCSON, AZ ID LONG-TERM-CARE; DEMENTIA; INSTITUTIONALIZATION; EDUCATION; SPOUSES; HEALTH AB American Indian families are frequently the primary providers of long-term care for functionally dependent elders. In spite of the rapid growth in the numbers and needs of older American Indians, little is known about the experiences and perceived needs of their informal caregivers. This study used focus groups with family caregivers of frail elders from 5 tribes to elicit caregivers' views of their situation and needed support services. Findings revealed a strong cultural mandate to provide elder care despite the lack of access to essential long-term care services. Major sources of caregiver burden included anxiety about managing in-home medical care, problems in dealing with psychosocial aspects of care, strains on family relations, and negative effects on personal health and well-being. Desired services identified by these caregivers included caregiver training and support groups, enhanced care coordination, adult day care and respite. Cultural considerations in developing these services are discussed. C1 UNIV N TEXAS,MINOR AGING RES INST,DENTON,TX 76203. RP Hennessy, CH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,AGING STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 51 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0733-4648 J9 J APPL GERONTOL JI J. Appl. Gerontol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 275 EP 293 DI 10.1177/073346489601500301 PG 19 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA VE393 UT WOS:A1996VE39300001 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS Austin, H Williamson, DF Arensberg, D AF Kahn, HS Austin, H Williamson, DF Arensberg, D TI Simple anthropometric indices associated with ischemic heart disease SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abdomen; anthropometry; coronary disease; epidemiology; fat distribution; ischemic heart disease; obesity; risk factor; thigh ID BODY-FAT DISTRIBUTION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE ACCUMULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; MIDDLE-AGED MEN; CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; REGIONAL ADIPOSITY; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; DIABETES-MELLITUS; ABDOMINAL OBESITY; HIP RATIO AB In a case control study of 217 hospitalized incident cases of ischemic heart disease and 261 controls we compared various anthropometric indices for the strength of their associations to the outcome event. The ratio of supine sagittal abdominal diameter to midthigh girth (''abdominal diameter index''; ADI) was the simple index that best discriminated cases from controls for both men (standardized difference, 0.65; p < 0.0001) and women (standardized difference, 0.95; p < 0.0001). The waist-to-thigh ratio of girths (WTR) (standardized difference, 0.57 and 0.90; p < 0.0001) was nearly as strong as the ADI and stronger than the traditional waist-to-hip ratio (standardized difference, 0.34 and 0.68; p < 0.005). After adjustments for age and race, the men's odds ratio for ischemic heart disease (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1) was 5.5 (95% CI, 2.9-10) using ADI and 5.1 (2.6-10) using the WTR. The women's odds ratio was 6.3 (1.9-20) using ADI and 8.7 (2.3-33) using the WTR. Further adjustments for body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors did not substantially change these risk estimates. Similar odds ratios were estimated by analyses restricted to 169 neighborhood-matched case control pairs. In contrast, increased midthigh girth and subcutaneous fat mass (sum of three skinfolds) were associated with a protective effect against ischemic heart disease. Anthropometry using the ADI or WTR could offer a low cost, noninvasive method for the clinical or epidemiologic evaluation of ischemic heart disease risk. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,ATLANTA,GA 30303. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,DEPT FAMILY & PREVENT MED,SCH MED,69 BUTLER ST,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. OI Kahn, Henry/0000-0003-2533-1562 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00039]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-40844] NR 50 TC 91 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 9 BP 1017 EP 1024 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00113-8 PG 8 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VE663 UT WOS:A1996VE66300011 PM 8780611 ER PT J AU Roberts, CL Morin, C Addiss, DG Wahlquist, SP Mshar, PA Hadler, JL AF Roberts, CL Morin, C Addiss, DG Wahlquist, SP Mshar, PA Hadler, JL TI Factors influencing Cryptosporidium testing in Connecticut SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTIC METHODS; SPECIMENS; OOCYSTS AB To describe patterns of testing for Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool samples, Connecticut laboratories were surveyed. Different detection methods were used. Most laboratories examined stools specifically for Cryptosporidium only on physician request. The rate of positive tests varied widely (0 to 28%). Higher rates of positivity were associated with the use of monoclonal antibody methods, the use of two or more staining procedures, and testing of stool specimens in addition to those requested by physicians. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,HARTFORD,CT. NR 9 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2292 EP 2293 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VD335 UT WOS:A1996VD33500046 PM 8862602 ER PT J AU Weil, A Plikaytis, BB Butler, WR Woodley, CL Shinnick, TM AF Weil, A Plikaytis, BB Butler, WR Woodley, CL Shinnick, TM TI The mtp40 gene is not present in all strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; FRAGMENT AB A multiplex PCR-based assay that targets IS6110 and the mtp40 gene was evaluated for the rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis, two of the causative agents of tuberculosis. The IS6110 target is present in both species, whereas the mtp40 gene was thought to be specific for M. tuberculosis (P. Del Portillo, L. A. Murillo, and M. E. Patarroyo, J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2163-2168, 1991). However, the mtp-40 gene is not present in all Ill. tuberculosis strains and; hence, is not useful for differentiating M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV AIDS STD,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [K07 HL03078-01] NR 13 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2309 EP 2311 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VD335 UT WOS:A1996VD33500052 PM 8862608 ER PT J AU Hollis, DG Moss, CW Daneshvar, MI WallaceShewmaker, PL AF Hollis, DG Moss, CW Daneshvar, MI WallaceShewmaker, PL TI CDC group IIc: Phenotypic characteristics, fatty acid composition, and isoprenoid quinone content SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEN-NOV; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Twenty strains of glucose-utilizing, small gram-negative slightly pleomorphic rods that grew well aerobically and that were isolated from clinical specimens formed a phenotypically similar group that was designated CDC group IIc. The phenotypic characteristics of CDC group IIc were most similar to those of CDC groups IIe and IIh, the major differences being that CDC group IIc produced acid from sucrose, hydrolyzed esculin, and usually reduced nitrate, The CDC group IIc strains were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography for their cellular fatty acid compositions, and all contained relatively large amounts of isobranched hydroxy and nonhydroxy acids, High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the quinone extract showed menaquinone-6 as the major component, Both the cellular fatty acid and isoprenoid quinone compositions were consistent with the profiles of CDC groups IIe and IIh. Thirty percent of the isolates were from human blood. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2322 EP 2324 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VD335 UT WOS:A1996VD33500056 PM 8862612 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Kaye, WE Gensburg, LS Marshall, EG AF Hall, HI Kaye, WE Gensburg, LS Marshall, EG TI Residential proximity to hazardous waste sites and risk of end-stage renal disease SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LEAD SMELTER WORKERS; HYDROCARBON EXPOSURE; SOLVENT EXPOSURE; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; NEPHROPATHY; MORTALITY; FAILURE; HEALTH AB A case-control study was conducted to assess the potential association between end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and residential proximity to hazardous waste sites. Cases who developed ESRD in 1992 and 1993 were selected from records of the Health Care Financing Administration. Controls were selected by random-digit dialing and matched to cases on age (+/-5 years), sex, and race. The geographic area studied comprised 20 counties in New York State. Information on residences, occupations, and health was collected by administering a questionnaire over the telephone. Residential histories were assessed for potential exposures to hazardous waste sites. Latitudes and longitudes of the address were determined using 1990 Bureau of the Census files and were compared with the locations of sites. After the exclusion of cases with diabetic, infectious, or congenital ESRD, 216 case-control pairs were available for analysis. An elevated odds ratio (OR = 1.40, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-2.11) was found for having ever lived within a 1-mile radius of a site and ESRD. After adjustment for gout, hypertension, and a family history of kidney disease the OR was also elevated (OR = 1.63, 95 percent CI: 0.87-3.03). Further studies are needed to determine whether living near hazardous waste sites increases the risk of ESRD and whether chemicals or other factors explain this association. RP Hall, HI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCCDPHP DCPC ESB,MAILSTOP K-55,4770 BUFORD HWY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD SEP PY 1996 VL 59 IS 2 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VE673 UT WOS:A1996VE67300004 ER PT J AU Arrowood, MJ Xie, LT Rieger, K Dunn, J AF Arrowood, MJ Xie, LT Rieger, K Dunn, J TI Disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by pulsed light treatment evaluated in an in vitro cultivation model SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings C1 PUREPULSE TECHNOL INC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92123. RP Arrowood, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S88 EP S88 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05014.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000077 PM 8822879 ER PT J AU Arrowood, MJ Donaldson, K AF Arrowood, MJ Donaldson, K TI Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings ID PERCOLL GRADIENTS; SPOROZOITES; INFECTIVITY RP Arrowood, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 6 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S89 EP S89 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05015.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000078 PM 8822880 ER PT J AU Bonafonte, MT Lloyd, RM Garmon, KD You, XD Arrowood, MJ Schinazi, RF Mead, JR AF Bonafonte, MT Lloyd, RM Garmon, KD You, XD Arrowood, MJ Schinazi, RF Mead, JR TI Cloning and expression of sporozoite and oocyst Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant proteins. SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings C1 VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DECATUR,GA 30033. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Bonafonte, MT (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Schinazi, Raymond/B-6777-2017 FU PHS HHS [A136680] NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S83 EP S83 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05010.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000073 PM 8822875 ER PT J AU Mead, JR Bonafonte, MT Arrowood, MJ Schinazi, RF AF Mead, JR Bonafonte, MT Arrowood, MJ Schinazi, RF TI In vitro expression of mRNA coding for a Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings C1 VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DECATUR,GA 30033. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Mead, JR (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,DECATUR,GA 30033, USA. RI Schinazi, Raymond/B-6777-2017 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI36680] NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S84 EP S85 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05011.x PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000074 PM 8822876 ER PT J AU Moura, H DaSilva, JLN Sodre, FC Brasil, P Wallmo, K Wahlquist, S Wallace, S Croppo, GP Visvesvara, GS AF Moura, H DaSilva, JLN Sodre, FC Brasil, P Wallmo, K Wahlquist, S Wallace, S Croppo, GP Visvesvara, GS TI Gram-chromotrope: A new technique that enhances detection of microsporidial spores in clinical samples SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings ID ENCEPHALITOZOON-HELLEM; STOOL; INFECTIONS; SPECIMENS; ANTIBODY; PATIENT; URINE; AIDS AB We have developed a new staining procedure that combines the traditional Gram staining for bacteria and the Weber's chromotrope staining method, the standard technique for the detection of microsporidia spores in clinical specimens. This ''Gram-chromotrope'' staining technique the staining characteristics of microsporidia spores and facilitates the easy detection and differentiation of spores from other microorganisms that are found in clinical specimens, especially stool samples. This new technique is fast, reliable, and simple to perform, and can be easily adapted for use in clinical laboratories. C1 UNIV ESTADO RIO DE JANEIRO,FAC CIENCIAS MED,DEPT PATOL & LAB,RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. FIOCRUZ MS,INST OSWALDO CRUZ,HOSP EVANDRO CHAGAS,BR-21045900 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S94 EP S95 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05019.x PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000082 PM 8822884 ER PT J AU You, XD Arrowood, MJ Lejkowski, M Xie, LT Schinazi, RF Mead, JR AF You, XD Arrowood, MJ Lejkowski, M Xie, LT Schinazi, RF Mead, JR TI In vitro evaluation of anticryptosporidial agents using MDCK cell culture and chemiluminescence immunoassay SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM C1 VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DECATUR,GA 30033. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP You, XD (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. RI Schinazi, Raymond/B-6777-2017 FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI-25144] NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S87 EP S87 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05013.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000076 PM 8822878 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF Anderson, LJ Gary, HE Erdman, DD Plouffe, JF File, TM Marston, BJ Breiman, RF AF Dowell, SF Anderson, LJ Gary, HE Erdman, DD Plouffe, JF File, TM Marston, BJ Breiman, RF TI Respiratory syncytial virus is an important cause of community-acquired lower respiratory infection among hospitalized adults SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFLUENZA-A INFECTIONS; NURSING-HOME; OUTBREAK; PNEUMONIA; EPIDEMIC; ILLNESS AB Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most important cause of lower respiratory disease in infants and young children, is rarely considered among the causes for community-acquired lower respiratory infection in adults. All noninstitutionalized adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in two Ohio counties were evaluated between December 1990 and May 1992. Fifty-three (4.4%) of 1195 adults admitted during the RSV seasons and 4 (1.0%) of 390 in the off-season had serologic evidence of RSV infection, making RSV one of the four most common pathogens identified, RSV-infected patients had clinical features (e.g., wheezing and rhonchi) that distinguished them from all non-RSV-infected patients and other features (e.g., nonelevated white blood cell counts) that distinguished them from those infected with bacterial or atypical agents, However, RSV infection was not diagnosed during hospitalization for any of the 57 RSV-infected patients. RSV should be considered in the differential diagnosis for adults hospitalized between November and April with community-acquired lower respiratory infection. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. OHIO STATE UNIV,DIV INFECT DIS,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. AKRON CITY HOSP,DIV INFECT DIS,AKRON,OH. NR 39 TC 259 Z9 267 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 IS 3 BP 456 EP 462 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE493 UT WOS:A1996VE49300002 PM 8769600 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Gamble, HR Zarlenga, DS Tennican, PO AF Dworkin, MS Gamble, HR Zarlenga, DS Tennican, PO TI Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with eating cougar jerky SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SPIRALIS; TRICHINOSIS AB There has been a decline in the number of human trichinellosis cases associated with consumption of commercial pork in the United States, while the relative importance of trichinellosis from game meats has increased, An investigation of an outbreak of trichinellosis in Idaho occurring after consumption of improperly prepared cougar jerky is described, Ten cases of trichinellosis were identified among 15 persons who ate the implicated meat. Viable Trichinella larvae were recovered from frozen cougar tissue. Polymerase chain reaction on parasite DNA yielded results consistent with genotypes T. nativa and Trichinella type T6, This report of cougar meat as a source of human trichinellosis and the finding of freeze-resistant Trichinella organisms in wildlife in Idaho extends the range of this genotype, Consumers of game need to cook the meat thoroughly, since even frozen meat may harbor viable Trichinella that can cause illness. C1 USDA,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,WASHINGTON STATE DEPT HLTH,EPIDEM INTELLLIGENCE SERV,SEATTLE,WA. INFECT DIS NW,SPOKANE,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 IS 3 BP 663 EP 666 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE493 UT WOS:A1996VE49300036 PM 8769634 ER PT J AU Gentsch, JR Woods, PA Ramachandran, M Das, BK Leite, JP Alfieri, A Kumar, R Bhan, MK Glass, RI AF Gentsch, JR Woods, PA Ramachandran, M Das, BK Leite, JP Alfieri, A Kumar, R Bhan, MK Glass, RI TI Review of G and P typing results from a global collection of rotavirus strains: Implications for vaccine development SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Rotavirus Vaccine Workshop CY OCT 16-17, 1995 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, BETHESDA, MD SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIAIS, NIH, Emory Univ Sch Med HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SUBGROUP-I SPECIFICITY; LONG RNA ELECTROPHEROTYPE; LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OUTER CAPSID PROTEIN-VP4; VP4 GENE ALLELES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CELL-CULTURE; REACTION AMPLIFICATION AB Candidate rotavirus vaccines have been prepared with reassortant strains specifically to protect against the 4 major rotavirus G serotypes (G1-4). Many studies using P (VP4) genotyping methods have indicated that, worldwide, rotavirus strains of the 4 common G serotypes are each associated with 1 P genotype: G1, G3, and G4 are associated with P[8], and G2 is associated with P[4]. In contrast, G and P genotyping of rotavirus in specimens from India revealed that a high percentage of the childhood diarrhea strains belong to genotype P[6], and the most common strain had an unusual G serotype, G9. Similarly, in all regions surveyed in Brazil, apparent reassortants of genotype P[8], G5 were found in children with gastroenteritis. These studies indicate that while rotavirus strains have limited diversity in many settings, reassortment between common and uncommon serotypes or animal strains can arise in some settings and, thus, lead to unusual diversity. C1 ALL INDIA INST MED SCI,NEW DELHI,INDIA. INST OSWALDO CRUZ,BR-20001 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. LONDRINA STATE UNIV,LONDRINA,PARANA,BRAZIL. RP Gentsch, JR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,MS-G04,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 66 TC 157 Z9 167 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 SU 1 BP S30 EP S36 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE910 UT WOS:A1996VE91000007 PM 8752288 ER PT J AU Glass, RI Lang, DR Ivanoff, BN Compans, RW AF Glass, RI Lang, DR Ivanoff, BN Compans, RW TI Introduction: Rotavirus from basic research to a vaccine SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; PROTECTION; IMMUNIZATION; INFECTION; DIARRHEA C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NIAID,DIV MICROBIOL & INFECT DIS,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. WHO,GLOBAL PROGRAMME VACCINES,VACCINE RES & DEV,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Compans, Richard/I-4087-2013 OI Compans, Richard/0000-0003-2360-335X NR 18 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 SU 1 BP S1 EP S2 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE910 UT WOS:A1996VE91000001 PM 8752282 ER PT J AU Glass, RI Kilgore, PE Holman, RC Jin, SX Smith, JC Woods, PA Clarke, MJ Ho, MS Gentsch, JR AF Glass, RI Kilgore, PE Holman, RC Jin, SX Smith, JC Woods, PA Clarke, MJ Ho, MS Gentsch, JR TI The epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in the United States: Surveillance and estimates of disease burden SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Rotavirus Vaccine Workshop CY OCT 16-17, 1995 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, BETHESDA, MD SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIAIS, NIH, Emory Univ Sch Med HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; US CHILDREN; GASTROENTERITIS; IMMUNIZATION; INFECTION; MORTALITY; PATTERNS; SEROTYPE; CANADA AB The decision to develop rotavirus vaccines was predicated on the extensive burden of rotavirus disease among children worldwide. US reports on nationwide hospitalizations (1979-1992) and deaths (1968-1991) due to diarrhea and weekly reports of rotavirus infection by 74 laboratories were reviewed to estimate the burden of rotavirus disease, identify epidemiologic trends, and consider methods for evaluating an immunization program when a vaccine becomes available. From 1968 to 1985, diarrhea-related deaths among US children <5 years old declined from 1100 to 300/year. This decline was associated with the disappearance of winter peaks for diarrhea-related deaths previously associated with rotavirus infection among children 4-23 months old. From 1979 to 1992, however, hospitalizations for diarrhea averaged 186,000/year and retained their winter peaks, which have been linked to rotavirus infections. Each year an estimated 54,000-55,000 US children are hospitalized for diarrhea, but <40 die with rotavirus. A rotavirus vaccine program will require improved surveillance, including the timely collection of data from sentinel hospitals, in which a diagnosis of rotavirus can be established or ruled out for all children hospitalized for diarrhea. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT MSG04,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Kilgore, Paul/L-1462-2013 OI Kilgore, Paul/0000-0003-3214-4482 NR 36 TC 147 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 SU 1 BP S5 EP S11 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE910 UT WOS:A1996VE91000003 PM 8752284 ER PT J AU Lang, DR Glass, RI Compans, RW AF Lang, DR Glass, RI Compans, RW TI Summary of the Fifth Rotavirus Vaccine Workshop SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA. NIAID,DIV MICROBIOL & INFECT DIS,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Lang, DR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Compans, Richard/I-4087-2013 OI Compans, Richard/0000-0003-2360-335X NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 SU 1 BP S3 EP S4 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE910 UT WOS:A1996VE91000002 PM 8752283 ER PT J AU Orenstein, WA Hadler, S Kuritsky, JN Bernier, RH AF Orenstein, WA Hadler, S Kuritsky, JN Bernier, RH TI Rotavirus vaccines - From licensure to disease reduction SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Rotavirus Vaccine Workshop CY OCT 16-17, 1995 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, BETHESDA, MD SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIAIS, NIH, Emory Univ Sch Med HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT ID UNITED-STATES; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; SURVEILLANCE; CHILDREN; POLIOMYELITIS; VACCINATION; EFFICACY; PROGRAM AB Rotavirus infection produces a serious health burden in the United States, causing an estimated >100,000 hospitalizations and >100 deaths annually. This health burden is comparable to that for measles, pertussis, mumps, and varicella before vaccines for these diseases were routinely given to children. Rotavirus vaccines have the potential to significantly reduce a serious public health problem in the United States. However, while development and licensure of vaccines is a major breakthrough, it represents only the first step in disease prevention. Vaccines must be recommended by major immunization advisory committees, financed in both the public and private sectors, and successfully integrated into the existing vaccination schedule. Vaccines must reach all targeted children, and monitoring systems must be established or adapted to better determine vaccine safety and disease impact. Reevaluation of disease prevention strategies must be ongoing and fueled by new information on safety and disease reduction. RP Orenstein, WA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM E05,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 SU 1 BP S118 EP S124 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE910 UT WOS:A1996VE91000020 PM 8752301 ER PT J AU ODorisio, N Plouffe, JF Facklam, R AF ODorisio, N Plouffe, JF Facklam, R TI Streptococcus pneumoniae, serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility, Franklin County, OH. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT INTERNAL MED,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 7 BP A382 EP A382 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA VE473 UT WOS:A1996VE47300234 ER PT J AU Favorov, MO Khudyakov, YE Mast, EE Yashina, TL Shapiro, CN Khudyakova, NS Jue, DL Onischenko, GG Margolis, HS Fields, HA AF Favorov, MO Khudyakov, YE Mast, EE Yashina, TL Shapiro, CN Khudyakova, NS Jue, DL Onischenko, GG Margolis, HS Fields, HA TI IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) detected by an enzyme immunoassay based on an HEV-specific artificial recombinant mosaic protein SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hepatitis E virus; anti-HEV; enzyme immunoassay; HEV-specific mosaic protein; HEV outbreaks ID NON-B HEPATITIS; TRANSMITTED NON-A; CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; IDENTIFICATION; EPIDEMIC; EPITOPES; DISEASE AB To develop an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for IgM antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) (IgM anti-HEV) and IgG antibody to HEV (IgG anti-HEV), a synthetic gene encoding several liner immuno-dominant antigenic epitopes from HEV structural proteins was assembled as a chimeric recombinant mosaic protein (Mpr) with glutathione S-transferase and used as an immunodiagnostic target. In addition, a neutralization confirmation test was developed using individual synthetic peptides. Among 614 patients with acute hepatitis from 10 geographically distinct outbreaks, IgG anti-HEV was found in 546 (88.9%), with a range of 77-100% depending on the outbreak. Of 130 patients tested for IgM anti-HEV, 126 (96.9%) were positive. Among patients tested within 4 months of onset of jaundice, 37/37 (100%) were IgG anti-HEV positive. For patients from whom sera were collected 1-16 days after onset of jaundice, the geometric mean IgG titer (GMT) was 1:47,000; the GMT increased to 1:70,710 30-40 days after onset of jaundice and decreased to 1:1,778 3-4 months after the onset of jaundice. For patients tested 6-8 months after onset of jaundice, 11/12 (92%) were IgG anti-HEV positive, and the GMT was 1:2,908. IgM anti-HEV was detected in 43/43 (100%) sera collected 1-40 days after onset of jaundice, and the GMT for IgM anti-HEV was 1:10,000 at that time. For sera collected 3-4 and 6-12 months after onset of jaundice, 7/14 (50%) and 5/12 (40%) respectively, were IgM anti-HEV positive. In conclusion, an artificial mosaic protein composed of linear antigenic epitopes from open reading frame 2 (ORF2) and ORF3 of HEV has been successfully applied to the development of a sensitive and specific EIA for the detection of IgG and IgM anti-HEV activity. These assays were used for the verification of HEV infection in outbreak settings and for the diagnosis of HEV infection in sporadic cases. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,BIOTECHNOL CORE FACIL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RUSSIAN ACAD MED SCI,IVANOVSKY INST VIROL,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. RP Favorov, MO (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,A-33,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 30 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 50 IS 1 BP 50 EP 58 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199609)50:1<50::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA VM302 UT WOS:A1996VM30200010 PM 8890041 ER PT J AU McDermott, JM Drews, C Adams, M Berg, C Hill, HA McCarthy, BJ AF McDermott, JM Drews, C Adams, M Berg, C Hill, HA McCarthy, BJ TI Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care during the second pregnancies among African-American women SO JOURNAL OF NURSE-MIDWIFERY LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; BLACK-POPULATION; OUTCOMES; ADOLESCENTS; VALIDATION; QUALITY; RISK AB A longitudinally linked data set for Georgia was used to identify characteristics, including previous prenatal care use and complications at the first birth, associated with prenatal care use in the second pregnancy among 8,224 African-American women. More than 70% of the women who were <25 years of age at their first birth (younger women) and almost 40% of women who were greater than or equal to 25 years at their first birth received inadequate care with at least one of their first two births. Women who received inadequate care in their first pregnancy were more likely to receive inadequate care in their second pregnancy than women who received adequate care in their first pregnancy. Younger women with a history of a stillbirth, neonatal death, or vacuum extraction were less likely to receive inadequate care in their subsequent pregnancy. Although this study was not able to evaluate the content of prenatal care, it suggested that many African-American women may not receive sufficient care to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women who receive inadequate care in their first pregnancy must be targeted for interventions that help them overcome economic, situational, or attitudinal barriers to receiving adequate care in their next pregnancy. C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA. RP McDermott, JM (reprint author), MOTHERCARE JSI,1616 N FORT MYER DR,STE 1100,ARLINGTON,VA 22209, USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0091-2182 J9 J NURSE-MIDWIFERY JI J. Nurse-Midwifery PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 368 EP 376 DI 10.1016/S0091-2182(96)00058-4 PG 9 WC Nursing SC Nursing GA VN226 UT WOS:A1996VN22600004 PM 8916677 ER PT J AU Smith, PS Teutsch, SM Shaffer, PA Rolka, H Evatt, B AF Smith, PS Teutsch, SM Shaffer, PA Rolka, H Evatt, B TI Episodic versus prophylactic infusions for hemophilia A: A cost-effectiveness analysis SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; ARTHROPATHY; ADOLESCENTS; EXPERIENCE; DISABILITY; THERAPY AB Objective: To assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of prophylactic compared with episodic care in boys with severe hemophilia A. Setting: Eleven 0.3. hemophilia treatment centers. Methods: Charge data from a randomly selected cohort of 70 boys receiving episodic infusions for bleeding events and from all 27 boys receiving infusions prophylactically were collected from documents obtained from the hemophilia treatment centers during a period of approximately 2 years. Published and public sources were used for conversion to cost, lifetime earnings, and earnings losses from disability. A model was constructed for a hypothetical patient from ages 3 to 50 years by means of three infusion scenarios. Results:The cohort receiving prophylactic treatment had fewer bleeding events each year (median, 3 vs 31) but used more concentrate (3323 vs 1015 units/kg per year). Factor VIII concentrate accounted for more than 93% of the cost of both episodic and prophylactic care. Compared with episodic infusion, prophylaxis from ages 3 to 20 years costs $1100 per bleeding event prevented, in comparison with $1380 for prophylaxis from ages 3 to 50 years. The total cost of prophylactic care from ages 3 to 50 years would equal the current total cost of episodic care if the price of the concentrate were decreased by 50%. Conclusion: Prophylactic care markedly reduces the number of bleeding events and should prevent joint function impairment, but at substantial cost. C1 BROWN UNIV, DEPT PEDIAT, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, ATLANTA, GA USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, HEMATOL DIS BRANCH, DIV HIV AIDS, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Smith, PS (reprint author), RHODE ISL HOSP, DEPT PEDIAT, 593 EDDY ST, PROVIDENCE, RI 02903 USA. NR 23 TC 106 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 6 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 129 IS 3 BP 424 EP 431 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70076-8 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA VK798 UT WOS:A1996VK79800016 PM 8804333 ER PT J AU Cleveland, JL AF Cleveland, JL TI Hepatitis B vaccination and infection among US dentists, 1983-1992 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; C VIRUS; DENTAL PROFESSIONALS; OCCUPATIONAL RISK; ORAL SURGEONS; BLOOD AB The hepatitis B vaccine became commercially available in 1982. Since then, health care workers, including dentists, have been encouraged to be vaccinated. This study examines the prevalence of hepatitis B vaccination and infection among U.S. dentists from 1983 to 1992. RP CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV ORAL HLTH, NATL CTR PREVENT SERV, MAILSTOP F-10, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DENTAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 EI 1943-4723 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 127 IS 9 BP 1385 EP 1390 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA VG395 UT WOS:A1996VG39500029 PM 8854618 ER PT J AU Clark, GG AF Clark, GG TI Mosquito vector control and biology in Latin America - A sixth symposium SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material AB The sixth Spanish language symposium presented by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) was held as part of the 62nd Annual Meeting in Norfolk, VA, in March 1996. The principal objective, as for the previous 5 symposia, was to promote the participation in the AMCA meeting by vector control specialists, public health workers, and academicians from Latin America. This publication includes summaries of 25 presentations that were given in Spanish by participants from 6 countries in Latin America and the USA. The symposium included the following topics: ecological and genetic studies of anopheline vectors of malaria, laboratory and field evaluations of chemical control methods for several mosquito species, ecological studies and community control of Aedes aegypti, and reports of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever and Venezuelan equine encephalitis epidemics that occurred in Latin America in 1995. RP Clark, GG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DENGUE BRANCH, 2 CALLE CASIA, SAN JUAN, PR 00921 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI MOUNT LAUREL PA 15000 COMMERCE PARKWAY, SUITE C, MOUNT LAUREL, NJ 08054 USA SN 8756-971X EI 1943-6270 J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 460 EP 460 PN 1 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ447 UT WOS:A1996VJ44700012 PM 8887226 ER PT J AU Clark, GG AF Clark, GG TI Mosquito vector control and biology in Latin America - A sixth symposium SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article RP Clark, GG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DENGUE BRANCH, 2 CALLE CASIA, SAN JUAN, PR 00921 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI MOUNT LAUREL PA 15000 COMMERCE PARKWAY, SUITE C, MOUNT LAUREL, NJ 08054 USA SN 8756-971X EI 1943-6270 J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 460 EP 461 PN 1 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ447 UT WOS:A1996VJ44700013 PM 8887226 ER PT J AU CordonRosales, C Brogdon, WG Black, WC AF CordonRosales, C Brogdon, WG Black, WC TI Esterase polymorphism in insecticide susceptible/resistant populations of Anopheles albimanus SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 NCID,CDC,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP CordonRosales, C (reprint author), UNIV VALLE GUATEMALA,RES INST,MERTU G,GUATEMALA CITY,GUATEMALA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 462 EP 463 PN 1 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ447 UT WOS:A1996VJ44700018 ER PT J AU Morrison, AC Santiago, M Reiter, P RigauPerez, JG Clark, GG AF Morrison, AC Santiago, M Reiter, P RigauPerez, JG Clark, GG TI Clustering patterns of dengue cases during an outbreak in Puerto Rico (1991-1992) and their relationship to Aedes aegypti dispersal and blood-feeding behavior SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WATER RESOURCES DIV,SAN JUAN,PR. RP Morrison, AC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DENGUE BRANCH,SAN JUAN,PR, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 466 EP 466 PN 1 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ447 UT WOS:A1996VJ44700025 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI Jarvis, WR Stivelman, JC Favero, MS AF Tokars, JI Jarvis, WR Stivelman, JC Favero, MS TI Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and vancomycin use in hemodialysis centers, 1995 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV RENAL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP A1090 EP A1090 PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA VK074 UT WOS:A1996VK07401086 ER PT J AU Sniezek, JE Thurman, D AF Sniezek, JE Thurman, D TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE LA English DT Letter RP Sniezek, JE (reprint author), NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,DIV ACUTE CARE REHABIL RES & DISABIL PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1079-6061 J9 J TRAUMA JI J. Trauma-Injury Infect. Crit. Care PD SEP PY 1996 VL 41 IS 3 BP 575 EP 576 DI 10.1097/00005373-199609000-00047 PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Surgery SC General & Internal Medicine; Surgery GA VH571 UT WOS:A1996VH57100051 PM 8810993 ER PT J AU Nainan, OV Cromeans, TL Margolis, HS AF Nainan, OV Cromeans, TL Margolis, HS TI Sequence-specific, single-primer amplification and detection of PCR products for identification of hepatitis viruses SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE PCR; solid-phase detection; hybridization-detection ID A VIRUS; B VIRUS; ENZYMATIC AMPLIFICATION; DNA; POLYMERASE; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; INFECTION; PHASE AB A simple system to detect polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products was developed. This detection method has the sensitivity and the specificity of nested primer PCR amplification or Southern blot hybridization of PCR product. Digoxigenin-labeled PCR products were hybridized with a biotinylated probe in liquid phase and captured on to microtiter wells coated with antidigoxigenin followed by detection with streptavidin-peroxidase. The sensitivity of this assay for the detection of hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus is equal to that of existing nucleic acid detection systems. RP Nainan, OV (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,WHO COLLABORAT CTR RES & REFERENCE VIRAL HEPATIT,ATLANTA,GA, USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD SEP PY 1996 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1016/0166-0934(96)02077-0 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA VH071 UT WOS:A1996VH07100014 PM 8882945 ER PT J AU Yamamoto, S Folks, TM Heneine, W AF Yamamoto, S Folks, TM Heneine, W TI Highly sensitive qualitative and quantitative detection of reverse transcriptase activity: Optimization, validation, and comparative analysis with other detection systems SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE reverse transcriptase detection and quantitation; retrovirus ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; T-CELL LYMPHOMA; ASSAY; RETROVIRUS; LYMPHOCYTES; MICROASSAY AB An ultra-sensitive assay for reverse transcriptase (RT) activity called Amp-RT has been developed. An in vitro transcribed heteropolymeric RNA sequence was used as a template, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with Southern-blot hybridization served as a detection system for the cDNA product of the reaction. Titration of Mg2+ and Mn2+ concentrations using the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), respectively, showed optimal assay reactivity for both viruses at 2-20 mM of Mg2+. Analysis of density banded HIV-1 showed that the peak RT activity of the assay was associated with the fractions consistent with retrovirus particles. The sensitivity of Amp-RT was also compared with that of three conventional RT assays by using seven different retroviruses including HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), HTLV-I and HTLV-II, simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2), and gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV). HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and GALV could not be detected by the three conventional RT assays. Amp-RT was able to detect all these viruses in 10(1)-10(3)-fold dilutions. Similarly, Amp-RT was found to be 10(3)-10(6)-fold more sensitive than the other RT assays in detecting HIV-1, SIV, or CAEV. Culture supernatants from uninfected cell lines were all Amp-RT negative. A quantitative Amp-RT assay was also developed by using recombinant HIV-1 RT and signal quantitation. The assay was found to have a 5 log linear range, and therefore, provides a useful tool for quantitating RT and retroviruses. Amp-RT offers a sensitive generic tool for the qualitative and quantitative detection of known and unknown retroviruses. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD SEP PY 1996 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1016/0166-0934(96)02078-2 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA VH071 UT WOS:A1996VH07100015 PM 8882946 ER PT J AU MacQueen, KM Nopkesorn, T Sweat, MD Sawaengdee, Y Mastro, TD Weniger, BG AF MacQueen, KM Nopkesorn, T Sweat, MD Sawaengdee, Y Mastro, TD Weniger, BG TI Alcohol consumption, brothel attendance, and condom use: Normative expectations among Thai military conscripts SO MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTERLY LA English DT Article DE HIV; male sexual risk behavior; commercial sex workers; alcohol consumption; Thailand ID TRANSMISSION; HIV; MEN AB This article investigates the relationship between alcohol consumption and inconsistent condom use with brothel-based commercial sex workers among Thai military conscripts in Northern Thailand. Data from 10 focus groups indicate that alcohol consumption (1) is consciously used by men to reduce inhibitions that constrain their interpersonal interaction with women and with each other; (2) reduces inhibitions of individuals to sexual risk taking; (3) provides a socially acceptable excuse for nonuse of condoms; (4) is associated by conscripts with brothel attendance; and (5) is seen to enhance male sexual pleasure, in contrast to condoms, which are said to reduce pleasure. Understanding the culturally defined expectations that surround alcohol consumption and sexual behavior is critical for developing realistic interventions to reduce HIV transmission. C1 SOMDEJ PRANARESUAN MAHARAJ HOSP, PHITSANULOKE, THAILAND. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA. MAHIDOL UNIV, INST POPULAT & SOCIAL RES, BANGKOK 10700, THAILAND. RP MacQueen, KM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT, DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT, MAILSTOP E-45, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 28 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0745-5194 J9 MED ANTHROPOL Q JI Med. Anthropol. Q. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 402 EP 423 DI 10.1525/maq.1996.10.3.02a00070 PG 22 WC Anthropology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Anthropology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA VU256 UT WOS:A1996VU25600008 PM 8873026 ER PT J AU Krieg, EF Chrislip, DW Russo, JM AF Krieg, EF Chrislip, DW Russo, JM TI A mathematical model of performance on a simple reaction time test SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE simple reaction time; nonlinear model; organophosphate pesticides; intraclass regression model ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; WORKERS; INHIBITION; EXPOSURE; RETURN AB A nonlinear function with components for learning and fatigue was used to model individual performance an a simple reaction time test. The relationships between the parameters of the model and the mean and variance of the reaction times are discussed. The function is used to analyze data from a field study of agricultural workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Exposure had a significant effect on the relationships between education level and initial performance, age and fatigue rate, and age and performance variability. Parameter estimates from the model were able to distinguish between effects that the mean and standard deviation of the reaction times were unable to distinguish. RP Krieg, EF (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MS C-22,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 18 IS 5 BP 587 EP 593 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(96)00077-3 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA VK098 UT WOS:A1996VK09800008 PM 8888023 ER PT J AU Sowell, RL Seals, B Moneyham, L Guillory, J Demi, A Cohen, L AF Sowell, RL Seals, B Moneyham, L Guillory, J Demi, A Cohen, L TI Barriers to health-seeking behaviors for women infected with HIV SO NURSING CONNECTIONS LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CARE PROVIDERS; AIDS; ATTITUDES; WORKERS; PHYSICIANS; KNOWLEDGE AB There is a growing need to develop services for women with human immunodeficiency virus (HN) infection, despite the reluctance of many to seek help Yet, there is limited knowledge of the forces that act as barriers to health-seeking behaviors among these women. In the analysis oi this focus group study of 46 women with HN, eight distinct categories oi perceived barriers to care were identified These were: Lack of knowledge on the part of health care providers, fear oi negative treatment. insensitivity of health care providers, fear by providers, lack oi patient education. lack of confidentiality. lack of honesty, and blaming the victim The women's descriptions of their experiences with health care providers are presented and discussed in the context of the potential impact of such behaviors on women's willingness to accept or continue treatment for HN infection. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PREVENT & COMMUN BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,NELL HODGSON WOODRUFF SCH NURSING,ATLANTA,GA 30322. MOREHOUSE SCH MED,DEPT COMMUNITY MED,ATLANTA,GA 30310. GEORGIA STATE UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30303. MED COLL GEORGIA,AUGUSTA,GA 30912. RP Sowell, RL (reprint author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT ADM & CLIN NURSING,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU408293] NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU WASHINGTON HOSPITAL CENTER, DIVISION NURSING PI WASHINGTON PA 110 IRVING ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20010 SN 0895-2809 J9 NURS CONNECT JI Nurs. Connect. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 9 IS 3 BP 5 EP 17 PG 13 WC Nursing SC Nursing GA VP994 UT WOS:A1996VP99400002 PM 9110785 ER PT J AU Bresee, JS Fischer, M Dowell, SF Johnston, BD Biggs, VM Levine, RS Lingappa, JR Keyserling, HL Petersen, KM Bak, JR Gary, HE Sowell, AL Rubens, CE Anderson, LJ AF Bresee, JS Fischer, M Dowell, SF Johnston, BD Biggs, VM Levine, RS Lingappa, JR Keyserling, HL Petersen, KM Bak, JR Gary, HE Sowell, AL Rubens, CE Anderson, LJ TI Vitamin A therapy for children with respiratory syncytial virus infection: A multicenter trial in the United States SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE respiratory syncytial virus; vitamin A; retinyl palmitate ID A LEVELS; CLINICAL-TRIAL; MEASLES; MORTALITY; SUPPLEMENTATION; DIARRHEA; RETINOL; DEFICIENCY; MORBIDITY; SEVERITY AB Background, High dose vitamin A therapy is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with measles infection. Children with acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have low serum vitamin A concentrations. Methods. We performed a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of high dose vitamin A therapy among 239 children 1 month to 6 years of age to determine whether high dose vitamin A therapy would reduce morbidity associated with RSV infection. Results. There were no differences between the vitamin A and placebo recipients for most clinical outcomes; however, vitamin A recipients had longer hospital stays than placebo recipients (5.0 days vs. 4.4 days, P = 0.01) after enrollment. This effect was significant for children who were older than 1 year (who also had received the highest doses of vitamin A), particularly among those at low risk for complications of RSV infection and those enrolled during the second study season. Serum retinol levels at enrollment were inversely correlated with severity of illness. Conclusion. We found no evidence of a beneficial effect of vitamin A for the treatment of RSV infection in children in the United States. There may be groups of children for which vitamin A has an adverse effect, resulting in longer hospital stays. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. INDIAN HLTH SERV,CROWNPOINT HLTHCARE FACIL,CROWNPOINT,NM. CHILDRENS HOSP & MED CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98105. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,EGLESTON CHILDRENS HOSP,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ARCTIC INVEST PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ANCHORAGE,AK. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NUTR & BIOCHEM BRANCH,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Fischer, Markus/H-2870-2012 NR 33 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 777 EP 782 DI 10.1097/00006454-199609000-00008 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA VG538 UT WOS:A1996VG53800007 PM 8878220 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF Papic, Z Bresee, JS Larranaga, C Mendez, M Sowell, AL Gary, HE Anderson, LJ Avendano, LF AF Dowell, SF Papic, Z Bresee, JS Larranaga, C Mendez, M Sowell, AL Gary, HE Anderson, LJ Avendano, LF TI Treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection with vitamin A: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Santiago, Chile SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE respiratory syncytial virus; vitamin A; bronchiolitis; retinol; treatment outcome; chemotherapy; pneumonia; acute disease; infant ID A LEVELS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; TRACT INFECTIONS; CLINICAL-TRIAL; UNITED-STATES; MEASLES; MORTALITY; INFANTS; SUPPLEMENTATION; RIBAVIRIN AB Background. Treatment with high dose vitamin A reduces complications and duration of hospitalization for children with measles. In respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, as with measles, low serum vitamin A concentrations correlate with increased severity of illness, Methods, To determine whether high dose vitamin A treatment is also effective for treating RSV disease, we conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial among 180 RSV-infected children between 1 month and 6 years of age at three hospitals in Santiago, Chile. Children with nasal washes positive for RSV antigen were given oral vitamin A (50 000 to 200 000 IU of retinyl palmitate, dosed according to age; n = 89) or placebo (n = 91) within 2 days of admission, Results. There was no significant benefit from vitamin A treatment for the overall group in duration of hospitalization, need for supplemental oxygen or time to resolve hypoxemia, For the subgroup of children with significant hypoxemia on admission (room air oxygen saturation level less than or equal to 90%), those given vitamin A had more rapid resolution of tachypnea (P = 0.01) and a shorter duration of hospitalization (5.5 vs, 9.3 days, P = 0.09). No toxicities were seen, including excess vomiting or bulging fontanel. Conclusion, If vitamin A has a beneficial effect on the course of RSV disease, it may be seen only in more severely ill children. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NUTR & BIOCHEM BRANCH, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. UNIV CHILE, FAC MED, SANTIAGO 7, CHILE. HOSP EXEQUIEL GONZALEZ CORTES, SANTIAGO, CHILE. ROBERTO RIO HOSP, SANTIAGO, CHILE. HOSP SAN JUAN DIOS, SANTIAGO, CHILE. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, PUBL HLTH SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 782 EP 786 DI 10.1097/00006454-199609000-00009 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA VG538 UT WOS:A1996VG53800008 PM 8878221 ER PT J AU Gaynes, RP Edwards, JR Jarvis, WR Culver, DH Tolson, JS Martone, WJ AF Gaynes, RP Edwards, JR Jarvis, WR Culver, DH Tolson, JS Martone, WJ TI Nosocomial infections among neonates in high-risk nurseries in the United States SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE nosocomial infections; neonates; high-risk nursery ID INTENSIVE-CARE UNITS; SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Background. Nosocomial infections result inconsiderable morbidity and mortality among neonates in high-risk nurseries (HRNs). Purpose. To examine the epidemiology of nosocomial infections among neonates in level III HRNs. Methods. Data were collected from 99 hospitals with HRNs participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system, which uses standard surveillance protocols and nosocomial infection site definitions. The data included information on maternal acquisition of and risk factors for infection, such as device exposure, birth weight category (less than or equal to 1000, 1001 through 1500, 1501 through 2500, and >2500 g), mortality, and the relationship of the nosocomial infection to death. Results. From October 1986 through September 1994, these hospitals submitted data on 13 179 nosocomial infections. The bloodstream was the most frequent site of nosocomial infection in all birth weight groups. Nosocomial pneumonia was the second most common infection site, followed by the gastrointestinal and eye, ear, nose, and throat sites. The most common nosocomial pathogens among all neonates were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Enterobacter sp, and Escherichia coli. Group B streptococci were associated with 46% of bloodstream infections that were maternally acquired; coagulase-negative staphylococci were associated with 58% of bloodstream infections that were not maternally acquired, most of which (88%) were associated with umbilical or central intravenous catheters. Conclusions. Bloodstream infections, the most frequent nosocomial infections in all birth weight groups, should be a major focus of surveillance and prevention efforts in HRNs. For bloodstream infections, stratification of surveillance data by maternal acquisition will help focus prevention efforts for group B streptococci outside the HRN. Within the nursery, bloodstream infection surveillance should focus on umbilical or central intravenous catheter use, a major risk factor for infection. RP Gaynes, RP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAIL STOP E-55,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 269 Z9 281 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 357 EP 361 PN 1 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA VF506 UT WOS:A1996VF50600001 PM 8784356 ER PT J AU Campbell, JR Schaffer, SJ Szilagyi, PG OConnor, KG Briss, P Weitzman, M AF Campbell, JR Schaffer, SJ Szilagyi, PG OConnor, KG Briss, P Weitzman, M TI Blood lead screening practices among US pediatricians SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE elevated blood lead levels; screening ID EXPOSURE; ATTAINMENT; POPULATION; CHILDREN AB Objectives. In 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) decreased the blood lead level of concern to 10 mu g/dL (0.48 mu mol/L) and recommended universal screening. Because these guidelines continue to provoke controversy, we conducted a study to: 1) estimate the proportion of pediatricians who are members of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) who report screening for elevated blood lead levels; 2) describe their clinical practices regarding screening for elevated blood lead levels; 3) compare attitudes of universal screeners, selective screeners, and nonscreeners; and 4) identify characteristics of pediatricians who universally screen. Design. Confidential, cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative random sample of 1610 pediatricians conducted through the AAP Periodic Survey. Subjects. The study included 1035 responders (64% response rate). Analysis was limited to the 734 pediatricians who provide well-child care tie, primary-care pediatricians). Results. Fifty-three percent of pediatricians reported screening all their patients aged 9 to 36 months, 39% reported screening some, and 8% reported screening none. Among those who screen, 96% use a blood lead assay. The primary risk factors for which selective screeners screen are: history of pica (94%); living in an older home with recent renovations (92%); living in an older home with peeling paint (93%); and having a sibling who had an elevated blood lead level (88%). Among primary-care pediatricians, 73% agree that blood lead levels greater than or equal to 10 mu g/dL should be considered elevated, and 16% disagree. However, 89% of primary-care pediatricians believe that epidemiologic studies should be performed to determine which communities have high proportions of children with elevated blood lead levels, and 34% of primary-care pediatricians believe that the costs of screening exceed the benefits. Conclusions. Three years after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued new guidelines for the management of elevated blood lead levels, a slight majority of primary-care pediatricians in the United States who are members of the AAP report that they universally screen their appropriately aged patients, while most of the remaining pediatricians report screening high-risk patients. Many pediatricians may want additional guidance about circumstances under which selective screening should be considered. C1 AMER ACAD PEDIAT,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,LEAD POISONING PREVENT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RP Campbell, JR (reprint author), UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED & DENT,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV GEN PEDIAT,ROCHESTER,NY 14642, USA. OI Schaffer, Stanley/0000-0001-7993-1374 NR 22 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 372 EP 377 PN 1 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA VF506 UT WOS:A1996VF50600004 PM 8784359 ER PT J AU Woodruff, BA Unti, L Coyle, K BoyerChuanroong, L AF Woodruff, BA Unti, L Coyle, K BoyerChuanroong, L TI Parents' attitudes toward school-based hepatitis B vaccination of their children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE school health services; adolescent health services; hepatitis B vaccines; vaccination; parental consent; patient education AB Objective. As part of a larger hepatitis B vaccination program in San Francisco, hepatitis B vaccine is offered to seventh-grade students in selected middle schools. We investigated attitudes and beliefs about hepatitis B, hepatitis B vaccine, and school-based vaccination among parents of eligible students. Methods. A survey was conducted of random samples of parents who consented, refused, or did not respond to a request for vaccination consent. Results. A larger proportion of persons who signed a vaccination consent or refusal form were biological parents and were Asian or white than parents who did not return a signed form. The most common reason for refusing vaccination, given by 84% of refusing parents, was that their children had already been vaccinated against hepatitis B. These parents recognized the severity and duration of hepatitis B virus infection as much as parents consenting to vaccination. About one third of parents who refused vaccination did not agree that schools were good places to vaccinate children. Overall, 116 parents (40%) consulted someone before deciding to consent or refuse; 95 (33%) spoke with a health professional. Most parents not returning signed consent or refusal forms reported that they never received forms from their children or that they returned signed forms to their children, who never delivered them to school. Conclusions. Most parents accepted school-based vaccination, and obtaining parental consent for school-based vaccination was possible. Nonetheless, new approaches may be needed for those students and parents who do not comply with the consent process. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. EDUC TRAINING & RES ASSOCIATES,SANTA CRUZ,CA. SAN FRANCISCO UNIFIED SCH DIST,SCH HLTH PROGRAMS DEPT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. NR 6 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 410 EP 413 PN 1 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA VF506 UT WOS:A1996VF50600010 PM 8784365 ER PT J AU Rupprecht, CE Smith, JS Krebs, J Niezgoda, M Childs, JE AF Rupprecht, CE Smith, JS Krebs, J Niezgoda, M Childs, JE TI Current issues in rabies prevention in the United States: Health dilemmas, public coffers, private interests SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID VACCINE AB OVER THE LAST 100 years, rabies in the United States has changed dramatically More than 90% of all animal rabies cases reported annually to the CDC now occur in wildlife, whereas before 1960 the majority were in domestic animals, The principal rabies hosts today are wild carnivores and bats infected with several viral variants, Annual human deaths have fallen from more than a hundred at the turn of the century to one to two per year despite major outbreaks of animal rabies in several geographic areas, Modem day prophylaxis has proven nearly 100% successful; most human fatalities now occur in people who fail to seek medical treatment, usually because they do not recognize a risk in the animal contact leading to the infection. Although these human rabies deaths are rare, the estimated public health costs associated with disease detection, prevention, and control have risen, exceeding millions of dollars each year, Cost considerations must be weighed along with other factors in addressing issues such as the appropriate handling of nontraditional and exotic pets, future guidelines for rabies prophylaxis, and novel methods of disease prevention. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Rupprecht, CE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 111 IS 5 BP 400 EP 407 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VH170 UT WOS:A1996VH17000012 PM 8837628 ER PT J AU Favero, MS Alter, MJ AF Favero, MS Alter, MJ TI The reemergence of hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis centers SO SEMINARS IN DIALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material ID RECOMMENDATIONS; VACCINE; UNIT C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0894-0959 J9 SEMIN DIALYSIS JI Semin. Dial. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 9 IS 5 BP 373 EP 374 DI 10.1111/j.1525-139X.1996.tb00867.x PG 2 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA VL364 UT WOS:A1996VL36400001 ER PT J AU Tanfer, K Aral, SO AF Tanfer, K Aral, SO TI Sexual intercourse during menstruation and self-reported sexually transmitted disease history among women SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; GENITAL-TRACT; TRANSMISSION AB Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the practice of sexual intercourse during menstruation and the relationship of this practice to the experience of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among women in the United States. Methods: Logistic regression technique was used to conduct an analysis of population-based data from a national sample of 1586 sexually active 20- to 37-year-old women to examine the patterns of sexual intercourse during menstruation and its relationship with STD outcome. Results: More than one fourth of the women reported that they usually have vaginal intercourse during their menses, and 16% reported that they had had vaginal intercourse during their last menstrual period. Proportions of women engaging in this practice were higher among those who reported greater frequency of intercourse and larger numbers of lifetime sex partners. Almost half the women who had intercourse more than twice a week and more than one third of the women who had more than seven lifetime sex partners reported that they usually have vaginal intercourse during menses, The findings suggest that this practice is relatively more common among the better educated, young, white women and their sex partners. Most interestingly, despite the fact that sex during menses is most common among women in relatively low-risk groups, we were able to observe a strong statistical association between sexual intercourse during menstruation and self-reported STD history. Conclusions: Sexual intercourse during menstruation may emerge more consistently as a risk factor for the heterosexual transmission of HIV or other sexually transmitted pathogens in future studies. If future epidemiologic studies continue to bolster this finding, then public health efforts should promote abstinence during the female menstrual period and target those groups of women among whom this practice is prevalent. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV STD HIV PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA USA. RP Tanfer, K (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST, CTR PUBL HLTH RES & EVALUAT, 4000 NE 41ST ST, POB 5395, SEATTLE, WA 98105 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-34360]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-26288] NR 16 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 23 IS 5 BP 395 EP 401 DI 10.1097/00007435-199609000-00009 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA VH395 UT WOS:A1996VH39500009 PM 8885071 ER PT J AU Jobes, DA Berman, AL OCarroll, PW Eastgard, S Knickmeyer, S AF Jobes, DA Berman, AL OCarroll, PW Eastgard, S Knickmeyer, S TI The Kurt Cobain suicide crisis: Perspectives from research, public health, and the news media SO SUICIDE AND LIFE-THREATENING BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article AB The suicide of rock star Kurt Cobain in 1994 raised immediate concerns among suicidologists and the public at large about the potential for his death to spark copycat suicides, especially among vulnerable youth. The Seattle community, where Cobain lived and died, was especially affected by his sudden death. An overview of Cobain's life and death is presented and various crisis center and community-based interventions that occurred are discussed. Preliminary data collected from the Seattle Medical Examiner's Office and from the Seattle Crisis Center to assess the potential impact of Cobain's death on completed suicides and the incidence of suicide crisis calls are presented. The data obtained from the Seattle King County area suggest that the expected ''Werther effect'' apparently did not occur, but there was a significant increase in suicide crisis calls following his death. It is hypothesized that the lack of an apparent copycat effect in Seattle may be due to various aspects of the media coverage, the method used in Cobain's suicide, and the crisis center and community outreach interventions that occurred. The Cobain suicide and the role of media influence on copycat suicides are further discussed in commentaries from public health and news media perspectives. C1 WASHINGTON PSYCHOL CTR,WASHINGTON,DC. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. SEATTLE CRISIS CTR,SEATTLE,WA. PHOENIX GAZETTE,PHOENIX,AZ. RP Jobes, DA (reprint author), CATHOLIC UNIV AMER,DEPT PSYCHOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20064, USA. NR 0 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 28 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 SN 0363-0234 J9 SUICIDE LIFE-THREAT JI Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 26 IS 3 BP 260 EP 264 PG 5 WC Psychiatry; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA VM385 UT WOS:A1996VM38500006 PM 8897665 ER PT J AU OCarroll, PW AF OCarroll, PW TI The Kurt Cobain suicide crisis: Perspectives from research, public health, and the news media - Commentary SO SUICIDE AND LIFE-THREATENING BEHAVIOR LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLUSTERS RP OCarroll, PW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 SN 0363-0234 J9 SUICIDE LIFE-THREAT JI Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 26 IS 3 BP 264 EP 269 PG 6 WC Psychiatry; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA VM385 UT WOS:A1996VM38500007 ER PT J AU Bijnen, FCH Feskens, EJM Giampaoli, S Menotti, A Fidanza, F Hornstra, G Caspersen, CJ Mosterd, WL Kromhout, D AF Bijnen, FCH Feskens, EJM Giampaoli, S Menotti, A Fidanza, F Hornstra, G Caspersen, CJ Mosterd, WL Kromhout, D TI Haemostatic parameters and lifestyle factors in elderly men in Italy and the Netherlands SO THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS LA English DT Article ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; VII COAGULANT ACTIVITY; MIDDLE-AGED MEN; PLASMA-FIBRINOGEN; RISK-FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; HEMOSTATIC FACTORS AB The association between plasma fibrinogen, factor VII, factor X, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin III and the lifestyle factors cigarette smoking, alcohol use, fat intake and physical activity was assessed in 802 men aged 70-90 years in Zutphen (The Netherlands), Montegiorgio and Crevalcore (Italy). Smoking was positively associated with fibrinogen, also after adjustment for other lifestyle factors, age, use of anticoagulants and aspirin like drugs, body mass index, and history of myocardial infarction. Alcohol use was associated with increased levels of factor X and decreased levels of antithrombin III. Fat intake was positively associated with antithrombin III. Between cohorts, considerable differences were observed in levels of haemostatic parameters and the lifestyle factors. Compared to the mediterranean cohorts the Zutphen cohort showed the highest levels of fibrinogen and factor VII. Differences in lifestyle factors could, however, not explain differences between cohorts in levels of any of the haemostatic parameters, despite the observed associations between lifestyle factors and haemostatic parameters. C1 UNIV UTRECHT,DEPT MED PHYSIOL & SPORTS MED,NL-3521 GG UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. NIH,EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT LAB,ROME,ITALY. UNIV MINNESOTA,DIV EPIDEMIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. UNIV PERUGIA,INST FOOD SCI & NUTR,I-06100 PERUGIA,ITALY. UNIV LIMBURG,DEPT HUMAN BIOL,MAASTRICHT,NETHERLANDS. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Bijnen, FCH (reprint author), NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,DEPT CHRON DIS & ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL,POB 1,NL-3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009; Feskens, Edith/A-3757-2012; Kromhout, Daan/A-8566-2014; OI Feskens, Edith/0000-0001-5819-2488 FU NIA NIH HHS [EDC-11 R01 AG0 8762-01A1] NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU F K SCHATTAUER VERLAG GMBH PI STUTTGART PA P O BOX 10 45 45, LENZHALDE 3, D-70040 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-6245 J9 THROMB HAEMOSTASIS JI Thromb. Haemost. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 76 IS 3 BP 411 EP 416 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VG806 UT WOS:A1996VG80600020 PM 8883279 ER PT J AU Pohl, HR Hibbs, BF AF Pohl, HR Hibbs, BF TI Breast-feeding exposure of infants to environmental contaminants - A public health risk assessment viewpoint: Chlorinated dibenzodioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Review DE breast milk; developmental effects; dioxins ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE LEVELS; HUMAN-MILK; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; MALE-RATS; YU-CHENG; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; C57BL/6N MICE; SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY AB Exposure of children to chlorinated dibenzodioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans via breast-feeding has been well-documented in industrialized countries. Recent studies indicate a possible link between development of subtle health effects in children and their exposure to dioxin-like chemicals from maternal milk. Some examples of the effects are lower vitamin K levels, increased thyroxine levels, and mild changes in liver enzymes. The projected daily intakes of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans are compared with minimal risk levels for intermediate duration oral exposure (15-365 days) derived for these chemicals. Public health recommendations for future actions related to infant intake of chlorinated dibenzodioxin- and chlorinated dibenzofuran-contaminated breast milk are also addressed. RP Pohl, HR (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,DIV TOXICOL,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 102 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 12 IS 5 BP 593 EP 611 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WB261 UT WOS:A1996WB26100001 PM 8989841 ER PT J AU Setzer, JV Brightwell, WS Russo, JM Johnson, BL Lynch, DW Madden, G Burg, JR Sprinz, H AF Setzer, JV Brightwell, WS Russo, JM Johnson, BL Lynch, DW Madden, G Burg, JR Sprinz, H TI Neurophysiological and neuropathological evaluation of primates exposed to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE axonal dystrophy; demyelination; EtO; neurotoxicity; nonhuman primates; PO ID RATS AB Over 500 000 workers in the United States are exposed to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. These two solvents are used as chemical intermediates, as well as components in the manufacture of fumigants and food preparation. The neurophysiologic and neuropathologic effects of these two organic oxides were investigated in five groups of 12 primates after exposure to 50 or 100 ppm ethylene oxide, 100 or 300 ppm propylene oxide, or no chemical (sham-exposed). Animals were exposed for 7 h/day, 5 days/wk for 24 months. Body weights, electroencephalograms, and motor nerve conduction velocities of the sciatic and ulnar nerves were assessed six times throughout the exposure period. Although the monkeys exposed to 100 ppm ethylene oxide had significantly lower mean weights, nerve conduction velocities did not differ significantly among the groups. Following termination of exposures, ten animals (two from each exposure group) were sacrificed for neuropathological examinations. Multiple axonal bodies were found in the nucleus gracilis in seven of eight oxide-exposed animals, and demyelination was found in two monkeys exposed to ethylene oxide. In contrast, a single axonal body was found in one of the two sham-control monkeys. However, the lack of a dose-response relationship suggests that this effect may not be related to oxide exposure. In a follow-up study, nerve conduction velocity and neuropathology were assessed in the remaining monkeys seven years after exposure terminated, but again, treatment-related effects could not be detected. C1 NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,US DEPT HHS,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. MIDWEST RES INST,KANSAS CITY,MO 64110. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 12 IS 5 BP 667 EP 682 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WB261 UT WOS:A1996WB26100006 PM 8989846 ER PT J AU Gubler, DJ AF Gubler, DJ TI The global resurgence of arboviral diseases SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID STRAINS RP Gubler, DJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 16 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 90 IS 5 BP 449 EP 451 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90286-2 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VP901 UT WOS:A1996VP90100001 PM 8944250 ER PT J AU AuBuchon, JP Birkmeyer, JD Alter, MJ AF AuBuchon, JP Birkmeyer, JD Alter, MJ TI Cost-effectiveness of HCV lookback. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. DARTMOUTH COLL,HITCHCOCK MED CTR,LEBANON,NH 03756. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 1996 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP S201 EP S201 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK089 UT WOS:A1996VK08900201 ER PT J AU AuBuchon, JP Birkmeyer, JD Busch, MP Dodd, RY Lackritz, EM Petersen, LR AF AuBuchon, JP Birkmeyer, JD Busch, MP Dodd, RY Lackritz, EM Petersen, LR TI Cost-effectiveness of anti-HBc testing to reduce HIV transmission risk. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DARTMOUTH HITCHCOCK MED CTR,LEBANON,NH 03766. IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. CDC,ATLANTA,GA. AMER RED CROSS,ROCKVILLE,MD. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 1996 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP S169 EP S169 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK089 UT WOS:A1996VK08900169 ER PT J AU Busch, MP Satten, GA Herman, SA Sakahara, NS Garrett, PE Stramer, SL Schumacher, R AF Busch, MP Satten, GA Herman, SA Sakahara, NS Garrett, PE Stramer, SL Schumacher, R TI HIV plasma RNA for confirmation of HIV-1 p24Ag/anti-HIV reactivity in seroconverting (SC) donors. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ROCHE MOL SYST,SOMERVILLE,NJ. BOSTON BIOMEDICA,W BRIDGEWATER,MA. AMER RED CROSS,ROCKVILLE,MD. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 1996 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP S163 EP S163 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK089 UT WOS:A1996VK08900163 ER PT J AU Busch, MP Satten, GA Herman, SA Henrard, DR Sakahara, NS Garrett, PE Schumacher, R AF Busch, MP Satten, GA Herman, SA Henrard, DR Sakahara, NS Garrett, PE Schumacher, R TI Time course and kinetics of HIV viremia during primary infection. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ROCHE MOL SYST,SOMERVILLE,NJ. INST PASTEUR,PARIS,FRANCE. BOSTON BIOMEDICA INC,BRIDGEWATER,MA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 1996 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP S164 EP S164 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK089 UT WOS:A1996VK08900164 ER PT J AU Heneine, W Switzer, WM Busch, MP Khabbaz, RF Kaplan, JE Lal, RB AF Heneine, W Switzer, WM Busch, MP Khabbaz, RF Kaplan, JE Lal, RB TI Absence of primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs) in HTLV-indeterminate donors. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 1996 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP S174 EP S174 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK089 UT WOS:A1996VK08900174 ER PT J AU Stramer, SL Salemi, BL Sievert, WS Lackritz, EM Schable, CA Busch, MP AF Stramer, SL Salemi, BL Sievert, WS Lackritz, EM Schable, CA Busch, MP TI Evaluation of US blood donations testing positive for HIV-1 p24 antigen (p24). SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARC,NORCROSS,GA. CDC,ATLANTA,GA. IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 1996 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP S151 EP S151 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK089 UT WOS:A1996VK08900151 ER PT J AU Sullivan, MT Schonberger, LB Kessler, D Williams, AE Dodd, RY AF Sullivan, MT Schonberger, LB Kessler, D Williams, AE Dodd, RY TI Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) investigational lookback study. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AMER RED CROSS,HOLLAND LAB,ROCKVILLE,MD. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NEW YORK BLOOD CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10021. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 1996 VL 36 IS 9 SU S BP S227 EP S227 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK089 UT WOS:A1996VK08900227 ER PT J AU Telford, SR Dawson, JE AF Telford, SR Dawson, JE TI Persistent infection of C3H/HeJ mice by Ehrlichia chaffeensis SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia chaffeensis; mouse model; immune response; mouse; PCR ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; NATURAL-RESISTANCE; RISTICII INFECTION; GENETIC-CONTROL; HOST DEFENSES; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MACROPHAGES; DISEASES; STRAINS; AGENT AB Description of the pathobiology of the recently described zoonotic agent of human ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) would be greatly facilitated by the availability of a convenient experimental animal model of infection. We determined whether C3H/HeJ mice could sustain persistent infection by this predominantly monocyte-inhabiting rickettsia. Such mice rapidly produced an intense specific IgG response upon inoculation of ehrlichiae, and high titers were demonstrable for more than 6 months thereafter. Ehrlichiae were reisolated from the peripheral blood and spleen of 1 mouse at day 11 after inoculation. DNA of E. chaffeensis was more frequently detected within these tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Other candidate rodent models appeared to be poor hosts for this pathogen. About half of intact and virtually all splenectomized white-footed mice that were inoculated seroconverted. Sera from inoculated voles and hamsters did not react to antigens of E. chaffeensis. The C3H/HeJ mouse becomes persistently infected by this rickettsia, and may serve as a useful model for studies of the immune response to the agent of human ehrlichiosis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Telford, SR (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT TROP PUBL HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI37993, AI19693] NR 27 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00064-8 PG 10 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA VN482 UT WOS:A1996VN48200010 PM 8914255 ER PT J AU Passaro, DJ Reporter, R Mascola, L Kilman, L Malcolm, GB Rolka, H Werner, SB Vugia, DJ AF Passaro, DJ Reporter, R Mascola, L Kilman, L Malcolm, GB Rolka, H Werner, SB Vugia, DJ TI Epidemic Salmonella enteritidis infection in Los Angeles county, California - The predominance of phage type 4 SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HENS AB Between April and July 1994, 501 cases of Salmonella enteritidis infection were reported in Los Angeles County, California, nearly 5 times the number reported between April and July 1993; of these, 422 (84%) were sporadic (not related to known outbreaks). A case-control study was done to determine risk factors for sporadic illness; the distribution of 5 enteritidis phage types was evaluated. Case-patients (n = 58) were county residents older than 1 year with culture-confirmed 5 enteritidis infection in August 1994. One to two acquaintance controls (n = 98) were matched to each case by age, sex, and race. Two risk factors-eating raw or undercooked eggs (matched odds ratio [MOR] = 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9, 23.0) and eating in restaurants (MOR = 4.9; 95% CI = 1.2, 19.4) in the 3 days before the onset of illness-remained significant in the conditional logistic regression model. Of 16 randomly selected 5 enteritidis case-isolates, 15 (94%) were phage type 4, The reasons for the regional predominance of phage type 4, an S enteritidis subtype recently associated with large and destructive increases in salmonellosis among poultry and humans in Britain and much of Europe, are unclear. To minimize human S enteritidis infection, food service workers need frequent: training in the proper handling of raw Foods, eggs should be kept refrigerated during distribution and storage, and eggs should be cooked until the yolk is firm, particularly for persons at the greatest risk for serious illness: pregnant women, elderly persons, and those with compromised immune systems. Clinicians should obtain stool specimens for culture from patients who present with diarrhea and fever or bloody diarrhea or who are possibly part of an outbreak. C1 LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. CDCP,ATLANTA,GA. RP Passaro, DJ (reprint author), CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DIV COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,DIS INVEST & SURVEILLANCE BRANCH,BERKELEY,CA 94501, USA. NR 14 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIFORNIA PHYSICIAN MAGAZINE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA C/O DONNA TAYLOR, EDITOR, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102-7690 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 165 IS 3 BP 126 EP 130 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VM118 UT WOS:A1996VM11800003 PM 8909164 ER PT J AU Lane, MJ Macera, CA Croft, JB Meyer, PA AF Lane, MJ Macera, CA Croft, JB Meyer, PA TI Preventive health practices and perceived health status among women over 50 SO WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES LA English DT Article ID QUALITY-OF-LIFE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BLOOD-PRESSURE; ATTITUDES; MORTALITY; EXERCISE; AGE C1 UNIV S CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,CTR HLTH PROMOT & DIS PREVENT,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Lane, MJ (reprint author), S CAROLINA DEPT HLTH & ENVIRONM CONTROL,CTR HLTH PROMOT,COLUMBIA,SC 29201, USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1049-3867 J9 WOMEN HEALTH ISS JI Womens Health Iss. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 6 IS 5 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1016/1049-3867(96)00026-6 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA VH312 UT WOS:A1996VH31200006 PM 8870507 ER PT J AU Hadgu, A AF Hadgu, A TI The discrepancy in discrepant analysis SO LANCET LA English DT Review ID LIGASE CHAIN-REACTION; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; ENDOCERVICAL SPECIMENS; REACTION ASSAY; DIAGNOSIS; WOMEN; URINE AB Discrepant analysis is a widely used technique that attempts to provide estimates of sensitivity and specificity in the presence of an imperfect gold-standard. This technique has been applied by many researchers to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of DNA-amplification tests for Chlamydia trachomatis such as the plasmid-based ligase chain-reaction and polymerase chain-reaction tests. However, the sensitivity and specificity estimates obtained by discrepant analysis are upwardly biased, and this bias remains even when a perfect test is used to resolve the discrepant results. This technique should not be adopted for evaluating the performance of a diagnostic test. RP Hadgu, A (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E63,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 7 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD AUG 31 PY 1996 VL 348 IS 9027 BP 592 EP 593 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05122-7 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VF186 UT WOS:A1996VF18600016 PM 8774575 ER PT J AU Schulz, KF AF Schulz, KF TI Randomised trials, human nature, and reporting guidelines SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLINICAL-TRIALS; QUALITY; RANDOMIZATION; PUBLICATION; OBSTETRICS; GYNECOLOGY; BIAS RP Schulz, KF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT, NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 EI 1474-547X J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD AUG 31 PY 1996 VL 348 IS 9027 BP 596 EP 598 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)01201-9 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VF186 UT WOS:A1996VF18600019 PM 8774577 ER PT J AU Reiter, P AF Reiter, P TI Global warming and mosquito-borne disease in USA SO LANCET LA English DT Letter RP Reiter, P (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DENGUE BRANCH,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SAN JUAN,PR 00921, USA. NR 5 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD AUG 31 PY 1996 VL 348 IS 9027 BP 622 EP 622 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)64844-1 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VF186 UT WOS:A1996VF18600064 PM 8774604 ER PT J AU Fries, I Feng, F daSilva, A Slemenda, SB Pieniazek, NJ AF Fries, I Feng, F daSilva, A Slemenda, SB Pieniazek, NJ TI Nosema ceranae n sp (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae) SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PROTISTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nosema ceranae n sp; Microspora; ultrastructure; nucleotide sequence; small subunit ribosomal RNA; molecular phylogeny; taxonomy; Apis cerana ID BOMBYCIS MICROSPORIDA; SPORES; VAIRIMORPHA; INFECTION; PROTOZOA AB Based on light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics as well as on the nucleotide sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA coding region, the microsporidium Nosema ceranae n. sp., a parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana is described. Merogonial stages and sporonts are diplokaryotic. Merozoites are mostly formed by cytoplasmic fission in quadrinucleate meronts and the number of merogonial cycles may vary. The sporogony is disporoblastic. The living mature spore is ovocylindrical, straight to slightly curved and measures 4.7 x 2.7 mu m whereas fixed and stained spores measure 3.6 x 1.7 mu m. The polar filament is isofilar with a diameter of 96-102 nm and is arranged in 20-23 coils in the posterior and mid part of the spore. In the anterior part of the polaroplast there are closely packed approximately 11 nm thick lamellae. The lamellae of the posterior polaroplast are thicker and less regular. In the posterior part of the mature spore a well fixed posterior body interpreted as a posterosome was often observed. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA, places Nosema ceranae in the Nosema clade, as defined by Nosema bombycis, the type species of the Nosema genus. C1 CHINESE ACAD AGR SCI,INST APICULTURAL RES,BEIJING 100093,PEOPLES R CHINA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Fries, I (reprint author), SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL,BOX 7044,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. NR 38 TC 201 Z9 217 U1 1 U2 44 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 0932-4739 J9 EUR J PROTISTOL JI Eur. J. Protistol. PD AUG 30 PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 356 EP 365 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VF965 UT WOS:A1996VF96500010 ER PT J AU Kenyon, TA Valway, SE Onorato, IM AF Kenyon, TA Valway, SE Onorato, IM TI Transmission of tuberculosis during a long airplane flight - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP Kenyon, TA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD AUG 29 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 9 BP 675 EP 676 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VD425 UT WOS:A1996VD42500029 ER PT J AU Martin, E Cantwell, J Blumenthal, D Wiesner, P King, SH Toomey, KE Meehan, P AF Martin, E Cantwell, J Blumenthal, D Wiesner, P King, SH Toomey, KE Meehan, P TI Prevention and management of heat-related illness among spectators and staff during the Olympic Games - Atlanta, July 6-23, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 631-633, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 FULTON CTY HLTH DEPT,ATLANTA,GA. DEKALB CTY BOARD HLTH,DECATUR,GA. CHATHAM CTY HLTH DEPT,SAVANNAH,GA. EFFINGHAM CTY HLTH DEPT,SAVANNAH,GA. GEORGIA DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,DIV PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30334. CDC,OFF DIRECTOR,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,DIV PREVENT RES & ANALYT METHODS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,DIV PUBL HLTH SURVEILLANCE & INFORMAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,OFF SCI COMMUN,MORBID & MORTAL WEEKLY REPORT ACT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,OFF DIRECTOR,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Martin, E (reprint author), ATLANTA COMM OLYMP GAMES,ATLANTA,GA, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 28 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 8 BP 593 EP & PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC853 UT WOS:A1996VC85300011 ER PT J AU Christenson, JC Pavia, AT Woods, ML Carroll, K Nichols, C AF Christenson, JC Pavia, AT Woods, ML Carroll, K Nichols, C TI Ochrobactrum anthropi meningitis associated with cadaveric pericardial tissue processed with a contaminated solution - Utah, 1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 671-673, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 UTAH DEPT HLTH,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84116. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. US FDA,CTR DEVICES & RADIOL HLTH,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RP Christenson, JC (reprint author), UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112, USA. RI Woods, Marion/G-3126-2013 OI Woods, Marion/0000-0001-7712-4819 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 28 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 8 BP 596 EP 596 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC853 UT WOS:A1996VC85300013 ER PT J AU Pirkle, JL Bernert, JT Etzel, RA Flegal, KM Brody, DJ Maurer, KR AF Pirkle, JL Bernert, JT Etzel, RA Flegal, KM Brody, DJ Maurer, KR TI Estimating exposure to environmental tobacco smoke - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Pirkle, JL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 28 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 8 BP 604 EP 604 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC853 UT WOS:A1996VC85300017 ER PT J AU Pierce, C Goldstein, M Suozzi, K Gallaher, M Dietz, V Stevenson, J AF Pierce, C Goldstein, M Suozzi, K Gallaher, M Dietz, V Stevenson, J TI The impact of the standards for pediatric immunization practices on vaccination coverage levels SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; OPPORTUNITIES; PRESCHOOL; MEASLES AB Objective.-To assess the impact on clinic-specific vaccination coverage of implementing the Standards for Pediatric immunization Practices. Design.-A nonrandomized intervention trial conducted for I year, Setting.-Two public health clinics in Albuquerque, NM: 1 intervention site and 1 control site, each serving 1 of 4 city quadrants. Participants.-All children enrolled in the 2 city public health clinics, Interventions.-Implementation of the Standards for Pediatric immunization Practices. Outcome Measures.-Assessment of up-to-date vaccination coverage levels prior to and at the conclusion of the project. The impact on the proportion of children who dropped out of vaccination services after receiving 1 dose by 3 months of age. Results.-At the intervention site, up-to-date coverage at 12 months of age rose from 57.5% to 80.4%, while levels at the control site decreased from 42.1% to 41.9%. Before the intervention, 24% of children at the intervention site who received the first dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP 1) by 3 months of age failed to receive the third dose of DTP (DTP 3) by 12 months of age vs 5% after the intervention. At the control site, the proportion of children who received DTP 1 by 3 months of age, but not DTP 3 by 12 months of age, increased from 39% to 51%. Conclusion.-Implemenlation of the Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices in a public health clinic was associated with important increases in vaccination coverage levels and a reduction in the proportion of children who dropped out of vaccination services. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NEW MEXICO DEPT HLTH,PUBL HLTH DIV,DIST 1,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. NEW MEXICO DEPT HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,SANTA FE,NM. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 28 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 8 BP 626 EP 630 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC853 UT WOS:A1996VC85300029 PM 8773635 ER PT J AU Begg, C Cho, M Eastwood, S Horton, R Moher, D Olkin, I Pitkin, R Rennie, D Schulz, KF Simel, D Stroup, DF AF Begg, C Cho, M Eastwood, S Horton, R Moher, D Olkin, I Pitkin, R Rennie, D Schulz, KF Simel, D Stroup, DF TI Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials - The CONSORT statement SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MEDICAL JOURNALS; CLINICAL-TRIALS; SAMPLE-SIZE; ARTICLES; BIAS C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,NEW YORK,NY 10021. UNIV PENN,CTR BIOETH,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT NEUROL SURG,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. LANCET,LONDON,ENGLAND. UNIV OTTAWA,DEPT MED,OTTAWA,ON K1N 6N5,CANADA. UNIV OTTAWA,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & COMMUNITY HLTH,OTTAWA,ON K1N 6N5,CANADA. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT STAT,STANFORD,CA 94305. OBSTET & GYNECOL,LOS ANGELES,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,CTR HLTH SERV RES PRIMARY CARE,DURHAM,NC 27705. OI Moher , David /0000-0003-2434-4206 NR 33 TC 2289 Z9 2370 U1 9 U2 61 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 28 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 8 BP 637 EP 639 DI 10.1001/jama.276.8.637 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC853 UT WOS:A1996VC85300031 PM 8773637 ER PT J AU Doemeny, LJ Belinky, BR Foley, GD AF Doemeny, LJ Belinky, BR Foley, GD TI A safety manual and chemical hygiene plan (CHP) for a multidisciplinary laboratory SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 4 EP CHAS PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500969 ER PT J AU Needham, LL Brock, J Burse, VW Patterson, DG Sampson, EJ AF Needham, LL Brock, J Burse, VW Patterson, DG Sampson, EJ TI Endocrine disruptor studies at the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 6 EP TOXI PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501042 ER PT J AU Davies, HD McGeer, A Schwartz, B Green, K Cann, D Simor, AE Low, DE Fletcher, A Kaul, R Scriver, S Willey, B Demers, B Gold, W Lovgren, M Talbot, J Naus, M AF Davies, HD McGeer, A Schwartz, B Green, K Cann, D Simor, AE Low, DE Fletcher, A Kaul, R Scriver, S Willey, B Demers, B Gold, W Lovgren, M Talbot, J Naus, M TI Invasive group a streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SHOCK-LIKE SYNDROME; GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY; WOUND INFECTIONS; NURSING-HOME; PYOGENES; OUTBREAK; CHILDREN; ASSOCIATION; BACTEREMIA AB Background Several reports suggest that the incidence of invasive group A streptococcal infections, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, is increasing. Methods During 1992 and 1993 we conducted prospective, population-based surveillance of invasive group A streptococcal disease in Ontario, Canada. We reviewed clinical and laboratory records, searched for secondary cases of invasive disease, and cultured specimens from household contacts. Results We identified 323 patients with invasive group A streptococcal infections, for an annual incidence of 1.5 cases per 100,000 population. The rates were highest in young children and the elderly. Fifty-six percent of the patients had underlying chronic illness. Risk factors for disease included infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and chickenpox. The most common clinical presentations were soft-tissue infection (48 percent), bacteremia with no septic focus (14 percent), and pneumonia (11 percent). Necrotizing fasciitis occurred in 6 percent of patients, and toxic shock in 13 percent. The mortality rate was 15 percent overall, but it was 29 percent among those over 64 years of age (P<0.001) and 81 percent among those with toxic shock (P<0.001). Fourteen percent of the cases were nosocomial, and 4 percent occurred in nursing home residents, often in association with disease outbreaks. Invasive disease occurred in 2 household contacts of patients with infection, for an estimated risk of 3.2 per 1000 household contacts (95 percent confidence interval, 0.39 to 12 per 1000). Conclusions The elderly and those with underlying medical conditions are at greatest risk for invasive group A streptococcal disease, toxic shock, and necrotizing fasciitis. Invasive streptococcal infection is associated with a substantial risk of transmission in households and health care institutions. (C) 1996, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 MT SINAI HOSP,DEPT MICROBIOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA. PRINCESS MARGARET HOSP,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA. HOSP SICK CHILDREN,DIV INFECT DIS,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA. UNIV TORONTO,SUNNYBROOK HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. INST PASTEUR,PARIS,FRANCE. TORONTO HOSP,TORONTO,ON M5T 2S8,CANADA. NATL CTR STREPTOCOCCUS,EDMONTON,AB,CANADA. ONTARIO MINIST HLTH,TORONTO,ON M5W 1R5,CANADA. RI Low, Donald/B-1726-2012; mcgeer, allison /H-7747-2014 OI mcgeer, allison /0000-0001-5647-6137 NR 43 TC 437 Z9 445 U1 1 U2 5 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD AUG 22 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 8 BP 547 EP 554 DI 10.1056/NEJM199608223350803 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VD302 UT WOS:A1996VD30200003 PM 8684408 ER PT J AU Britvan, L Gould, K Dryjanski, J Kerndt, P Mascola, L Sun, R Waterman, S AF Britvan, L Gould, K Dryjanski, J Kerndt, P Mascola, L Sun, R Waterman, S TI Identification of HIV-1 group O infection - 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 561-565, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. US FDA,OFF BLOOD RES & REVIEW,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Britvan, L (reprint author), KAISER PERMANENTE MED GRP,SAN DIEGO,CA 92103, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 21 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 7 BP 521 EP 522 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC101 UT WOS:A1996VC10100010 ER PT J AU Faulkner, DL Escobedo, LG Zhu, BP Chrismon, JH Merritt, RK AF Faulkner, DL Escobedo, LG Zhu, BP Chrismon, JH Merritt, RK TI Race and the incidence of cigarette smoking among adolescents in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. IMMIGRAT & NATURALIZAT SERV,EL PASO,TX. BATTELLE MEM INST,ATLANTA,GA. ORKAND CORP,ATLANTA,GA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD AUG 21 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 16 BP 1158 EP 1160 DI 10.1093/jnci/88.16.1158 PG 3 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VC852 UT WOS:A1996VC85200016 PM 8757196 ER PT J AU Simon, JA Fong, J Bernert, JT Browner, NS AF Simon, JA Fong, J Bernert, JT Browner, NS TI Relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to serum fatty acids SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcohol drinking; alcohol, ethyl; coronary disease; diet; fatty acids; smoking; tobacco ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; MIDDLE-AGED MEN; INTERVENTION TRIAL MRFIT; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; DIETARY LIPIDS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; PLATELET-FUNCTION; BLOOD-PRESSURE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE AB To examine the relation of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption to serum fatty acid levels, the authors conducted a cross-sectional study of 190 men who were enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor intervention Trial between 1973 and 1976. After controlling for dietary fat, cholesterol, energy intake, and other potential confounders, the authors found that smoking and alcohol intake were associated with the serum cholesterol ester and phospholipid levels of several fatty acids. As the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased, the levels of cholesterol ester and phospholipid palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1) and the levels of phospholipid dihomogammalinolenic acid (20:3) and omega-9 eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) increased (all p's less than or equal to 0.01). Serum levels of phospholipid omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) and cholesterol ester and phospholipid arachidonic acid (20:4) were inversely associated with smoking (all p's less than or equal to 0.01). As the number of alcoholic drinks per week increased, levels of cholesterol ester and phospholipid palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1), cholesterol ester myristic acid (14:0), and phospholipid palmitoleic acid (16:1), adrenic acid (22:4), and omega-9 eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) increased (all p's <0.05), whereas levels of cholesterol ester and phospholipid linoleic acid (18:2) and phospholipid stearic acid (18:0) and the serum polyunsaturated fat: saturated fat ratio decreased (all p's less than or equal to 0.01). These results suggest that smoking and alcohol consumption may influence the absorption, synthesis, or metabolism of serum fatty acids. Studies that use serum fatty acid levels as indicators of dietary fat intake should control for the effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,DIV CLIN EPIDEMIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,CLIN BIOCHEM BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RP Simon, JA (reprint author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,GEN INTERNAL MED SECT 111A1,4150 CLEMENT ST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94121, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 32338] NR 55 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD AUG 15 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 4 BP 325 EP 334 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VB181 UT WOS:A1996VB18100001 PM 8712189 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Thun, M Lally, C Heath, C AF Steenland, K Thun, M Lally, C Heath, C TI Environmental tobacco smoke and coronary heart disease in the American Cancer Society CPS-II cohort SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE smoking; coronary disease; mortality ID PASSIVE SMOKING; RISK FACTOR; EXPOSURE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; WOMEN; NONSMOKERS; MORTALITY; COTININE; ATTACK AB Background Thirteen of 14 epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of approximate to 20% for coronary heart disease (CHD) for never-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), but this association remains controversial. If true, ETS might account for an estimated 35000 to 40000 heart disease deaths per year in the United States. Methods and Results We have conducted The largest study to date, a prospective study of 353180 female and 126500 male never-smokers enrolled in 1982 in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study Il and followed through 1989. Analyses focused on subcohorts of 309599 married pairs and of 135237 subjects concordant for self-reported exposure and exposure reported by each one's spouse. More than 2800 CHD deaths (ICD 410-414) occurred among married pairs; 10% of married men and 28% of married women were married to currently smoking spouses, while 10% and 32%, respectively, were married to former smokers. After controlling for many cardiovascular risk factors, we found 22% higher CHD mortality (rate ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.40) among never-smoking men married to currently smoking wives compared with those married to wives who had never smoked. The corresponding rate ratio for women was 1.10 (0.96 to 1.27). Never-smokers living with former smokers showed no increased risk. When analyses were restricted to subjects whose ETS exposure was classified via both their own self-report and a spouse's report, the rate ratio was 1.23 (1.03 to 1.47) for currently exposed men and 1.19 (0.97 to 1.45) for women. Conclusions Results are consistent with prior reports that never-smokers currently exposed to ETS have about 20% higher CHD death rates. However, our data do not show consistent dose-response trends and are possibly subject to confounding by unmeasured risk factors. C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. AMER CANC SOC,ATLANTA,GA 30329. NR 35 TC 141 Z9 149 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD AUG 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 4 BP 622 EP 628 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VC360 UT WOS:A1996VC36000013 PM 8772680 ER PT J AU Proctor, ME Davis, JP AF Proctor, ME Davis, JP TI Blastomycosis - Wisconsin, 1986-1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 601-603, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BR,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Proctor, ME (reprint author), WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,BUR PUBL HLTH,DIV HLTH,MADISON,WI 53707, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 14 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 6 BP 444 EP 444 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VA863 UT WOS:A1996VA86300009 ER PT J AU Straus, WL Plouffe, JF File, TM Lipman, HB Hackman, BH Salstrom, SJ Benson, RF Breiman, RF Baird, I Emerick, J Gianakopoulos, G Herbert, M Parsons, J Anderson, CJ Bollin, GE Farkas, SA Francis, SJ Gardner, WG Myers, JP Signs, DJ Tan, JS Thomson, RB Barbaree, J Fields, B Morrill, W Moyenuddin, M Pruckler, J StJohn, A AF Straus, WL Plouffe, JF File, TM Lipman, HB Hackman, BH Salstrom, SJ Benson, RF Breiman, RF Baird, I Emerick, J Gianakopoulos, G Herbert, M Parsons, J Anderson, CJ Bollin, GE Farkas, SA Francis, SJ Gardner, WG Myers, JP Signs, DJ Tan, JS Thomson, RB Barbaree, J Fields, B Morrill, W Moyenuddin, M Pruckler, J StJohn, A TI Risk factors for domestic acquisition of Legionnaires disease SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA SEROGROUP-1; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; HOT WATER-SYSTEMS; COOLING-TOWER; UNITED-STATES; EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; POTABLE WATER; TAP WATER; OUTBREAK AB Background: Legionnaires disease is a common cause of adult pneumonia. Outbreaks of legionnaires disease have been well described, but little is known about sporadically occurring legionnaires disease, which accounts for most infections. Exposure to contaminated residential water sources is 1 plausible means of disease acquisition. Methods: Employing a matched case-control study design in 15 hospitals in 2 Ohio counties, we prospectively enrolled 146 adults diagnosed as having nonepidemic, community-acquired legionnaires disease and compared each with 2 hospital-based control patients, matched for age, sex, and underlying illness category. An interview regarding potential exposures was followed by a home survey that included sampling residential sources for Legionella. Interview and home survey data were analyzed to estimate the risk of acquiring legionnaires disease associated with various exposures. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that a nonmunicipal water supply (odds ratio [OR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-4.37), recent residential plumbing repair (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.10-5.18), and smoking (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 2.09-5.79) were independent risk factors for legionnaires disease. Univariate analysis suggested that electric (vs gas) water heaters (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.10-3.52), working more than 40 hours weekly (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.12-4.07), and spending nights away from home before illness (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.03-2.74) were additional possible risk factors. Lower chlorine concentrations in potable water and lower water heater temperatures were associated with residential Legionella colonization. Conclusions: A proportion of sporadic cases of legionnaires disease may be residentially acquired and are associated with domestic potable water and disruptions in residential plumbing systems. Potential strategies to reduce legionnaires disease risk include consistent chlorination of potable water, increasing water heater temperatures, and limiting exposure to aerosols after domestic plumbing repairs. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT MED,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. NE OHIO UNIV,DEPT MED,AKRON,OH 44309. RP Straus, WL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT INFECT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 48 TC 101 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD AUG 12 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 15 BP 1685 EP 1692 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.15.1685 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VB182 UT WOS:A1996VB18200010 PM 8694667 ER PT J AU Mocarelli, P Brambilla, P Gerthoux, PM Patterson, DG Needham, LL AF Mocarelli, P Brambilla, P Gerthoux, PM Patterson, DG Needham, LL TI Change in sex ratio with exposure to dioxin SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI, CTR ENVIRONM HLTH & INJURY CONTROL, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Mocarelli, P (reprint author), HOSP DESIO, UNIV DEPT CLIN PATHOL, I-20033 DESIO, MILAN, ITALY. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 5 TC 236 Z9 250 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD AUG 10 PY 1996 VL 348 IS 9024 BP 409 EP 409 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65030-1 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VB426 UT WOS:A1996VB42600052 PM 8709758 ER PT J AU Mallonee, S Shariat, S Stennies, G Waxweiler, R Hogan, D Jordan, F AF Mallonee, S Shariat, S Stennies, G Waxweiler, R Hogan, D Jordan, F TI Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BLAST INJURY; TERRORIST; CASUALTIES; EXPLOSION AB Objective.-To provide an epidemiologic description of physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the April 19, 1995, bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Design and Setting.-Descriptive epidemiologic study of all persons injured by the bombing and of all at-risk occupants of the federal building and 4 adjacent buildings. Data were gathered from hospital emergency and medical records departments, medical examiner records. and surveys of area physicians. building occupants, and survivors. Study Population.-All persons known to have been exposed to the blast. Main Outcome Measures.-Characteristics of fatalities and injuries, injury maps, and injury rates by building location. Results.-A total of 759 persons sustained injuries. 167 persons died. 83 survivors were hospitalized, and 509 persons were treated as outpatients, Of the 361 persons who were in the federal building, 319 (88%) were injured, of whom 163 (45%) died. including 19 children. Persons in the collapsed part of the federal building were significantly more likely to die (153/175, 87%) than those in other parts of the building (10/186, 5%) (risk ratio [RR], 16.3, 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.9-29.8). In 4 adjacent buildings, injury rates varied from 38% to 100%; 3 persons in these buildings and 1 person in an outdoor location died. The mast frequent cause of death was multiple injuries. Among survivors, soft tissue injuries, fractures, sprains, strains, and head injuries were most common: these injuries were most often caused by flying glass and other debris and collapsed ceilings. Conclusions.-The Oklahoma City bombing resulted in the largest number of fatalities of any terrorist act in the United Stales, and there were 4 times as many nonfatal injuries as fatalities, Disaster management plans should include the possibility of terrorist bombing, and medical preparedness should anticipate that most injuries will be nonfatal, The role of building collapse in fatal injuries and the role of glass and other flying debris in minor to moderate injuries should be considered in the design of buildings at high risk of being bombed so as to reduce injuries. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV OKLAHOMA,COLL MED,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK. OFF CHIEF MED EXAMINER,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK. RP Mallonee, S (reprint author), OKLAHOMA DEPT HLTH,INJURY PREVENT SERV 0307,1000 NE 10TH ST,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73177, USA. NR 26 TC 138 Z9 139 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 7 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 5 BP 382 EP 387 DI 10.1001/jama.276.5.382 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UZ776 UT WOS:A1996UZ77600019 PM 8683816 ER PT J AU Ward, EM Sabbioni, G DeBord, DG Teass, AW Brown, KK Talaska, GG Roberts, DR Ruder, AM Streicher, RP AF Ward, EM Sabbioni, G DeBord, DG Teass, AW Brown, KK Talaska, GG Roberts, DR Ruder, AM Streicher, RP TI Monitoring of aromatic amine exposures in workers at a chemical plant with a known bladder cancer excess SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID HEMOGLOBIN ADDUCTS; TOBACCO; ANILINE; SMOKERS; NONSMOKERS; DOSIMETRY; BINDING AB Background: In April 1991, an excess of bladder cancer cases among workers employed at a chemical manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY, was reported. This excess was primarily confined to 708 workers who had ever been employed in the rubber chemicals manufacturing area of the plant, where the aromatic amines aniline and o-toluidine have historically been used. Purpose: An environmental and biological monitoring survey was conducted to evaluate current exposures to aniline and o-toluidine in the rubber chemicals department. Methods: Personal air sampling for aniline and o-toluidine was conducted with the use of a modified Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 73 method. Urine samples were collected before and after work (i.e., pre-shift and post-shift, respectively) and stored at -70 degrees C. Base hydrolysis was used to convert acetanilide and N-acetyl-o-toluidine, metabolites of aniline and o-toluidine present in the urine, to the parent compounds. The parent compounds were extracted from the alkaline urine into butyl chloride and then back-extracted from the butyl chloride into aqueous hydrochloric acid. An aliquot of each acidic extract was subjected to ion-interaction reversed-phase liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection. Hemoglobin (Hb) was extracted from blood and stored at -70 degrees C. For the measurement of adducts of aniline, o-toluidine, and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), precipitated Hb was dissolved in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide in the presence of recovery standards, and the hydrolysate was extracted with hexane, derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization. Results: A total of 73 workers, including 46 of 64 exposed workers who were employed in the rubber chemicals department and had the potential for exposure to aniline and o-toluidine and 27 of 52 unexposed workers employed in other departments where aniline and o-toluidine were not used or produced, had data available for both aniline and o-toluidine and Hb adducts; 28 of the workers in the former group also had personal air-sampling data. Personal air sample measurements showed that airborne concentrations of aniline and o-toluidine were well within the limits allowed in the workplace by OSHA. Urinary aniline and o-toluidine levels, however, were substantially higher among exposed workers than among unexposed control subjects. The most striking differential was for postshift urinary o-toluidine levels, which averaged (+/- standard deviation) 2.8 mu g/L (+/-1.4 mu g/L) in unexposed subjects and 98.7 mu g/L (+/-119.4 mu g/L) in exposed subjects (P =.0001). Average aniline-Hb and o-toluidine-Hb adduct levels were also significantly higher (P =.0001) among exposed workers than among unexposed control subjects. Average levels of adducts to 4-ABP, a potential contaminant of process chemicals, were not significantly different (P =.48), although three exposed workers had 4-ABP levels above the range in unexposed workers. Conclusions: The adduct data suggest that, among current workers, o-toluidine exposure substantially exceeds aniline exposure and that 4-ABP exposure, if it occurs at all, is not widespread. These data support the conclusion that occupational exposure to o-toluidine is the most likely causal agent of the bladder cancer excess observed among workers in the rubber chemicals department of the plant under study, although exposures to aniline and 4-ABP cannot be ruled out. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. UNIV WURZBURG,INST PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,D-8700 WURZBURG,GERMANY. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. RP Ward, EM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDI,NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. RI Ruder, Avima/I-4155-2012 OI Ruder, Avima/0000-0003-0419-6664 NR 33 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD AUG 7 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 15 BP 1046 EP 1052 DI 10.1093/jnci/88.15.1046 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VA550 UT WOS:A1996VA55000011 PM 8683635 ER PT J AU Kaplan, GA Lynch, JW Cohen, RD Balfour, JL Pamuk, ER AF Kaplan, GA Lynch, JW Cohen, RD Balfour, JL Pamuk, ER TI Inequality in income and mortality in US - Lower mortality in Hispanic population may have affected findings - Reply SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Kaplan, GA (reprint author), CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,HUMAN POPULAT LAB,2151 BERKELEY WAY,BERKELEY,CA 94704, USA. RI Lynch, John/A-4797-2008 OI Lynch, John/0000-0003-2781-7902 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD AUG 3 PY 1996 VL 313 IS 7052 BP 301 EP 301 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VA903 UT WOS:A1996VA90300066 ER PT J AU Kerr, SH Valdiserri, RO Loft, J Bresolin, L Holtgrave, D Moore, M MacGowan, R Marder, W Rinaldi, R AF Kerr, SH Valdiserri, RO Loft, J Bresolin, L Holtgrave, D Moore, M MacGowan, R Marder, W Rinaldi, R TI Primary care physicians and their HIV prevention practices SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID AIDS EDUCATION AB A national random-sample survey of 4011 primary care physicians was conducted to determine the extent to which they are providing HN prevention and clinical services, and to learn what characteristics and attitudes might impede the provision of such services. Physicians were asked about their history-taking practices for new adult and adolescent patients, including asking about the use of illicit drugs (injection and noninjection), the number of sexual partners, use of condoms and contraceptives, past episodes of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), sexual orientation, and sexual contact with partner(s) at high risk for HIV. A preliminary analysis was conducted and reported earlier by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), focusing on the HIV-prevention services being provided by primary care physicians.(3) This report provides additional analyses from this study, focusing on characteristics and attitudes that may prevent physicians from providing these services. Male physicians and the physicians' belief that patients would be offended if asked questions about their sex behaviors were strongly predictive of not asking new patients about their sex and drug behaviors. The physician's specialty was also a strong predictor-OB/GYNs were predictive of asking these questions and GP/FPs were predictive of not asking the questions. Physicians who indicated that a majority of their patients were white were less likely to report asking patients about their sex and drug behaviors. The authors conclude that a substantial number of primary care physicians are missing important opportunities to prevent HIV transmission by not adequately assessing patients' risks and not providing necessary risk-reduction counseling during their physician-patient encounters. Physician's attitudes and beliefs about their patients, as well as their level of experience with HIV, may help to explain these observations. C1 ABT ASSOCIATES INC,CHICAGO,IL. AMER MED ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL 60610. RP Kerr, SH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. OI Marder, William/0000-0002-7198-6933 NR 10 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD AUG PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 227 EP 235 DI 10.1089/apc.1996.10.227 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VE437 UT WOS:A1996VE43700005 PM 11361593 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Flanders, WD AF Khoury, MJ Flanders, WD TI Nontraditional epidemiologic approaches in the analysis of gene-environment interaction: Case-control studies with no controls! SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE case-control studies; environment; genes ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; HAPLOTYPE-RELATIVE-RISK; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; NUCLEAR FAMILIES; ASSOCIATION; CANCER; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Although case-control studies are suitable for assessing gene-environment interactions, choosing appropriate control subjects is a valid concern in these studies. The authors review three nontraditional study designs that do not include a control group: 1) the case-only study, 2) the case-parental control study, and 3) the affected relative-pair method. In case-only studies, one can examine the association between an exposure and a genotype among case subjects only. Odds ratios are interpreted as a synergy index on a multiplicative scale, with independence assumed between the exposure and the genotype. In case-parental control studies, one can compare the genotypic distribution of case subjects with the expected distribution based on parental genotypes when there is no association between genotype and disease; the effect of a genotype can be stratified according to case subjects' exposure status. In affected relative-pair studies, the distribution of alleles identical by descent between pairs of affected relatives is compared with the expected distribution based on the absence of genetic linkage between the locus and the disease; the analysis can be stratified according to exposure status. Some or all of these methods have certain limitations, including linkage disequilibrium, confounding, assumptions of Mendelian transmission, an inability to measure exposure effects directly, and the use of a multiplicative scale to test for interaction. Nevertheless, they provide important tools to assess gene-environment interaction in disease etiology. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CDC,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 41 TC 303 Z9 320 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 3 BP 207 EP 213 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UZ754 UT WOS:A1996UZ75400001 PM 8686689 ER PT J AU Strass, E McCabe, ERB Biesecker, L Cassidy, S Chakravarti, A Grody, W Juengst, E Khory, M Knoppers, BM Motulsky, A Phillips, JA Spence, MA AF Strass, E McCabe, ERB Biesecker, L Cassidy, S Chakravarti, A Grody, W Juengst, E Khory, M Knoppers, BM Motulsky, A Phillips, JA Spence, MA TI ASHG REPORT - Statement on informed consent for genetic research SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. NIH,NATL CTR HUMAN GENOME RES,BETHESDA,MD 20892. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,CTR HUMAN GENET,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,CTR BIOMED ETH,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MONTREAL,SCH LAW,CTR RES PUBL LAW,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3J7,CANADA. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GENET,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195. VANDERBILT UNIV,MED CTR,DIV GENET,NASHVILLE,TN. UNIV CALIF IRVINE,MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,IRVINE,CA 92717. RP Strass, E (reprint author), AMER SOC HUMAN GENET,9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE,BETHESDA,MD 20814, USA. NR 6 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 59 IS 2 BP 471 EP 474 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VM288 UT WOS:A1996VM28800025 ER PT J AU Keifer, M McConnell, R Pacheco, AF Daniel, W Rosenstock, L AF Keifer, M McConnell, R Pacheco, AF Daniel, W Rosenstock, L TI Estimating underreported pesticide poisonings in Nicaragua SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE pesticides; Nicaragua; health survey; registries; occupational diseases ID CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE; COUNTRIES; WORKERS AB We undertook to estimate the degree of underreporting to a regional pesticide poisoning registry, and to estimate the true incidence of poisoning in apr agricultural region of Nicaragua. We surveyed 633 workers at 25 of 33 agricultural cooperatives and any nearby private farms in a area geographically convenient to the regional health headquarters with a short structured interview about pesticide poisonings. Eighty-three percent of workers described current use of pesticides. Twenty-five percent described a pesticide poisoning in the preceding 12 months, and almost one-half (48%) described having been made ill by pesticides at some point in time. Sixty-nine (11%) described a poisoning in the preceding month, 23 of whom had received medical attention. The names of the medically treated were sought in the Regional Pesticide Poisoning Registry for the survey year of 1988. Only 8 of the 23 subjects were found reported to the registry when a total of 1,143 human pesticide poisonings were reported in the entire region. Using 65% as an estimate of underreporting to the registry, we calculate that 3,300 (95% Cl 2100-7500) poisonings had received treatment in the region in 1988, of whom more than 2,100 remained unreported Based on the ratio of total poisonings (treated and untreated) to registry-reported poisonings among our survey respondents, we estimate that 6,700 (95% Cl 4100-18000) systemic poisonings, occurred in 1988 in the region. Underreporting of pesticide poisonings disguises the enormity of the problem in developing countries. Even in a region with a strong emphasis on illness reporting for targeted conditions, underreporting is substantial. This method for estimating underreporting is easily applied and provides a rough estimate of registry underreporting and actual incidence for conditions identifiable by a community-applied questionnaire. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,SEATTLE,WA. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. PAN AMER HLTH ASSOC,PAN AMER CTR HUMAN ECOL & HLTH,TOLUCA,MEXICO. NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 17 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199608)30:2<195::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-S PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VA198 UT WOS:A1996VA19800010 PM 8844049 ER PT J AU Ward, EM Ruder, AM Suruda, A Smith, AB FesslerFlesch, CA Zahm, SH AF Ward, EM Ruder, AM Suruda, A Smith, AB FesslerFlesch, CA Zahm, SH TI Acute and chronic liver toxicity resulting from exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant during World War II SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chlorinated naphthalenes; chloracne; cirrhosis; cohort mortality study; epidemiology; occupational health ID TABLE ANALYSIS SYSTEM; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CHEMICAL WORKERS; CANCER MORTALITY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; CIRRHOSIS; ALCOHOL; FEMALE; COHORT; RATS AB Historical records were used to reconstruct an outbreak of chloracne and acute liver toxicity due to chlorinated naphthalene exposure at a New York State plant which manufactured ''Navy cables'' during World War II. A cohort mortality study was conducted of the population (n = 9,028) employed at the plant from 1940 to 1944. Vital status was followed through December 31, 1985. The study found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver [observed (OBS) = ISO; standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 1.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56-2.16]; cirrhosis deaths were elevated to a similar degree in the 460 individuals who had chloracne (OBS = 8; SMR = 1.51; CI = 0.65-2.98). The SMR for ''non-alcoholic cirrhosis'' (OBS = 83; SMR = 1.67; CI = 1.33-2.07) was similar to the SMR for ''alcoholic cirrhosis'' (OBS = 59; SMR = 1.96; CI = 1.49-2.53). There was no evidence for increased alcoholism in the overall cohort based on mortality from alcohol-related causes of death other than cirrhosis (SMR for esophageal cancer = 1.01 and for deaths from alcoholism = 0.99). We conclude that the excess mortality from cirrhosis of the liver observed in this cohort is due to the chronic effect of chlorinated naphthalene exposure. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NCI,DIV CANC ETIOL,ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,OCCUPAT STUDIES SECT,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Ward, EM (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,INDUSTRYWIDE STUDIES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. RI Ruder, Avima/I-4155-2012; Zahm, Shelia/B-5025-2015 OI Ruder, Avima/0000-0003-0419-6664; NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 225 EP 233 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VA198 UT WOS:A1996VA19800015 PM 8844054 ER PT J AU Sinkowitz, RL Fridkin, SK Manangan, L Wenger, PN Jarvis, WR AF Sinkowitz, RL Fridkin, SK Manangan, L Wenger, PN Jarvis, WR TI Status of tuberculosis infection control programs at United States hospitals, 1989 to 1992 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; CDC TB SURVEY; NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION; MEMBER HOSPITALS; OUTBREAK; EFFICACY; URBAN; RISK AB Background: Recent nosocomial outbreaks have raised concern about the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in United States hospitals. Methods: To determine current tuberculosis (TB) infection control practices, we surveyed a sample of approximately 3000 acute care facilities about the number of patients with drug-susceptible or multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), health care worker (HCW) tuberculin skin test (TST) results, and compliance with the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) TB guidelines. Analyses were restricted to one response per hospital. Results: Personnel at 1494 (49.8%) hospitals returned a completed survey. Respondent hospitals had a mean of 881 HCWs (range 8 to 10,000) and 196 (range 6 to 2450) beds; 62% percent were community nonteaching hospitals. Of respondent hospitals providing data for 1989 through 1992, the proportion that cared for patients with TB or MDR-TB increased from 46.4% to 56.6% and 0.8% to 4.5%, respectively. The pooled mean HCW TST positivity rate at hire rose from 0.95% to 1.14%, and the pooled mean HCW TST conversion rate increased from 0.40% To 0.51%. In 1992, when we compared hospitals with zero, one to five, or six or greater patients with TB, the risk of a positive HCW TST result at hire or at routine testing significantly increased with increasing number of patients with TB. From 1989 through 1992, the number of hospitals reporting the use of surgical masks for HCW respiratory protection decreased from 96.8% to 66.8%. In 1992, 66% of the hospitals reported compliance with four or more of the AFB isolation room criteria specified in the 1990 CDC TB guidelines. Conclusions: Contrary to prior surveys, this study shows that many U.S. community hospitals admit patients with TB less frequently than do teaching hospitals, and infrequently admit patients with MDR-TB. Because the risk of HCW TST conversion varies with hospital characteristics, these data show the importance of performing a risk assessment, as recommended in the CDC TB guidelines, for each ward and hospital so that TB control measures can be individualized. RP Sinkowitz, RL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAILSTOP E-69,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 24 IS 4 BP 226 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90054-1 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VD949 UT WOS:A1996VD94900002 PM 8870906 ER PT J AU Pearson, ML Farr, BM Garland, JS Mermel, LA Raad, II Sheretz, RJ Stover, BH AF Pearson, ML Farr, BM Garland, JS Mermel, LA Raad, II Sheretz, RJ Stover, BH TI Guideline for prevention of intravascular device-related infections .1. Intravascular device-related infections: An overview SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Review ID CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS; INTENSIVE-CARE-UNIT; TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECIUM; COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; IN-LINE FILTRATION; TRANSDERMAL GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; PULMONARY-ARTERY CATHETERS AB The ''Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Device-Related Infections'' is designed to reduce the incidence of intravascular device-related infections by providing an overview of the evidence for recommendations considered prudent by consensus of Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) members. This two-part document updates and replaces the previously published Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) ''Guideline for Intravascular Infections'' (Am J Infect Control 1983;11:183-99). Part I, ''Intravascular Device-Related Infections: An Overview,'' discusses many of the issues and controversies in intravascular device use and maintenance. These issues include definitions and diagnosis of catheter-related infection, appropriate barrier precautions during catheter insertion, intervals for replacement of catheters, intravenous (IV) fluids and administration sets, catheter-site care, the role of specialized TV personnel, and the use of prophylactic antimicrobials, flush solutions, and anticoagulants. Part II, ''Recommendations for Prevention of Nosocomial Intravascular Device-Related Infections,'' provides consensus recommendations of the HICPAC far the prevention and control of intravascular device-related infections. A working draft of this document also was reviewed by experts in hospital infection control, internal medicine, pediatrics, and intravenous therapy. However, all recommendations contained in the guideline may net reflect the opinion of all reviewers. The ''Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Device-Related Infections'' is intended for use by personnel who are responsible for surveillance and control of infections in the acute care, hospital-based setting, but many of the recommendations may be adapted for use in the outpatient or home care setting. RP Pearson, ML (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 434 TC 278 Z9 285 U1 2 U2 18 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 24 IS 4 BP 262 EP 293 PG 32 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VD949 UT WOS:A1996VD94900006 PM 8870910 ER PT J AU Tilden, J Young, W McNamara, AM Custer, C Boesel, B LambertFair, M Majkowski, J Vugia, D Werner, SB Hollingsworth, J Morris, JG AF Tilden, J Young, W McNamara, AM Custer, C Boesel, B LambertFair, M Majkowski, J Vugia, D Werner, SB Hollingsworth, J Morris, JG TI A new route of transmission for Escherichia coli: Infection from dry fermented salami SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID O157-H7; ESCHERICHIA-COLI-0157-H7; MEAT AB Objectives. This study evaluated the production of dry fermented salami associated with an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Washington State and California. Methods. Facility inspections, review of plant monitoring data, food handler interviews, and microbiological testing of salami products were conducted. Results. Production methods complied with federal requirements and industry-developed good manufacturing practices. No evidence suggested that postprocessing contamination occurred. Calculations suggested that the infectious dose was smaller than 50 E. coli O157:H7 bacteria. Conclusions. Dry fermented salami can serve as a vehicle of transmission for O157:H7 strains. Our investigation and prior laboratory studies suggest that E. coli O157:H7 can survive currently accepted processing methods. C1 FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,EPIDEMIOL & EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,BALTIMORE,MD. INSPECT OPERAT FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,ALAMEDA,CA. FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,SCI & TECHNOL PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DIV COMMUN DIS CONTROL,BERKELEY,CA 94704. NR 16 TC 279 Z9 288 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 8 BP 1142 EP 1145 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1142 PN 1 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VB448 UT WOS:A1996VB44800021 PM 8712275 ER PT J AU Noah, DL Smith, MG Gotthardt, JC Krebs, JW Green, D Childs, JE AF Noah, DL Smith, MG Gotthardt, JC Krebs, JW Green, D Childs, JE TI Mass human exposure to rabies in New Hampshire: Exposures, treatment, and cost SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; VACCINE AB Objectives. This study assessed the rabies exposure and treatment that at least 665 persons in Concord, NH, received as a result of one proven rabid pet-store kitten in October 1994. Methods. All treatment recipients were interviewed by person of phone. Results. The median age of the treatment recipients was 14 years; 58% were female. The most common exposures were low risk (e.g., picking up, petting, nuzzling, or being scratched by a potentially rabid kitten). Local reactions to vaccine or immune globulin were reported by 76.5% of recipients, while 48.8% reported at least one systemic reaction, Cost for the biologicals was estimated at more than $1.1 million. Conclusions. Because of the inadequacy of pet store records, the inconsistent application of treatment guidelines, and other factors, many people received postexposure treatment as a result of contacts that were unlikely to transmit rabies. The rates of local and systemic adverse reactions experienced were consistent with previous reports. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. BUR DIS CONTROL,DIV PUBL HLTH SERV,CONCORD,NH. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 14 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 8 BP 1149 EP 1151 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1149 PN 1 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VB448 UT WOS:A1996VB44800023 PM 8712277 ER PT J AU Roberts, CL Roome, A Algert, CS Walsh, SJ Kurland, M Lawless, K Cartter, ML AF Roberts, CL Roome, A Algert, CS Walsh, SJ Kurland, M Lawless, K Cartter, ML TI A meningococcal vaccination campaign on a university campus: Vaccination rates and factors in nonparticipation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. This study was under-taken to determine an accurate vaccination rate and identify factors influencing nonvaccination in a meningococcal vaccination campaign on a Connecticut university campus in May 1993. Methods. Vaccination and student data were merged to determine demographic factors associated with nonvaccination. A case-control study examined reasons for nonvaccination. Results. The estimated vaccination rate for students returning to the campus was 93%. Lower rates occurred among older students, students living off campus, graduate and nondegree students, and married students. Perceived poor access to the vaccination center was the strongest predictor of nonvaccination. Conclusions. Higher vaccination rates may be achieved by specifically targeting students who live off campus and by providing multiple vaccination sites with extended hours. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,PROGRAM EPIDEMIOL,HARTFORD,CT. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT COMMUNITY MED,FARMINGTON,CT. UNIV CONNECTICUT,STUDENT HLTH SERV,STORRS,CT 06269. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT EDUC PSYCHOL,STORRS,CT 06269. OI Algert, Charles/0000-0003-2525-9361 NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 8 BP 1155 EP 1158 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1155 PN 1 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VB448 UT WOS:A1996VB44800025 PM 8712279 ER PT J AU Romieu, I Meneses, F Ruiz, S Sienra, JJ Huerta, J White, MC Etzel, RA AF Romieu, I Meneses, F Ruiz, S Sienra, JJ Huerta, J White, MC Etzel, RA TI Effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of asthmatic children living in Mexico City SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW; PM10 POLLUTION; AMBIENT OZONE; LOS-ANGELES; SYMPTOMS; EXACERBATIONS; VISITS AB The relation between air pollution and the exacerbation of childhood asthma was studied in a panel of 71 children (aged 5 to 7 yr) with mild asthma who resided in the northern part of mexico City. During the follow-up, ambient measures of particulate matter less than 10 mu m (PM(10), 24-h average) and ozone (1-h maximum) frequently exceeded the Mexican standards for these contaminants. The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was strongly associated with PM(10) levels and marginally with ozone levels. Respiratory symptoms (coughing, phlegm production, wheezing, and difficulty breathing) were associated with both PM(10) and ozone levels. An increase of 20 mu g/m(3) of PM(10) was related to an 8% increase in lower respiratory illness (LRI) among children on the same day (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-1.15), and an increase of 10 mu g/m(3) in the weekly mean of particulate matter less than 2.5 mu m (PM(2.5)) was related to a 21% increase in LRI (95% CI = 1.08-1.35). A 50 parts per billion (ppb) increase in ozone was associated with a 9% increase in LRI (95% CI = 1.03-1.15) on the same day. We concluded that children with mild asthma are affected by the high ambient levels of particulate matter and ozone observed in the northern part of Mexico City. C1 PANAMER HLTH ORG,PANAMER CTR HUMAN ECOL & HLTH,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. INST INVEST MATEMAT APPLICADAS & SISTEMAS,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. HOSP INFANTIL MEXICO DR FEDERICO GOMEZ,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. NATL INST PEDIAT,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Romieu, I (reprint author), INST NACL SALUD PUBL,AV UNIV 655,COL STA MARIA AHUCATITLAN,CUERNAVACA,MORELOS,MEXICO. RI White, Mary /C-9242-2012 OI White, Mary /0000-0002-9826-3962 NR 33 TC 206 Z9 210 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 154 IS 2 BP 300 EP 307 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA VB858 UT WOS:A1996VB85800005 PM 8756798 ER PT J AU Rand, PW Lacombe, EH Smith, RP Gensheimer, K Dennis, DT AF Rand, PW Lacombe, EH Smith, RP Gensheimer, K Dennis, DT TI Low seroprevalence of human Lyme disease near a focus of high entomologic risk SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; CONNECTICUT; IXODIDAE; DOGS; AREA AB To investigate a low rate of reported human Lyme disease adjacent to an area where the vector tick had become well established, we performed human and canine serosurveys and gathered data on environmental factors related to the risk of transmission. In March 1993, we obtained serum samples and conducted questionnaires that included information on outdoor activities, lot size, and frequency of deer sightings from 272 individuals living within a 5-km strip extending 12 km inland from a study site in south coastal Maine where collections revealed an abundant population of deer ticks. Serologic analysis was done using a flagellin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by Western immunoblot of positive and equivocal samples. Sera from 71 unvaccinated dogs within the study area were also analyzed for anti-Borrelia antibodies by ELISA. Human seropositivity was limited to two individuals living within 1.2 km of the coast. The frequency of daily deer sightings decreased sharply outside this area. Canine seropositivity, 100% within the first 0.8 km, decreased to 2% beyond 1.5 km. Canine serology appears to correlate with the entomologic indicators of the risk of Lyme disease transmission. Possible explanations for the low human seroprevalence are offered. C1 MAINE DEPT HUMAN SERV, BUR HLTH, AUGUSTA, ME USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS, FT COLLINS, CO 80522 USA. RP Rand, PW (reprint author), MAINE MED CTR RES INST, 125 JOHN ROBERTS RD, UNIT 5, S PORTLAND, ME 04106 USA. FU PHS HHS [200-91-0915] NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 55 IS 2 BP 160 EP 164 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VF028 UT WOS:A1996VF02800008 PM 8780454 ER PT J AU Dawson, JE Biggie, KL Warner, CK Cookson, K Jenkins, S Levine, JF Olson, JG AF Dawson, JE Biggie, KL Warner, CK Cookson, K Jenkins, S Levine, JF Olson, JG TI Polymerase chain reaction evidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis, in dogs from southeast Virginia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; CANIS; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Objective-To ascertain whether dogs are naturally infected with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Animals-74 dogs from 5 animal shelters and 1 kennel in 3 cities and 3 counties in southeastern Virginia were tested during June 1991. Procedure-Blood was drawn from 74 dogs; 73 were tested serologically for antibodies reactive to E chaffeensis and E canis, and 38 were tested for the presence of E chaffeensis, E canis, and E ewingii by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serologic testing by indirect fluorescent antibody assay. Nested PCR used Ehrlichia-wide outside primers to detect initial products, followed by use of species-specific primers for identification. Results-28 (38.4%) dogs had a positive test result (minimum titer, greater than or equal to 1:64) for antibodies reactive to E chaffeensis, and 28 (38.4%) had a positive reaction to E canis. PCR analysis indicated that 8 (42.1%) dogs were positive for E chaffeensis and 6 dogs (31.6%) were positive for E ewingii All dogs had negative results of the PCR test for E canis. Conclusion-Dogs are potential reservoirs of E chaffeensis. Clinical Relevance-Canine E chaffeensis infection may be more prevalent than E canis or E ewingii infection in this region of the United States. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL PATHOL & PARASITOL,RALEIGH,NC 27606. VIRGINIA DEPT HLTH,RICHMOND,VA 23219. RP Dawson, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 18 TC 119 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1175 EP 1179 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VA590 UT WOS:A1996VA59000013 PM 8836370 ER PT J AU Reimer, L Brokopp, C Mottice, S Den, R Nichols, C AF Reimer, L Brokopp, C Mottice, S Den, R Nichols, C TI Persistent lack of detectable HIV-1 antibody in a person with HIV infection - Utah, 1995 SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV UTAH,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. UTAH DEPT HLTH,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84116. US FDA,OFF BLOOD RES & REV,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Reimer, L (reprint author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84148, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 132 IS 8 BP 873 EP 874 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA VB378 UT WOS:A1996VB37800001 ER PT J AU Crump, C Bearer, CF Paschal, DC Rodenbaugh, D Etzel, RA AF Crump, C Bearer, CF Paschal, DC Rodenbaugh, D Etzel, RA TI Mercury exposure in high school chemistry teachers SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERIOR LATEX PAINT; AIR AB To assess whether high school chemistry teachers had higher urinary mercury concentrations than other high school teachers, 24 high school teachers from nine schools in northeastern Ohio were studied. First morning voided urine samples and air samples from the teachers' classrooms were analyzed for total mercury content by cold vapor atomic absorption. The median adjusted urinary mercury concentration in the 12 chemistry teachers was 4.6 mu g/g creatinine (range 2.2-8.2 mu g/g creatinine) and it was 6.3 mu g/g creatinine in the 12 non-chemistry teachers. All classroom air samples contained mercury levels below detection limits. No evidence was provided that high school chemistry teachers are at increased risk of chronic mercury exposure from their teaching activities compared to other high school teachers. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RAINBOW BABIES & CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,OFF NEONATOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 206 EP 209 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VE112 UT WOS:A1996VE11200008 PM 8781070 ER PT J AU Obiri, GU Thomas, PA Caldwell, B AF Obiri, GU Thomas, PA Caldwell, B TI Trends in age at the first medical evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus infection among infants born to infected mothers SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION; TYPE-1 AB Objective: To evaluate the trends in age at the first medical evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among infants enrolled in the Pediatric Spectrum of Disease study born to mothers infected with HIV. Design: Retrospective study based on medical chart review. Setting: Nine pediatric centers in New York City. Participants: Infants (N=925) born between January 1988 and December 1991 to mothers infected with HIV; the infants were examined for HIV infection by age 2 years and were receiving medical care. Results: In each successive birth cohort, an increasing proportion of infants was examined by 3 months of age (from 35% in 1988 to 76% in 1991, chi(2)=38.1, P<.001). The median age at the first evaluation persistently declined among the cohort evaluated by 24 months. The median age decreased from 6 months in 1988 to less than 1 month in 1991. The proportion of infants who were examined because of HIV-related symptoms decreased in each successive birth cohort (1988, 65%; 1989, 59%; 1990; 42%; and 1991, 25%). Conclusions: An increasing proportion of newborns exposed to HIV are being examined within the first 3 months of life in 9 leading pediatric HIV centers in New York City. Prenatal HIV counseling and testing of mothers are optimal procedures because they benefit mothers, they allow the use of zidovudine to reduce the chance of HIV infection in the infants, and they allow mothers with HIV to be counseled about the potential risks of breastfeeding. The family and the pediatrician must have knowledge of the infants' HIV status as early in life as possible to allow the necessary postnatal interventions, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis, which reduces morbidity and may prolong survival. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Obiri, GU (reprint author), NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,OFF ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME SURVEILLAN,346 BROADWAY,ROOM 706,NEW YORK,NY 10013, USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU203312-07] NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 150 IS 8 BP 787 EP 789 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA VA868 UT WOS:A1996VA86800002 PM 8704882 ER PT J AU Dreyer, G Noroes, J Rocha, A Addiss, D AF Dreyer, G Noroes, J Rocha, A Addiss, D TI Detection of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia SO BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tropical pulmonary eosinophilia; filariasis; Wuchereria bancrofti; ultrasonography; adult worm; filaria dance sign ID ADULTICIDAL EFFICACY; FILARIASIS; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; INFECTION; LUNG AB Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a relatively unusual and diagnostically challenging manifestation of infection with Wuchereria bancrofti. The pathogenesis of TPE remains unclear, although immune hyperresponsiveness to the microfilarial stage of the parasite is thought to play an essential role. Microfilariae are almost never detected in the peripheral blood of persons with TPE and living adult worms have not been reported. Thus, no parasitologic marker has existed with which to assess the effectiveness of antifilarial treatment. In 1986, a 74-year old man from Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil, developed classic signs and symptoms of filarial TPE. Within 48 h after beginning treatment with diethylcarbamazine (DEC), the drug of choice for TPE, his symptoms dramatically improved. He remained symptom-free until June 1994, when he again developed signs and symptoms of TPE. To visualize the adult worm and monitor the macrofilaricidal effectiveness of DEC treatment, ultrasound examinations of the scrotal area were performed before, during, and for 6 months after treatment. These examinations revealed diffuse dilatation of the lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord and movements characteristic of living adult W. bancrofti known as the ''filaria dance sign''. Although the patient responded clinically to treatment, no change was noted in the filaria dance sign throughout the observation period. Visualization of adult W. bancrofti by ultrasound can be used to monitor the parasitologic effectiveness of treatment for TPE and to explore the relationship between death of the adult worm and recurrence of symptoms. C1 UNIV FED PERNAMBUCO,HOSP CLIN,UROL SERV,BR-50670420 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Dreyer, G (reprint author), FIOCRUZ MS,CTR PESQUISAS AGGEU MAGALHAES,DEPT PARASITOL,AV MORAES REGO S-N,BR-50670420 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC BRAS DIVULG CIENTIFICA PI SAO PAULO PA FACULDADE MEDICINA, SALA 21, 14049 RIBEIRAO PRETO, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SN 0100-879X J9 BRAZ J MED BIOL RES JI Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1005 EP 1008 PG 4 WC Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Research & Experimental Medicine GA VD706 UT WOS:A1996VD70600011 PM 9181082 ER PT J AU Reiter, P AF Reiter, P TI Dengue in the Americas SO BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE DE PATHOLOGIE EXOTIQUE LA French DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Present and Future Entomological Aspects of Dengue (D) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in French Guiana and Some Neighbouring Countries CY MAY 23-24, 1995 CL CAYENNE, FRENCH GUIANA AB Dengue fever is endemic from Argentina to Mexico, where serotypes 1, 2 and 4 are in wide circulation. After an absence of almost 20 years, serotype 3 arrived in Central America in late 1994. Over the past decade dengue has become a major public health problem in many of these countries, with an increase in the prevalence of dengue haemorrhagic fever and in the number of fatal cases. The situation is not new;there is evidence of a feast eight pandemics from the early 19th century until the initiation of the Aedes aegypti eradication campaign in 1947. The resurgence of serious disease was predicted in the early 1980's, and has followed a pattern of increasing severity observed 20 years earlier in Asia. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SAN JUAN LABS,2 CALLE CASIA,SAN JUAN,PR 00921, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSON EDITEUR PI PARIS 06 PA 120 BLVD SAINT-GERMAIN, 75280 PARIS 06, FRANCE SN 0037-9085 J9 B SOC PATHOL EXOT JI Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 2 BP 95 EP 97 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Pathology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Pathology; Tropical Medicine GA VH420 UT WOS:A1996VH42000005 PM 8924781 ER PT J AU Reiter, P AF Reiter, P TI Oviposition and dispersion of Aedes aegypti in urban environment SO BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE DE PATHOLOGIE EXOTIQUE LA French DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Present and Future Entomological Aspects of Dengue (D) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in French Guiana and Some Neighbouring Countries CY MAY 23-24, 1995 CL CAYENNE, FRENCH GUIANA AB It is generally accepted that female Aedes aegypti do not fly more than 50-100 m in their entire lifetime, yet the rapidity with which this species colonizes new areas, and the explosive nature of dengue and yellow fever epidemics appear to contradict this. Using molecular methods, we have confirmed that the Ae. aegypti females lay small numbers of eggs at many sites. The distribution of available sites implies that the female may fly a considerable distance to deposit her whole egg batch. We developed a method to monitor dispersal during oviposition by labelling the eggs of the mosquito with rubidium, a relatively rare, non-radioactive element. Eggs laid by females fed in the laboratory on blood containing rubidium were collected in the field with ovitraps and assayed by atomic emission spectroscopy. Our study revealed rapid dispersal over our entire study area, more than 800 m in diameter. We conclude that dispersal may be driven by the availability of oviposition sites. Marked eggs were collected for up to 7 days after feeding, suggesting that the gonotrophic cycle in the field is longer than generally assumed. This implies that calculations of longevity based on ovarian dissection and estimates of the duration of the gonotrophic cycle may need to be revised Novel studies on sugar feeding and blood feeding are also mentioned. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SAN JUAN LABS,2 CALLE CASIA,SAN JUAN,PR 00921, USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 5 PU MASSON EDITEUR PI PARIS 06 PA 120 BLVD SAINT-GERMAIN, 75280 PARIS 06, FRANCE SN 0037-9085 J9 B SOC PATHOL EXOT JI Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 2 BP 120 EP 122 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Pathology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Pathology; Tropical Medicine GA VH420 UT WOS:A1996VH42000010 PM 8924769 ER PT J AU Ingster, LM Feinleib, M AF Ingster, LM Feinleib, M TI Geographic patterns of CVD mortality in the USA SO CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS LA English DT Article DE atherosclerosis; hypertension; cardiovascular mortality; maps; time trends ID VASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; HEART-DISEASE; STROKE; PREVALENCE; EVENTS; ARTERY AB Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is commonly analyzed in the epidemiologic literature as a single large category, as sub-categories such as hypertension or myocardial infarction. This analysis groups CVD (International Classification of Diseases, 9th rec., Clinical Modification, 390-459 and 745-747) mortality rates into three different groups: atherosclerosis-related CVD (ACVD), hypertension-related CVD (HCVD), and all other CVD diagnoses (OCVD). Mortality data from the National Vital Statistics Cooperative Program (National Center for Health Statistics) for the years 1960-1990 (by 10-year intervals) were placed into these three groupings and age adjusted. These data were examined by gender and race for all 50 states and the District of Columbia and then mapped. The patterns for ACVD, HCVD, and OCVD are different. The familiar clustering of high mortality rates in the southeastern U.S.A. is present for HCVD, but not for the other two groups. HCVD, but not for the other groups. HCVD patterns for 1960-1990 are virtually unchanged, indicating no geographic shifting. For ACVD, the highest mortality rates clustered in the northeast coastal states of the U.S.A. in 1960. The decline in mortality was not uniform. For 1990, the states with the highest rates clustered along the Ohio trends indicate that the etiologic patterns for HCVD and ACVD have varied in different HCVD and ACVD have varied in different parts of the United States. Ecological analyses and intervention efforts should be targeted to the specific profiles and needs of these geographic areas. RP Ingster, LM (reprint author), NATL CTR HLTH STAT,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,6525 BELCREST RD,RM 1140,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1130-7501 J9 CARDIOVASC RISK FACT JI Cardiovasc. Risk Factors PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 186 EP 192 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VB515 UT WOS:A1996VB51500002 ER PT J AU Dezzutti, CS Patel, PP Owen, SM Switzer, WM Meshulam, J Lal, RB AF Dezzutti, CS Patel, PP Owen, SM Switzer, WM Meshulam, J Lal, RB TI Sensitivity and specificity of a DNA polymerase chain reaction nonisotopic-based detection method for the confirmation of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE enzyme oligonucleotide assay; HTLV-I; HTLV-II; human T-lymphotropic virus; polymerase chain reaction assay ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; HTLV-I; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; SEQUENCES; SUBTYPES; I/II; PCR; AMPLIFICATION; INDIVIDUALS; DIAGNOSIS AB Background: A convenient, standard format for the detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons would increase the use of PCR for the confirmation of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II). Objectives: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme oligonucleotide assay (EGA) for the confirmation of infection with HTLV-I or HTLV-II. Study design: The sensitivity of the EOA was determined by examining 88 specimens representing diverse geographic-associated genotypes and clinical manifestations. The specificity was determined by testing 40 HTLV-seroindeterminate (PCR-negative) specimens. Results: Of the 52 HTLV-I-positive specimens tested, 46 (88%) were confirmed positive for HTLV-I by the EGA; these included 25 of 30 (83%) specimens from asymptomatic carriers, 14 of 15 (930/0) specimens from patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy, and all 7 specimens from patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Similarly, 33 of 36 (92%) HTLV-II-posilive specimens were confirmed positive for HTLV-II. None of the specimens werewrongly classified. All specimens tested with distinct geographic-associated genotypes for HTLV-I and -II were detected by EGA. Analysis of seroindeterminate specimens, all of which were previously shown to be negative by nested PCR, showed that none of 40 were detected by either the HTLV-I or HTLV-II EGA. C1 CELLULAR PROD INC,BUFFALO,NY 14202. RP Dezzutti, CS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0197 J9 CLIN DIAGN VIROL JI Clin. Diagn. Virol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2-3 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1016/0928-0197(96)00232-2 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA VE451 UT WOS:A1996VE45100003 PM 15566896 ER PT J AU Vitek, CR Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Robert, F Breiman, RF AF Vitek, CR Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ Robert, F Breiman, RF TI Evidence against infection with hantaviruses among forest and park workers in the southwestern United States SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY SYNDROME; OUTBREAK AB To determine if individuals with extensive exposure to rodent habitats were infected with Sin Nombre hantavirus (SNV), we evaluated forest and park service personnel from the region of endemicity in the southwestern United States. Information about work and recreational activities, including exposure to rodents and a history of recent illnesses, was obtained via a standardized questionnaire. Serum specimens were also collected, Of 140 participating workers, 84 (60%) were primarily engaged in outdoor work activities, 14 (10%) were office-based supervisors, and 42 (30%) were office workers. Of the 140 employees, 89 (64%) reported repeated exposures to rodents, rodent nests, and/or rodent droppings; 22 (16%) reported trapping or handling wild rodents. Hantavirus antibodies were not detected in any park employee. These data suggest that transmission of SNV is a rare event even among persons in the southwestern United States who have a high level of exposure to this virus. Although park employees and visitors in this region are at low risk of infection with SNV, these persons should continue to use recommended measures for risk reduction. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL DIS,RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 283 EP 285 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VA554 UT WOS:A1996VA55400012 PM 8842264 ER PT J AU Hibbs, RG Weber, JT Corwin, A Allos, BM ElRehim, MSA ElSharkawy, S Sarn, JE McKee, KT AF Hibbs, RG Weber, JT Corwin, A Allos, BM ElRehim, MSA ElSharkawy, S Sarn, JE McKee, KT TI Experience with the use of an investigational F(ab')(2) heptavalent botulism immune globulin of equine origin during an outbreak of type E botulism in Egypt SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SERUM SICKNESS AB During an outbreak of type E foodborne botulism in Cairo in 1991, an investigational equine F(ab')(2) ''despeciated'' heptavalent botulism immune globulin (dBIG) was provided to the Egyptian Ministry of Health by the U.S. Army, Of 54 patients known to have been treated with antitoxins, 4 received commercially available trivalent antitoxins, 45 received dBIG, and 5 received both commercial antitoxin and dBIG, Physicians recorded side effects in 10 (22%) of 45 patients who received dBIG; in nine cases, reactions were considered ''mild,'' and in one case they were believed to be serum sickness. In contrast, possible serum sickness during hospitalization was recorded for two of four patients who were receiving commercial antitoxins, No complications of therapy were noted for any patient who was receiving both antitoxin types. In a separate study, 31 patients were contacted about their reactions to the antitoxin by telephone after discharge from the hospital, Seven (54%) of 13 patients attributed symptoms that they experienced while they were hospitalized to receipt of dBIG, while four (44%) of nine patients who indicated that they had received commercial antitoxins and one (20%) of five who received both commercial antitoxin and dBIG reported side effects before discharge, Data on the efficacy of the antitoxins were not obtained. In our experience, equine dBIG was at least as safe as commercially available antitoxins in treating type E foodborne botulism. C1 USN,MED RES UNIT 3,CAIRO,EGYPT. MINIST PUBL HLTH,CAIRO,EGYPT. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. USA,MED RES INST INFECT DIS,FT DETRICK,MD 21702. NR 12 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 337 EP 340 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VA554 UT WOS:A1996VA55400022 PM 8842274 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ Daston, GP DeRosa, C FennerCrisp, P Gray, LE Kaattari, S Lucier, G Luster, M Mac, MJ Maczka, C Miller, R Moore, J Rolland, R Scott, G Sheehan, DM Sinks, T Tilson, HA AF Kavlock, RJ Daston, GP DeRosa, C FennerCrisp, P Gray, LE Kaattari, S Lucier, G Luster, M Mac, MJ Maczka, C Miller, R Moore, J Rolland, R Scott, G Sheehan, DM Sinks, T Tilson, HA TI Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: A report of the US EPA-sponsored workshop SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE endocrine disruptors; hormones; risk assessment; carcinogenesis; reproductive toxicity; developmental toxicity; immunotoxicity; neurotoxicity; exposure assessment; research needs ID FISH-EATING BIRDS; CONTAMINANT BIOMONITORING PROGRAM; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; BREAST-CANCER INCIDENCE; LAWRENCE BELUGA WHALES; MINK MUSTELA-VISON; FRESH-WATER FISH; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; RAINBOW-TROUT AB The hypothesis has been put forward that humans and wildlife species have suffered adverse health effects after exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Reported adverse effects include declines in populations, increases in cancers, and reduced reproductive function. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a workshop in April 1995 to bring together interested parties in an effort to identify research gaps related to this hypothesis and to establish priorities for future research activities. Approximately 90 invited participants were organized into work groups developed around the principal reported health effects-carcinogenesis, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity--as well as along the risk assessment paradigm--hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Attention focused on both ecological and human health effects. In general, the group felt that the hypothesis warranted a concerted research effort to evaluate its validity and that research should focus primarily on effects on development of reproductive capability, on improved exposure assessment, and on the effects of mixtures. This report summarizes the discussions of the work groups and details the recommendations for additional research. C1 PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. COLL WILLIAM & MARY,VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCI,WILLIAMSBURG,VA. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NATL BIOL SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. NATL RES COUNCIL,WASHINGTON,DC 20418. DOW CHEM CO USA,MIDLAND,MI 48674. INST EVALUATING HLTH RISKS,WASHINGTON,DC. WORLD WILDLIFE FUND,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,CHARLESTON,SC. US FDA,NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI gray jr, leon earl/0000-0002-1111-4754 NR 193 TC 693 Z9 743 U1 28 U2 217 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 104 SU 4 BP 715 EP 740 DI 10.2307/3432708 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VC106 UT WOS:A1996VC10600002 PM 8880000 ER PT J AU Boyce, TG Koo, D Swerdlow, DL Gomez, TM Serrano, B Nickey, LN HickmanBrenner, FW Malcolm, GB Griffin, PM AF Boyce, TG Koo, D Swerdlow, DL Gomez, TM Serrano, B Nickey, LN HickmanBrenner, FW Malcolm, GB Griffin, PM TI Recurrent outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in a Texas restaurant: Phage type 4 arrives in the United States SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article AB In recent years infection caused by Salmonella serotype Enteritidis (SE) phage type 4 has spread through Europe but has been uncommon in the USA. The first recognized outbreak of this strain in the USA occurred in a Chinese restaurant in El Paso, Texas, in April 1993; no source was identified. In September 1993, a second outbreak caused by SE phage type 4 was associated with the same restaurant. To determine the cause of the second outbreak, we compared food exposures of the 19 patients with that of two control groups. Egg rolls were the only item significantly associated with illness in both analyses (first control group: odds ratio [OR] 8.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-31.6; second control group: OR 13.1, 95% CI 2.1-97.0). Retrospective analysis of the April outbreak also implicated egg rolls (OR 32.4, 95% CI 9.1-126.6). Egg roll batter was made from pooled shell eggs and was left at room temperature throughout the day. These two outbreaks of SE phage type 4 likely could have been prevented by using pasteurized eggs and safe food preparation practices. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,ATLANTA,GA. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,EL PASO,TX. EL PASO CITY CTY HLTH & ENVIRONM DIST,EL PASO,TX. RP Boyce, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 117 IS 1 BP 29 EP 34 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VF747 UT WOS:A1996VF74700004 PM 8760947 ER PT J AU Simonsen, L Khan, AS Gary, HE Hanson, C Pallansch, MA Music, S Holman, RC Stewart, JA Erdman, DD Arden, NH Arenberg, IK Schonberger, LB AF Simonsen, L Khan, AS Gary, HE Hanson, C Pallansch, MA Music, S Holman, RC Stewart, JA Erdman, DD Arden, NH Arenberg, IK Schonberger, LB TI Outbreak of vertigo in Wyoming: Possible role of an enterovirus infection SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; RECURRENT VESTIBULOPATHY; ASEPTIC-MENINGITIS; VIRAL-INFECTIONS; INNER-EAR; ETIOLOGY AB An epidemiologic investigation was conducted to characterize and evaluate the possibility of a viral aetiology of an outbreak of acute vertigo in Hot Springs County, Wyoming, during autumn 1992. Case-finding identified Hot Springs County residents who sought medical attention for new onset vertigo during 1 August, 1992-31 January 1993. Thirty-five case-patients and 61 matched controls were interviewed and serum specimens were obtained during January 1993. Case-patients were more likely than controls to report symptoms (e.g. fatigue, sore throat, fever, diarrhoea) of antecedent acute illness. Case-patients did not have a significantly greater prevalence or mean titre of IgG antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus than controls. Serologic evidence of recent enterovirus infection (IgM antibodies) was found for 74% of case-patients compared with 54% of controls (P < 0.05), suggesting a possible association between vertigo and enterovirus infection. Future studies are needed to define the role of enteroviruses in inner-ear diseases. C1 HOT SPRINGS CTY HOSP,THERMOPOLIS,WY. WYOMING STATE HLTH DEPT,CHEYENNE,WY. INT MENIERES DIS RES INST,ENGLEWOOD,CO. RP Simonsen, L (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,MAILSTOP A-32,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Simonsen, Lone/0000-0003-1535-8526 NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 117 IS 1 BP 149 EP 157 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VF747 UT WOS:A1996VF74700020 PM 8760963 ER PT J AU Collins, J Rugg, D Kann, L Banspach, S Kolbe, L AF Collins, J Rugg, D Kann, L Banspach, S Kolbe, L TI Evaluating a national program of school-based HIV prevention SO EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; ADOLESCENTS; EDUCATION; YOUTH; RISK AB This article provides an overview of the the evaluation strategy being used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to monitor and improve a broad national program of HIV prevention among in-school youth. Selected findings from each of the evaluation components are presented. The evaluation strategy includes national, state, and focal surveillance of risk behaviors, health outcomes, and school HIV-related policies and programs. Additionally CDC assists state and local departments of education in evaluating the quality and effectiveness of their HIV-related policies, educator training, and curricula. Finally, CDC conducts evaluation research on state-of-the-art, multi-component, school-based interventions to reduce the risk of HIV infection. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV HAWAII,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Collins, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,5770 BUFORD HWY,MAILSTOP K33,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0149-7189 J9 EVAL PROGRAM PLANN JI Eval. Program Plan. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 19 IS 3 BP 209 EP 218 DI 10.1016/0149-7189(96)00013-4 PG 10 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA VG536 UT WOS:A1996VG53600004 ER PT J AU Lehmann, T Hawley, WA Kamau, L Fontenille, D Simard, F Collins, FH AF Lehmann, T Hawley, WA Kamau, L Fontenille, D Simard, F Collins, FH TI Genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae populations from East and West Africa: Comparison of microsatellite and allozyme loci SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE allozymes; Anopheles gambiae; gene flow; microsatellites; population genetic structure; population genetics ID ALLELE FREQUENCIES; REPEAT LOCI; MUTATION; RESOLUTION; SEQUENCE; MALARIA; COMPLEX; GENOME; DNA AB Genetic variation of Anopheles gambiae was analysed to assess interpopulation divergence over a 6000 km distance using short tandem repeat (microsatellite) loci and allozyme loci. Differentiation of populations from Kenya and Senegal measured by allele length variation at five microsatellite loci was compared with estimates calculated from published data on six allozyme loci (Miles, 1978). The average Wright's F-ST of microsatellite loci (0.016) was lower than that of allozymes (0.036). Slatkin's R(ST) values for microsatellite loci were generally higher than their F-ST values, but the average R(ST) value was virtually identical (0.036) to the average allozyme F-ST. These low estimates of differentiation correspond to an effective migration index (Nm) larger than 3, suggesting that gene flow across the continent is only weakly restricted. Polymorphism of microsatellite loci was significantly higher than that of allozymes, probably because the former experience considerably higher mutation rates. That microsatellite loci did not measure greater interpopulation divergence than allozyme loci suggested constraints on microsatellite evolution. Alternatively, extensive mosquito dispersal, aided by human transportation during the last century, better explains the low differentiation and the similarity of estimates derived from both types of genetic markers. C1 KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR, CLIN RES CTR, NAIROBI, KENYA. INST PASTEUR, LAB ORSTOM ZOOL MED, DAKAR, SENEGAL. EMORY UNIV, DEPT BIOL, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. RP Lehmann, T (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV PARASIT DIS, MS F22, 4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY, CHAMBLEE, GA 30341 USA. RI FONTENILLE, didier/G-4091-2013; SIMARD, Frederic/J-9489-2016 OI SIMARD, Frederic/0000-0002-2871-5329 NR 35 TC 132 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 14 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD AUG PY 1996 VL 77 BP 192 EP 200 DI 10.1038/hdy.1996.124 PN 2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VB534 UT WOS:A1996VB53400009 PM 8760401 ER PT J AU Brett, KM Yamamura, Y Kam, WT Rios, CF Rodriguez, N Marconi, KM AF Brett, KM Yamamura, Y Kam, WT Rios, CF Rodriguez, N Marconi, KM TI Movement patterns of persons with HIV receiving treatment in public clinics in the Southern Health Region, Puerto Rico SO HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIDS Update Conference CY JAN, 1995 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA ID AIDS AB Health planners suspect there is a pattern of movement, dubbed the ''air bridge, between Puerto Rico and the continental United Stares by persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HN) who are seeking health services. The authors tested this hypothesis in publicly supported HN clinics in the Puerto Rican Southern Health Region (SHR). A survey was conducted of 187 patients who were at least 18 years of age, confirmed HN positive, and not incarcerated. Only 7% of the respondents had been outside the SHR for 2 weeks or more in the past year Intravenous drug users and men who have sex with men were 7 to 8 times more likely to have traveled than were heterosexual respondents. Fifty-seven percent of all movement was within Puerto Rico, and no one had traveled to the United States primarily to receive medical services. Thus the results of this study do not support the concept of an ''air bridge. C1 PONCE SCH MED,AIDS RES PROGRAM,PONCE,PR. PONCE SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,PONCE,PR. PONCE SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY MED,PONCE,PR. PONCE SCH MED,AIDS RES PROGRAM,PONCE,PR. RP Brett, KM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0739-9863 J9 HISPANIC J BEHAV SCI JI Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 3 BP 407 EP 414 DI 10.1177/07399863960183009 PG 8 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA VG324 UT WOS:A1996VG32400009 PM 12320748 ER PT J AU Dimock, KA Eberhard, ML Lammie, PJ AF Dimock, KA Eberhard, ML Lammie, PJ TI Th1-like antifilarial immune responses predominate in antigen-negative persons SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS; BRUGIA-MALAYI; CIRCULATING ANTIGEN; INTERFERON-GAMMA; INFECTIVE LARVAE; ENDEMIC AREA; PARASITE; INTERLEUKIN-10; RECOGNITION AB To characterize immune responses associated with the putatively immune state in banecroftian filariasis (that is, both microfilaria and antigen free), humoral and cellular responses were compared among antigen- and microfilatria-negative, antigen-positive and microfilaria-negative, and microfilaria-positive individuals. Antifilarial isotype levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses, were measured proliferation, by bioassay for interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-10, and by reverse transcription-PCR for IL-4, IL-5, and gamma interferon. The absence of circulating filarial antigen was associated with Th1-like responses, including significantly higher proliferative (P < 0.001) and IL-2 (P = 0.008) responses and a higher prevalence of gamma interferon (0.02 < P < 0.1) responses. Significantly elevated antifilarial immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels (P = 0.0035) were associated with antigenemia, whereas microfilaremia was associated with significantly decreased antifilarial IgG2 levels (P = 0.0014). IL-4 mRNA levels were not significantly different among the three groups; however, there mas a subpopulation of micro-filaremic individuals who did not make detectable levels of IL-4 mRNA and who produced low antifilarial IgG4 levels compared with those of individuals who had detectable levels of IL-4 mRNA. IL-5 mRNA levels also were not significantly different among groups; however, more microfilaremic individuals produced IL-5 mRNA in response to adult filarial antigens, and total parasite-specific IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA levels were significantly correlated (P = 0.05)). Although longitudinal data are not currently available, the elevated Th1-like responses in antigen- and microfilaria-negative individuals are consistent with the hypothesis that these responses contribute to protection in putatively immune individuals. RP Dimock, KA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS F13,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-02642] NR 49 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 64 IS 8 BP 2962 EP 2967 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UY893 UT WOS:A1996UY89300014 PM 8757821 ER PT J AU Ostroff, SM AF Ostroff, SM TI Emerging infectious diseases in the institutional setting: Another hot zone SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on the Prevention of Infection (CIPI) CY MAY 06-07, 1996 CL NICE, FRANCE ID RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; NOSOCOMIAL LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS; CLINICAL LABORATORIES; HOSPITAL OUTBREAK; LASSA FEVER AB During the closing years of the 20th century, there has been an unprecedented number of newly recognized infectious agents and a resurgence of infectious diseases only recently thought to be conquered. These problems have been compounded by the increasing number of pathogens that have evolved resistance to antimicrobial agents. Hospitals and other institutional settings occupy a pivotal niche in the emergence of infectious agents due to factors such as the large concentrations of ill and immune-compromised persons, evolving technologies in healthcare settings, routine breeches of host defense mechanisms, and frequent use of antimicrobial agents. Any comprehensive strategy to address emerging infectious diseases must incorporate provisions for healthcare settings, including efforts to enhance surveillance, response capacity, training, education, applied research, and routine implementation of prevention measures. RP Ostroff, SM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,OFF DIRECTOR,MAILSTOP C12,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 64 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 17 IS 8 BP 484 EP 489 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VE320 UT WOS:A1996VE32000002 PM 8875290 ER PT J AU Jarvis, WR AF Jarvis, WR TI Preventing the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms through antimicrobial use controls: The complexity of the problem SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on the Prevention of Infection (CIPI) CY MAY 06-07, 1996 CL NICE, FRANCE ID UNITED-STATES HOSPITALS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; KLEBSIELLA-PNEUMONIAE; BETA-LACTAMASE; CEFTAZIDIME RESISTANCE; CEPHALOSPORINS; AZTREONAM; COMMUNITY; AGENTS; USAGE AB Widespread use of antimicrobials in the inpatient and outpatient setting has been associated with the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. A variety of methods exist to improve the appropriateness of antimicrobial use in the inpatient setting, including guidelines, antimicrobial use evaluations, microbiology laboratory guidance, formulary development and antimicrobial restriction, use of antimicrobial order or automatic stop order forms, and antimicrobial audits. To decrease the selective pressure that leads to development of pathogen resistance and to reduce antimicrobial expenditures, infectious disease, infection control, pharmacy, and administrative staff need to improve clinician use of antimicrobials through development and implementation of antimicrobial use committees. Through the implementation of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to antimicrobial use and development of clinician education programs, inappropriate antimicrobial use can be reduced, patient care can be improved, and substantial cost savings can be realized. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,INVEST & PREVENT BRANCH,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 27 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 17 IS 8 BP 490 EP 495 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VE320 UT WOS:A1996VE32000003 PM 8875291 ER PT J AU Jarvis, WR AF Jarvis, WR TI Selected aspects of the socioeconomic impact of nosocomial infections: Morbidity, mortality, cost, and prevention SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on the Prevention of Infection (CIPI) CY MAY 06-07, 1996 CL NICE, FRANCE ID INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; URINARY-TRACT INFECTIONS; SURGICAL WOUND-INFECTION; ATTRIBUTABLE MORTALITY; PNEUMONIA; RISK; STAY; HOSPITALS; STATES; RATES AB Approximately 2 million nosocomial infections occur annually in the United States. These infections result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost The excess duration of hospitalization secondary to nosocomial infections has been estimated to be 1 to 4 days for urinary tract infections, 7 to 8.2 days for surgical site infections, 7 to 21 days for bloodstream infections, and 6.8 to 30 days for pneumonia. The estimated mortalities associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections and pneumonia are 23.8% to 50% and 14.8% to 71% (overall), or 16.3% to 35% and 6.8% to 30% (attributable), respectively. The estimated average costs of these infections are $558 to $593 for each urinary tract infection, $2,734 for each surgical site infection, $3,061 to $40,000 for each bloodstream infection, and $4,947 for each pneumonia. Even minimally effective infection control programs are cost-effective. In countries with prospective payment systems based on diagnosis-related groups, hospitals lose from $583 to $4,886 for each nosocomial infection. As administrators focus on cost containment, increased support should be given to infection control programs so that preventable nosocomial infections and their associated expenditures can be averted. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INVEST & PREVENT BRANCH,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MS E-69,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 27 TC 307 Z9 317 U1 2 U2 9 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 17 IS 8 BP 552 EP 557 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VE320 UT WOS:A1996VE32000014 PM 8875302 ER PT J AU Quick, RE Gerber, ML Palacios, AM Beingolea, L Vargas, R Mujica, O Moreno, D Seminario, L Smithwick, EB Tauxe, RV AF Quick, RE Gerber, ML Palacios, AM Beingolea, L Vargas, R Mujica, O Moreno, D Seminario, L Smithwick, EB Tauxe, RV TI Using a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey to supplement findings of an outbreak investigation: Cholera prevention measures during the 1991 epidemic in Peru SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cholera; prevention; Amazon; health education; health behaviour; self-efficacy ID DIARRHEAL DISEASES; SELF-EFFICACY; AMAZON AB Background. To assess the effectiveness of the cholera prevention activities of the Peruvian Ministry of Health, we conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey in urban and rural Amazon communities during the cholera epidemic in 1991. Methods. We surveyed heads of 67 urban and 61 rural households to determine diarrhoea rates, sources of cholera prevention information, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ten cholera prevention measures. Results. Twenty-five per cent of 482 urban and 11% of 454 rural household members had diarrhoea during the first 3-4 months of the epidemic. Exposure to mass media education was greater in urban areas, and education through interpersonal communication was more prevalent in rural villages. Ninety-three per cent of rural and 67% of urban respondents believed they could prevent cholera. The mean numbers of correct responses to ten knowledge questions were 7.8 for urban and 8.2 for rural respondents. Practices lagged behind knowledge and attitudes (mean correct response to ten possible: urban 4.9, rural 4.6). Seventy-five per cent of respondents drank untreated water and 91% ate unwashed produce, both of which were identified as cholera risk factors in a concurrently conducted case-control study. Conclusions. The cholera prevention campaign successfully educated respondents, but did not cause many to adopt preventive behaviours. Direct interpersonal education by community-based personnel may enhance the likelihood of translating education into changes in health behaviours. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices surveys conducted with case-control studies during an epidemic can be an effective method of refining education/control programmes. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. MINIST SALUD,PROGRAM EPIDEMIOL CAMPO,LIMA,PERU. PERUVIAN AMAZON CONSERVAT INC,ATLANTA,GA. RP Quick, RE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 872 EP 878 DI 10.1093/ije/25.4.872 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VH220 UT WOS:A1996VH22000025 PM 8921469 ER PT J AU Factor, SH Irwin, KL Lal, RB Rudolph, D Weber, JT Olivo, N Ernst, J AF Factor, SH Irwin, KL Lal, RB Rudolph, D Weber, JT Olivo, N Ernst, J TI Prevalence of and risk factors for HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection among patients at a hospital in the South Bronx, New York (vol 12, pg 96, 1996) SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Correction, Addition ID VIRUS TYPE-I C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR,BRONX,NY. RP Factor, SH (reprint author), COLUMBIA PRESBYTERIAN MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 BP 431 EP 432 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UY965 UT WOS:A1996UY96500017 PM 8673556 ER PT J AU Looker, AC Gunter, EW Calvo, MS AF Looker, AC Gunter, EW Calvo, MS TI Low vitamin D status appears common in both young and old US blacks SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NATL CTR HLTH STAT,CDC,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 11 SU 1 BP M542 EP M542 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VA495 UT WOS:A1996VA49500889 ER PT J AU Looker, AC Mussolino, ME Madans, JH Orwoll, ES AF Looker, AC Mussolino, ME Madans, JH Orwoll, ES TI Risk factors for hip fracture in white men: The NHANES I epidemiologic followup study. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. VET ADM MED CTR,PORTLAND,OR 97201. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 11 SU 1 BP S572 EP S572 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VA495 UT WOS:A1996VA49500552 ER PT J AU Ritter, D Carlson, LDC Logan, BK Ramos, LS Kilburn, JO Coyle, MB AF Ritter, D Carlson, LDC Logan, BK Ramos, LS Kilburn, JO Coyle, MB TI Differentiation of Mycobacterium genavense and Mycobacterium simiae by automated mycolic acid analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION; AIDS AB Mycobacterium genavense, a fastidious opportunist in patients with AIDS, cannot be identified by conventional biochemical methods. Computerized mycolic acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography offers an alternative that distinguishes the mycolic acid profile of M. genavense from those of all other organisms in the database developed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,HARBORVIEW MED CTR,DEPT LAB MED,SEATTLE,WA 98104. UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR MED,DEPT LAB MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MICROBIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. INFOMETRIX INC,WOODINVILLE,WA 98072. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 8 BP 2004 EP 2006 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW859 UT WOS:A1996UW85900028 PM 8818899 ER PT J AU Wolitski, RJ Bensley, L Corby, NH Fishbein, M Galavotti, C AF Wolitski, RJ Bensley, L Corby, NH Fishbein, M Galavotti, C TI Sources of AIDS information among low-risk and at-risk populations in five US cities SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MASS-MEDIA; DRUG-USERS; PREVENTION; EDUCATION; BEHAVIORS; MESSAGES AB Sources of HIV information were examined for 4,329 residents in five inner-city neighborhoods. Half of the respondents were female; 58% were African American, 21% Hispanic, and 21% White. Forty-nine percent of participants reported one or more practices contributing to HIV risk: injection drug use (35%), sexual contact with an injection drug user (31%), prostitution (27%), or for men, anal sex with a male partner (5% of males). Most had received HIV information in the prior three months through mass or small media sources (78%), and 47% had spoken with someone about HIV. Television was the most frequently mentioned media source (48% of all respondents), while friends and family were the most frequently cited interpersonal source (20%). Exposure to specific mass and small media sources was related to gender, ethnicity, and risk status. Women and individuals at-risk of HIV infection were most likely to have talked with someone about HIV in the past three months. African Americans, however, were less likely to have discussed HIV. Differences associated with gender, ethnicity, and risk status were also observed for interpersonal information sources. Implications for future HIV education efforts are discussed. C1 CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH,CTR BEHAV RES & SERV,LONG BEACH,CA 90840. CDC,DIV STD PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV ILLINOIS,CHICAGO,IL 60680. CDC,DIV REPROD HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA. CONWAL INC,FALLS CHURCH,VA. DALLAS CTY HLTH DEPT,DALLAS,TX. DENVER CTY HLTH DEPT,DENVER,CO. NATL DEV & RES INST,NEW YORK,NY. SEATTLE KING CTY DEPT PUBL HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. STATE WASHINGTON DEPT HLTH,OFF EPIDEMIOL,OLYMPIA,WA. RP Wolitski, RJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,MAIL STOP E-44,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008 FU PHS HHS [CCU902043-08] NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMAN SCI PRESS INC PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 SN 0094-5145 J9 J COMMUN HEALTH JI J. Community Health PD AUG PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 293 EP 310 DI 10.1007/BF01794879 PG 18 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UZ774 UT WOS:A1996UZ77400005 PM 8842891 ER PT J AU Poyry, T Kinnunen, L Hyypia, T Brown, B Horsnell, C Hovi, T Stanway, G AF Poyry, T Kinnunen, L Hyypia, T Brown, B Horsnell, C Hovi, T Stanway, G TI Genetic and phylogenetic clustering of enteroviruses SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; 5' NONCODING REGION; VESICULAR DISEASE VIRUS; POLIOVIRUS RNA; BOVINE ENTEROVIRUS; PICORNAVIRUS GROUP; TYPE-3 POLIOVIRUS; CELL-PROTEINS; VIRAL-RNA; GENOME AB Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses showed that in the 5'NCR enteroviruses formed three clusters: polioviruses (PVs), coxsackievirus A type 21 (CAV21), CAV24 and enterovirus type 70 (ENV70) formed one cluster; coxsackievirus B isolates (CBVs), CAV9, CAV16, ENV71, echovirus type 11 (EV11), EV12 and all partially sequenced echoviruses and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) belonged to another cluster and bovine enteroviruses (BEVs) formed the third cluster, In the capsid coding region five clusters were seen: PVs, CAV21 and CAV24 formed one cluster (PV-like); ENV70 formed a cluster of its own; all CBVs, CAV9, EV11, EV12 and SVDV formed the third cluster (CBV-like); CAV16, CAV2 and ENV71 belonged to the fourth cluster (CAV16-like) and BEVs formed their own cluster (BEV-like), In the 3'NCR the same clusters were seen as in the coding region suggesting a close association of the 3'NCR with viral proteins while the cellular environment may be more important in the evolution of the 5'NCR, Secondary structures were predicted in the 3'NCR, which showed two different patterns among the five clusters, A potential pseudoknot region common in all five clusters was identified, Although the BEV-like viruses formed a separate cluster in all genomic regions, in the coding region they seem to be phylogenetically related to the CAV16-like viruses. C1 UNIV TURKU, DEPT VIROL, FIN-20520 TURKU, FINLAND. UNIV TURKU, MEDICITY RES LAB, DEPT VIROL, FIN-20520 TURKU, FINLAND. CTR DIS CONTROL, DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. UNIV ESSEX, DEPT BIOL, COLCHESTER CO4 3SQ, ESSEX, ENGLAND. RP Poyry, T (reprint author), NATL PUBL HLTH INST, ENTEROVIRUS LAB, MANNERHEIMINTIE 166, FIN-00300 HELSINKI, FINLAND. RI kinnunen, leena/B-7059-2012 OI kinnunen, leena/0000-0001-8739-4812 NR 49 TC 150 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 EI 1465-2099 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 77 BP 1699 EP 1717 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1699 PN 8 PG 19 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA VA537 UT WOS:A1996VA53700011 PM 8760417 ER PT J AU Satcher, D AF Satcher, D TI The aging of America SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Editorial Material RP Satcher, D (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 179 EP 182 PG 4 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UX984 UT WOS:A1996UX98400001 PM 8768463 ER PT J AU Lal, RB Rudolph, DL Dezzutti, CS Linsley, PS Prince, HE AF Lal, RB Rudolph, DL Dezzutti, CS Linsley, PS Prince, HE TI Costimulatory effects of T cell proliferation during infection with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II are mediated through CD80 and CD86 ligands SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPONTANEOUS LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE-1; GENE-EXPRESSION; HTLV-I; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; COUNTER-RECEPTOR; HIV-1 INFECTION; CD28; ACTIVATION; ANTIGEN AB The modulation of expression of CD80 and CD86 on T cells following infection with human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I/II and its functional importance in T-T cell interactions was examined, Infection with HTLV-I/II leads to constitutive expression of CD80 and CD86, concomitant to down-modulation of CD28 on T cells. The CD80/CD86(+) HTLV-infected T cells stimulated proliferation of allogeneic and autologous resting T cells, which could be specifically blocked by a soluble CTLA-4Ig chimeric protein, anti-CD80 or anti-CD86, but not by anti-CD54. It was necessary to inhibit interaction with both ligands (CD80 and CD86) to optimally block HTLV-mediated proliferation of allogeneic and autologous resting T cells, Simultaneous addition of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 Abs also inhibited production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4, with no effect on IL-10 production, for both allo- and autologous T cell proliferation, Further, there was a direct correlation between the spontaneous proliferation of lymphocytes from patients infected with HTLV-II and expression of CD80, which could be blocked by simultaneous addition of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86. Taken together, these results suggest that HTLV-infected CD80/CD86(+) T cells serve as APCs, leading to a sustained proliferation of T cells, and that both ligands participate in allostimulation, autologous proliferation, as well as spontaneous proliferation of HTLV-II-infected PBMC. C1 BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,SEATTLE,WA 98121. AMER RED CROSS,BLOOD SERV,CELLULAR IMMUNOL LAB,LOS ANGELES,CA 90006. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,DIV HIV AIDS,STD,TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 54 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 157 IS 3 BP 1288 EP 1296 PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA VG999 UT WOS:A1996VG99900040 PM 8757637 ER PT J AU Hershow, RC Galai, N Fukuda, K Graber, J Vlahov, D Rezza, G Klein, RS Jarlais, DCD Vitek, C Khabbaz, R Freels, S Zuckerman, R Pezzotti, P Kaplan, JE AF Hershow, RC Galai, N Fukuda, K Graber, J Vlahov, D Rezza, G Klein, RS Jarlais, DCD Vitek, C Khabbaz, R Freels, S Zuckerman, R Pezzotti, P Kaplan, JE TI An International Collaborative Study of the effects of coinfection with human T-Lymphotropic virus type II on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease progression in injection drug users SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SPONTANEOUS LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; HTLV-II; CELL LEUKEMIA; HIV-1 INFECTION; AIDS; RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PATIENT; IMPACT; SEROCONVERTERS AB To determine whether human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type II coinfection affects progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection, longitudinal data on 370 HIV-infected injection drug users (IDUs) with known HIV seroconversion dates from four cohort studies were pooled. HTLV infection was determined by EIA and confirmed and typed by Western blot. Proportional hazards models were used to determine whether HTLV-II infection was associated with AIDS or AIDS-related mortality. Regression analyses were used to compare declines in CD4 cell percents in singly and dually infected persons. Of 370 IDUs, 61 (16%) were HTLV-II-coinfected. During follow-up, 43 (12%) developed and 24 (6%) died of AIDS. HTLV-II coinfection was not associated with progression to AIDS (relative hazard [RH], .82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-1.94]) or AIDS mortality (RH, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.62-4.60). Rates of decline in CD4 cell percent were similar in singly and dually infected IDUs. These results suggest that HTLV-II does not affect the progression of HIV infection. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, COLL MED, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH, BALTIMORE, MD USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. IST SUPER SANITA, CTR OPERAT AIDS, I-00161 ROME, ITALY. MONTEFIORE MED CTR, ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED, BRONX, NY 10467 USA. BETH ISRAEL MED CTR, NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA. RP Hershow, RC (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS, SCH PUBL HLTH, ROOM 504, 2121 W TAYLOR ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA. RI REZZA, GIOVANNI/D-4393-2016 OI REZZA, GIOVANNI/0000-0003-0268-6790 FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA-04334, DA-06589]; PHS HHS [U64/CCU506834-01] NR 51 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1899 EI 1537-6613 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 174 IS 2 BP 309 EP 317 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UZ093 UT WOS:A1996UZ09300010 PM 8699060 ER PT J AU Johnson, BJB Robbins, KE Bailey, RE Cao, BL Sviat, SL Craven, RB Mayer, LW Dennis, DT AF Johnson, BJB Robbins, KE Bailey, RE Cao, BL Sviat, SL Craven, RB Mayer, LW Dennis, DT TI Serodiagnosis of lyme disease: Accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; HUMORAL RESPONSE; SEROLOGIC TESTS; ANTIGEN; PROTEIN; GENE AB An ELISA containing a purified flagellar antigen from Borrelia burgdorferi (FLA-ELISA) was evaluated. The FLA-ELISA, detecting IBM and IgG together, did not have adequate specificity by itself. Good accuracy was obtained, however, when the FLA-ELISA was the first step in a two-step protocol that used immunoblotting as a conditional second test. Samples that scored positive or equivocal by the FLA-ELISA were evaluated with separate IgM and IgG immunoblots. The sensitivity of the two-step process for patients with erythema migrans or with later manifestations of Lyme disease was 64% and 100%, respectively. The specificity for healthy blood donors was 100% and was 90% for the aggregate of all persons with illnesses that may cause serologic cross-reactivity (98% if the samples from relapsing fever patients were excluded). Test precision was 96% overall, 99% for Lyme disease case serum samples, 100% for specimens from blood donors, and 88% for samples from persons with other illnesses. RP Johnson, BJB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 53 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 174 IS 2 BP 346 EP 353 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UZ093 UT WOS:A1996UZ09300015 PM 8699065 ER PT J AU Antoniadis, A Stylianakis, A Papa, A AlexionDaniel, S Lampropoulos, A Nichol, ST Peters, CJ Spiropoulou, CF AF Antoniadis, A Stylianakis, A Papa, A AlexionDaniel, S Lampropoulos, A Nichol, ST Peters, CJ Spiropoulou, CF TI Direct genetic detection of Dobrava virus in Greek and Albanian patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HANTAVIRUS; YUGOSLAVIA; IDENTIFICATION; OUTBREAK AB Blood samples were collected from an Albanian and a Greek patient with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The genetic detection assay amplified hantavirus-specific DNA fragments from RNA extracted from the blood of the patients; nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the causative agent of the disease was Dobrava virus. These findings suggest that Dobrava virus (which was originally isolated from the lungs of an Apodemus flavicollis mouse in Slovenia) is endemic throughout the Balkan States and causes overt human disease. C1 ARISTOTELIAN UNIV THESSALONIKI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL,GR-54006 THESSALONIKI,GREECE. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Antoniadis, A (reprint author), ARISTOTELIAN UNIV THESSALONIKI,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,GR-54006 THESSALONIKI,GREECE. NR 17 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 174 IS 2 BP 407 EP 410 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UZ093 UT WOS:A1996UZ09300026 PM 8699076 ER PT J AU Hoekstra, EJ Kiefer, M Tepper, A AF Hoekstra, EJ Kiefer, M Tepper, A TI Monitoring of exposure to benomyl in nursery workers SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CARBAMATE AB We compared urinary levels of the metabolite methyl-5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazole carbamate (5-HBC) among nursery workers exposed to the fungicide benomyl (specifically Benlate 50 DF(R)[DuPont, Wilmington, DE]) and workers not exposed to benomyl. Environmental exposures were quantitated from gloves, body patches, and air samples collected with area and personal monitors. The median concentration of 5-HBC in the urine of benomyl-exposed workers was 23.8 mu mol of 5-HBC per mob of creatinine. No 5-HBC was detected in the reference group. Industrial hygiene results and biological monitoring findings indicate that use of Benlate 50 DF(R) in the ornamental industry can bad to absorption of the active ingredient, benomyl. Weighing, mixing, and application activities involved the highest exposures. Dermal contact appeared to be the primary route of exposure. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,CINCINNATI,OH. NIOSH,HAZARDS EVALUAT & TECH ASSISTANCE BRANCH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDI,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 38 IS 8 BP 775 EP 781 DI 10.1097/00043764-199608000-00013 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VC530 UT WOS:A1996VC53000009 PM 8863203 ER PT J AU Greenberg, AS Takagi, H Hill, RH Hasan, A Murata, H Falanga, V AF Greenberg, AS Takagi, H Hill, RH Hasan, A Murata, H Falanga, V TI Delayed onset of skin fibrosis after the ingestion of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome-associated L-tryptophan SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PEAK-E; FASCIITIS; 1,1'-ETHYLIDENEBIS(L-TRYPTOPHAN); SCLERODERMA; CONTAMINANT; EXPOSURE C1 UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT DERMATOL,MIAMI,FL 33101. VET ADM MED CTR,MIAMI,FL 33125. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR42936, AR39658] NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0190-9622 J9 J AM ACAD DERMATOL JI J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 35 IS 2 BP 264 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90347-3 PN 1 PG 3 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA VA757 UT WOS:A1996VA75700020 PM 8708033 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF AF Gillum, RF TI Central blood volume: An explanation of racial differences in left ventricular mass? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID HYPERTENSION RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), NATL CTR HLTH STAT,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0735-1097 J9 J AM COLL CARDIOL JI J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 539 EP 539 DI 10.1016/0735-1097(96)83111-1 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA UZ529 UT WOS:A1996UZ52900040 PM 8800138 ER PT J AU Noroes, J Addiss, D Santos, A Medeiros, Z Coutinho, A Dreyer, G AF Noroes, J Addiss, D Santos, A Medeiros, Z Coutinho, A Dreyer, G TI Ultrasonographic evidence of abnormal lymphatic vessels in young men with adult Wuchereria bancrofti infection in the scrotal area SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE spermatic cord; Wuchereria bancrofti; parasitic diseases; scrotum ID FILARIASIS AB Purpose: We determined the prevalence and magnitude of dilatation of the lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord in men infected with Wuchereria bancrofti, which is a known major cause of hydrocele in the tropics. Materials and Methods: Scrotal ultrasound was performed with a 7.5 MHz, transducer in 78 men from Recife, Brazil (endemic for filariasis) and in 15 from a nonendemic area. Results: Among men from Recife the lymphatic vessels were dilated (1.3 to 15.0 mm., mean 3.8) at the location of the adult worm. Vessel diameter was not associated with hydrocele. Conclusions: Lymphatic dilatation was observed in all men with ultrasonographically detectable W. bancrofti infection, even those who were asymptomatic. C1 FIOCRUZ MS,CTR PESQUISAS AGGEU MAGALHAES,DEPT PARASITOL,BR-52020200 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. UFPE,HOSP CLIN,RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 15 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 156 IS 2 BP 409 EP 412 DI 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65862-2 PN 1 PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA UX152 UT WOS:A1996UX15200018 PM 8683691 ER PT J AU McDougal, JS Kennedy, MS Orloff, SL Nicholson, JKA Spira, TJ AF McDougal, JS Kennedy, MS Orloff, SL Nicholson, JKA Spira, TJ TI Mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralization: Irreversible inactivation of infectivity by anti-HIV-1 antibody SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; SOLUBLE CD4 BINDING; T-CELL; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN; HUMAN RETROVIRUS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; FAB FRAGMENTS; HTLV-III/LAV; V3 DOMAIN AB An assay for the neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is described in which the reduction in infectious titer of HIV-1 after preincubation at 37 degrees C with antibody-positive serum is the measure of neutralization. The assay format and its controls allow several experimental manipulations that, taken together, indicate an effect of antibody on HIV-1 infectivity that occurs before or independently of HIV-1 attachment. The direct inactivation of HIV-1 infectivity by antibody is irreversible and temperature dependent, requires a bivalent antibody directed against accessible envelope determinants, and does not require a heat-labile or Ca2+ or Mg2+-dependent cofactor. The mechanism of inactivation cannot be explained by agglutination of virus, nor is it associated with disruption or dissociation of envelope protein from virions, Rather, the antibody is likely to perturb some metastable property of the envelope that is required for entry, Laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolates were more sensitive to the inactivating effects of sera than were primary patient isolates, The latter were particularly resistant to inactivation by contemporary autologous sera, a feature not explained by blocking antibodies, Additional studies showed a weak relationship between disease course and serum inactivation of the reference LAI laboratory strain of HIV-1. Heteroduplex analysis and autologous inactivation assays of sequential specimens from individual patients indicate that over time, the viral quasispecies that emerge and dominate are resistant to the inactivating effects of earlier sera. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,IMMUNOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 69 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 8 BP 5236 EP 5245 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA UX582 UT WOS:A1996UX58200044 PM 8764033 ER PT J AU Qari, SH Shi, YP Pieniazek, NJ Collins, WE Lal, AA AF Qari, SH Shi, YP Pieniazek, NJ Collins, WE Lal, AA TI Phylogenetic relationship among the malaria parasites based on small subunit rRNA gene sequences: Monophyletic nature of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; VIVAX; CONSTRUCTION; BOOTSTRAP; BLOOD; TREES AB We analyzed the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene sequences from 13 malaria species parasitic to humans, chimpanzees/gorillas, Old World monkeys, rodents, birds, and lizards in order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the Plasmodium species. The SSUrRNA genes of Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale were sequenced by the dideoxy method in our laboratory; other sequences were retrieved from GenBank. These sequences were aligned with the SSUrRNA gene sequence of outgroup species, Paramecium and Toxoplasma. After gaps and ambiguous regions were deleted, the aligned sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood and distance methods. The tree defines two major clades, the first with the bird and reptile parasites, the second with the rest of the species. The two bird parasites, P. gallinaceum and P. lophurae, do not closely cluster with human, chimpanzee/gorilla, Old World monkey, or rodent parasites, but cluster with the lizard parasites, P. vivax clusters with three Old World monkey parasites, P. cynomolgi, P. fragile, and P. knowlesi in decreasing order of closeness. P. ovale, while in a separate clade, is more closely related to P. vivax than to P. malarie or P. falciparum. P. malariae and P. berghei do not closely cluster with any of the other clades or with each other. Statistical analysis proves that the placement of P. falciparum in the bird malaria clade is less likely than in the mammalian malaria clade. Our analysis reveals that: (1) human malaria parasites have an evolutionary independent origin; (2) P. falciparum is most closely related to P. reichenowi and did not arise from lateral transfer of a bird parasite, as was previously suggested; and (3) the lizard malaria parasites are true members of the genus Plasmodium. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,IMMUNOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,DIAGNOST BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. FU NIAID NIH HHS [1 UO1 AI37543-01] NR 45 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1006/mpev.1996.0068 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UY281 UT WOS:A1996UY28100016 PM 8812316 ER PT J AU Weniger, BG Brown, T AF Weniger, BG Brown, T TI The march of AIDS through Asia SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID HIV C1 EAST WEST CTR,HONOLULU,HI 96848. RP Weniger, BG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 18 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 5 BP 343 EP 345 DI 10.1056/NEJM199608013350510 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UY982 UT WOS:A1996UY98200010 PM 8663856 ER PT J AU Berg, CJ Atrash, HK Koonin, LM Tucker, M AF Berg, CJ Atrash, HK Koonin, LM Tucker, M TI Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1987-1990 SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MATERNAL MORTALITY AB Objective: To use data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System to examine trends in pregnancy-related mortality and risk factors for pregnancy-related death. Methods: In collaboration with ACOG and state health departments, the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System has collected information on all deaths caused by pregnancy since 1979. Multiple data sources were used, including national death files, state health departments, maternal mortality review committees, individuals, and the media. As part of the initiation of the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System in 1987, CDC staff contacted state health department personnel and encouraged them to identify and report pregnancy-related deaths. Data were reviewed and coded by experienced clinicians. Pregnancy-related mortality ratios (pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births) were calculated. Results: After decreasing annually after 1979, the reported pregnancy-related mortality ratio increased from 7.2 in 1987 to 10.0 in 1990. This increase occurred among women of all rates. A higher risk of pregnancy-related death was found with increasing maternal age, increasing live-birth order, no prenatal care, and among unmarried women. The leading causes of pregnancy-related death were hemorrhage, embolism, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. During the periods 1979-1986 and 1987-1990, the cause-specific pregnancy-related mortality ratios decreased for deaths due to hemorrhage and anesthesia, whereas pregnancy-related mortality ratios due to cardiomyopathy and infection increased. The leading causes of death varied according to the outcome of the pregnancy. Conclusion: Increased efforts to identify pregnancy-related deaths have contributed to an increase in the reported pregnancy-related mortality ratio. More than half of such deaths, however, are probably still unreported. Adequate surveillance of pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity is necessary for interpreting trends, identifying high-risk groups, and developing effective interventions. RP Berg, CJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, DIV REPROD HLTH, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 256 Z9 281 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 EI 1873-233X J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 161 EP 167 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(96)00135-4 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UY535 UT WOS:A1996UY53500001 PM 8692494 ER PT J AU Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Peterson, HB AF Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Peterson, HB TI Clinical and pathologic characteristics of women undergoing hysterectomy after tubal sterilization SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM RISK; UNITED-STATES AB Objective: To examine differences in clinical and pathologic characteristics between women undergoing hysterectomy who had had prior tubal sterilization and those who had not. Method: One thousand eight hundred fifty-one women undergoing hysterectomy were enrolled as part of a multicenter, prospective cohort study. We used logistic regression to describe the association between prior tubal sterilization and patient characteristics at hysterectomy. Results: Although sterilized women were not more likely than nonsterilized women to have a menstrual disorder as a presenting complaint they were more likely to have a primary discharge diagnosis of menstrual disorder (odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.0). After adjustment for menstrual indices, sterilized women had an increased probability of having normal findings on pathologic examination, which differed by age (women less than 30 years: OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.0-5.5; women 30 years of age and older: OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3). Conclusion: Differences in clinical and pathologic characteristics between sterilized and nonsterilized women suggest that nonbiologic factors may influence decision making regarding hysterectomy among sterilized women. RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCCDPHP,DRH,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,MS-K34,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 246 EP 250 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(96)00149-4 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UY535 UT WOS:A1996UY53500017 PM 8692510 ER PT J AU Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Mays, MA Frey, R AF Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Mays, MA Frey, R TI Characteristics of women with AIDS and invasive cervical cancer SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; HIV-INFECTION; INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; PAPANICOLAOU SMEARS; RISK; ABNORMALITIES; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; ASSOCIATION; DYSPLASIA AB Objective: To characterize women reported with AIDS and invasive cervical cancer in the first year of the expanded AIDS surveillance case definition. Methods: Using chi(2) testing and logistic regression, we compared women with invasive cervical cancer with those having other AIDS-defining illnesses. Results: Of the 16,794 women 13 years old or older and reported with AIDS in 1993, 217 (1.3%) had invasive cervical cancer and 9113 (54.3%) had other opportunistic illnesses; the remaining 7464 (44.4%) had no opportunistic illnesses and were reported based on immunologic criteria. Women with invasive cervical cancer were more likely to have had AIDS diagnosed before 1993 (73 and 56%, respectively; P < .01), to be younger (median age 33 and 35 years; P < .001), to be white (31 and 21%; P < .01), and to reside in the south (41 and 34%; P < .05). Among women reported with CD4+ counts, the median value was higher in 149 women with invasive cervical cancer than in the 5993 with other opportunistic illnesses (153 and 50 cells/mu L, respectively). Women with invasive cervical cancer were more likely to report injection drug use (57 and 48%; P < .05). In multivariate analysis, Hispanic women were 0.6 times less likely to be reported with invasive cervical cancer than were white women (P < .05). Among women infected through injecting drug use, black women were 0.5 times less likely to be reported with invasive cervical cancer (P < .001). Conclusion: Hispanic and black women infected with HIV were less likely to be reported with invasive cervical cancer, a finding that may be associated with inadequate access to health care services. Women with invasive cervical cancer were less severely immunosuppressed than women with other AIDS opportunistic illnesses. RP Klevens, RM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR PREVENT HIV STDS & TB,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MS E-47,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 269 EP 273 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UY535 UT WOS:A1996UY53500021 PM 8692514 ER PT J AU Kenyon, TA Izurieta, H Shulman, ST Rosenfeld, E Miller, M Daum, R Strebel, PM AF Kenyon, TA Izurieta, H Shulman, ST Rosenfeld, E Miller, M Daum, R Strebel, PM TI Large outbreak of pertussis among young children in Chicago, 1993: Investigation of potential contributing factors and estimation of vaccine effectiveness SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Bordetella pertussis; outbreak; pertussis vaccine; vaccine efficacy; Chicago ID EFFICACY; EPIDEMIC; FIELD; CINCINNATI; BORDETELLA AB Background. An outbreak of pertussis from July, 1993, to April, 1994, in Chicago was investigated to identify potential contributing factors. Methods. Surveillance was enhanced to identify cases. Information from a vaccination coverage survey was used to define a retrospective cohort to estimate vaccine effectiveness of three or more doses of pertussis vaccine. Results. The median age of 218 reported cases was 8 months, 46% had Hispanic surnames and cases were clustered geographically, Vaccination status was known for 173 of 191 (91%) children younger than 6 years of age. Of these 173, 90 (52%) were younger than 7 months, and 35 (20%) children at least 7 months of age had received fewer than 3 doses of pertussis vaccine. Pertussis vaccine effectiveness was 76% (95% confidence interval, 29 to 92). Conclusions. The limited ability of the current pertussis vaccination schedule to protect young infants accounted for 52% of cases, primary vaccine failure accounted for 28% of cases and failure to vaccinate children on time accounted for 20% of cases in young children, Low vaccine effectiveness did not appear to be a contributing factor. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CHICAGO DEPT PUBL HLTH,COMMUNICABLE DIS DIV,CHICAGO,IL. NORTHWESTERN UNIV,CHILDRENS MEM HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV INFECT DIS,CHICAGO,IL 60614. UNIV CHICAGO,WYLER CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV INFECT DIS,CHICAGO,IL 60637. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 8 BP 655 EP 661 DI 10.1097/00006454-199608000-00004 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA VC392 UT WOS:A1996VC39200003 PM 8858667 ER PT J AU Kilgore, PE Unicomb, LE Gentsch, JR Albert, MJ Mcelroy, CA Glass, RI AF Kilgore, PE Unicomb, LE Gentsch, JR Albert, MJ Mcelroy, CA Glass, RI TI Neonatal rotavirus infection in Bangladesh: Strain characterization and risk factors for nosocomial infection SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Bangladesh; diarrheal disease; gastroenteritis; neonates; rotavirus; rotavirus vaccines ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; NEW-DELHI; DIARRHEA; NEWBORNS; VP4; IDENTIFICATION; SEROTYPES; DISEASE; INDIA AB Background. Rotavirus (RV) diarrhea is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh and is responsible for 24% of hospital admissions for diarrhea in children from 3 months to 2 years of age. However, the prevalence of neonatal RV infections and characteristics of RV strains infecting neonates have not been explored in Bangladesh. Methods. We investigated neonates at six hospitals in Bangladesh to determine the prevalence of neonatal RV infection, to identify risk factors for infection and to characterize neonatal RV strains by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results. Of 381 neonates screened at 6 hospitals, 61 of 146 infants (42%) at 2 hospitals in Dhaka were RV-positive. Of these 62% were detected within the first 5 days of life. We found an increased risk for neonatal RV infection among infants whose mothers reported no handwashing during care of the neonate (P = 0.03). Analysis of RV strains in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-positive specimens identified P[6]G4 and P[6]G1 genotypes to be most common; 7% (2 of 27) of strains were nontypable. A concurrent analysis of RV strains circulating in Bangladesh suggested that RV genotypes infecting neonates had a distinct P genotype, because most community strains were P-nontypable compared with neonatal strains, which carried the P[6] genotype. Conclusions. Hospitalized neonates in Dhaka have increased risk for infection with RV as early as the first week of life with strains having the unusual P[6] genotype. Our findings confirm studies in India showing that neonatal RV infection can be common and may occur with strains distinct from those circulating in the community. Neonatal RV infections could alter a child's response to the RV vaccine as well as the calculation of RV vaccine efficacy in these populations. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS UNIT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. SUNY STONY BROOK,SCH MED,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. INT CTR DIARRHOEAL DIS RES,DIV SCI LAB,DHAKA 1000,BANGLADESH. RI Kilgore, Paul/L-1462-2013 OI Kilgore, Paul/0000-0003-3214-4482 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 8 BP 672 EP 677 DI 10.1097/00006454-199608000-00007 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA VC392 UT WOS:A1996VC39200006 PM 8858670 ER PT J AU Ussery, XT Valway, SE Mckenna, M Cauthen, GM McCray, E Onorato, IM AF Ussery, XT Valway, SE Mckenna, M Cauthen, GM McCray, E Onorato, IM TI Epidemiology of tuberculosis among children in the United States: 1985 to 1994 SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; children ID MANIFESTATIONS; CHILDHOOD RP Ussery, XT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV TB ELIMINAT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E-10,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 27 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 8 BP 697 EP 704 DI 10.1097/00006454-199608000-00013 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA VC392 UT WOS:A1996VC39200011 PM 8858675 ER PT J AU Jonas, MM Baron, MJ Bresee, JS Schneider, LC AF Jonas, MM Baron, MJ Bresee, JS Schneider, LC TI Clinical and virologic features of hepatitis C virus infection associated with intravenous immunoglobulin SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE hepatitis C; intravenous immunoglobulin; blood transfusion; non-A; non-B hepatitis ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; NON-A-HEPATITIS; GAMMA-GLOBULIN; HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA AB Objective. To characterize the clinical features of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection associated with the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in patients with varied immunodeficiencies. Design. Prospective collection of clinical and virologic data in patients determined to have HCV exposure associated with Gammagard. Setting. Outpatient department of Children's Hospital, Boston. Patients. Twenty-one patients with evidence of HCV infection were identified during a screening program initiated to detect infection in exposed individuals. They ranged from 5 to 53 years of age; 14 were children under age 18. Results. Six patients presented with severe clinical hepatitis before detection by screening, 13 were detected by screening only, and 2 were first detected by screening and subsequently developed symptomatic hepatitis. Follow-up is available on 20 patients; 4 without viremia at identification have remained clinically well. Hepatitis and viremia have resolved in 2, 2 additional subjects have developed normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values with persistent viremia, and 13 have biochemical and/or virologic evidence of chronic hepatitis. Eight patients (7 children) have undergone liver biopsies; 7 have histologic findings of chronic hepatitis, 5 have mild fibrosis, and 2 have moderate fibrosis. HCV genotypes 1a and Ib were observed with equal frequency in this group. Conclusions. Some HCV infections associated with IVIG had a more severe, acute course than is ordinarily described. This may be attributable to host factors, such as immunodeficiencies, or virologic factors, such as inoculum or genotype. Although a large percentage (87.5%) of these individuals developed chronic infection, the natural history is not as yet completely defined. C1 CTR CHILDHOOD LIVER DIS,COMBINED PROGRAM GASTROENTEROL,BOSTON,MA. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA. CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV ALLERGY & IMMUNOL,BOSTON,MA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR 02172] NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 211 EP 215 PN 1 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UZ850 UT WOS:A1996UZ85000009 PM 8692620 ER PT J AU Desposito, F Cho, S Frias, JL Sherman, J Wappner, RS Wilson, MG AF Desposito, F Cho, S Frias, JL Sherman, J Wappner, RS Wilson, MG TI Health supervision for children with fragile X syndrome SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID UNSTABLE DNA; PHENOTYPE; DIAGNOSIS; GENOTYPE C1 NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. HLTH RESOURCES & SERV ADM,ROCKVILLE,MD. AMER COLL OBSTETRICIANS & GYNECOLOGISTS,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,SECT GENET & BIRTH DEFECTS,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM GENET,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 297 EP 300 PN 1 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UZ850 UT WOS:A1996UZ85000025 ER PT J AU Perrin, J Erenberg, G LaCamera, R Nackashi, JA Poncher, JR Randall, V Ruppert, E Wachtel, RC Ziring, PR Berlin, CM May, DG Notterman, DA Ward, RM Weismann, DN Wilson, GS Wilson, JT AF Perrin, J Erenberg, G LaCamera, R Nackashi, JA Poncher, JR Randall, V Ruppert, E Wachtel, RC Ziring, PR Berlin, CM May, DG Notterman, DA Ward, RM Weismann, DN Wilson, GS Wilson, JT TI Medication for children with attentional disorders SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID DEFICIT DISORDER; SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; HYPERACTIVITY; METHYLPHENIDATE; ADOLESCENTS; DESIPRAMINE AB Increasing numbers of children with attentional difficulties have been treated with medication, especially during the last 25 years, and now adolescents and adults are also being recognized with attentional difficulties. This policy statement provides information on the role and the pharmacology of medications used to treat children with attention deficit disorders. Indications and use of medications are discussed and recommended drugs and dose levels are outlined. Information on adverse effects and common side effects is presented. C1 AMER ACAD PHYS MED & REHABIL,CHICAGO,IL. US DEPT EDUC PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC. US SOCIAL SECUR ADM,WASHINGTON,DC. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR ENVIRONM HLTH & INJURY CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH BUR,ROCKVILLE,MD. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM DRUGS,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL. AMER ACAD CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIAT,WASHINGTON,DC. AMER MED ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL 60610. AMER COLL OBSTETRICIANS & GYNECOLOGISTS,WASHINGTON,DC. HLTH PROTECT BRANCH HSB,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. CANADIAN PEDIAT SOC,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Perrin, J (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM CHILDREN DISABIL,141 NW POINT BLVD,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009, USA. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 301 EP 304 PN 1 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UZ850 UT WOS:A1996UZ85000026 ER PT J AU Perrin, J Erenberg, G LaCamera, R Nackashi, JA Poncher, JR Randall, V Wachtel, RC Williamson, WD Ziring, PR AF Perrin, J Erenberg, G LaCamera, R Nackashi, JA Poncher, JR Randall, V Wachtel, RC Williamson, WD Ziring, PR TI The role of the pediatrician in prescribing therapy services for children with motor disabilities SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID SENSORY INTEGRATION THERAPY; EARLY INTERVENTION PROGRAMS; CEREBRAL-PALSY; NEURODEVELOPMENTAL THERAPY; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; INFANTS; TRIAL; SELF AB Pediatricians are often called upon to prescribe physical and occupational therapy service for children with motor disabilities. This statement defines the context in which rehabilitation therapies should be prescribed, emphasizing the identification and enhancement of the child's function and abilities. The statement encourages the pediatrician to work with teams including the parents, child, teachers, therapists, and other physicians. C1 AMERICAN ACAD PHYS MED & REHABIL,CHICAGO,IL. US DEPT EDUC PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20202. US SOCIAL SECUR ADM,WASHINGTON,DC 20201. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR ENVIRONM HLTH & INJURY CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA. MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH BUR,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,ROCKVILLE,MD. RP Perrin, J (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM CHILDREN DISABIL,141 NW POINT BLVD,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009, USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 308 EP 310 PN 1 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UZ850 UT WOS:A1996UZ85000028 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Boyle, C DeCoufle, P Floyd, L Hymbaughm, K AF Khoury, MJ Boyle, C DeCoufle, P Floyd, L Hymbaughm, K TI The interface between dysmorphology and epidemiology in the ''diagnosis'' and surveillance for fetal alcohol effects SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 315 EP 316 PN 1 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UZ850 UT WOS:A1996UZ85000035 PM 8692645 ER PT J AU Cutter, SL Holm, D Clark, L AF Cutter, SL Holm, D Clark, L TI The role of geographic scale in monitoring environmental justice SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE environmental justice; toxic hazards; hazardous waste; spatial scale ID EQUITY; RACISM; RACE AB Utilizing the concept of environmental justice, this paper examines the differential burdens of toxic and hazardous waste facilities locations in low income minority communities. The association between the presence of facilities and socioeconomic characteristics of places an examined for the state of South Carolina at three different spatial scales: counties, census tracts, and census block groups. Three different types of hazardous waste/toxic facilities are also examined: Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites, Treatment, Storage, and Disposal sites (TSD), and inactive hazardous waste sites. Ar the county level, there was some association between the presence of toxic/hazardous waste facilities and race and income. In South Carolina, this translates to a disproportionate burden on White, more affluent communities in metropolitan areas, rather than low income minority communities. At both the census tract and block group levels, then is no association between race and the location of toxic/hazardous waste facilities. There an slight differences in the income levels between tracts and block groups with facilities and those without. This localized ecology of hazard sources must be expanded to include emission/discharge data in order to adequately address environmental justice issues on who bears the burdens of environmental contamination. C1 AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Cutter, SL (reprint author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT GEOG,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA. OI Cutter, Susan/0000-0002-7005-8596 NR 45 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 13 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 517 EP 526 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01097.x PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA VJ566 UT WOS:A1996VJ56600008 ER PT J AU Schulte, JM Atkinson, WL Suarez, L Pelosi, J Wood, R Haley, CE Ruthenberg, GW AF Schulte, JM Atkinson, WL Suarez, L Pelosi, J Wood, R Haley, CE Ruthenberg, GW TI Use of Texas birth certificate data to predict measles immunization status SO SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; PERTUSSIS IMMUNIZATION; DELAYED IMMUNIZATION; CONGENITAL-SYPHILIS; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; HERD-IMMUNITY; UNITED-STATES; CARE; INFANTS; AGE AB Inadequate immunization has been a major cause of epidemic measles, but risk factors for inadequate immunization are poorly characterized. By using measles data bases and computerized birth certificate files, we identified a retrospective cohort of 1,070 Texas-born children who were aged 15 months to 10 years when they had measles during the 1988 to 1991 epidemics. We used measles and birth certificate data, including prenatal care and demographic information, to determine immunization status and risk factors for inadequate measles immunization, Risk factors predicting lack of immunization in children with measles in stepwise logistic regression were black ethnicity, urban residence, poor prenatal care, preschool age, and an unknown father. Birth certificates contain information that can predict inadequate measles vaccination and should be evaluated prospectively. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,AUSTIN,TX 78756. DALLAS CTY HLTH DEPT,DALLAS,TX. NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHERN MEDICAL ASSN PI BIRMINGHAM PA 35 LAKESHORE DR PO BOX 190088, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35219 SN 0038-4348 J9 SOUTHERN MED J JI South.Med.J. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 8 BP 793 EP 797 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VA665 UT WOS:A1996VA66500007 PM 8701378 ER PT J AU Irwin, KL Olivo, N Schable, C Weber, JT Janssen, R Ernst, J AF Irwin, KL Olivo, N Schable, C Weber, JT Janssen, R Ernst, J TI Absence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection among patients in a hospital serving a New York community at high risk for infection SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID HIV-2 INFECTION; UNITED-STATES AB Background: Although human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection among United States residents is considered rare, there are US populations at high risk. Few studies have surveyed these populations with a high likelihood of infection, that is, those with high percentages of persons from HIV-2-endemic areas and high prevalences of behaviors that would allow for transmission. Study Design and Methods: Patients (n = 832) enrolled in a confidential HIV serosurvey at a hospital that serves a community with a relatively high percentage of WestAfrican immigrants, drug injectors, and persons who practice high-risk sexual activity were evaluated. Sera were tested for HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 by rapid enzyme immunoassays, standard enzyme immunoassays and Western blots. Results: Eight of 832 patients were weakly reactive to HIV-2 on rapid assay, but none was confirmed to be infected when tested by standard immunoassay and Western blot. Five of these eight were reactive to HIV-1. Conclusion: Weak reactivity to HIV-2 antibody on the rapid assay is best explained by cross-reactivity with HIV-1 antibody, thus, even in this population at high risk for infection, false-positive reactions are more likely than true infections. The finding that HIV-2 is absent in this population at potentially high risk for infection corroborates the findings of other studies that HIV-2 infection is rare among US residents. These results support previous recommendations that, in settings other than blood collection facilities, HIV-2 testing should be selectively offered to persons with epidemiologic risk factors. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, SEROL SECT,RES LAB, DIV AIDS & SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS,NATL CTR HIV, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, HIV SEROEPIDEMIOL BRANCH, CLIN & SPECIAL STUDIES SECT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR, DEPT MED, AIDS PROGRAM, BRONX, NY 10457 USA. BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR, EPIDEMIOL AIDS PROGRAM, BRONX, NY 10457 USA. RP CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, EPIDEMIOL BRANCH, SPECIAL STUDIES SECT, DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU206797] NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0041-1132 EI 1537-2995 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 8 BP 731 EP 733 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1996.36896374378.x PG 3 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VE752 UT WOS:A1996VE75200011 PM 8780669 ER PT J AU Dreyer, G Addiss, D Noroes, J Amaral, F Rocha, A Coutinho, A AF Dreyer, G Addiss, D Noroes, J Amaral, F Rocha, A Coutinho, A TI Ultrasonographic assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of repeat high-dose ivermectin in bancroftian filariasis SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE ivermectin; filariasis; Wuchereria bancrofti; ultrasound ID WUCHERERIA-BANCROFTI; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; ONCHOCERCIASIS; PARASITE; RECIFE; BRAZIL AB Since diethylcarbamazine, the drug recommended for treatment of lymphatic filariasis, seems only partially effective against the adult worm, intense interest persists in identifying a macrofilaricidal drug for this infection. To evaluate directly in vivo the macrofilaricidal activity of repeat high-dose ivermectin, 15 men who had living adult Wuchereria bancrofti detected in the scrotal area by ultrasound were treated with 400 mu g/kg of ivermectin at 2-week intervals for 6 months (total dose, 4.8 mg/kg). Serial ultrasound examinations were performed before, during, and for 6 months after treatment. Profound suppression of microfilaraemia followed the first dose of ivermectin, but movements characteristic of the adult worm on ultrasound remained unchanged both in location and pattern. Even when given in total doses of 4.8 mg/kg, ivermectin appears to have no observable activity against adult W. bancrofti, although its ability to suppress microfilaraemia makes it potentially useful for the control of lymphatic filariasis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV FED PERNAMBUCO,HOSP CLIN,RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. MEM IMAGEM & DIAGNOST,MEDIAX,RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. RP Dreyer, G (reprint author), FIOCRUZ MS,CPQAM,DEPT PARASITOL,AV MORAES REGO S-N CIDADE UNIV,BR-52020200 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. NR 24 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD AUG PY 1996 VL 1 IS 4 BP 427 EP 432 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-79.x PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VV946 UT WOS:A1996VV94600004 PM 8765448 ER PT J AU Schlagenhauf, P Steffen, R Lobel, H Johnson, R Letz, R Tschopp, A Vranjes, N Bergqvist, Y Ericsson, O Hellgren, U Rombo, L Mannino, S Handschin, J Sturchler, D AF Schlagenhauf, P Steffen, R Lobel, H Johnson, R Letz, R Tschopp, A Vranjes, N Bergqvist, Y Ericsson, O Hellgren, U Rombo, L Mannino, S Handschin, J Sturchler, D TI Mefloquine tolerability during chemoprophylaxis: Focus on adverse event assessments, stereochemistry and compliance SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE mefloquine; adverse event ID CONSTRUCTION PAINTERS; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; MALARIA PROPHYLAXIS; TRAVELERS; ENANTIOMERS; SOLVENTS; REGIMENS; SYMPTOMS; INVITRO AB This longitudinal study of travellers to Africa taking mefloquine (MQ) chemoprophylaxis aimed to quantify and assess non-serious adverse events (AE) occurring during short-term prophylaxis and relate these to concentrations of racemic MQ, its enantiomers and metabolite. A total of 420 volunteers (52% F) participated. AEs with some impact on activities were reported by 11.2% of participants including 7.9% of neurological/psychiatric symptoms. Women were more likely to report AEs (P=0.02). The standardized questionnaires used showed more pathological indicators in travellers who reported subjective AE with significantly more dizziness, distress, sleep disturbances and a high total mood disturbance (TMD) in the AE group. There was, however, no significant performance deficit in computerized psychomotor tests in those experiencing AE. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in enantiomer ratios, metabolite concentrations, or racemic MQ levels in participants with or without AEs suggesting that these factors are not the main predictors of mefloquine intolerability. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. USA,ENVIRONM MED RES INST,NATICK,MD. ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BEHAV SCI & HLTH EDUC,ATLANTA,GA. FALUN CENT HOSP,DEPT CHEM,FALUN,SWEDEN. KAROLINSKA INST,HUDDINGE HOSP,DEPT INFECT DIS,S-10401 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. UNIV G DANNUNZIO,SCH MED,CHIETI,ITALY. F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD,TROP MED UNIT,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND. RP Schlagenhauf, P (reprint author), UNIV ZURICH,INST SOCIAL & PREVENT MED,SUMATRASTR 30,CH-8006 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. NR 32 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD AUG PY 1996 VL 1 IS 4 BP 485 EP 494 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-85.x PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VV946 UT WOS:A1996VV94600012 PM 8765456 ER PT J AU Gao, SJ Kingsley, L Hoover, DR Spira, TJ Rinaldo, CR Saah, A Phair, J Detels, R Parry, P Chang, Y Moore, PS AF Gao, SJ Kingsley, L Hoover, DR Spira, TJ Rinaldo, CR Saah, A Phair, J Detels, R Parry, P Chang, Y Moore, PS TI Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi's sarcoma SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS; AIDS; INFECTION; SYPHILIS; HIV; RESPONSES; PROTEINS; MEN AB Background If Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the cause of Kaposi's sarcoma, serologic evidence of infection should be present in patients before the disease develops. M Methods Using an immunoblot assay for two latent nuclear antigens of KSHV, we tested serum samples from homosexual male patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with and without Kaposi's sarcoma, HIV-infected men with hemophilia, HIV-seronegative blood donors, and HIV-seronegative patients with high titers of antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Serial serum samples obtained from patients with Kaposi's sarcoma before the diagnosis of the disease were tested for evidence of seroconversion. Results Of 40 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, 32 (80 percent) were positive for antibodies against KSHV antigens by the immunoblot assay, as compared with only 7 of 40 homosexual men (18 percent) without Kaposi's sarcoma immediately before the onset of AIDS. Of 122 blood donors, 22 EBV-infected patients, and 20 HIV-infected men with hemophilia, none were seropositive. When studied by the immunoblot assay over a period of 13 to 103 months, 21 of the 40 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (52 percent) seroconverted 6 to 75 months before the clinical appearance of Kaposi's sarcoma. The median duration of antibody seropositivity for KSHV-related latent nuclear antigens before the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma was 33 months. Conclusions In most patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS, seroconversion to positivity for antibodies against KSHV-related nuclear antigens occurs before the clinical appearance of Kaposi's sarcoma. This supports the hypothesis that Kaposi's sarcoma results from infection with KSHV. (C) 1996, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT PATHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10027. UNIV PITTSBURGH,GRAD SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT INFECT DIS & MICROBIOL,PITTSBURGH,PA 15260. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV AIDS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,TB LAB RES,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NORTHWESTERN UNIV,SCH MED,COMPREHENS AIDS CTR,CHICAGO,IL 60611. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP Gao, SJ (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,P&S 14-442,630 W 168TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA. RI Chang, Yuan/F-4146-2011; Gao, Shou-Jiang/B-8641-2012; Moore, Patrick/F-3960-2011 OI Moore, Patrick/0000-0002-8132-858X FU NIAID NIH HHS [U01-AI35039, U01-AI35040]; PHS HHS [U64CCU210852-01] NR 44 TC 446 Z9 455 U1 1 U2 1 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 25 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 4 BP 233 EP 241 DI 10.1056/NEJM199607253350403 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UZ532 UT WOS:A1996UZ53200003 PM 8657239 ER PT J AU Harpaz, R Shapiro, CN Cherry, JD AF Harpaz, R Shapiro, CN Cherry, JD TI Transmission of hepatitis viruses by surgeons - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP Harpaz, R (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30306, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 25 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 4 BP 285 EP 286 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UZ532 UT WOS:A1996UZ53200019 ER PT J AU Nashold, R Remington, P Peterson, P Jentzen, J Kapella, R AF Nashold, R Remington, P Peterson, P Jentzen, J Kapella, R TI Heat-wave-related mortality Milwaukee, Wisconsin, July 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, page 505-507, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,REGISTRAR VITAL STAT,DIV HLTH,MADISON,WI 53707. MILWAUKEE CTY MED EXAMINERS OFF,MILWAUKEE,WI. NATL WEATHER SERV,CHAMPAIGN,IL. CTR DIS CONTROL,HLTH STUDIES BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,SURVEILLANCE & PROGRAMS BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Nashold, R (reprint author), WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,CTR HLTH STAT,MADISON,WI 53707, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 24 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 4 BP 275 EP 275 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UX583 UT WOS:A1996UX58300014 ER PT J AU Spitz, A AF Spitz, A TI Adolescent pregnancy - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Spitz, A (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 24 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 4 BP 283 EP 283 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UX583 UT WOS:A1996UX58300028 ER PT J AU Mahon, BE Mintz, ED Greene, KD Wells, JG Tauxe, RV AF Mahon, BE Mintz, ED Greene, KD Wells, JG Tauxe, RV TI Reported cholera in the United States, 1992-1994 - A reflection of global changes in cholera epidemiology SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VIBRIO-CHOLERAE; OUTBREAK; AMERICA; STRAIN; VCA-3 AB Objective.-To describe US cholera surveillance data from 1992 to 1994 and the domestic impact of the epidemics of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Latin America and V cholerae O139 in Asia. Design, Setting, and Participants.-Retrospective review of surveillance data from all cases of cholera reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from January 1, 1992, through December 31, 1994, in the United States and its territories. Main Outcome Measures.-Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory surveillance data. Results.-From 1992 through 1994, 160 cases of cholera were reported to CDC by 20 states and 1 territory. This is a marked increase: only 136 cases were reported from 1965 through 1991. Outbreaks affecting 75 passengers on an airplane from Latin America and 5 passengers on a cruise ship in Southeast Asia accounted for 50% of cases. Vibrio cholerae O139 caused 6 cases (4%). The proportion of V cholerae O1 isolates resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial agent rose from 3% in 1992 to 93% in 1994. Of 158 patients whose location of exposure was known, 151 (96%) acquired infection abroad (125 in Latin America, 26 in Asia). Of 105 persons whose reason for travel was known, 31 (30%) were US residents who had returned to their country of origin to visit family or friends, and 65 (62%) were non-US residents visiting the United States from cholera-affected countries. The cholera rate among persons arriving in the United States from cholera-affected regions was 0.27 case per 100 000 air travelers, not substantially increased from earlier estimates. Conclusions.-Cholera has increased in the United States since 1991, reflecting global changes in cholera epidemiology, and is now primarily travel associated and antimicrobial resistant. Most travelers were not traditional tourists; reaching them with prevention measures may be difficult. The risk of cholera to the individual traveler remains extremely low. RP Mahon, BE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 44 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 24 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 4 BP 307 EP 312 DI 10.1001/jama.276.4.307 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UX583 UT WOS:A1996UX58300036 PM 8656543 ER PT J AU Cox, DL Akins, DR Bourell, KW Lahdenne, P Norgard, MV Radolf, JD AF Cox, DL Akins, DR Bourell, KW Lahdenne, P Norgard, MV Radolf, JD TI Limited surface exposure of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface lipoproteins SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FRACTURE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; INTEGRAL MEMBRANE-PROTEINS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-M RESPONSE; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; LYME-DISEASE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM; ARCHITECTURE; LOCALIZATION AB We used novel immunofluorescence strategies to demonstrate that outer surface proteins (Osps) A, B, and C of Borrelia burgdorferi have limited surface exposure, a finding that contradicts the prevailing viewpoint that these antigens are exclusively surface exposed. Light labeling was observed when antibodies to OspA or OspB were added to motile organisms, whereas intense fluorescence was observed when the same slides were methanol-fixed and reprobed. Modest labeling also was observed when spirochetes encapsulated in agarose beads (gel microdroplets) were incubated with antibodies to these same two antigens. This contrasted with the intense fluorescence observed when encapsulated spirochetes were probed in the presence of 0.06% Triton X-100, which selectively removed outer membranes. Proteinase K (PK) treatment of encapsulated spirochetes abrogated surface labeling. However, PK-treated spirochetes fluoresced intensely after incubation with antibodies to OspA or OspB in the presence of detergent, confirming the existence of large amounts of subsurface Osp antigens. Modest surface labeling once again was detected when PK-treated spirochetes were reprobed after overnight incubation, a result consistent with the existence of a postulated secretory apparatus that shuttles lipoproteins to the borrelial surface. Last, experiments with the OspC-expressing B. burgdorferi strain 297 revealed that this antigen was barely detectable on spirochetal surfaces even though it was a major constituent of isolated outer membranes. We propose a model of B. burgdorferi molecular architecture that helps to explain spirochetal persistence during chronic Lyme disease. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DALLAS,TX 75235. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,DALLAS,TX 75235. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,DALLAS,TX 75235. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-29735] NR 38 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 23 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 15 BP 7973 EP 7978 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7973 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UY930 UT WOS:A1996UY93000101 PM 8755587 ER PT J AU Powell, KE Pratt, M AF Powell, KE Pratt, M TI Physical activity and health - Avoiding the short and miserable life SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; EXERCISE C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR & PHYS ACT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Powell, KE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIOLENCE PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 4 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUL 20 PY 1996 VL 313 IS 7050 BP 126 EP 127 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UY921 UT WOS:A1996UY92100002 PM 8688766 ER PT J AU Penman, AD Engelgau, MM AF Penman, AD Engelgau, MM TI Recent advances in ophthalmology are not solely technological SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP Penman, AD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUL 20 PY 1996 VL 313 IS 7050 BP 169 EP 169 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UY921 UT WOS:A1996UY92100054 PM 8688789 ER PT J AU Gessner, BD Teutsch, SM Shaffer, PA AF Gessner, BD Teutsch, SM Shaffer, PA TI A cost-effectiveness evaluation of newborn hemoglobinopathy screening from the perspective of state health care systems SO EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE hemoglobinopathies; neonatal screening; cost-effectiveness; sickle cell anemia ID SICKLE-CELL DISEASE; ACUTE SPLENIC SEQUESTRATION; ACUTE BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; 1ST 10 YEARS; PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; PENICILLIN PROPHYLAXIS; GENETIC INFORMATION; ORAL PENICILLIN; NATURAL-HISTORY AB Objective: To determine the most cost-effective strategy for newborn hemoglobinopathy screening from the perspective of state health care systems. Study design: Using Alaska as an example, we used decision analysis to compare a policy of no screening to universal or targeted screening with selective follow-up only of infants who are homozygous or compound heterozygous for an abnormal hemoglobin variant and to universal or targeted screening with complete follow-up, including follow-up of infants with clinically insignificant traits. Probabilities and costs were varied over values that might be expected for other states. Results: Among the selective follow-up options, targeted screening would be the most cost-effective strategy for Alaska at a cost of $206 192 per death averted; by contrast, universal screening would prevent 50% more deaths at an incremental cost of $2 040 000 per death averted. Universal would be more cost-effective than targeted screening for several scenarios expected to occur in other states, including a high sickle cell disease prevalence, a low screening test cost, and a high cost per screen associated with racial targeting. Among the complete follow-up options, both targeted and universal screening would cost at least $200 000 per death averted over the range of all variables tested during sensitivity analysis; the incremental cost of universal versus targeted screening would be at least $600 000 per death averted. Conclusions: Our data suggest each state should determine the most cost-effective option based on state-specific values for sickle cell disease prevalence, test costs and racial targeting costs. C1 ALASKA DIV PUBL HLTH,SECT MATERNAL CHILD & FAMILY HLTH,ANCHORAGE,AK 99501. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,PREVENT EFFECTIVENESS ACT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Gessner, BD (reprint author), ALASKA DIV PUBL HLTH,EPIDEMIOL SECT,1231 GAMBELL,2ND FLOOR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99501, USA. NR 68 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-3782 J9 EARLY HUM DEV JI Early Hum. Dev. PD JUL 19 PY 1996 VL 45 IS 3 BP 257 EP 275 DI 10.1016/0378-3782(96)01761-6 PG 19 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA VA643 UT WOS:A1996VA64300007 PM 8855399 ER PT J AU Chambers, J Somerfeldt, S Mackey, L Nichols, S Ball, R Roberts, D Dufford, N Reddick, A Gibson, J AF Chambers, J Somerfeldt, S Mackey, L Nichols, S Ball, R Roberts, D Dufford, N Reddick, A Gibson, J TI Outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection - United States, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 549-551, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 S CAROLINA DEPT HLTH & ENVIRONM CONTROL,COLUMBIA,SC 29201. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. US FDA,OFF REGULATORY AFFAIRS,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 17 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 3 BP 183 EP 183 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UW469 UT WOS:A1996UW46900010 ER PT J AU Drotman, DP AF Drotman, DP TI Professional boxing, bleeding, and HIV testing SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Drotman, DP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 17 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 3 BP 193 EP 193 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UW469 UT WOS:A1996UW46900013 PM 8667554 ER PT J AU Nutting, PA Pontious, M Stull, TM Boone, JD AF Nutting, PA Pontious, M Stull, TM Boone, JD TI Laboratory testing in primary care - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Nutting, PA (reprint author), AMBULATORY SENTINEL PRACTICE NETWORK,DENVER,CO, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 17 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 3 BP 197 EP 197 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UW469 UT WOS:A1996UW46900023 ER PT J AU Hughes, JM Berkelman, RL AF Hughes, JM Berkelman, RL TI A global theme issue on emerging and reemerging global microbial threats - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Hughes, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 17 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 3 BP 198 EP 198 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UW469 UT WOS:A1996UW46900025 ER PT J AU Allos, BM Gensheimer, KF Bloch, AB Parrotte, D Horan, JM Lewis, V Schaffner, W AF Allos, BM Gensheimer, KF Bloch, AB Parrotte, D Horan, JM Lewis, V Schaffner, W TI Management of an outbreak of tuberculosis in a small community SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS AB Objective: To investigate an outbreak of tuberculosis, determine the number of active cases and infections, and examine efforts to control the spread of disease. Setting: A small town in Maine, in which no cases of tuberculosis had been reported in the previous 3 years. Design: Epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak of tuberculosis infection and disease. Measurements: A patient with an active case of tuberculosis was defined as a resident of the town or the surrounding area or an employee of the local shipyard who had a culture of sputum or tissue that was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis between June 1989 and May 1992. A case of tuberculous infection was defined as a positive tuberculin skin test result in a person with no previous positive test result. Results: 21 active cases of tuberculosis occurred among shipyard workers and persons residing in the affected community between 1989 and 1992. One patient was the source of the outbreak; 8 months lapsed between the onset of this patient's illness and appropriate diagnosis and treatment. The M. tuberculosis strains isolated from this patient and from six other patients belonged to phage type I, auxiliary 14. All isolates were susceptible to drug treatment. Of 9898 persons who were tested, 697 (7%) were newly infected. Because isoniazid prophylaxis was not routinely offered to infected persons older than 35 years of age, only 341 (49%) infected persons completed isoniazid prophylaxis. Conclusions: Many secondary cases of tuberculosis occurred throughout this small Maine community because of delayed diagnosis and treatment of the source patient, delayed outbreak investigation, and failure to promote isoniazid prophylaxis to all persons infected during the outbreak. Aggressive efforts to identify persons with new infection are of limited value in controlling tuberculosis unless they are accompanied by an equally aggressive use of isoniazid prophylaxis. C1 MAINE BUR HLTH,AUGUSTA,ME 04333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PREVENT MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37233. BATH IRON WORKS,BATH,AVON,ENGLAND. RP Allos, BM (reprint author), VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DIV INFECT DIS,A3310 MED CTR N,NASHVILLE,TN 37233, USA. NR 20 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 125 IS 2 BP 114 EP 117 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UV921 UT WOS:A1996UV92100009 PM 8678365 ER PT J AU Jackson, LA Farley, MM Schuchat, A AF Jackson, LA Farley, MM Schuchat, A TI Adult group B streptococcal disease - Response SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Jackson, LA (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH PUBL HLTH,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 125 IS 2 BP 152 EP 153 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UV921 UT WOS:A1996UV92100019 ER PT J AU Steindel, SJ Jones, BA Howanitz, PJ AF Steindel, SJ Jones, BA Howanitz, PJ TI Timeliness of automated routine laboratory tests: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 653 institutions SO CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE routine test timeliness; test turnaround times; patient outcomes; quality improvement; laboratory automation; quality assurance ID CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT; TEST TURNAROUND TIMES; STAT; EXPECTATIONS; PERFORMANCE; EMERGENCY; CLINICIAN; COMPONENT; LENGTH; TOOL AB Benchmarks for timeliness of early morning routine clinical laboratory tests were developed from over 17 000 urea nitrogen and 16 000 white blood cell count measurements made for inpatients in 653 institutions participating in the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes program. Urea nitrogen and white blood cell counts were considered surrogates for routine chemistry and hematology tests. Laboratories at the 50th percentile reported median urea nitrogen and white blood cell counts by 09.04 and 08.51 h, respectively, whereas those at the 10th percentile reported these median measurements by 11.30 and 11.18 h, respectively. Results were available sooner in non-teaching than teaching institutions, and in smaller rather than larger institutions, with the degree of computerization affecting test availability. Timeliness also was affected by instrument type and mode of operation, but was unaffected by the percentage of stat testing. Based on modeling by regression analysis, there was little evidence that longer routine test turnaround times affect patient length of stay. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT LAB MED & PATHOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ST JOHNS HOSP,MED CTR,DETROIT,MI. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-8981 J9 CLIN CHIM ACTA JI Clin. Chim. Acta PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 251 IS 1 BP 25 EP 40 DI 10.1016/0009-8981(96)06298-5 PG 16 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA UW216 UT WOS:A1996UW21600004 PM 8814348 ER PT J AU Massung, RF Loparev, VN Knight, JC Totmenin, AV Chizhikov, VE Parsons, JM Safronov, PF Gutorov, VV Shchelkunov, SN Esposito, JJ AF Massung, RF Loparev, VN Knight, JC Totmenin, AV Chizhikov, VE Parsons, JM Safronov, PF Gutorov, VV Shchelkunov, SN Esposito, JJ TI Terminal region sequence variations in variola virus DNA SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VACCINIA VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; STRAIN INDIA-1967; SECRETED PROTEIN; GROWTH-FACTORS; COWPOX VIRUS; MYXOMA VIRUS; GENOME; VIRULENCE; ENVELOPE AB Genome DNA terminal region sequences were determined for a Brazilian alastrim variola minor virus strain Garcia-1966 that was associated with an 0.8% case-fatality rate and African smallpox strains Congo-1970 and Somalia-1977 associated with variola major (9.6%) and minor (0.4%) mortality rates, respectively. A base sequence identity of greater than or equal to 98.8% was determined after aligning 30 kb of the left- or right-end region sequences with cognate sequences previously determined for Asian variola major strains India-1967 (31% death rate) and Bangladesh-1975 (18.5% death rate). The deduced amino acid sequences of putative proteins of greater than or equal to 65 amino acids also showed relatively high identity, although the Asian and African viruses were clearly more related to each other than to alastrim virus. Alastrim virus contained only 10 of 70 proteins that were 100% identical to homologs in Asian strains, and 7 alastrim-specific proteins were noted. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,SECT POXVIRUS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. STATE RES CTR VIROL & BIOTECHNOL,INST MOLEC BIOL,DEPT MOL BIOL & GENOMES,KOLTSOV,RUSSIA. NR 47 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 221 IS 2 BP 291 EP 300 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0378 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA UX892 UT WOS:A1996UX89200005 PM 8661439 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, JPJ Bowen, MD Nichol, ST RicoHesse, R AF Gonzalez, JPJ Bowen, MD Nichol, ST RicoHesse, R TI Genetic characterization and phylogeny of Sabia virus, an emergent pathogen in Brazil SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; S-RNA; INTERGENIC REGION; PICHINDE ARENAVIRUS; SEQUENCE; GLYCOPROTEIN; PROTEIN; FEVER AB Sabia virus, one of five arenaviruses from South America known to cause hemorrhagic fever in humans, emerged in 1990 when it was isolated from a fatal case in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Subsequently, it has caused two laboratory-acquired infections. Its natural distribution and host are still unknown. Using viral RNA and multiple polymerase chain reaction products as templates, the nucleotide sequence of the small (S) RNA segment of Sabia virus, which codes for the nucleocapsid (N) and glycoprotein precursor, was determined. This virus shares an ambisense genome in common with other arenaviruses, although it has a unique predicted three stem-loop structure in the S RNA intergenic region. Phylogenetic analysis of a portion of the N gene sequence confirmed that Sabia virus is distinct from all other members of the Arenaviridae and shares a progenitor with Junin, Machupo, Tacaribe, and Guanarito viruses. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. ORSTOM,INST FRANCAIS RECH SCI DEV COOPERAT,F-75480 PARIS,FRANCE. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI Rico-Hesse, Rebeca/C-5294-2011; OI Rico-Hesse, Rebeca/0000-0001-6216-1000; Gonzalez, Jean-Paul/0000-0003-3063-1770 FU PHS HHS [A1-01124, A1-10984] NR 37 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 221 IS 2 BP 318 EP 324 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0381 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA UX892 UT WOS:A1996UX89200008 PM 8661442 ER PT J AU Semenza, JC Rubin, CH Falter, KH Selanikio, JD Flanders, WD Howe, HL Wilhelm, JL AF Semenza, JC Rubin, CH Falter, KH Selanikio, JD Flanders, WD Howe, HL Wilhelm, JL TI Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID APPARENT TEMPERATURE; ST-LOUIS; SULTRINESS; MORTALITY AB Background During a record-setting heat wave in Chicago in July 1995, there were at least 700 excess deaths, most of which were classified as heat-related. We sought to determine who was at greatest risk for heat-related death. Methods We conducted a case-control study in Chicago to identify risk factors associated with heat-related death and death from cardiovascular causes from July 14 through July 17, 1995. Beginning on July 21, we interviewed 339 relatives, neighbors, or friends of those who died and 339 controls matched to the case subjects according to neighborhood and age. Results The risk of heat-related death was increased for people with known medical problems who were confined to bed (odds ratio as compared with those who were not confined to bed, 5.5) or who were unable to care for themselves (odds ratio, 4.1). Also at increased risk were those who did not leave home each day (odds ratio, 6.7), who lived alone (odds ratio, 2.3), or who lived on the top floor of a building (odds ratio, 4.7). Having social contacts such as group activities or friends in the area was protective. In a multivariate analysis, the strongest risk factors for heat-related death were being confined to bed (odds ratio, 8.2) and living alone (odds ratio, 2.3); the risk of death was reduced for people with working air conditioners (odds ratio, 0.3) and those with access to transportation (odds ratio, 0.3). Deaths classified as due to cardiovascular causes had risk factors similar to those for heat-related death. Conclusions In this study of the 1995 Chicago heat wave, those at greatest risk of dying from the heat were people with medical illnesses who were socially isolated and did not have access to air conditioning. In future heat emergencies, interventions directed to such persons should reduce deaths related to the heat. (C) 1996, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ILLINOIS DEPT PUBL HLTH,SPRINGFIELD,IL 62761. DEPT PUBL HLTH,CHICAGO,IL. NR 31 TC 513 Z9 540 U1 10 U2 57 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 11 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 2 BP 84 EP 90 DI 10.1056/NEJM199607113350203 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UW353 UT WOS:A1996UW35300003 PM 8649494 ER PT J AU Perrone, J Hamilton, R Nelson, L DeRoos, F Brubacher, J Meggs, WJ Hoffman, RS Ravikumar, P Reimer, S Ramon, A Mojica, B Shih, RD Marcus, SM Karkevandian, E Podrazik, PM Calabro, JJ York, JL Farrell, JW French, JF OConnor, T Henretig, F Thompson, W Kastner, R Trimmer, L Kelen, G Nordenholtz, K Blok, B Green, G Muller, TM Soni, S Beilenson, P Smialek, J Springer, S Heilig, C AF Perrone, J Hamilton, R Nelson, L DeRoos, F Brubacher, J Meggs, WJ Hoffman, RS Ravikumar, P Reimer, S Ramon, A Mojica, B Shih, RD Marcus, SM Karkevandian, E Podrazik, PM Calabro, JJ York, JL Farrell, JW French, JF OConnor, T Henretig, F Thompson, W Kastner, R Trimmer, L Kelen, G Nordenholtz, K Blok, B Green, G Muller, TM Soni, S Beilenson, P Smialek, J Springer, S Heilig, C TI Scopolamine poisoning among heroin users - New York City, Newark, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, 1995 and 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 457-460, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 BUR LABS,MILWAUKEE,WI. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY. NEWARK BETH ISRAEL MED CTR,NEWARK,NJ. CLARA MAASS MED CTR,NEWARK,NJ. NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,TRENTON,NJ 08625. DELAWARE VALLEY POISON CONTROL CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA. PHILADELPHIA COORDINATING OFF DRUG & ALCOHOL ABUS,PHILADELPHIA,PA. LANCASTER CTY DRUG & ALCOHOL COMMISS,LANCASTER,PA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,DEPT EMERGENCY MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. BALTIMORE CITY POLICE DEPT,LAB DIV,BALTIMORE,MD. MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. US DEPT JUSTICE,DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADM,WASHINGTON,DC 20530. NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV HLTH EFFECTS & HAZARD EVALUAT,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT PROPOSED,ATLANTA,GA. RP Perrone, J (reprint author), NEW YORK CITY POISON CONTROL CTR,NEW YORK,NY, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 2 BP 92 EP 93 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UV485 UT WOS:A1996UV48500006 ER PT J AU Orr, MF Glebatis, D Friedmann, P Jarlais, DCD Prevots, DR AF Orr, MF Glebatis, D Friedmann, P Jarlais, DCD Prevots, DR TI Incidence of HIV infection in a New York City methadone maintenance treatment program SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 BETH ISRAEL MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10003. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Orr, MF (reprint author), NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,ALBANY,NY 12237, USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 2 BP 99 EP 99 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UV485 UT WOS:A1996UV48500010 PM 8656520 ER PT J AU Karon, JM Rosenberg, PS McQuillan, G Khare, M Gwinn, M Petersen, LR AF Karon, JM Rosenberg, PS McQuillan, G Khare, M Gwinn, M Petersen, LR TI Prevalence of HIV infection in the United States, 1984 to 1992 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; AIDS; BACKCALCULATION AB Objective.-To estimate the number of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) living in the United States and the change in HIV infection prevalence since 1984. Design.-We estimated HIV prevalence from 3 data sources. We estimated past HIV infection rates from a statistical procedure based on national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) case surveillance data and estimates of the time from HIV infection to AIDS diagnosis. We also analyzed HIV prevalence data from 2 national surveys, a survey of childbearing women and a household survey of current health status. We used other data sources to adjust these survey estimates to include groups not covered in the surveys. Results.-Approximately 0.3% of US residents (650 000-900 000 persons) were infected with HIV in 1992, Approximately 0.6% of men (including adolescent boys greater than or equal to 13 years of age) were infected, including approximately 2% of non-Hispanic black men and 1% of Hispanic men, Approximately 0.1% of women (including adolescent girls greater than or equal to 13 years of age) were infected, including approximately 0.6% of non-Hispanic black women. Approximately half of all infected persons were men who had sex with men, and one fourth were injecting drug users. The prevalence of HIV infection increased from 1984 to 1992, with a greater relative increase among women than men. Conclusions.-The 3 different data sources and methods are consistent in estimating that 650 000 to 900 000 persons were infected with HIV in the United States in 1992. Among adolescents and adults of both sexes, the proportion infected was substantially higher among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics than among non-Hispanic whites, HIV-related illness will be a major clinical and public health problem in the United States for years to come. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV HLTH EXAMINAT STAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NCI,NIH,ROCKVILLE,MD. RP Karon, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,MAILSTOP E-48,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 35 TC 177 Z9 179 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 2 BP 126 EP 131 DI 10.1001/jama.276.2.126 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UV485 UT WOS:A1996UV48500027 PM 8656504 ER PT J AU Mansergh, G Haddix, AC Steketee, RW Nieburg, PI Hu, DJ Simonds, RJ Rogers, M AF Mansergh, G Haddix, AC Steketee, RW Nieburg, PI Hu, DJ Simonds, RJ Rogers, M TI Cost-effectiveness of short-course zidovudine to prevent perinatal HIV type 1 infection in a sub-Saharan African developing country setting SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AIDS AB Objective.-To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a short-course zidovudine program to prevent perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in sub-Saharan African country settings. Design and Setting.-Several clinical trials of short-course zidovudine during pregnancy for prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV are under way in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. A decision model was used to examine the cost-effectiveness of zidovudine programs in a hypothetical 1-year birth cohort in a sub-Saharan African setting from the perspective of the health care system and of society. A completed short course of zidovudine was assumed to reduce perinatal HIV transmission from 25% to 16.5%, approximately one half of the effect of the longer-course zidovudine. Estimates of program costs, lifetime HIV-related health care costs, and lost productivity costs were derived from the published literature and from preliminary data available from sites of planned clinical trials. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on all relevant parameters. Main Outcome Measures.-Medical costs, lost productivity costs, program costs, cost savings, and incremental cost-effectiveness, expressed as cost per infant HIV infection prevented. Results.-The model estimated that a national zidovudine program in a setting with 12.5% HIV seroprevalence would reduce perinatal HIV incidence by 12% (4.9 infections per 1000 births), The cost to the health care system would be $3748 per infant HIV infection prevented. When productivity losses were included in the model, the cost decreases to $1115 per infant HIV infection prevented. The cost to implement a national zidovudine program including the cost of counseling, testing, and drugs, would be $2 million per 100 000 births or $20 per pregnant woman. In the base case, decreases in the cost of counseling and testing and increases in maternal HIV prevalence, zidovudine efficacy, and medical and lost productivity costs improved cost-effectiveness of the zidovudine program. Conclusions.-Assuming demonstrable efficacy of short-course zidovudine prevention of perinatal HIV, a national perinatal HIV prevention program with zidovudine in most sub-Saharan African country settings would reduce the incidence of infant HIV infection and, in some settings, provide societal savings; however, substantial initial investment in such programs will be required. Where health care resources are limited, as in these regions, allocation of resources to a perinatal zidovudine program will need to be considered in the context of resources required for other pressing medical care needs. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF DIRECTOR,NATL CTR HIV AIDS STD & TB PREVENT,NCHSTP,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Mansergh, G (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NCHSTP,MSE-45,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 29 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 2 BP 139 EP 145 DI 10.1001/jama.276.2.139 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UV485 UT WOS:A1996UV48500029 PM 8656506 ER PT J AU Montecalvo, MA Shay, DK Patel, P Tacsa, L Maloney, SA Jarvis, WR Wormser, GP AF Montecalvo, MA Shay, DK Patel, P Tacsa, L Maloney, SA Jarvis, WR Wormser, GP TI Bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BACTEREMIA; FAECIUM AB Objectives: To describe the population in whom bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci occur and the clinical and microbiologic features of infection. Methods: From June 1, 1991, to January 31, 1994, 73 patients with bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci were identified by retrospective review of hospital charts and microbiology records. Results: Fifty-two (73%) of 71 patients with evaluable data were hospitalized in an intensive care unit, the adult oncology unit, or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome unit. Before the development of the bloodstream infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, patients were hospitalized and received antibiotics for a median of 26 and 25.5 days, respectively. A hematologic malignancy, respiratory failure, or renal failure requiring dialysis was present in 59 patients (83%). Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores of the patients ranged from 6 to 35 (median, 17). Forty-five (63%) of the patients died. Compared with 37 patients who bad only a single positive blood culture, the 34 patients with 2 or more blood cultures positive for vancomycin-resistant enterococci more often were neutropenic or had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (74% vs 35%; P=.002). Conclusions: Bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci predominantly affect severely ill patients who have received extensive antibiotic treatment during a prolonged hospitalization. Immunocompromised patients are more likely to have a persistent bloodstream infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. C1 NEW YORK MED COLL,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,VALHALLA,NY 10595. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. KAISER PERMANENTE,IRVING,TX. JERSEY CITY MED CTR,JERSEY CITY,NJ. CHILDRENS NATL MED CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20010. RI Andrade, Hugo/M-6631-2013; OI Andrade, Hugo/0000-0001-6781-6125; Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 FU PHS HHS [200-94-0860] NR 31 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JUL 8 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 13 BP 1458 EP 1462 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.13.1458 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UV871 UT WOS:A1996UV87100011 PM 8678715 ER PT J AU Martone, M AF Martone, M TI Resistance to vancomycin SO PRESSE MEDICALE LA French DT Editorial Material RP Martone, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL NOSOCOMIAL SURVEILLANCE SYST,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSON EDITEUR PI PARIS 06 PA 120 BLVD SAINT-GERMAIN, 75280 PARIS 06, FRANCE SN 0755-4982 J9 PRESSE MED JI Presse Med. PD JUL 6 PY 1996 VL 25 IS 24 BP 1093 EP 1094 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UX206 UT WOS:A1996UX20600002 ER PT J AU Mallonee, S Istre, GR Rosenberg, M ReddishDouglas, M Jordan, F Silverstein, P Tunell, W AF Mallonee, S Istre, GR Rosenberg, M ReddishDouglas, M Jordan, F Silverstein, P Tunell, W TI Surveillance and prevention of residential-fire injuries SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID POPULATION AB Background The majority of severe and fatal burn injuries result from residential fires. We studied the effectiveness of a smoke-alarm-giveaway program in the prevention of burn injuries in an area with a high rate of such injuries. Methods We collected data on burn injuries in Oklahoma City from September 1987 through April 1990. The target area for the intervention was an area of 24 square miles (62 km(2)) with the highest rate of injuries related to residential fires in the city. We distributed smoke alarms door to door in the target area and then surveyed alarm use and function in a sample of the homes that had received an alarm. We also calculated the rates of fire injury per 100,000 population and per 100 fires for both the target area and the rest of the city before and after the smoke-alarm giveaway. Results Before the intervention the rate of burn injuries per 100,000 population was 4.2 times higher in the target area than in the rest of Oklahoma City. An initial survey indicated that 11,881 of the 34,945 homes in the target area (34 percent) did not have smoke alarms. A total of 10,100 smoke alarms were distributed to 9291 homes; 45 percent were functioning four years later. The annualized fire-injury rates declined by 80 percent in the target area during the four years after the intervention (from 15.3 to 3.1 per 100,000 population), as compared with a small increase in the rest of the city (from 3.6 to 3.9 per 100,000 population). There was also a 74 percent de dine in the target area in the injury rate per 100 fires (from 5.0 to 1.3; rate ratio, 0.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.6), as compared with a small in crease in the rest of the city. Conclusions A targeted intervention involving a smoke-alarm-giveaway program can reduce the incidence of injuries from residential fires. (C)1996, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 OKLAHOMA DEPT HLTH,EPIDEMIOL SERV,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73117. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. OFF CHIEF MED EXAMINER,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK. BAPTIST MED CTR OKLAHOMA,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK. CHILDRENS HOSP OKLAHOMA,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK. RP Mallonee, S (reprint author), OKLAHOMA DEPT HLTH,INJURY PREVENT SERV 0307,1000 NE 10TH,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73117, USA. FU PHS HHS [R49/CCR603696] NR 27 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 7 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 4 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 1 BP 27 EP 31 DI 10.1056/NEJM199607043350106 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UU479 UT WOS:A1996UU47900006 PM 8637539 ER PT J AU Sasso, FS Ferraiuolo, R Garetano, G Gursky, E Fagliano, J Pasqualo, J Salkie, R Rotola, J AF Sasso, FS Ferraiuolo, R Garetano, G Gursky, E Fagliano, J Pasqualo, J Salkie, R Rotola, J TI Mercury exposure among residents of a building formerly used for industrial purposes - New Jersey, 1995 (reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 422-424, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,ENVIRONM HLTH SERV,TRENTON,NJ 08625. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,SUPERFUND SITE ASSESSMENT BR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,EXPOSURE INVEST & CONSULTAT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,DIV HLTH ASSESSMENT & CONSULTAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,DIV HLTH EDUC,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,DIV HLTH STUDIES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Sasso, FS (reprint author), HOBOKEN BOARD HLTH,HOBOKEN,NJ 07030, USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 3 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 1 BP 17 EP 18 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UU439 UT WOS:A1996UU43900009 ER PT J AU Villarino, ME Simone, PM McCray, E Castro, KG AF Villarino, ME Simone, PM McCray, E Castro, KG TI Preventive therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Villarino, ME (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 3 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 1 BP 28 EP 28 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UU439 UT WOS:A1996UU43900014 ER PT J AU Waxweiler, RJ AF Waxweiler, RJ TI For whom the bell tolls: Violence and the emergency physician SO ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material DE injury; violence; prevention; surveillance; commentary RP Waxweiler, RJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,4700 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,MAIL STOP F41,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 SN 1069-6563 J9 ACAD EMERG MED JI Acad. Emerg. Med. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 3 IS 7 BP 651 EP 652 DI 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03482.x PG 2 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA UV895 UT WOS:A1996UV89500001 PM 8816176 ER PT J AU Alexander, NJ Alexander, V Allen, S Dorflinger, L Dommel, WF Duerr, A Elias, C Feigal, D Gollub, E Gabelnick, H Harris, M Hitchcock, PJ Karam, M Kazempour, K Lange, J Roddy, R Rowe, P Rosenberg, Z Perriens, J Stone, A Stratton, P AF Alexander, NJ Alexander, V Allen, S Dorflinger, L Dommel, WF Duerr, A Elias, C Feigal, D Gollub, E Gabelnick, H Harris, M Hitchcock, PJ Karam, M Kazempour, K Lange, J Roddy, R Rowe, P Rosenberg, Z Perriens, J Stone, A Stratton, P TI Recommendations for the development of vaginal microbicides SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV prevention; sexually transmitted disease prevention; vaginal microbicides ID NONOXYNOL-9; WOMEN; HIV AB Vaginal microbicides are products for vaginal administration that can be used to prevent HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). We recognize two potential sources of vaginal microbicides: existing spermicides and new products (new products may or may not be spermicidal). This document is meant to serve as a general guide for development and evaluation of existing and new products. For new products preclinical studies will be required. Depending upon indication, in vitro activity against HIV, target STD, and sperm should also be assessed. Compatibility with barrier method materials should also be evaluated. The physical-chemical properties of the active agent and the clinical formulation should be assessed. Animals studies should be conducted to assess its safety and predict dosing; use of various models to assess local toxicity is indicated and microbicidal activity of the product may be evaluated if appropriate models are available. Carcinogenicity testing and segment III reproduction studies (perinatal and post-natal studies in rats) may be performed concurrently with Phase III clinical trials. All vaginal microbicides, including existing spermicides and new products, should be clinically evaluated for safety and efficacy. Safety studies are necessary because irritation of vaginal and cervical mucosae has been recently associated with spermicide use and those lesions might increase HIV transmission. Efficacy studies to assess prevention of HIV infection and/or STD, depending upon the product indication, should then be conducted with products that have been evaluated for safety and appear to be non-toxic to tissue. For spermicidal microbicides contraceptive efficacy studies will be needed. C1 NICHHD,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. COMMUNITY FAMILY PLANNING COUNCIL,NEW YORK,NY. ADV HLTH TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC. FAMILY HLTH INT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NIH,OFF PROTECT RES RISKS,BETHESDA,MD 20892. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. POPULAT COUNCIL,BANGKOK,THAILAND. US FDA,DIV ANTIVIRAL DRUG PROD,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. AIDS COORDINATING OFF,PHILADELPHIA,PA. CONRAD PROGRAM,ARLINGTON,VA. SOC WOMEN & AIDS AFRICA,FREETOWN,SIERRA LEONE. NIAID,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. WHO,GLOBAL PROGRAMME AIDS,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. WHO,SPECIAL PROGRAMME RES DEV & RES TRAINING HUMA,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. MRC,LONDON W1N 4AL,ENGLAND. RP Alexander, NJ (reprint author), UNAIDS,INT WORKING GRP VAGINAL MICROBICIDES,20 AVE APPIA,CH-1211 GENEVA 27,SWITZERLAND. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL PY 1996 VL 10 IS 8 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UW089 UT WOS:A1996UW08900026 ER PT J AU Moyer, L Warwick, M Mahoney, FJ AF Moyer, L Warwick, M Mahoney, FJ TI Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Article ID A VIRUS; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE; CHILDREN AB Hepatitis A virus infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis in the United States, accounting for approximately 75,000 cases of clinical illness each year. These infections occur among persons in every age group and are associated with a variety of exposures related to fecal-oral transmission. Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved licensure of two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines. Both vaccines are highly immunogenic and have been licensed in pediatric and adult formulations. The prevention of hepatitis A virus infection is directly related to many aspects of family practice, and family physicians may see patients in a variety of settings that warrant administration of hepatitis A vaccine. Groups for whom vaccination is currently recommended include international travelers, children in communities with high rates of hepatitis A virus infection, men who have sex with men, illicit drug users, patients with chronic liver disease and persons with clotting factor disorders. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 SN 0002-838X J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD JUL PY 1996 VL 54 IS 1 BP 107 EP 114 PG 8 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UW459 UT WOS:A1996UW45900016 PM 8677827 ER PT J AU Bennett, JS Feigley, CE Underhill, DW Drane, W Payne, TA Stewart, PA Herrick, RF Utterback, DF Hayes, RB AF Bennett, JS Feigley, CE Underhill, DW Drane, W Payne, TA Stewart, PA Herrick, RF Utterback, DF Hayes, RB TI Estimating the contribution of individual work tasks to room concentration: Method applied to embalming SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE embalming; emission rates; exposure; formaldehyde; mathematical model; nonlinear regression AB A new approach for estimating emission rates from continuous concentration data was developed and applied to formaldehyde measurements collected during 25 embalmings. The instantaneous emission rate was estimated from the contaminant mass balance, which set the rate of emission equal to the sum of the rate of buildup in the room and the rate of removal in the exhaust flow. The generation rate of each specific work task was modeled using an equation that considered both the buildup and decay of the generation rare. Each term of the full modeling equation corresponded to a work task or vent that occurred during the embalmings. The expected formaldehyde contribution of individual work tasks or events was then estimated by integrating each term using the gamma function. The work tasks or events with the largest formaldehyde contributions were aspiration of viscera after treatment with cavity fluid, embalming fluid spill, application of osmotic gel, and trocar cavity infusion. This analysis showed the relative importance of individual work tasks or events as contributors to the workroom formaldehyde concentration. This reconstruction of emission rates from concentration data is a general approach that may be used to proceed more effectively with control efforts in other processes where continuous data are available from reasonably well-mixed rooms. C1 UNIV S CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. UNIV S CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. NCI,ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20882. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 57 IS 7 BP 599 EP 609 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0599:ETCOIW>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UW928 UT WOS:A1996UW92800002 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF Sempos, CT Makuc, DM Looker, AC Chien, CY Ingram, DD AF Gillum, RF Sempos, CT Makuc, DM Looker, AC Chien, CY Ingram, DD TI Serum transferrin saturation, stroke incidence, and mortality in women and men - The NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacks; cerebral embolism and thrombosis; cerebrovascular disorders; cohort studies; ferritin; free radicals; iron; transferrin ID HEMATOCRIT; INFORMATION; ALBUMIN; SMOKING; RISK AB Several studies have examined relatively large body iron stores and the risk of coronary heart disease with conflicting results. No reports of studies that associated body iron stores with stroke were found. To test the hypothesis that relatively high transferrin saturation is associated with increased stroke incidence and mortality in women and men, data from a follow-up study of a national cohort were examined. A total of 5,033 women and men aged 45-74 years from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Followup Study who were free of stroke at baseline were followed an average of 12 years. Transferrin saturation (serum iron concentration divided by total iron binding capacity) was used as a measure of the amount of circulating iron available to tissues. in white women aged 45-74, after adjusting for age or for age and other risk variables, the authors observed a significant U-shaped association of transferrin saturation with risk of incident stroke (>44% vs. 30-36%, relative risk = 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.15-3.36; <20% vs. 30-36%, relative risk = 1.80, 95% confidence interval 1.20-2.71). However, no significant associations were found in white men aged 45-74 after adjusting for other risk variables. Similar findings were observed for stroke mortality in whites, but no significant associations were seen in blacks. The significantly increased risk of stroke that was seen at both high and low levels of transferrin saturation in white women should be confirmed in other cohorts of women and men. RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 55 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 1 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 1 BP 59 EP 68 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UT906 UT WOS:A1996UT90600007 PM 8659486 ER PT J AU Cauthen, GM Dooley, SW Onorato, IM Ihle, WW Burr, JM Bigler, WJ Witte, J Castro, KG AF Cauthen, GM Dooley, SW Onorato, IM Ihle, WW Burr, JM Bigler, WJ Witte, J Castro, KG TI Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from tuberculosis patients with HIV infection or AIDS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; comorbidity; contact tracing; epidemiologic factors; HIV seropositivity; infection; tuberculin test; tuberculosis ID RESISTANT; CONTACTS AB Contacts exposed to tuberculosis patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were compared with contacts of HIV-negative patients for evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, based on a review of records of tuberculin skin tests administered during routine health department follow-up investigations in Miami/Dade County, Florida, from 1985 through 1989. After an adjusted analysis designed to balance background prevalence, tuberculin positivity was 42.0% in 2,158 contacts of HIV-negative patients compared with 28.6% and 31.3% in 363 contacts of HIV-infected patients and 732 contacts of AIDS patients, respectively. Similar results were observed in a subset of 5- to 14-year-old contacts of United States-born black or white tuberculosis patients chosen to minimize the possibility of false-negative tuberculin tests in contacts due to undiagnosed HIV infection. Analysis of contacts as sets showed a more than expected number of sets with none or all contacts infected, but this did not differ by HIV/AIDS group. In this study, tuberculosis patients with AIDS or HIV infection were less infectious to their contacts and, in this community, exposed fewer contacts than HIV-negative tuberculosis patients. C1 FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32399. RP Cauthen, GM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,MAILSTOP E10,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 20 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 1 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 1 BP 69 EP 77 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UT906 UT WOS:A1996UT90600008 PM 8659487 ER PT J AU Ackman, DM Birkhead, G Flynn, M AF Ackman, DM Birkhead, G Flynn, M TI Assessment of surveillance for meningococcal disease in New York State, 1991 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnosis-related groups; health services research; hospital records; medical records; meningococcal infections; population surveillance ID UNITED-STATES; VITAL STATISTICS; MORTALITY; ACCURACY; PAYMENT; SYSTEM AB Prevention of meningococcal disease relies in part on the prompt treatment of household and other close contacts of cases. New York State requires that all meningococcal disease cases be reported within 24 hours of diagnosis to ensure that chemoprophylaxis is given to all exposed persons. The authors used a capture-recapture method to assess completeness of reporting of meningococcal disease in 1991 by comparing persons reported to the Department of Health surveillance system with patients listed in the New York State computerized hospital discharge data set who had a discharge diagnosis of meningococcal disease, Medical records of persons identified from the discharge data set were reviewed to verify the diagnosis of meningococcal disease, and timeliness of reporting was assessed by reviewing surveillance case reports. In 1991, 110 cases of meningococcal disease were reported to the Department of Health and 197 patients were identified from hospital discharge data, of which charts were reviewed for 179 (91%). Of the charts reviewed, 116 (65%) had confirmed or probable meningococcal disease, and 57 (32%) did not have the disease. Completeness of reporting to the notifiable disease surveillance system was estimated to be 93%, and 78% were reported within 2 days of diagnosis. Errors by physicians and medical records departments contributed to the misclassification of medical records. The authors conclude that notifiable disease surveillance for meningococcal disease is relatively complete, but there is a delay in reporting some cases. Frequent errors may make invalidated hospital discharge data unsuitable for communicable disease surveillance. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL & EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA. SUNY ALBANY,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ALBANY,NY 12222. RP Ackman, DM (reprint author), NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,BUR COMMUN DIS CONTROL,ROOM 651,COMING TOWER,ALBANY,NY 12237, USA. RI Alkhalawi, Mohammed/C-6111-2012 NR 18 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 1 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 1 BP 78 EP 82 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UT906 UT WOS:A1996UT90600009 PM 8659488 ER PT J AU Wilson, MG Holman, PB Hammock, A AF Wilson, MG Holman, PB Hammock, A TI A comprehensive review of the effects of worksite health promotion on health-related outcomes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article DE Worksite Health Promotion; interventions; evaluation; behavior change ID SITE WELLNESS; TRIAL AB Purpose. This article provides the foundation for a series of literature reviews that critically examine the effectiveness of worksite health promotion programs. This issue reviews the exercise, health risk appraisal, nutrition and cholesterol, and weight control literatures; a future issue will review the alcohol, HIV/AIDS, multicomponent program seat belt, smoking, and stress management literatures. Methods. The literature search used a four-step process that included a computerized database search, a reference search, a manual search of relevant health promotion journals, and the writing of the review by a recognized expert in the area being searched. The databases were searched from 1968 through 1994 and included Medline, Aidsline, Psychological Abstracts, Combined Health Information Database, Employee Benefits Infosource, National Prevention Evaluation Research Collection, National Resource Center on Worksite Health Promotion, National Technical Information Service and the Substance Abuse Information database. A total of 288 articles were identified by the search, not including the 37 articles in the hypertension literature. Authors of each review were requested to incorporate additional studies not identified by the search, provide a research rating for each individual article, and a rating for the overall literature for their respective area. The authors reviewed 316 studies. Findings. The overall ratings for the reviews reported in this issue were suggestive for exercise, weak for health risk appraisals, suggestive/indicative for both nutrition and cholesterol, and indicative for weight control. The ratings for the other reviews will be reported in the subsequent issue. Conclusions. Research reported in these reviews suggests the effectiveness of worksite health promotion programs, however, additional research is required to provide conclusive evidence of their impact. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Wilson, MG (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT HLTH PROMOT & BEHAV,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 25 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 12 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 429 EP 435 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VB690 UT WOS:A1996VB69000002 PM 10163309 ER PT J AU Grimes, DA Schulz, KF AF Grimes, DA Schulz, KF TI A ''randomized'' controlled trial without randomization SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV STD PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Grimes, DA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, SCH MED, DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL & REPROD SCI, DEPT BIOSTAT & EPIDEMIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94110 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0002-9378 EI 1097-6868 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 175 IS 1 BP 240 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70302-2 PG 2 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA VF641 UT WOS:A1996VF64100061 PM 8694070 ER PT J AU Tyler, CW Granoff, BR AF Tyler, CW Granoff, BR TI Cooperative agreements between academic professional associations and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article RP Tyler, CW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,US PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 SU S BP 6 EP 7 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA VH153 UT WOS:A1996VH15300004 PM 8874697 ER PT J AU Yeager, KK Donehoo, RS Macera, CA Croft, JB Heath, GW Lane, MJ AF Yeager, KK Donehoo, RS Macera, CA Croft, JB Heath, GW Lane, MJ TI Health promotion practices among physicians SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ADVICE AB Personal belief concerning both the validity of health promotion and the physician's ability to influence patient behavior may affect how much effort a physician spends on health promotion strategies. We assessed these beliefs through a mail survey to physicians practicing in a predominantly rural southern state in 1987 (n = 83) and 1991 (n = 96). Response rates in both studies exceeded 75%. The instrument was obtained from similar studies conducted in Massachusetts in 1981 and Maryland in 1983. Between 1987 and 1991 we found slight improvements in the perceived importance of many health behaviors, but significant improvement was observed in the importance of reducing intake of dietary saturated fat (66% in 1987 to 80% in 1991; P < .05). Less than 10% of the physicians thought they could be ''very successful'' in modifying patients' behaviors. However, in 1991 physicians perceived that their ability to be ''very successful'' in helping patients to modify their behavior would increase threefold (8%-24% for exercise; 4%-18% for smoking) if given appropriate support. Although the type of appropriate support was not identified, the credibility of physician's advice in promoting health changes is important. These results suggest that efforts should be made to provide support to physicians who are inclined to discuss health behavior changes with their patients. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV S CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,PREVENT CTR,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU 402234] NR 15 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 BP 238 EP 241 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA VG163 UT WOS:A1996VG16300009 PM 8874685 ER PT J AU Zuber, PLF Binkin, NJ Ignacio, AC Marshall, KL Tribble, SP Tipple, MA Vogt, RL AF Zuber, PLF Binkin, NJ Ignacio, AC Marshall, KL Tribble, SP Tipple, MA Vogt, RL TI Tuberculosis screening for immigrants and refugees - Diagnostic outcomes in the state of Hawaii SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB The effectiveness of the required overseas tuberculosis (TB) screening for immigrants and refugees to the United States has not been evaluated since new guidelines were introduced in 1991. Using data from the Hawaii State TB register for 1992-1993, patient records, and data from the U.S. government notifications of suspect TB among aliens, we determined the percentage of persons either classified as having active TB (B1), inactive TB (B2), or considered ''normal'' overseas, who were evaluated and subsequently diagnosed with active TB within 1 yr of arrival in the United States. Of the 124 TB cases among immigrants and refugees evaluated within 1 yr of arrival, 78 (63%) had been classified overseas as B1, 17 (14%) as B2, and 29 (23%) as ''normal.'' The proportion of TB cases diagnosed after arrival in the United States was 14.0% for B1s and 2.1% for B2s. This proportion decreased with increasing age. A positive skin test was a strong predictor (OR: 10.7; 95% CI: 1.4-80.1) of culture-confirmed TB. These data document that immigrants and refugees with B1 and B2 TB status have a high prevalence of active TB. They should be promptly evaluated after arrival in the United States to determine the need for curative or preventive therapy. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV QUARANTINE,DIV TB ELIMINAT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. HAWAII DEPT HLTH,COMMUNICABLE DIS DIV,HONOLULU,HI. NR 16 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 154 IS 1 BP 151 EP 155 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UW827 UT WOS:A1996UW82700025 PM 8680671 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JE Hu, DJ Holmes, KK Jaffe, HW Masur, H DeCock, KM AF Kaplan, JE Hu, DJ Holmes, KK Jaffe, HW Masur, H DeCock, KM TI Preventing opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: Implications for the developing world SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Review ID PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; PENICILLIUM-MARNEFFEI INFECTION; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; HIV-INFECTION; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; AIDS PATIENTS; AEROSOLIZED PENTAMIDINE; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA AB More than 18 million persons in the world are estimated to have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). As immunodeficiency progresses, these persons become susceptible to a wide variety of opportunistic infections (OIs) The spectrum of OIs varies among regions of the world. Tuberculosis is the most common serious OI in sub-Saharan Africa and is also more common in Latin America and in Asia than in the United States. Bacterial and parasitic infections are prevalent in Africa; protozoal infections such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and isosporiasis are also common in Latin America. Fungal infections, including cryptococcosis and Penicillium marneffei infection, appear to be prevalent in Southeast Asia. Despite limited health resources in these regions, some measures that are recommended to prevent OIs in the United States may be useful for prolonging and improving the quality of life of HIV-infected persons. These include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, and bacterial infections; isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis; and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine to prevent disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Research is needed to determine the spectrum of OIs and the efficacy of various prevention measures in resource-poor nations, and health officials need to determine a minimum standard of care for HIV-infected persons. An increasing problem in the developing world, HIV/AIDS should receive attention comparable to other tropical diseases. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR AIDS & STD,SEATTLE,WA 98122. NIH,DEPT CRIT CARE MED,BETHESDA,MD 20892. LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,LONDON WC1,ENGLAND. RP Kaplan, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,MAILSTOP G-29,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 113 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VA963 UT WOS:A1996VA96300001 PM 8702012 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF AF Gillum, RF TI Coronary heart disease, stroke, and hypertension in a US national cohort: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-CELL COUNT; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; SERUM-ALBUMIN; RISK; DEATH; MORTALITY RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,ROOM 730,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 259 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S1047-2797(96)00057-9 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF009 UT WOS:A1996VF00900001 PM 8876834 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Flanders, WD Barboriak, JJ Malarcher, AM Gates, L AF Freedman, DS Flanders, WD Barboriak, JJ Malarcher, AM Gates, L TI Cigarette smoking and leukocyte subpopulations in men SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cigarette smoking; ischemic heart disease; leukocytes; lymphocytes; monocytes; neutrophils; eosinophils ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; BLOOD-CELL COUNT; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; T-CELLS; SMOKERS; RISK; ATHEROGENESIS; LYMPHOCYTES; PROLIFERATION AB Because of previously reported associations among the total leukocyte count, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease, ave examined the relation of cigarette smoking to various leukocyte subpopulations among 3467 men aged 31 to 45 years. The median total leukocyte count was 36% higher (7840 vs. 5760 cells/mu L) among current cigarette smokers than among men who had never smoked, and both stratification and regression analyses were used to examine independent associations with leukocyte subpopulations. At equivalent counts of other subpopulations, CD4+ lymphocytes and neutrophils were the cell types most strongly associated with cigarette smoking; each standard deviation change in counts of these subpopulations increased the odds of current (us. never) smoking by approximately threefold. Furthermore, whereas 15% of the 238 men with relatively low (< 25 percentile) counts of both neutrophils and CD4+ lymphocytes were cigarette smokers, 96% of the 249 men with relatively high counts of both subpopulations were current smokers. Counts of T lymphocytes also tended to be higher among the 32 men with self-reported ischemic heart disease than among other men. These results, along with previous reports of immunologically active T lymphocytes in atherosclerotic plaques, suggest that this subpopulation may be of particular interest in studies examining the relation of leukocytes to cardiovascular disease. Ann Epidemiol 1996; 6:299-306. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. MILWAUKEE VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,MILWAUKEE,WI. LOVELACE FDN MED EDUC & RES,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87108. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,K-26,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 54 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 299 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S1047-2797(96)00024-5 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF009 UT WOS:A1996VF00900007 PM 8876840 ER PT J AU Jaquette, CB Beuchat, LR Mahon, BE AF Jaquette, CB Beuchat, LR Mahon, BE TI Efficacy of chlorine and heat treatment in killing Salmonella stanley inoculated onto alfalfa seeds and growth and survival of the pathogen during sprouting and storage SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The efficacy of chlorine and hot water treatments in killing Salmonella stanley inoculated onto alfalfa seeds was determined, Treatment of seeds containing 10(2) to 10(3) CFU/g in 100-mu/ml active chlorine solution for 5 or 10 min caused a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduction in population, and treatment in 290-mu g/ml chlorine solution resulted in a significant reduction compared with treatment in 100 mu g of chlorine per ml. However, concentrations of chlorine of up to 1,010 mu g/ml failed to result in further significant reductions, Treatment of seeds containing 10(1) to 10(2) CFU of S, stanley per g for 5 min in a solution containing 2,040 mu g of chlorine per ml reduced the population to undetectable levels (<1 CFU/g), Treatment of seeds in water for 5 or 10 min at 54 degrees C caused a significant reduction in the S, stanley population, and treatment at greater than or equal to 57 degrees C reduced populations to less than or equal to 1 CFU/g, However, treatment at greater than or equal to 54 degrees C for 10 min caused a substantial reduction in viability of the seeds, Treatment at 57 or 60 degrees C for 5 min appears to be effective in killing S, stanley without substantially decreasing germinability of seeds, Storage of seeds for 8 to 9 weeks at 8 and 21 degrees C resulted in reductions in populations of S. stanley of about 1 log(10) and 2 log(10) CFU/g respectively, The behavior of S, stanley on seeds during soaking, germination, sprouting, and refrigerated storage of sprouts was determined, An initial population of 3.29 log(10) CFU/g increased slightly during 6 h of soaking, by about 10(3) CFU/g during a 24-h germination period, and by an additional 10 CFU/g during a 72-h sprouting stage, A population of 10(7) CFU/g of mature alfalfa sprouts was detected throughout a subsequent 10-day storage period at 5 degrees C, These studies indicate that while populations of S, stanley can be greatly reduced, elimination of this organism from alfalfa seeds may not be reliably achieved with traditional disinfection procedures, If S. stanley is present on seeds at the initiation of the sprout production process, populations exceeding 10(7) CFU/g can develop and survive on mature sprouts exposed to handling practices used in commercial production and marketing. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUAL ENHANCEMENT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 15 TC 172 Z9 174 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 62 IS 7 BP 2212 EP 2215 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UV792 UT WOS:A1996UV79200002 PM 8779558 ER PT J AU Aral, MM Maslia, ML Ulirsch, GV Reyes, JJ AF Aral, MM Maslia, ML Ulirsch, GV Reyes, JJ TI Estimating exposure to volatile organic compounds from municipal water-supply systems: Use of a better computational model SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB The Southington, Connecticut, water-supply system is characterized by a distribution network that contains more than 1700 pipeline segments of varying diameters and construction materials, more than 186 mi (299 km) of pipe, 9 groundwater extraction wells capable of pumping more than 4700 gal/min (0.2965 m(3)/s), and 3 municipal reservoirs. Volatile organic compounds, which contaminated the underlying groundwater reservoir during the 1970s, contaminated the water-supply system and exposed the town's residents to volatile organic chemicals. We applied a computational model to the water-supply system to characterize and quantify the distribution of volatile organic compounds in the pipelines, from which we estimated the demographic distribution of potential exposure to the town's residents. Based on results from modeling analyses, we concluded the following: (a) exposure to volatile organic compound contamination may vary significantly from one census block to another, even when these census blocks are adjacent to each other within a specified radius; (b) maximum spatial spread of contamination in a water-distribution system may not occur under peak demand conditions, and, therefore, maximum spatial distribution of the exposed population also may not correspond to peak demand conditions, and (c) use of the proposed computational model allows for a more refined and rigorous methodology with which to estimate census-block-level contamination for exposure assessment and epidemiologic investigations. C1 AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV HLTH ASSESSMENT & CONSULTAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,ATLANTA,GA 30332. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 300 EP 309 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VC547 UT WOS:A1996VC54700006 PM 8757410 ER PT J AU Schieber, RA Kresnow, MJ Sacks, JJ Pledger, EE ONeil, JM Toomey, KE AF Schieber, RA Kresnow, MJ Sacks, JJ Pledger, EE ONeil, JM Toomey, KE TI Effect of a state law on reported bicycle helmet ownership and use SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; SAFETY; LEGISLATION; EDUCATION; AUSTRALIA; VICTORIA AB Objective: To evaluate the effect of a state law on reported bicycle helmet ow Design: Multistage cluster random-digit-dialing telephone survey. Setting: Georgia, June through November 1993. Participants: Adults who reported the behavior of bicyclists 4 through 15 years old. Intervention: State law mandating helmet use after July 1, 1993, for all bicyclists aged younger than 16 years. Main Outcome Measures: Bicycle helmet ownership and use. Results: Reported helmet ownership increased from 39% before the law took effect to 57% afterward (+46%, P=.06). Reported use increased from 33% before to 52% afterward (+ 58%, P<.05). About 7% of riders changed from ''never-wearing'' to ''always-wearing'' behavior. After the law took effect, in those households in which the law was known, 69% of riders owned and 64% used a helmet. By comparison, in those households in which the law was not known, only 30% owned and 25% used a helmet (P<.01). Reported ownership and use were 93% concordant, inversely related to rider age, and directly related to household income. Multivariable analysis indicated that race was an effect modifier of reported helmet ownership and use. In black riders, knowledge of the law appeared to be highly associated with both reported helmet ownership and use but was not significant in white riders. In white riders, though, age and income were significantly associated with reported helmet ownership and use. Conclusions: This law appeared important in increasing reported helmet ownership and use, particularly in black riders. Since knowledge of the law was associated with increased ownership and use, additional publicity about the law might further increase helmet use. Because most riders who owned helmets used them, giveaway programs targeting areas of low ownership may also increase use. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, OFF STAT PROGRAMMING & GRAPH, NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. US DEPT HHS, EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA USA. GEORGIA DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES, DIV PUBL HLTH, EPIDEMIOL & PREVENT BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA USA. RP Schieber, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV UNITENTIONAL INJURY PREVENT, NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60654-0946 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 150 IS 7 BP 707 EP 712 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UZ022 UT WOS:A1996UZ02200009 PM 8673195 ER PT J AU McMahon, BJ Beller, M Williams, J Schloss, M Tanttila, H Bulkow, L AF McMahon, BJ Beller, M Williams, J Schloss, M Tanttila, H Bulkow, L TI A program to control an outbreak of hepatitis A in Alaska by using an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID A VACCINE; HEALTHY-CHILDREN; VIRUS-INFECTION; IMMUNOGENICITY; NATIVES; TRIAL AB Objective: To stop an epidemic of hepatitis A in rural Alaska by mass immunization of susceptible persons with 1 dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Design: Nonrandomized, uncontrolled trial. Hepatitis A vaccine was offered to all persons in susceptible age groups in villages with documented cases of hepatitis A. Immune globulin was not offered at the time of vaccination. Setting: Twenty-five rural communities located in interior Alaska and along the northwest coast of the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean. Participants: Persons without a history of acute hepatitis A in age groups selected by applying results of a previous serosurvey conducted on serum collected before the epidemic. Intervention: One dose of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was given to each participant. Adults 20 years of age and older received 1440 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units and persons younger than 20 years received 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units. Prevaccination and postvaccination levels of antibody to hepatitis A IgG were obtained from 136 participants. Main Outcome Measures: An active surveillance system was established to detect persons with symptom-atic illnesses compatible with hepatitis A; persons who met the illness criteria were tested for antibody to hepatitis A IgM. One area (the Kotzebue region), where all communities were offered vaccine, was selected for intensive surveillance and analysis. Results: During the 12-month period before the vaccine trial, 529 cases of icteric hepatitis A were reported, and 443 were confirmed to be positive for antibody to hepatitis A IgM. Hepatitis A vaccine was administered to 4930 persons, 3517 of whom were younger than 20 years. After vaccination began, 237 persons positive for antibody to hepatitis A IgM were identified during a 60-week surveillance period; 46 were vaccinees and 191 were unvaccinated susceptible persons. In the Kotzebue region, in communities in which more than 80% of persons considered susceptible were vaccinated, the outbreak ceased in 4 to 8 weeks, whereas in 1 large community in which less than 50% of susceptible persons were vaccinated, the outbreak continued for more than 50 weeks. More than 90% of seronegative persons developed antibody to hepatitis A IgG 3 to 4 weeks after vaccination. Conclusion: This trial suggested that by providing both short-term and long-term protection, hepatitis A vaccine used without immune globulin halted an established epidemic of hepatitis A in rural Alaska. C1 DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,EPIDEMIOL SECT,DIV PUBL HLTH,JUNEAU,AK 99811. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ARCTIC INVEST PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ANCHORAGE,AK. RP McMahon, BJ (reprint author), ALASKA NATIVE MED CTR,DEPT MED,ALASKA AREA NATIVE HLTH SERV,INDIAN HLTH SERV,255 GAMBELL ST,ANCHORAGE,AK 99501, USA. NR 18 TC 106 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 150 IS 7 BP 733 EP 739 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UZ022 UT WOS:A1996UZ02200014 PM 8673200 ER PT J AU Mast, EE Purdy, MA Krawczynski, K AF Mast, EE Purdy, MA Krawczynski, K TI Hepatitis E SO BAILLIERES CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Review ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; E VIRUS-INFECTION; TRANSMITTED NON-A; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; EPIDEMIC NON-A; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OPEN-READING FRAME-2; VIRAL-HEPATITIS; CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES RP Mast, EE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,BLDG 6,ROOM 157,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 102 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BAILLIERE TINDALL PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0950-3528 J9 BAILLIERE CLIN GASTR JI Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 10 IS 2 BP 227 EP 242 DI 10.1016/S0950-3528(96)90004-4 PG 16 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA VC658 UT WOS:A1996VC65800004 PM 8864031 ER PT J AU Linet, MS Gridley, G Cnattingius, S Nicholson, HS Martinsson, U Glimelius, B Adami, HO Zack, M AF Linet, MS Gridley, G Cnattingius, S Nicholson, HS Martinsson, U Glimelius, B Adami, HO Zack, M TI Maternal and perinatal risk factors for childhood brain tumors (Sweden) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE case-control study; childhood brain neoplasms; neonatal; perinatal; prenatal; Sweden ID CANCER INCIDENCE; RECORD-LINKAGE; UNITED-STATES; BIRTH-DEFECTS; CHILDREN; SMOKING; PREGNANCY; TWINS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXPOSURE AB Childhood brain tumors (CBT) include a diversity of rare neoplasms of largely unknown etiology. To assess possible maternal and perinatal risk factors for CBT according to subtype, we carried out a nested (within Swedish birth-cohorts, 1973-89) case-control study utilizing data from the nationwide Birth Registry. We ascertained incident brain tumor cases through linkage of the nationwide Birth and Cancer Registries and randomly selected five living controls from the former, matching each case on gender and birthdate. There were 570 CBT cases, including 205 low grade astrocytomas, 58 high grade astrocytomas, 93 medulloblastomas, 54 ependymomas, and 160 'others.' Risks for all brain tumors combined were elevated in relation to: (i) three maternal exposures - oral contraceptives prior to conception (odds ratios [OR] = 1.6, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-2.8), use of narcotics (OR = 1.3, CI = 1.0-1.6), or penthrane (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.1-2.0) during delivery); (ii) characteristics of neonatal distress (a combined variable including low one-minute Apgar score, asphyxia [OR = 1.5, CI = 1.1-2.0]) or treatments for neonatal distress (use of supplemental oxygen, ventilated on mask, use of incubator, scalp vein infusion, feeding with a jejunal tube [DR = 1.6, CI = 0.9-2.6]); and (iii) neonatal infections (OR = 2.4, CI = 1.5-4.0). Higher subtype-specific risks, observed for a few risk factors, did not differ significantly from the risk estimates for all subtypes combined for the corresponding risk factors. Childhood brain tumors were not associated significantly with other maternal reproductive, lifestyle, or disease factors; perinatal pain, anesthetic medications, birth-related complications; or with birthweight,birth defects, or early neonatal diseases. These findings suggest several new leads, but only weak evidence of brain tumor subtype-specific differences. C1 UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT CANC EPIDEMIOL,UPPSALA,SWEDEN. UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT SOCIAL MED,UPPSALA,SWEDEN. CHILDRENS NATL MED CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20010. UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,UPPSALA,SWEDEN. HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Linet, MS (reprint author), NCI,DIV CANC ETIOL & GENET,EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT PROGRAM,EPN 415,6130 EXECUT BLVD,MSC 7368,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 66 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD JUL PY 1996 VL 7 IS 4 BP 437 EP 448 DI 10.1007/BF00052670 PG 12 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UV510 UT WOS:A1996UV51000006 PM 8813432 ER PT J AU Adler, AI Weiss, NS Kamb, ML Lyon, JL AF Adler, AI Weiss, NS Kamb, ML Lyon, JL TI Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for ovarian cancer? A case-control study in Utah and Washington (United States) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE case-control studies; diabetes mellitus; insulin resistance; ovarian neoplasms ID GROWTH FACTOR-I; INSULIN RESISTANCE; GRANULOSA-CELLS; RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN; DISEASE; HYPERANDROGENISM; MECHANISMS; EXPRESSION; CARCINOMA AB Insulin resistance characterizes non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), Insulin resistance may coexist in clinical syndromes with hyperestrogenism and hyperandrogenism, suggesting that the ovary may be sensitive to effects of insulin. In addition, insulin-like growth factor-I receptors, which are capable of binding insulin, have been identified in ovarian cancer tissue and are proposed to regulate cell growth. We evaluated the association between a history of diabetes mellitus and ovarian cancer in a case-control study in seven counties in Washington and in Utah (United States) during the years 1975-87. Cases included women newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer over a five-year period who were identified through population-based cancer reporting. Controls similar to cases with regard to age and county of residence were identified via household surveys or random digit dialing. The study included 595 cases and 1,587 controls, Twenty-seven cases (4.5 percent) and 72 controls (4.5 percent) reported a history of diabetes. Logistic regression analysis of the association between diabetes and ovarian cancer controlling for age, body mass index, and race resulted in an odds ratio (OR) of 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.6-1.5), The OR was not changed with further controlling for prior oral contraceptive use or prior pregnancy, None of the 20 women with nonepithelial tumors (15 of which were stromal tumors) had a history of diabetes (upper CI = 4.0), These results, together with findings of two earlier cohort studies, do not support the hypothesis that diabetes is a risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH PUBL HLTH & COMMUNITY MED, DEPT EPIDEMIOL, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA USA. UNIV UTAH, SCH MED, DEPT FAMILY & PREVENT MED, SALT LAKE CITY, UT USA. RP Adler, AI (reprint author), VET ADM MED CTR, DEPT HLTH SERV RES & DEV, 1660 S COLUMBIA WAY 152, SEATTLE, WA 98108 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R35-CA-39779, T32-CA-09168] NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 EI 1573-7225 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD JUL PY 1996 VL 7 IS 4 BP 475 EP 478 DI 10.1007/BF00052674 PG 4 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UV510 UT WOS:A1996UV51000010 PM 8813436 ER PT J AU Glynn, SA Albanes, D Pietinen, P Brown, CC Rautalahti, M Tangrea, JA Gunter, EW Barrett, MJ Virtamo, J Taylor, PR AF Glynn, SA Albanes, D Pietinen, P Brown, CC Rautalahti, M Tangrea, JA Gunter, EW Barrett, MJ Virtamo, J Taylor, PR TI Colorectal cancer and folate status: A nested case-control study among male smokers SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; FOLIC-ACID; COLON-CANCER; ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; BIASED SELECTION; PREVENTION; ALCOHOL; RISK; METHIONINE; METABOLISM AB Evidence is accumulating that folate, a B vitamin found in green leafy vegetables, may affect the development of neoplasia. We examined the relationship between folate status and colorectal cancer in a case-control study nested within the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Study cohort of male smokers 50-69 years old. Serum folate was measured in 144 incident cases (91 colon, 53 rectum) and 276 controls matched to cases on baseline age, clinic, and time of blood collection. Baseline dietary folate was available from a food-use questionnaire for 386 of these men (92%). Conditional logistic regression modeling was used. No statistically significant association was observed between serum folate and colon or rectal cancer. Although a 2-fold increase in rectal cancer risk was suggested for men with serum folate >2.9 ng/ml and those in the highest quartile of energy-adjusted folate intake, there was no evidence of a monotonic dose-response, and all confidence intervals included unity. For dietary folate and colon cancer, odds ratios of 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16-0.96], 0.34 (95% CI, 0.13-0.88), and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.20-1.31) were obtained for the second through fourth quartiles of energy-adjusted folate intake, respectively, compared to the first (P for trend = 0.15). Furthermore, men with a high-alcohol, low-folate, low-protein diet were at higher risk for colon cancer than men who consumed a low-alcohol, high-folate, high-protein diet (OR, 4.79; 95% CI, 1.36-16.93). This study suggests a possible association between low folate intake and increased risk of colon cancer (but not rectal cancer) and highlights the need for further studies that measure dietary folate and methionine, along with biochemical measures of folate (i.e., erythrocyte and serum), homocysteine, and vitamin B-12. C1 NCI,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,CANC PREVENT STUDIES BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NATL PUBL HLTH INST,SF-00300 HELSINKI,FINLAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. INFORMAT MANAGEMENT SERV INC,SILVER SPRING,MD 20910. RI Albanes, Demetrius/B-9749-2015 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CN-45165.] NR 58 TC 156 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 5 IS 7 BP 487 EP 494 PG 8 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UW619 UT WOS:A1996UW61900001 PM 8827351 ER PT J AU Browne, RJ Mannino, DM Khoury, MJ AF Browne, RJ Mannino, DM Khoury, MJ TI Alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency deaths in the united states from 1979-1991 - An analysis using multiple-cause mortality data SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE alpha(1)-antitrypsin; epidemiology; hepatic disease; mortality; obstructive lung disease ID ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY; LIVER-DISEASE; HIGH PREVALENCE; EMPHYSEMA; THERAPY; STRATEGIES; IMPACT AB Objective: To describe trends of reported alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency mortality in the United States from 1979-1991. Methods: We analyzed death certificate reports in the multiple-cause mortality files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. Results: Of the 26,866,600 deaths that occurred during the 13-year period, 1,930 had alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency listed as a cause of death. Over this period, we would have expected 5,400 to 13,400 persons with this condition to die, The age-adjusted mortality rate with reported alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency listed increased 86%, from 4.3 per 10 million in 1979 to 8.0 per 10 million in 1991, alpha(1)-Antitrypsin deficiency mortality rates were higher among whites than among blacks or persons of other races, alpha(1)-Antitrypsin deficiency was listed in 2.7% of all deaths with obstructive lung disease among persons aged 35-44 years old and in 1.2% of all deaths listing hepatic disease among children aged 1 to 14 years old. Conclusions: alpha(1)-Antitrypsin deficiency is an important risk factor for obstructive lung disease and hepatic disease in the United States, and it was reported with increasing frequency through the study period, although it is still likely underreported. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Browne, RJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,AIR POLLUT & RESP HLTH BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD JUL PY 1996 VL 110 IS 1 BP 78 EP 83 DI 10.1378/chest.110.1.78 PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UY854 UT WOS:A1996UY85400019 PM 8681670 ER PT J AU Weltman, AC DiFerdinando, GT Washko, R Lipsky, WM AF Weltman, AC DiFerdinando, GT Washko, R Lipsky, WM TI A death associated with therapy for nosocomially acquired multidrug-resistant tuberculosis SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE adverse effect; drug resistance; therapy; tuberculosis ID TRANSMISSION AB Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is difficult and has been associated rarely with severe side effects. We report the nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to a health-care worker who was seronegative for HIV infection. She died because of liver failure associated with treatment for active multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. C1 NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,BUR TB CONTROL,ALBANY,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. SUNY ALBANY,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ALBANY,NY 12222. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR TB CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD JUL PY 1996 VL 110 IS 1 BP 279 EP 281 DI 10.1378/chest.110.1.279 PG 3 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UY854 UT WOS:A1996UY85400050 PM 8681641 ER PT J AU Rayfield, MA Sullivan, P Bandea, CI Britvan, L Otten, RA Pau, CP Pieniazek, D Subbarao, S Simon, P Schable, CA Wright, AC Ward, J Schochetman, G AF Rayfield, MA Sullivan, P Bandea, CI Britvan, L Otten, RA Pau, CP Pieniazek, D Subbarao, S Simon, P Schable, CA Wright, AC Ward, J Schochetman, G TI HIV-1 Group O virus identified for the first time in the United States SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SUBTYPES; STRAINS C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. KAISER PERMANENTE MED GRP,LOS ANGELES,CA. RP Rayfield, MA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Sullivan, Patrick/A-9436-2009; OI Sullivan, Patrick/0000-0002-7728-0587 NR 11 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 2 IS 3 BP 209 EP 212 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VA263 UT WOS:A1996VA26300007 PM 8903231 ER PT J AU Massanga, M Ndoyo, J Hu, DJ Pau, CP LeeThomas, S Hawkins, R Senekian, D Rayfield, MA George, JR Zengais, A Yatere, NN Yossangang, V Samori, A Schochetman, G Dondero, TJ AF Massanga, M Ndoyo, J Hu, DJ Pau, CP LeeThomas, S Hawkins, R Senekian, D Rayfield, MA George, JR Zengais, A Yatere, NN Yossangang, V Samori, A Schochetman, G Dondero, TJ TI A highly heterogeneous HIV-1 epidemic in the Central African Republic SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID TYPE-1; SUBTYPE RP Massanga, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 2 IS 3 BP 222 EP 224 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VA263 UT WOS:A1996VA26300010 PM 8903234 ER PT J AU Adeleke, A Pruckler, J Benson, R Rowbotham, T Halablab, M Fields, B AF Adeleke, A Pruckler, J Benson, R Rowbotham, T Halablab, M Fields, B TI Legionella-like amebal pathogens - Phylogenetic status and possible role in respiratory disease SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL PARASITE; LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE; SARCOBIUM-LYTICUM; PNEUMOPHILA; SPECIMENS; PNEUMONIA; ETIOLOGY; DNA; TISSUE; ADULTS C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. PUBL HLTH LAB,LEEDS,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. RP Adeleke, A (reprint author), UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,LONDON WC2R 2LS,ENGLAND. NR 35 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 2 IS 3 BP 225 EP 230 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VA263 UT WOS:A1996VA26300011 PM 8903235 ER PT J AU daSilva, EE Winkler, MT Pallansch, MA AF daSilva, EE Winkler, MT Pallansch, MA TI Role of enterovirus 71 in acute flaccid paralysis after the eradication of poliovirus in Brazil SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID TYPE-71 INFECTIONS; POLIOMYELITIS C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP daSilva, EE (reprint author), INST OSWALDO CRUZ,BR-20001 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. NR 9 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 2 IS 3 BP 231 EP 233 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VA263 UT WOS:A1996VA26300012 PM 8903236 ER PT J AU Hahn, RA Barker, ND Teutsch, SM Eaker, E Sosniak, W Krieger, N AF Hahn, RA Barker, ND Teutsch, SM Eaker, E Sosniak, W Krieger, N TI Error in population attributable risk calculation - Reply SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1996 VL 7 IS 4 BP 453 EP 454 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UT954 UT WOS:A1996UT95400026 ER PT J AU Johnson, SR Steiner, BM Perkins, GH AF Johnson, SR Steiner, BM Perkins, GH TI Cloning and characterization of the catalase gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Use of the gonococcus as a host organism for recombinant DNA SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; RESPIRATORY BURST; STRUCTURAL GENE; CRYPTIC PLASMID; FRAGMENTS; LOCUS; KATE AB The structural gene for the catalase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was cloned into a Kat(-) strain of that organism by using a recombinant vector derived from one of the beta-lactamase-specifying plasmids found in that organism. The kat gene was then successfully subcloned into both pUC8 and pGB2, transformed into Escherichia coli, and shown to complement the E. coli katE mutants UM2 and UMR1. The gene was subsequently mutagenized and returned to the gonococcus to generate a Kat(-) strain that was phenotypically identical to the strain originally used to clone the gene. The sequence of the gene and the derived amino acid sequence showed that the gonococcal kat gene closely resembles the hktE gene of Haemophilus influenzae. The sequence of the promoter region of the gonococcal kat gene is unusual and may explain the extremely high, loosely regulated expression of the gene. RP Johnson, SR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,MS D13,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2627 EP 2634 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UT657 UT WOS:A1996UT65700035 PM 8698488 ER PT J AU Mehta, PK King, CH White, EH Murtagh, JJ Quinn, FD AF Mehta, PK King, CH White, EH Murtagh, JJ Quinn, FD TI Comparison of in vitro models for the study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis invasion and intracellular replication SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID CULTURED HUMAN MACROPHAGES; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; TUBERCLE-BACILLI; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; AVIUM; INHIBITION; SALMONELLA; INFECTION; VIRULENT; COMPLEX AB We recently evaluated several tissue culture model systems for the study of invasion and intracellular multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These model systems include a human alveolar pneumocyte epithelial cell line, a murine macrophage cell line (J774), and fresh human peripheral blood-derived macrophages. Our data indicated that the initial level of association of M. tuberculosis with human alveolar pneumocyte cells (2%) was less than that observed with fresh human peripheral blood macrophages (9%) or J774 murine macrophages (13%) within 6 h of the addition of the bacteria. M. tuberculosis replicated in association with the pneumocyte cells by more than 55-fold by day 7 postinfection. In contrast, total bacterial growth in the J774 cells and human macrophages was considerably less, with increases of only fourfold and threefold, respectively, over the same 7-day period. Amikacin, an aminoglycoside antimicrobial agent, was added to inhibit the growth of extracellular bacteria after the initial 6-h infection period. Decreases in viable counts were observed in all three cell cultures within the first 3 days after infection. However, unlike the case with either macrophage culture, intracellular bacterial CFU obtained from the infected pneumocytes increased by fourfold by day 7 after the addition of amikacin. These data indicate that M. tuberculosis infects and multiplies intracellularly in human lung epithelial cells and that these cells may be an alternative in vitro model for the study of intracellular multiplication of M. tuberculosis in the human lung. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,PATHOGENESIS LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,CELLULAR BIOL LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV PULM MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. VET ADM MED CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30322. FU PHS HHS [R0 A1 35309-01] NR 43 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2673 EP 2679 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UT657 UT WOS:A1996UT65700041 PM 8698494 ER PT J AU Shi, YP Sayed, U Qari, SH Roberts, JM Udhayakumar, V Oloo, AJ Hawley, WA Kaslow, DC Nahlen, BL Lal, AA AF Shi, YP Sayed, U Qari, SH Roberts, JM Udhayakumar, V Oloo, AJ Hawley, WA Kaslow, DC Nahlen, BL Lal, AA TI Natural immune response to the C-terminal 19-kilodalton domain of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID INHIBIT PARASITE GROWTH; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MALARIA TRANSMISSION; BLOOD STAGES; FRAGMENT; ANTIGEN; INVASION; PRECURSOR; MSP1 AB We have characterized the natural immune responses to the 19-kDa domain of merozoite surface protein 1 in individuals from an area of western Kenya in which malaria is holoendemic. We used the three known natural variant forms of the yeast-expressed recombinant 19-kDa fragment that are referred to as the E-KNG, Q-KNG, and E-TSR antigens. T-cell proliferative responses in individuals older than 15 years and the profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody isotypes in individuals from 2 to 74 years old were determined. Positive proliferative responses to the Q-KNG antigen were observed for 54% of the individuals, and 37 and 35% of the individuals responded to the E-KNG and E-TSR constructs, respectively. Considerable heterogeneity in the T-cell proliferative responses to these three variant antigens was observed in different individuals, suggesting that the 19-kDa antigen may contain variant-specific T epitopes. Among responses of the different isotypes of the IgG antibody, IgG1 and IgG3 isotype responses were predominant, and the prevalence and levels of the responses increased with age. We also found that a higher level of IgG1 antibody response correlated with lower parasite density among young age groups, suggesting that IgG1 antibody response may play a role in protection against malaria. However, there was no correlation between the IgG3 antibody level and protection. Furthermore, we observed that although the natural antibodies cross-reacted with all three variant 19-kDa antigens, IgG3 antibodies in 12 plasma samples recognized only the E-KNG and Q-KNG constructs and not the E-TSR antigen. This result suggests that the fine specificity of IgG3 antibodies differentiates among variant-specific natural B-cell determinants in the second epidermal growth factor domain (KNG and TSR) of the antigen. C1 NCID,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MOL VACCINE SECT,DIV PARASIT DIS,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341. KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,VECTOR BIOL & CONTROL RES CTR,KISUMU,KENYA. NIAID,MALARIA RES LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI37543-01] NR 28 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2716 EP 2723 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UT657 UT WOS:A1996UT65700047 PM 8698500 ER PT J AU Pearson, ML AF Pearson, ML TI Guideline for prevention of intravascular-device-related infections SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS; INTENSIVE-CARE-UNIT; TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECIUM; COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; IN-LINE FILTRATION; TRANSDERMAL GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; PULMONARY-ARTERY CATHETERS RP Pearson, ML (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HHS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAILSTOP E69,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 434 TC 261 Z9 269 U1 2 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 17 IS 7 BP 438 EP 473 PG 36 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UZ263 UT WOS:A1996UZ26300008 PM 8839803 ER PT J AU Lemos, FJA Cornel, AJ JacobsLorena, M AF Lemos, FJA Cornel, AJ JacobsLorena, M TI Trypsin and aminopeptidase gene expression is affected by age and food composition in Anopheles gambiae SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE digestion; Anopheles; trypsin; aminopeptidase ID AEGYPTI L DIPTERA; STEPHENSI LISTON DIPTERA; AEDES-AEGYPTI; BLOOD MEAL; MOSQUITO; MIDGUT; CULICIDAE; DIGESTION; TRANSCRIPTION; DROSOPHILA AB The effects of age and food composition on the expression of trypsin and aminopeptidase genes in the Anopheles gambiae gut were investigated, No trypsin mRNA was detected in the gut of newly eclosed females, but this mRNA accumulated to relatively high levels within the first day of life. In contrast, low, but significant trypsin enzyme activity was observed in newly eclosed females, Subcellular fractionation experiments suggested that abdominal distention induces the secretion of the enzyme into the lumen, Blood, but not a protein-free meal, induced the accumulation of new trypsin mRNA and enzyme, Unlike trypsin, substantial aminopeptidase activity was detected in newly eclosed and in older, sugar fed mosquitoes, Moreover, the subcellular localization of aminopeptidase did not change appreciably with food ingestion, and the early increase of enzyme activity was independent of food composition. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT GENET,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 30 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 26 IS 7 BP 651 EP 658 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00014-8 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA WB665 UT WOS:A1996WB66500003 PM 8995788 ER PT J AU Benson, RF Thacker, WL Daneshvar, MI Brenner, DJ AF Benson, RF Thacker, WL Daneshvar, MI Brenner, DJ TI Legionella waltersii sp nov and an unnamed Legionella genomospecies isolated from water in Australia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COOLING-TOWER WATER; PNEUMONIA AB Two Legionella-like organisms were isolated from water samples obtained in Adelaide, Australia. One organism was isolated from a drinking water distribution system, and the other was isolated from a cooling tower at a sewage treatment plant. Both strains required L-cysteine for growth and contained cellular branched-chain fatty acids and ubiquinones typical of the genus Legionella. These strains were serologically distinct from each other as determined by a slide agglutination test. Strain 2074-AUS-E(T) (T = type strain) was serologically distinct from all previously described Legionella species and serotypes. Strain 2055-AUS-E could not be differentiated biochemically or serologically from Legionella quinlivanii. Both strains were shown by DNA hybridization studies (hydroxyapatite method) to be members of new Legionella species. Legionella waltersii sp. nov. is the name proposed for strain 2074-AUS-E(T) (= ATCC 51914(T)). L. waltersii was less than 10% related to other Legionella species. Strain 2055-AUS-E (= ATCC 51913) was informally named Legionella genomospecies 1, since it could not be phenotypically distinguished from L. quinlivanii. Legionella genomospecies 1 was closely related to L. quinlivanii strains (53 to 69% related with 4.5 to 6.5% divergence at 60 degrees C and 31 to 52% related at 75 degrees C). C1 PUBL HLTH SERV,EMERGING & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Benson, RF (reprint author), PUBL HLTH SERV,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 22 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 631 EP 634 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW652 UT WOS:A1996UW65200001 PM 8782669 ER PT J AU Teixeira, LM Merquior, VLC Vianni, MDE Carvalho, MDS Fracalanzza, SEL Steigerwalt, AG Brenner, DJ Facklam, RR AF Teixeira, LM Merquior, VLC Vianni, MDE Carvalho, MDS Fracalanzza, SEL Steigerwalt, AG Brenner, DJ Facklam, RR TI Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of atypical Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from water buffalos with subclinical mastitis and confirmation of L-garvieae as a senior subjective synonym of Enterococcus seriolicida SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; LACTIS AB During a survey of bacterial agents that cause subclinical mastitis in water buffalos, we isolated several strains of gram-positive cocci that appeared to be enterococci except that they grew very slowly at 45% and grew slowly in broth containing 6.5% NaCl, On the basis of the results of conventional physiologic tests, these strains were identified as Enterococcus durans. However, none of the strains reacted with the AccuProbe Enterococcus genetic probe. The whole-cell protein profiles of these organisms were compared with the profiles of Enterococcus and Lactococcus reference strains, Apart from minor quantitative differences, the mastitis isolates had indistinguishable protein profiles that were similar to the profiles of the Lactococcus garvieae and Enterococcus seriolicida type strains, The results of DNA relatedness studies performed by using the hydroxyapatite method at 55 and 70 degrees C indicated that all of the mastitis isolates were related to the type strain of L. garvieae at the species level, despite the fact that they exhibited several uncommon phenotypic characteristics (growth at 45 degrees C, growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl, and failure to produce acid from mannitol and sucrose), The high levels of DNA relatedness between strains of L, garvieae and E. seriolicida demonstrated that these taxa are members of a single species. Since L. garvieae is a senior synonym of E. seriolicida, L, garvieae should be retained as the species name and strain ATCC 43921 should remain the type strain of this species. C1 UNIV FED RIO DE JANEIRO,INST MICROBIOL,BR-21941 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. UNIV ESTADO RIO DE JANEIRO,FAC CIENCIAS MED,BR-20551 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. UNIV FED RURAL RIO DE JANEIRO,INST VET,BR-23851 SEROPEDICA,BRAZIL. RP Teixeira, LM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Merquior, Vania/D-6399-2013 NR 15 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 664 EP 668 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW652 UT WOS:A1996UW65200007 PM 8782673 ER PT J AU Kordick, DL Swaminathan, B Greene, CE Wilson, KH Whitney, AM OConnor, S Hollis, DG Matar, GM Steigerwalt, AG Malcolm, GB Hayes, PS Hadfield, TL Breitschwerdt, EB Brenner, DJ AF Kordick, DL Swaminathan, B Greene, CE Wilson, KH Whitney, AM OConnor, S Hollis, DG Matar, GM Steigerwalt, AG Malcolm, GB Hayes, PS Hadfield, TL Breitschwerdt, EB Brenner, DJ TI Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii subsp nov, isolated from dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp vinsonii; And emended description of Bartonella vinsonii SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; AD-HOC-COMMITTEE; HENSELAE SP-NOV; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; CLINICAL SPECTRUM; ROCHALIMAEA; PATIENT; DNA; ENDOCARDITIS; QUINTANA AB Two bacterial strains, one isolated from the blood of a dog with valvular endocarditis and one isolated from the blood of a healthy dog, were similar to Bartonella species, as determined by a number of phenotypic criteria, including growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, and cell wall fatty acid composition, The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies confirmed that these strains are closely related and belong in the genus Bartonella and that Bartonella vinsonii is their closest relative (the 16S rRNA of isolate 93-C01(T) [T = type strain] was 99.37% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain of B. vinsonii, the 16S rRNA of isolate G7464 was 99.61% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain, and the 16S rRNAs of the dog isolates were 99.77% identical to each other), The 16S rRNAs of both strains contained a 12-base insertion that was not present in the 16S rRNA of the type strain of any Bartonella species. DNA relatedness tests revealed that these strains were related at the species level to the type strain of B. vinsonii, They were, however, significantly more closely related to each other than to B. vinsonii. On the basis of their unique 16S rRNA sequence insertion, their preferentially high level of relatedness, and their similar origins (dogs), we believe that strains 93-C01(T) and G7464 should be placed in a separate subspecies of B. vinsonii, for which we propose the name B, vinsonii subsp, berkhoffii subsp, nov, The type strain of B. vinsonii subsp, berkhoffii is strain 93-C01 (= ATCC 51672). The description of B. vinsonii is emended to accommodate the new subspecies, and B. vinsonii subsp, vinsonii is described. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CHILDHOOD & VACCINE PREVENTABLE DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT COMPAN ANIM & SPECIAL SPECIES MED,RALEIGH,NC 27606. UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT MED MICROBIOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DIV INFECT DIS,DURHAM,NC 27710. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DURHAM,NC 27710. ARMED FORCES INST PATHOL,DEPT INFECT & PARASIT DIS PATHOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20306. NR 35 TC 95 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 704 EP 709 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW652 UT WOS:A1996UW65200014 PM 8782679 ER PT J AU Gaynes, RP Solomon, S AF Gaynes, RP Solomon, S TI Improving hospital-acquired infection rates: The CDC experience SO JOINT COMMISSION JOURNAL ON QUALITY IMPROVEMENT LA English DT Article ID INTENSIVE-CARE UNITS; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; STATES AB Background: The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System, begun in 1970 by the Centers for Disease Control to collect data on hospital-acquired infections, is one of the oldest continuously operating clinical performance indicator systems in the United States. Growth of the system, from 19 to 230 hospitals, has been accompanied by developments such as the evolution from hospitalwide to targeted surveillance, improved data processing and telecommunications for data collection and reporting, and risk adjustment. Elements of a successful system: The NNIS System provides specific, standardized methods for data collection and uses device-associated, device-day rates to risk adjust the data and make it meaningful for interhospital comparison. The system has been used as a tool for improving quality of care through prevention of nosocomial infections. For example, an 800-bed teaching hospital's rate of ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit-49.5 infections per 1,000 ventilator days-was in excess of the 90th percentile. Improvements in care, including changing tubing and cascades every 48 hours and Ambu(R) bags every 24 hours, as well as increased clinical evaluation of patients, was followed 12 months later by a decrease to 25.8 infections, well below the 90th percentile. Information dissemination: Since 1992, staff from NNIS hospitals have met in a biennial conference to learn about advances in nosocomial infection surveillance and to share information with one another on infection control and quality improvements programs. Conclusions: The NNIS experience can be used as a source of guidance for assessing the effectiveness and utility of other indicator systems. RP Gaynes, RP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NOSOCOMIAL INFECT SURVEILLANCE ACT,MAILSTOP E-55,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 22 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 1070-3241 J9 JOINT COMM J QUAL IM JI Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Improv. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 22 IS 7 BP 457 EP 467 PG 11 WC Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA VB860 UT WOS:A1996VB86000003 PM 8858417 ER PT J AU Jones, JL Burwen, DR Fleming, PL Ward, JW AF Jones, JL Burwen, DR Fleming, PL Ward, JW TI Tuberculosis among AIDS patients in the United States, 1993 SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; surveillance ID NEW-YORK-CITY; SURVEILLANCE; DEFINITION; COMPLETENESS; DISEASE AB To evaluate the demographic characteristics, risk factors, and reported mortality of adults and adolescents with AIDS and tuberculosis (TB), we analyzed surveillance reports of persons with AIDS from state, territorial, and local health departments. Of 72,306 persons with AIDS diagnosed in 1993, 3,589 (5%) were reported with TB; of these, 2,782 (78%) with pulmonary TB, 552 (15%) with extrapulmonary TB, and 255 (7%) with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB were reported. In multivariate analysis, black [odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9-3.7] and Hispanic (OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.2-2.9) persons had a higher risk of TB than white persons; injecting drug users (IDUs: OR 2.3, 95% CI 2.0-2.5) and persons exposed to HIV by hetero-sexual contact (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.7) had a higher risk than men who have sex with men, and persons who were foreign born (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.8-2.4) had a higher risk than those born in the United States. The highest proportions of AIDS patients with TB were in New York (11%), Illinois (7%), Florida (6%), Georgia (6%), and Texas (5%). The 1-year mortality rate among AIDS patients with pulmonary TB only (26%) and among those with extrapulmonary TB only (28%) was lower than among those with other AID-defining illnesses (38%) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The high rate of TB among persons with AIDS, particularly in specific areas of the country and HIV exposure groups, emphasizes the need for continued support of strong TB control measures among persons infected with HIV. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Jones, JL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SURVEILLANCE BRANCH,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 293 EP 297 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UU368 UT WOS:A1996UU36800010 PM 8673534 ER PT J AU Rihs, JD Padhye, AA Good, CB AF Rihs, JD Padhye, AA Good, CB TI Brain abscess caused by Schizophyllum commune: An emerging basidiomycete pathogen SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAXILLARY SINUS; INFECTION; PATIENT; AIDS AB Despite the worldwide distribution and prevalence of Schizophyllum commune, an emerging basidiomycetous pathogen, human infections occur only rarely. We describe the first well-documented pulmonary infection caused by S. commune which disseminated to the brain of a 58-year-old patient undergoing empiric corticosteroid therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed ring-enhancing masses. Histologic examination of biopsy tissue from lungs and brain showed hyaline, septate, branched hyphae with clamp connections. Cultures of the lung tissue grew S. commune, which produced numerous, characteristic flabelliform and medusoid fruiting bodies on Czapek's agar. The isolate was susceptible to amphotericin B (MIC, <0.03 mu g/ml) and fluconazole (MIC, 8 mu g/ml). Despite treatment with antifungal and antibacterial agents, the patient developed progressive pulmonary failure and bacterial sepsis and died. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Rihs, JD (reprint author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,UNIV DR C,PITTSBURGH,PA 15240, USA. NR 13 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1628 EP 1632 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UR416 UT WOS:A1996UR41600006 PM 8784558 ER PT J AU Nakao, H Pruckler, JM Mazurova, IK Narvskaia, OV Glushkevich, T Marijevski, VF Kravetz, AN Fields, BS Wachsmuth, IK Popovic, T AF Nakao, H Pruckler, JM Mazurova, IK Narvskaia, OV Glushkevich, T Marijevski, VF Kravetz, AN Fields, BS Wachsmuth, IK Popovic, T TI Heterogeneity of diphtheria toxin gene, tox, and its regulatory element, dtxR, in Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains causing epidemic diphtheria in Russia and Ukraine SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PCR-SSCP; DNA AB Diphtheria toxin (fox) and its regulatory element (dtxR) from 72 Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated in Russia and Ukraine before and during the current diphtheria epidemic were studied by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (PCR-SSCP). Twelve sets of primers were constructed (eight for tox and four for dtxR), and three regions within tox and all four regions of dtxR showed significant variations in the number and/or sizes of the amplicons. Two to four different SSCP patterns were identified in each of the variable regions; subsequently, tox and dtxR could be classified into 6 and 12 different types, respectively. The great majority of epidemic strains from both Russia and Ukraine had tox types 3 and 4, and only in a single preepidemic strain isolated in Russia were all eight tox regions identical to those of C. diphtheriae Park-Williams No. 8 (tox type 1). Epidemic strains from Ukraine can easily be identified by dtrR type 5, while the majority of the Russian epidemic strains have dtxR of types 2 and 8. No differences in the tox regions between mitis and gravis biotype strains were observed, However, dtxR types 2, 5, and 8 were identified only in the gravis biotype, and dtxR type 1 was characteristic for the mitis biotype strains. PCR-SSCP is a simple and rapid method for the identification of variable tox and dtxR regions that allows for the clear association of tox and dtxR types with strains of distinct temporal and/or geographic origins. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. GABRICHEVSKY INST EPIDEMIOL & MICROBIOL,DIPHTHERIA REFERENCE LAB,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. ST PETERSBURG PASTEUR INST,ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. NATL SANIT & EPIDEMIOL SURVEILLANCE,UKRAINIAN CTR,KIEV,UKRAINE. MINIST HLTH,KIEV,UKRAINE. KIEV RES INST EPIDEMIOL & INFECT DIS,PROTASIV YAR UZUIZ,UKRAINE. OI Narvskaya, Olga/0000-0002-0830-5808 NR 22 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1711 EP 1716 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UR416 UT WOS:A1996UR41600023 PM 8784575 ER PT J AU Butler, WR Haas, WH Crawford, JT AF Butler, WR Haas, WH Crawford, JT TI Automated DNA fingerprinting analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using fluorescent detection of PCR products SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX AB DNA fingerprints of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are produced by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the insertion element IS6110. We modified a PCR-based subtyping method, mixed-linker PCR with fluorescent-labeled IS6110-specific oligonucleotides, to demonstrate rapid, automated, and unattended electrophoretic analysis. Variation in band sizing (normally occurring with fragment mobility), an artifact of lane-to-lane and gel-to-gel differences, was controlled with an internal lane standard, resulting in accurate and precise DNA sizing. By using this method, fingerprint analysis can be performed using actual fragment length rather than estimated position analysis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV HEIDELBERG,UNIV CHILDRENS HOSP,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY. NR 8 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1801 EP 1803 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UR416 UT WOS:A1996UR41600042 PM 8784594 ER PT J AU Boyce, TG Wells, JG Griffin, PM AF Boyce, TG Wells, JG Griffin, PM TI Screening for Escherichia coli O157:H7 - A nationwide survey of clinical laboratories - Reply SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Boyce, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1868 EP 1869 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UR416 UT WOS:A1996UR41600066 ER PT J AU Esteban, E Rubin, C Hill, R Olson, D Pearce, K AF Esteban, E Rubin, C Hill, R Olson, D Pearce, K TI Association between indoor residential contamination with methyl parathion and urinary para-nitrophenol SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GEE; mathematical model; methyl parathion; organophosphate; p-nitrophenol; pesticide ID WORKERS AB Methyl parathion, a pesticide listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Toxicity Category I(i.e., most toxic), is not licensed for indoor use, and human exposure has resulted in the deaths of infants and children. From January 1991 through November 1994, an unlicensed pesticide applicator sprayed the interior of more than 200 homes in Lorain County Ohio, with methylparathion. To measure the environmental contamination this spraying caused, we measured methyl parathion in residential samples (air filtration and surface wipe) collected from a subset of 64 homes. To measure human exposure, we collected urine samples from 142 people living in these homes and measured urinary levels of para-nitrophenol, a methylparathion metabolite. We then used a generalized estimating equation to evaluate the association between residential contamination and human exposure. The model included the age of the resident, the number of days between pesticide application and sample collection, and air and surface-wipe methyl parathion concentrations. As expected, the air and surface-wipe concentrations each had a significant inverse relationship with the number of days between application and sample collection. The model explained 65.7% of the variation in urinary para-nitrophenol concentrations. The form of this model could be used to estimate urine p-nitrophenol in residents exposed to methyl parathion in situations where urine specimens are not available. We recommend site-specific validation of this model. RP Esteban, E (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY F46,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 375 EP 387 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VK194 UT WOS:A1996VK19400008 PM 8889955 ER PT J AU Hamid, SS Jafri, SMW Khan, H Shah, H Abbas, Z Fields, H AF Hamid, SS Jafri, SMW Khan, H Shah, H Abbas, Z Fields, H TI Fulminant hepatic failure in pregnant women: Acute fatty liver or acute viral hepatitis? SO JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acute fatty liver; fulminant hepatic failure; hepatitis E; pregnancy ID NON-B HEPATITIS; E VIRUS; NON-A; SEVERITY; EPIDEMIC AB Background: Hepatitis E virus, which is endemic in our region, can cause severe liver dysfunction in pregnant women and this can be clinically confused with acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Methods: We studied the clinical and laboratory data as well as the maternal and fetal outcomes of 12 pregnant women presenting with fulminant hepatic failure in order to determine the etiology of the disease. The clinical diagnoses were subsequently correlated with serologic assays for acute HEV infection, All patients were severely ill with deep jaundice, grade 3-4 encephalopathy and abnormal prothrombin times. Results: A clinical diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis was made in nine patients and of acute fatty liver in the other three cases, IgM and IgG antibodies confirmed acute viral hepatitis E in six of the nine patients while one had acute hepatitis A infection, HEV IgM and IgG antibodies were, however, also positive in two of the three patients thought to have acute fatty liver, Maternal and fetal mortality were 16.6% and 50%, respectively. Conclusions: We conclude that hepatitis E is the usual cause of acute liver failure in our pregnant women and that clinical and laboratory features do not permit accurate distinction between acute HEV infection and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. The prognosis in patients with acute HEV infection is much better than in other groups with severe liver failure (mortality 16% vs 68%). C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Hamid, SS (reprint author), AGA KHAN UNIV HOSP,DEPT MED,STADIUM RD,POB 3500,KARACHI,PAKISTAN. NR 23 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0168-8278 J9 J HEPATOL JI J. Hepatol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 20 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0168-8278(96)80323-0 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA UX576 UT WOS:A1996UX57600004 PM 8836897 ER PT J AU Janitschke, K Martinez, AJ Visvesvara, GS Schuster, F AF Janitschke, K Martinez, AJ Visvesvara, GS Schuster, F TI Animal model Balamuthia mandrillaris CNS infection: Contrast and comparison in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice: A murine model of ''granulomatous'' amebic encephalitis SO JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article DE AIDS; free-living amebas; immunodeficient; SCID/BALB-C mice ID COMBINED IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; HUMANS; AGENT; MOUSE AB Balamuthia mandrillaris and several species of Acanthanoeba are pathogenic ''opportunistic'' free-living amebas which cause granulomatous encephalitis (GAE) in humans and animals. The granulomatous component is negligible or absent, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. GAE is an ''opportunistic'' infection, usually seen in debilitated, malnourished individuals, in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants, and in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). From around the world 156 cases of GAE have been reported from 1956 through October 1, 1995, 59 (26 in the USA) of them caused by B. mandrillaris, at least seven of them in AIDS patients. The present study was designed to compare and contrast the susceptibility of infection, the rate of infectivity and the histopathological changes within the CNS between the mutant, severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID) infected with B. mandrillaris and the normal immunocompetent BALB-C mice. The SCID mouse is severely deficient in B and T lymphocytes, therefore lacking immunoglobulin and cell-mediated immunity. This mouse is also prone to develop early T cell lymphomas. One thousand amebic trophozoites and cysts of B. mandrillaris were intranasally and intraperitoneally inoculated in both strains of mice. Seventy percent of the intranasally inoculated SCID mice died due to CNS infection. Amebic trophozoites and cysts were found within CNS parenchyma without inflammatory response. Death occurred from 2 to 4 weeks after inoculation. By contrast only 10 percent of the intranasally inoculated BALB-C mice died with CNS infection showing the characteristic features of GAE. None of the intraperitoneally inoculated mice developed amebic infection. The SCID and BALB-C mice are logical models to study the structural alterations within the CNS of B. mandrillaris infection. This animal model recapitulates with excellent degree of fidelity several aspects of the pathogenesis and histopathological features of free-living amebic infection in human beings. C1 ROBERT KOCH INST,DEPT CLIN PARASITOL,BERLIN,GERMANY. UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT PATHOL,DIV NEUROPATHOL,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213. NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. CUNY BROOKLYN COLL,DEPT BIOL,BROOKLYN,NY. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN NEUROPATHOLOGISTS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3069 J9 J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR JI J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 55 IS 7 BP 815 EP 821 DI 10.1097/00005072-199607000-00006 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pathology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA UV317 UT WOS:A1996UV31700006 PM 8965096 ER PT J AU Dellinger, AM Kachur, SP Sternberg, E Russell, J AF Dellinger, AM Kachur, SP Sternberg, E Russell, J TI Risk of heat-related injury to disaster relief workers in a slow-onset flood disaster SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID STROKE AB Heat-related injury or illness (HRI) occurs when the body can no longer maintain a healthy core temperature. During the 1993 Midwest floods, several risk factors for HRI were present for workers involved in sandbagging activities. Medical claims filed by Illinois National Guard troops were used to identify injuries. HRI was the most frequently reported injury diagnosis, at 19.3% (23 of 119 injuries). HRI represented 16.0% of injuries to men and 41.7% of injuries to women. HRI can be influenced by high ambient temperatures, high humidity, and prolonged exertion, all of which were present in Illinois. Our results indicate that HRI is a potential problem in disaster relief situations. Further investigation using more detailed data is needed to confirm these findings. Implementation of a few simple preventive measures may decrease the impact of this problem. C1 ILLINOIS DEPT PUBL HLTH,SPRINGFIELD,IL 62761. RP Dellinger, AM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY MS-K63,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 38 IS 7 BP 689 EP 692 DI 10.1097/00043764-199607000-00011 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UX852 UT WOS:A1996UX85200007 PM 8823659 ER PT J AU Amandus, HE Zahm, D Friedmann, R Ruback, RB Block, C Weiss, J Rogan, D Holmes, W Bynum, T Hoffman, D McManus, R Malcan, J Wellford, C Kessler, D AF Amandus, HE Zahm, D Friedmann, R Ruback, RB Block, C Weiss, J Rogan, D Holmes, W Bynum, T Hoffman, D McManus, R Malcan, J Wellford, C Kessler, D TI Employee injuries and convenience store robberies in selected metropolitan areas SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB The number of robberies and robbery-related injuries to employees in convenience stores(C-stores) during 1992 or 1993 were estimated for selected metropolitan areas around Miami and Tampa, Florida; Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; Baltimore, Maryland; Boston, Massachusetts; Detroit, Michigan; Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Charleston, Columbia, Greenville, and Spartanburg, South Carolina; and Arlington, Chesterfield, and Henrico countries, Virginia. Of the 1835 C-store robberies that occurred during 1992 or 1993 in all selected areas (excluding Atlanta and Chicago), there were 12 homicides of C-store employees; 219 nonfatal injureies of C-store employees; 1071 robberies in which there were no injuries but a weapon was used, displayed, or implied toward a C-store employee; and 132 robberies in which there was no injury and no weapon used, but an employee was struck, pushed, or shoved. Corresponding figures for the 238 robberies that occurred in Chicago during January to June 1993, and for which victim employment status was unknown (customer or employee) were three homicides, 53 nonfatal injuries, 120 attacks in which a weapon was used but there was no injury, and 57 attacks in which a person was struck, pushed, or shoved but there was no injury. The proportion of robberies that resulted in a homicide and injuries to an employee was .14 or higher for target areas in Baltimore (.24), Detroit (.25), and Virginia (.14); the proportion to an employee or customer was .24 in Chicago. The conclusions from these data are that the risk of employee injury in C-store robberies was high in selected metropolitan areas. This underscores the need for effective robbery prevention programs to reduce injury. In addition, further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of present prevention programs in the C-store industry and the application of these programs to other retail industries. C1 FLORIDA DEPT LAW ENFORCEMENT,TALLAHASSEE,FL. GEORGIA STATE UNIV,DEPT CRIMINAL JUSTICE,STAT ANAL BUR,ATLANTA,GA 30303. ILLINOIS CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMAT AUTHOR,CHICAGO,IL. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CRIMINAL JUSTICE,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. MASSACHUSETTS COMM CRIMINAL JUSTICE,BOSTON,MA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,SCH CRIMINAL JUSTICE,E LANSING,MI 48824. PENN COMMISS CRIME & DELINQUENCY,HARRISBURG,PA. S CAROLINA DEPT PUBL SAFETY,COLUMBIA,SC. VIRGINIA DEPT CRIMINAL JUSTICE SERV,RICHMOND,VA. JUSTICE RES & STAT ASSOC,WASHINGTON,DC. JUSTICE RES & STAT ASSOC,SILVER SPRING,MD. RP Amandus, HE (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ANAL & FIELD EVALUAT BRANCH,DIV SAFETY RES,1095 WILLOWDALE RD,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 38 IS 7 BP 714 EP 720 DI 10.1097/00043764-199607000-00015 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UX852 UT WOS:A1996UX85200011 PM 8823663 ER PT J AU MacGowan, RJ Swanson, NM Brackbill, RM Rugg, DL Barker, T Molde, S AF MacGowan, RJ Swanson, NM Brackbill, RM Rugg, DL Barker, T Molde, S TI Retention in methadone maintenance treatment programs, Connecticut and Massachusetts, 1990-1993 SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS LA English DT Article DE Connecticut HIV prevention; Massachusetts; methadone maintenance; retention AB The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with six- and 12-month retention in methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Data was obtained from 674 participants, clinic records, and clinic staff. Ethnographic and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Overall, 69% and 48% of the clients remained in treatment at six months and 12 months, respectively. The MMTPs were categorized as either a 12-Step, case management, or primary care model. Factors independently associated with retention in treatment at six months were each one-year increase in age of client (OR 1.05), injecting at three months (OR 0.47), and enrollment in the primary care model (OR 2.10). The same factors were associated with 12-month retention in treatment. To retain clients in MMTPs-which should, in turn, help reduce drug use and prevent HIV transmission among IDUs-younger IDUs and clients still injecting at three months after entering drug treatment may need additional services from the staff, or alternative treatment regimens. MMTP directors should consider differences between these programs and, if appropriate, make changes to increase retention in treatment. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,CTR HLTH,FARMINGTON,CT. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02116. APT FDN,NEW HAVEN,CT. RP MacGowan, RJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCHSTP,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E-44,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU HAIGHT-ASHBURY PUBL PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 409 CLAYTON ST, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94117 SN 0279-1072 J9 J PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS JI J. Psychoact. Drugs PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 259 EP 265 PG 7 WC Psychology, Clinical; Substance Abuse SC Psychology; Substance Abuse GA VK836 UT WOS:A1996VK83600005 PM 8895111 ER PT J AU Piltingsrud, HV AF Piltingsrud, HV TI Miniature peristaltic vacuum pump for use in portable instruments SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS LA English DT Article AB This article describes the development, construction, and performance characteristics of a small, low-mass, low-power-consumption vacuum pump for use at pressures down to 5 x 10(-2) Ton The pump is based on a peristaltic tubing pump modified to overcome rapid tubing deterioration problems normally encountered when peristaltic pumps are used for vacuum pumping. Typical uses of the pump are for portable scientific and engineering instruments requiring pressure and flow characteristics compatible with the pump. These include the backing of high-vacuum pumps, rough-pumping vacuum systems used with certain ion and cryosorption vacuum pumps, and interstage pumping of membrane separators. RP Piltingsrud, HV (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NIOSH,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,PUBL HLTH SERV,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,CINCINNATI,OH 45213, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A-Vac. Surf. Films PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 14 IS 4 BP 2610 EP 2617 DI 10.1116/1.579988 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA VA964 UT WOS:A1996VA96400095 ER PT J AU Sandstrom, PA Pardi, D Goldsmith, CS Duan, CY Diamond, AM Folks, TM AF Sandstrom, PA Pardi, D Goldsmith, CS Duan, CY Diamond, AM Folks, TM TI bcl-2 expression facilitates human immunodeficiency virus type 1-mediated cytopathic effects during acute spreading infections SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-DEATH; PROTEIN; RETROVIRUS; APOPTOSIS; LFA-1; LINES AB The cytopathic effects (CPE) resulting from the infection of CD4(+) T cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have generally been characterized as single-cell killing associated with apoptosis and/or the generation of syncytia resulting from the direct cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, Little is known, however, about the cellular factors influencing host cell susceptibility to HIV-mediated CPE, Because expression of the antiapoptosis gene, bcl-2, enhances cell viability after exposure to cytotoxic agents or stimuli, the effect of bcl-2 expression on HIV infection of stably transfected T-cell clones was investigated, Unexpectedly, bcl-2 expression by these cells accelerated the kinetics of an acute spreading HIV infection, as evidenced by a rapid loss of culture viability associated with the appearance of CPE and reverse transcriptase activity in the culture supernatant. This unexpected effect of bcl-2 expression results from the arrest of syncytial apoptosis, directly facilitating the cell-to-cell transmission of HN. In addition, bcl-2 expression is associated with enhanced HIV replication as determined by HIV type 1-specific Western blot (immunoblot) analysis, These results suggest that the inhibition of apoptosis is essential for this mode of viral transmission. C1 UNIV CHICAGO,MED CTR,DEPT RADIAT & CELLULAR ONCOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637. RP Sandstrom, PA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 32 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 70 IS 7 BP 4617 EP 4622 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA UR130 UT WOS:A1996UR13000051 PM 8676488 ER PT J AU Katz, JB Barbet, AF Mahan, SM Kumbula, D Lockhart, JM Keel, MK Dawson, JE Olson, JG Ewing, SA AF Katz, JB Barbet, AF Mahan, SM Kumbula, D Lockhart, JM Keel, MK Dawson, JE Olson, JG Ewing, SA TI A recombinant antigen from the heartwater agent (Cowdria ruminatium) reactive with antibodies in some southeastern United States white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), but not cattle, sera SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE heartwater; serology; Ehrlichiae; white-tailed deer; cattle; Odocoileus virginianus; Cowdria spp ID IMMUNODOMINANT 32-KILODALTON PROTEIN; MOLECULAR-CLONING; RUMINANTIUM; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; EHRLICHIA; SEQUENCE; VECTORS; ASSAY AB Recombinant baculovirus techniques were used to express the 260 amino acid carboxyterminal portion of the 32 kilodalton (kDa) major antigenic protein (MAP 1) of Cowdria ruminantium, the heartwater agent, as a fusion protein. The recombinant MAP 1 was fused to an aminoterminal independently antigenic octapeptide sequence (FLAG(R) peptide). Recombinant MAP 1 was used as an immunoblotting antigen to evaluate numerous reference antisera against organisms of the tribe Ehrlichieae. Monoclonal and polyclonal C. ruminantium antibodies, monoclonal anti-FLAG(R) ascites, and antisera to Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia chaffeensis reacted with this antigen. Twelve of 79 sera collected 1980 to 1992 from southeastern U.S. white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were also unexpectedly immunoblot-positive to MAP 1. These 12 deer sera had, as a group, significantly (P < 0.01) greater anti-E. chaffeensis titers (previously determined) than the sera from MAP 1 immunoblot-negative deer living in the same areas. None of the 262 sera from cattle living in the same areas were immunoblot-positive to MAP 1. All of an additional 50 cervine sera from Michigan (USA), 72 bovine sera from northern U.S. cattle, and 72 sera from Puerto Rican cattle were also immunoblot-negative to MAP 1. Sera from African sheep which were falsely seropositive to authentic MAP 1 were also immunoblot-positive to the recombinant MAP 1. Unidentified Ehrlichia spp, capable of serologic crossreactivity with the heartwater agent appear to be present in some southeastern U.S. white-tailed deer but not cattle. These or related Ehrlichia spp. may also be found elsewhere in the world in non-cervine species. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT INFECT DIS, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. HEARTWATER RES PROJECT, VET RES LAB, HARARE, ZIMBABWE. UNIV GEORGIA, COLL VET MED, SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY, ATHENS, GA 30062 USA. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, COLL VET MED, STILLWATER, OK 74078 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, US PHS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Katz, JB (reprint author), US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV, USDA, VET SERV, NATL VET SERV LABS, DIAGNOST VIROL LAB, AMES, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 424 EP 430 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UX347 UT WOS:A1996UX34700002 PM 8827667 ER PT J AU McLean, RG Kirk, LJ Shriner, RB Cook, PD Myers, EE Gill, JS Campos, EG AF McLean, RG Kirk, LJ Shriner, RB Cook, PD Myers, EE Gill, JS Campos, EG TI The role of deer as a possible reservoir host of Potosi virus, a newly recognized arbovirus in the United States SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE arbovirus; Potosi virus; Cache Valley virus; white-tailed deer; Odocoileus virginianus; ectoparasites; small mammals; Missouri ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; BUNYAMWERA SEROGROUP VIRUSES; AEDES-ALBOPICTUS DIPTERA; JAMESTOWN-CANYON VIRUS; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; CALIFORNIA; ENCEPHALITIS; POPULATIONS; ANTIBODIES; BUNYAVIRUS AB Potosi (POT) virus (Bunyaviridae) was isolated from Aedes albopictus, an introduced Asian mosquito species, collected at a used tire yard in Potosi, Missouri (USA), in August and September, 1989. In September, 1990, small animals were trapped at the tire yard and six cattle were sampled at an adjacent farm; in November 1990 and 1991, blood samples were collected with filter paper strips from 364 hunter-killed, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the region to determine the possible reservoir hosts of the virus. Deer specimens from Arkansas (n = 70), Colorado (n = 29), and Iowa (n = 763) (USA) were also analyzed. Specimens from 33 small vertebrates captured at the tire yard were negative for viruses. Only one eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) and none of six cattle had neutralizing (N) antibody against POT virus by the plaque-reduction serum neutralization test in Vero cell culture but 45 (25%) of 178 deer specimens in 1990 and 55 (30%) of 186 in 1991 were antibody positive. The 186 deer sera from 1991 were tested further and 29 (16%) were also N antibody positive to Cache Valley (CV) virus. From the 763 deer specimens tested from Iowa in 1993, 114 (15%) had N antibody to POT virus. Of 70 serum specimens from Arkansas deer in 1990, 33 (47%) had N antibody to POT and 15 (21%) to CV viruses; two (7%) of 29 CV negative serum specimens from Colorado deer in 1981 were serologically positive to POT virus. Three eastern chipmunks were experimentally inoculated with POT virus to determine their reservoir potential; none became viremic but all developed N antibody. Thus we propose that POT virus may be another virus regularly infecting wild deer populations but its impact on the health of these animals is unknown. C1 MISSOURI DEPT CONSERVAT,E CENT REG,SULLIVAN,MO 63080. MISSOURI DEPT CONSERVAT,SE REG,JACKSON,MO 63755. UNIV OSTEOPATH MED & HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL,DES MOINES,IA 50312. RP McLean, RG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 444 EP 452 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UX347 UT WOS:A1996UX34700005 PM 8827670 ER PT J AU Talkington, DF Brown, BG Tharpe, JA Koenig, A Russell, H AF Talkington, DF Brown, BG Tharpe, JA Koenig, A Russell, H TI Protection of mice against fatal pneumococcal challenge by immunization with pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus pneumoniae; surface protein; vaccine ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; PROTEIN; PSPA; INFECTION; ANTIBODY AB Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a 37-kDa surface protein present on Streptococcus pneumoniae having significant homology with fimbrial adhesion proteins. Immunization of CBA/CaHNJXid mice with PsaA using either complete Freund's or TiterMax(TM) adjuvants significantly protected mice against heterologous intravenous challenge with type 3 pneumococcal strain WU2 at doses up to 45 times the LD(50). The results indicate that PsaA warrants further evaluation as a vaccine candidate for human pneumococcal disease. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Talkington, DF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,CRDB,MAILSTOP C02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 11 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0882-4010 J9 MICROB PATHOGENESIS JI Microb. Pathog. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.1006/mpat.1996.0038 PG 6 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA UW559 UT WOS:A1996UW55900002 PM 8827703 ER PT J AU Amler, RW Gibertini, M Lybarger, JA Hall, A Kakolewski, K Phifer, BL Olsen, KL AF Amler, RW Gibertini, M Lybarger, JA Hall, A Kakolewski, K Phifer, BL Olsen, KL TI Selective approaches to basic neurobehavioral testing of children in environmental health studies SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computerized Behavioral Testing of Humans in Neurotoxicology Research CY JUN 21-23, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Oregon Hlth Sci Univ DE neurobehavioral; test battery; children; neurotoxicity; health effect; hazardous substance; waste; PENTB ID HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SITES; LEAD-EXPOSURE; CINCINNATI LEAD; COHORT; AGE; PERFORMANCE; TOXICITY AB To identify neurotoxic effects in children living near hazardous waste sites, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has designed a basic Pediatric Environmental Neurobehavioral Test Battery (PENTB) for children 1 through 16 years of age. It emphasizes tests appropriate to the stages of a child's development. These stages were fundamental factors in selecting tests for the PENTB, which includes both informant- and performance-based assessment procedures. Assessment of children under 4 years of age is restricted to four informant-based instruments, to evaluate as many functions as possible while minimizing testing time and the professional expertise needed in the test setting. The assessment of children 4 through 16 years of age includes 10 performance-based tests to evaluate key functions within the cognitive, motor, and sensory domains analogous to functions affected by neurotoxic chemicals in adults. In all age groups; it is crucial to also assess family, cultural, economic, and other potentially confounding variables. C1 US DEPT HHS,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MIDWEST RES INST,KANSAS CITY,MO 64110. FU PHS HHS [205-92-0527] NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 4 BP 429 EP 434 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(96)00039-6 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA VE057 UT WOS:A1996VE05700013 PM 8866534 ER PT J AU Will, JC Byers, T AF Will, JC Byers, T TI Does diabetes mellitus increase the requirement for vitamin C? SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID ASCORBIC-ACID METABOLISM; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID; ERYTHROCYTE SORBITOL; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLASMA-LEVELS; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; POLYOL PATHWAY; STREPTOZOTOCIN; TRANSPORT AB This paper reviews the scientific evidence regarding the vitamin C status of people with diabetes mellitus and whether they might have increased dietary vitamin C requirements. English language articles published from 1935 to the present that either compare ascorbic acid concentrations of persons with and without diabetes mellitus or assess the impact of vitamin C supplementation on various health outcomes among persons with diabetes mellitus were examined. Most studies have found people with diabetes mellitus to have at least 30% lower circulating ascorbic acid concentrations than people without diabetes mellitus. Vitamin C supplementation had little impact on blood glucose concentrations, but was found to lower cellular sorbitol concentrations and to reduce capillary fragility Much of the past research in this area has been methodologically weak. To further understand the relation of ascorbic acid and diabetes mellitus, randomized clinical trials of ascorbic acid supplementation should be a high priority for research. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT & PHYS ACT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PREVENT MED & BIOMETR,DENVER,CO 80262. NR 77 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 54 IS 7 BP 193 EP 202 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VM152 UT WOS:A1996VM15200001 PM 8918139 ER PT J AU Ruder, AM AF Ruder, AM TI Epidemiology of occupational carcinogens and mutagens SO OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE-STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; VINYL-CHLORIDE MONOMER; EXPOSED WORKERS; FOUNDRY WORKERS; DNA ADDUCTS; CHROMOSOMAL-ABERRATIONS; URINARY MUTAGENICITY; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY C1 NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDI,INDUSTRYWIDE STUDIES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RI Ruder, Avima/I-4155-2012 OI Ruder, Avima/0000-0003-0419-6664 NR 106 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 SN 0885-114X J9 OCCUP MED JI Occup. Med.-State Art Rev. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 11 IS 3 BP 487 EP 512 PG 26 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VJ581 UT WOS:A1996VJ58100009 PM 8887381 ER PT J AU Kistin, N Handler, A Davis, F Ferre, C AF Kistin, N Handler, A Davis, F Ferre, C TI Cocaine and cigarettes: A comparison of risks SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PREGNANCY; ABUSE; COMPLICATIONS; PREVALENCE AB In order to provide additional data and perspective to current clinical, policy, and legal debates surrounding the prenatal use of cocaine in the USA, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine effects of cocaine on selected perinatal outcomes, and to compare the relative risks of adverse perinatal outcomes among users of cocaine and users of cigarettes. Using data from a large urban perinatal registry, relative risks of selected perinatal outcomes were determined for maternal cocaine users who were non-smokers of cigarettes, and used no marijuana, heroin, amphetamines, or alcohol (n = 64), and for cigarette smokers who do not use illicit drugs or alcohol during pregnancy (n = 3209). When compared with women with no recorded prenatal exposure to drugs or cigarettes (n = 13 043), cocaine users had higher risks than smokers for the following adverse outcomes: low birthweight [Relative Risk (RR) 5.3, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 3.0-9.3], small-for-gestational age (SGA) [RR 4.2, 95% CI 2.4-7.3], prematurity [RR 4.0, 95% CI 2.3-7.0], abruptio placentae [RR = 10.0, 95% CI 3.5-29.0], placenta praevia [RR = 2.4, 95% CI 0.3-17.8] and perinatal death [RR = 5.3, 95% CI 1.9-15.2]. Smokers who did not use any drugs experienced most of the same adverse perinatal outcomes as cocaine users, but the magnitude of risk was greater in cocaine users than in smokers for all outcomes. However, given the greater numbers of cigarette smokers than cocaine users in the population the numbers of infants in the population suffering these adverse outcomes is likely to be greater among offspring of cigarette smokers.:The data support current concern about the risk of cocaine, and current efforts to provide treatment to pregnant cocaine users. The data also underline the continued substantial risks of cigarette smoking to large numbers of pregnant women. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,SCH PUBL HLTH,CHICAGO,IL. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 269 EP 278 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1996.tb00050.x PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA UV772 UT WOS:A1996UV77200004 PM 8822770 ER PT J AU Jackson, LA Stewart, LK Solomon, SL Boase, J Alesander, ER Heath, JL McQuillan, GK Coleman, PJ Stewart, JA Shapiro, CN AF Jackson, LA Stewart, LK Solomon, SL Boase, J Alesander, ER Heath, JL McQuillan, GK Coleman, PJ Stewart, JA Shapiro, CN TI Risk of infection with hepatitis A, B or C, cytomegalovirus, varicella or measles among child care providers SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE hepatitis A; cytomegalovirus; child care; vaccines ID VIRUS TRANSMISSION; SEROSURVEY; RECRUITS; CENTERS; WORKERS AB Background. Employment as a child care provider has been suggested as an indication for hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunization; however, whether this occupational group is at increased risk of HAV infection is not well-defined. Methods. We obtained sera samples for testing for antibodies to hepatitis A, B and C, cytomegalovirus, varicella and measles from a sample of child care providers in King County, WA, and administered a questionnaire to assess employment characteristics and other potential risk factors for infection, We also compared the anti-HAV seroprevalence among providers with that of subjects in the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey, representative of the US general population. Results. Thirteen percent (48 of 360) of providers were anti-HAV-positive (46% (22 of 47) of foreign born vs, 8% (26 of 313) of US-born (P < 0.001)), In multivariate analysis anti-HAV seropositivity was associated with foreign birth, age, income and Hispanic ethnicity but was not associated with characteristics of employment, Seroprevalence among US-born providers tended to be lower than that among Third National Health and Nutrition Survey subjects of similar age, sex, race and income, Sixty-two percent of providers were seropositive to cytomegalovirus, which was associated with nonwhite race, changing diapers greater than or equal to 3 days/week while at work and having a child in the household, Antibody prevalence was 1.4% to hepatitis B core antigen, 0.6% to hepatitis C, 94% to measles and 98% to varicella. Conclusions. The anti-HAV prevalence among US-born providers was low, and seropositivity was not associated with employment characteristics, indicating that occupational exposure to HAV is uncommon under non-outbreak circumstances. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,BETHESDA,MD. SEATTLE KING CTY DEPT PUBL HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 584 EP 589 DI 10.1097/00006454-199607000-00005 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UW728 UT WOS:A1996UW72800004 PM 8823851 ER PT J AU Greenberg, DP Vadheim, CM Wong, VK Marcy, SM Partridge, S Greene, T Chiu, CY Margolis, HS Ward, JI AF Greenberg, DP Vadheim, CM Wong, VK Marcy, SM Partridge, S Greene, T Chiu, CY Margolis, HS Ward, JI TI Comparative safety and immunogenicity of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines given to infants at two, four and six months of age SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B vaccine; immunization; antibody response; vaccine safety; infants ID YEAST-DERIVED RECOMBINANT; LONG-TERM IMMUNOGENICITY; UNITED-STATES; CONJUGATE VACCINE; VIRUS-INFECTION; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; YOUNG INFANTS; EFFICACY; CHILDREN; BORN AB Objectives. To evaluate the relative safety and immunogenicity of the two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines licensed in the United States with doses recommended for routine immunization of low risk infants and a schedule that corresponds with routine pediatric visits. Methods. Healthy infants were immunized at 2, 4 and 6 months of age with hepatitis B vaccine manufactured by either SmithKline Beecham (Engerix-B(R), 10 mu g/dose, n = 228) or Merck and Co, (Recombivax HB(R), 2.5 mu g/dose, n = 200). Adverse reactions were ascertained by parental reports and interviews and by review of medical records. Antibody concentrations to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were measured in sequential serum specimens by enzyme immunoassay. Results. Adverse reactions were mild and the rates were not significantly different between the two groups. After the first and second doses the rates of seropositivity (greater than or equal to 1 mIU/ml) and seroprotection (greater than or equal to 10 mIU/ml) were significantly higher in infants given SmithKline Beecham vaccine (P < 0.01). After the second and third doses infants given SmithKline Beecham vaccine also had significantly higher geometric mean anti-HBs concentrations compared with those given Merck vaccine (348.0 mIU/ml vs. 66.9 and 1914.8 mIU/ml vs, 514.8 mIU/ml, respectively, P < 0.001). Nevertheless after the third dose 99% of infants in both vaccine groups achieved seroprotective antibody concentrations. Conclusions. Both recombinant hepatitis B vaccines were safe and immunogenic when administered concurrently with other pediatric vaccines at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, but earlier protective responses were observed with the SmithKline Beecham vaccine than with the Merck vaccine. C1 KAISER PERMANENTE,DOWNEY,CA. PANORAMA CITY MED OFF,PANORAMA CITY,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. IMPERIAL MED OFF,DOWNEY,CA. RP Greenberg, DP (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES CTY HARBOR MED CTR,CTR VACCINE RES,1124 W CARSON ST,BLDG E-6,TORRANCE,CA 90502, USA. NR 43 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 590 EP 596 DI 10.1097/00006454-199607000-00006 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UW728 UT WOS:A1996UW72800005 PM 8823852 ER PT J AU Alexander, JP Alemu, W Kilpatrick, D Kebede, S Yang, CF Beyene, H Kew, O AF Alexander, JP Alemu, W Kilpatrick, D Kebede, S Yang, CF Beyene, H Kew, O TI Poliomyelitis in ethiopia: Virologic links to poliomyelitis cases in the Indian subcontinent SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Ethiopia; paralytic poliomyelitis; surveillance; partial genomic sequencing; polymerase chain reaction ID PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS C1 UNICEF,ADDIS ABABA,ETHIOPIA. UNIV ADDIS ABABA,DEPT PAEDIAT,ADDIS ABABA,ETHIOPIA. RP Alexander, JP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MAILSTOP G-17,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 629 EP 631 DI 10.1097/00006454-199607000-00015 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UW728 UT WOS:A1996UW72800014 PM 8823861 ER PT J AU Driver, CR Valway, SE Cantwell, MF Onorato, IM AF Driver, CR Valway, SE Cantwell, MF Onorato, IM TI Tuberculin skin test screening in schoolchildren in the United States SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE schools; surveillance; tuberculosis; tuberculin screening ID CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS AB Objective. To determine the current practices and results of tuberculin skin test (TST) screening of schoolchildren in the United States. Methods. Tuberculosis program staff in all states and the District of Columbia were asked about current requirements, practices, and results of school-based TST screening. Results. Thirty-four states and the District of Columbia (69%) reported no current statewide statutes or policies for tuberculin screening of schoolchildren, and 10 (19%) reported having statewide requirements. In 6 states (12%), requirements were instituted at the local level, and 24 localities in these states were known to require screening. Of the 34 areas requiring screening, 18 (53%) screened all new entrants, 7 (21%) screened children in specific grades, and 9 (26%) used other criteria for screening. TST results were collected for 26 (76%) of 34 areas, and 6 areas collected results of follow-up evaluation of tuberculin-positive children. Additionally, 8 localities in 7 states with no screening requirements conducted tuberculin surveys. Sixteen areas provided results. In 7 of the 8 areas that collected information about birthplace, less than 2% of US-born children were tuberculin positive; foreign-born children had rates 6 to 24 times higher than US-born children. TST screening identified few cases of tuberculosis, less than 0.02% of the children screened. Conclusion. School-based tuberculin screening identified low rates of positive TST results in US-born children. Resources should be directed toward screening children at high risk for tuberculous infection, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UU137 UT WOS:A1996UU13700018 PM 8668419 ER PT J AU Oh, W Blackmon, LR Escobedo, M Fanaroff, AA Kirkpatrick, BV Light, IJ MacDonald, HM Papile, LA Shoemaker, CT Conner, GK Martin, JN McMillan, DB Rowley, D Wright, LL Langer, JC Mennuti, MT Gilstrap, LC Hall, GP Heyl, PS Hoskins, IA Maeder, EC Phelan, ST Hawkins, JL AF Oh, W Blackmon, LR Escobedo, M Fanaroff, AA Kirkpatrick, BV Light, IJ MacDonald, HM Papile, LA Shoemaker, CT Conner, GK Martin, JN McMillan, DB Rowley, D Wright, LL Langer, JC Mennuti, MT Gilstrap, LC Hall, GP Heyl, PS Hoskins, IA Maeder, EC Phelan, ST Hawkins, JL TI Use and abuse of the Apgar Score SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CEREBRAL-PALSY; ASPHYXIA AB This is a revised statement published jointly with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists that emphasizes the appropriate use of the Apgar Score. The highlights of the statement include: (1) the Apgar Score is useful in assessing the condition of the infant at birth; (2) the Apgar score alone should not be used as evidence that neurologic damage was caused by hypoxia that results in neurologic injury or from inappropriate intrapartum treatment; and (3) an infant who has had ''asphyxia'' proximate to delivery that is severe enough to result in acute neurologic injury should demonstrate all of the following: (a) profound metabolic or mixed acidemia (pH <7.00) on an umbilical arterial blood sample, if obtained, (b) an Apgar score of 0 to 3 for longer than 5 minutes, (c) neurologic manifestation, eg, seizure, coma, or hypotonia, and (d) evidence of multiorgan dysfunction. C1 AMER COLL OBSTETRICIANS & GYNECOLOGISTS,COMM OBSTET PRACTICE,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. AMER NURSES ASSOC,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. ASSOC WOMENS HLTH OBSTET & NEONATAL NURSES,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. CANADIAN PAEDIAT SOC,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NICHHD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,SECT SURG,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009. AMER SOC ANESTHESIOLOGISTS,PARK RIDGE,IL 60068. RP Oh, W (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM FETUS & NEWBORN,POB 927,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009, USA. NR 11 TC 85 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 141 EP 142 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UU137 UT WOS:A1996UU13700030 ER PT J AU Berlin, CM May, DG Notterman, DA Ward, RM Weismann, DN Wilson, GS Wilson, JT Bennett, DR Hoskins, IA Mulinare, J Kaufman, P Rieder, MJ Troendle, G Yaffe, SJ Cote, CJ Szefler, SJ AF Berlin, CM May, DG Notterman, DA Ward, RM Weismann, DN Wilson, GS Wilson, JT Bennett, DR Hoskins, IA Mulinare, J Kaufman, P Rieder, MJ Troendle, G Yaffe, SJ Cote, CJ Szefler, SJ TI Unapproved uses of approved drugs: The physician, the package insert, and the food and drug administration: Subject review SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article C1 AMER MED ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL 60610. US PHARMACOPEIA CONVENT,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. AMER COLL OBSTETRICIANS & GYNECOLOGISTS,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. PHARMACEUT RES & MANUFACTURERS ASSOC AMER,WASHINGTON,DC. CANADIAN PAEDIAT SOC,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,SECT ANESTHESIOL,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,SECT ALLERGY & IMMUNOL,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM DRUGS,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009. NR 0 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 143 EP 145 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UU137 UT WOS:A1996UU13700031 ER PT J AU Perrin, J Erenberg, G LaCamera, R Nackashi, JA Poncher, JR Randall, V Ruppert, E Wachtel, RC Ziring, PR Arango, P Gaebler, D Garner, C Garro, D Hollowell, JG Mather, J McPherson, M Gewanter, HL AF Perrin, J Erenberg, G LaCamera, R Nackashi, JA Poncher, JR Randall, V Ruppert, E Wachtel, RC Ziring, PR Arango, P Gaebler, D Garner, C Garro, D Hollowell, JG Mather, J McPherson, M Gewanter, HL TI The role of the pediatrician in implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act: Subject review SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN AB In this statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms the importance of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), which guarantees people with disabilities certain rights to enable them to participate more fully in their communities. Pediatricians need to know about the ADA provisions to be able to educate and counsel their patients and patients' families appropriately. The ADA mandates changes to our environment, including reasonable accommodation to the needs of individuals with disabilities, which has application to schools, hospitals, physician offices, community businesses, and recreational programs. Pediatricians should be a resource to their community by providing information about the ADA and the special needs of their patients, assisting with devising reasonable accommodation, and counseling adolescents about their expanded opportunities under the ADA. C1 AMER ACAD PHYS MED & REHABIL,CHICAGO,IL 60603. US DOE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC. US SOCIAL SECUR ADM,WASHINGTON,DC. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR ENVIRONM HLTH & INJURY CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. US DEPT HHS,MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH BUR,WASHINGTON,DC 20201. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,RHEUMATOL SECT,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009. RP Perrin, J (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM CHILDREN DISABIL,POB 927,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 146 EP 148 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UU137 UT WOS:A1996UU13700032 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Chesney, PJ Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Murray, DL Overall, JC Pickering, LK Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Hadler, S Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR AF Halsey, NA Chesney, PJ Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Murray, DL Overall, JC Pickering, LK Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Hadler, S Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR TI Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NATL VACCINE PROGRAM OFF,ROCKVILLE,MD. AMER THORAC SOC,NEW YORK,NY. CANADIAN PAEDIAT SOC,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Halsey, NA (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM INFECT DIS,POB 927,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 158 EP 160 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UU137 UT WOS:A1996UU13700035 ER PT J AU Gorsky, RD Farnham, PG Straus, WL Caldwell, B Holtgrave, DR Simonds, RJ Rogers, MF Guinan, ME AF Gorsky, RD Farnham, PG Straus, WL Caldwell, B Holtgrave, DR Simonds, RJ Rogers, MF Guinan, ME TI Preventing perinatal transmission of HIV - Costs and effectiveness of a recommended intervention SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HEPATITIS-B VIRUS; CHILDBEARING AGE; SCREENING WOMEN; ZIDOVUDINE; INFECTION; PROGRAM; TYPE-1 AB Objective. To calculate the national costs of reducing perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through counseling and voluntary testing of pregnant women and zidovudine treatment of infected women and their infants, as recommended by the Public Health Service, and to compare these costs with the savings from reducing the number of pediatric infections. Method. The authors analyzed the estimated costs of the intervention and the estimated cost savings from reducing the number of pediatric infections. The outcome measures are the number of infections prevented by the intervention and the net cost (cost of intervention minus the savings from a reduced number of pediatric HIV infections). The base model assumed that intervention participation and outcomes would resemble those found in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076. Assumptions were varied regarding maternal seroprevalence, participation by HIV-infected women, the proportion of infected women who accepted and completed the treatment, and the efficacy of zidovudine to illustrate the effect of these assumptions on infections prevented and net cost. Results. Without the intervention, a perinatal HIV transmission rate of 25% would result in 1750 HIV-infected infants born annually in the United States, with lifetime medical-care costs estimated at $282 million. The cost of the intervention (counseling, testing, and zidovudine treatment) was estimated to be $67.6 million. In the base model, the intervention would prevent 656 pediatric HIV infections with a medical care cost saving of $105.6 million. The net cost saving of the intervention was $38.1 million. Conclusion. Voluntary HIV screening of pregnant women and ziovudine treatment for infected women and their infants resulted in cost savings under most of the assumptions used in this analysis. These results strongly support implementation of the Public Health Service recommendations for this intervention. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT HLTH MANAGEMENT & POLICY,DURHAM,NH 03824. GEORGIA STATE UNIV,DEPT ECON,ATLANTA,GA 30303. MED COLL WISCONSIN,CTR AIDS INTERVENT RES,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226. NR 29 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 111 IS 4 BP 335 EP 341 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UZ414 UT WOS:A1996UZ41400020 PM 8711101 ER PT J AU Binder, S Matte, TD Kresnow, MJ Houston, B Sacks, JJ AF Binder, S Matte, TD Kresnow, MJ Houston, B Sacks, JJ TI Lead testing of children and homes: Results of a national telephone survey SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB Objectives. This study was designed to estimate the percentage of young children in the United States who have been tested for lead and the percentage of dwellings in the United States in which the paint has been tested for lead. Methods. A national random digit dial telephone survey of 5238 households was conducted in 1994. Weighted national estimates and 95% confidence intervals for outcomes of interest were calculated. Results. About 24% of U.S, children ages 0 to 6 years were estimated to have been tested for lead. Higher rates of testing were reported for children living in homes constructed prior to 1960, those living in homes with low household income, those living in rental units, and those living in the Northeast. Lead paint testing was performed for only an estimated 9% of U.S. housing units. Older homes were not more likely to have been tested than newer ones. Conclusion. A high proportion of pre-school children have apparently not been screened for lead exposure, even among subgroups at increased risk Most dwellings of pre-school children have not been tested for lead paint. These data suggest that most at-risk children are not being reached by current approaches to lead poisoning prevention. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,OFF STAT & PROGRAMMING,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,DIV UNINTENT INJURY PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Binder, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 111 IS 4 BP 342 EP 346 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UZ414 UT WOS:A1996UZ41400021 PM 8711102 ER PT J AU BeckSague, CM Cordts, JR Brown, K Larsen, SA Black, CM Knapp, JS Ridderhof, JC Barnes, FG Morse, SA AF BeckSague, CM Cordts, JR Brown, K Larsen, SA Black, CM Knapp, JS Ridderhof, JC Barnes, FG Morse, SA TI Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in facilities within the United States - Results of a national survey SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; WOMEN; MICROSCOPY; ACCURACY AB Background and Objectives: The diagnosis of many sexually transmitted diseases (STD) requires laboratory testing, The authors assessed the effects of the introduction of new tests and regulations on STI testing, Study Design: A questionnaire survey was mailed to a random sample of facilities listed in the STD Referral Database inquiring about tests offered, changes in testing, and reasons for changes, Results: Responses from 405 facilities were analyzed. Most responding facilities collected specimens for nontreponemal tests for syphilis (352 of 405 [86.9%]). Since each facility's information was last updated, the number reporting testing for Chlamydia trachomatis rose from 160 of 405 (39.5%) to 288 of 405 (71.1%), but testing for gonorrhea and chancroid decreased (365 of 405 [90.1%] to 328 of 405 [81%], and 182 of 405 [44.9%] to 32 of 405 [7.9%], respectively). Of 364 responses to a question on changes in tests performed in the last 2 years, 249 (68.4%) reported no change, 81 (22.3%) reported an increase, and 37 (10.2%) reported a decrease. The most frequently added tests were nonculture tests for C. trachomatis (34 of 81 [42%]), and the most frequent reason for adding tests was targeted funding (25 of 81 [30.9%]). The most frequently discontinued tests were cultures and gram stains for gonorrhea (15 of 37 [40.5%]) and other in-house tests (9 of 37 [24.3%]. Most facilities that discontinued testing cited the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act as the reason (34 of 37 [91.9%]; 95% confidence interval = 78.1%, 98.3%). Conclusions: The number of facilities testing for C. trachomatis has increased with funding and with the availability of nonculture tests, but the number of those testing for chancroid and gonorrhea has decreased. Implementation of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act mag. be associated with a decrease in the number of facilities performing tests for STD. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV LAB SYST, PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV STD HIV PREVENT, NATL CTR PREVENT SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. ASSOC STATE & TERR PUBL HLTH LAB DIRECTORS, WASHINGTON, DC USA. RP BeckSague, CM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV STD LAB RES, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, 1600 CLIFTON RD NE, MS G-39, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 23 IS 4 BP 342 EP 349 DI 10.1097/00007435-199607000-00014 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA UY688 UT WOS:A1996UY68800014 PM 8836028 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF AF Gillum, RF TI Fish consumption and stroke incidence SO STROKE LA English DT Letter RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD JUL PY 1996 VL 27 IS 7 BP 1254 EP 1254 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA UV105 UT WOS:A1996UV10500024 PM 8685939 ER PT J AU Benson, JM Phillips, DJ Holloway, BP Evatt, BL Hooper, WC AF Benson, JM Phillips, DJ Holloway, BP Evatt, BL Hooper, WC TI Oligonucleotide ligation assay for detection of the factor V mutation (arg(506)->Gln) causing protein C resistance SO THROMBOSIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE APC resistance; APTT; Arg(506); factor V; oligonucleotide ligation assay ID POOR ANTICOAGULANT RESPONSE; INHERITED RESISTANCE; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOPHILIA; COFACTOR; FAMILIES AB A point mutation in the Factor V (FV) gene at the activated protein C cleavage site, FV Arg (R)(506) --> FV GLn (Q)(506), is the reported molecular basis for resistance to activated protein C (APC-R). This mutation has been reported in approximately 20 - 50% of individuals with previously unexplained thrombophilia and 3 - 5% of the general population. We have adapted an oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) for nonisotopic detection of the FV:Q(506) mutation which permits rapid screening for this mutation. First, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for target DNA amplification, thus permitting nonisotopic reporters in the DNA analysis. Then thermostable ligase was used for ligation or covalent coupling of adjacent wild-type and mutant oligonucleotide probes which occurs only when the probes are annealed to a matched amplicon. A colorimetric ELISA-based detection assay was then used to capture 5' biotinylated probes in 96-well streptavidin-coated plates and by virtue of ligation, detection of a 3' digoxigenin reporter probe. Following the addition of anti-digoxigenin conjugate and enhanced alkaline phosphatase signal amplification, colorimetric substrate change was measured in an ELISA plate reader. This assay correctly identified FV genotypes of 290 samples. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,SCI RESOURCES RES PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0049-3848 J9 THROMB RES JI Thromb. Res. PD JUL 1 PY 1996 VL 83 IS 1 BP 87 EP 96 DI 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00106-5 PG 10 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA UY730 UT WOS:A1996UY73000003 PM 8837307 ER PT J AU Marin, CM Segura, JL Bern, C Freedman, DS Lescano, AG Benavente, LE Cordero, LG Clavijo, L Gilman, JB AF Marin, CM Segura, JL Bern, C Freedman, DS Lescano, AG Benavente, LE Cordero, LG Clavijo, L Gilman, JB TI Seasonal change in nutritional status among young children in an urban shanty town in Peru SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE nutritional status; seasonality; urban children; Peru ID RURAL BANGLADESH; GROWTH; MALNUTRITION; INFECTION; DIARRHEA; HUASCAR AB Seasonal variation in nutritional status among young children has been described in rural populations, but in few urban settings. We examined seasonality in 7 years of nutritional surveillance data from an urban shanty town near Lima, Peru, where childen 0-35 months old were measured at intervals of 4-5 months. We compared nutritional status by month, using generalized estimating equations to account for the intercorrelations among measurements of the same person at different times. The periodicity of the seasonal variation was found to fit a model in which the month of the year was sine-transformed, and this sine-transformed model was used to examine possible interactions with age, sex and year of examination. A total of 38 626 measurements was available from 11 333 children. In late winter, mean weight-for-height was an estimated 0.38 Z score higher than in late summer. The seasonal effect occurred at all ages, in both sexes, and in each year of surveillance. The amplitude was greatest for children 6-23 months old. The summer trough in weight-for-height was lower in 1989 than in other years; children who experienced this summer low had lower mean height-for-age in subsequent years. The seasonal variation in nutritional status may be related to differences in dietary intake, or to the higher prevalence of bacterial diarrhoea in summer than in winter. The more marked drop in weight-for-height in 1989 and subsequent trough in height-for-age may be related to political and economic changes than adversely affected food access in Peru. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR & PHYS ACT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ASOCIAC BENEF PRISMA,LIMA,PERU. RI Lescano, Andres/B-8479-2008 OI Lescano, Andres/0000-0001-9779-633X NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 90 IS 4 BP 442 EP 445 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90541-6 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VF184 UT WOS:A1996VF18400032 PM 8882202 ER PT J AU Fields, BS AF Fields, BS TI The molecular ecology of legionellae SO TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL PARASITE; FREE-LIVING AMEBAS; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; GUINEA-PIG; ACANTHAMOEBA-CASTELLANII; HARTMANNELLA-VERMIFORMIS; SARCOBIUM-LYTICUM; HUMAN MACROPHAGES; PNEUMOPHILA; GROWTH AB Legionella pneumophila is the most highly characterized member of a genus of bacteria that survive as intracellular parasites of freshwater protozoa. These bacteria can also multiply intracellularly in human phagocytic cells and cause respiratory disease in humans, Comparison of the invasive strategies of L. pneumophila in mammalian and protozoan cells and study of the interactions between Legionella and protozoa should prove useful in development of strategies for the prevention of legionellosis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 62 TC 348 Z9 365 U1 4 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0966-842X J9 TRENDS MICROBIOL JI Trends Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 4 IS 7 BP 286 EP 290 DI 10.1016/0966-842X(96)10041-X PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA UY305 UT WOS:A1996UY30500010 PM 8829338 ER PT J AU Shefer, AM Koo, D Werner, SB Mintz, ED Baron, R Wells, JG Barrett, TJ Ginsberg, M Bryant, R Abbott, S Griffin, PM AF Shefer, AM Koo, D Werner, SB Mintz, ED Baron, R Wells, JG Barrett, TJ Ginsberg, M Bryant, R Abbott, S Griffin, PM TI Cluster of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and death in California. A mandate for improved surveillance SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; O157-H7; WASHINGTON; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB In mid-January 1993, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with eating hamburger patties at a fast-food restaurant chain (chain A) was reported in Washington State. From mid-December to mid-January, 9 cases of E coli O157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome had been reported in San Diego County, California. A total of 34 persons had bloody diarrhea, the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, or E coli O157:H7 organisms isolated from stool during the period November 15, 1992, through January 31, 1993. Organisms of E coli O157:H7 identified from 6 persons were indistinguishable from those of the Washington outbreak strain. Illness was associated with eating at chain A restaurants in San Diego (odds ratio, 13; 95% confidence interval, 1.7, 99) and with eating regular-sized hamburgers (odds ratio, undefined; lower-limit 95% confidence interval, 1.3). Improved surveillance by mandating laboratory- and physician-based reporting of cases of E coli O157:H7 infection and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome might have alerted health officials to this outbreak sooner, which could have resulted in earlier investigation and the institution of measures to prevent more cases. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DIV COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,BERKELEY,CA 94704. SAN DIEGO DEPT HLTH SERV,SAN DIEGO,CA. RP Shefer, AM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIFORNIA PHYSICIAN MAGAZINE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA C/O DONNA TAYLOR, EDITOR, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102-7690 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 165 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 19 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VG802 UT WOS:A1996VG80200001 PM 8855679 ER PT J AU Chavez, GF Ellis, AA AF Chavez, GF Ellis, AA TI Pediatric hospital admissions for measles lessons from the 1990 epidemic SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; VACCINATION AB To examine the descriptive epidemiology of serious measles complications and associated hospital costs during a major epidemic, we used California population-based hospital discharge data to identify hospital admissions for measles during 1986 through 1990 (ICD-9 code 055, n = 4,201). We examined 5-year trends and, for 1990 pediatric epidemic cases (n = 2,234), sociodemographic and hospital admission financial data. Hospital admission rates for measles rose significantly between 1986 and 1990. During the 1990 epidemic, preschool children aged 1 to 5 years, Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid) beneficiaries, Hispanics, and those living in urban counties accounted for most hospital admissions. Young infants and residents of southern California and the San Joaquin Valley had the highest risks. Medi-Cal beneficiaries and Asian children were at an increased risk for death during the hospital stay, The average hospital admission cost was $8,201, and the average length of hospital stay was 4.6 days. Hospital costs amounted to $18 million, two thirds of which was paid for by Medi-Cal. Measles is a serious disease that can result in severe complications requiring lengthy and costly hospital stays. We must remain alert to its continuing threat, complications, and resulting financial burdens. C1 CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH BRANCH,SACRAMENTO,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH PROMOT & CHRON DIS PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIFORNIA PHYSICIAN MAGAZINE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA C/O DONNA TAYLOR, EDITOR, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102-7690 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 165 IS 1-2 BP 20 EP 25 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VG802 UT WOS:A1996VG80200002 PM 8855680 ER PT J AU Anderson, RM Schwartlander, B McCutchan, F Hu, D AF Anderson, RM Schwartlander, B McCutchan, F Hu, D TI Implications of genetic variability in HIV for epidemiology and public health SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ROBERT KOCH INST,W-1000 BERLIN,GERMANY. HENRY JACKSON FDN,BETHESDA,MD. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Anderson, RM (reprint author), UNIV OXFORD,CTR EPIDEMIOL INFECT DIS,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 29 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9018 BP 1778 EP 1779 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91609-8 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UU469 UT WOS:A1996UU46900002 PM 8667915 ER PT J AU Ou, CY Stevenson, RE Brown, VK Schwartz, CE Allen, WP Khoury, MJ Rozen, R Oakley, GP Adams, MJ AF Ou, CY Stevenson, RE Brown, VK Schwartz, CE Allen, WP Khoury, MJ Rozen, R Oakley, GP Adams, MJ TI 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphism as a risk factor for neural tube defects SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE folic acid; methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; neural tube defects; spina bifida; anencephaly; encephalocele AB Persons with a thermolabile form of the enzyme 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) have reduced enzyme activity and increased plasma homocysteine which can be lowered by supplemental folic acid. Thermolability of the enzyme has recently been shown to be caused by a common mutation (677C(-->)T) in the MTHFR gene. We studied 41 fibroblast cultures from NTD-affected fetuses and compared their genotypes with those of 109 blood specimens from individuals in the general population. 677C(-->)T homozygosity was associated with a 7.2 fold increased risk for NTDs (95% confidence interval: 1.8-30.3; p value: 0.001). These preliminary data suggest that the 677C(-->)T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene is a risk factor for spina bifida and anencephaly that may provide a partial biologic explanation for why folic acid prevents these types of NTD. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. GREENWOOD GENET CTR,GREENWOOD,SC 29646. MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,RES INST,DEPT PEDIAT,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,RES INST,DEPT HUMAN GENET,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,RES INST,DEPT BIOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. RP Ou, CY (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,MAIL STOP F-23,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 13 TC 181 Z9 185 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD JUN 28 PY 1996 VL 63 IS 4 BP 610 EP 614 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960628)63:4<610::AID-AJMG15>3.3.CO;2-Y PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UU587 UT WOS:A1996UU58700015 PM 8826441 ER PT J AU Greenberg, AE Wiktor, SZ DeCock, KM Smith, P Jaffe, HW Dondero, TJ AF Greenberg, AE Wiktor, SZ DeCock, KM Smith, P Jaffe, HW Dondero, TJ TI HIV-2 and natural protection against HIV-1 infection SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV LONDON LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,LONDON WC1E 7HT,ENGLAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Greenberg, AE (reprint author), PROJET RETRO CI,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. NR 2 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 28 PY 1996 VL 272 IS 5270 BP 1959 EP 1959 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UV294 UT WOS:A1996UV29400056 PM 8658172 ER PT J AU Schultz, CH Koenig, KL Noji, EK AF Schultz, CH Koenig, KL Noji, EK TI Medical response after an earthquake - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 ALAMEDA CTY MED CTR,OAKLAND,CA 94602. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Schultz, CH (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HARBOR MED CTR,TORRANCE,CA 90509, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 27 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 26 BP 1747 EP 1747 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UT400 UT WOS:A1996UT40000020 ER PT J AU Vest, DK Keene, WE Heumann, M Kaufman, S AF Vest, DK Keene, WE Heumann, M Kaufman, S TI Necrotic arachnidism - Pacific Northwest, 1988-1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 433-436, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 W LINN PEDIAT CLIN,W LINN,OR. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MPH,OREGON HLTH DIV,OREGON DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,PORTLAND,OR. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 26 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 24 BP 1870 EP 1871 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UR975 UT WOS:A1996UR97500011 ER PT J AU Sunstrum, J Lawrenchuk, D Tait, K Hall, W Johnson, D Wilcox, K Walker, E AF Sunstrum, J Lawrenchuk, D Tait, K Hall, W Johnson, D Wilcox, K Walker, E TI Mosquito transmitted malaria - Michigan, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 398-400, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WAYNE CTY HLTH DEPT,DETROIT,MI. MICHIGAN DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,LANSING,MI. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,E LANSING,MI 48824. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MALARIA SECT,DIV PARASIT DIS,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Sunstrum, J (reprint author), OAKWOOD HOSP,18101 OAKWOOD BLVD,DEARBORN,MI 48124, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 26 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 24 BP 1871 EP 1872 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UR975 UT WOS:A1996UR97500012 ER PT J AU Warrner, M Kuo, K Williams, L Adam, B Langkop, C Ruden, R Francis, B Haupt, T AF Warrner, M Kuo, K Williams, L Adam, B Langkop, C Ruden, R Francis, B Haupt, T TI Lake-associated outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 - Illinois, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 437-439, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 STATE PUBL HLTH LAB,SPRINGFIELD,IL. ILLINOIS DEPT PUBL HLTH,SPRINGFIELD,IL 62761. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,MADISON,WI 53707. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Warrner, M (reprint author), WINNEBAGO CTY HLTH DEPT,ROCKFORD,IL 61101, USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 26 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 24 BP 1872 EP 1873 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UR975 UT WOS:A1996UR97500013 ER PT J AU Gazmararian, JA Lazorick, S Spitz, AM Ballard, TJ Saltzman, LE Marks, JS AF Gazmararian, JA Lazorick, S Spitz, AM Ballard, TJ Saltzman, LE Marks, JS TI Prevalence of violence against pregnant women SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; PHYSICAL ABUSE; SUBSTANCE USE; RISK AB Objectives.-To summarize the methods and findings of studies examining the prevalence of violence against pregnant women and to synthesize these findings by comparing study characteristics for studies with similar and dissimilar results, Data Sources.-MEDLINE, POPLINE, Psychological Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts databases were searched for all articles pertaining to violence during pregnancy for the period 1963 through August 1995. Study Selection.-Thirteen studies were selected on the basis of specific criteria: a sample with initially unknown violence status; a clear statement of research question(s), with focus on measuring the prevalence of violence; descriptions of the sample, data source, and data collection methods, and data from the United States or another developed country, Data Extraction.-Relevant data were extracted to compare studies by study description, methods, and results, Data Synthesis.-Evidence from the studies we reviewed indicates that the prevalence of violence during pregnancy ranges from 0.9% to 20.1%. Measures of violence, populations sampled, and study methods varied considerably across studies, and these factors may affect prevalence estimates, Studies that asked about violence more than once during detailed in-person interviews or asked later in pregnancy (during the third trimester) reported higher prevalence rates (7.4%-20.1%). The lowest estimate was reported by women who attended a private clinic and responded to a self-administered questionnaire provided to them by a person who was not a health care provider. Conclusions.-Violence may be a more common problem for pregnant women than some conditions for which they are routinely screened and evaluated, Future research that more accurately measures physical violence during pregnancy would contribute to more effective design and implementation of prevention and intervention strategies. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIOLENCE PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Gazmararian, JA (reprint author), PRUDENTIAL CTR HLTH CARE RES,2859 PACES FERRY RD,SUITE 820,ATLANTA,GA 30339, USA. NR 38 TC 396 Z9 402 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 26 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 24 BP 1915 EP 1920 DI 10.1001/jama.275.24.1915 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UR975 UT WOS:A1996UR97500038 PM 8648873 ER PT J AU Yusuf, HR Croft, JB Giles, WH Anda, RF Casper, ML Caspersen, CJ Jones, DA AF Yusuf, HR Croft, JB Giles, WH Anda, RF Casper, ML Caspersen, CJ Jones, DA TI Leisure-time physical activity among older adults - United States, 1990 SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EXERCISE; RISK; WOMEN; BEHAVIOR; FITNESS AB Objective: To investigate the prevalence and selected correlates of leisure-time physical activity in a nationally representative sample of persons aged 65 years or older. Methods: Data from 2783 older male and 5018 older female respondents to the 1990 National Health Interview Survey were used. Regular physical activity was defined as participation in leisure-time physical activities 3 times or more per week for 30 minutes or more during the previous 2 weeks. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated from multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of regular physical activity was 37% among older men and 24% among older women. Correlates of regular physical activity included the perception of excellent to good health (men: OR, 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.9; women: OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9), correct exercise knowledge (men: OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.9-3.1; women: OR, 2.7, 95% CI, 2.2-3.4), no activity limitations (men: OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.6; women: OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.0), and not perceiving ''a lot'' of stress during the previous 2 weeks (men: OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4; women: OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.6). Among those who had been told at least twice that they had high blood pressure, physician's advice to exercise was associated with regular physical activity (men: OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3; women: OR, 1.5, 95% CI, 1.2-1.9). The 2 major activities among active older adults were walking (men, 69%; women, 75%) and gardening (men, 45%; women, 35%). Conclusions: Prevalence of regular physical activity is low among older Americans. Identifying the correlates of physical activity will help to formulate strategies to increase physical activity in this age group. RP Yusuf, HR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CARDIOVASC HLTH STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009 NR 39 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JUN 24 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 12 BP 1321 EP 1326 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UT703 UT WOS:A1996UT70300010 PM 8651841 ER PT J AU Calle, EE Heath, CW MiracleMcMahill, HL Coates, RJ Liff, JM Franceschi, S Talamini, R Chantarakul, N Koetsawang, S Rachawat, D Morabia, A Schuman, L Stewart, W Szklo, M Bain, C Schofield, F Siskind, V Band, P Coldman, AJ Gallagher, RP Hislop, TG Yang, P Duffy, SW Kolonel, LM Nomura, AMY Oberle, MW Ory, HW Peterson, HB Wilson, HG Wingo, PA Ebeling, K Kunde, D Nishan, P Colditz, G Martin, N Pardthaisong, T Silpisornkosol, S Theetranont, C Boosiri, B Chutivongse, S Jimakorn, P Virutamasen, P Wongsrichanalai, C McMichael, AJ Rohan, T Ewertz, M Paul, C Skegg, DCG Boyle, P Evstifeeva, M Daling, JR Malone, K Noonan, EA Stanford, JL Thomas, DB Weiss, NS White, E Andrieu, N Bremond, A Clavel, F Gairard, B Lansac, J Piana, L Renaud, R Cuevas, HR Ontiveros, P Palet, A Salazar, SB Aristizabel, N Cuadros, A Bachelot, A Le, MG Deacon, J Peto, J Taylor, CN Alfandary, E Modan, B Ron, E Friedman, GD Hiatt, RA Bishop, T Kosmelj, J PrimicZakelj, M Ravnihar, B Stare, J Beeson, WL Fraser, G Allen, DS Bulbrook, RD Cuzick, J Fentiman, IS Hayward, JL Wang, DY Hanson, RL Leske, MC Mahoney, MC Nasca, PC Varma, AO Weinstein, AL Moller, TR Olsson, H Ranstam, J Goldbohm, RA vandenBrandt, PA Apelo, RA Baens, J delaCruz, JR Javier, B Lacaya, LB Ngelangel, CA LaVecchia, C Negri, E Marubini, E Ferraroni, M Gerber, M Richardson, S Segala, C Gatei, D Kenya, P Kungu, A Mati, JG Brinton, LA Hoover, R Schairer, C Spirtas, R Lee, HP Rookus, MA vanLeeuwen, FE Schoenberg, JA Gammon, MD Clarke, EA Jones, L McPherson, K Neil, A Vessey, M Yeates, D Beral, V Bull, D Crossley, B Hermon, C Jones, S Key, T Lewis, C Reeves, G Smith, P Collins, R Doll, R Peto, R Hannaford, P Kay, C RoseroBixby, L Gao, YT Yuan, JM Wei, HY Yun, T Zhiheng, C Berry, G Booth, JC Jelihovsky, T MacLennan, R Shearman, R Wang, QS Baines, CJ Miller, AB Wall, C Lund, E Stalsberg, H Dabancens, A Martinez, L Molina, R Salas, O Alexander, FE Hulka, BS Bernstein, L Haile, RW PaganiniHill, A Pike, MC Ross, RK Ursin, G Yu, MC Adami, HO Bergstrom, R Longnecker, MP Newcomb, P Farley, TMN Holck, S Meirik, O AF Calle, EE Heath, CW MiracleMcMahill, HL Coates, RJ Liff, JM Franceschi, S Talamini, R Chantarakul, N Koetsawang, S Rachawat, D Morabia, A Schuman, L Stewart, W Szklo, M Bain, C Schofield, F Siskind, V Band, P Coldman, AJ Gallagher, RP Hislop, TG Yang, P Duffy, SW Kolonel, LM Nomura, AMY Oberle, MW Ory, HW Peterson, HB Wilson, HG Wingo, PA Ebeling, K Kunde, D Nishan, P Colditz, G Martin, N Pardthaisong, T Silpisornkosol, S Theetranont, C Boosiri, B Chutivongse, S Jimakorn, P Virutamasen, P Wongsrichanalai, C McMichael, AJ Rohan, T Ewertz, M Paul, C Skegg, DCG Boyle, P Evstifeeva, M Daling, JR Malone, K Noonan, EA Stanford, JL Thomas, DB Weiss, NS White, E Andrieu, N Bremond, A Clavel, F Gairard, B Lansac, J Piana, L Renaud, R Cuevas, HR Ontiveros, P Palet, A Salazar, SB Aristizabel, N Cuadros, A Bachelot, A Le, MG Deacon, J Peto, J Taylor, CN Alfandary, E Modan, B Ron, E Friedman, GD Hiatt, RA Bishop, T Kosmelj, J PrimicZakelj, M Ravnihar, B Stare, J Beeson, WL Fraser, G Allen, DS Bulbrook, RD Cuzick, J Fentiman, IS Hayward, JL Wang, DY Hanson, RL Leske, MC Mahoney, MC Nasca, PC Varma, AO Weinstein, AL Moller, TR Olsson, H Ranstam, J Goldbohm, RA vandenBrandt, PA Apelo, RA Baens, J delaCruz, JR Javier, B Lacaya, LB Ngelangel, CA LaVecchia, C Negri, E Marubini, E Ferraroni, M Gerber, M Richardson, S Segala, C Gatei, D Kenya, P Kungu, A Mati, JG Brinton, LA Hoover, R Schairer, C Spirtas, R Lee, HP Rookus, MA vanLeeuwen, FE Schoenberg, JA Gammon, MD Clarke, EA Jones, L McPherson, K Neil, A Vessey, M Yeates, D Beral, V Bull, D Crossley, B Hermon, C Jones, S Key, T Lewis, C Reeves, G Smith, P Collins, R Doll, R Peto, R Hannaford, P Kay, C RoseroBixby, L Gao, YT Yuan, JM Wei, HY Yun, T Zhiheng, C Berry, G Booth, JC Jelihovsky, T MacLennan, R Shearman, R Wang, QS Baines, CJ Miller, AB Wall, C Lund, E Stalsberg, H Dabancens, A Martinez, L Molina, R Salas, O Alexander, FE Hulka, BS Bernstein, L Haile, RW PaganiniHill, A Pike, MC Ross, RK Ursin, G Yu, MC Adami, HO Bergstrom, R Longnecker, MP Newcomb, P Farley, TMN Holck, S Meirik, O CA Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer TI Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES; RISK-FACTORS; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; FINAL REPORT; YOUNG-WOMEN; AGE; POPULATION; ESTROGEN; ASSOCIATION; PATTERNS AB Background The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together and reanalysed the worldwide epidemiological evidence on the relation between breast cancer risk and use of hormonal contraceptives. Methods Individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 studies conducted in 25 countries were collected, checked, and analysed centrally. Estimates of the relative risk for breast cancer were obtained by a modification of the Mantel-Haenszel method. All analyses were stratified by study, age at diagnosis, parity, and, where appropriate, the age a woman was when her first child was born, and the age she was when her risk of conception ceased. Findings The results provide strong evidence for two main conclusions. First, while women are taking combined oral contraceptives and in the 10 years after stopping there is a small increase in the relative risk of having breast cancer diagnosed (relative risk [95% CI] in current users 1.24 [1.15-1.33], 2p<0.00001; 1-4 years after stopping 1.16 [1.08-1.23], 2p=0.00001; 5-9 years after stopping 1.07 [1.02-1.13], 2p=0.009). Second, there is no significant excess risk of having breast cancer diagnosed 10 or more years after stopping use (relative risk 1.01 [0.96-1.05], NS). The cancers diagnosed in women who had used combined oral contraceptives were less advanced clinically than those diagnosed in women who had never used these contraceptives: for ever-users compared with never-users, the relative risk for tumours that had spread beyond the breast compared with localised tumours was 0.88 (0.81-0.95; 2p=0.002). There was no pronounced variation in the results for recency of use between women with different background risks of breast cancer, including women from different countries and ethnic groups, women with different reproductive histories, and those with or without a family history of breast cancer. The studies included in this collaboration represent about 90% of the epidemiological information on the topic, and what is known about the other studies suggests that their omission has not materially affected the main conclusions. Other features of hormonal contraceptive use such as duration of use, age at first use, and the dose and type of hormone within the contraceptives had little additional effect on breast cancer risk, once recency of use had been taken into account. Women who began use before age 20 had higher relative risks of having breast cancer diagnosed while they were using combined oral contraceptives and in the 5 years after stopping than women who began use at older ages, but the higher relative risks apply at ages when breast cancer is rare and, for a given duration of use, earlier use does not result in more cancers being diagnosed than use beginning at older ages. Because breast cancer incidence rises steeply with age, the estimated excess number of cancers diagnosed in the period between starting use and 10 years after stopping increases with age at last use: for example, among 10 000 women from Europe or North America who used oral contraceptives from age 16 to 19, from age 20 to 24, and from age 25 to 29, respectively, the estimated excess number of cancers diagnosed up to 10 years after stopping use is 0.5 (95% CI 0.3-0.7), 1.5 (0.7-2.3), and 4.7 (2.7-6.7). Up to 20 years after cessation of use the difference between ever-users and never-users is not so much in the total number of cancers diagnosed, but in their clinical presentation, with the breast cancers diagnosed in ever-users being less advanced clinically than those diagnosed in never-users. The relation observed between breast cancer risk and hormone exposure is unusual, and it is not possible to infer from these data whether it is due to an earlier diagnosis of breast cancer in ever-users, the biological effects of hormonal contraceptives, or a combination of reasons. Interpretation Women who are currently using combined oral contraceptives or have used them in the past 10 years are at a slightly increased risk of having breast cancer diagnosed, although the additional cancers diagnosed tend to be localised to the breast. There is no evidence of an increase in the risk of having breast cancer diagnosed 10 or more years after cessation of use, and the cancers diagnosed then are less advanced clinically than the cancers diagnosed in never-users. C1 AMER CANC SOC, NEW YORK, NY USA. EMORY UNIV, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. AVIANO CANC CTR, PORDENONE, ITALY. MAHIDOL UNIV, BANGKOK 10700, THAILAND. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, BREAST TUMOR COLLABORAT STUDY, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA. UNIV QUEENSLAND, ST LUCIA, QLD 4067, AUSTRALIA. BRITISH COLUMBIA CANC AGCY, VANCOUVER, BC V5Z 4E6, CANADA. MRC, BIOSTAT UNIT, LONDON W1N 4AL, ENGLAND. UNIV HAWAII, CANC RES CTR, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. CENT INST CANC RES, BERLIN, GERMANY. HARVARD UNIV, BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,CHANNING LAB, G COLDITZ NURSES HLTH STUDY RES GRP, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. CHIANG MAI UNIV, CHIANG MAI 50000, THAILAND. CHULALONGKORN UNIV, BANGKOK 10330, THAILAND. CSIRO, DIV HUMAN NUTR, ADELAIDE, SA 5000, AUSTRALIA. DANISH CANC SOC, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK. UNIV OTAGO, DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND. EUROPEAN INST ONCOL, MILAN, ITALY. FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA. INSERM, FRENCH MULTICTR BREAST STUDY, PARIS, FRANCE. HOSP GEN MEXICO CITY, MEXICO CITY, DF, MEXICO. INST GUSTAVE ROUSSY, INSERM, F-94805 VILLEJUIF, FRANCE. INST CANC RES, SUTTON, SURREY, ENGLAND. ISRAEL CHAIM SHEBA MED CTR, TEL HASHOMER, ISRAEL. KAISER PERMANENTE, OAKLAND, CA 94612 USA. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, GENET EPIDEMIOL LAB, LONDON, ENGLAND. INST ONCOL, LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA. LOMA LINDA UNIV, LOMA LINDA, CA 92350 USA. LONG ISL BREAST CANC STUDY, LONG ISL CITY, NY USA. UNIV LUND HOSP, S-22185 LUND, SWEDEN. UNIV LIMBURG, 6200 MD MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS. UNIV PHILIPPINES, MANILA, PHILIPPINES. IST MARIO NEGRI, MILAN, ITALY. IST NAZL TUMORI, DIV STAT MED & BIOMETRIA, MILAN, ITALY. MONTPELLIER CANC CTR, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE. INSERM, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE. NAIROBI CTR RES REPROD, NAIROBI, KENYA. NCI, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. NICHHD, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE 117548, SINGAPORE. NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH, TRENTON, NJ 08625 USA. COLUMBIA UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA. ONTARIO CANC TREATMENT & RES FDN, TORONTO, ON, CANADA. UNIV OXFORD, DEPT PUBL HLTH & PRIMARY CARE, OXFORD OX3 7LF, ENGLAND. ROYAL COLL GEN PRACTITIONERS ORAL CONTRACEPT STUD, LONDON, ENGLAND. UNIV COSTA RICA, SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, MRC, BHF, CLIN TRIAL SERV UNIT, OXFORD, ENGLAND. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, MRC, BHF, EPIDEMIOL STUDIES UNIT, OXFORD, ENGLAND. SHANGHAI CANC INST, SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA. SHANGHAI INST PLANNED PARENTHOOD RES, SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA. DEPT PUBL HLTH, SIDNEY, BC, CANADA. TIANJIN CANC INST, TIANJIN, PEOPLES R CHINA. UNIV TORONTO, DEPT PREVENT MED & BIOSTAT, TORONTO, ON, CANADA. UNIV TROMSO, TROMSO, NORWAY. UNIV CHILE, SANTIAGO, CHILE. UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND. UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH PUBL HLTH, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. UNIV NOTTINGHAM, NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD, ENGLAND. UNIV SO CALIF, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA. UNIV UPPSALA, UPPSALA, SWEDEN. UNIV WISCONSIN, CTR COMPREHENS CANC, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. UNDP, UNFPA,WHO,WORLD BANK, SPECIAL PROGRAMME RES DEV & TRAINING HUMAN REPROD, NEW YORK, NY USA. RP Calle, EE (reprint author), RADCLIFFE INFIRM, IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, CANC EPIDEMIOL UNIT, OXFORD OX2 6HE, ENGLAND. RI Ranstam, Jonas/A-4386-2009; Beral, Valerie/B-2979-2013; Negri, Eva/B-7244-2013; Boyle, Peter/A-4380-2014; Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise/G-6733-2014; Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015; Hanson, Robert/O-3238-2015; Richardson, Sylvia/G-4691-2015; Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009; Ferraroni, Monica/D-6548-2017; OI Ranstam, Jonas/0000-0002-8287-7273; Negri, Eva/0000-0001-9712-8526; Boyle, Peter/0000-0001-6251-0610; Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562; Hanson, Robert/0000-0002-4252-7068; Richardson, Sylvia/0000-0003-1998-492X; Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291; Ferraroni, Monica/0000-0002-4542-4996; La Vecchia, Carlo/0000-0003-1441-897X; Yuan, Jian-Min/0000-0002-4620-3108; Bishop, Tim/0000-0002-8752-8785 NR 71 TC 704 Z9 720 U1 3 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 22 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9017 BP 1713 EP 1727 PG 15 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UT396 UT WOS:A1996UT39600008 ER PT J AU Hardy, IRB Dittmann, S Sutter, RW AF Hardy, IRB Dittmann, S Sutter, RW TI Current situation and control strategies for resurgence of diphtheria in newly independent states of the former Soviet Union SO LANCET LA English DT Review ID IMMUNITY; POPULATION AB Since 1990, an epidemic of diphtheria has spread throughout the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, and by 1995 a total of 47 808 cases were reported. During the early stages of the epidemic, adequate control measures were not taken and vaccine was in short supply; possible contributing factors to the spread of the epidemic are the presence of highly susceptible child and adult populations, socioeconomic instability, population movement, and a deteriorating health infrastructure. Although WHO views the epidemic as an international public-health emergency and, together with UNICEF and the International Red Cross, has formulated a strategy to combat the epidemic, the necessary funds have not been made fully available. Current vaccination recommendations also need to be reviewed to ensure that population immunity will be adequate to prevent any resurgence of diphtheria in Europe and North America. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. WHO,REG OFF EUROPE,IMMUNIZAT & VACCINES PROGRAM,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. NR 37 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 22 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9017 BP 1739 EP 1744 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90811-9 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UT396 UT WOS:A1996UT39600013 PM 8656909 ER PT J AU Mestecky, J Hamilton, RG Magnusson, CGM Jefferis, R Vaerman, JP Goodall, M deLange, GG Moro, I Aucouturier, P Radl, J Cambiaso, C Silvain, C Preudhomme, JL Kusama, K Carlone, GM Biewenga, J Kobayashi, K Skvaril, F Reimer, CB AF Mestecky, J Hamilton, RG Magnusson, CGM Jefferis, R Vaerman, JP Goodall, M deLange, GG Moro, I Aucouturier, P Radl, J Cambiaso, C Silvain, C Preudhomme, JL Kusama, K Carlone, GM Biewenga, J Kobayashi, K Skvaril, F Reimer, CB TI Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for human IgA, IgA subclasses and allotypes and secretory component. Results of an IUIS/WHO collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE monoclonal antibody; IgA; IgA subclass; Am allotype; specificity; human ID POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN-A; SERUM; TRANSPORT; EPITOPES; JACALIN; PROTEINS; DEFENSE; BINDING; ASSAY; CELLS AB 51 monoclonal antibodies (McAb) with putative specificity for human IgA, the IgA subclasses, Am allotypes or secretory component (SC) were evaluated for immunoreactivity and specificity by nine laboratories employing immunodiffusion, agglutination, immunohistological assays, immunoblotting and direct binding and competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassays. McAbs specific for IgA PAN (n = 24), IgA1 (n = 7), IgA2 (n = 3), IgA2m(2) (n = 2), non-IgA2m(2) (n = 4) and SC or secretory IgA (n = 5) were identified that were immunoreactive and specific in the assays employed. The McAbs identified as IgA- or SC-reactive were shown to be non-reactive to human IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, kappa and lambda by direct binding and competitive inhibition immunoassays. Interestingly, no McAbs with restricted specificity for IgA2m(1) were identified. Some McAbs displayed higher affinity and/or better performance in one or several of the assay groups. The IgA- and SC-specific McAbs identified in this international collaborative study have potential as immunochemical reference reagents to identify and quantitate monomeric and polymeric IgA in human serum and secretions. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,JOHNS HOPKINS ASTHMA & ALLERGY CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. UNIV ALABAMA,BIRMINGHAM,AL. KAROLINSKA INST,STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. UNIV BIRMINGHAM,BIRMINGHAM,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND. CATHOLIC UNIV LEUVEN,BRUSSELS,BELGIUM. NETHERLANDS RED CROSS,BLOOD TRANSFUS SERV,CENT LAB,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. NIHON UNIV,TOKYO,JAPAN. CNRS URA 1172,POITIERS,FRANCE. TNO,INST PREVENT & HLTH,LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. VRIJE UNIV AMSTERDAM,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. HOKKAIDO UNIV,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 060,JAPAN. TIEFENAU HOSP,BERN,SWITZERLAND. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 28147, AI 35163] NR 51 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD JUN 21 PY 1996 VL 193 IS 2 BP 103 EP 148 DI 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00289-8 PG 46 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA UV325 UT WOS:A1996UV32500001 PM 8699027 ER PT J AU Regan, J McVay, R McEvoy, M Gilbert, J Hughes, R Tougaw, T Parker, E Crawford, W Johnson, J Rose, J Boutros, S Roush, S Rains, C Belcuore, T Munden, J Stark, L Hartwig, E Pawlowicz, M Hammond, R Hopkins, R AF Regan, J McVay, R McEvoy, M Gilbert, J Hughes, R Tougaw, T Parker, E Crawford, W Johnson, J Rose, J Boutros, S Roush, S Rains, C Belcuore, T Munden, J Stark, L Hartwig, E Pawlowicz, M Hammond, R Hopkins, R TI Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis at a day camp - Florida, July August 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 34, pg 442-444, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 SCH BOARD ALACHUA CTY,GAINESVILLE,FL. UNIV S FLORIDA,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. ENVIRONM ASSOCIATES LTD,BRADFORD,PA. ALACHUA CTY PUBL HLTH UNIT,GAINESVILLE,FL. FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,STATE LAB,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32399. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 19 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 23 BP 1790 EP 1790 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UQ152 UT WOS:A1996UQ15200009 ER PT J AU Wegman, DH Fine, LJ AF Wegman, DH Fine, LJ TI Occupational and environmental medicine SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ASTHMA C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Wegman, DH (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,LOWELL,MA 01854, USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 19 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 23 BP 1831 EP 1832 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UQ152 UT WOS:A1996UQ15200034 PM 8642735 ER PT J AU Zhu, BP Escobedo, LG Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP AF Zhu, BP Escobedo, LG Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP TI Re: Educational attainment and racial differences in cigarette smoking - Response SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD JUN 19 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 12 BP 841 EP 842 DI 10.1093/jnci/88.12.841 PG 2 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA UR094 UT WOS:A1996UR09400020 ER PT J AU Kadakia, MP Rybka, WB Stewart, JA Patton, JL Stamey, FR Elsawy, M Pellett, PE Armstrong, JA AF Kadakia, MP Rybka, WB Stewart, JA Patton, JL Stamey, FR Elsawy, M Pellett, PE Armstrong, JA TI Human herpesvirus 6: Infection and disease following autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation SO BLOOD LA English DT Article ID EXANTHEM-SUBITUM; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; IDENTIFICATION; SALIVA; DNA; VIRUS; DIFFERENTIATION; PNEUMONITIS; RECIPIENTS; STRAIN-Z29 AB Human herpesvirus 6 activity (HHV-6) was studied in 15 allogeneic and 11 autologous marrow transplantation patients. After transplantation, HHV-6 was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 12 of 26 patients (6 allogeneic and 6 autologous). All isolates were variant B. Eleven of 26 and 12 of 19 patients showed salivary shedding of HHV-6 DNA before and after transplantation, respectively. The antibody titer increased in 7 of 26 patients. Thus, 23 of 26 patients showed evidence of active HHV-6 infection either by virus isolation, salivary shedding, or increases in antibody titers. The fraction of saliva specimens positive in 19 patients was negatively associated with their antibody titers (P = .005). The proportion of cultures positive increased after transplantation (P = .007). Sinusitis was associated with HHV-6 isolation in autologous recipients(P = .002). In allogeneic patients, active human cytomegalovirus infection was associated with HHV-6 isolation (P = .04). No association was observed between HHV-6 infection and GVHD, pneumonia, delay in engraftment, or marrow suppression. Of the 120 clinical events analyzed in 26 patients, HHV-6 was defined as a probable cause of 16 events in 9 patients based on the propinquity of HHV-6 activity and the clinical event plus the absence of other identified causes of the event. C1 UNIV PITTSBURGH,GRAD SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT INFECT DIS & MICROBIOL,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261. UNIV PITTSBURGH,MED CTR,PITTSBURGH CANC INST,ADULT BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT PROGRAM,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 42 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD JUN 15 PY 1996 VL 87 IS 12 BP 5341 EP 5354 PG 14 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA UQ709 UT WOS:A1996UQ70900047 PM 8652850 ER PT J AU Friedman, CR Malcolm, G RigauPerez, JG Arambulo, P Tauxe, RV AF Friedman, CR Malcolm, G RigauPerez, JG Arambulo, P Tauxe, RV TI Public health risk from Salmonella-based rodenticides SO LANCET LA English DT Letter ID ENTERITIDIS C1 PAN AMER HLTH ORG,WHO,VET PUBL HLTH PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Friedman, CR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DBIMD,DENGUE BRANCH,DVBID,NCID,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 15 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9016 BP 1705 EP 1706 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91542-1 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UQ701 UT WOS:A1996UQ70100074 PM 8643007 ER PT J AU Whistler, T Bellini, WJ Rota, PA AF Whistler, T Bellini, WJ Rota, PA TI Generation of defective interfering particles by two vaccine strains of measles virus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; UNDILUTED PASSAGES; LETHAL INFLUENZA; MICE; RNAS; INFECTIONS; PROTECTION; MUTANTS; CELLS AB A systematic study was made to measure the generation of defective interfering particles upon up to 13 serial passages of two measles vaccine strains, Edmonston and Edmonston-Zagreb, through either simian (Vero) or human (WI-38) cell lines. Results for the Vero cell passage were nearly identical for both viruses, Infectivity titers dropped by nearly 8 logs to undetectable levels at passage 4 and cycled between maximum and minimum levels every 4 passages. Samples with the lowest infectivity titers produced the greatest reduction in titer of standard virus and contained an approximately 900-nucleotide subgenomic RNA for the Edmonston strain and two subgenomic RNAs of 4300 and 3000 nucleotides for the Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine strain. A defective interfering RNA-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detected subgenomic RNAs at all passage levels. In contrast, samples obtained after passage of these viruses in WI-38 did not reduce the yield of standard virus and did not contain subgenomic RNAs in both Northern blot and RT-PCR assays. These results clearly show that cell type rather than virus strain affects defective interfering particle generation for measles virus. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,RESP & ENTEROVIRUS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI Whistler, Toni/A-6709-2009 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUN 15 PY 1996 VL 220 IS 2 BP 480 EP 484 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0335 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA UT252 UT WOS:A1996UT25200023 PM 8661398 ER PT J AU Misra, A Banerjee, K AF Misra, A Banerjee, K TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - India (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 370-373) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO,SE ASIA REG OFF,EXPANDED PROGRAMME IMMUNIZAT,NEW DELHI,INDIA. CDC,RESP & ENTEROVIRUS BRANCH,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,POLIO ERADICAT ACT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Misra, A (reprint author), MINIST HLTH & FAMILY WELF,DEPT MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,NEW DELHI,INDIA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 12 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 22 BP 1718 EP 1718 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UP307 UT WOS:A1996UP30700010 ER PT J AU Kachur, SP Stennies, GM Powell, KE Modzeleski, W Stephens, R Murphy, R Kresnow, MJ Sleet, D Lowry, R AF Kachur, SP Stennies, GM Powell, KE Modzeleski, W Stephens, R Murphy, R Kresnow, MJ Sleet, D Lowry, R TI School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1992 to 1994 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Objectives.-To conduct the first nationwide investigation of violent deaths associated with schools in the United States, to quantify the risk of school-associated violent death, and to identify epidemiologic features of these deaths. Design.-Descriptive case series. Setting.-United States, July 1, 1992, through June 30, 1994. Methods.-School-associated violent deaths were identified by study collaborators and through 2 online news databases. Police reports, medical examiners' records, and interviews with police and school officials provided detailed information about each case. Results.-In a 2-year period, 105 school-associated violent deaths were identified. The estimated incidence of school-associated violent death was 0.09 per 100 000 student-years. Students in secondary schools, students of minority racial and ethnic backgrounds, and students in urban school districts had higher levels of risk. The deaths occurred in communities of all sizes in 25 different states. Homicide was the predominant cause of death (n=85 [80.9%]), and firearms were responsible for a majority (n=81 [77.1%]) of the deaths. Most victims were students (n=76 [72.4%]). Both victims and offenders tended to be young (median ages, 16 and 17 years, respectively) and male (82.9% and 95.6%, respectively). Approximately equal numbers of deaths occurred inside school buildings (n=31 [29.5%]), outdoors but on school property (n=37 [35.2%]), and at off-campus locations while the victim was in transit to or from school (n=37 [35.2%]). Equal numbers of deaths occurred during classes or other school activities (n=46 [43.8%]) and before or after official school activities (n=46 [43.8%]). Conclusions.-School-associated violent deaths were more common than previously estimated. The epidemiologic features of these deaths were similar to those of homicides and suicides that occur elsewhere. A comprehensive approach that addresses violent injury and death among young people at school and elsewhere in the community is suggested. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. US DEPT EDUC,SAFE & DRUG FREE SCH PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC. NATL SCH SAFETY CTR,WESTLAKE VILLAGE,CA. US DEPT JUSTICE,NATL INST JUSTICE,WASHINGTON,DC 20530. NR 25 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 12 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 22 BP 1729 EP 1733 DI 10.1001/jama.275.22.1729 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UP307 UT WOS:A1996UP30700025 PM 8637169 ER PT J AU Sinauer, N Annest, JL Mercy, JA AF Sinauer, N Annest, JL Mercy, JA TI Unintentional, nonfatal firearm-related injuries - A preventable public health burden SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GUNSHOT WOUNDS; NORTH-CAROLINA; FATALITIES; CHILDREN; CALIFORNIA; DEATHS AB Objective.-To describe the magnitude and characteristics of unintentional, nonfatal firearm-related injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments. Design.-Data were obtained from medical records for all firearm-related injury cases identified using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from June 1, 1992, through May 31, 1994. We report on cases classified as unintentional gunshot wounds. Setting.-NEISS comprises 91 hospitals that are a stratified probability sample of all hospitals in the United States and its territories that have at least 6 beds and provide 24-hour emergency service. Main Outcome Measures.-Number of and population rates for unintentional, nonfatal firearm-related injuries. Results.-An estimated 34 485 (95% confidence interval [CI], 25 225-43 745) persons (6.7 per 100 000 population; 95% CI, 4.9-8.5) were treated for unintentional, nonfatal firearm-related injuries in US emergency departments during the 2-year study period. The majority of patients were male (87%) and aged 15 to 34 years (61%); 38% required hospitalization. Injuries were most often to an extremity (73%), were self-inflicted (70%), involved a handgun (57%), and resulted during common gun-related activities. Conclusions.-Further development of effective interventions are needed to reduce the risk of injury from unintentional discharge of a firearm during routine gun-handling practices by those who own and use firearms. These injuries often occur during common gun-related activities such as gun cleaning, loading/unloading, hunting, target shooting, and showing, handling, or carrying. Studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of existing gun safety training courses and assess the potential role of various gun safety devices (eg, trigger locks and loading indicators) in future prevention strategies. C1 NATL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,OFF STAT & PROGRAMMING,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 31 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 12 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 22 BP 1740 EP 1743 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UP307 UT WOS:A1996UP30700027 PM 8637171 ER PT J AU Nelson, DE GrantWorley, JA Powell, K Mercy, J Holtzman, D AF Nelson, DE GrantWorley, JA Powell, K Mercy, J Holtzman, D TI Population estimates of household firearm storage practices and firearm carrying in Oregon SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GUN OWNERSHIP; UNITED-STATES; ALCOHOL-USE; HOME; HOMICIDE; HANDGUNS; SUICIDE; PREVENTION; CHILDREN; VIOLENCE AB Objectives.-To examine statewide data on exposure of adults and children to loaded and unlocked household firearms, and to estimate the prevalence of firearm carrying among adults in Oregon. Design.-Analyses of 1992 and 1993 telephone survey data from 6202 adults aged 18 years and older using the Oregon Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Main Outcome Measures.-Number of adults and children exposed to household firearms always or sometimes stored loaded and unlocked. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for exposure to loaded and unlocked firearms and firearm carrying among adults by demographic and alcohol use patterns. Results.-Ten percent of adults (197 400 persons) lived in households with firearms that were always or sometimes stored loaded and unlocked. An estimated 6.2% of households with children had firearms that were loaded and unlocked, and about 40 000 children lived in these households. Overall, 4.4% of adults carried loaded firearms in the past month, Rural residence, male sex, and less than a college education were associated with living in a household with loaded and unlocked firearms and with firearm carrying. Drinking 5 or more alcoholic beverages on 1 or more occasions in the past month (OR, 1.7, 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.3) or drinking 60 or more alcoholic beverages in the past month (OR, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.7) were independently associated with living in households with loaded and unlocked firearms. Conclusions.-Many adults and children are exposed to unsafely stored firearms in Oregon, and many adults early loaded firearms. Improved public health surveillance of firearm storage and firearm carrying using standardized questions and definitions is needed at the national, state, and local levels. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. OREGON HLTH DIV, PORTLAND, OR USA. RP Nelson, DE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, DIV ADULT & COMMUNITY HLTH, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 67 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60654-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 12 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 22 BP 1744 EP 1748 DI 10.1001/jama.275.22.1744 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UP307 UT WOS:A1996UP30700028 PM 8637172 ER PT J AU Matsubara, T Beeman, RW Shike, H Besansky, NJ Mukabayire, O Higgs, S James, AA Burns, JC AF Matsubara, T Beeman, RW Shike, H Besansky, NJ Mukabayire, O Higgs, S James, AA Burns, JC TI Pantropic retroviral vectors integrate and express in cells of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; MURINE LEUKEMIA; GENE-TRANSFER; GLYCOPROTEIN; PSEUDOTYPES; DNA AB The lack of efficient mechanisms for stable genetic transformation of medically important insects, such as anopheline mosquitoes, is the single most important impediment to progress in identifying novel control strategies. Currently available techniques for foreign gene expression in insect cells in culture lack the benefit of stable inheritance conferred by integration, To overcome this problem, a new class of pantropic retroviral vectors has been developed in which the amphotropic envelope is completely replaced by the G glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus. The broadened host cell range of these particles allowed successful entry, integration, and expression of heterologous genes in cultured cells of Anopheles gambiae, the principle mosquito vector responsible for the transmission of over 100 million cases of malaria each year, Mosquito cells in culture infected with a pantropic vector expressing hygromycin phosphotransferase from the Drosophila hsp70 promoter were resistant to the antibiotic hygromycin B. Integrated provirus was detected in infected mosquito cell clones grown in selective media, Thus, pantropic retroviral vectors hold promise as a transformation system for mosquitoes in vivo. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. AGR RES SERV,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,USDA,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341. COLORADO STATE UNIV,ARTHROPOD BORNE & INFECT DIS LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & BIOCHEM,IRVINE,CA 92717. RI Burns, Jane/J-6167-2015 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01AI37671] NR 24 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 11 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 12 BP 6181 EP 6185 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.12.6181 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UQ455 UT WOS:A1996UQ45500093 PM 8650240 ER PT J AU Telford, SR Dawson, JE Katavolos, P Warner, CK Kolbert, CP Persing, DH AF Telford, SR Dawson, JE Katavolos, P Warner, CK Kolbert, CP Persing, DH TI Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia; Ixodes dammini; mice; vector; reservoir ID IXODES-DAMMINI; BABESIA-MICROTI AB A human-derived strain of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a recently described emerging rickettsial disease, has been established by serial blood passage in mouse hosts, Larval deer ticks acquired infection by feeding upon such mice and efficiently transmitted the ehrlichiae after molting to nymphs, thereby demonstrating vector competence, The agent was detected hy demonstrating Feulgen-positive inclusions in the salivary glands of the experimentally infected ticks and from field-derived adult deer ticks. White-footed mice from a field site infected laboratory-reared ticks with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, suggesting that these rodents serve as reservoirs for ehrlichiae as well as for Lyme disease spirochetes and the piroplasm that causes human babesiosis. About 10% of host-seeking deer ticks were infected with ehrlichiae, and of these, 20% also contained spirochetes. Cotransmission of diverse pathogens by the aggressively human-biting deer tick may have a unique impact on public health in certain endemic sites. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS, US DEPT HLTH & HUMAM SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA. RP Telford, SR (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT TROP PUBL HLTH, 665 HUNTINGTON AVE, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 19693, AI 30358, AI 37993] NR 38 TC 371 Z9 380 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 11 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 12 BP 6209 EP 6214 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.12.6209 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UQ455 UT WOS:A1996UQ45500098 PM 8650245 ER PT J AU Hennessy, S Liu, ZL Tsai, TF Strom, BL Wan, CM Liu, HL Wu, TX Yu, HJ Liu, QM Karabatsos, N Bilker, WB Halstead, SB AF Hennessy, S Liu, ZL Tsai, TF Strom, BL Wan, CM Liu, HL Wu, TX Yu, HJ Liu, QM Karabatsos, N Bilker, WB Halstead, SB TI Effectiveness of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (SA14-14-2): A case-control study SO LANCET LA English DT Article AB Background Japanese encephalitis is a major cause of death and disability throughout Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. Although an effective vaccine for Japanese encephalitis is available, hundreds of millions of susceptible individuals remain unimmunised because of the vaccine's cost. In 1988, an inexpensive live-attenuated vaccine (SA14-14-2) was licensed in China. We have measured the effectiveness of this vaccine, Methods In a case-control study in rural Sichuan Province, to China, the 56 cases consisted of children admitted to hospital with acute Japanese encephalitis, and were confirmed serologically. 1299 village-matched and age-matched controls were identified, and vaccination histories obtained from pre-existing written records. Findings The effectiveness of one dose was 80% (95% CI 44 to 93%); that of two doses was 97.5% (86 to 99.6%). Controlling for multiple potential confounders did not alter these results. Interpretation We conclude that a regimen of two doses of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, administered 1 year apart, is effective in the prevention of clinically important disease, Subsequent study is needed to assure the safety of this vaccine. C1 UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT BIOSTAT & EPIDEMIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. W CHINA UNIV MED SCI,CLIN EPIDEMIOL UNIT,CHENGDU 610041,SICHUAN,PEOPLES R CHINA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV GEN INTERNAL MED,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. ROCKEFELLER FDN,NEW YORK,NY. RP Hennessy, S (reprint author), UNIV PENN,SCH MED,CTR CLIN EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,ROOM 832,BLOCKLEY HALL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 14 TC 126 Z9 134 U1 1 U2 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 8 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9015 BP 1583 EP 1586 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91075-2 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UP661 UT WOS:A1996UP66100009 PM 8667866 ER PT J AU Tanner, P Przekwas, G Clark, R Ginsberg, M Waterman, S AF Tanner, P Przekwas, G Clark, R Ginsberg, M Waterman, S TI Tetrodotoxin poisoning associated with eating puffer fish transported from Japan - California, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45 pg 389-391, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,MED CTR,SAN DIEGO REG POISON CTR,SAN DIEGO,CA 92103. SAN DIEGO CTY HLTH DEPT,SAN DIEGO,CA. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,SACRAMENTO,CA. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA. RP Tanner, P (reprint author), SAN DIEGO DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,SAN DIEGO,CA, USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 5 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 21 BP 1631 EP 1631 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UN252 UT WOS:A1996UN25200007 ER PT J AU Oakley, GP Erickson, JD Adams, MJ AF Oakley, GP Erickson, JD Adams, MJ TI Folic acid and prevention of spina bifida - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Oakley, GP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 5 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 21 BP 1636 EP 1636 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UN252 UT WOS:A1996UN25200018 ER PT J AU Chen, RT Hausinger, S Dajani, AS Hanfling, M Baughman, AL Pallansch, MA Patriarca, PA AF Chen, RT Hausinger, S Dajani, AS Hanfling, M Baughman, AL Pallansch, MA Patriarca, PA TI Seroprevalence of antibody against poliovirus in inner-city preschool children - Implications for vaccination policy in the United States SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; VACCINES; IMMUNOGENICITY; CHILDHOOD; RESPONSES; OUTBREAK; DISEASE; OMAN; LIVE AB Objectives.-To assess susceptibility to poliomyelitis in selected inner-city preschool children in the United States and to estimate the contribution of secondary spread of live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine virus to type-specific immunity, Design.-Cross-sectional seroprevalence study, Methods.-Serum neutralizing antibody levels against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were analyzed according to vaccination status, agp, and other sociodemographic variables, Setting.-Hospital and satellite clinics serving inner-city populations in Houston, Tex, and Detroit, Mich, 1990 to 1991, Participants.-A total of 526 children aged 12 to 47 months seeking medical care were enrolled in the seroprevalence study; 144 children aged 12 to 35 months without a history of previous oral poliovirus vaccination were enrolled in the secondary spread study. Results.-Seropositive rates were similar in children in both cities, ranging from about 80% for types 1 and 3 in 12- to 23-month-old children to more than 90% in those aged 36 to 47 months. The most important predictor of seropositivity was the number of doses of oral poliovirus vaccine received (P<.01), with levels approximately 90% for all 3 serotypes among children who had received 3 or more doses. In children likely to have been unvaccinated, seropositive rates ranged from 9% to 18% for poliovirus types 1 and 3 and from 29% to 42% for type 2; secondary spread of vaccine virus appeared to have occurred among children who had previously received 1 dose or less but not those with 2 or more doses. Conclusions.-Levels of immunity to poliovirus among inner-city preschoolers are high and may be predicted by the number of doses of oral poliovirus vaccine received, Secondary spread of the vaccine virus plays a modest role in increasing polio immunity in inner-city populations, especially against types 1 and 3, This role will decrease in importance if the recently attained high levels of immunization coverage in the United States are sustained and if the risk of importation of wild poliovirus continues to diminish. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. BAYLOR COLL MED,SECT ACAD AMBULATORY PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. WAYNE STATE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,DETROIT,MI 48201. CHILDRENS HOSP MICHIGAN,DIV INFECT DIS,DETROIT,MI 48201. RP Chen, RT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM E61,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. FU PHS HHS [200-89-0735] NR 50 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 5 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 21 BP 1639 EP 1645 DI 10.1001/jama.275.21.1639 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UN252 UT WOS:A1996UN25200025 PM 8637136 ER PT J AU AnwarBruni, DM Hogan, SE Schwartz, DA Wilcox, CM Bryan, RT Lennox, JL AF AnwarBruni, DM Hogan, SE Schwartz, DA Wilcox, CM Bryan, RT Lennox, JL TI Atovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1-infected patients SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE microsporidiosis; Enterocytozoon bieneusi; gastrointestinal symptoms; atovaquone ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIOSIS; SEPTATA-INTESTINALIS; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; AIDS; HYDROXYNAPHTHOQUINONE; INDIVIDUALS; ALBENDAZOLE; 566C80 AB Objective: To report the clinical response to atovaquone in HIV-1-infected patients with symptomatic intestinal microsporidiosis. Design: A retrospective review of a cohort of AIDS patients with symptomatic intestinal microsporidiosis who received atovaquone. Setting: Infectious Disease Program of the Grady Memorial Hospital, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and private physicians' offices in Atlanta, Georgia. Patients and methods: HIV-1-infected patients (n = 371) were offered a complete stool evaluation and monthly follow-up. Among them, 22 were diagnosed with intestinal microsporidial infection using stool smears stained with modified trichrome stain. Species confirmation was made by light microscopy or electron microscopy on small intestinal biopsy specimens in some patients. Main outcome measure: Differences in symptoms, number of stools, and body weight were compared before and after a minimum of 1 month of atovaquone therapy. Results: Eight patients received atovaquone treatment. The mean onset of clinical improvement after beginning treatment was 13 days (SEM, +/- 2). The mean number of stools per day decreased from 10 +/- 2.5 to 2 +/- 1 (P = 0.02, paired t test). The mean weight gain was 3 +/- 2 kg. The parasite was continuously present in the repeated stool specimens. However, semiquantitative analysis performed on two patients' stool specimens showed a decreased parasite burden. Four patients underwent small intestinal endoscopy with control after a 1-month period. The morphology of the spores by light microscopy was consistent with Enterocytozoon bieneusi in all four patients. Only one out of these four patients demonstrated a decrease in parasite burden in the biopsy specimen. Ultrastructural analysis performed in another of these four patients following treatment demonstrated the presence of electron-dense granules in spores, suggestive of toxic effects. Conclusion: Atovaquone demonstrates promise as a symptomatic treatment for intestinal microsporidiosis. A double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial is currently in progress. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,PROGRAM INFECT DIS,GRADY HLTH SYST,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV DIGEST DIS,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RI Lennox, Jeffrey/D-1654-2014 OI Lennox, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2064-5565 NR 33 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 619 EP 623 DI 10.1097/00002030-199606000-00007 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UN950 UT WOS:A1996UN95000007 PM 8780816 ER PT J AU Hendriks, JCM Satten, GA Longini, IM vanDruten, HAM Schellekens, PTA Coutinho, RA vanGriensven, GJP AF Hendriks, JCM Satten, GA Longini, IM vanDruten, HAM Schellekens, PTA Coutinho, RA vanGriensven, GJP TI Use of immunological markers and continuous-time Markov models to estimate progression of HIV infection in homosexual men SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE immunological marker; CD4 counts; anti-CD3 reactivity; HIV disease progression; Markov model; incubation period distribution; homosexual men ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; COHORT; AIDS; ZIDOVUDINE; ANTIBODIES; TYPE-1 AB Objectives: We used continuous-time Markov models based on CD4 cell counts and anti-CD3 reactivity (i.e., measure for T-cell quality) to study the progression of HIV infection in a cohort study of homosexual men in Amsterdam. We also compared the effectiveness of anti-CD3 reactivity as a marker for disease progression with that of CD4 cell counts. Methods: We used data from 467 men (6905 visits) with visits at 3-month intervals between October 1984 and March 1993. To account for measurement error and short time-scale variability, the immunological stage at each visit was determined using a kernel smoother on log-transformed data from each individual. The Markov model had six marker-defined stages and a seventh stage for clinical AIDS. The initial stage-occupation probabilities for seroconverters were used to estimate the incubation time from infection to AIDS. Confidence intervals were calculated using the bootstrap method to account for the effect of smoothing on the variability of our estimates. Results: The CD4 staging scheme estimated the median time from seroconversion to AIDS at 8.3 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 8.1-8.6], and a similar estimate was obtained with the anti-CD3 staging model. The CD4 model predicts that 10.2% (95% CI, 9.9-13.1) will remain AIDS-free 15 years after seroconversion. The mean number of stages visited before AIDS is lower with the CD4 model (7.4; 95% CI, 7.2-7.7) than with the anti-CD3 model (11.3; 95% Cl, 10.8-12.0), implying that anti-CD3 predicts progression less well than CD4 cell count. Conclusions: CD4 lymphocyte counts and anti-CD3 reactivity are each associated with an increased hazard for progression to AIDS. Therefore, men in different CD4-stages (anti-CD3 stages) follow different incubation period distributions to AIDS. However, anti-CD3 predicts progression less well than CD4 cell count. Staged time-continuous Markov models are useful to study immunological markers for HIV disease progression. C1 MUNICIPAL HLTH SERV,DEPT PUBL HLTH,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS RED CROSS,BLOOD TRANSFUS SERV,CENT LAB,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. RP Hendriks, JCM (reprint author), UNIV NIJMEGEN,DEPT MED STAT,KAPITTELWEG 54,6525 EP NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS. RI Hendriks, J.C.M./L-4363-2015; van Griensven, Frits/G-4719-2013 OI van Griensven, Frits/0000-0002-0971-2843 NR 25 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 649 EP 656 DI 10.1097/00002030-199606000-00011 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UN950 UT WOS:A1996UN95000011 PM 8780820 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Cheney, R Clatts, M Faruque, S Kipke, M Long, A Mills, S Toomey, K Wiebel, W AF Anderson, JE Cheney, R Clatts, M Faruque, S Kipke, M Long, A Mills, S Toomey, K Wiebel, W TI HIV risk behavior, street outreach, and condom use in eight high-risk populations SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; HOMELESS; AIDS; MEN AB In this paper we examine risk behavior, exposure to street outreach, and condom use in samples of injecting drug users (IDUs) and high-risk youth. We used systematic sampling methods to produce representative samples of injecting drug users IDUs (five. sites) and high-risk youth (three sites). The populations surveyed engaged in high levels of sexual risk behavior: 20% to 46% reported two or more sex partners in the last month. The majority (62% to 97%) knew someone infected with HIV. Condom use rates approached national health promotion goals for nonsteady partners but not for steady or main partners. Having a condom at time of interview was the most consistent predictor of condom use at last intercourse, Many of the respondents have been in contact with street outreach programs and many acknowledged some personal risk for HIV infection. However, most of the injecting drug users and high-risk youth interviewed (and their sex partners) were still at risk through unprotected sex. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BEH & INTERVENT RES BRANCH,DIV STD HIV PREVENT E44,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 36 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 191 EP 204 PG 14 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UV160 UT WOS:A1996UV16000001 PM 8806949 ER PT J AU Doll, LS Beeker, C AF Doll, LS Beeker, C TI Male bisexual behavior and HIV risk in the United States: Synthesis of research with implications for behavioral interventions SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MALE STREET PROSTITUTES; INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; YOUNG GAY MEN; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; SAN-FRANCISCO; CONDOM USE; AIDS; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION AB This paper reviews recent literature on male bisexuality and HIV risk and suggests new directions for intervention and research in the United States. AIDS case reports and behavioral studies based on convenience samples suggest that behaviorally bisexual men use condoms inconsistently with male and female partners, seldom disclose their bisexuality to their female partners, and are more likely than exclusively homosexual men to report multiple HIV risk behaviors. Male bisexuality may present greatest HIV risk in the context of (a) male prostitution, (b) injecting drug use, (c) sexual identity exploration, and (d) culturally specific gender roles and norms such as those that may characterize some African American and Hispanic communities in the United States. We review individual and community level interventions to reach men within these four contexts as well as the larger population of bisexual men. We also suggest a heuristic model to encourage additional research examining multiple dimensions of bisexual behavior and HIV risk. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HIV STD & TB PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 93 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 6 U2 9 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 205 EP 225 PG 21 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UV160 UT WOS:A1996UV16000002 PM 8806950 ER PT J AU Moneyham, L Seals, B Demi, A Sowell, R Cohen, L Guillory, J AF Moneyham, L Seals, B Demi, A Sowell, R Cohen, L Guillory, J TI Perceptions of stigma in women infected with HIV SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID SELF-DISCLOSURE; AIDS; ATTITUDES; ISSUES; FEAR; CARE; MEN AB This qualitative focus group study explored perceptions of stigma in HIV-seropositive women. The sample included 19 HIV-positive women who participated in one of four focus groups sessions. Participants were asked to talk about and describe their perceptions of how others think about and respond to them and other HIV-infefted individuals. Content analysis was used to code the data and identify participant perceptions. Four themes representing distinctly different perceptions of stigma were identified: distancing, overgeneralizing stereotypes, social discomfort, and pity. The implications of the findings for intervention and future research are discussed. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCID,DHA,SOCIAL & BEHAV STUDIES SECT,ATLANTA,GA. GEORGIA STATE UNIV,SCH NURSING,ATLANTA,GA 30303. UNIV S CAROLINA,COLL NURSING,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. MED COLL GEORGIA,SCH NURSING,AUGUSTA,GA 30912. MOREHOUSE SCH MED,CANC PREVENT AWARENESS PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30310. RP Moneyham, L (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,NELL HODGSON WOODRUFF SCH NURSING,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU 408293] NR 41 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD JUN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 162 EP 167 DI 10.1089/apc.1996.10.162 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UW724 UT WOS:A1996UW72400004 PM 11361616 ER PT J AU MacQueen, KM Buchbinder, SP Douglas, JM Judson, FN McKirnan, DJ Bartholow, BN AF MacQueen, KM Buchbinder, SP Douglas, JM Judson, FN McKirnan, DJ Bartholow, BN TI Required HIV antibody testing, social risk, and HIV-vaccine efficacy trials SO AIDS & PUBLIC POLICY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VOLUNTEERS C1 SAN FRANCISCO DEPT PUBL HLTH,AIDS OFF,RES BRANCH,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. DENVER PUBL HLTH DEPT,DENVER DIS CONTROL,DENVER,CO. HOWARD BROWN HLTH CLIN,CHICAGO,IL. RP MacQueen, KM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA, USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU802715, U64/CCU502714, U64/CCU900523] NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV PUBL GROUP, INC PI FREDERICK PA 12 SOUTH MARKET ST, STE 301, FREDERICK, MD 21701 J9 AIDS PUBLIC POLICY J JI Aids Public Policy J. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 104 EP 112 PG 9 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VT954 UT WOS:A1996VT95400005 PM 10915243 ER PT J AU Estill, CF Spencer, AB AF Estill, CF Spencer, AB TI Safety of workers with neurological disabilities - Reply SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP Estill, CF (reprint author), NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 6 BP 576 EP 576 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UP697 UT WOS:A1996UP69700015 ER PT J AU Esche, CA Groff, JH AF Esche, CA Groff, JH TI Proficiency analytical testing program report (March 1996) SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Esche, CA (reprint author), NIOSH,HHS,PHS,CDC,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN QUAL ASSURANCE & STAT ACT,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 6 BP 585 EP & PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UP697 UT WOS:A1996UP69700024 PM 8651084 ER PT J AU Yip, R AF Yip, R TI Iron supplementation during pregnancy: Is it effective? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Yip, R (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR,CDC,MS K-25,4770 BULFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 25 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 63 IS 6 BP 853 EP 855 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UP715 UT WOS:A1996UP71500001 PM 8644677 ER PT J AU Cragan, JD Khoury, MJ AF Cragan, JD Khoury, MJ TI Impact of prenatal diagnosis on epidemiologic studies of birth defects. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 2 EP 2 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800003 ER PT J AU Yang, Q Khoury, MJ James, LM Olney, RS Paulozzi, LJ AF Yang, Q Khoury, MJ James, LM Olney, RS Paulozzi, LJ TI The return of thalidomide? Are birth defects surveillance systems ready? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 6 EP 6 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800007 ER PT J AU Rhodes, PH Black, S Shinefield, H Lewis, E Ray, P Glasser, T Vadheim, C Eriksen, E Jing, J Glasser, JW AF Rhodes, PH Black, S Shinefield, H Lewis, E Ray, P Glasser, T Vadheim, C Eriksen, E Jing, J Glasser, JW TI Efficient validation of routine screening of automated records for associations between exposures and outcomes. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 12 EP 12 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800012 ER PT J AU Hillis, S Marchbanks, P Peterson, H AF Hillis, S Marchbanks, P Peterson, H TI Clinical and pathologic characteristics of women undergoing hysterectomy after tubal sterilization. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800018 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC Dilley, A Baine, R Silva, V Rollins, P Austin, H Wenger, N Evatt, B AF Hooper, WC Dilley, A Baine, R Silva, V Rollins, P Austin, H Wenger, N Evatt, B TI The angiotensin-I converting enzyme and venous thrombosis in African-Americans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30329. EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 26 EP 26 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800027 ER PT J AU Scott, CL Iyasu, S Rowley, D Atrash, HK AF Scott, CL Iyasu, S Rowley, D Atrash, HK TI Trends in postneonatal mortality, United States, 1980-1992. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 53 EP 53 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800053 ER PT J AU Schendel, DE Berg, CJ AF Schendel, DE Berg, CJ TI Risk factors for very low birthweight infant mortality. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CDC,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 54 EP 54 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800055 ER PT J AU Anderson, PJ Ruder, AM Petersen, MR Alderfer, RJ Mendell, MJ Mouradian, R AF Anderson, PJ Ruder, AM Petersen, MR Alderfer, RJ Mendell, MJ Mouradian, R TI Assessment of work-related symptoms in office workers in a non-complaint building using a multi-building reference database. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RI Ruder, Avima/I-4155-2012 OI Ruder, Avima/0000-0003-0419-6664 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 64 EP 64 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800064 ER PT J AU Bang, KM Kim, JH AF Bang, KM Kim, JH TI Prevalence of asthma in the US population, 1988-1991. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH,CDC,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 65 EP 65 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800065 ER PT J AU Massoudi, M Biagini, R Bernstein, D Pinkerton, L Hull, D Ruder, A Brown, M Boeniger, M Ward, E AF Massoudi, M Biagini, R Bernstein, D Pinkerton, L Hull, D Ruder, A Brown, M Boeniger, M Ward, E TI Immunological effects of egg proteins on egg-processing workers. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CDC,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RI Ruder, Avima/I-4155-2012 OI Ruder, Avima/0000-0003-0419-6664 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 69 EP 69 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800069 ER PT J AU Calvert, G Mueller, C ONeill, V Fajen, J Fleming, I Briggle, T AF Calvert, G Mueller, C ONeill, V Fajen, J Fleming, I Briggle, T TI Comparing company-based and self-reported estimates of duration and intensity of occupational fumigant exposure. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH,CDC,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 70 EP 70 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800071 ER PT J AU Halliburton, CS Mannino, DM Olney, RS AF Halliburton, CS Mannino, DM Olney, RS TI Cystic fibrosis deaths in the United States from 1979 through 1991: An analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 80 EP 80 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800080 ER PT J AU Galuska, DA Serdula, MK Freedman, DS AF Galuska, DA Serdula, MK Freedman, DS TI Long-term reliability of self-reported age at menopause: Results from the national health and nutrition examination follow-up survey. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 85 EP 85 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800085 ER PT J AU Atrash, H Strauss, L Kendrick, J Skjeldestad, F Ahn, Y AF Atrash, H Strauss, L Kendrick, J Skjeldestad, F Ahn, Y TI Does induced abortion increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GYNECOL & OBSTET,ATLANTA,GA 30329. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 100 EP 100 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800100 ER PT J AU Saraiya, M Berg, C Kendrick, J Strauss, L Atrash, H AF Saraiya, M Berg, C Kendrick, J Strauss, L Atrash, H TI Does smoking increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 102 EP 102 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800103 ER PT J AU Green, D Moore, J Adams, M Berg, C Wilcox, L McCarthy, B AF Green, D Moore, J Adams, M Berg, C Wilcox, L McCarthy, B TI Trends and factors influencing VBAC rates in Georgia. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800107 ER PT J AU Trevejo, RT RigauPerez, JG Ashford, D McClure, E Jarquin, C Amador, JJ delosReyes, JO Gonzalez, A Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ McLean, R Nasci, R Weyant, R Bolin, C Bragg, S Rodriguez, L Perkins, B Spiegel, RA AF Trevejo, RT RigauPerez, JG Ashford, D McClure, E Jarquin, C Amador, JJ delosReyes, JO Gonzalez, A Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ McLean, R Nasci, R Weyant, R Bolin, C Bragg, S Rodriguez, L Perkins, B Spiegel, RA TI Leptospirosis epidemic associated with pulmonary hemorrhage - Nicaragua, 1995. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 124 EP 124 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800124 ER PT J AU McQuillan, G Alter, M Moyer, L Lambert, S Margolis, H AF McQuillan, G Alter, M Moyer, L Lambert, S Margolis, H TI A population based serologic study of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 125 EP 125 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800125 ER PT J AU Janes, GR AF Janes, GR TI Does office-based care for women with diabetes vary with expected source of payment? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 163 EP 163 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800162 ER PT J AU Semenza, JC Falter, KH Selanikio, JD Rubin, CH Wilhelm, J AF Semenza, JC Falter, KH Selanikio, JD Rubin, CH Wilhelm, J TI The hot zone: Risk factors for heat-related mortality, Chicago 1995. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 171 EP 171 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800170 ER PT J AU Sinks, T Henderson, A Blair, A Brown, D Staehling, N Humphrey, H AF Sinks, T Henderson, A Blair, A Brown, D Staehling, N Humphrey, H TI The mortality experience of people exposed to polybrominated biphenyls. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NIEHS,NCI,BETHESDA,MD. MICHIGAN DEPT PUBL HLTH,LANSING,MI 48909. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 172 EP 172 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800172 ER PT J AU Yoon, PW Bresee, J Olney, R James, L Khoury, M AF Yoon, PW Bresee, J Olney, R James, L Khoury, M TI The epidemiology of biliary atresia: A population-based study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 184 EP 184 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800184 ER PT J AU Boyle, CA Khoury, M Hymbaugh, K Decoufle, D Floyd, L AF Boyle, CA Khoury, M Hymbaugh, K Decoufle, D Floyd, L TI An alternative approach to the surveillance of alcohol-affected pregnancies. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 185 EP 185 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800185 ER PT J AU Mitra, JD Watkins, M Khoury, MJ AF Mitra, JD Watkins, M Khoury, MJ TI Pregnancy interval and risk for neural tube defects: A population-based study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 186 EP 186 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800187 ER PT J AU Watkins, M Lally, C Erickson, JD Thun, M Mulinare, J Heath, C AF Watkins, M Lally, C Erickson, JD Thun, M Mulinare, J Heath, C TI Vitamin use and mortality from heart disease and stroke: A large cohort study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. AMER CANC SOC,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 189 EP 189 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800189 ER PT J AU RigauPerez, JG Vorndam, AV Clark, GG AF RigauPerez, JG Vorndam, AV Clark, GG TI The dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemic in Puerto Rico,1994-1995. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DENGUE BRANCH,SAN JUAN,PR 00921. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 202 EP 202 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800202 ER PT J AU Millard, PS RigauPerez, JG Deseda, CC Walker, DR Clark, GG AF Millard, PS RigauPerez, JG Deseda, CC Walker, DR Clark, GG TI A graphic method for detecting regional increases in dengue incidence, Puerto Rico, 1994-1995. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,EPIDEMIOL INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 203 EP 203 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800201 ER PT J AU Moore, J Green, D Adams, M Berg, C Wilcox, L McCarthy, B AF Moore, J Green, D Adams, M Berg, C Wilcox, L McCarthy, B TI The validity of delivery methods from birth certificates in Georgia, 1980-1992: Are we underestimating VBAC rates? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 214 EP 214 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800214 ER PT J AU Berg, CJ Koonin, LM Atrash, HK Smith, J AF Berg, CJ Koonin, LM Atrash, HK Smith, J TI Ascertainment of pregnancy-related deaths. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 216 EP 216 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800215 ER PT J AU Keenan, N Scholes, D Croft, J Murray, E AF Keenan, N Scholes, D Croft, J Murray, E TI Prescription filling patterns for estrogen vaginal creams among perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, 1983-1993. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 254 EP 254 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800253 ER PT J AU Adams, M Wilson, H Rochat, R AF Adams, M Wilson, H Rochat, R TI Among women with late initiation of prenatal care, does earlier care in the next pregnancy make a difference in birthweight? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI Rochat, Roger/J-9802-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 295 EP 295 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800291 ER PT J AU Nelson, DE Russell, J Kresnow, M AF Nelson, DE Russell, J Kresnow, M TI Trends in adult safety belt use by demographic characteristics and type of state safety belt law, 1987-1993. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 322 EP 322 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800319 ER PT J AU Krug, E Brener, N Dahlberg, L Ryan, G Powell, K AF Krug, E Brener, N Dahlberg, L Ryan, G Powell, K TI Peacework: Evaluation of a school-based violence prevention program. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 324 EP 324 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800320 ER PT J AU Patrick, S Mermin, J Flahart, R Miller, C Pezzino, G AF Patrick, S Mermin, J Flahart, R Miller, C Pezzino, G TI Outbreak of E-coli O157:H7 infections after a wedding reception. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Mermin, Jonathan/J-9847-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 341 EP 341 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800337 ER PT J AU Carter, R Cimini, D Miller, J Layton, M Gomez, T Swerdlow, D AF Carter, R Cimini, D Miller, J Layton, M Gomez, T Swerdlow, D TI Outbreak of Salmonella Stanleyville associated with live poultry markets. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013. CDC,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 342 EP 342 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800339 ER PT J AU Nordenberg, D Edwards, V Felitti, V Wright, J Anda, R AF Nordenberg, D Edwards, V Felitti, V Wright, J Anda, R TI Child abuse as a risk factor for early onset of sexual activity. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. KAISER PERMANENTE,SAN DIEGO,CA. RI Hizukuri, Tatiana/H-6593-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 SU S BP 343 EP 343 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN208 UT WOS:A1996UN20800338 ER PT J AU Chen, ATL Reidy, JA Sever, LE AF Chen, ATL Reidy, JA Sever, LE TI Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 BATTELLE MEM INST,CTR PUBL HLTH RES,SEATTLE,WA 98105. BATTELLE MEM INST,CTR EVALUAT,SEATTLE,WA 98105. RP Chen, ATL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 11 BP 1179 EP 1180 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UM579 UT WOS:A1996UM57900022 PM 8633613 ER PT J AU Baron, S Hales, T Hurrell, J AF Baron, S Hales, T Hurrell, J TI Evaluation of symptom surveys for occupational musculoskeletal disorders SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE work-related musculoskeletal disorders; Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire; outcome research; ergonomics ID QUESTIONNAIRE AB Symptom surveys have been used extensively as part of workplace ergonomic screening programs and epidemiologic assessments of musculoskeletal disorders in groups of workers. This paper examines the reliability and validity of two musculoskeletal symptom surveys, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and a survey used in conjunction with epidemiologic assessments by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Journal articles assessing the validity and reliability of the NMQ were reviewed. A retrospective assessment combining two NIOSH cohorts with a total of 852 workers assessed the reliability and validity of that survey. Reliability was assessed through test-retest methods and interitem correlations between similar questions. Validity was assessed by comparison with results from physical examination assessments of workers and self-reports of workers seeking medical care. Both reliability and validity were found to be acceptable for the purposes of workplace ergonomics programs. Implications for use of these surveys for prevention and treatment outcomes research are discussed. (C) 1996 Wiley Liss, Inc.* RP Baron, S (reprint author), NIOSH,HAZARD EVALUAT & TECH ASSISTANCE BRANCH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MS R-10,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 21 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 29 IS 6 BP 609 EP 617 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UP176 UT WOS:A1996UP17600005 PM 8773721 ER PT J AU Alexander, GR Mor, JM Kogan, MD Leland, NL Kieffer, E AF Alexander, GR Mor, JM Kogan, MD Leland, NL Kieffer, E TI Pregnancy outcomes of US-born and foreign-born Japanese Americans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 122nd Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY OCT 30-NOV 04, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc ID MAINLAND PUERTO-RICAN; UNITED-STATES-BORN; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; INFANT-MORTALITY; MEXICAN-AMERICAN; PRENATAL-CARE; HEALTH; WOMEN; HISPANICS; RACE AB Objectives. This study investigated birth outcomes of Japanese Americans, focusing on the role of the mother's place of birth. Methods. Single live births to US-resident Japanese American mothers (n = 37 941) were selected from th 1983 through 1987 US linked live birth-infant death files. Results. US-born mothers were more likely than foreign-born mothers to be less than 18 years old and not married, to start prenatal care early, and to more adequately use prenatal care. Infants or foreign-born Japanese Americans had a slightly lower risk of low birthweight. No significant differences were found between nativity groups for very low birthweight or neonatal, postneonatal, and infant mortality. The mortality rates of infants of US-born (6.2) and foreign-born (5.4) Japanese American women were below the US Year 2000 objective but still exceeded Japan's 1990 rate (4.6). However, low-birthweight percentages of the US-born group (5.7%) and the foreign-born group (5.0%) were similar to that of Japan (5.5%). Conclusions. The infants of foreign-born Japanese-American women exhibited modestly better low-birthweight percentages than those of US-born Japanese Americans. This finding supports theories of the healthy immigrant. C1 UNIV HAWAII MANOA,SCH PUBL HLTH,MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH PROGRAM,HONOLULU,HI 96822. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. MINNESOTA BLUECROSS BLUESHIELD BLUEPLUS,CTR HLTH SERV RES & EVALUAT,ST PAUL,MN. UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT HLTH BEHAV & EDUC,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. RP Alexander, GR (reprint author), UNIV ALABAMA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,112 MORTIMER JORDAN HALL,1825 UNIV BLVD,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294, USA. NR 28 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 820 EP 824 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.6.820 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UQ530 UT WOS:A1996UQ53000014 PM 8659656 ER PT J AU Singh, GK Yu, SM AF Singh, GK Yu, SM TI Adverse pregnancy outcomes: Differences between US- and foreign-born women in major US racial and ethnic groups SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 122nd Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY OCT 29-NOV 04, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc ID UNITED-STATES-BORN; INFANT-MORTALITY; BIRTH-WEIGHT; HEALTH; BEHAVIORS AB Objectives. This study examined whether there were significant differentials between US-born and foreign-born women in risks of infant mortality, low birthweight,and preterm birth and whether these differentials, if they existed, varied across major US racial/ethnic groups. Methods. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to national linked birth/infant death records for 1985 through 1987 to estimate overall and ethnic-specific maternal nativity effects on pregnancy outcomes. Results. Substantial maternal nativity differences in risks of infant mortality and low birthweight were found, with the magnitude of the nativity effect varying significantly across racial/ethnic groups, Overall, foreign-born status was associated with 7% and 20% lower risks of low birthweight and infant mortality, respectively. However, the reduced risk of adverse pregnancy outcome associated with immigrant status tended to be substantially larger for Blacks, Cubans, Mexicans, and Chinese than for other ethnic groups. Conclusions. Maternal nativity status, along with ethnicity, may serve as an important axis of differentiation in birth outcome studies, Further research needs to be conducted to assess the effects of behavioral, cultural, and psychosocial factors in explaining the nativity differentials observed here. C1 BUR MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH, HLTH RESOURCES & SERV ADM, ROCKVILLE, MD USA. RP Singh, GK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR HLTH STAT, DIV VITAL STAT, 6525 BELCREST RD, ROOM 840, HYATTSVILLE, MD 20782 USA. NR 37 TC 252 Z9 254 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 837 EP 843 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.6.837 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UQ530 UT WOS:A1996UQ53000017 PM 8659659 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Haugh, GS PriceGreen, PA Dhara, VR Kaye, WE AF Hall, HI Haugh, GS PriceGreen, PA Dhara, VR Kaye, WE TI Risk factors for hazardous substance releases that result in injuries and evacuations: Data from 9 states SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL DISASTERS AB This study was undertaken to determine risk factors associated with hazardous substance releases (at fixed facilities or during transport)that have public health consequences. Data from nine states with surveillance systems for such releases and their consequences were analyzed. Risk factors were determined for releases resulting in (1) injuries or (2) evacuations. Both outcomes were more likely to occur as a result of facility releases (odds ratio [OR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44, 2.47, for injuries; OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 2.28, 4.74, for evacuations). Releases of ammonia, chlorine, and acids resulted in injuries and evacuations more frequently than releases of other substances. C1 PUBL HLTH SERV,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA. ORKAND CORP,ATLANTA,GA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 855 EP 857 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.6.855 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UQ530 UT WOS:A1996UQ53000020 PM 8659662 ER PT J AU Samadi, AR Lee, NC Flanders, WD Boring, JR Parris, EB AF Samadi, AR Lee, NC Flanders, WD Boring, JR Parris, EB TI Risk factors for self-reported uterine fibroids: A case-control study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ENDOMETRIAL CANCER; ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BREAST-CANCER; YOUNG-WOMEN; HORMONE AB To identify risk factors for uterine fibroids, a case-control design was used to analyze data from control subjects enrolled in the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Case patients were 201 women who reported a history of uterine fibroids, and control subjects were 1503 women without fibroids, individually matched by age to case patients. Reporting of fibroids was more frequent among premenopausal women women who had frequent Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, women who used oral contraceptives and had infrequent Pap smears, and women with higher education. Reporting of fibroids was less frequent among women with a lower body mass index who were current or long-time smokers. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Samadi, AR (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,1518 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30329, USA. NR 29 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 858 EP 862 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.6.858 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UQ530 UT WOS:A1996UQ53000021 PM 8659663 ER PT J AU Scheidt, PC Harel, Y Trumble, AC Jones, DH Overpeck, MD Bijur, PE AF Scheidt, PC Harel, Y Trumble, AC Jones, DH Overpeck, MD Bijur, PE TI Nonfatal injuries among US children - Response SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 NICHHD,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT SOCIOL,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BRONX,NY 10467. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 892 EP 893 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.6.892-b PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UQ530 UT WOS:A1996UQ53000040 ER PT J AU Whalen, C Okwera, A Johnson, J Vjecha, M Hom, D Wallis, R Huebner, R Mugerwa, R Ellner, J AF Whalen, C Okwera, A Johnson, J Vjecha, M Hom, D Wallis, R Huebner, R Mugerwa, R Ellner, J TI Predictors of survival in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HIV-INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; EXPRESSION; COHORT AB Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed both the epidemiology and natural history of tuberculosis. Despite a generally good response to effective antituberculous therapy, the prognosis remains poor. The objective of this analysis was to determine the independent predictors of survival in HIV-infected Ugandan adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 191 HIV-infected Ugandan adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled into a clinical trial of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. The subjects received either rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide for two months, followed by rifampin and isoniazid for six months (n = 101) or streptomycin, thiacetazone, and isoniazid for two months followed by thiacetazone and isoniazid for eight months (n = 90). After standard measurements were made at baseline, the group was followed at regular intervals for a mean of 16 months to determine survival. During the course of follow-up, 82 (43%) of the patients died, six within the first month of therapy. The one-year survival proportion was 68% with an estimated median survival of 26 months and did not differ according to treatment regimen. The hazard for death was biphasic, high early in the course of therapy, and then again after about one year. After controlling for the treatment regimen, four independent predictors of survival were found: anergy to purified protein derivative, atypical chest roentgenogram, previous HIV-related condition, and lymphopenia. In this cohort of Ugandan adults, four simple and inexpensive predictors of survival were found. These factors suggest that the degree of immunosuppression was a major determinant of survival. C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. UNIV HOSP CLEVELAND,CLEVELAND,OH. MAKERERE UNIV,SCH MED,KAMPALA,UGANDA. UGANDAN NATL TB & LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAMME,KAMPALA,UGANDA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Whalen, C (reprint author), CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,DEPT MED,DIV GEN INTERNAL MED,CLEVELAND,OH 44106, USA. RI Wallis, Robert/A-8018-2009 OI Wallis, Robert/0000-0001-6152-5183 NR 31 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 153 IS 6 BP 1977 EP 1981 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UR223 UT WOS:A1996UR22300036 PM 8665064 ER PT J AU Addiss, DG Pond, RS Remshak, M Juranek, DD Stokes, S Davis, JP AF Addiss, DG Pond, RS Remshak, M Juranek, DD Stokes, S Davis, JP TI Reduction of risk of watery diarrhea with point-of-use water filters during a massive outbreak of waterborne Cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1993 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CONSUMPTION; SUPPLIES; GIARDIA; PARVUM AB The occurrence of a massive waterborne outbreak of Cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin provided an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of point-of-use home water filters in preventing diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium infection. Of 155 filter owners who responded to a televised request to contact the City of Milwaukee Health Department, 99 (64%) completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding their sources of drinking water, the characteristics of their home water filters, and diarrheal illness during the outbreak. Diarrhea among respondents was independently associated with residence in southern or central Milwaukee (the area served by the implicated South water treatment plant), having a home water filter with a pore diameter of greater than 1 mu m, and drinking unfiltered tap water in a public building in southern Milwaukee. Among residents of southern and central Milwaukee, two (18%) of 11 persons who drank only submicron-filtered water at home and who did not drink unfiltered South plant water at work had watery diarrhea, compared with 50% (n = 2), 63% (n = 35), and 80% (n = 15) who reported drinking South plant water that was unfiltered or passed through a filter with a pore diameter > 1 mu m at work only, home only, or both home and work, respectively (P = 0.02). The data indicate that use of submicron point-of-use water filters may reduce risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis. C1 CITY MILWAUKEE HLTH DEPT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH TECHNOL,MILWAUKEE,WI. BUR PUBL HLTH,WISCONSIN DIV HLTH,MADISON,WI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Addiss, DG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MAILSTOP F-22,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 54 IS 6 BP 549 EP 553 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UX379 UT WOS:A1996UX37900001 PM 8686769 ER PT J AU Kosoy, MY Elliott, LH Ksiazek, TG Fulhorst, CF Rollin, PE Childs, JE Mills, JN Maupin, GO Peters, CJ AF Kosoy, MY Elliott, LH Ksiazek, TG Fulhorst, CF Rollin, PE Childs, JE Mills, JN Maupin, GO Peters, CJ TI Prevalence of antibodies to arenaviruses in rodents from the southern and western United States: Evidence for an arenavirus associated with the genus Neotoma SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; VIRUS AB The objectives of this study were to extend our knowledge of the geographic distribution and rodent host range of arenaviruses in North America. Sera from wild rodents collected from the southern and western United States were tested fur antibody against Tamiami, Pichinde, Junin, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Antibody to at least one arenavirus was found in 220 (3.1%) of 7,106 rodents tested. The antibody-positive animals included Mus musculus from Florida and Texas; Neotoma albigula from Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico; N. fuscipes and N. lepida from California: N. mexicana from Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah; N. stephensi from Arizona and New Mexico; and Oryzomys palustris and Sigmodon hispidus from Florida. Sigmodon hispidus seropositive for Tamiami virus were found only in Florida (156 [27.0%] of 578 tested), although 463 hispid cotton rats from outside that state were examined. High-titered antibodies to Tamiami virus were present in sera from S. hispidus, (geometric mean antibody titer [GMAT] of 1:792), whereas sera from Neotoma spp, reacted at high titer to both Tamiami (GMAT = 1:905) and Pichinde (GMAT = 1:433) viruses. The results suggest that arenaviruses are widely distributed in the southern United States and that one or more indigenous arenaviruses are associated with Neotoma spp. in North America. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 54 IS 6 BP 570 EP 576 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UX379 UT WOS:A1996UX37900005 PM 8686773 ER PT J AU Yusuf, HR Mahoney, FJ Shapiro, CN Mast, EE Polish, L AF Yusuf, HR Mahoney, FJ Shapiro, CN Mast, EE Polish, L TI Hospital-based evaluation of programs to prevent perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Objective: To evaluate the frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening of pregnant women in the United States and factors associated with the lack of screening. Design: A random sample of 200 hospitals with 100 or more births per year was surveyed with regard to policy and practices. Each hospital was also asked to provide maternal screening and infant follow-up data for the first 25 infants who were born on or after March 1, 1993. Results: Of 183 participating hospitals, 137 (75%) had maternal HBsAg screening policies, and 102 (56%) had standing orders for HBsAg testing of pregnant women who were admitted without prior screening. Hospitals that were located in states with laws that required maternal HBsAg screening were more likely to have a written screening policy (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.4) and a standing order (PR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.2). A lack of screening was related to delivery in hospitals without screening policies (PR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.9) or standing orders (PR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2-6.2), and to the infant's provider being a family practitioner (PR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7). Among the 3982 infants for whom data were available, 3342 (84%) were born to mothers who had undergone screening for HBsAg. Conclusions: These findings suggest that hospitals should develop specific policies for HBsAg screening, states should enact laws that require maternal screening, and additional education of health care providers is needed with regard to the screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg. C1 NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA. NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510. RP Yusuf, HR (reprint author), CDCP,4770 BUFORD HWY,MAILSTOP K47,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Huang, Linlu/H-3410-2011 NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 150 IS 6 BP 593 EP 597 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UP413 UT WOS:A1996UP41300005 PM 8646308 ER PT J AU Oshima, KH EvansStrickfaden, TT Highsmith, AK Ades, EW AF Oshima, KH EvansStrickfaden, TT Highsmith, AK Ades, EW TI The use of a microporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane filter to separate contaminating viral particles from biologically important proteins SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SIZE-EXCLUSION REMOVAL; FILTRATION; QUALIFICATION; POLIOVIRUS; FLUIDS; SYSTEM; WATER; FIBER; PP7 AB Viral agents (influenza A virus, 80-120 nm; phage T1, 50 nm head, 150 nm head, 150 nm tail; phage PR772, 53 nm; poliovirus, 28-30 nm; and phage PP7, 25 nm) were used to determine the ability of a newly developed, modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane filter to remove viruses from several fluids. These included ultrapure water, Dulbecco's modified Eagle minimum essential medium (DMEM) and DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (DMEM-10). Small volume (10 ml) filtration experiments were done with 47-mm disks while larger volumes (1 litre) were done with virus suspended in DMEM-10, using cartridge filters with a surface area of 1.63 m(2). With 47-mm disks, influenza A virus and phage T1 were removed to below detectable limits in all fluids tested (titre reduction [Tr] >2.0 x 10(6) and >5.8 x 10(8), respectively). The retention of phage PP7 and poliovirus was consistent but fluid dependent. The greatest concentration of phage PP7 and poliovirus was removed from ultrapure water (phage PP7, Tr = 2.1 x 10(7); poliovirus, TR >3.2 x 10(4)), while the removal efficency from DMEM-10 was substantially lower (phage PP7, Tr = 2.3; poliovirus, Tr = 2.1 x 10(2)). Results of cartridge challenges in DMEM-10 were comparable to the corresponding small disk challenges. These results demonstrate that this PVDF membrane filter was very effective (Tr >10(6)) in removing viral particles (>50 nm); smaller viruses (<50 nm) were also consistently removed, but the level of removal depended on the virus and type of fluid tested. In separate experiments, the recovery of purified albumin (69 000 Da) and IgG (150 000 Da) in the filtrate was also determined at approx. 0.015 mg/ml and approx. 10 mg/ml. Recovery of albumin and IgG was >90%. Efficient virus retention coupled with high recovery of protein <150 000 Da suggest potential applications of this membrane filter, when protection against adventitious viral contaminants is desired. (C) 1996 The International Association of Biological Standardization C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US DEPT HHS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,BIOL PROD BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. PALL CORP,SCI LAB SERV,PORT WASHINGTON,NY 11050. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD JUN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1006/biol.1996.0018 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VH437 UT WOS:A1996VH43700009 PM 8889061 ER PT J AU Satten, GA AF Satten, GA TI Rank-based inference in the proportional hazards model for interval censored data SO BIOMETRIKA LA English DT Article DE Cox model; current status data; Gibbs sampling; marginal likelihood; regression; stochastic approximation; survival analysis ID REGRESSION AB A marginal likelihood approach to fitting the proportional hazards model to interval censored or grouped data is proposed; this approach maximises a likelihood that is the sum over al rankings of the data that are consistent with the observed censoring intervals. As in the usual proportional hazards model, the method does not require specification of the baseline hazard function. The score equations determining the maximum marginal likelihood estimator can be written as the expected value of the score of the usual proportional hazards model, with respect to a certain distribution of rankings. A Gibbs sampling scheme is given to generate rankings from this distribution, and stochastic approximation is used to solve the score equations. Simulation results under various censoring schemes give-point estimates that are close to estimates obtained using actual failure times. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 19 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 3 PU BIOMETRIKA TRUST PI LONDON PA UNIV COLLEGE LONDON GOWER ST-BIOMETRIKA OFFICE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1E 6BT SN 0006-3444 J9 BIOMETRIKA JI Biometrika PD JUN PY 1996 VL 83 IS 2 BP 355 EP 370 DI 10.1093/biomet/83.2.355 PG 16 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA UU073 UT WOS:A1996UU07300009 ER PT J AU Driskell, WJ Hill, RH Shealy, DB Hull, RD Hines, CJ AF Driskell, WJ Hill, RH Shealy, DB Hull, RD Hines, CJ TI Identification of a major human urinary metabolite of alachlor by LC-MS/MS SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,CINCINNATI,OH 45242. RP Driskell, WJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 7 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 56 IS 6 BP 853 EP 859 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UH695 UT WOS:A1996UH69500001 PM 8661877 ER PT J AU Liebmann, B Smith, CA AF Liebmann, B Smith, CA TI Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Letter RP Liebmann, B (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,NOAA,ERL,CDC,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. RI Smith, Catherine/H-5055-2016 OI Smith, Catherine/0000-0003-2687-6046 NR 2 TC 1245 Z9 1326 U1 4 U2 47 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1275 EP 1277 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VC043 UT WOS:A1996VC04300013 ER PT J AU Glaser, RA Shulman, SA AF Glaser, RA Shulman, SA TI Study of variables affecting extraction of organic solvents from solid sorbent sampling media using supercritical carbon dioxide SO CHROMATOGRAPHIA LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; supercritical CO2; thimble volumes; thermodynamic model; desorption enthalpy ID FLUID EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROCARBONS AB The extraction of four solvents from three sorbents, using supercritical carbon dioxide was studied. Toluene and isooctane were extracted from Anasorb 747(R), a synthetic carbon; 1-butanol from silica gel; and 2-nitropropane from Anasorb 727(R), a porous organic polymer. Preliminary experiments indicated that dynamic extraction was required; these experiments also fixed the duration of extraction of the analytes. All extractions were performed at 1.0 mL min(-1). The temperature and density of the supercritical extraction fluid were then varied, according to a fractional factorial statistical design. The amounts remaining on the sorbent were determined via solvent desorption of the analytes and gas chromatography of the eluents. The fraction extracted data were modeled as a function of temperature and density according to a thermodynamic approach that permitted computation of constant-density enthalpies of desorption. This study indicates a significant temperature- and density-dependence for quantitative extraction of isooctane and toluene from Anasorb 747(R) and 1-butanol from silica gel, with no measurable temperature- or density-dependence for extraction of 2-nitropropane from Anasorb 727(R). The extracted analytes were also collected via cryotrapping; only higher level masses of 1-butanol were quantitatively recovered. The dependence of the extraction efficiency on the thimble volumes passed over the matrix is discussed. RP Glaser, RA (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US PUBL HLTH SERV,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU FRIEDR VIEWEG SOHN VERLAG GMBH PI WIESBADEN 1 PA PO BOX 5829, W-6200 WIESBADEN 1, GERMANY SN 0009-5893 J9 CHROMATOGRAPHIA JI Chromatographia PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 11-12 BP 665 EP 674 DI 10.1007/BF02267699 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA UX426 UT WOS:A1996UX42600009 ER PT J AU Mukabayire, O Besansky, NJ AF Mukabayire, O Besansky, NJ TI Distribution of T1, Q, Pegasus and mariner transposable elements on the polytene chromosomes of PEST, a standard strain of Anopheles gambiae SO CHROMOSOMA LA English DT Article ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; CHIRONOMUS-THUMMI; GENES; DNA; TRANSFORMATION; POPULATIONS; FAMILIES; COMPLEX; COPIA; HOBO AB The chromosomal locations of four families of transposable elements, T1, Q, Pegasus and mariner, have been determined by in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes of ovarian nurse cells of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. As part of this effort, we have developed a vigorous pink-eyed laboratory strain of A. gambiae (PEST), rendered homozygous standard for chromosomal inversions on all autosomes. Ten different individuals of this strain were studied with each transposable element probe. The average number of hybridization sites per genome was 83.9 for T1, 63.4 for Q, 31.5 for Pegasus and 64.7 for mariner, excluding pericentric and centromeric regions. However, some degree of polymorphism was observed within each family such that, considering all ten individuals, 94 different sites were detected for T1, 82 sites for Q, 45 sites for Pegasus and 71 sites for mariner. The mean occupancy per site varied from 0.70 (Pegasus) to 0.91 (mariner), which, while significantly higher than that seen for transposable elements in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster; is comparable to that seen in established laboratory stocks. In addition, these element families were not randomly distributed. All but Pegasus were concentrated in centromeric heterochromatin and centromere-proxi mal euchromatin, most showed a deficit of hybridization sites in the distal section of chromosomes, and a significant proportion of sites were coincident between families. These results provide the first detailed examination of the cytogenetic location of transposable elements in a nondrosophilid insect, and, through comparison with the behavior of transposable elements in Drosophila, may provide insight into the interaction between elements and host. The mapped elements are also expected to serve as landmarks useful in integrating the developing physical map of the PEST strain with the chromosomal banding pattern. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 54 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0009-5915 J9 CHROMOSOMA JI Chromosoma PD JUN PY 1996 VL 104 IS 8 BP 585 EP 595 DI 10.1007/BF00352298 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UU651 UT WOS:A1996UU65100006 PM 8662251 ER PT J AU Escobedo, LG Zack, MM AF Escobedo, LG Zack, MM TI Comparison of sudden and nonsudden coronary deaths in the United States SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE coronary disease; mortality; smoking; death, sudden ID CARDIAC-ARREST; RESPONDENTS; RISK; RESUSCITATION; INFORMATION; SURVIVAL AB Background The present study was designed to compare risk factor prevalences in coronary heart disease deaths in persons dying within 1 hour of onset of cardiovascular symptoms (sudden coronary death), those dying without such sudden symptoms (nonsudden coronary death), and those with unknown duration of symptoms before death (other coronary death). Methods and Results Data from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey and the US Bureau of the Census were examined to assess death rates for sudden, nonsudden, and other coronary deaths. Multivariate logistic regression methods were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR), compared with nonsudden and other coronary deaths, for sudden coronary death associated with socioeconomic status variables, the person's location at death, and coronary heart disease risk factors. Mortality rates for all coronary deaths increased with age, were higher for men than women, and increased with decreasing years of schooling. The rate of sudden coronary death was highest for Hispanics. In 1986, an estimated 251000 sudden coronary deaths (95% CI=238000 to 263000) occurred in the United States. Sudden coronary deaths were less likely than nonsudden coronary deaths to occur at home (OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.4 to 0.6), but individuals who died of sudden coronary death were more likely to have been current cigarette smokers (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.0 to 1.8). No other modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease distinguished sudden coronary deaths from nonsudden coronary deaths. Conclusions Contrary to the commonly held view, coronary deaths in the home are more likely to be nonsudden than sudden. Cigarette smoking more likely results in sudden than nonsudden coronary death, perhaps because of nicotine-induced ventricular arrhythmias. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUN INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Escobedo, LG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 27 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 11 BP 2033 EP 2036 PG 4 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA UM928 UT WOS:A1996UM92800016 PM 8640979 ER PT J AU Karetnyi, YV Favorov, MO Khudyakova, NS BarShani, S Dagan, R Fields, HA Mendelson, E AF Karetnyi, YV Favorov, MO Khudyakova, NS BarShani, S Dagan, R Fields, HA Mendelson, E TI Populations with high prevalence of antibody against hepatitis E virus in Israel SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY LA English DT Letter ID INFECTION C1 CHAIM SHEBA MED CTR,CENT VIROL LAB,IL-52621 TEL HASHOMER,ISRAEL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CENT BLOOD BANK,TEL HASHOMER,ISRAEL. BEN GURION UNIV NEGEV,SOROKA MED CTR,PEDIAT INFECT DIS UNIT,IL-84101 BEER SHEVA,ISRAEL. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0197 J9 CLIN DIAGN VIROL JI Clin. Diagn. Virol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 73 EP 76 DI 10.1016/0928-0197(96)00204-8 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA UW229 UT WOS:A1996UW22900009 PM 15566892 ER PT J AU Hortin, G Lawson, L Dey, S Macaluso, M Bloom, A AF Hortin, G Lawson, L Dey, S Macaluso, M Bloom, A TI Evaluation of biochemical tests for semen detection. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ALABAMA,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35233. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RI Macaluso, Maurizio/J-2076-2015 OI Macaluso, Maurizio/0000-0002-2977-9690 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 6 SU S BP 339 EP 339 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA UR522 UT WOS:A1996UR52200340 ER PT J AU Shahangian, S Krolak, JM Gaunt, EE Cohn, RD Hughes, SS AF Shahangian, S Krolak, JM Gaunt, EE Cohn, RD Hughes, SS TI Validation of the use of a split-specimen design to characterize problems in laboratory testing: A feasibility study. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV LAB SYST,DURHAM,NC. ANALYT SCI INC,DURHAM,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 6 SU S BP 754 EP 754 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA UR522 UT WOS:A1996UR52200754 ER PT J AU Waymack, PP Chen, WX Ethridge, SF Myers, GL AF Waymack, PP Chen, WX Ethridge, SF Myers, GL TI Stability to freezing of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in serum. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 6 SU S BP 812 EP 812 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA UR522 UT WOS:A1996UR52200811 ER PT J AU Otvos, J Jeyarajah, E Waymack, P Myers, G Ethridge, S AF Otvos, J Jeyarajah, E Waymack, P Myers, G Ethridge, S TI Comparability of lipoprotein concentrations determined by NMR spectroscopy and beta-quantification. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 6 SU S BP 814 EP 814 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA UR522 UT WOS:A1996UR52200813 ER PT J AU Urwin, G Krohn, JA DeaverRobinson, K Wenger, JD Farley, MM Stephens, DS Rimland, D Baughman, WS Jackson, GF Siegel, B Otte, J Segler, S Toomey, K Harrison, L Billman, L Skala, M Huber, M Zenker, P Quinlisk, P Smithee, LMK Reingold, A Rothrock, G Lefkowitz, L Rados, P Facklam, RR Pigott, NE Franklin, AR Elliott, JA AF Urwin, G Krohn, JA DeaverRobinson, K Wenger, JD Farley, MM Stephens, DS Rimland, D Baughman, WS Jackson, GF Siegel, B Otte, J Segler, S Toomey, K Harrison, L Billman, L Skala, M Huber, M Zenker, P Quinlisk, P Smithee, LMK Reingold, A Rothrock, G Lefkowitz, L Rados, P Facklam, RR Pigott, NE Franklin, AR Elliott, JA TI Invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae serotype f: Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics in the H-influenzae serotype b vaccine era SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NONTYPABLE HEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; CAPSULAR TRANSFORMANTS; COMPARATIVE VIRULENCE; ADULTS; INFECTIONS; PATHOGENICITY; CHILDREN; PROFILES AB With the decline in the rate of infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae serotype b, H. influenzae serotype f (Hif) is becoming a relatively important cause of invasive disease due to H. influenzae. We identified 91 cases of invasive Hif infections in a multistate area over a 6-year period, The incidence of invasive Hif disease was 0.5 case per 1,000,000 population in 1989 and 1.9 cases per 1,000,000 population in 1994. The proportion of all invasive H. influenzae disease caused by Hif rose from 1% in 1989 to 17% in 1994. Seventy-two percent of cases occurred in adults, and 26% of cases occurred in children younger than 5 years of age. Respiratory tract infections accounted for 82% of adult cases, and most adults had significant underlying diseases. In children, pneumonia and meningitis each accounted for 40% of cases, respectively. Overall mortality was 30% among adults and 21% among children, Molecular typing demonstrated limited overall diversity in Hif isolates. Continued surveillance is warranted to evaluate the trend toward the increasing incidence of Hif disease that was noted in this study. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,MED RES SERV 151,VET ADM MED CTR,DEPT MED,ATLANTA,GA 30033. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 30 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1069 EP 1076 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UQ794 UT WOS:A1996UQ79400028 PM 8783712 ER PT J AU Smith, DK Rogers, MF AF Smith, DK Rogers, MF TI Immunopathogenesis and detection of HIV infection in women and newborns SO CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TYPE-1 INFECTION; CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES RP Smith, DK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0009-9201 J9 CLIN OBSTET GYNECOL JI Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 277 EP 291 DI 10.1097/00003081-199606000-00004 PG 15 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UK023 UT WOS:A1996UK02300002 PM 8733996 ER PT J AU Gwinn, M Wortley, PM AF Gwinn, M Wortley, PM TI Epidemiology of HIV infection in Women and newborns SO CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SURVEILLANCE; AIDS RP Gwinn, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAIL STOP E-46,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0009-9201 J9 CLIN OBSTET GYNECOL JI Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 292 EP 304 DI 10.1097/00003081-199606000-00005 PG 13 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UK023 UT WOS:A1996UK02300003 PM 8733997 ER PT J AU Orloff, SL Simonds, RJ Steketee, RW StLouis, ME AF Orloff, SL Simonds, RJ Steketee, RW StLouis, ME TI Determinants of perinatal HIV-1 transmission SO CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION; MOTHER; RISK; ANTIBODIES; RNA RP Orloff, SL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E45,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0009-9201 J9 CLIN OBSTET GYNECOL JI Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 386 EP 395 DI 10.1097/00003081-199606000-00011 PG 10 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UK023 UT WOS:A1996UK02300009 PM 8734003 ER PT J AU Hurrell, JJ AF Hurrell, JJ TI Occupational stress: A handbook - Crandall,R, Perrewe,PL SO CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Book Review RP Hurrell, JJ (reprint author), NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 SN 0010-7549 J9 CONTEMP PSYCHOL JI Comtemp. Psychol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 41 IS 6 BP 613 EP 614 PG 2 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA UP777 UT WOS:A1996UP77700061 ER PT J AU Hennessy, M MacQueen, K McKirnan, DJ Buchbinder, S Judson, F Douglas, JM Bartholow, B Sheon, A AF Hennessy, M MacQueen, K McKirnan, DJ Buchbinder, S Judson, F Douglas, JM Bartholow, B Sheon, A TI A factorial survey study to assess the acceptability of HIV vaccine trial designs SO CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS LA English DT Article DE HIV vaccines; clinical trial participation ID CLINICAL-TRIALS; AIDS; COMMUNITY; PROGRAMS AB To aid in the design of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials that maximize volunteer participation, factorial surveys were administered to 73 gay men who were participants in a larger study assessing HIV vaccine trial feasibility. Factorial surveys are ''vignettes'' that are randomly constructed through the combination of descriptive statements (dimensions) that reflect essential features. In this study, the dimensions define components of clinical trials to assess the efficacy of hypothetical HIV vaccines. Regression analysis shows that anticipated participation was decreased by a sustained vaccine-induced antibody response lasting 3 years, absence of gay men as research subjects in earlier phase trials for the products being tested, and rectal Vaccine administration. Three years of scientific experience with the vaccine encouraged participation. We conclude that willingness to participate in vaccine trials varies systematically with some of their characteristics. Where there are design alternatives for identified negative components, these should be considered. If this is not possible, options for decreasing aversion to such features will need to be evaluated, including appropriate education regarding both the benefits and the risks associated with negatively evaluated features. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. HOWARD BROWN HLTH CLIN,CHICAGO,IL. SAN FRANCISCO DEPT PUBL HLTH,AIDS OFF,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. DENVER DEPT PUBL HLTH,DENVER,CO. NIAID,NIH,VACCINE TRIALS & EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,DIV AIDS,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Hennessy, M (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,DEPT SOCIOL,1555 PIERCE DR,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0197-2456 J9 CONTROL CLIN TRIALS JI Controlled Clin. Trials PD JUN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3 BP 209 EP 220 DI 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00155-7 PG 12 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VF209 UT WOS:A1996VF20900004 PM 8877256 ER PT J AU Pegues, CF Pegues, DA Ford, DS Hibberd, PL Carson, LA Raine, CM Hooper, DC AF Pegues, CF Pegues, DA Ford, DS Hibberd, PL Carson, LA Raine, CM Hooper, DC TI Burkholderia cepacia respiratory tract acquisition: Epidemiology and molecular characterization of a large nosocomial outbreak SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; RISK-FACTORS; MEDICATION NEBULIZERS; COLONIZATION; INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA; VENTILATION; DISEASE AB In 1994 we investigated a large outbreak of Burkholderia (formerly Pseudomonas) cepacia respiratory tract acquisition. A case patient was defined as any patient with at least one sputum culture from which B. cepacia was isolated from 1 January to 31 December 1994. Seventy cases were identified. Most (40 [61%]) occurred between 1 February and 31 March 1994; of these, 35 (86%) were mechanically ventilated patients, 30 of whom were in an intensive-care unit (ICU) when B. cepacia was first isolated. Compared with control patients who were mechanically ventilated in an ICU, these 30 case-patients were significantly more likely to have been ventilated for 2 or more days (30/30 v. 15/30; P < 0.001) or to have been intubated more than once (12/30 v. 2/30; OR = 9.3, 95% CI 1.6-68.8; P = 0.002) before the first isolation of B. cepacia. By multivariate analysis, the 35 mechanically ventilated case-patients were significantly more likely to have received a nebulized medication (OR = 11.9, 95% CI = 1.6-553.1; P < 0.001) and a cephalosporin antimicrobial (OR = 11.9, 95% CI = 1.6-553.1) in the 10 days before the first isolation of B, cepacia, compared with B, cepacia-negative control-patients matched by date and duration of most recent mechanical ventilation. Although B, cepacia was not cultured from medications or the hospital environment, all outbreak strains tested had an identical DNA restriction endonuclease digestion pattern by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Review of respiratory therapy procedures revealed opportunities for contamination of nebulizer reservoirs. This investigation suggests that careful adherence to standard procedures for administration of nebulized medications is essential to prevent nosocomial respiratory infections. C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,INFECT DIS UNIT,BOSTON,MA 02114. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 116 IS 3 BP 309 EP 317 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UV211 UT WOS:A1996UV21100011 PM 8666075 ER PT J AU Zheng, LB Benedict, MO Cornel, AJ Collins, FH Kafatos, FC AF Zheng, LB Benedict, MO Cornel, AJ Collins, FH Kafatos, FC TI An integrated genetic map of the African human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; LINKAGE MAP; ESTERASE LOCUS; HUMAN GENOME; ASSOCIATION; RESOLUTION; SYSTEM AB We present a genetic map based on microsatellite polymorphisms for the African human malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Polymorphisms in laboratory strains were detected for 89% of the tested microsatellite markers. Genotyping was performed for individual mosquitoes from 13 backcross families that included 679 progeny. Three linkage groups were identified, corresponding to the three chromosomes. We added 22 new markers to the existing X chromosome map, for a total of 46 microsatellite markers spanning a distance of 48.9 cM. The second chromosome has 57 and the third 28 microsatellite markers spanning a distance of 72.4 and 93.7 cM, respectively. The overall average distance between markers is 1.6 cM (or 1.1, 1.2, and 3.2 cM for the X, second, and third chromosomes, respectively). In addition to the 131 microsatellite markers, the current map also includes a biochemical selectable marker, Dieldrin resistance (Dl), on the second chromosome and five visible markers, pink-eye (p) and white (w) on the X, collarless (c) and lunate (lu) on the second, and red-eye (r) on the third. The cytogenetic locations on the nurse cell polytene chromosomes have been determined for 47 markers, making this map an integrated tool for cytogenetic, genetic, and molecular analysis. C1 EMBL,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY. HARVARD UNIV,BIOL LABS,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. CTR DIS CONTROL,MALARIA BRANCH F12,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 46 TC 171 Z9 176 U1 0 U2 5 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUN PY 1996 VL 143 IS 2 BP 941 EP 952 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UN684 UT WOS:A1996UN68400028 PM 8725240 ER PT J AU Brieger, WR Onyido, AE Sexton, JD Ezike, VI Breman, JG Ekanem, OJ AF Brieger, WR Onyido, AE Sexton, JD Ezike, VI Breman, JG Ekanem, OJ TI Monitoring community response to malaria control using insecticide-impregnated bed nets, curtains and residual spray at Nsukka, Nigeria SO HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL HUT TRIALS; MOSQUITO-NETS; GAMBIAN CHILDREN; PREVENT MALARIA; WESTERN KENYA; RURAL AREA; TANZANIA; BEDNETS; AFRICA AB A project testing the efficacy of insecticide (permethrin)-impregnated bed nets, compared with impregnated door and window curtains, residual house spraying, and a control group was implemented in 12 village clusters in the Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria, using epidemiologic and entomologic indicators, The appropriate materials and services were given free to all families, During the first year of study, three monitoring exercises were carried out in a random selection of homes where children under 5 years of age resided, Information was collected on perceived effectiveness of the interventions, condition of nets and curtains, reasons for not sleeping under nets, and recall of steps required in caring for nets and curtains, Bed nets were perceived as more effective in reducing mosquito bites compared with the two other interventions, At the last monitoring period, which occurred a few weeks before a re-impregnation exercise, respondents also perceived bed nets to be most effective in preventing malaria, These findings coincided with epidemiologic evidence, Curtains, especially those at doors, were more likely to be torn and dirty than bed nets, Although holes would not reduce the effectiveness of the insecticide, they could reduce the 'beauty' of the curtains, a perceived benefit that initially attracted villagers to both curtains and nets, Bed net owners reported significantly less frequent use of other mosquito control measures in their homes than did members of the other groups, Finally, bed net users demonstrated increased knowledge of use and care steps than did those with curtains, These findings suggested a high level of social acceptability of bed nets, and point to the need to test their acceptability further under conditions where people would pay for nets and communities would manage distribution and re-impregnation systems. C1 FED MINIST HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,NATL ARBOVIRUS & VECTOR RES DIV,ENUGU,NIGERIA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FED MINIST HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,NATL MALARIA & VECTOR CONTROL DIV,LAGOS,NIGERIA. RP Brieger, WR (reprint author), UNIV IBADAN,COLL MED,AFRICAN REG HLTH EDUC CTR,IBADAN,NIGERIA. OI Brieger, William/0000-0001-9863-8296 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0268-1153 J9 HEALTH EDUC RES JI Health Educ. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 133 EP 145 DI 10.1093/her/11.2.133-a PG 13 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UT630 UT WOS:A1996UT63000002 PM 10163407 ER PT J AU Speers, M AF Speers, M TI Encouraging trends in health promotion in the United States SO HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Speers, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0957-4824 J9 HEALTH PROMOT INT JI Health Promot. Int. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 69 EP 71 DI 10.1093/heapro/11.2.69 PG 3 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UR352 UT WOS:A1996UR35200001 ER PT J AU Villinger, F Folks, TM Lauro, S Powell, JD Sundstrom, JB Mayne, A Ansari, AA AF Villinger, F Folks, TM Lauro, S Powell, JD Sundstrom, JB Mayne, A Ansari, AA TI Immunological and virological studies of natural SIV infection of disease-resistant nonhuman primates SO IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Summit on Immunological Correlates of Protection from HIV Infection and Disease CY 1995 CL LE MT PELERIN, SWITZERLAND SP EC Centralized Facil Preclin HIV 1 Vaccine Dev DE simian immunodeficiency virus; virology; immunology; nef Virus load ID SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; T-LYMPHOTROPIC RETROVIRUS; AFRICAN-GREEN MONKEYS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; SOOTY MANGABEYS; SIV/SMM REPLICATION; RHESUS MACAQUES; HIV-INFECTION; INVITRO AB Nonhuman primates naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), while maintaining chronic viremia, do not develop any disease associated with lentiviral infection. Thus they provide a unique model to define the mechanism(s) by which they remain infected but disease-resistant. The purpose of this article is to summarize our current knowledge of the virological and immunological studies that have been performed in sooty mangabeys naturally infected with SIVsmm and in disease-susceptible rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIVsmm. Data on virological studies demonstrate that the naturally infected sooty mangabeys are infected predominantly with SIV that have nef sequences distinct from those shown to cause disease in the inappropriate host, a factor which may contribute to disease resistance, Hyperimmunization with a variety of antigens or chronic infection contributes to accelerated disease and death in rhesus macaques if hyperimmunizations are initiated at the time of SIV infection, whereas similar hyperimmunization and chronic infection do not lead to disease in naturally infected seropositive sooty mangabeys. However, in both species infected with SIV, hyperimmunization leads to increased virus load, suggesting that virus load per se cannot account for disease, at least in naturally infected nonhuman primates. Immunological studies concerning changes in subsets of T cells, based on cytokine profile (TH0/TH1/TH2), showed that whereas rhesus macaques early post SIV infection show a dominant TH1 profile, this profile rapidly changes to TH0. On the other hand, mangabeys continuously demonstrate a TH2-like profile. Studies also showed a high frequency of in vivo-activated cells in the peripheral blood of SIV-infected rhesus macaques and mangabeys. Of interest, however, is the finding of a similar level of in vivo-activated cells from ELISA seronegative mangabeys. Although cells from SIV-infected mangabeys fail to show increased levels of apoptotic cells following incubation with immobilized anti-CD3, PBMC from rhesus macaques at varying time intervals do show increased levels of apoptotic cells, an increase which is predominantly seen in CD8(+) T cells and is unrelated to levels of viremia. Sooty mangabeys maintain a high frequency of CD8(+) T cells that regulate virus replication throughout their lifetime, a frequency that develops prior to ELISA-based seroconversion, whereas rhesus macaques only show a frequency of CD8(+) T cells high enough to regulate virus replication shortly post infection, and this regulatory function is gradually lost prior to CD8(+) cell loss and death, HIV and SIV infection do have profound effects on the expression of a number of costimulatory and adhesion molecules, There appear to be differences in the nature of the intracellular phosphorylated proteins in cells from activated rhesus macaques and mangabeys. We believe that careful studies of the detailed mechanisms of the issues described above may provide an understanding of the constellation of virological and immunological mechanisms responsible for the disease-resistant state of naturally infected sooty mangabeys. These findings can be employed for evaluating a nonvirus sterilizing form of SIV/HIV vaccines. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00165]; NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI27057-06] NR 34 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2478 J9 IMMUNOL LETT JI Immunol. Lett. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1016/0165-2478(96)02556-4 PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA UW653 UT WOS:A1996UW65300011 PM 8811346 ER PT J AU Gilmore, RD Kappel, KJ Dolan, MC Burkot, TR Johnson, BJB AF Gilmore, RD Kappel, KJ Dolan, MC Burkot, TR Johnson, BJB TI Outer surface protein C (OspC), but not P39, is a protective immunogen against a tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi challenge: Evidence for a conformational protective epitope in OspC SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE; RECOMBINANT OSPA; MICE; INFECTION; IMMUNITY; ANTIBODIES; STRAINS AB Outbred mice were immunized with the soluble fraction of a crude Escherichia coli lysate containing either recombinant outer surface protein C (OspC) or P39 of Borrelia burgdorferi B31 (low passage). Following seroconversion, the mice were challenged with an infections dose of B. burgdorferi B31 via the natural transmission mode of tick bite. Three mice immunized with P39 were not protected; however, all 12 of the recombinant OspC-immunized mice were protected from infection as assayed by culture and serology. Although OspC has been shown to be a protective immunogen against challenge with in vitro-cultured borrelia administered by needle, this study is the first to demonstrate OspC effectiveness against tick-borne spirochetes. Following feeding, all ticks still harbored B. burgdorferi, suggesting that the mechanism of protection is not linked to destruction of the infectious spirochete within the tick. In a separate experiment, groups of four mice were immunized with protein fractions from B. burgdorferi B31 purified by preparative gel electrophoresis in an attempt to identify potential protective antigens. Many of these mice developed high-titer-antibody responses against OspC, but curiously the mice were susceptible to B. burgdorferi infection via tick bite. These results suggest that the protective epitope(s) on OspC is heat sensitive/conformational, a finding which has implications in vaccine development. RP Gilmore, RD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. RI Burkot, Thomas/C-6838-2013 NR 32 TC 105 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2234 EP 2239 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UN189 UT WOS:A1996UN18900050 PM 8675332 ER PT J AU BeckSague, CM Sinkowitz, RL Chinn, RY Vargo, J Kaler, W Jarvis, WR AF BeckSague, CM Sinkowitz, RL Chinn, RY Vargo, J Kaler, W Jarvis, WR TI Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical intensive-care-unit patients SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; PROPHYLAXIS; SYSTEM AB Patients admitted during the study period to the Sharp Memorial Hospital intensive-care units who required mechanical ventilation were followed prospectively; 15 (10.4%) of 145 acquired ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Duration of prior oral or nasal intubation and H-2 receptor antagonists use were longer among patients who developed VAP than among those who did not; Prior cefazolin use was associated with a higher rate of VAP (11 of 63 [17%] versus 4 of 82 [5%], P=.01). RP BeckSague, CM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM MS E69,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 6 BP 374 EP 376 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UR471 UT WOS:A1996UR47100018 PM 8805072 ER PT J AU Mead, PS Mintz, ED AF Mead, PS Mintz, ED TI Ethnic eating: Foodborne disease in the global village SO INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID ACUTE-RENAL-FAILURE; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA O-3; UNITED-STATES; INTERNATIONAL OUTBREAK; E BOTULISM; CHOLERA; FISH; ANISAKIASIS; INGESTION; SUSHI RP Mead, PS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DBMD,NCID,MAILSTOP A-38,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1056-9103 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN PRAC JI Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. PD JUN-JUL PY 1996 VL 5 IS 5 BP 319 EP 323 DI 10.1097/00019048-199606000-00008 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VC193 UT WOS:A1996VC19300009 ER PT J AU Mukabayire, O Cornel, AJ Dotson, EM Collins, FH Besansky, NJ AF Mukabayire, O Cornel, AJ Dotson, EM Collins, FH Besansky, NJ TI The Tryptophan oxygenase gene of Anopheles gambiae SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae; Tryptophan oxygenase gene; Vermilion gene; eye color gene ID COMPLEX AB The Anopheles gambiae gene encoding tryptophan oxygenase, a homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster vermilion gene, has been molecularly cloned and characterized, Unlike Drosophila, where it is X-linked, the A, gambiae gene maps to chromosome 2R, subdivision 12E, by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes, Of the six introns present, four are positioned identically to those of the Drosophila homolog, one is similarly positioned, and one is novel. A 1955 nt cDNA potentially encodes a 392 amino acid protein of an estimated 45 kDa. Amino acid comparisons between the deduced protein and previously known tryptophan oxygenases revealed 74% identity between Anopheles and Drosophila, and 53% identity between Anopheles and nematode or mammalian proteins, Northern analysis detected a developmentally regulated transcript about 2 kb in length, Since this gene is known to control adult eye color in other flies, its cloning from A, gambiae provides the basis for a dominant phenotypic marker for germline transformation, one whose expression, unlike that of white, is not cell autonomous. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CELLULAR BIOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI07322] NR 15 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 6 BP 525 EP 528 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00026-4 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA VV881 UT WOS:A1996VV88100002 PM 8969464 ER PT J AU Combs, DL Parrish, RG McNabb, SJN Davis, JH AF Combs, DL Parrish, RG McNabb, SJN Davis, JH TI Deaths related to Hurricane Andrew in Florida and Louisiana, 1992 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE death investigation; disaster epidemiology; hurricanes; mortality; natural disasters AB Background. information about circumstances leading to disaster-related deaths helps emergency response coordinators and other public health officials respond to the needs of disaster victims and develop policies for reducing the mortality and morbidity of future disasters. in this paper, we describe the decedent population, circumstances of death, and population-based mortality rates related to Hurricane Andrew, and propose recommendations for evaluating and reducing the public health impact of natural disasters. Methods. To ascertain the number and circumstances of deaths attributed to Hurricane Andrew in Florida and Louisiana, we contacted medical examiners in 11 Florida counties and coroners in 36 Louisiana parishes. Results. In Florida medical examiners attributed 44 deaths to the hurricane. The mortality rate for directly-related deaths was 4.4 per 1 000 000 population and that for indirectly-related deaths was 9.5 per 1 000 000 population. In Louisiana, coroners attributed 11 resident deaths to the hurricane. Mortality rates were 0.6 per 1 000 000 population for deaths directly related to the storm and 2.8 for deaths indirectly related to the storm, Six additional deaths occurred among nonresidents who drowned in international waters in the Gulf of Mexico. In both Florida and Louisiana, mortality rates generally increased with age and were higher among whites and males. Conclusions, In addition to encouraging people to follow existing recommendations, we recommend emphasizing safe driving practices during evacuation and clean-up, equipping shelters with basic medical needs for the population served, and modifying zoning and housing legislation. We also recommend developing and using a standard definition for disaster-related deaths, and using population-based statistics to describe the public health effectiveness of policies intended to reduce disaster-related mortality. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. OFF MED EXAMINER,MIAMI,FL. RP Combs, DL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 537 EP 544 DI 10.1093/ije/25.3.537 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VC482 UT WOS:A1996VC48200010 PM 8671554 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JE Khabbaz, RF Murphy, EL Hermansen, S Roberts, C Lal, R Heneine, W Wright, D Matijas, L Thomson, R Rudolph, D Switzer, WM Kleinman, S Busch, M Schreiber, GB Williams, AE Nass, CC Ownby, HE Shafer, AW Kleinman, SH Hutching, S Busch, MP Gilcher, RO Smith, JW Thomson, RA Nemo, GJ Zuck, TF AF Kaplan, JE Khabbaz, RF Murphy, EL Hermansen, S Roberts, C Lal, R Heneine, W Wright, D Matijas, L Thomson, R Rudolph, D Switzer, WM Kleinman, S Busch, M Schreiber, GB Williams, AE Nass, CC Ownby, HE Shafer, AW Kleinman, SH Hutching, S Busch, MP Gilcher, RO Smith, JW Thomson, RA Nemo, GJ Zuck, TF TI Male-to-female transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II: Association with viral load SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE human T-lymphotropic virus; HTLV; HTLV-I; HTLV-II; sexual transmission; viral load ID HTLV-I; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; LEUKEMIA-VIRUS; ANTIBODY; EPITOPES; MYELOPATHY; INFECTION; HIV-1 AB Risk factors for male-to-female sexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II) were investigated among HTLV-seropositive volunteer blood donors and their long-term (greater than or equal to 6 month) sex partners. Direction of transmission in concordantly seropositive pairs was assessed by analyzing risk factors for HTLV infection. Donors and their partners were also questioned regarding sexual behaviors during their relationships; HTLV antibody titers and viral load were determined for specimens from male partners. Among 31 couples in whom HTLV-infected men likely transmitted infection to their partners (11 HTLV-I and 20 HTLV-II) and 25 male-positive, female-negative couples (8 HTLV-I and 17 HTLV-II), HTLV transmitter men had been in their relationships longer (mean 225 months vs. 122 months) and had higher viral loads (geometric mean 257,549 vs. 2,945 copies/300,000 cells for HTLV-I; 5,541 vs. 118 copies/300,000 cells for HTLV-II) than non-transmitters (P = 0.018 and P = 0.001 for duration of relationship and viral load, respectively, logistic regression analysis). Transmitter men also tended to have higher antibody titers against various env and whole virus proteins than non-transmitters. The identification of high viral load and duration of relationship as risk factors provides a biologically plausible framework in which to assess risk of sexual transmission of the HTLVs. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. WESTAT CORP,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850. SRA TECHNOL INC,ROCKVILLE,MD. AMER RED CROSS,BLOOD SERV,SO CAL REG,LOS ANGELES,CA 90006. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA. IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. NHLBI,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. HOLLAND LAB BIOMED SCI,ROCKVILLE,MD. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. AMER RED CROSS,BLOOD SERV,GREATER CHESAPEAKE & POTOMAC REG,WASHINGTON,DC. AMER RED CROSS,BLOOD SERV,SE MICHIGAN REG,WASHINGTON,DC. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,MED CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. OKLAHOMA BLOOD INST,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK. HOXWORTH BLOOD CTR,CINCINNATI,OH. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01 HB 97077, N01 HB 47114, HB97079] NR 40 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 193 EP 201 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UP366 UT WOS:A1996UP36600014 PM 8680892 ER PT J AU Quinn, TC Welsh, L Lentz, A Crotchfelt, K Zenilman, J Newhall, J Gaydos, C AF Quinn, TC Welsh, L Lentz, A Crotchfelt, K Zenilman, J Newhall, J Gaydos, C TI Diagnosis by AMPLICOR PCR of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in urine samples from women and men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; REACTION ASSAY; SPECIMENS; URETHRITIS; ANTIGENS; CULTURES AB Screening of urine specimens from men for Chlamydia trachomatis infection by a commercial PCR assay (AMPLICOR C. trachomatis Test; Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Branchburg, N.J.) is a sensitive and specific noninvasive diagnostic assay, Since screening of women for C. trachomatis infection with the AMPLICOR C. trachomatis Test has been limited to use with endocervical swab specimens, we conducted an evaluation of the AMPLICOR C. trachomatis Test for the detection of C. trachomatis using female urine samples and compared the results with those obtained by in vitro culture and PCR of endocervical swab specimens. For 713 men we compared the performance of AMPLICOR C. trachomatis Test with urine specimens with that of culture of urethral specimens. For specimens that were PCR positive and culture negative, two additional tests were used to resolve the discrepancies: direct fluorescent-antibody assay (DFA) of sediment from a spun endocervical specimen culture vial and major outer membrane protein-based PCR of the sediment from the endocervical specimen culture vial. Of 525 urine specimens from females, 67 (12.8%) were PCR positive, and 41 (7.8%) endocervical specimens from the 525 women were culture positive. After resolution of the discrepancies, the resolved sensitivity of the urine PCR was 93.3%, whereas the sensitivity of endocervical swab specimen culture was 67.3%. Of 468 female endocervical swab specimens, 47 (10.0%) had a positive PCR result and 33 (7.0%) were culture positive, The resolved sensitivity of the endocervical swab specimen PCR was 86%. Of 415 matched female urine and endocervical swab specimens, there were 49 confirmed infections; 30 (61.2%) specimens were positive by culture of the endocervical swab specimen, 40 (81.6%) were positive by confirmed endocervical swab specimen PCR, 43 (87.8%) were positive by confirmed urine PCR, and all 49 (100%) were positive by either endocervical swab specimen PCR or urine PCR. For men, the resolved sensitivity of the urine PCR was 88%, add the sensitivity of culture was only 50.7%. These results indicate that urine PCR is highly sensitive for the detection of C. trachomatis in both women and men and provides a noninvasive technique for routine screening for chlamydial infection. C1 NIAID, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. BALTIMORE CITY DEPT HLTH, BALTIMORE, MD USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Quinn, TC (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DIV INFECT DIS, ROSS BLDG ROOM 1159, 720 RUTLAND AE, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA. RI Gaydos, Charlotte/E-9937-2010 NR 44 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1401 EP 1406 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL311 UT WOS:A1996UL31100010 PM 8735088 ER PT J AU Swaminathan, B Matar, GM Reeves, MW Graves, LM Ajello, G Bibb, WF Helsel, LO Morales, M Dronavalli, H ElSwify, M DeWitt, W Hunter, SB AF Swaminathan, B Matar, GM Reeves, MW Graves, LM Ajello, G Bibb, WF Helsel, LO Morales, M Dronavalli, H ElSwify, M DeWitt, W Hunter, SB TI Molecular subtyping of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B: Comparison of five methods SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; WHOLE-CELL ELISA; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; POPULATION-GENETICS; DNA; SEROTYPE; STRAINS; DISEASE; CLONES AB In order to compare methods for subtyping Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B isolates, 96 isolates obtained from various locations in the United States and northwestern Europe were subtyped by five methods: monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based serotyping and serosubtyping, DNA macrorestriction analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE), ribotyping, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internally transcribed spacer region of the rRNA operon (ITS PCR-RFLP). All N. meningitidis serogroup B isolates were typeable by PFGE, MEE, ribotyping, and ITS PCR-RFLP. Only 44.8% of the isolates were completely typeable (both serotype and serosubtype determination) by MAb-based serotyping and serosubtyping, 60.4% of the isolates could be serotyped but not serosubtyped, and 90.6% of the isolates could be either serotyped or serosubtyped. Simpson's discrimination indices of diversity for the methods were as follows: PFGE, 99.7%; MEE, 99.4%; ribotyping, 98.8%; MAb serotyping, 75.8%; MAb serotyping and/or serosubtyping, 97.5%; and ITS PCR-RFLP, 84.2%. The high degree of diversity observed by PFGE, MEE, and ribotyping can be explained by the fact that isolates were collected from different geographic locations at various times. PFGE, MEE, and ribotyping showed greater discriminatory abilities than MAb-based serotyping and serosubtyping or ITS PCR-RFLP. RP Swaminathan, B (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,1600 CLIFTON RD,1-B341,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1468 EP 1473 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL311 UT WOS:A1996UL31100022 PM 8735100 ER PT J AU deMattos, CA deMattos, CC Smith, JS Miller, ET Papo, S Utrera, A Osburn, BI AF deMattos, CA deMattos, CC Smith, JS Miller, ET Papo, S Utrera, A Osburn, BI TI Genetic characterization of rabies field isolates from Venezuela SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS AB Twenty samples from cases of rabies in humans and domestic animals diagnosed in Venezuela between 1990 and 1994 and one sample from a vampire bat collected in 1976 were characterized by reactivity to monoclonal antibodies against the viral nucleoprotein and by patterns of nucleotide substitution in the nucleoprotein gene. Three antigenic variants were found: 1, 3, and 5. Antigenic variant 1 included all samples from dogs and humans infected by contact with rabid dogs. Unique substitutions permitted identification of two separate outbreaks of dog rabies in the Maracaibo Depression and Los Llanos region and in the Andean region of Venezuela. Samples from the vampire bat and two head of cattle were characterized as antigenic variant 3 and showed a nucleotide sequence homology of 96 to 98% to each other and to samples of vampire bat-associated rabies throughout Latin America. Ten of the remaining 12 samples were characterized as antigenic variant 5. Genetic studies indicated that 11 of these samples formed a highly homologous and distinctive group but were closely related to samples of vampire bat-associated rabies. The 12th sample of variant 5 (from a cat) showed only 78 to 80% genetic homology to samples of rabies associated with vampire bats. The application of antigenic and genetic typing to rabies surveillance in Latin America is essential to improve control programs. Recognition of the source of outbreaks of dog rabies and identification of wildlife species maintaining sylvatic cycles of rabies transmission permit better utilization of public health resources. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL DIS,RABIES LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. INST NACL HIGIENE RAFAEL RANGEL,LAB AISLAMIENTO VIRLA,CARACAS,VENEZUELA. INST INVEST VET,LAB RABIA,MARACAY,ARAGUA,VENEZUELA. UNIV NACL EXPT LOS LLANOS EZEQUIEL ZAMORA,POSTGRAD RECURSOS NAT RENOVABLES,GUANARE,VENEZUELA. RP deMattos, CA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,HARING HALL,ROOM 1108,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1553 EP 1558 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL311 UT WOS:A1996UL31100040 PM 8735118 ER PT J AU Hackman, BA Plouffe, JF Benson, RF Fields, BS Breiman, RF AF Hackman, BA Plouffe, JF Benson, RF Fields, BS Breiman, RF TI Comparison of Binax Legionella Urinary Antigen EIA kit with Binax RIA Urinary Antigen kit for detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE AB The Legionella Urinary Antigen EIA kit (Binax, Portland, Maine) was compared with the EQUATE RIA Legionella Urinary Antigen kit (Binax) for its ability to detect the presence of urinary antigens to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Urine specimens from patients without Legionnaires' disease (n = 33) were negative by both methods (specificity, 100%). Twenty (77%) of 26 urine specimens from patients with Legionnaires' disease positive by the radioimmunoassay kit were also positive by the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. If the cutoff for a positive EIA result were lowered to a ratio of greater than or equal to 2.5, 23 of 26 (88%) urine specimens would have been positive by EIA and the specificity would remain 100%. Use of the EIA kit is an acceptable method for detecting L. pneumophila serogroup 1 urinary antigens by laboratories that do not want to handle radioactive materials. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Hackman, BA (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,MED CTR,N-1335 DOAN HALL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1579 EP 1580 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL311 UT WOS:A1996UL31100047 PM 8735125 ER PT J AU Kassler, WJ Jones, WK Haley, C George, JR AF Kassler, WJ Jones, WK Haley, C George, JR TI Performance of a rapid, on-site human immunodeficiency virus antibody assay in public health settings - Reply SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF WOMENS HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. DALLAS CTY HLTH DEPT,DALLAS,TX. EPITOPE INC,BEAVERTON,OR. RP Kassler, WJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1600 EP 1600 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL311 UT WOS:A1996UL31100057 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Khabbaz, RF Armstrong, LR Holman, RC Bauer, SP Graber, J Strine, T Miller, G Reef, S Tappero, J Rollin, PE Nichol, ST Zaki, SR Bryan, RT Chapman, LE Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG AF Khan, AS Khabbaz, RF Armstrong, LR Holman, RC Bauer, SP Graber, J Strine, T Miller, G Reef, S Tappero, J Rollin, PE Nichol, ST Zaki, SR Bryan, RT Chapman, LE Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: The first 100 US cases SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; VIRUS; HANTAAN; RATS AB In the spring of 1993, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) ''emerged'' in the southwestern United States, where a multiagency investigation led to the rapid description of this new clinical entity and its etiology, Analysis of the first 100 US cases identified showed that the disease was distributed in 21 states, had gone unrecognized since at least 1959, and had a distinct spring-early summer seasonality. Of the infected persons, 54% were male; 63% were Caucasian, 35% were Native American, and 2% were African American. The average age of case-patients was 34.9 years, and 8 were children or adolescents aged less than or equal to 16 years. The overall case-fatality rate was 52%. There was a 91% concordance among serologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular results. HPS in the United States is caused by at least three newly described pathogenic hantaviruses, each of which has a distinct rodent host, and cases of HPS have been recently recognized in Canada and South America. National surveillance of this sporadic disease remains essential for further defining the epidemiology and clinical spectrum. RP Khan, AS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MAILSTOP A-26,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 40 TC 127 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 173 IS 6 BP 1297 EP 1303 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UM115 UT WOS:A1996UM11500001 PM 8648200 ER PT J AU Hussey, GD Goddard, EA Hughes, J Ryon, JJ Kerran, M Carelse, E Strebel, PM Markowitz, LE Moodie, J Barron, P Latief, Z Sayed, R Beatty, D Griffin, DE AF Hussey, GD Goddard, EA Hughes, J Ryon, JJ Kerran, M Carelse, E Strebel, PM Markowitz, LE Moodie, J Barron, P Latief, Z Sayed, R Beatty, D Griffin, DE TI The effect of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz measles vaccines on immune responses in infants SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SUCCESSFUL IMMUNIZATION; UNCOMPLICATED DISEASE; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; MATERNAL ANTIBODY; VIRUS VACCINATION; TITER; ACTIVATION; MORTALITY; CELL; CHILDREN AB The effects of measles immunization on immune responses in infants and the roles of vaccine strain and age of immunization are not known. Eighty-eight children were immunized at 6 or 9 months of age with the Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) or Schwarz (SW6, SW9) strain of measles vaccine. Children were studied before and 2 weeks and 3 months after immunization. Seroconversion was similar, but geometric mean neutralizing titers at 3 months differed by vaccine group: SW9, 1367 mIU/mL; SW6, 982; and EZ, 303 (P =.003). Mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation was decreased at 2 weeks in the SW9 group and at 3 months in all groups and was negatively correlated with measles antibody level at 3 months (r = -.387, P =.003). CD8 T cells, soluble CD8, neopterin, and beta(2)-microglobulin were increased at 2 weeks in the SW9 group, and soluble CD8 and beta(2)-microglobulin remained elevated at 3 months. Therefore, measles immunization resulted in suppression of lymphoproliferation, which was most evident in infants with the highest antibody responses and most immune activation. C1 UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT PAEDIAT & CHILD HLTH,WESTERN CAPE REGIONAL SERV COUNCIL,CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT IMMUNOL,WESTERN CAPE REGIONAL SERV COUNCIL,CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,WESTERN CAPE REGIONAL SERV COUNCIL,CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT MED VIROL,WESTERN CAPE REGIONAL SERV COUNCIL,CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOLEC MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-23047] NR 42 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 173 IS 6 BP 1320 EP 1326 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UM115 UT WOS:A1996UM11500004 PM 8648203 ER PT J AU Helfand, RF Kebede, S Alexander, JP Alemu, W Heath, JL Gary, HE Anderson, LJ Beyene, H Bellini, WJ AF Helfand, RF Kebede, S Alexander, JP Alemu, W Heath, JL Gary, HE Anderson, LJ Beyene, H Bellini, WJ TI Comparative detection of measles-specific IgM in oral fluid and serum from children by an antibody-capture IgM EIA SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; SALIVA; IMMUNIZATION; DIAGNOSIS; INFANTS; VIRUS AB In vaccinated populations, the diagnosis of measles often requires laboratory confirmation, Serum tested by EIAs has proven sensitive and specific for diagnosing measles, For comparison of detection of measles-specific IgM in oral fluid and serum samples by an antibody-capture EIA, 163 Ethiopian infants who presented for routine measles vaccination were studied, Paired serum and oral fluid samples were collected before and 2 weeks after vaccination; 269 paired samples were adequate for analyses, Of the 104 serum samples that were IgM-positive, 95 (91%) of the paired oral fluid samples were IgM-positive, Of the 165 serum samples that were IgM-negative, 156 (95%) of the paired oral fluid samples were IgM-negative, The Pearson partial correlation coefficient for optical density readings from postvaccination oral fluid compared with serum was 0.81. Oral fluid appears to be an acceptable alternative to serum for measuring measles-specific IgM antibodies by an antibody-capture EIA. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV ADDIS ABABA,DEPT PEDIAT,ADDIS ABABA,ETHIOPIA. UN,CHILDRENS FUND,ADDIS ABABA,ETHIOPIA. RP Helfand, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 173 IS 6 BP 1470 EP 1474 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UM115 UT WOS:A1996UM11500023 PM 8648222 ER PT J AU Buma, APCCH vanThiel, PPAM Lobel, HO Ohrt, C vanAmeijden, EJC Veltink, RL Tendeloo, DCH vanGool, T Green, MD Todd, GD Kyle, DE Kager, PA AF Buma, APCCH vanThiel, PPAM Lobel, HO Ohrt, C vanAmeijden, EJC Veltink, RL Tendeloo, DCH vanGool, T Green, MD Todd, GD Kyle, DE Kager, PA TI Long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis with mefloquine in Dutch marines in Cambodia SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PROPHYLAXIS; FALCIPARUM; THAILAND AB Three Dutch marine battalions (n = 2289) serving in Western Cambodia during 1992-1993 used mefloquine as weekly malaria chemoprophylaxis. One battalion started with a loading dose. Full compliance with prophylaxis was reported by 86.3%, and possible mefloquine-related adverse events were reported by 30.2%, Sixty-four periods of malaria were diagnosed in 59 marines, During deployment, 31 Plasmodium falciparum and no Plasmodium vivax infections occurred, After return, there were 11 cases of falciparum malaria and 22 of vivax malaria, 16-72 days and 30-540 days, respectively, after stopping prophylaxis. Mefloquine-resistant parasites were isolated from 4 Dutch and 4 Khmer patients. Long-term mefloquine prophylaxis was well tolerated but not totally effective. C1 ACAD MED CTR,DEPT INFECT DIS,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. ACAD MED CTR,DEPT TROP MED,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. ACAD MED CTR,DEPT AIDS,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. ACAD MED CTR,DEPT MED MICROBIOL,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. MUNICIPAL HLTH SERV,DEPT PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ARMED FORCES RES INST MED SCI,USA,MED COMPONNENT,BANGKOK 10400,THAILAND. RP Buma, APCCH (reprint author), ROYAL NETHERLANDS NAVY,MED SERV,OCMGD GOKM,NAVAL MED TRAINING,POB 10011,1201 DA HILVERSUM,NETHERLANDS. RI Van Gool, Tom/H-6750-2012 NR 14 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 173 IS 6 BP 1506 EP 1509 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UM115 UT WOS:A1996UM11500032 ER PT J AU Campbell, GL Schriefer, ME Craven, RB Dennis, DT AF Campbell, GL Schriefer, ME Craven, RB Dennis, DT TI Epidemiologic and diagnostic studies of patients with suspected early Lyme disease, Missouri, 1990-1993 - Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI RP Campbell, GL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 173 IS 6 BP 1528 EP 1528 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UM115 UT WOS:A1996UM11500045 ER PT J AU Jarvis, BB Zhou, YH Jiang, J Wang, SJ Sorenson, WG Hintikka, EL Nikulin, M PArikka, P Etzel, RA Dearborn, DG AF Jarvis, BB Zhou, YH Jiang, J Wang, SJ Sorenson, WG Hintikka, EL Nikulin, M PArikka, P Etzel, RA Dearborn, DG TI Toxigenic molds in water-damaged buildings: Dechlorogriseofulvins from Memnoniella echinata SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article AB An investigation of a cluster of cases of pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants in Cleveland, OH, led to the isolation of many isolates of Stachybotrys atra and two isolates of a related toxigenic fungus, Memnoniella echinata. M. echinata produces two cytotoxic trichothecene mycotoxins, trichodermol (1a) and trichodermin (1b), as well as several griseofulvins. Dechlorogriseofulvin (2a) and epidechlorogriseofulvin (2b) were the major compounds isolated. This is the first report of a fungus outside the Penicillium genus producing griseofulvins. C1 NIOSH, DIV RESP DIS STUDIES, MORGANTOWN, WV 26505 USA. NATL VET & FOOD RES INST, HELSINKI, FINLAND. UNIV HELSINKI, FAC VET MED, SF-00014 HELSINKI, FINLAND. AGR RES CTR, INST PLANT PROTECT, SF-31600 JOKIOINEN, FINLAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV, RAINBOW BABIES & CHILDRENS HOSP, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, CLEVELAND, OH 44106 USA. RP Jarvis, BB (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01-GM43724] NR 20 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 59 IS 6 BP 553 EP 554 DI 10.1021/np960395t PG 2 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UT658 UT WOS:A1996UT65800001 PM 8786360 ER PT J AU Wilt, JL Banks, DE Weissman, DN Parker, JE Vallyathan, V Castranova, V Dedhia, HV Stulken, E Ma, JKH Ma, JYC Cruzzavala, J Shumaker, J Childress, CP Lapp, L AF Wilt, JL Banks, DE Weissman, DN Parker, JE Vallyathan, V Castranova, V Dedhia, HV Stulken, E Ma, JKH Ma, JYC Cruzzavala, J Shumaker, J Childress, CP Lapp, L TI Reduction of lung dust burden in pneumoconiosis by whole-lung lavage SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS; EXPERIMENTAL SILICOSIS AB Pneumoconioses are characterized as irreversible, progressive respiratory diseases. No effective therapy exists to prevent progression of these diseases. Whole-lung lavage (WLL) might limit the rate of disease progression through the removal of dust, inflammatory cells, and cytokines. We performed WLL on a 54-year-old underground miner employed as a motorman and roof bolter and a 55-year-old driller at a surface coal mine. Both demonstrated normal lung function and chest radiographs showing ILO profusion category 2 nodular interstitial changes. From Subject 1, we recovered 5.24 x 10(8) cells (90% macrophages) from the right lung and 3.45 x 10(8) cells (94% macrophages) from the left lung. WLL removed 1.82 g of mineral dust (non-coal) on the right and 1.64 g on the left. From Subject 2, we recovered 7.49 x 10(8) cells (46% macrophages) from the right and 9.78 x 10(8) cells (69% macrophages) from the left lung. WLL removed 0.40 g of mineral dust on the right and 0.53 g on the left. Proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and cellular enzymes were also recovered. In cases of pneumoconiosis, WLL is capable of removing relatively large quantities of dust, cells, and soluble materials from the lungs. Only long-term follow-ups of Individuals with Progressive dust-induced disease who receive WLL therapy in the context of a clinical trial will Provide information regarding the importance of removing mineral dust and inflammatory cells from the lung. C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. W VIRGINIA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. W VIRGINIA UNIV,SCH PHARM,DEPT MED,PULM & CRIT CARE MED SECT,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. FU PHS HHS [U60-CCU306149] NR 35 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 38 IS 6 BP 619 EP 624 DI 10.1097/00043764-199606000-00014 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UT218 UT WOS:A1996UT21800010 PM 8794962 ER PT J AU Morris, CL Sullivan, JS McClure, HM Strobert, E Richardson, BB Galland, GG Goldman, IF Collins, WE AF Morris, CL Sullivan, JS McClure, HM Strobert, E Richardson, BB Galland, GG Goldman, IF Collins, WE TI The Nigerian I/CDC strain of Plasmodium ovale in chimpanzees SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; VIVAX AB The chimpanzee is the only animal host currently available that can support the development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale. Thirty-one infections with the Nigerian I/CDC strain were induced in spIenectomized chimpanzees. Maximum parasite counts ranged from 1,240 to 127,224/mu l. Infections were transient and unpredictable. Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles freeborni, and Anopheles dirus mosquitoes were infected by feeding through parafilm membranes on heparinized blood containing gametocytes; each species supported development to sporozoites in the salivary glands. Mean oocyst counts per infected mosquito ranged from 1 to 85.1; 21.7% of infected lots of mosquitoes averaged >20 oocysts per positive mosquito gut. One infection was induced via the bites of infected. An. gambiae. The prepatent period was 16 days. C1 EMORY UNIV,YERKES REG PRIMATE RES CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Morris, CL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,US DEPT HHS,DIV PARASIT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00165] NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 82 IS 3 BP 444 EP 448 DI 10.2307/3284083 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UN548 UT WOS:A1996UN54800012 PM 8636850 ER PT J AU Arnold, KE Leggiadro, RJ Breiman, RF Lipman, HB Schwartz, B Appleton, MA Cleveland, KO Szeto, HC Hill, BC Tenover, FC Elliot, JA Facklam, RR AF Arnold, KE Leggiadro, RJ Breiman, RF Lipman, HB Schwartz, B Appleton, MA Cleveland, KO Szeto, HC Hill, BC Tenover, FC Elliot, JA Facklam, RR TI Risk factors for carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Memphis, Tennessee SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID DAY-CARE-CENTER; PNEUMOCOCCAL BACTEREMIA; CHARLESTON COUNTY; SOUTH-CAROLINA; DISEASE AB Objectives: To determine risk factors for carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae to understand better the factors promoting spread of these isolates. Study design: We obtained medical and demographic information and nasopharyngeal swab specimens from 216 children less than 6 years old with upper respiratory tract infections, seeking medical care at five Memphis, Tenn., study sites. We evaluated risk factors for carriage of penicillin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae (NSSP) among 100 children with S. pneumoniae isolates. Patterns of antimicrobial prescription were recorded for enrolled children. Results: Independent risk factors for carriage of NSSP included an increased number of antimicrobial treatment courses during the previous 3 months and white race. Day care attendance approached statistical significance (p = 0.07). Most children with upper respiratory tract infection received a prescription for antimicrobial drugs. These prescriptions were more common for white children than for black children. Conclusions: Increased use of antimicrobial drugs enhances the risk of carriage of NSSP. This may contribute to the higher risk among white children of NSSP infection; however, after control for antimicrobial use, white children were still at an increased risk of infection with NSSP, possibly through greater exposure to resistant strains. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH, DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. LEBONHEUR CHILDRENS HOSP & MED CTR, MEMPHIS, TN USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, MEMPHIS, TN USA. NR 34 TC 163 Z9 166 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 128 IS 6 BP 757 EP 764 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70326-8 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UQ319 UT WOS:A1996UQ31900008 PM 8648533 ER PT J AU Davis, Y Annest, JL Powell, KE Mercy, JA AF Davis, Y Annest, JL Powell, KE Mercy, JA TI An evaluation of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for use in monitoring nonfatal firearm injuries and obtaining national estimates SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The death toll from firearm injuries in the United States has doubled over the past three decades. Although the distribution of fatalities from firearms is well documented, very little is known about the occurrence of nonfatal firearm injuries in the United States. This study was designed to assess the use of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) for obtaining national estimates of nonfatal firearm-related injuries. Currently, 91 hospital emergency departments compose the NEISS system. Records from a stratified random sample of 12 emergency departments were reviewed to determine the proportion of persons with gunshot wounds identified by NEISS personnel. NEISS personnel ascertained 97 of 105 (92.4%; 95% C.I. = 87.3% - 97.5%) persons treated for gunshot wounds in the 12 emergency departments. It is shown that NEISS is an effective surveillance system for surveillance of gunshot wounds and can be used to obtain national estimates. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,DIV VIOLENCE PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Davis, Y (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA, USA. RI Alkhalawi, Mohammed/C-6111-2012 NR 9 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 27 IS 2 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1016/0022-4375(96)00002-3 PG 9 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA UP768 UT WOS:A1996UP76800003 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Geller, AC Wyatt, SW Halpem, A Howell, JB Cockerell, C Reilley, BA Bewerse, BA Rigel, D Rosenthal, L Amonette, R Sun, T Grossbart, T Lew, RA Koh, HK AF Miller, DR Geller, AC Wyatt, SW Halpem, A Howell, JB Cockerell, C Reilley, BA Bewerse, BA Rigel, D Rosenthal, L Amonette, R Sun, T Grossbart, T Lew, RA Koh, HK TI Melanoma awareness and self-examination practices: Results of a United States survey SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CUTANEOUS MELANOMA; MALIGNANT-MELANOMA; SKIN AB Background: Skin cancers are common and there has been a dramatic increase in their incidence, particularly melanoma. However, little is known about awareness of melanoma and early detection practices in the general U.S. population. Objective: In 1995, the American Academy of Dermatology increased their efforts to promote awareness of melanoma. This study was conducted to document current knowledge of melanoma and self-examination practices. Methods: In February 1995, a telephone survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample of 1001 persons at least 18 years of age (3% margin of error) that included questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding early detection of melanoma. Results: Almost 42% of those surveyed were unaware of melanoma, and only 26% of those who were aware could identify its specific signs. Most recognized at least one common risk factor for melanoma (e.g., sun exposure, fair skin). However, many did not distinguish melanoma from other skin cancers in terms of risk factors, signs of early disease, and body site distribution. The lowest measures of melanoma knowledge and attitudes were found among those who are male, nonwhite, and parents, and those with the lowest level of education and income. More than half (54%) did not conduct a self-examination. This practice was most frequently reported by women, white persons, and the elderly, as well as those with a greater knowledge of melanoma. Conclusion: Our research documents deficiencies in knowledge and practices related to early detection of melanoma in the general U.S. population and supports the need for public education about melanoma. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT DERMATOL,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,CANC PREVENT & CONTROL CTR,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV PENN,DEPT DERMATOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. UNIV TEXAS,DEPT DERMATOL,DALLAS,TX 75230. NYU,DEPT DERMATOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016. AMER ACAD DERMATOL,SCHAUMBURG,IL. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), HLTH RES ASSOCIATES,128 CHESTNUT ST,NEWTON,MA 02165, USA. NR 29 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0190-9622 J9 J AM ACAD DERMATOL JI J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 962 EP 970 DI 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90273-X PG 9 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA UP210 UT WOS:A1996UP21000003 PM 8647989 ER PT J AU Nasci, RS Mitchell, CJ AF Nasci, RS Mitchell, CJ TI Arbovirus titer variation in field-collected mosquitoes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; ANTIGEN; POOLS AB Patterns in the distribution of titers in arbovirus-positive mosquito pools were examined. Virus isolation records from the Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 1974 through 1993 were used to estimate virus titers in field-collected pools. Pools were classified as either low titer (less than or equal to 3.0 log(10) plaque-forming units [PFU]/ml) or high titer (>3.0 log(10) PFU/ml). The proportion of virus-positive pools that had high titers varied among the different domestic arboviruses, within viruses among field sites and years, and within viruses among mosquito species tested. Alphaviruses produced a greater proportion of pools with high titers than did the flaviviruses. Variation in the proportion of pools with high titers among sites and years suggested variation in mosquito and/or virus strains. Variation in the proportion of pools with high titers among mosquito species indicated species-specific differences in vectorial capacity. The results show that information about the titer of virus in mosquito pools can complement other parameters, such as the minimum infection rate, currently used in mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance programs. RP Nasci, RS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,ARBOVIRUS DIS BRANCH,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 167 EP 171 PN 1 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX547 UT WOS:A1996UX54700010 PM 8827588 ER PT J AU Mitchell, CJ Morris, CD Smith, GC Karabatsos, N Vanlandingham, D Cody, E AF Mitchell, CJ Morris, CD Smith, GC Karabatsos, N Vanlandingham, D Cody, E TI Arboviruses associated with mosquitoes from nine Florida counties during 1993 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AEDES-ALBOPICTUS; UNITED-STATES; ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUSES; TRANSMISSION; CULICIDAE; SEROGROUP; DIPTERA; VECTOR AB Mosquitoes were collected for virus isolation tests from 36 sites in Bradford, Lake, Leon, Manatee, Orange, Osceola, Pasco, Putnam, and Sarasota counties, FL, from April 6 through October 11, 1993. A total of 158,129 adult specimens were collected in 726 trap nights using CDC light traps, usually baited with dry ice. At least 35 species were represented, although 60% of the collections was made up of 3 species (Aedes infirmatus, 6.5%; Anopheles crucians, 14.4%; and Culex nigripalpus, 39.4%). Four of the 36 collecting sites were located at waste-tire sites, where 254 trap nights yielded 27,455 specimens (17.4% of 9-county total). Forty-three virus strains were isolated from 2,812 mosquito pools consisting of 158,129 specimens. The viruses isolated include eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), 5 strains; Everglades (EVE), 2 strains; Keystone (KEY), 6 strains; Tensaw (TEN), 21 strains; trivittatus (TVT), one strain; Shark River (SR), one strain; and Flanders (FLA), one strain. In addition, 2 strains that are either KEY or Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus, and 4 ungrouped viruses remain to be identified. Twenty-one (48.8%) of the 43 virus strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected at waste-tire sites as follows: EEE (1), KEY (5), KEY/JC (1), TEN (13), and one ungrouped virus. The vector relations of the viruses are discussed and the potential importance of waste-tire sites as breeding habitats and harborages for vector and nuisance species is emphasized. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,FLORIDA MED ENTOMOL LAB,VERO BEACH,FL 32962. RP Mitchell, CJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 255 EP 262 PN 1 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX547 UT WOS:A1996UX54700024 PM 8827602 ER PT J AU Solberg, VB Olson, JG Boobar, LR Burge, JR Lawyer, PG AF Solberg, VB Olson, JG Boobar, LR Burge, JR Lawyer, PG TI Prevalence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, spotted fever group Rickettsia, and Borrelia spp infections in ticks and rodents at Fort Bragg, North Carolina SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia; spotted fever group rickettsia; Borrelia; Ixodes scapularis; Dermacentor variabilis; Amblyomma americanum; Sigmodon hispidus ID BORNE INFECTIONS; BURGDORFERI; ANTIBODY; IXODIDAE; CLUSTER; ACARI AB The prevalence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, spotted fever group rickettsia, and Borrelia spp. was determined in ticks that had been collected using two methods at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Of 159 tick midgut samples examined using direct fluorescent assays, 3% were positive for spotted fever group Rickettsiae and 5% for Borrelia spp. Sera from 1 Peromyscus leucopus (Gloger), 3 Mus musculus (L.), and 25 Sigmodon hispidus (Say and Ord) were negative for antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Dry ice-baited tick traps caught significantly more Ixodes scapular's (Say), Amblyomma americanum (L.), and Dermacentor variabilis (Packard) (total of 158 ticks) compared to collections from rodent hosts (total of one tick). C1 WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT BIOMETR,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MAINE,DEPT ENTOMOL,ORONO,ME 04469. RP Solberg, VB (reprint author), WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT ENTOMOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20307, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC VECTOR ECOLOGY PI SANTA ANA PA PO BOX 87, SANTA ANA, CA 92702 J9 J VECTOR ECOL JI J. Vector Ecol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 81 EP 84 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UT938 UT WOS:A1996UT93800013 ER PT J AU Li, J Katiyar, SK Hamelin, A Visvesvara, GS Edlind, TD AF Li, J Katiyar, SK Hamelin, A Visvesvara, GS Edlind, TD TI Tubulin genes from AIDS-associated microsporidia and implications for phylogeny and benzimidazole sensitivity SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Archezoa; benzimidazole; Encephalitozoon; microtubule; Nosema; Septata; tubulin ID ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; ALBENDAZOLE; EUKARYOTES; RESISTANCE; SEQUENCE; BENA; RNA C1 MED COLL PENN & HAHNEMANN UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19129. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PARASIT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI32433] NR 31 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 78 IS 1-2 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(96)02628-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA UW159 UT WOS:A1996UW15900030 PM 8813701 ER PT J AU Ellerbrock, TV Wright, TC Bush, TJ Dole, P Brudney, K Chiasson, MA AF Ellerbrock, TV Wright, TC Bush, TJ Dole, P Brudney, K Chiasson, MA TI Characteristics of menstruation in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY AMENORRHEA; WEIGHT-LOSS; DYSFUNCTION; DISORDERS; MEN AB Objective: To determine the characteristics of menstruation in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the impact of immunosuppression on menstruation in HIV-infected women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 197 HIV-infected and 189 HIV-uninfected women were interviewed about menstruation and abnormal vaginal bleeding during the previous 12 months. Information was also obtained about CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels of HIV-infected women and other factors, including drug use and weight loss, that might affect menstruation. Results: The number and duration of menses in HIV-infected women were not significantly different from those of uninfected women. During a 12-month period, 154 (78%) of 197 HIV-infected women and 150 (80%) of 188 uninfected women had 10-14 menses (P = .74). The proportions of women in the two groups with intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or no bleeding were also similar. In HIV-infeeted women, menstruation and the prevalence of abnormal vaginal bleeding were not significantly different by CD4+ T-lymphocyte level. By multiple logistic regression analysis, neither HIV infection nor CD4+ T-lymphocyte level less than 200 cells/mu L was associated with intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or no bleeding. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that neither HIV infection nor immunosuppression has a clinically relevant effect on menstruation or other vaginal bleeding. Most HIV-infected women menstruate about every 25-35 days, suggesting monthly ovulation and an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, COLL PHYS & SURG, DEPT PATHOL, NEW YORK, NY USA. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH, BUR DIS INTERVENT RES, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA. RP Ellerbrock, TV (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV HIV AIDS, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, PUBL HLTH SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU 206822] NR 17 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 EI 1873-233X J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 87 IS 6 BP 1030 EP 1034 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(96)00047-6 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UM755 UT WOS:A1996UM75500025 PM 8649685 ER PT J AU Kohn, MA Farley, TA Scott, C AF Kohn, MA Farley, TA Scott, C TI The need for more aggressive follow-up of children born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers: Lessons from the Louisiana perinatal hepatitis B immunization program SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B; immunization; serologic testing ID VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; INFANTS BORN; EFFICACY; VACCINE; VIRUS; IMMUNOGENICITY; TAIWAN; HBEAG AB Background. Preventing perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important part of strategies to prevent HBV-related disease. To help prevent perinatal transmission the Louisiana Office of Public Health began in 1990 a statewide program to track children of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers. We examined data from this program to evaluate the effectiveness of the program and to assess the value of serologic testing in the program. Methods. We examined vaccination and testing records for all children listed in the program database who were old enough to have been tested, according to program recommendations, as of July, 1993. Results. Of 426 children 269 (63%) had been completely vaccinated. Also of these 426 children 194 (46%) were tested for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) and 163 (38%) were tested for HBsAg. Among tested children 6 (4%) were HB-sAg-positive and 22 (11%) were anti HBs-negative. Incompletely vaccinated children were more likely than completely vaccinated children to be HBsAg-positive (risk ratio, 7.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 41.2) and less likely to be positive for anti-HBs (risk ratio, 0.5, confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.7). Children tested greater than or equal to 18 months after the last vaccine dose were more likely than children tested earlier to be anti-HBs-negative (risk ratio, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.1). Conclusions. Rates of vaccination completion and postvaccination serologic testing were low for children in this program. Even with these low vaccination rates, however, we estimate that the program prevented 74% of HBV infection and 87% of HBV carriage in this group of high risk children, suggesting that failure to vaccinate rather than vaccine failure was the major obstacle to prevention of perinatal HBV transmission. Serologic testing was useful in that it identified children with chronic HBV infection and children who may have needed additional doses of vaccine, but it should be performed <18 months after the last dose of vaccine. is given. More aggressive follow-up of these children for both vaccination and serologic testing is needed. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. LOUISIANA DEPT HLTH & HOSP,OFF PUBL HLTH,EPIDEMIOL SECT,NEW ORLEANS,LA. LOUISIANA DEPT HLTH & HOSP,OFF PUBL HLTH,IMMUNIZAT PROGRAM,NEW ORLEANS,LA. NR 16 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 535 EP 540 DI 10.1097/00006454-199606000-00012 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UR267 UT WOS:A1996UR26700011 PM 8783352 ER PT J AU OBrien, KL Schwartz, B AF OBrien, KL Schwartz, B TI Outcome of infections caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter DE pneumococci; penicillin susceptibility RP OBrien, KL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 554 EP 555 DI 10.1097/00006454-199606000-00022 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UR267 UT WOS:A1996UR26700021 PM 8783362 ER PT J AU Woodruff, BA Stevenson, J Yusuf, H Kwong, SL Todoroff, KP Hadler, JL Roome, A Banaie, A Dutta, S Faruqi, M Ho, C Richman, A Riester, K Rohr, C Hoyt, MA Mahoney, FJ AF Woodruff, BA Stevenson, J Yusuf, H Kwong, SL Todoroff, KP Hadler, JL Roome, A Banaie, A Dutta, S Faruqi, M Ho, C Richman, A Riester, K Rohr, C Hoyt, MA Mahoney, FJ TI Progress toward integrating hepatitis B vaccine into routine infant immunization schedules in the United States, 1991 through 1994 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B vaccines; infant immunization programs; nurseries; hospital; health surveys ID PEDIATRICIANS AB Objective. We assessed progress toward universal infant immunization against hepatitis B, which was first recommended in November 1991. Methods. Multiple data sources were used to describe vaccination policies and trends in infant hepatitis B vaccine coverage. Results. As of June 1993, 51% of the 63 local, state, and territorial immunization programs recommended hepatitis B vaccination of all newborns shortly after birth. The number of first dosages of hepatitis B vaccine administered to infants in public sector clinics increased rapidly from late 1992 to 1993, and at the end of 1993 was approximately two thirds the number of first dosages of other infant antigens. In a nationwide survey of hospital nurseries 47% offered hepatitis B vaccine to all newborns. Of 3982 sampled newborns in these hospitals, 36.2% had been vaccinated before discharge. In San Francisco and Connecticut, where public health officials encouraged hospitals to offer hepatitis B vaccination, first-dose coverage at discharge was 82.3% in 1994 and 69.1% in 1993, respectively. Coverage was higher in healthier infants and lower in infants of older or better-educated mothers. Results from the National Health Interview Survey demonstrate that three-dose completion at 12 months of age increased from less than 1% of children born in 1989 to 40% of children born in the fourth quarter of 1992, Vaccination at birth increased from less than 1% of infants born in 1989 to 32% of infants born in the second half of 1993. Conclusions. Infant hepatitis B vaccination has expanded rapidly since national recommendations were made; however, universal coverage has not been achieved. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH & ADDICT SERV,HARTFORD,CT. YALE UNIV,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. SAN FRANCISCO DEPT PUBL HLTH,BUR EPIDEMIOL & DIS CONTROL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA. CONNECTICUT HEPATITIS B PROJECT GRP,NEW HAVEN,CT. RI Ho, Chien/O-6112-2016 OI Ho, Chien/0000-0002-4094-9232 NR 11 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 1996 VL 97 IS 6 BP 798 EP 803 PN 1 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UP112 UT WOS:A1996UP11200003 PM 8657517 ER PT J AU Sacks, JJ Lockwood, R Hornreich, J Sattin, RW AF Sacks, JJ Lockwood, R Hornreich, J Sattin, RW TI Fatal dog attacks, 1989-1994 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE dog bites; children; injury ID BITE AB Objectives. To update data on fatal dog bites and see if past trends have continued. Design. To merge data from vital records, the Humane Society of the United States, and searches of electronic news files. Setting. United States. Subjects. U.S. residents dying in the U.S. from 1989 through 1994 from dog bites. Results. We identified 109 dog bite-related fatalities, of which 57% were less than 10 years of age. The death rate for neonates was two orders of magnitude higher than for adults and the rate for children one order of magnitude higher. Of classifiable deaths, 22% involved an unrestrained dog off the owner's property, 18% involved a restrained dog on the owner's property, and 59% involved an unrestrained dog on the owner's property. Eleven attacks involved a sleeping infant; 19 dogs involved in fatal attacks had a prior history of aggression; and 19 of 20 classifiable deaths involved an unneutered dog. Pit bulls, the most commonly reported breed, were involved in 24 deaths; the next most commonly reported breeds were rottweilers (16) and German shepherds (10). Conclusions. The dog bite problem should be reconceptualized as a largely preventable epidemic. Breed-specific approaches to the control of dog bites do not address the issue that many breeds are involved in the problem and that most of the factors contributing to dog bites are related to the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners. To prevent dog bite-related deaths and injuries, we recommend public education about responsible dog ownership and dog bite prevention, stronger animal control laws, better resources for enforcement of these laws, and better reporting of bites. Anticipatory guidance by pediatric health care providers should address dog bite prevention. C1 HUMANE SOC UNITED STATES,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Sacks, JJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV UNINTENT INJURY PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 13 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 1996 VL 97 IS 6 BP 891 EP 895 PN 1 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UP112 UT WOS:A1996UP11200018 PM 8657532 ER PT J AU Wang, F Yang, QH AF Wang, F Yang, QH TI Age at marriage and the first birth interval: The emerging change in sexual behavior among young couples in China SO POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW LA English DT Article ID POLICY; ASIA AB Rising age at first marriage and shortening of the interval between marriage and first birth are two prominent features of China's demographic transition during the past two decades. The increasing incidence of premarital sex and the rapid reduction in the first birth interval indicate a significant change in the sexual behavior of young Chinese couples. This change is an outcome of broad social transformations, including a move away from arranged marriages; increased formal education and nonfamilial employment; recent changes in sexual mores; and a strong government family planning program promoting birth control and later marriage. In contrast to other Asian societies that have also experienced a change in the pattern of sexual behavior among the young, in China such a change was the unintended consequence of actions of a forceful socialist state. C1 EAST WEST CTR, PROGRAM POPULAT, HONOLULU, HI 96848 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DISABIL, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Wang, F (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII MANOA, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA. NR 49 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0098-7921 J9 POPUL DEV REV JI Popul. Dev. Rev. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 299 EP + PG 0 WC Demography; Sociology SC Demography; Sociology GA UX718 UT WOS:A1996UX71800004 ER PT J AU GrummerStrawn, L Stupp, PW AF GrummerStrawn, L Stupp, PW TI An alternative sampling strategy for obtaining child health data in a reproductive health survey SO POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Population-Association-of-America Meeting CY APR, 1993 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP Populat Assoc Amer DE child health; design effects; sampling; surveys AB Retrospective demographic surveys typically collect substantial information about child health. This information is often collected for all children born during a specified period. For women with several young children, the interview can become quite long. To shorten the interview, some surveys have asked child health questions only for the last child born. However, data on the last birth may be biased because last children have a younger age distribution and have longer subsequent birth intervals than does the average child. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to collecting child health data - that child health questions be asked only for a child chosen randomly from among the respondent's children younger than age five. This alternative has the advantage of keeping the interview shorter but does not lead to biased information. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,BEHAV EPIDEMIOL & DEMOG RES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP GrummerStrawn, L (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR MSK25,MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH BRANCH,4770 BUFORD HWY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5923 J9 POPUL RES POLICY REV JI Popul. Res. Policy Rev. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1007/BF00127052 PG 10 WC Demography SC Demography GA VB287 UT WOS:A1996VB28700004 ER PT J AU Stokes, JP McKirnan, DJ Doll, L Burzette, RG AF Stokes, JP McKirnan, DJ Doll, L Burzette, RG TI Female partners of bisexual men - What they don't know might hurt them SO PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ESTEEM; MARRIAGES; SEX; HIV AB Individual interviews with 350 behaviorally bisexual men aged 18-30 revealed that 71% of their female sexual partners and 59% of their steady female sexual partners in the past 6 months had not been aware of their homosexual activity. Rates of nondisclosure were higher for African-American than White men. Compared to nondisclosers, men who disclosed to all their female partners were less self-homophobic and perceived their friends, families, and neighbors as more accepting of their homosexual behavior. Compared to men who had disclosed, the nondisclosers had more female partners and used condoms less consistently with women. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60680. UNIV ILLINOIS,PREVENT RES CTR,CHICAGO,IL 60680. RI Burzette, Rebecca/A-4531-2013 NR 24 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0361-6843 J9 PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART JI Psychol. Women Q. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 2 BP 267 EP 284 DI 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00470.x PG 18 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Women's Studies SC Psychology; Women's Studies GA UN526 UT WOS:A1996UN52600004 ER PT J AU Jason, J Inge, KL AF Jason, J Inge, KL TI The effects of mitogens, IL-2 and anti-CD3 antibody on the T-cell receptor V beta repertoire SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AUTOIMMUNE THYROID-DISEASE; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; ANTIGEN RECEPTOR; MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; SPECIFICITY; PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ; SUPERANTIGENS AB Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and monoclonal antibodies to CD3 (CD3MoAbs) are used for the assessment of the T-cell receptor (TCR) BV gene family expression in autoimmune disorders and multiple sclerosis, and to produce clones for assessment of cytokine profiles in progressive human immunodeficiency virus infection. The authors examined the effects of these stimulants on the TCR V beta repertoire of resting and blastic CD4(+) and CD8(+) normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes, using three-colour cytofluorometry and a panel of anti-TCR V beta monoclonal antibodies. IL-2 was associated with an increased percentage of blastic CD4(+) cells expressing V(beta)5.1 (from median of 3.7% to 8.0%, P = 0.0002) and blastic CD8(+) cells expressing V(beta)5.3 (1.0 to 1.5%, P = 0.0039). CD3MoAb caused a slight increase in V(beta)6.7 + blastic CD4(+) cells (4.5 to 6.9%, P = 0.0078). PHA did not alter the V beta repertoire of blastic cells. Con A caused skewing in CD8(+) blastic cells, toward expression of V(beta)5.2/5.3 (3.1 to 8.1%) and V(beta)5.3 (0.8 to 4.8%) (P = 0.0020). Thus, IL-2 stimulation causes slight alterations in the V beta repertoire that should be taken into account in certain research settings. Con A produced skewing in CD8(+) blastic cells suggesting that, in the presence of CD8, either Con A binds selectively to certain V beta or the three-dimensional complex created by Con A's binding to other T-cell surface molecules induces preferential V(beta)5 stimulation. RP Jason, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,IMMUNOL BRANCH,DIV AIDS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0300-9475 J9 SCAND J IMMUNOL JI Scand. J. Immunol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 43 IS 6 BP 652 EP 661 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-271.x PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA UN044 UT WOS:A1996UN04400009 PM 8658055 ER PT J AU RibeiroRodrigues, R Colley, DG CorreaOliveira, R Carter, CE AF RibeiroRodrigues, R Colley, DG CorreaOliveira, R Carter, CE TI Antibodies reactive to Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes or amastigotes express different idiotypic patterns if from patients with different clinical forms of Chagas' disease SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIIDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; LYMPHOCYTES-T; INFECTION; CELLS; ANTIGEN; RECOGNITION; STIMULATION; IDIOTOPES AB Antibodies (Abs) were purified from pooled sera of patients with either indeterminate (IND or I) or cardiac (CARD or C) Chagas' disease, on either epimastigote (EPI or E) or amastigote-enriched (AMAST or A) antigen (Ag) columns and their idiotypic (Id) expression examined. Anti-Id rabbit Abs were raised to the different preparations (E-IdI, E-IdC, A-IdI and A-IdC). Competitive ELISAs using anti-Ids were able to discriminate between IdI and IdC, disregarding Ag reactivity. E-IdI and A-IdI present different inhibitory abilities, as do E-IdC and A-IdC, but IdC always competes with IdI for anti-IdI comparably. In contrast, a 4-8-fold increase of IdI is required to compete in parallel with IdC for anti-IdC. Therefore, Ids from IND patients share only low levels of the Ids that are most characteristic of CARD patients. While some CARD Abs also express Ids in common with IND patients, these studies reveal that CARD Abs express some Ids that are characteristic to only CARD patients, and these Ids are present on Abs purified with either EPI or AMAST. C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NASHVILLE,TN 37235. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FIOCRUZ MS,CTR PESQUISAS RENE RACHOU,BR-30190 BELO HORIZONT,MG,BRAZIL. FU NIAID NIH HHS [5 PO1 AI 26505] NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0300-9475 J9 SCAND J IMMUNOL JI Scand. J. Immunol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 43 IS 6 BP 671 EP 679 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-262.x PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA UN044 UT WOS:A1996UN04400011 PM 8658057 ER PT J AU Cantwell, MF Binkin, NJ AF Cantwell, MF Binkin, NJ TI Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: A regional assessment of the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus and National Tuberculosis Control Program quality SO TUBERCLE AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; RISK AB Background: The effect of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic on tuberculosis (TB) has been evaluated for certain countries in sub-Saharan Africa. However, no multi-country comparisons have been performed of the magnitude of the changes in TB case rates and the roles of the HIV epidemic and national TB control program (NTP) quality in these changes. Methods: We examined trends in TB case rates after 1985 for 20 sub-Saharan African countries, and also from 1975-1984 for 10 of these countries (core countries). Average annual changes in TB case rates after 1985 were stratified by 1992 urban low-risk HN seroprevalence and by NTP quality, as determined by a survey of international TB experts. Results: Case rates in the core countries decreased by an average of -1.6% per year prier to 1985, but increased by an average of +7.0% per year after 1985 (+7.7% per year after 1985 in all 20 countries). Average annual case rates after 1985 increased approximately twice as fast in countries with high vs low or intermediate HIV seroprevalence ratings. In both the core countries and all 20 countries, the average annual rate of rise in case rates after 1985 decreased as NTP quality rating increased. This relationship persisted even after stratification by HN seroprevalence rating. Conclusions: TB case rates have increased in sub-Saharan Africa since 1985. These increases were relatively greater as HIV seroprevalence increased, and relatively lower as NTP quality increased. Improving NTP quality is essential to mitigate the resurgence of TB in the HIV era. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 11 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND EH1 3AF SN 0962-8479 J9 TUBERCLE LUNG DIS JI Tubercle Lung Dis. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 77 IS 3 BP 220 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0962-8479(96)90004-0 PG 6 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA UU566 UT WOS:A1996UU56600005 PM 8758104 ER PT J AU Greenberg, DP Vadheim, CM Marcy, SM Partridge, S Jing, J Chiu, CY Greene, T Margolis, HS Ward, JI AF Greenberg, DP Vadheim, CM Marcy, SM Partridge, S Jing, J Chiu, CY Greene, T Margolis, HS Ward, JI TI Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine administered to infants at 2, 4 and 6 months of age SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B vaccine; immunization; infants; vaccine safety ID LONG-TERM IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; EFFICACY; PERTUSSIS; EXPERIENCE; INJECTION; CHILDREN; MEASLES; 7-YEAR; POLIO AB A recombinant hepatitis B vaccine was administered to over 5000 infants in a prospective, randomized and blinded study. Infants were given either recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B(R), SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 10 mu g dose(-1)) or a Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months of age simultaneously with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and oral polio vaccines. Adverse reactions were ascertained by parental reports and interviews, and review of medical records. Blood specimens collected from 269 infants given hepatitis B vaccine were assayed for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) by enzyme immunoassay. Infants given hepatitis B vaccine experienced low rates of adverse reactions that were similar or lower than the rates in infants given Hib conjugate vaccine. The geometric mean anti-HBs concentrations were 9.6 mlU ml(-1) after one dose, 333 mIU ml(-1) after two doses and 1812 mIU ml(-1) after three doses (99% had levels greater than or equal to 10 mIU ml(-1)). Antibody responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were unaffected by simultaneous administration of hepatitis B or Hib conjugate vaccine. Engerix-B vaccine,was safe and immunogenic when given with other routine childhood immunizations at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, and should pro vide long-term protection against hepatitis B virus infection. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 KAISER PERMANENTE,LOS ANGELES,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RP Greenberg, DP (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES CTY HARBOR MED CTR,CTR VACCINE RES,1124 W CARSON ST,BLDG E-6,TORRANCE,CA 90502, USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUN PY 1996 VL 14 IS 8 BP 811 EP 816 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00228-S PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UU854 UT WOS:A1996UU85400011 PM 8817829 ER PT J AU Sherwood, JA Copeland, RS Taylor, KA Abok, K Oloo, AJ Were, JBO Strickland, GT Gordon, DM Ballou, WR Bales, JD Wirtz, RA Wittes, J Gross, M Que, JU Cryz, SJ Oster, CN Roberts, CR Sadoff, JC AF Sherwood, JA Copeland, RS Taylor, KA Abok, K Oloo, AJ Were, JBO Strickland, GT Gordon, DM Ballou, WR Bales, JD Wirtz, RA Wittes, J Gross, M Que, JU Cryz, SJ Oster, CN Roberts, CR Sadoff, JC TI Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy trial with natural challenge quantitation in an area of endemic human malaria of Kenya SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE human malaria; malaria vaccine; Plasmodium falciparum; immunology; entomology ID T-CELL EPITOPE; SPOROZOITES TRANSMITTED INVITRO; NATURALLY ACQUIRED ANTIBODIES; WILD AFROTROPICAL ANOPHELES; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY ELISA; WESTERN KENYA; FIELD-EVALUATION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PROTEIN; CULICIDAE AB It has been hypothesized that antibody induced by Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein vaccine would be effective against endemic human malaria. In a malaria endemic region of Kenya, 76 volunteers, in 38 pairs sleeping adjacently, were immunized with subunit circumsporozoite protein Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro tetrapeptide repeat-pseudomonas toxin A, or hepatitis B vaccine. After quinine and doxcycycline, volunteers were followed for illness daily, parasitemia weekly, antibody, T-lymphocyte responses, and treated if indicated. Anopheles mosquitoes vesting in houses were collected and tested for P. falciparum antigen, or dissected for sporozoites and tested for blood meal ABO type and P. falciparum antigen. Vaccine was safe, with side-effects similar in both groups, and immunogenic, engendering IgG antibody as high as 600 mu g ml(-1), but did not increase the proportion of volunteers with T-lymphocyte responses. Estimation of P. falciparum challenge averaged 0.194 potentially infective Anopheles bites/volunteer/ day. Mosquito blood meals showed no difference in biting intensity between vaccine and control groups Both groups had similar malaria-free survival curves, cumulative positive blood slides, cumulative parasites mm(-3) and numbers of parasites mm(-3) on first positive blood slide, during three post-vaccination observation periods. Every volunteer had P. falciparum parastiemia at least once. Vaccinees had 82% and controls 89% incidences of symptomatic parasitemia (P = 0.514, efficacy 9%, statistical power 95% probability of efficacy < 50%). Vaccine-induced anti-sporozoite antibody was not protective in this study. Within designed statistical precisions the present study is in agreement with efficacy studies in Colombia, Venezuela and Tanzania. C1 SARADIDI RURAL HLTH PROGRAMME,NYILIMA,KENYA. KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,BIOMED SCI RES CTR,NAIROBI,KENYA. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,VECTOR BIOL & CONTROL RES CTR,KISUMU,KENYA. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,INT HLTH PROGRAM,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT IMMUNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT ENTOMOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. SMITHKLINE BEECHAM,SMITH KLINE & FRENCH LABS,KING OF PRUSSIA,PA. SWISS SERUM & VACCINE INST,CH-3001 BERN,SWITZERLAND. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DIV COMMUNICABLE DIS & IMMUNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. RP Sherwood, JA (reprint author), CLIN RES CTR,NAIROBI,KENYA. NR 63 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUN PY 1996 VL 14 IS 8 BP 817 EP 827 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00221-L PG 11 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UU854 UT WOS:A1996UU85400012 PM 8817830 ER PT J AU Reed, RC LouisWileman, V Wells, RL Verheul, AFM Hunter, RL Lal, AA AF Reed, RC LouisWileman, V Wells, RL Verheul, AFM Hunter, RL Lal, AA TI Re-investigation of the circumsporozoite protein-based induction of sterile immunity against Plasmodium berghei infection SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE vaccine; malaria; Plasmodium berghei; sporozoite; circumsporozoite protein; peptide-carrier conjugate ID BLOCK POLYMER SURFACTANTS; ADJUVANT ACTIVITY; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; ANTIBODY ISOTYPE; MURINE MALARIA; LIPID-A; VACCINE; SPOROZOITES; SPECIFICITY; PROTECTION AB Although the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of the malaria parasite is the most immunologically characterized protein, the goal of using this protein in an effective vaccine has not yet been realized. Monoclonal antibody against the repetitive immunodominant B-epitope of the CSP can protect mice from malaria, but vaccines that induce antibody against this epitope do not consistently induce protection. Toward developing a rationale for a CSP-based effective vaccine, we have re-investigated the ability of anti-CSP repeat antibodies, as induced by different CSP vaccine formulations with several adjuvants, to confer sterile immunity against sporozoite challenge. Using Plasmodium berghei rodent malaria model and several CSP subunit vaccine constructs, we found that a formulation consisting of the P. berghei CSP repetitive epitope, (DPPPPNPN)(2) (CS), conjugated to BSA by carbodiimide, formulated in a block copolymer and detoxified lipopolysaccharide (RaLPS) adjuvant, was particularly, promising. Mice were immunized and boosted with vaccines that contain varying malarial peptide-carrier ratios of 6:1 (CS6-BSA), 55:1 (CS55-BSA) and 170:1 (CS170-BSA). Following immunization, the animals were challenged with live sporozoites. Two types of effects were observed in vaccinated mice. First, sterile immunity was induced in 100%, 50% and 29% of mice that were immunized with the CS170-BSA, CS55-BSA, and CS6-BSA vaccine conjugates, respectively. The second effect of immunization was observed with the CS170-BSA conjugate vaccine primed mice; a boost in IFA titers followed sporozoite challenge. In addition, we observed that IgG1 isotype titer against the surface of the sporozoite, as measured by IFA, and antibody avidity parallel sterile immunity. These findings reiterate the potential of the CSP as a malaria vaccine candidate antigen, and suggest that the induction of sterile immune responses depends on inducing antibody of the appropriate isotype, avidity and specificity. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,IMMUNOL BRANCH,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30033. EMORY UNIV,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,MICROCHEM FACIL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,PROGRAM BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RI Wells, Lance/H-3118-2013 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R0I AI31064-OIAI] NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUN PY 1996 VL 14 IS 8 BP 828 EP 836 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00175-Z PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UU854 UT WOS:A1996UU85400013 PM 8817831 ER PT J AU Morimoto, K Patel, M Corisdeo, S Hooper, DC Fu, ZF Rupprecht, CE Koprowski, H Dietzschold, B AF Morimoto, K Patel, M Corisdeo, S Hooper, DC Fu, ZF Rupprecht, CE Koprowski, H Dietzschold, B TI Characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; FUSION ACTIVITY; GLYCOPROTEIN; PATHOGENESIS; INFECTION; SITE AB The silver-haired bat variant of rabies virus (SHBRV) has been identified as the etiological agent of a number of recent human rabies cases in the United States that are unusual in not having been associated with any known history of conventional exposure. Comparison of the different biological and biochemical properties of isolates of this virus with those of a coyote street rabies virus (COSRV) revealed that there are unique features associated with SHBRV. In vitro studies showed that, while the susceptibility of neuroblastoma cells to infection by both viruses was similar, the infectivity of SHBRV was much higher than that of COSRV in fibroblasts (BHK-21) and epithelial cells (MA-104), particularly when these cells were kept at 34 degrees C. At this temperature, low pH-dependent fusion and cell-to-cell spread of virus is seen in BHK-21 cells infected with SHBRV but not with COSRV. It appears that SHBRV may possess an unique cellular tropism and the ability to replicate at lower temperature, allowing a more effective local replication in the dermis. This hypothesis is supported by in vivo results which showed that while SHBRV is less neurovirulent than COSRV when administered via the intramuscular or intranasal routes, both viruses are equally neuroinvasive if injected intracranially or intradermally. Consistent with the above findings, the amino acid sequences of the glycoproteins of SHBRV and COSRV were found to have substantial differences, particularly in the region that contains the putative toxic loop, which are reflected in marked differences in their antigenic composition. Nevertheless, an experimental rabies vaccine based on the Pittman Moore vaccine strain protected mice equally rr ell from lethal doses of SHBRV and COSRV, suggesting that currently used vaccines should be effective in the postexposure prophylaxis of rabies due to SHBRV. C1 THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,CTR NEUROVIROL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. OI Hooper, Douglas/0000-0002-8578-5104 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-09706] NR 34 TC 132 Z9 139 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 28 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 11 BP 5653 EP 5658 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.11.5653 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UN253 UT WOS:A1996UN25300087 PM 8643632 ER PT J AU Steenland, K AF Steenland, K TI Chronic neurological effects of organophosphate pesticides - Subclinical damage does occur, but longer follow up studies are needed SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 11 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 2 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD MAY 25 PY 1996 VL 312 IS 7042 BP 1312 EP 1313 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UN476 UT WOS:A1996UN47600002 PM 8646032 ER PT J AU Chen, RT AF Chen, RT TI Oral poliomyelitis vaccines SO LANCET LA English DT Letter RP Chen, RT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VACCINE SAFETY & DEV ACT NATL IMMUNISAT PROGRAMME,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 25 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9013 BP 1496 EP 1496 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UM485 UT WOS:A1996UM48500079 PM 8676675 ER PT J AU Hillis, SD Wasserheit, JN AF Hillis, SD Wasserheit, JN TI Screening for chlamydia - A key to the prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID WOMEN; TRACHOMATIS; FERTILITY; COHORT RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 17 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 2 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 23 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 21 BP 1399 EP 1401 DI 10.1056/NEJM199605233342111 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UL251 UT WOS:A1996UL25100011 PM 8614429 ER PT J AU Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Zaki, SR Nichol, ST Peters, CJ AF Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Zaki, SR Nichol, ST Peters, CJ TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Germany SO LANCET LA English DT Letter RP Rollin, PE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPEC PATHOGENS BR & MOL PATHOL & ULTRASTRUCT ACTIV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 18 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9012 BP 1416 EP 1417 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91063-6 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UL904 UT WOS:A1996UL90400068 PM 8637377 ER PT J AU Hennessy, TW Hedberg, CW Slutsker, L White, KE BesserWiek, JM Moen, ME Feldman, J Coleman, WW Edmonson, LM MacDonald, KL Osterholm, MT Belongia, E Boxrud, D Boyer, W Danila, R Korlath, J Leano, F Mills, W Soler, J Sullivan, M Deling, M Geisen, P Kontz, C Elfering, K Krueger, W Masso, T Mitchell, MF Vought, K Duran, A Harrell, F Jirele, K Krivitsky, A Manresa, H Mars, R Nierman, M Schwab, A Sedzielarz, F Tillman, F Wagner, D Wieneke, D Price, C AF Hennessy, TW Hedberg, CW Slutsker, L White, KE BesserWiek, JM Moen, ME Feldman, J Coleman, WW Edmonson, LM MacDonald, KL Osterholm, MT Belongia, E Boxrud, D Boyer, W Danila, R Korlath, J Leano, F Mills, W Soler, J Sullivan, M Deling, M Geisen, P Kontz, C Elfering, K Krueger, W Masso, T Mitchell, MF Vought, K Duran, A Harrell, F Jirele, K Krivitsky, A Manresa, H Mars, R Nierman, M Schwab, A Sedzielarz, F Tillman, F Wagner, D Wieneke, D Price, C TI A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE OUTBREAK; UNITED-STATES; RAW-MILK; CONSUMPTION; GASTROENTERITIS; TRANSMISSION AB Background. In September 1994, the Minnesota Department of Health detected an increase in the number of reports of Salmonella enteritidis infections. After a case-control study implicated a nationally distributed brand of ice cream (Schwan's) in the outbreak, the product was recalled and further epidemiologic and microbiologic investigations were conducted. Methods. We defined an outbreak-associated case of S. enteritidis infection as one in which S. enteritidis was cultured from a person who became ill in September or October 1994. We established national surveillance and surveyed customers of the implicated manufacturer, The steps involved in the manufacture of ice cream associated with cases of S. enteritidis infection were compared with those of products not known to be associated with infection matched for the date of manufacture. Cultures for bacteria were obtained from ice cream samples, the ice cream plant, and tanker trailers that had transported the ice cream base (premix) to the plant. Results. estimate that S. enteritidis gastroenteritis developed in 224,000 persons in the United States after they ate Schwan's ice cream. The attack rate for consumers was 6.6 percent. Ice cream associated with infection contained a higher percentage of premix that had been transported by tanker trailers that had carried nonpasteurized eggs immediately before (P = 0.02). S. enteritidis was isolated from 8 of 266 ice cream products (3 percent), but not from environmental samples obtained from the ice cream plant (n = 157) or tanker trailers (n = 204). Conclusions. This nationwide outbreak of salmonellosis was most likely the result of contamination of pasteurized ice cream premix during transport in tanker trailers that had previously carried nonpasteurized liquid eggs containing S. enteritidis. To prevent further outbreaks, food products not destined for repasteurization should be transported in dedicated containers. C1 MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,ACUTE DIS EPIDEMIOL SECT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55440. MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,PUBL HLTH LAB,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55440. MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,EXECUT OFF,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55440. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MINNESOTA DEPT AGR,DIV DAIRY & FOOD INSPECT,ST PAUL,MN. US FDA,MINNEAPOLIS,MN. OLMSTED CTY HLTH DEPT,ROCHESTER,MN. US FDA,CHICAGO,IL. NR 26 TC 198 Z9 203 U1 3 U2 18 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 16 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 20 BP 1281 EP 1286 DI 10.1056/NEJM199605163342001 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UK880 UT WOS:A1996UK88000001 PM 8609944 ER PT J AU Zambon, M Hay, A Wood, J Gust, I Hampson, A Canas, L Guo, Y AF Zambon, M Hay, A Wood, J Gust, I Hampson, A Canas, L Guo, Y TI Update: Influenza activity - United States and worldwide, 1995-96 season, and composition of the 1996-97 influenza vaccine (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 326-329, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND. NATL INST BIOL STAND & CONTROLS,POTTERS BAR EN6 3QG,HERTS,ENGLAND. COMMONWEALTH SERUM LABS,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA. ARMSTRONG LAB,BROOKS AFB,TX. NATL CTR PREVENT MED,INST VIROL,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. WHO,NATL INFLUENZA CTR,DIV EMERGING & OTHER COMMUNICABLE DIS SURVEILLANC,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. CDC,INFLUENZA BR,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. US FDA,DIV VIROL,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RP Zambon, M (reprint author), CENT PUBL HLTH LAB,LONDON NW9 5HT,ENGLAND. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 19 BP 1467 EP 1468 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ937 UT WOS:A1996UJ93700009 ER PT J AU Hampson, NB AF Hampson, NB TI Carbon monoxide poisoning at an indoor ice arena and bingo hall - Seattle, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 265-267, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,AIR POLLUT & RESP HLTH BR,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Hampson, NB (reprint author), VIRGINIA MASON MED CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98101, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 19 BP 1468 EP 1469 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ937 UT WOS:A1996UJ93700010 ER PT J AU Haas, E Anderson, D Neu, R Berkheiser, N Grendon, J Shoemaker, P Kobayashi, J StehrGreen, P AF Haas, E Anderson, D Neu, R Berkheiser, N Grendon, J Shoemaker, P Kobayashi, J StehrGreen, P TI Tick paralysis - Washington, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 325-326, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 ST JOSEPH REG MED CTR,LEWISTON,ID. WASHINGTON STATE DEPT HLTH,OLYMPIA,WA. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Haas, E (reprint author), ASOTIN CTY HLTH DEPT,CLARKSTON,WA 99403, USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 19 BP 1470 EP 1470 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ937 UT WOS:A1996UJ93700011 ER PT J AU Lieberman, JM Chiu, SS Wong, VK Partridge, S Chang, SJ Chiu, CY Gheesling, LL Carlone, GM Ward, JI AF Lieberman, JM Chiu, SS Wong, VK Partridge, S Chang, SJ Chiu, CY Gheesling, LL Carlone, GM Ward, JI TI Safety and immunogenicity of a serogroups A/C Neisseria meningitidis oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in young children - A randomized controlled trial SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INFLUENZAE TYPE-B; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; GROUP-A; MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBODY; INFANTS; IMMUNIZATION; AGE AB Objective.-To assess the safety and immumogenicity of a bivalent serogroups A/C meningococcal oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine compared with the licensed meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Design.-Randomized controlled trial. Study population.-Ninety healthy 18- to 24-month-old children who were seen at a southern California Kaiser Permanente clinic. Interventions.-Vaccination with either the meningococcal conjugate vaccine (at 1 of 2 dosages) or the polysaccharide vaccine, with 2 doses given 2 months apart. Main Outcome Measures.-Immune response to each vaccine dose as determined by measurement of serogroup-specific total antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by assessment of serum bactericidal activity. Results.-Both vaccines appeared to be safe, and nearly all children responded with greater than 4-fold increases in antibody levels. The 2 dosages of the conjugate vaccine induced similar antibody responses; therefore, the data for the 2 conjugate vaccine groups were combined, Following 2 doses, ELISA antibody levels against group C meningococcus were significantly higher in conjugate vaccine recipients than in polysaccharide vaccine recipients (16.66 mu g/mL vs 8.31 mu g/mL; P<.001), but antibody levels against group A were not significantly different (22.75 mu g/mL vs 21.24 mu g/mL; P=.70). The serum bactericidal assays showed striking differences between the conjugate and polysaccharide vaccine groups. Geometric mean serum bactericidal titers were significantly higher in conjugate vaccine recipients (755.6 vs 37.6 for group A, P<.001;3197.9 vs 11.4 for group C, P<.001). Conclusions.-The immune response induced by this meningococcal oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine was qualitatively different from that induced by the polysaccharide vaccine, and the antibodies it elicited provided greater functional activity. C1 KAISER PERMANENTE,SO CALIF REG,BELLFLOWER,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RP Lieberman, JM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES CTY HARBOR MED CTR,CTR VACCINE RES,1124 W CARSON ST,E-6,TORRANCE,CA 90502, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [N0-AI-15124] NR 33 TC 115 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 19 BP 1499 EP 1503 DI 10.1001/jama.275.19.1499 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ937 UT WOS:A1996UJ93700034 PM 8622225 ER PT J AU Simonds, RJ Rogers, M AF Simonds, RJ Rogers, M TI Preventing perinatal HIV infection - How far have we come? SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Simonds, RJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 19 BP 1514 EP 1515 DI 10.1001/jama.275.19.1514 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ937 UT WOS:A1996UJ93700037 PM 8622228 ER PT J AU Rothman, N Bhatnagar, VK Hayes, RB Zenser, TV Kashyap, SK Butler, MA Bell, DA Lakshmi, V Jaeger, M Kashyap, R Hirvonen, A Schulte, PA Dosemeci, M Hsu, F Parikh, DJ Davis, BB Talaska, G AF Rothman, N Bhatnagar, VK Hayes, RB Zenser, TV Kashyap, SK Butler, MA Bell, DA Lakshmi, V Jaeger, M Kashyap, R Hirvonen, A Schulte, PA Dosemeci, M Hsu, F Parikh, DJ Davis, BB Talaska, G TI The impact of interindividual variation in NAT2 activity on benzidine urinary metabolites and urothelial DNA adducts in exposed workers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHIC N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; BLADDER-CANCER; ACETYLATED METABOLITES; AROMATIC-AMINES; CARCINOGEN; ACTIVATION; BINDING; GENOTYPE; PHENOTYPES; INVIVO AB Several epidemiologic studies indicate that NAT2-related slow N-acetylation increases bladder cancer risk among workers exposed to aromatic amines, presumably because N-acetylation is important for the detoxification of these compounds. Previously, we showed that NAT2 polymorphisms did not influence bladder cancer risk among Chinese workers exposed exclusively to benzidine (BZ), suggesting that NAT2 N-acetylation is not a critical detoxifying pathway for this aromatic amine. To evaluate the biologic plausibility of this finding, we carried out a cross-sectional study of 33 workers exposed to BZ and 15 unexposed controls in Ahmedabad, India, to evaluate the presence of BZ-related DNA adducts in exfoliated urothelial cells, the excretion pattern of BZ metabolites, and the impact of NAT2 activity on these outcomes. Four DNA adducts were significantly elevated in exposed workers compared to controls; of these, the predominant adduct cochromatographed with a synthetic N-(3'phosphodeoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N'-acetylbenzidine standard and was the only adduct that was significantly associated with total BZ urinary metabolites (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001). To our knowledge this is the first report to show that BZ forms DNA adducts in exfoliated urothelial cells of exposed humans and that the predominant adduct formed is N-acetylated, supporting the concept that monofunctional acetylation is an activation, rather than a detoxification, step for BZ. However, because almost all BZ-related metabolites measured in the urine of exposed workers were acetylated among slow, as well as rapid, acetylators (mean +/- SD 95 +/- 1.9% vs. 97 +/- 1.6%, respectively) and NAT2 activity did not affect the levels of any DNA adduct measured, it is unlikely that interindividual variation in NAT2 function is relevant for BZ-associated bladder carcinogenesis. C1 NATL INST OCCUPAT HLTH,AHMEDABAD,GUJARAT,INDIA. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,ST LOUIS,MO 63125. ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63125. NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. RP Rothman, N (reprint author), NCI,OCCUPAT STUDIES SECT,DIV CANC EPIDEMIOL & GENET,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1-P30-ES06096-01] NR 50 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 14 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 10 BP 5084 EP 5089 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.10.5084 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UL255 UT WOS:A1996UL25500103 PM 8643532 ER PT J AU Sullivan, EA Kamb, ML Jones, JL Meyer, P Philen, RM Falk, H Sinks, T AF Sullivan, EA Kamb, ML Jones, JL Meyer, P Philen, RM Falk, H Sinks, T TI The natural history of Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in a tryptophan-exposed cohort in South Carolina SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE; INGESTION; MORTALITY; AUTOPSY AB Background: In a previous study, we did follow-up on 418 patients who were exposed to tryptophan in 1989, of whom 47 (11%) had definite and 63 (9%) possible eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS). Methods: We assessed mortality and clinical spectrum of illness since 1989 for 242 (58%) of the 418 tryptophan-exposed patients from the original study. To assess outcomes, we used hospital and death records, interviewer-administered questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Results: During the follow-up interval, mortality from all causes was 19% in those with definite EMS, 7% in possible EMS, and 3% in those who were not ill. The age- and sex-adjusted mortality in those with definite EMS was more than 3 times that of the general population or of tryptophan users in the practice who were not ill. Six deaths (66%) among the definite EMS case patients occurred during the 18 months immediately after symptom onset. Compared with the tryptophan users who were not ill, survivors with definite EMS continued to report excess morbidity for 6 major EMS symptoms (myalgia, arthralgia, weakness, rash, alopecia, and sclerodermiform skin changes), but they also reported that the symptom number and severity diminished with time. None of the tryptophan users who were not ill in 1989 developed a symptom complex suggesting new EMS during the follow-up interval. Conclusions: This study assessing a tryptophan-exposed population found those persons who developed EMS during the 1989 epidemic were at increased risk for death, particularly early after disease onset. Survivors reported improvement or resolution of major symptoms, suggesting that the severity of EMS diminishes with time. We found no evidence of delayed onset of EMS in tryptophan users who were not ill in 1989, regardless of the brand used. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS, US DEPT HHS, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. S CAROLINA DEPT HLTH & ENVIRONM CONTROL, COLUMBIA, SC USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60654-0946 USA SN 0003-9926 EI 1538-3679 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAY 13 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 9 BP 973 EP 979 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.9.973 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UK585 UT WOS:A1996UK58500005 PM 8624177 ER PT J AU Dalton, CB Haddix, A Hoffman, RE Mast, EE AF Dalton, CB Haddix, A Hoffman, RE Mast, EE TI The cost of a food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A in Denver, Colo SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE DISEASE; ECONOMIC-IMPACT AB Background: In 1992, a food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A associated with a catering facility in Denver, Cole, resulted in 43 secondary cases of hepatitis A and the potential exposure of approximately 5000 patrons. Objectives: To assess (1) disease control costs, including state and local health department personnel costs, provision and administration of immune globulin, and cost of extra hepatitis A serologic tests performed; (2) business losses; and (3) cost of the cases' illnesses. Methods: Cost data were collected from hospitals, health maintenance organizations, health departments, laboratories, the caterer's insurance company, and the catering facility involved in the outbreak. Results: The total costs assessed in the outbreak from a societal perspective were $809 706. Disease control rests were $689 314, which included $450 397 for 16 293 immune globulin injections and $105 699 for 2777 hours of health department personnel time. The cases' medical costs were $46 064, or 7% of the disease control costs. Conclusions: The cases' medical costs and productivity losses were only a minor component of the total cost of this outbreak. The high cost of food-borne outbreaks should be taken into account in economic analyses of the vaccination of food handlers with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. C1 COLORADO DEPT PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,DENVER,CO. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PREVENT EFFECTIVENESS ACTIV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RP Dalton, CB (reprint author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,NATL CTR EPIDEMIOL & POPULAT HLTH,FIELD EPIDEMIOL TRAINING PROGRAM,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA. NR 16 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAY 13 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 9 BP 1013 EP 1016 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.9.1013 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UK585 UT WOS:A1996UK58500010 PM 8624166 ER PT J AU Redd, SC Nwanyanwu, O Luby, SP Kazembe, PN Hightower, AW AF Redd, SC Nwanyanwu, O Luby, SP Kazembe, PN Hightower, AW TI Clinical algorithm for malaria in Africa - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 MALAWI MINIST HLTH,LILONGWE,MALAWI. RP Redd, SC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 11 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9011 BP 1328 EP 1329 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UK758 UT WOS:A1996UK75800041 ER PT J AU Hendricks, K Sehulster, L Bell, RL Cousins, J MacNeeley, W Payne, A Kendrick, MD Simpson, D Itano, A Mascola, L Vugia, D Rosenberg, J Waterman, S Safranek, TJ AF Hendricks, K Sehulster, L Bell, RL Cousins, J MacNeeley, W Payne, A Kendrick, MD Simpson, D Itano, A Mascola, L Vugia, D Rosenberg, J Waterman, S Safranek, TJ TI Outbreaks of hepatitis B virus infection among hemodialysis patients - California, Nebraska, and Texas, 1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 285-289, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CITY HOUSTON DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,HOUSTON,TX. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,AUSTIN,TX 78756. LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,BERKELEY,CA 94704. NEBRASKA DEPT HLTH,LINCOLN,NE. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Hendricks, K (reprint author), CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,INFECT DIS EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE DIV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 1 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 8 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 18 BP 1394 EP 1395 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ303 UT WOS:A1996UJ30300008 ER PT J AU Hoffman, WW Henrickson, RG Wengs, WJ Crump, JW Keppen, M Carpenter, PL Webb, D Reiffenberger, S Bleeker, B Ostby, JR Roseth, CA Nelson, EG Vossler, M Lance, S Volmer, L Schaefer, L Steece, R AF Hoffman, WW Henrickson, RG Wengs, WJ Crump, JW Keppen, M Carpenter, PL Webb, D Reiffenberger, S Bleeker, B Ostby, JR Roseth, CA Nelson, EG Vossler, M Lance, S Volmer, L Schaefer, L Steece, R TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - United States, 1995 and 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 291-295, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 DEUEL CTY MEM HOSP,CLEAR LAKE,SD. BROWN CLIN,WATERTOWN,SD. BARTRON CLIN,WATERTOWN,SD. PRAIRIE LAKES HOSP,WATERTOWN,SD. S DAKOTA DEPT HLTH,PIERRE,SD. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Hoffman, WW (reprint author), CENT PLAINS CLIN,1100 E 21ST ST,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57105, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 8 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 18 BP 1395 EP 1397 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ303 UT WOS:A1996UJ30300009 ER PT J AU Dembek, ZF Cartter, ML Hadler, JL AF Dembek, ZF Cartter, ML Hadler, JL TI Assessment of testing for and completeness of reporting of vancomycin-resistant enterococci - Connecticut, 1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 289-291, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Dembek, ZF (reprint author), CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,HARTFORD,CT 06106, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 8 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 18 BP 1397 EP 1397 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ303 UT WOS:A1996UJ30300010 ER PT J AU Pinner, RW Teutsch, SM Simonsen, L King, LA Berkelman, RL AF Pinner, RW Teutsch, SM Simonsen, L King, LA Berkelman, RL TI Increasing US mortality from infectious diseases - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Pinner, RW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 8 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 18 BP 1400 EP 1400 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ303 UT WOS:A1996UJ30300017 ER PT J AU Barbachyn, MR Toops, DS Ulanowicz, DA Grega, KC Brickner, SJ Ford, CW Zurenko, GE Hamel, JC Schaadt, RD Stapert, D Yagi, BH Buysse, JM Demyan, WF Kilburn, JO Glickman, SE AF Barbachyn, MR Toops, DS Ulanowicz, DA Grega, KC Brickner, SJ Ford, CW Zurenko, GE Hamel, JC Schaadt, RD Stapert, D Yagi, BH Buysse, JM Demyan, WF Kilburn, JO Glickman, SE TI Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new tropone-substituted phenyloxazolidinone antibacterial agents .1. Identification of leads and importance of the tropone substitution pattern. SO BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INVIVO ACTIVITIES; OXAZOLIDINONES; INVITRO; 3-ARYL-2-OXOOXAZOLIDINES; DUP-721 AB Incorporation of a substituted tropone moiety into the para position of suitably functionalized 3-phenyl-2-oxazolidinones affords novel and potent antibacterial agents. The effect of the tropone regioisomer and its attendant substituents on antibacterial activity is discussed. Analogues such as 11c and 13b display in vitro and in vivo activity approaching that of the current clinical benchmark, vancomycin. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 PHARM & UPJOHN INC,CANC & INFECT DIS RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. PHARM & UPJOHN INC,MOLEC BIOL RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Barbachyn, MR (reprint author), PHARM & UPJOHN INC,MED CHEM RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-894X J9 BIOORG MED CHEM LETT JI Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. PD MAY 7 PY 1996 VL 6 IS 9 BP 1003 EP 1008 DI 10.1016/0960-894X(96)00154-0 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Organic SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA UL710 UT WOS:A1996UL71000002 ER PT J AU Barbachyn, MR Toops, DS Grega, KC Hendges, SK Ford, CW Zurenko, GE Hamel, JC Schaadt, RD Stapert, D Yagi, BH Buysse, JM Demyan, WF Kilburn, JO Glickman, SE AF Barbachyn, MR Toops, DS Grega, KC Hendges, SK Ford, CW Zurenko, GE Hamel, JC Schaadt, RD Stapert, D Yagi, BH Buysse, JM Demyan, WF Kilburn, JO Glickman, SE TI Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new tropone-substituted phenyloxazolidinone antibacterial agents .2. Modification of the phenyl ring - The potentiating effect of fluorine substitution on in vivo activity. SO BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 3-ARYL-2-OXOOXAZOLIDINES AB Various electron-withdrawing groups were incorporated into the meta position of tropone-substituted 3-phenyl-2-oxazolidinones and their influence on antibacterial activity examined. Consideration of in vitro and in vivo test results indicated that one or two fluorine atoms flanking the para tropone appendage is the optimum arrangement for these compounds. Synthetic routes to enantiomerically enriched analogues are reported. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 PHARM & UPJOHN INC,CANC & INFECT DIS RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. PHARM & UPJOHN INC,MOLEC BIOL RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Barbachyn, MR (reprint author), PHARM & UPJOHN INC,MED CHEM RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001, USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-894X J9 BIOORG MED CHEM LETT JI Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. PD MAY 7 PY 1996 VL 6 IS 9 BP 1009 EP 1014 DI 10.1016/0960-894X(96)00155-2 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Organic SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA UL710 UT WOS:A1996UL71000003 ER PT J AU Hutson, RA Zhou, YT Collins, MD Johnson, EA Hatheway, CL Sugiyama, H AF Hutson, RA Zhou, YT Collins, MD Johnson, EA Hatheway, CL Sugiyama, H TI Genetic characterization of Clostridium botulinum type A containing silent type B neurotoxin gene sequences SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PROGENITOR TOXIN; COMPONENT; CLONING AB A recent study detected genes encoding type B botulinum neurotoxin in some type A strains of Clostridium botulinum that exhibit no type B toxin activity, In this study, we investigated the presence, structure, linkage, and organization of genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and other components of the progenitor complex. Sequence analysis showed that the silent BoNT/B gene is highly related to that from authentic proteolytic type B C. botulinum, However, a stop signal and deletions were found within the sequence, A non-toxin nonhemagglutinin gene (NTNH) was mapped immediately upstream of both the BoNT/A and silent BoNT/B genes. Significantly the NTNH gene adjacent to the defective BoNT/B gene was ''chimeric,'' the 5'- and 3'-regions of the gene had high homology with corresponding regions of the type B NTNH gene, while the 471-amino acid sequence in the central region was identical to NTNH of type A. Hemagglutinin genes HA-33 and HA-II were not found adjacent to the NTNH/A gene, but instead there was an unidentified open reading frame previously reported in strains of C. botulinum types E and F. By contrast HA-II, HA-33, and NTNH genes were located immediately upstream of the silent BoNT/B gene, Pulsed field gel electrophoretic analysis of chromosomal DNA digests indicated the distance between type A and B gene clusters to be less than 40 kilobases. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCID,DBMD,ATLANTA,GA 30333. BIOL & BIOTECH SCI RES COUNCIL,INST FOOD RES,READING LAB,READING RG6 6BZ,BERKS,ENGLAND. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT FOOD MICROBIOL & TOXICOL,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 15 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAY 3 PY 1996 VL 271 IS 18 BP 10786 EP 10792 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA UJ342 UT WOS:A1996UJ34200058 PM 8631890 ER PT J AU Fields, HA Mahoney, FJ Margolis, HS AF Fields, HA Mahoney, FJ Margolis, HS TI Safety of hepatitis B vaccine SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP Fields, HA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 3 PY 1996 VL 272 IS 5262 BP 633 EP 634 DI 10.1126/science.272.5262.633 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UJ051 UT WOS:A1996UJ05100006 PM 8614813 ER PT J AU Watkins, M Moore, C Mulinare, J AF Watkins, M Moore, C Mulinare, J TI Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP Watkins, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 2 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 18 BP 1196 EP 1196 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UG831 UT WOS:A1996UG83100015 PM 8602193 ER PT J AU Yanai, H Uthaivoravit, W Panich, V Sawanpanyalert, P Chaimanee, B Akarasewi, P Limpakarnjanarat, K Nieburg, P Mastro, TD AF Yanai, H Uthaivoravit, W Panich, V Sawanpanyalert, P Chaimanee, B Akarasewi, P Limpakarnjanarat, K Nieburg, P Mastro, TD TI Rapid increase in HIV-related tuberculosis, Chiang Rai, Thailand, 1990-1994 SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; HIV; AIDS; Thailand; Asia ID NORTHERN THAILAND; INFECTION; MEN AB Objective: Chiang Rai, the northernmost province of Thailand, has experienced an explosive HIV epidemic since 1989. This study assessed the impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis (TB) in the area. Methods: We analyzed the incidence of reported TB in the province from 1982 through 1993 and TB registry data at Chiang Rai Hospital from 1985 through 1994. Results: Following a steady decline in reported TB from 1982 through 1991, the incidence of TB increased sharply after 1991. TB registry data from Chiang Rai Hospital, which began confidential HIV testing in October 1989, indicated a steady and rapid increase in the number and proportion of HIV-seropositive TB patients from four (1.5% of all TB patients) in 1990 to 207 (45.5%) in 1994 (P < 0.001). Compared with HIV-negative TB patients, HIV-positive TB patients were more likely to be men, aged 20-39 years and have extrapulmonary TB (P < 0.001). Treatment completion rates were similar. Twelve months after beginning TB treatment, HIV-positive TB patients had a mortality rate of 68.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 62.7-74.3] compared with 10.0% (95% CI, 8.3-12.1%) in HIV-negative patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Thailand and other Asian countries where HIV is spreading rapidly must promptly address the dual epidemic of TB and HIV in order to reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. C1 HIV AIDS COLLABORAT,NONTHABURI 11000,THAILAND. RES INST TB,TOKYO,JAPAN. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. CHIANG RAI HOSP,CHIANG MAI,THAILAND. MINIST PUBL HLTH,TB ZONAL CTR 10,CHIANG MAI,THAILAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 20 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAY PY 1996 VL 10 IS 5 BP 527 EP 531 DI 10.1097/00002030-199605000-00012 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UJ817 UT WOS:A1996UJ81700012 PM 8724045 ER PT J AU Switzer, WM Black, FL Pieniazek, D Biggar, RJ Lal, RB Heneine, W AF Switzer, WM Black, FL Pieniazek, D Biggar, RJ Lal, RB Heneine, W TI Endemicity and phylogeny of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type II subtype a from the Kayapo Indians of Brazil: Evidence for limited regional dissemination SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article AB Long terminal repeat (LTR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) from 17 seropositive Kayapo Indians from Brazil showed that all 17 samples contained a unique HTLV-IIa subtype (A-II). Additional RFLP screening demonstrated the presence of this subtype in two of three Brazilian blood donors and a Mexican prostitute and her child. In contrast, 129 samples from blood donors and intravenous drug users (IDUs) from the United States, two Pueblo Indian samples, five samples from Norwegian IDUs, and two samples from blood donors from Denmark were all found to be a different HTLV-IIa subtype (A-III), Phylogenetic analysis of two Kayapo and one Mexican LTR sequences showed that they cluster with a subtype A-II sequence from a Brazilian blood donor and with sequences from two prostitutes from Ghana and Cameroon, These results demonstrate that infection with the A-LI subtype is endemic among the Kayapo Amerindians, has disseminated to non-Indian populations in Brazil, and is also present in Mexico, Furthermore, the A-II subtype does not appear to represent an origin for the HTLV-IIa infection in urban areas of the United States and Europe, This study provides evidence that HTLV-IIa may be a Paleo-Indian subtype as previously suggested for HTLV-IIb. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,DIV AIDS SEXUALLY TRUNSMITTED DIS & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NCI,VIRAL EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 12 IS 7 BP 635 EP 640 DI 10.1089/aid.1996.12.635 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UF722 UT WOS:A1996UF72200010 PM 8743089 ER PT J AU Fischbach, T Song, RG Shulman, S AF Fischbach, T Song, RG Shulman, S TI Some statistical procedures for analytical method accuracy tests and estimation SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accuracy criterion; exposure standards ID BADGE AB In 1974 the National institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration joined to complete exposure standards promulgated by federal regulations. In that effort NIOSH scientists developed an accuracy criterion (AC) acid a statistical protocol for evaluating fulfillment of that AC by an analytical method. This article extends that foundation and proposes a new approach to accuracy analyses. It concentrates on the case of known bias, but attempts to bridge the procedures from that case to one in which the bias is estimated. The article emphasizes a general and flexible approach to the design and analysis of more informative and effective method accuracy studies. These empower the user/investigator to design and analyze studies to be most useful and informative for specific requirements. RP Fischbach, T (reprint author), NIOSH,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PHYS SCI & ENG,R-8,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 57 IS 5 BP 440 EP 451 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UJ082 UT WOS:A1996UJ08200003 PM 8638514 ER PT J AU Fischbach, T Kennedy, E Shulman, S Busch, K Eller, P Song, RG Doemeny, L AF Fischbach, T Kennedy, E Shulman, S Busch, K Eller, P Song, RG Doemeny, L TI Corrections to the target and critical values for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health validation tests SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accuracy; accuracy criterion; bias; coefficient of variation; exposure standards; precision ID BADGE AB In 1974 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration joined to complete exposure standards promulgated by federal regulations. In that effort NIOSH scientists developed an accuracy criterion (AC) and a statistical protocol for evaluating its fulfillment. That AC and those procedures have been widely used ever since. This article presents corrections to the target and critical coefficients of variation published as part of the statistical protocol. RP Fischbach, T (reprint author), NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 57 IS 5 BP 452 EP 455 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UJ082 UT WOS:A1996UJ08200004 PM 8638515 ER PT J AU Esche, CA Groff, JH AF Esche, CA Groff, JH TI ELPAT program report: Background and current status (January 1996) SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Mr Esche and Mr Groff are affiliated with the Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of. Physical Sciences and Engineering, Quality Assurance and Statistics Activity. They can be reached at DHHS/PHS/CDC/NIOSH, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, (MS/R8), Cincinnati, OH 45226. Laboratories interested in obtaining accreditation information such as the program a requirements, time needed to complete the process, and cost should contact the recognized laboratory accreditation organizations listed at the end of this article. RP Esche, CA (reprint author), NIOSH,DHHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PHS,QUAL ASSURANCE & STAT ACT,CDC,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 57 IS 5 BP 497 EP & PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UJ082 UT WOS:A1996UJ08200011 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF Mussolino, ME Ingram, DD AF Gillum, RF Mussolino, ME Ingram, DD TI Physical activity and stroke incidence in women and men - The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacks; cerebral hemorrhage; cerebral infarction; cerebrovascular disorders; cohort studies; exercise; heart rate; physical fitness ID RISK-FACTORS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; PULSE-RATE; MORTALITY; DEATH; INFORMATION; DISEASE; HEALTH AB To test the hypothesis that physical inactivity is associated with increased stroke risk in women and men, the authors analyzed data from a longitudinal cohort study with three follow-up data collection waves. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 7,895 white persons and black persons aged 45-74 years were examined in 1971-1975 as part of NHANES I. Included in this analysis were 5,852 persons without a history of stroke or missing data. The average follow-up was 11.6 years (maximum, 16.4 years). Incident stroke (fatal and nonfatal) was the main outcome measure. Events were ascertained from cause of death information coded from death certificates and from discharge diagnoses coded from hospital and nursing home records during the follow-up period (1971 through 1987). Participants were asked to characterize their level of habitual physical activity as low, moderate, or high. The relative risk for stroke was estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, comparing persons reporting low with those reporting high physical activity at baseline and persons in the upper with those in the lower tertile of resting pulse rate. There were 249 incident cases of stroke identified in white women, 270 in white men, and 104 in blacks. In white women aged 65-74 years, low nonrecreational activity was associated with an increased risk of stroke (relative risk = 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.10-3.02) after adjusting for the baseline risk factors of age, smoking, history of diabetes, history of heart disease, education, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, and hemoglobin concentration. Similar associations were seen for men and for blacks and for low recreational activity in women. A higher resting pulse rate was associated with an increased risk of stroke in blacks but not in whites. A consistent association of reported low physical activity with an increased risk of stroke was observed in white women. Regular physical activity may be of benefit in preventing stroke in women as well as men. RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 40 TC 109 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 9 BP 860 EP 869 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UG679 UT WOS:A1996UG67900002 PM 8610699 ER PT J AU Haber, MJ Halloran, ME Longini, IM Orenstein, WA AF Haber, MJ Halloran, ME Longini, IM Orenstein, WA TI The effect of disease prior to an outbreak on estimates of vaccine efficacy following the outbreak - Reply SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Haber, MJ (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 9 BP 961 EP 961 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UG679 UT WOS:A1996UG67900014 ER PT J AU Hoyert, DL AF Hoyert, DL TI Cigarettes and fetal mortality as reported in 1990 vital statistics SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID CONSUMPTION; VALIDATION; ALCOHOL AB This study uses vital statistics data for 39 states and the District of Columbia to examine the association of fetal mortality with cigarette use during pregnancy. Smokers are at increased risk of experiencing a fetal loss, without considering other factors that may differ between smokers and nonsmokers, Moreover, this association persists when race, age, and education are controlled but is attenuated when alcohol use is controlled, The difference in risk for experiencing a fetal loss is greater for women who smoke 11-20 cigarettes daily than for those women who smoke 1-10 cigarettes daily during pregnancy when background factors are controlled. RP Hoyert, DL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MORTAL STAT BRANCH,DIV VITAL STAT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ROOM 840,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PNG PUBLICATIONS PI STAR CITY PA PO BOX 4593, STAR CITY, WV 26504-4593 SN 0147-0353 J9 AM J HEALTH BEHAV JI Am. J. Health Behav. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 3 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN418 UT WOS:A1996UN41800002 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Loomis, D Shy, C Simonsen, N AF Steenland, K Loomis, D Shy, C Simonsen, N TI Review of occupational lung carcinogens SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE lung cancer; occupation; attributable risk; asbestos; arsenic; chromium; radon; silica; beryllium; nickel; cadmium; diesel exhaust ID DIESEL EXHAUST EXPOSURE; WORKERS RECEIVING COMPENSATION; ASBESTOS CEMENT WORKERS; VERMONT GRANITE WORKERS; SWEDISH DOCK WORKERS; CANCER MORTALITY; URANIUM MINERS; UNITED-STATES; RESPIRATORY CANCER; ARSENIC EXPOSURE AB Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in the United States and is ranked second only to bladder cancer in the proportion of cases thought to be due to occupational exposures. We review the epidemiology of occupational lung cancer, focusing on agents identified as pulmonary carcinogens by the international Agency for Research on Cancer. We derive estimates of overall relative risks from the major studies of these Lung carcinogens, and we also provide estimates of the number of exposed workers. Using our data as well as estimates from other authors, we estimate that approximately 9,000-10,000 men and 900-1,900 women develop lung cancer annually in the United States due to past exposure to occupational carcinogens. More than half of these lung cancers are due to asbestos. This estimate is likely conservative, in that we have restricted our analysis to confirmed lung carcinogens and have ignored occupations with documented excess risk but for which the specific agents are unknown. Also, our estimate of the proportion of workers exposed in the past is probably too low. Our estimate should be viewed only as a broad approximation. Nevertheless, it is in line with other estimates by authors using different methods. The current number of cases estimated to be due to occupational exposures reflects past high exposures and is likely to drop in the future, unless other occupational lung carcinogens are confirmed or new carcinogens are introduced into the workplace. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT EPIDEMIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27515 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 COLUMBIA PKWY A-13, CINCINNATI, OH 45226 USA. NR 165 TC 115 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 29 IS 5 BP 474 EP 490 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199605)29:5<474::AID-AJIM6>3.0.CO;2-M PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UH658 UT WOS:A1996UH65800006 PM 8732921 ER PT J AU Goldenhar, LM Sweeney, MH AF Goldenhar, LM Sweeney, MH TI Tradeswomen's perspectives on occupational health and safety: A qualitative investigation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE health and safety; construction; women; qualitative methods AB Qualitative research methods were used to determine the health and safety concerns of women employed in the construction trades. Major categories of concern were identified including: 1) exposure to chemical and physical agents; 2) injuries from lifting/bending/twisting, falling, and lacerations; 3) lack of proper education and training; and 3) the health and safety risks related specifically to tradeswomen. Many of the issues identified by the workers are amenable to change through either engineering, behavioral, or administrative interventions. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Goldenhar, LM (reprint author), NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY MS-R42,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 29 IS 5 BP 516 EP 520 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199605)29:5<516::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UH658 UT WOS:A1996UH65800011 PM 8732926 ER PT J AU Thacker, SB Peterson, HB Stroup, DF AF Thacker, SB Peterson, HB Stroup, DF TI Metaanalysis for the obstetrician-gynecologist SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE metaanalysis; obstetrics; gynecology; systematic reviews ID QUALITY; TRIALS AB To provide guidance to obstetricians and gynecologists for using findings from metaanalyses in clinical practice, we describe the principles and methods of metaanalysis, including its strengths and weaknesses. Then we illustrate these principles by reviewing four metaanalyses published recently in the AMERICAN JOURNAL of OBSTETRICS and GYNECOLOGY by using a systematic approach to evaluation based on 15 questions. In these published metaanalyses most of the questions are addressed, but we noted an absence of attention to coding aspects in all studies. The usefulness of metaanalysis largely depends on the quality of the studies that are synthesized, the conduct of the metaanalysis, and the reporting of the methods and results. Proper use of metaanalyses requires an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the method and attention to the manner of reporting. The principles of metaanalysis are not complex, and the potential benefits can be enormous for patient care. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Thacker, SB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,MS-C08,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 174 IS 5 BP 1403 EP 1407 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70580-X PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UQ173 UT WOS:A1996UQ17300002 PM 9065103 ER PT J AU Berkowitz, GS Lapinski, RH Lockwood, CJ Florio, P BlackmorePrince, H Petraglia, F AF Berkowitz, GS Lapinski, RH Lockwood, CJ Florio, P BlackmorePrince, H Petraglia, F TI Corticotropin-releasing factor and its binding protein: Maternal serum levels in term and preterm deliveries SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corticotropin-releasing factor; preterm labor; premature rupture of membranes ID HUMAN-FETAL MEMBRANES; HUMAN PLACENTAL CELLS; LOCAL STIMULATION; FACTOR CRF; HORMONE; PLASMA; PREGNANCY; PARTURITION; MODULATE AB OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether maternal serum corticotropin-releasing factor levels during pregnancy were predictive of spontaneous preterm delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal serum levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and its binding protein were measured from 20 weeks of gestation in a cross-sectional study of 396 asymptomatic women at high risk for preterm delivery. RESULTS: Gestational age-specific corticotropin-releasing factor levels were not consistently or substantially increased for preterm compared with term deliveries, whether preterm delivery was due to preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. The binding protein for corticotropin-releasing factor did not vary according to gestational age until term, when it dropped substantially CONCLUSION: Serum corticotropin-releasing factor levels do not appear to be an important predictor of preterm birth in asymptomatic patients who subsequently have either preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Nevertheless, the drop in the corticotropin-releasing factor binding protein level at term suggests that the bioavailability of corticotropin-releasing factor increases as parturition approaches. C1 NYU, MED CTR, DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA. UNIV PISA, DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL, PISA, ITALY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, DIV REPROD HLTH, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Berkowitz, GS (reprint author), MT SINAI SCH MED, DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL & REPROD SCI, NEW YORK, NY USA. RI PETRAGLIA, Felice/K-6535-2016 OI PETRAGLIA, Felice/0000-0002-8851-625X FU PHS HHS [U501CCU300860-09] NR 24 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0002-9378 EI 1097-6868 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 174 IS 5 BP 1477 EP 1483 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70591-4 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UQ173 UT WOS:A1996UQ17300013 PM 9065114 ER PT J AU Finelli, L Nakashima, AK Hillis, S Crayne, E Spitalny, KC AF Finelli, L Nakashima, AK Hillis, S Crayne, E Spitalny, KC TI Selective screening versus presumptive treatment criteria for identification of women with chlamydial infection in public clinics: New Jersey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlamydia infections; chlamydia diagnosis; chlamydia epidemiology; chlamydial prevention-and-control; Chlamydia trachomatis ID TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; CERVICAL INFECTION; UNIVERSITY WOMEN; RISK-FACTORS; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; CARE AB OBJECTIVE: Our goals were to determine the prevalence of chlamydial infection, to identify criteria for selective screening, and to compare the sensitivity of selective screening to presumptive treatment criteria in different clinical settings. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 5128 women enrolled in a cross-sectional study in public clinics in New Jersey. Univariate and multivariate methods of statistical anlaysis were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of chlamydia vaned across type of public clinic and ranged from 8% to 15%. Selective screening criteria were developed for women attending each type of public clinic by use of risk factors significant in the multivariate analyses. A combination of young age and attending an urban clinic was highly predictive of chlamydia infection and identified a minimum of 85% of infected women in all public clinic settings. The use of presumptive treatment criteria identified 78% of infected women in sexually transmitted disease clinics but only 4% to 9% of infected women in other clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: A chlamydia program that includes presumptive treatment of women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and selective screening of women in other clinical settings where women are more likely to be asymptomatic is a clinically appropriate and economically feasible approach to directing treatment of women with chlamydial infection. C1 NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,OFF STATE EPIDEMIOLOGIST,TRENTON,NJ 08625. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SURVEILLANCE & INFORMAT SYST BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL RES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIEN,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Finelli, L (reprint author), NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT & CONTROL PROGRA,CN-369,TRENTON,NJ 08625, USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 174 IS 5 BP 1527 EP 1533 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70601-4 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UQ173 UT WOS:A1996UQ17300023 PM 9065124 ER PT J AU Thacker, SB Stroup, DF Parrish, RG Anderson, HA AF Thacker, SB Stroup, DF Parrish, RG Anderson, HA TI Surveillance in environmental public health: Issues, systems, and sources SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE AB This article describes environmental public health surveillance and proposes a framework to enhance its practice in the United States. Special issues for surveillance in environmental public health are examined, and examples of existing systems useful for environmental public health practice are provided. Current and projected surveillance needs, as well as potential sources of data, are examined. The proposed framework for conducting environmental public health surveillance involves data from three points in the process by which an agent in the environment produces an adverse outcome in a host: hazards, exposures, and outcomes. Environmental health practitioners should build on efforts in other fields (e.g., infectious diseases and occupational health) to establish priorities in the surveillance of health conditions associated with exposure to environmental toxicants. For specific surveillance programs, existing data systems, as well as data gaps, should be identified. Coordinated surveillance systems can facilitate public health efforts to prevent and control disease, injury, and disability related to the interaction between people and their environment. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV, MADISON, WI 53707 USA. RP Thacker, SB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, MAIL STOP C08, 1600 CLIFTON RD NE, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 52 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 86 IS 5 BP 633 EP 638 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.5.633 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK290 UT WOS:A1996UK29000008 PM 8629712 ER PT J AU Holmberg, SD AF Holmberg, SD TI The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; AIDS BEHAVIORAL SURVEYS; LOS-ANGELES-COUNTY; UNITED-STATES; SAN-FRANCISCO; BISEXUAL MEN; RISK BEHAVIORS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN AB Objectives. This study sought to estimate the size and direction of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with populations greater than 500 000. Methods. A ''components model'' from review of more than 350 documents, several large datasets, and information from 220 public health personnel was used. Data review focused on injection drug users, men who have sex with men, and high-risk heterosexual men and women. Results. In the 96 MSAs, there are, broadly, an estimated 1.5 million injection drug users, 1.7 million gay and bisexual men, and 2.1 million at-risk heterosexuals, and, among them, an estimated 565 000 prevalent and 38 000 incident HIV infections. This implies about 700 000 prevalent and 41 000 new HIV infections yearly in the United States. Roughly half of all estimated new infections are occurring among injection drug users, most of them in northeastern cities, Miami, and San Juan. Gay and bisexual men still represent most prevalent HIV infections, although incidence-except in young and minority gay men-is much lower now than it was a decade ago. Relatively high prevalences of HIV in at-risk heterosexual persons in several cities indicate the potential for an increase in transmission among them. Conclusions. This review and synthesis outline the comparative epidemiology of HIV in major US cities and identify populations for interventions. RP Holmberg, SD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT, NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT, MAILSTOP E-45, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 163 TC 411 Z9 414 U1 6 U2 12 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 EI 1541-0048 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 86 IS 5 BP 642 EP 654 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.5.642 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK290 UT WOS:A1996UK29000010 PM 8629714 ER PT J AU McCombs, SB Onorato, IM McCray, E Castro, KG AF McCombs, SB Onorato, IM McCray, E Castro, KG TI Tuberculosis surveillance in the United States: Case definitions used by state health departments SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; DIAGNOSIS AB Health departments in all 53 reporting areas in the United States were asked to submit the case definition they used for tuberculosis surveillance. Sixteen areas used the 1999 case definition; two areas sent 1977 guidelines; and 34 areas sent other definitions. Case reports sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1992 were analyzed; 4% of cases did not meet the 1990 definition. Tuberculosis case reporting criteria are not uniformly applied in the United States. CDC, in collaboration with state and local health officials, is evaluating the current definition and will implement uniform national criteria for tuberculosis surveillance. RP McCombs, SB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 86 IS 5 BP 728 EP 731 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.5.728 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK290 UT WOS:A1996UK29000024 PM 8629728 ER PT J AU Watkins, ML Edmonds, L McClearn, A Mullins, L Mulinare, J Khoury, M AF Watkins, ML Edmonds, L McClearn, A Mullins, L Mulinare, J Khoury, M TI The surveillance of birth defects: The usefulness of the revised US standard birth certificate SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CONGENITAL-ANOMALIES; MALFORMATIONS; VALIDATION; DESIGN AB To assess the sensitivity and positive predictive value of birth defects reported on the 1989 revision of the US Standard Birth Certificate, a population of 76 862 Atlanta-area births during 1989 and 1990 was used as the basis for comparing 771 birth certificates that reported birth defects with 2428 live-born infant records in a birth defects registry that uses multiple sources of case ascertainment. Only 14% of birth defects in the registry records were reported on birth certificates. After the analysis was restricted to defects recognizable at birth, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the birth certificates were 28% and 77%, respectively. Birth certificates underestimate birth defect rates and should be used cautiously for birth defect surveillance and epidemiological studies. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Watkins, ML (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 20 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 86 IS 5 BP 731 EP 734 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.5.731 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK290 UT WOS:A1996UK29000025 PM 8629729 ER PT J AU Mannino, DM Etzel, RA Parrish, RG AF Mannino, DM Etzel, RA Parrish, RG TI Pulmonary fibrosis deaths in the United States, 1979-1991 - An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID INTERSTITIAL LUNG-DISEASES; LOWER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; UNKNOWN CAUSE; ALVEOLITIS AB We sought to describe pulmonary fibrosis mortality in the United States from 1979 through 1991 by analyzing death certificate reports compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. Of the 26,866,600 people who died during the study period, 107,292 had a diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis listed on their death certificates. Among men, age-adjusted mortality rates increased from 48.6 per 1,000,000 in 1979 to 50.9 per 1,000,000 in 1991 and, among women, these rates increased from 21.4 per 1,000,000 in 1979 to 27.2 per 1,000,000 in 1991. Among both men and women, rates were higher in older age strata than in younger age strata. Age-adjusted mortality rates were consistently higher among whites and people of races than blacks. The frequency with which pulmonary fibrosis was listed as the underlying cause of death increased from 40% in 1979 to 56% in 1991. Age-adjusted mortality rates varied by state, with lowest rates in the Midwest and Northeast, and the highest rates in the West and Southeast. We conclude that the age-adjusted rate of pulmonary fibrosis among decedents in the United States increased, and pulmonary fibrosis was listed as the underlying cause of death with increasing frequency, over the study period. We cannot determine whether the differences we detected between regions, sexes, and races are related to characteristics of the disease or problems in death certification and coding. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,SURVEILLANCE & PROGRAMS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Mannino, DM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,AIR POLLUT & RESP HLTH BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 16 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 153 IS 5 BP 1548 EP 1552 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UJ461 UT WOS:A1996UJ46100014 PM 8630600 ER PT J AU Quick, RE Venczel, LV Gonzalez, O Mintz, ED Highsmith, AK Espada, A Damiani, E Bean, NH DeHannover, EH Tauxe, RV AF Quick, RE Venczel, LV Gonzalez, O Mintz, ED Highsmith, AK Espada, A Damiani, E Bean, NH DeHannover, EH Tauxe, RV TI Narrow-mouthed water storage vessels and in situ chlorination in a Bolivian community: A simple method to improve drinking water quality SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION; CHOLERA; CONTAMINATION; EPIDEMIC; DISEASE; PERU; RISK AB Epidemiologic investigations of the Latin America cholera epidemic have repeatedly implicated untreated drinking water and water touched by hands during storage as important vehicles for disease transmission. To prevent such transmission, we provided a new narrow-mouthed, plastic, water storage vessel and 5% calcium hypochlorite solution for home disinfection of stored water to a Bolivian Aymara Indian community at risk for cholera. We evaluated acceptance of this intervention and its effect on water quality. Each of 42 families in the study obtained water from a household well; fecal coliform bacteria were found in water from 39 (93%) of 42 wells and 33 (79%) of 42 usual water storage vessels. One group of families received the special vessels and chlorine (group A), a second received only the special vessels (group B), and a third served as a control group (group C). Water samples collected every three weeks from group A special vessels had lower geometric mean fecal coliform colony counts (P < 0.0001) and lower geometric mean Escherichia coli colony counts (P < 0.0001) than water from group B or C vessels. Adequate levels of free chlorine persisted in these vessels for at least 5 hr. The special vessels and chlorine solution were well accepted and continued to be used for at least six months. Use of the vessel and chlorine solution produced drinking water from nonpotable sources that met World Health Organization standards for microbiologic quality. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. INST NACL LABS SALUD,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA. SECRETARIA SALUD,PROYECTO SALUD INFANTIL & COMUNITARIA,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA. RP Quick, RE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 20 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 54 IS 5 BP 511 EP 516 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UP632 UT WOS:A1996UP63200013 PM 8644907 ER PT J AU Sirimanne, SR Barr, JR Patterson, DG Ma, L AF Sirimanne, SR Barr, JR Patterson, DG Ma, L TI Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in human serum by combined micelle mediated extraction (cloud-point extraction) and HPLC SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NONIONIC SURFACTANT; PRECONCENTRATION; LIQUID AB Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) usually requires preconcentration and cleanup prior to analysis. These procedures often involve using large amounts of toxic organic solvents. The sample preparation from serum is even more complex because of the coextraction of lipids and other nonpolar serum components. We describe the unprecedented use of cloud-point extraction to preconcentrate, extract, and clean up PAHs and PCDDs from human serum using the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. The samples were analyzed by highperformance Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The phase separation was induced by the addition of salt to the micellar serum solutions. The surfactant-rich phase was treated with acetonitrile and water to precipitate and remove some of the unwanted substances in the serum sample extract without significantly affecting the recoveries of the analytes. The favorable characteristics of cloud-point extraction discussed here strengthen its potential use as an alternative to other techniques of separation. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Sirimanne, SR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 100 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 9 BP 1556 EP 1560 DI 10.1021/ac951028+ PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UJ085 UT WOS:A1996UJ08500021 PM 8815746 ER PT J AU Telford, SR Dawson, JE AF Telford, SR Dawson, JE TI Diagnosing ehrlichiosis - Response SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Telford, SR (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 9 BP 854 EP 855 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UG254 UT WOS:A1996UG25400013 ER PT J AU Narcisi, EM Secor, WE AF Narcisi, EM Secor, WE TI In vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; FIXED DRUG ERUPTION; RISK-FACTORS; INVITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY; CROSS-REACTIVITY; VAGINITIS; NITROIMIDAZOLES; METABOLISM; INFECTION AB Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted protozoan parasite. Although often considered simply a nuisance infection, T. vaginalis has been implicated in premature rupture of placental membranes and increases in the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus. Metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole, is currently the drug of choice to treat T. vrrginalis infection. Because some patients have severe reactions to metronidazole and others are infected with metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis, we were prompted to investigate alternative therapies. Tinidazole, another 5-nitroimidazole used in other countries to treat T. vaginalis infections, and furazolidone, a nitrofuran presently used to treat giardiasis and infections with some anaerobic enteric bacteria, were investigated for effectiveness against 9 metronidazole-susceptible and 12 metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis patient isolates. The in vitro aerobic and anaerobic minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and the time for drug efficacy were determined. Tinidazole killed the metronidazole-susceptible isolates at a low MLC but was effective against only 4 of the 12 metronidazole-resistant isolates. In contrast, furazolidone was effective at a low MLC for all isolates. When tinidazole was effective, it required >6 h to kill trichomonads. However, furazolidone killed both metronidazole-susceptible and resistant trichomonads within 2 to 3 h of exposure. These data suggest that furazolidone may be a good candidate for treating metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis and that further investigation of this drug is warranted. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,IMMUNOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 55 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1121 EP 1125 PG 5 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UJ076 UT WOS:A1996UJ07600010 PM 8723451 ER PT J AU Cooksey, RC Morlock, GP McQueen, A Glickman, SE Crawford, JT AF Cooksey, RC Morlock, GP McQueen, A Glickman, SE Crawford, JT TI Characterization of streptomycin resistance mechanisms among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients in New York City SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID GENE; SINGLE AB From a collection of 367 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients in New York City in 1994, 45 isolates (12.3%) were resistant in vitro to 2 mu g or more of streptomycin (SM) per ml. We further evaluated these isolates for levels of SM resistance and for mutations previously associated with resistance in the rpsL (S12 ribosomal protein) gene and the rrs (16S rRNA)-coding region. Twenty-four isolates, representing nine distinct patterns of susceptibility to antituberculosis drugs, were resistant to 500 mu g of SM per ml and shared a common point mutation at nucleotide 128 in the rpsL, gene. This mutation, which substitutes lysine for arginine in the S12 ribosomal binding protein, was not present in isolates with low-level SM resistance or in SM-susceptible control isolates. Among 20 isolates with low-level SM resistance, one possessed a substitution (C-->G(865)) in the 912 loop of the rrs gene. No mutations in the 530 loop of the ws coding region were detected, suggesting the presence of an alternative SM resistance mechanism in 19 isolates. Single-strand conformation polymorphisms of mutants were readily detected by a nonradioactive gel screen. RP Cooksey, RC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 65 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1186 EP 1188 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UJ076 UT WOS:A1996UJ07600022 PM 8723463 ER PT J AU Beilenson, P Garnes, A Braithwaite, W West, K Becker, K Israel, E Seechuk, K Dwyer, D AF Beilenson, P Garnes, A Braithwaite, W West, K Becker, K Israel, E Seechuk, K Dwyer, D TI Outbreak of primary and secondary syphilis - Baltimore City, Maryland, 1995 SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE BRANCH,STAT & DATA MANAGEMENT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Beilenson, P (reprint author), BALTIMORE CITY DEPT HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD 21201, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 132 IS 5 BP 495 EP 496 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA UJ822 UT WOS:A1996UJ82200001 ER PT J AU Eheman, CR Ford, E Staehling, N Garbe, P AF Eheman, CR Ford, E Staehling, N Garbe, P TI Knowledge about indoor radon in the United States: 1990 National Health Interview Survey SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LUNG-CANCER; DAUGHTERS AB The Year 2000 objectives for environmental health include radon testing in 40% of residences overall and in 50% of residences that house a smoker, former smoker, or a child. Baseline data about radon and radon testing were determined by questions included in the 1990 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention supplement for the National Health Interview Survey. Minorities and individuals with low income or minimal education were significantly less likely to have heard of indoor radon than were whites and those with more education or income. In this survey, only 3%-5% of residences had been tested for radon. A substantial increase above the rate of testing noted for 1990 will be needed to achieve the Year 2000 objectives for indoor radon. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RADIAT STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIOMETRY BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 51 IS 3 BP 245 EP 247 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UY681 UT WOS:A1996UY68100012 PM 8687247 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, S Chen, R Hadler, S AF Rosenthal, S Chen, R Hadler, S TI The safety of acellular pertussis vaccine vs whole-cell pertussis vaccine - A postmarketing assessment SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Objective: To determine the impact of the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccine for the fourth and fifth doses of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine series in children on rates of reported vaccine-associated adverse events in the United States. Design: Analysis of postmarketing vaccine adverse event data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System during the years 1991 to 1993. Population Studied: Approximately 27 million doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine and 5 million doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine were distributed from 1991 to 1993 to children 15 months to 7 years of age. Main Outcome Measures: Rates of reported fever, seizures, and hospitalizations after pertussis vaccination. Results: Rates of reported adverse events per 100 000 vaccinations were significantly lower after administration of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine than diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine for the following outcomes: all reports, 2.9 vs 9.8; fever, 1.9 vs 7.5; seizures, 0.5 vs 1.7; and hospitalizations, 0.2 vs 0.9. Conclusions: These results confirm that minor adverse events are less frequent after administration of the acellular pertussis vaccine. In addition, these data suggested that seizures and hospitalizations associated with pertussis vaccination are less frequent after administration of the acellular pertussis vaccine in age groups for which it is now recommended. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 16 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 150 IS 5 BP 457 EP 460 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UJ619 UT WOS:A1996UJ61900001 PM 8620224 ER PT J AU Chen, RT Rosenthal, S AF Chen, RT Rosenthal, S TI An errant critique that misses the mark SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Chen, RT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 150 IS 5 BP 464 EP 465 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UJ619 UT WOS:A1996UJ61900004 ER PT J AU Ferguson, PJ Saulsbury, FT Dowell, SF Torok, TJ Erdman, DD Anderson, LJ AF Ferguson, PJ Saulsbury, FT Dowell, SF Torok, TJ Erdman, DD Anderson, LJ TI Prevalence of human parvovirus B19 infection in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; DNA C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Ferguson, PJ (reprint author), UNIV VIRGINIA,HLTH SCI CTR,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903, USA. NR 13 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 880 EP 881 DI 10.1002/art.1780390523 PG 2 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA UJ813 UT WOS:A1996UJ81300022 PM 8639187 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI Alter, MJ Favero, MS Moyer, LA Miller, E Bland, LA AF Tokars, JI Alter, MJ Favero, MS Moyer, LA Miller, E Bland, LA TI National surveillance of dialysis associated diseases in the United States, 1993 SO ASAIO JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-B VIRUS; CHRONIC-HEMODIALYSIS; NON-A; SEPTICEMIA; INFECTION AB To determine trends in a number of hemodialysis associated diseases and practices, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with the Health Care Financing Administration, performed a mail survey of 2,304 chronic hemodialysis centers in the United States in 1993. By the end of 1993, at least three doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered to 29% of patients and 76% of staff at responding centers. Hepatitis B surface antigen was present at low frequency in patients (incidence = 0.1%, prevalence 1.2%) and staff members (incidence = 0.02%, prevalence = 0.3%). The 1993 incidence of hepatitis B virus infection among patients was higher at centers that accepted hepatitis B surface antigen positive patients but did not use a separate room and dialysis machine for treatment of these patients, government and profit (versus nonprofit) centers, and centers in four End Stage Renal Disease Networks. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus was 9.7% among patients and 1.6% among staff members. Pyrogenic reactions in the absence of septicemia were reported by 21% of centers and associated with use of high flux dialysis. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was known to be present in 1.5% of patients; 34% of centers reported providing hemodialysis to one or more human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL SECT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,DIV VIRA & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP ENVIRONM LAB BRANCH,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INVEST & PREVENT BRANCH,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA, USA. NR 32 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1058-2916 J9 ASAIO J JI Asaio J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 219 EP 229 DI 10.1097/00002480-199605000-00021 PG 11 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Transplantation SC Engineering; Transplantation GA UN257 UT WOS:A1996UN25700021 PM 8725695 ER PT J AU Chakravarti, B Greene, BM Dey, SK Parker, JS Unnasch, TR Herring, TA Gbakima, A Eberhard, ML Chakravarti, DN AF Chakravarti, B Greene, BM Dey, SK Parker, JS Unnasch, TR Herring, TA Gbakima, A Eberhard, ML Chakravarti, DN TI Onchocerca volvulus: Expression and purification of recombinant antigen RAL2 - Studies on immunogenicity and pathogenicity SO BIOCHEMICAL ARCHIVES LA English DT Article ID PARASITE ANTIGEN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SURFACE-ANTIGENS; BRUGIA-MALAYI; VACCINATION; PROTEINS; PRIMATES; CONSERVATION; FILARIASIS; RESPONSES AB Detailed studies on the immune response to defined Onchocerca volvulus antigens have been impaired by a paucity of parasite material. This problem has been overcome for an infective larvae-associated antigen RAL2 by expression in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with the E. coli maltose-binding protein. The fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography using amylose resin and digested with factor Xa to release RAL2 which was further purified to homogeneity by gel filtration using high performance liquid chromatography. Biochemically purified recombinant RAL2 elicited significant and sustained proliferation of lymphocytes in peripheral blood manonuclear cells from chimpanzees previously inoculated with live non-attenuated or radiation-attenuated O. volvulus larvae. Thus, a purified onchocercal protein is implicated in immune recognition by chimpanzees experimentally immunized with irradiated or infected with non-irradiated O.volvulus third stage larvae. The purified recombinant antigen failed to produce any ocular pathology in a murine model of onchocercal sclerosing keratitis. Availability of large quantities of RAL2 in a soluble form will permit investigation of the relationship between the structure of the antigen and the host immune response elicited by it. C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT MED,DIV GEOG MED,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35205. UNIV ALABAMA,EYE FDN HOSP,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35233. UNIV SIERRA LEONE,NJALA UNIV COLL,DEPT BIOL SCI,FREETOWN,SIERRA LEONE. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MBR PRESS INC PI KENYON PA PO BOX P, KENYON, MN 55946-000P SN 0749-5331 J9 BIOCHEM ARCH JI Biochem. Arch. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 55 EP 69 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA UW669 UT WOS:A1996UW66900004 ER PT J AU Sandstrom, PA Folks, TM AF Sandstrom, PA Folks, TM TI New strategies for treating AIDS SO BIOESSAYS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INFECTIVITY; ZIDOVUDINE; ZINC; RNA AB To date, the effective management of HIV-1 infection by anti-retroviral drugs has proved remarkably difficult to achieve. This is primarily due to the ease with which HIV-1 becomes resistant to drugs which initially may be very effective at blocking viral replication. In a recent issue of Science, two promising new AIDS treatments were reported. The first described the use of retroviral-type zinc finger structures found in the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein as targets for anti-retroviral drugs((1)). The second demonstrated the feasibility of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine as a postexposure prophylaxis in blocking HIV-1 infection((2)). RP Sandstrom, PA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,DIV AIDS STD & LAB RES,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0265-9247 J9 BIOESSAYS JI Bioessays PD MAY PY 1996 VL 18 IS 5 BP 343 EP 346 DI 10.1002/bies.950180502 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA UN320 UT WOS:A1996UN32000001 PM 8639156 ER PT J AU Halonen, P Herholzer, J Ziegler, T AF Halonen, P Herholzer, J Ziegler, T TI Advances in the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Viral Diseases CY JUL 20-22, 1995 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY SP Federat European Microbiol Soc DE respiratory viruses; polymerase chain reaction (PCR); antigen detection; rapid culture assay ID INFLUENZA-A VIRUS; TIME-RESOLVED FLUOROIMMUNOASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; RAPID DIAGNOSIS; VIRAL-ANTIGENS; CELL-LINE; SPECIMENS AB Background: Advances have been made in selecting sensitive cell lines for isolation, in early detection of respiratory virus growth in cells by rapid culture assays, in production of monoclonal antibodies to improve many tests such as immunofluorescence detection of virus antigens in nasopharyngeal aspirates, in highly sensitive antigen detections by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays (TR-FIAs) and biotin-enzyme immunoassays (BIOTH-E), and finally, in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of respiratory virus DNA or RNA in clinical specimens. All of these advances have contributed to new or improved possibilities for the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Objectives and study design: This review summarizes our experiences during the last 15 years in the development of diagnostic tests for respiratory virus infections, and in use of these tests in daily diagnostic work and in epidemiological studies. Results: Immunofluorescence tests based on monoclonal antibodies, all-monoclonal TR-FIAs, and biotin-enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) have about the same sensitivities and specificities. They compare well with the sensitivity of virus culture. PCR followed by liquid-phase hybridization is a sensitive method for detecting adenovirus DNA and enterovirus and rhinovirus RNA in clinical specimens. IgG EIA on paired acute and convalescent phase sera is the most sensitive serological test for respiratory virus infections and is a valuable reference method when evaluating the sensitivity of new diagnostic tests. The IgG avidity test can distinguish primary infections from re-infections at least in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. IgM antibody assays, on the other hand, had low sensitivities in our studies. Conclusions: The choice of diagnostic methods for respiratory virus infections depends on the type and location of the laboratory, the number of specimens tested, and the previous experience of the laboratory. Virus culture, whenever possible, should be the basic diagnostic method; the results, including identification of the virus, should be available no more than 24 h later than the results of rapid diagnostic tests. In small laboratories, especially in hospitals where specimen transportation is well organized, immunofluorescence may be the best choice for antigen detection with the provision that an experienced microscopist and a good UV microscope are available. If the laboratory receives a large a number of specimens and has previous experience with EIAs, then biotin-EIAs or TR-FIAs may be the most practical techniques. Their advantages include the stability of the antigens in clinical samples since intact, exfoliated epithelial cells are not required, treatment of specimens is practical, testing of large numbers of specimens is possible, and reading the printed test result is less subjective than reading fluorescence microscopy. The larger role of PCR in the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections depends on future developments such as practical methods to extract DNA or RNA and to purify the extracts from nonspecific inhibitors, plus further improvements to minimize cross-examination. Group-specific detection of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses is an example of the potential for PCR technology. In experienced laboratories, EIA IgG antibody tests should be available. Recombinant antigens may be a useful part of such assays. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RESP & ENTER VIRUSES BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Halonen, P (reprint author), UNIV TURKU,DEPT VIROL & MEDICITY,FIN-20520 TURKU,FINLAND. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0197 J9 CLIN DIAGN VIROL JI Clin. Diagn. Virol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2-3 BP 91 EP 100 DI 10.1016/0928-0197(96)00210-3 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA UW224 UT WOS:A1996UW22400003 PM 15566867 ER PT J AU Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE Favorov, MO Khudyakova, NS Cong, M Holloway, BF Lambert, SB Jue, DL AF Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE Favorov, MO Khudyakova, NS Cong, M Holloway, BF Lambert, SB Jue, DL TI Artificial mosaic proteins as new immunodiagnostic reagents: The hepatitis E virus experience SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Viral Diseases CY JUL 20-22, 1995 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY SP Federat European Microbiol Soc DE hepatitis E virus; artificial mosaic protein; oligonucleotides; antigenic epitopes; enzyme immunoassay ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; TRANSMITTED NON-A; NON-B HEPATITIS; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIBODIES; HEV; INFECTION; EPITOPES; CLONING AB Background: Naturally occurring viral proteins derived from cell culture and recombinant proteins expressed in procaryotic systems have been used extensively as target proteins in the development of immunoassay methods for the detection of antibodies. However, immunoassays utilizing these proteins often yield false-positive reactions suggesting that it may be possible to identify and remove regions responsible for these non-specific reactions. Objective: In this paper we describe a new strategy for the construction of immunoreactive recombinant proteins designed to improve immunoassay specificity. Study design: A synthetic gene encoding an artificial polypeptide composed of antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) proteins was constructed from short oligonucleotides by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The polypeptide comprises a mosaic of three antigenically dominant regions from the protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (ORF2), one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Burmese HEV strain, and one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Mexican strain. The mosaic protein was expressed in Escherichia coli as a chimera with glutathione-S-transferase or beta-galactosidase. Results: Guinea pig sera containing antibodies to the corresponding HEV synthetic peptides were used to demonstrate by immunoblot analysis and by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) the presence and accessibility of all HEV-specific antigenic epitopes designed into the mosaic protein. Both hybrid proteins were shown by immunoblot analysis using a panel of human anti-HEV-positive and -negative sera to be HEV-specific. A sensitive and specific EIA was developed to detect IgG anti-HEV activity in human sera. A neutralization test using individual synthetic peptides corresponding to the epitopes designed into the mosaic protein was also developed to confirm IgG anti-HEV activity by absorbing the specimen before retesting by EIA. Conclusion: An artificial mosaic protein composed of short linear HEV-specific antigenic epitopes was constructed from synthetic oligonucleotides by PCR and used to develop a sensitive and specific EIA for the detection of anti-HEV activity in human sera. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, BIOTECHNOL CORE FACIL BRANCH, SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. DI IVANOVSKII INST VIROL, MOSCOW 123098, RUSSIA. CHINESE ACAD PREVENT MED, INST VIROL, BEIJING 100052, PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Fields, HA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, HEPATITIS BRANCH, DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0197 J9 CLIN DIAGN VIROL JI Clin. Diagn. Virol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2-3 BP 167 EP 179 DI 10.1016/0928-0197(96)00218-8 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA UW224 UT WOS:A1996UW22400011 PM 15566875 ER PT J AU Auwaerter, PG Hussey, GD Goddard, EA Hughes, J Ryon, JJ Strebel, PM Beatty, D Griffin, DE AF Auwaerter, PG Hussey, GD Goddard, EA Hughes, J Ryon, JJ Strebel, PM Beatty, D Griffin, DE TI Changes within T cell receptor V-beta subsets in infants following measles vaccination SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; EDMONSTON-ZAGREB; ENTEROTOXIN-B; VIRUS; MORTALITY; SUPERANTIGEN; TOLERANCE; EXPOSURE; DELETION AB Measles produces immune suppression which contributes to an increased susceptibility to other infections. Recently, high titered measles vaccines have been linked to increased long-term mortality among some female recipients. Because the mechanisms by which wild-type or attenuated live-vaccine strains of measles virus alter subsequent immune responses are not fully understood, this prompted an examination of the changes within the peripheral blood T cell receptor V-beta repertoire following measles immunization. Twenty-four 6- and 9-month-old infants were studied at 2 weeks and 3 months following immunization by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. There was a significant increase in V(beta)2 expression (P < 0.05), and a decrease in the V(beta)4 subset (P < 0.03) 2 weeks following vaccination with subsequent return to baselines at 3 months in vaccine recipients who seroconverted. These data suggest that measles virus may affect immune responses in part by altering the T cell receptor repertoire. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT PEDIAT & CHILD HLTH,CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOLEC MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 23047] NR 51 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0090-1229 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 163 EP 170 DI 10.1006/clin.1996.0063 PG 8 WC Immunology; Pathology SC Immunology; Pathology GA UH854 UT WOS:A1996UH85400009 PM 8620622 ER PT J AU MohleBoetani, JC Koehler, JE Berger, TG LeBoit, PE Kemper, CA Reingold, AL Plikaytis, BD Wenger, JD Tappero, JW AF MohleBoetani, JC Koehler, JE Berger, TG LeBoit, PE Kemper, CA Reingold, AL Plikaytis, BD Wenger, JD Tappero, JW TI Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Clinical characteristics in a case-control study SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; HENSELAE SP-NOV; EPITHELIOID ANGIOMATOSIS; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; LESIONS; AIDS AB Clinical characteristics associated with bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis (BAP) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were evaluated in a case-control study; 42 case-patients and 84 controls were matched by clinical care institution. Case-patients presented with fever (temperature, >37.8 degrees C; 93%), a median CD4 lymphocyte count of 21/mm(3), cutaneous or subcutaneous vascular lesions (55%), lymphadenopathy (21%), and/or abdominal symptoms (24%), Many case-patients experienced long delays between medical evaluation and diagnosis of BAP (median, 4 weeks; range, 1 day to 24 months). Case-patients were more likely than controls to have fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, a low CD4 lymphocyte count, anemia, or an elevated serum level of alkaline phosphatase (AP) (P < .001). In multivariate analysis, a CD4 lymphocyte count of <200/mm(3) (matched odds ratio [OR], 9.9; P < .09), anemia reflected by a hematocrit value of <0.36 (OR, 19.7; P < .04), and an elevated AP level of greater than or equal to 2.6 mu kat/L (OR, 23.9; P < .05) remained associated with disease after therapy with zidovudine was controlled for. BAP should be considered an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection and should be included in the differential diagnosis for febrile, HIV-infected patients with cutaneous or osteolytic lesions, lymphadenopathy, abdominal symptoms, anemia, or an elevated serum level of AP. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIOSTAT & INFORMAT MANAGEMENT BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT DERMATOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PATHOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,PALO ALTO,CA 94304. SANTA CLARA VALLEY MED CTR,SAN JOSE,CA 95128. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,PROGRAM EPIDEMIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R29 AI36075]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR07175-15] NR 30 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 22 IS 5 BP 794 EP 800 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UH239 UT WOS:A1996UH23900007 PM 8722933 ER PT J AU Vitek, CR Breiman, RF Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE McLaughlin, JC Umland, ET Nolte, KB Loera, A Sewell, CM Peters, CJ AF Vitek, CR Breiman, RF Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE McLaughlin, JC Umland, ET Nolte, KB Loera, A Sewell, CM Peters, CJ TI Evidence against person-to-person transmission of hantavirus to health care workers SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; RENAL SYNDROME; VIRUS AB Unusual, primarily pulmonary, manifestations of hantaviral illness occurring in the southwestern United States raised the possibility of person-to-person transmission of a recently recognized hantavirus, Sin Nombre virus, To determine whether such transmission had occurred among health care workers (HCWs) exposed to patients with confirmed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, we evaluated HCWs who had cared for patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or who had processed specimens from these patients, Information about exposure to these patients and about recent illnesses was obtained via a standardized questionnaire, Serum specimens were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies to hantaviruses with use of ELISAs. Of the 396 HCWs, 266 (67%) reported that they had been exposed to patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or to their body fluids or that they had processed laboratory specimens from these patients, Although 108 (27%) of the HCWs reported fever, myalgias, or respiratory illnesses during the 3 months before the serum specimens were obtained, hantavirus antibodies were not detected in any HCW. These data suggest that person-to-person transmission of Sin Nombre virus is unlikely to occur in health care settings. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO HOSP,DEPT MICROBIOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. NEW MEXICO SCI LAB DIV,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. NEW MEXICO OFF MED INVESTIGATOR,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. INDIAN HLTH SERV,CROWNPOINT,NM. NEW MEXICO DEPT HLTH,SANTA FE,NM. RP Vitek, CR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E-61,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 22 IS 5 BP 824 EP 826 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UH239 UT WOS:A1996UH23900013 PM 8722939 ER PT J AU Brummitt, CF Porter, JAH Herwaldt, BL AF Brummitt, CF Porter, JAH Herwaldt, BL TI Reversible peripheral neuropathy associated with sodium stibogluconate therapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PHS,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. INFECT DIS ASSOCIATES,MILWAUKEE,WI. NEUROL ASSOCIATES SC,MILWAUKEE,WI. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 22 IS 5 BP 878 EP 879 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UH239 UT WOS:A1996UH23900040 PM 8722966 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Flanders, WD AF Khoury, MJ Flanders, WD TI Different, not biased - Reply SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH,MS F45,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAY PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 330 EP 330 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UG184 UT WOS:A1996UG18400026 ER PT J AU DeJoy, DM Gershon, RRM Murphy, LR Wilson, MG AF DeJoy, DM Gershon, RRM Murphy, LR Wilson, MG TI A work-systems analysis of compliance with universal precautions among health care workers SO HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; B IMMUNE GLOBULIN; HIV-INFECTION; SAFETY CLIMATE; NEEDLESTICK INJURIES; PUNCTURE INJURIES; HOSPITAL WORKERS; FINAL REPORT; RISK; EMERGENCY AB Universal precautions are work practices designed to protect health care workers from occupational exposure to HIV and other bloodborne pathogens. However, despite aggressive dissemination efforts by CDC and regulatory action by OSHA, compliance remains less than satisfactory. This article argues that the minimization of risk from bloodborne pathogens requires a multilevel or work-systems perspective that considers individual, job/task and environmental/organizational factors. The available literature on universal precautions suggests the potential of such an approach and provides insight into the limited success of current worker-focused mitigation efforts. In particular, specific opportunities exist to develop and apply engineering controls, to improve the design and organization of jobs and tasks, and to create organizations that facilitate and reinforce safe behavior. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. NIOSH,APPL PSYCHOL & ERGON BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP DeJoy, DM (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT HLTH PROMOT & BEHAV,300 RIVER RD,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 81 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 1 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0195-8402 J9 HEALTH EDUC QUART JI Health Educ. Q. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 159 EP 174 DI 10.1177/109019819602300203 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UG138 UT WOS:A1996UG13800003 PM 8744870 ER PT J AU Kidd, P Scharf, T Veazie, M AF Kidd, P Scharf, T Veazie, M TI Linking stress and injury in the farming environment: A secondary analysis of qualitative data SO HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Article AB The first step in injury prevention is to understand the injury problem. This includes examining the nature of the problem from the perspective of the target community. This article uses qualitative methods to explain the nature of the injury problem and identifies prevention strategies through a three-step process: identify a causal model, validate the model, and identify strategies using the causal model. A causal model linking safety performance and safety demand, health decision making, and occupational stress was derived by secondary analysis of farm family focus group data (step 1) and validated by other farm family focus groups (step 2). Prevention strategies identified from the causal model (step 3) include decreasing the number of roles performed exclusively by one individual, developing an easy-to-use planning tool that assists farmers in anticipating and reducing future work demands, and developing an education module that incorporates injury costs into safety decision making. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,COLL NURSING,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT EMERGENCY MED,TUCSON,AZ. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0195-8402 J9 HEALTH EDUC QUART JI Health Educ. Q. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 224 EP 237 DI 10.1177/109019819602300207 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UG138 UT WOS:A1996UG13800007 PM 8744874 ER PT J AU Sinclair, RC Gershon, RRM Murphy, LR Goldenhar, LM AF Sinclair, RC Gershon, RRM Murphy, LR Goldenhar, LM TI Operationalizing theoretical constructs in bloodborne pathogens training curriculum SO HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY; FEAR-AROUSING COMMUNICATIONS; ATTITUDE-CHANGE; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; APPEALS; PRECAUTIONS; COMPONENTS; PREVENTION; RESPONSES AB This article describes how the protection motivation theory (PMT) was used to inform the production of video curriculum for a bloodborne pathogens training program for hospital nurses. Although hospital nurses are well acquainted with the work practices designed to prevent bloodborne pathogen exposures (universal precautions), there is evidence that they do not always follow them First, the original PMT is adapted to reflect what is currently known about the role of affect in health behavior prediction. Second, the authors show how the four PMT message constructs-probability of occurrence, magnitude of noxiousness, response efficacy, and self-efficacy-guided the planning, shooting, and editing of the videotapes. Incidental to this process was the operationalization of these mess age constructs in such a way that affective reactions would result. The results show that this video curriculum successfully aroused negative affect in the target audience. Only by carefully planning and documenting how message constructs are operationalized in health education materials can one be sure of achieving theory-based (and thus the most replicable) message design. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & ENVIRONM HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. NIOSH,APPL PSYCHOL & ERGON BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDI,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Sinclair, RC (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EDUC & INFORMAT DIV,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 54 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0195-8402 J9 HEALTH EDUC QUART JI Health Educ. Q. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 238 EP 255 DI 10.1177/109019819602300208 PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UG138 UT WOS:A1996UG13800008 PM 8744875 ER PT J AU Hui, GSN Nikaido, C Hashiro, C Kaslow, DC Collins, WE AF Hui, GSN Nikaido, C Hashiro, C Kaslow, DC Collins, WE TI Dominance of conserved B-cell epitopes of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein, MSP1, in blood-stage infections of naive Aotus monkeys SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID PROTECTIVE MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; CARBOXYL-TERMINAL FRAGMENT; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PARASITE; ANTIGEN; RECOMBINANT; PRECURSOR; YOELII; GROWTH; GP195 AB We have shown that conserved B epitopes were immunodominant in animals hyperimmunized with parasite-purified or recombinant merozoite surface protein MSP1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Cross-priming studies also suggested that a conserved T-helper epitope(s) is efficient in inducing the anti-MSP1 antibody response. In this study, we determined whether a similar profile of immune responses was induced during live P. falciparum infections. Naive Aotus monkeys were infected by blood-stage challenge with either one of the two dimorphic MSP1 alleles represented by the FUP and FVO parasites. Sera collected after parasite clearance were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Monkeys infected with parasites carrying one allelic form of MSP1 had antibodies that were equally reactive with homologous or heterologous MSP1s. This preferential recognition of conserved epitopes of MSP1 was confirmed by competitive binding ELISAs. Studies with Plasmodium yoelii and P. falciparum show that the C-terminal 19-kDa fragment of MSP1, MSP1(19), is the target of protective immunity. Thus, monkey sera were assayed for recognition with recombinant MSP1(19)s expressing variant and conserved B epitopes. Results of direct and competitive binding ELISAs showed that the anti-MSP1(19) antibodies were also directed primarily against conserved determinants. The similarities between vaccine- or infection-induced antibody responses suggest a possible reciprocal enhancement of the two populations of anti-MSP1 antibodies when a subunit MSP1 vaccine is introduced into populations living in areas where malaria is endemic. This together with previous observations that conserved determinants are important in MSP1-mediated immunity provides an optimistic outlook that a subunit MSP1 vaccine may be effective and practical for field applications in malaria-exposed populations. C1 NIAID,MOL VACCINE SECT,MALARIA RES LAB,BETHESDA,MD. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Hui, GSN (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,LEAHI HOSP,DEPT TROP MED,3675 KILAUEA AVE,HONOLULU,HI 96816, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI30589] NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1502 EP 1509 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UG365 UT WOS:A1996UG36500002 PM 8613353 ER EF