FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Jarvis, WR Cookson, ST Robles, MB AF Jarvis, WR Cookson, ST Robles, MB TI Prevention of nosocomial bloodstream infections: A national and international priority SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; INTENSIVE-CARE-UNIT; PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS; BACTEREMIA; EPIDEMIC; STATES; OUTBREAK; SEPSIS RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INVEST & PREVENT BRANCH,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MS E-69,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 34 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 17 IS 5 BP 272 EP 275 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UL022 UT WOS:A1996UL02200001 PM 8727614 ER PT J AU Rudnick, JR BeckSague, CM Anderson, RL Schable, B Miller, JM Jarvis, WR AF Rudnick, JR BeckSague, CM Anderson, RL Schable, B Miller, JM Jarvis, WR TI Gram-negative bacteremia in open-heart-surgery patients traced to probable tap-water contamination of pressure-monitoring equipment SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSDUCERS; GUIDELINES; PREVENTION; INFECTIONS AB OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause(s) of an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia (GNB) in open-heart-surgery (OHS) patients at hospital A. DESIGN: Case-control and cohort studies and an environmental survey. RESULTS: Nine patients developed GNB with Enterobacter cloacae (6), Pseudomonas aerugi;nosa (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Serratia marcescens (2), or Klebsiella oxytoca (1) following OHS; five of nine patients had polymicrobial bacteremia. When the GNB patients were compared with randomly selected OHS patients, having had the first procedure of the day (8 of 9 versus 12 of 27, P=.02), longer cardiopulmonary bypass (median, 122 versus 83 minutes, P=.01) or cross-clamp times (median, 75 versus 42 minutes, P=.008), intraoperative dopamine infusion (9 of 9 versus 15 of 27, P=.01), or exposure to scrub nurse 6 (6 of 9 versus 4 of 27, P=.001) were identified as risk factors. When stratified by length of the procedure, only being the first procedure of the day and exposure to scrub nurse 6 remained significant. First procedures used pressure-monitoring equipment that was assembled before surgery and left open and uncovered overnight in the operating room, whereas other procedures used pressure-monitoring equipment assembled immediately before the procedure. At night, operating rooms were cleaned by maintenance personnel who used a disinfectant-water solution sprayed through a hose connected to an automatic diluting system. Observation of the use of this hose documented that this solution could have contacted and entered uncovered pressure-monitoring equipment left in the operating room. Water samples from the hose revealed no disinfectant, but grew P aeruginosa. The outbreak was terminated by setting up pressure-monitoring equipment immediately before the procedure and discontinuing use of the hose-disinfectant system. CONCLUSIONS: This outbreak most likely resulted from contamination of uncovered preassembled pressure-monitoring equipment by water from a malfunctioning spray disinfectant device. Pressure-monitoring equipment should be assembled immediately before use and protected from possible environmental contamination (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:281-285). C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,US PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 9 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 17 IS 5 BP 281 EP 285 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UL022 UT WOS:A1996UL02200003 PM 8727616 ER PT J AU Miller, BR Crabtree, MB Savage, HM AF Miller, BR Crabtree, MB Savage, HM TI Phylogeny of fourteen Culex mosquito species, including the Culex pipiens complex, inferred from the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culex; Culex pipiens complex; rDNA ID QUINQUEFASCIATUS SAY; NEOTYPE DESIGNATION; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; EVOLUTION; RNA; POPULATIONS; GENES; TREES AB Ribosomal DNA sequence divergence in the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2) was examined for fourteen species and four subgenera (sixty-two clones) in the mosquito genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). A neighbour-joining tree produced with Kimura 2-parameter distances showed that each of the four subgenera was monophyletic at confidence probabilities of 70-99%, Culex (Lutzia) formed the sister group of Cx. (Culex). Two major clades, a Cx, pipiens complex-Cx. torrentium assemblage and a Cx. restuans-Cx. salinarius-Cx. erythrothorax assemblage, formed monophyletic groups. Cx. torrentium was closely related to members of the Cx. pipiens complex. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences from members of the Cx. pipiens complex separated populations from northern latitudes and southern latitudes, but did not support the traditional taxa as monophyletic units. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US DEPT HHS,EPIDEMIOL & ECOL SECT,PUB HLHT SERV,ARBOVIRUS DIS BRANCH,FT COLLINS,CO. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US DEPT HHS,VIRUS & VECTOR MOLEC BIOL SECT,FT COLLINS,CO. NR 50 TC 106 Z9 121 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2 BP 93 EP 107 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00044.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA TZ083 UT WOS:A1996TZ08300002 PM 8673266 ER PT J AU Beard, CB Cornel, AJ Collins, FH AF Beard, CB Cornel, AJ Collins, FH TI The polyubiquitin gene of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: Structure and expression SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae; polyubiquitin; gene structure; expression ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; UBIQUITIN GENES; MESSENGER-RNA; PROTEIN; YEAST; PROMOTER; FUSION; TRANSCRIPTION; PRECURSOR; SYSTEM AB The polyubiquitin gene from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae has been cloned and sequenced, and its stucture is reported along with sequence analysis results. The gene consists of approximately seven tandem head-to-tail repeat units of the seventy-six amino acid-coding ubiquitin monomer. It is expressed constitutively in larvae, pupae and adults of An. gambiae, as well as in a cell line derived from this mosquito species. A probe made from a DNA fragment containing the coding region of the gene recognizes transcripts of approximately 3.6 kb and 4.4 kb in RNA isolated from all mosquito developmental stages and a unique transcript of approximately 3.0 kb in RNA from the cell line. Single monomeric units of the An. gambiae polyubiquitin gene shared from 75.9% to 85.5% identity at the DNA level with homologous sequences from other organisms ranging from yeast to man. A comparison of individual repeat units of the An. gambiae gene revealed that, in general, the 5' ends of the individual monomers are more highly conserved than the 3' ends. The gene mapped by in situ hybridization on ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosomes to a primary site at division 12C on chromosome 2R and to a secondary site at division 9C on the same chromosome. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US PUBL HLTH SERV,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ENTOMOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2 BP 109 EP 117 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00045.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA TZ083 UT WOS:A1996TZ08300003 PM 8673261 ER PT J AU Johanning, E Biagini, R Hull, D Morey, P Jarvis, B Landsbergis, P AF Johanning, E Biagini, R Hull, D Morey, P Jarvis, B Landsbergis, P TI Health and immunology study following exposure to toxigenic fungi (Stachybotrys chartarum) in a water-damaged office environment SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE fungal bio-aerosols; mycotoxins (satratoxins); epidemiology; immunology; Stachybotrys chartarum (atra) ID TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTOXINS; INDOOR AIR AB There is growing concern about adverse health effects of fungal bio-aerosols on occupants of water-damaged buildings. Accidental, occupational exposure in a nonagricultural setting has not been investigated using modern immunological laboratory tests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health status of office workers after exposure to fungal bio-aerosols, especially Stachybotrys chartarum (atra) (S. chartarum) and its toxigenic metabolites (satratoxins), and to study laboratory parameters or biomarkers related to allergic or toxic human health effects. Exposure characterization and quantification were performed using microscopic, culture, and chemical techniques. The study population (n = 53) consisted of 39 female and 14 male employees (mean age 34.8 years) who had worked for a mean of 3.1 years at a problem office site; a control group comprised 21 persons (mean age 37.5 years) without contact with the problem office site. Health complaints were surveyed with a 187-item standardized questionnaire. A comprehensive test battery was used to study the red and white blood cell system, serum chemistry, immunology/antibodies, lymphocyte enumeration and function. Widespread fungal contamination of water-damaged, primarily cellulose material with S. chartarum was found. S. chartarum produced a macrocyclic trichothecene, satratoxin H, and spirocyclic lactones. Strong associations with exposure indicators and significant differences between employees (n = 53) and controls (n = 21) were found for lower respiratory system symptoms, dermatological symptoms, eye symptoms, constitutional symptoms, chronic fatigue symptoms and several enumeration and function laboratory tests, mainly of the white blood cell system. The proportion of mature T-lymphocyte cells (CD3%) was lower in employees than in controls, and regression analyses showed significantly lower CD3% among those reporting a history of upper respiratory infections. Specific S. chartarum antibody tests (IgE and IgG) showed small differences (NS). It is concluded that prolonged and intense exposure to toxigenic S. chartarum and other atypical fungi was associated with reported disorders of the respiratory and central nervous systems, reported disorders of the mucous membranes and a few parameters pertaining to the cellular and humoral immune system, suggesting a possible immune competency dysfunction. C1 MT SINAI SCH MED, NEW YORK, NY USA. NIOSH, IMMUNE CHEM RES SECT, CINCINNATI, OH 45226 USA. CLAYTON ENVIRONM CONSULTANTS, NORRISTOWN, PA USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT CHEM, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. CORNELL UNIV, COLL MED, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. RP Johanning, E (reprint author), ENYOHP, DIV ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED, DEPT COMMUNITY MED, 155 WASHINGTON AVE, ALBANY, NY 12210 USA. NR 47 TC 206 Z9 207 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0340-0131 J9 INT ARCH OCC ENV HEA JI Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 68 IS 4 BP 207 EP 218 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK325 UT WOS:A1996UK32500001 PM 8738349 ER PT J AU Orenstein, WA Cordero, JF Willis, BM AF Orenstein, WA Cordero, JF Willis, BM TI Childhood immunization registries SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Orenstein, WA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 17 BP 1312 EP 1313 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UG612 UT WOS:A1996UG61200019 PM 8614113 ER PT J AU Peterman, TA Todd, KA Mupanduki, I AF Peterman, TA Todd, KA Mupanduki, I TI Opportunities for targeting publicly funded human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV seropositivity; HIV seroprevalence; AIDS prevention and control; target population ID HIV AB We wished to identify opportunities for improving the yield of positive HIV test results from federally funded HIV counseling and testing programs. We reviewed client records from 1992 and 1993 for targeting opportunities at the site level based on site type (i.e., family planning clinic) and the seropositivity in the past and at the client level based on the client's history of a past negative test, demographics, and risk history. We studied 1,281,606 records from 1992. The number of tests and opportunities for site-level targeting varied by project area. Seropositivity varied by site type, but the best predictor of seropositivity was seropositivity at that site in the past. Of 1,102 sites with <1% of tests positive in 1992, only five had >3% positive in 1993. Sites with no positive tests in 1992 performed 99,468 tests in 1993, and only 292 (0.3%) were positive. Clients with a past negative test had a slightly lower seropositivity (1.5%) than clients with no previous test (2.0%). In sites with a low (0.1-2.0%) seropositivity, clients with no transmission risk by history were unlikely to be infected (0.8% for black men). However, in sites with high (greater than or equal to 5%) seropositivity, clients without risk were often infected (5.7% for black men). Opportunities for targeting were identified. They vary considerably by project area and testing site, These opportunities for targeting should be considered by sites as AIDS prevention strategies evolve. RP Peterman, TA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,INFORMAT SERV OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 9 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UK146 UT WOS:A1996UK14600010 PM 8624764 ER PT J AU Factor, SH Irwin, KL Lal, RB Rudolph, D Weber, JT Olivo, N Ernst, J AF Factor, SH Irwin, KL Lal, RB Rudolph, D Weber, JT Olivo, N Ernst, J TI Prevalence of and risk factors for HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection among patients at a hospital in the South Bronx, New York SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR,BRONX,NY. RP Factor, SH (reprint author), COLUMBIA PRESBYTERIAN MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 96 EP 97 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UK146 UT WOS:A1996UK14600016 ER PT J AU Ting, BG Paschal, DC Caldwell, KL AF Ting, BG Paschal, DC Caldwell, KL TI Determination of thorium and uranium in urine with inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; thorium; uranium; urine; reference material ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION; SITE AB An accurate and simple method has been developed for the determination of thorium and uranium in urine using inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Determination of thorium and uranium was by; external calibration using matrix matched standards and high-purity spiking materials. Aliquots of each urine specimen were diluted (1+9) with 0.2 mol l(-1) nitric acid containing iridium as an internal standard. The counts at mit 232 (thorium), 238 (uranium) and 193 (iridium) were measured, and ratios of the counts at m/z 232 or 238 to those at m/z 193 were calculated. These ratios were compared with those from urine-based calibration standards to calculate the thorium and uranium concentrations in unknown specimens. The concentrations of thorium and uranium were calculated as mu g l(-1) in the sample and also corrected for dilution via creatinine measurement, expressed as mu g g(-1) of creatinine. The method has-been evaluated by determination-of reference materials from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, as well as of those from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The proposed method provides the basis of an accurate method for determining thorium and uranium in unexposed;subjects as well: as in:those considered to be exposed to thorium or uranium through environmental or other pathways. About 40 specimens, excluding blanks, calibration standards and quality-control materials, can be processed in an 8 h day. RP Ting, BG (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT CDC,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Caldwell, Kathleen/B-1595-2009 NR 19 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 11 IS 5 BP 339 EP 342 DI 10.1039/ja9961100339 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA UL117 UT WOS:A1996UL11700003 ER PT J AU Sosnoff, CS Ann, QH Bernert, JT Powell, MK Miller, BB Henderson, LO Hannon, WH Fernhoff, P Sampson, EJ AF Sosnoff, CS Ann, QH Bernert, JT Powell, MK Miller, BB Henderson, LO Hannon, WH Fernhoff, P Sampson, EJ TI Analysis of benzoylecgonine in dried blood spots by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COCAINE USE C1 US PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV MED GENET,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0146-4760 J9 J ANAL TOXICOL JI J. Anal. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 3 BP 179 EP 184 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA UK810 UT WOS:A1996UK81000007 PM 8735199 ER PT J AU Vineis, P Schulte, P AF Vineis, P Schulte, P TI Attributable risks and genetic predisposition SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Vineis, P (reprint author), UNIV TURIN,TURIN,ITALY. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 49 IS 5 BP 599 EP 599 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(95)00577-3 PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UN515 UT WOS:A1996UN51500014 PM 8636735 ER PT J AU Springer, B Wu, WK Bodmer, T Haase, G Pfyffer, GE Kroppenstedt, RM Schroder, KH Emler, S Kilburn, JO Kirschner, P Telenti, A Coyle, MB Bottger, EC AF Springer, B Wu, WK Bodmer, T Haase, G Pfyffer, GE Kroppenstedt, RM Schroder, KH Emler, S Kilburn, JO Kirschner, P Telenti, A Coyle, MB Bottger, EC TI Isolation and characterization of a unique group of slowly growing mycobacteria: Description of Mycobacterium lentiflavum sp nov SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IDENTIFICATION; DNA; RNA; LYMPHADENITIS; SEQUENCE; DISEASES; LEVEL AB A distinct group of slowly growing mycobacteria was identified on the basis of growth characteristics, biochemical and lipid profiles, and nucleic acid analyses. The isolates showed growth at 22 to 37 degrees C, yellow pigmentation, and negative tests for Tween 80 hydrolysis, nicotinic acid, nitrate reductase, and urease; tests for arylsulfatase, pyrazinamidase, and heat-stable catalase were variable. Analysis of cellular fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography and mycolic acids by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography indicated a distinctive pattern which was unlike those of other species. Determination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed a unique sequence closely related to Mycobacterium simiae and M. genavense. On the basis of DNA homology studies, we suggest that these organisms are representatives of a novel species, for which the name M. lentiflavum sp, nov. is proposed. C1 HANNOVER MED SCH,INST MED MIKROBIOL,D-30625 HANNOVER,GERMANY. RHEIN WESTFAL TH AACHEN,INST MED MIKROBIOL,D-52057 AACHEN,GERMANY. DEUTSCH SAMMLUNG MIKROORGANISMEN & ZELLKULTUREN,D-38124 BRAUNSCHWEIG,GERMANY. FORSCHUNGSINST BORSTEL,D-23845 BORSTEL,GERMANY. UNIV BERN,INST MED MIKROBIOL,CH-3010 BERN,SWITZERLAND. UNIV ZURICH,INST MED MIKROBIOL,CH-8028 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. UNIV GENEVA,HOP CANTONAL,DIV INFECT DIS,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND. UNIV WASHINGTON,HARBORVIEW MED CTR,DEPT LAB MED,SEATTLE,WA 98104. CTR DIS CONTROL,CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI Haase, Gerhard/C-6492-2009; Bottger, Erik/F-6175-2011 OI Haase, Gerhard/0000-0001-7771-3189; NR 29 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1100 EP 1107 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UF570 UT WOS:A1996UF57000012 PM 8727884 ER PT J AU Kuno, G Mitchell, CJ Chang, GJJ Smith, GC AF Kuno, G Mitchell, CJ Chang, GJJ Smith, GC TI Detecting bunyaviruses of the Bunyamwera and California serogroups by a PCR technique SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUSES; MOSQUITOS AB Many bunyaviruses of the Bunyamwera and California serogroups are medically important human pathogens, The development of an effective technique to detect the viruses by using molecular biologic tools, such as PCR, improves not only clinical diagnosis but also virologic surveillance of mosquito vectors in the field, In this study, we evaluated eight pairs of primers for reactivity with 44 viruses of the genus Bunyavirus, using a reverse transcriptase PCR technique, With a pair of serogroup-specific primers we designed, all viruses of the serogroups tested could be detected, Further, virus-specific primer pairs were identified for California encephalitis virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, La Crosse virus, and snowshoe hare virus for use in North America. Using this technique, we could detect one La Crosse virus-infected mosquito in a pool of 100 mosquitoes with undetectable plaque titers. RP Kuno, G (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 20 TC 64 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1184 EP 1188 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UF570 UT WOS:A1996UF57000028 PM 8727900 ER PT J AU Stobierski, MG Hospedales, CJ Hall, WN RobinsonDunn, B Hoch, D Sheill, DA AF Stobierski, MG Hospedales, CJ Hall, WN RobinsonDunn, B Hoch, D Sheill, DA TI Outbreak of histoplasmosis among employees in a paper factory - Michigan, 1993 SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In December 1993, four reported cases of histoplasmosis among employees in a Michigan pulp paper factory prompted an investigation, A cohort of employees was surveyed to identify additional cases, A case of acute histoplasmosis was defined as an influenza-like illness in a plant employee with the onset of illness during October or November 1993 and laboratory evidence of recent infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. Among the 96 employees surveyed, 18 persons met the case definition; all of these had illness onset during the last week of October in 1993, The attack rate among maintenance employees (16 of 53 [30%]) was much greater than that among nonmaintenance employees (2 of 43 [5%]) (relative risk = 6.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 26.7; P = 0.003), On October 22, a dry, windy day, one maintenance worker swept bird guano, approximately 10 cm deep, from an adjacent roof <20 m from the maintenance building, The disturbance of the bird guano was the likely event which caused this outbreak, H. capsulatum remains an important pathogen among immunocompetent hosts, We recommended that the plant authorities (i) discourage birds from roosting at the facility and (ii) use safe procedures for the cleanup and disposal of soil contaminated with bird droppings. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MUSKEGON CTY HLTH DEPT,MUSKEGON,MI 49442. HACKLEY OCCUPAT HLTH CLIN,MUSKEGON,MI 49442. RP Stobierski, MG (reprint author), MICHIGAN DEPT PUBL HLTH,BUR INFECT DIS CONTROL,3500 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR BLVD,LANSING,MI 48909, USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1220 EP 1223 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UF570 UT WOS:A1996UF57000034 PM 8727906 ER PT J AU Chen, ZH Butler, WR Baumstark, BR Ahearn, DG AF Chen, ZH Butler, WR Baumstark, BR Ahearn, DG TI Identification and differentiation of Mycobacterium avium and M-intracellulare by PCR SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA; AMPLIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; INFECTION AB Known DNA sequences coding for the 16S rRNAs of 14 slowly growing Mycobacterium species were analyzed, Three sets of primers were synthesized: MAV and MIN, for M. avium and M. intracellulare, respectively, and MYCOB, for the slowly growing mycobacteria, Whole-cell DNAs of 14 reference species were extracted and amplified by PCR with the MYCOB, MAV, and MIN primers. The MYCOB primer amplified a 0.9-kb segment from the DNAs of all 14 species, The MAV and MIN primers each amplified one highly specific 1.3-kb segment from the homologous DNA, respectively, DNAs from each of 10 clinical isolates of M. avium and M. intracellulare identified by conventional methods were amplified with the MYCOB as well as the MAV and MIN primers; 9 of 10 isolates of each species were identified with their respective primers, One isolate of M. intracellulare was subsequently found to have been mislabeled, One isolate designated M. avium reacted only with the MYCOB primer, The hypervariable region of this strain was shown by DNA sequence analysis to be distinct from all known 16S rRNA sequences of Mycobacterium spp. Our data indicate that the currently identified M. avium-M. intracellulare complex includes strains genetically diverse from M. avium and M. intracellulare. C1 GEORGIA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30302. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MYCOBACTERIUM LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1267 EP 1269 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UF570 UT WOS:A1996UF57000043 PM 8727915 ER PT J AU Sowers, EG Wells, JG Strockbine, NA AF Sowers, EG Wells, JG Strockbine, NA TI Evaluation of commercial latex reagents for identification of O157 and H7 antigens of Escherichia coli SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS AB Agglutination reactions obtained,vith three commercial latex reagents for detecting Escherichia coli O157 antigen (Oxoid Diagnostic Reagents, Hampshire, England; Pro-Lab Inc., Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; and Remel Microbiology Products, Lenexa, Kans,) and one for detecting H7 antigen (Remel) were compared with those obtained by standard serologic methods by using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference antisera for O157 and H7 antigens. For 159 strains of E, coli and related organisms, the Oxoid, Pro-Lab, and Remel O157 latex reagents each had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% compared with the CDC reference antiserum, For 106 strains of E. coli and related organisms that were not enhanced for motility through semisolid medium, the Remel H7 latex reagent had a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100% compared with the standard tube agglutination method with CDC H7 antiserum, Measures to enhance motility were needed for some strains to detect the H7 antigen, Our findings demonstrate that the commercial latex reagents are good alternatives to standard serologic methods for identifying the O157 and H7 antigens of E. coli. RP Sowers, EG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 11 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1286 EP 1289 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UF570 UT WOS:A1996UF57000049 PM 8727921 ER PT J AU Elliott, JA Facklam, RR AF Elliott, JA Facklam, RR TI Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus garvieae and a proposed method to discriminate between them SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; STREPTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; ACID BACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION; DNA; ENTEROCOCCI; DIFFERENTIATION; VANCOMYCIN AB The MICs of antimicrobial agents contained in the SCEPTOR Streptococcus MIC panels (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems) were determined for Lactococcus lactis, L. garvieae, and unknown Lactococcus species, Several isolates had reduced susceptibilities to many of the antimicrobial agents contained in the panel, For L. garvieae, the MICs of penicillin and, possibly, cephalothin were higher than for L. lactis, and unlike L. lactis, L. garvieae was resistant to clindamycin, indicating that knowledge of the Lactococcus species causing an infection might influence the choice of antimicrobial therapy, Susceptibility to clindamycin can also be used to differentiate between L. lactis and L. garvieae. RP Elliott, JA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILDHOOD & VACCINE PREVENTABLE DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 24 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1296 EP 1298 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UF570 UT WOS:A1996UF57000052 PM 8727924 ER PT J AU Olsvik, B Tenover, FC Olsen, I AF Olsvik, B Tenover, FC Olsen, I TI The Tet(Q) gene in gram-negative periodontal bacteria. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV OSLO,OSLO,NORWAY. CDC,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1301 EP 1301 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA VG926 UT WOS:A1996VG92601654 ER PT J AU Wendt, RD Hall, HI PriceGreen, PA Dhara, VR Kaye, WE AF Wendt, RD Hall, HI PriceGreen, PA Dhara, VR Kaye, WE TI Evaluating the sensitivity of hazardous substances emergency events surveillance - A comparison of three surveillance systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB This study evaluated the sensitivity of the active, state-based Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system by comparing it with two passive systems. Incident reports for the passive reporting systems were sent to participating HSEES states during a two-year period. The states evaluated these hazardous substances spill events according to whether an event was detected by the HSEES system and whether it met the HSEES case definition. These data were analyzed to determine the sensitivity of the HSEES system. HSEES detected 61.7% (31.2% surveillance and 30.5% nonsurveillance) of hazardous substances spill events documented by the combined passive reporting systems; HSEES did not detect 38.3% (4.4% surveillance, 20.2% nonsurveillance, and 13.6% unknown) of events. The HSEES system recorded more events than both passive reporting systems combined. Event reporting differences can be attributed to differences in each system's approach to surveillance. HSEES detects events inside and outside the limits of the passive reporting systems. Comparing surveillance systems that collect related information is very useful in measuring system effectiveness, locating data gaps, and identifying new data sources. RP Wendt, RD (reprint author), AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,1600 CLIFTON RD,E-31,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Alkhalawi, Mohammed/C-6111-2012 NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 58 IS 9 BP 13 EP 17 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UJ635 UT WOS:A1996UJ63500003 ER PT J AU Barrett, DH Luk, AJ Parrish, RG Jones, TS AF Barrett, DH Luk, AJ Parrish, RG Jones, TS TI An investigation of medical examiner cases in which methadone was detected, Harris County, Texas, 1987-1992 SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; methadone; mortality; death; drug abuse; opiate abuse; forensic pathology; forensic toxicology ID MAINTENANCE; ADDICTS; DEATHS; TOXICITY AB In 1991, media reports of an increase in the number of deaths attributed to methadone toxicity in Harris County, Texas, raised public concern about the safety of methadone. This concern was heightened by publicity surrounding the closure of three Harris County methadone maintenance treatment programs due to their poor compliance with federal methadone regulations. In response to this concern, the Texas Department of Public Health requested that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assist in an epidemiologic study to determine the extent of methadone-related mortality in Harris County during 1991 and to determine the role of methadone maintenance treatment in these deaths. We reviewed cases investigated by the Harris County Medical Examiner's Office from 1987 through 1992 in which methadone was detected by postmortem drug testing. The autopsy reports for cases occurring in 1991 were also reviewed by three independent forensic pathologists who were asked to determine the role of methadone in the death. In addition, we attempted to document Harris County methadone maintenance treatment program enrollment for each decedent. We identified 91 decedents in whom methadone was detected at the time of death, with the largest number of cases occurring in 1991 (n = 27). Other substances, including alcohol, were detected in 85% of the cases. The Harris County Medical Examiner attributed 11 of the deaths to methadone toxicity. No more than three cases per year from 1987 through 1992 were attributed to methadone toxicity. In contrast, 34 deaths were attributed to polydrug toxicity, the largest number occurring in 1991 (n = 11). There was good agreement between the results of the independent review and the opinions of the Harris County Medical Examiner. Only 20% of the decedents were found to have been enrolled in a Harris County methadone maintenance treatment program at the time of death. Four people died of drug toxicity shortly after enrolling in a methadone maintenance treatment program. We found an increase in the number deaths occurring in Harris County, Texas, in 1991 in which methadone was detected. We also found that methadone blood levels were higher among decedents identified for 1991 and 1992 than among those identified in the previous years studied. However, we did not find evidence that the cause of these deaths could be attributed solely to methadone toxicity. Instead, for all years studied, the use of multiple drugs was the leading cause of death among people in whom methadone was detected. This finding points out the difficulties involved in determining the role of methadone as a cause of death. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF DIRECTOR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Barrett, DH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,AIR POLLUT & RESP HLTH BRANCH,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 35 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 41 IS 3 BP 442 EP 448 PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA UN366 UT WOS:A1996UN36600016 PM 8656185 ER PT J AU Levine, WC Bennett, RW Choi, Y Henning, KJ Rager, JR Hendricks, KA Hopkins, DP Gunn, RA Griffin, PM AF Levine, WC Bennett, RW Choi, Y Henning, KJ Rager, JR Hendricks, KA Hopkins, DP Gunn, RA Griffin, PM TI Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by imported canned mushrooms SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB From February through April 1989, four outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning in the United States were associated with eating mushrooms canned in the People's Republic of China (PRC), In the four outbreaks, 99 persons who ate at a suspect facility developed gastrointestinal symptoms within 24 h, including 18 who were hospitalized, Illness was associated with eating mushrooms at a university cafeteria (relative risk [RR] = 53.0), a hospital cafeteria (RR = 13.8), a pizzeria (odds ratio [OR] = infinity), and a restaurant (OR = infinity) (all P < .0001), Staphylococcal enterotoxin A was found by ELISA in mushrooms at the sites of two outbreaks and in unopened cans from the three plants thought to have produced mushrooms implicated in outbreaks, These investigations led to multistate recalls and a US Food and Drug Administration order to restrict entry into the United States of all mushrooms produced in the PRC; until this action, the United States imported similar to 50 million pounds yearly. C1 CDCP,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CDCP,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ALLEGHENY CTY HLTH DEPT,PITTSBURGH,PA. MISSISSIPPI DEPT HLTH,JACKSON,MS. US FDA,DIV MICROBIOL STUDIES,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NR 14 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 173 IS 5 BP 1263 EP 1267 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UF867 UT WOS:A1996UF86700030 PM 8627083 ER PT J AU Oliveira, DA Shi, YP Oloo, AJ Boriga, DA Nahlen, BL Hawley, WA Holloway, BP Lal, AA AF Oliveira, DA Shi, YP Oloo, AJ Boriga, DA Nahlen, BL Hawley, WA Holloway, BP Lal, AA TI Field evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-based nonisotopic liquid hybridization assay for malaria diagnosis SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; MICROSCOPY; INFECTIONS AB In a blind field evaluation of a nonisotopic liquid hybridization assay for detection of malaria parasites, 100 blood samples were tested from an area in which malaria is endemic; light microscopy was used as the reference test, Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the hybridization assay were 100%, One sample that was microscopy-negative and hybridization-positive was positive when reexamined, Another sample that was microscopy-positive and hybridization-negative was negative at reexamination, The detection limit of the test was greater than or equal to 0.0005% parasitemia, Four samples with mixed infections were misdiagnosed by microscopy as single-species infections, Four samples diagnosed as mixed infections by microscopy and single infection by the hybridization test had no evidence of a second Plasmodium species upon reexamination, The polymerase chain reaction-based nonisotopic liquid hybridization assay was better than conventional light microscopy in detecting low-grade parasite infection and offers an exceptional advantage for detecting mixed infections. C1 CDCP,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. CDCP,BIOTECHNOL CORE FACIL,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA. KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,VECTOR BIOL & CONTROL RES CTR,KISUMU,KENYA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 173 IS 5 BP 1284 EP 1287 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UF867 UT WOS:A1996UF86700035 PM 8627088 ER PT J AU Shay, DK Jarvis, WR Montecalvo, M AF Shay, DK Jarvis, WR Montecalvo, M TI Relative importance of oral versus intravenous vancomycin exposure in the development of vancomycin-resistant enterococci - Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NEW YORK MED COLL,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,VALHALLA,NY 10595. RP Shay, DK (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,1959 PACIFIC ST,BOX 356320,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 173 IS 5 BP 1293 EP 1294 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UF867 UT WOS:A1996UF86700041 ER PT J AU Pieniazek, NJ daSilva, AJ Slemenda, SB Visvesvara, GS Kurtti, TJ Yasunaga, C AF Pieniazek, NJ daSilva, AJ Slemenda, SB Visvesvara, GS Kurtti, TJ Yasunaga, C TI Nosema trichoplusiae is a synonym of Nosema bombycis based on the sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA coding region SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. KYUSHU UNIV,FAC AGR,INST BIOL CONTROL,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN. RP Pieniazek, NJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,MS-F-13,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 67 IS 3 BP 316 EP 317 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0049 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UM684 UT WOS:A1996UM68400017 PM 8812615 ER PT J AU Fortenberry, JD Bhardwaj, V Niemer, P Cornish, JD Wright, JA Bland, L AF Fortenberry, JD Bhardwaj, V Niemer, P Cornish, JD Wright, JA Bland, L TI Neutrophil and cytokine activation with neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; ORGAN FAILURE; COMPLEMENT; BLOOD; GRANULOCYTES; LEUKOCYTE; INFANTS; ENDOTOXIN; CHILDREN; ELASTASE AB Objective: To determine whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), like cardiopulmonary bypass, produces systemic inflammatory responses that could potentiate organ injury in infants with respiratory failure. Study design: We evaluated the effects of neonatal ECMO on neutrophil surface adherence proteins, elastase release, and cytokine levels in blood samples from 15 patients before and during ECMO, and from banked blood and ECMO circuit blood before cannulation. Neutrophil elastase, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin types 1 beta, 6, and 8 were measured. Chest radiographs were evaluated by a radiologist using a lung injury score in blinded fashion. Results: Primed ECMO circuit blood, in comparison with patient pre-ECMO blood, demonstrated marked up-regulation of CD11b (mean fluorescence intensity 1660 +/- 109 vs 361 +/- 81; p < 0.001 (mean +/- SEM)), shedding of L-selectin (mean fluorescence intensity 10 +/- 2 vs 89 +/- 38; p < 0.01), and elevated elastase levels (349 +/- 76 vs 154 ng/ml +/- 38; p < 0.001), consistent with neutrophil activation, During ECMO, neutrophil CD11b levels increased but L-selectin was not significantly shed. Concentrations of circulating neutrophil elastase increased significantly during ECMO, Corrected circulating quantities of interleukin-8 also rose significantly, but the responses of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta were minimal, Radiographic lung injury scores worsened with the initiation of ECMO (median score: 6 before ECMO vs 11 in first hour of ECMO; p = 0.012), in conjunction with indicators of neutrophil activation. Conclusion: Neonates with respiratory failure have activation of the inflammatory cascade, ECMO incites additional neutrophil and cytokine activation in association with early pulmonary deterioration, Routine leukodepletion of blood for circuit priming to remove activated neutrophils may be beneficial. C1 EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT RADIOL, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, DIV CRIT CARE, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, DIV NEONATOL, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA USA. RP Fortenberry, JD (reprint author), EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, 1405 CLIFTON RD NE, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. NR 34 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 128 IS 5 BP 670 EP 678 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)80133-8 PN 1 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UJ946 UT WOS:A1996UJ94600016 PM 8627440 ER PT J AU OHara, P Messick, BJ Fichtner, RR Parris, D AF OHara, P Messick, BJ Fichtner, RR Parris, D TI A peer-led AIDS prevention program for students in an alternative school SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RISK BEHAVIOR AB School-based programs designed to measure health risk behavior and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HN) infection have riot addressed adequately the needs of adolescents outside of mainstream schools. In Florida, these youth represent a sizable proportion of the population and have been shown to be at increased risk for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. This article describes a peer-led STD/HIV intervention for students in a dropout prevention program in Dade County, Florida. Trained peer counselor/educators (PCEs) led schoolwide activities and classroom sessions covering STD/HIV information, community health resources, communication and negotiation skills, and safer sex strategies. Teachers and students rated rile PCEs effective in promoting discussion and serving as sources of information about AIDS and community health resources. Pre/post intervention questionnaire results demonstrated an increase in AIDS awareness and discussion among students as well as ail increase in condom use. Based on this social influences approach, peer education appears to be a promising health education strategy for students in dropout prevention programs. C1 UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,MIAMI,FL 33101. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,MANAGEMENT & TECHNOL OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP OHara, P (reprint author), UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,GRAD PROGRAM PUBL HLTH,POB 016069,R669,MIAMI,FL 33101, USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 66 IS 5 BP 176 EP 182 PG 7 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL107 UT WOS:A1996UL10700003 PM 8735582 ER PT J AU Angulo, FJ AF Angulo, FJ TI Food safety symposium: Responding to the changing epidemiologic characteristics of foodborne disease - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL & EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM,FOOD SAFETY INSPECT SERV,USDA,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 208 IS 9 BP 1396 EP 1396 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UG889 UT WOS:A1996UG88900008 ER PT J AU Sparling, PH AF Sparling, PH TI Postharvest food safety issues SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Food Safety, at the 132nd Annual Meeting of the AVMA CY JUL 11, 1995 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Amer Vet Med Assoc RP Sparling, PH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL & EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM,FOOD SAFETY INSPECT SERV,USDA,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 208 IS 9 BP 1397 EP 1398 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UG889 UT WOS:A1996UG88900010 ER PT J AU Angulo, FJ AF Angulo, FJ TI Centers for disease control and prevention response SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Food Safety, at the 132nd Annual Meeting of the AVMA CY JUL 11, 1995 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Amer Vet Med Assoc RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 208 IS 9 BP 1398 EP 1399 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UG889 UT WOS:A1996UG88900011 ER PT J AU Altekruse, S AF Altekruse, S TI Food and drug administration response SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Food Safety, at the 132nd Annual Meeting of the AVMA CY JUL 11, 1995 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Amer Vet Med Assoc RP Altekruse, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,FDA,M-S A-38,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 208 IS 9 BP 1399 EP 1399 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UG889 UT WOS:A1996UG88900012 ER PT J AU Gantt, DI Price, JP Pollock, DA AF Gantt, DI Price, JP Pollock, DA TI The status of the trauma coordinator position: A national survey SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE LA English DT Article AB The trauma coordinator (TC) position is a vital link in the development and operations of trauma care systems, In 1992 and 1993, the American Trauma Society conducted a national survey of TCs to describe the roles and characteristics of the persons who hold those positions. Of 354 trauma coordinators identified in 46 states, more than three-fourths were employed by large hospitals designated as trauma centers, The typical TC was a woman 26 to 59 years old who held at least a bachelor's degree in nursing, Although new as TCs (mean, 3 years as TCs), the respondents averaged 14 years experience in nursing, Both full-time and part-time TCs worked longer hours than scheduled, often had supervisory responsibilities, and generally were in the nursing administration or the emergency department structure, Most TCs worked with computerized trauma registries that were used routinely in quality of care reviews. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. GRANT MED CTR,COLUMBUS,OH. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1079-6061 J9 J TRAUMA JI J. Trauma-Injury Infect. Crit. Care PD MAY PY 1996 VL 40 IS 5 BP 816 EP 819 DI 10.1097/00005373-199605000-00023 PG 4 WC Critical Care Medicine; Surgery SC General & Internal Medicine; Surgery GA UK405 UT WOS:A1996UK40500024 PM 8614086 ER PT J AU Waris, ME Tsou, C Erdman, DD Zaki, SR Anderson, LJ AF Waris, ME Tsou, C Erdman, DD Zaki, SR Anderson, LJ TI Respiratory syncytial virus infection in BALB/c mice previously immunized with formalin-inactivated virus induces enhanced pulmonary inflammatory response with a predominant Th2-like cytokine pattern SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PURIFIED F-GLYCOPROTEIN; COTTON RATS; T-CELLS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; EXPRESSION; RSV; PATHOLOGY; PROTEINS; VACCINE; GENE AB Vaccination with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) caused excessive disease in infants upon subsequent natural infection with RSV. Recent studies with BALB/c mice have suggested that T cells are important contributors to lung immunopathology during RSV infection. In this study, we investigated vaccine-induced enhanced disease by immunizing BALB/c mice with live RSV intranasally or with FI-RSV intramuscularly. The mice were challenged with RSV 6 weeks later, and the pulmonary inflammatory response was studied by analyzing cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage 4 and 8 days after challenge, FI-RSV-immunized mice had an increased number of total cells, granulocytes, eosinophils, and CD4(+) cells but a decreased number of CD8(+) cells. The immunized mice also had a marked increase in the expression of mRNA for the Th2-type cytokines interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-13 as well as some increase in the expression of IL-10 (a Th2-type cytokine) mRNA and some decrease in the expression of IL-12 (a Th1-type cytokine) mRNA. The clear difference in the pulmonary inflammatory response to RSV between FI-RSV- and live-RSV-immunized mice suggests that this model can be used to evaluate the disease-enhancing potential of candidate RSV vaccines and better understand enhanced disease. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT MS G17,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI Waris, Matti/A-6418-2008 NR 43 TC 213 Z9 218 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 70 IS 5 BP 2852 EP 2860 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA UF247 UT WOS:A1996UF24700020 PM 8627759 ER PT J AU Bichko, VV Khudyakov, YE Taylor, JM AF Bichko, VV Khudyakov, YE Taylor, JM TI A novel form of hepatitis delta antigen SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OPEN READING FRAME; GENOME REPLICATION; VIRUS-ANTIGEN; RNA; SEQUENCE; ENCODES; PROTEIN AB Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is known to express a protein termed the small delta antigen, a structural protein which is also essential for genome replication. During replication, posttranscriptional RNA editing specifically modifies some of the HDV RNA, leading to the production of an elongated form of the delta antigen, the large form, which is essential for virus assembly. The present study showed that yet another form of HDV protein is expressed during genome replication. This novel form is not produced in all infected cells, but it arises during replication in transfected cells and In infected woodchucks, and as was previously reported, patients infected with HDV do make antibodies directed against it. These findings are an indicator of the complexity of gene expression during HDV infection and replication. C1 FOX CHASE CANC CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-06927]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI-31927, AI-26522] NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 70 IS 5 BP 3248 EP 3251 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA UF247 UT WOS:A1996UF24700067 PM 8627806 ER PT J AU Dao, AH Eberhard, ML AF Dao, AH Eberhard, ML TI Pathology of acute fatal babesiosis in hamsters experimentally infected with the WA-1 strain of Babesia SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ERYTHROCYTES AB A strain of Babesia (strain WA-1), recently isolated from a human in Washington State, was found to be unusually virulent for hamsters; it caused acute infection and death in a large proportion of animals 5 to 7 days after inoculation. To assess the basic pathologic lesions associated with this infection, 30 male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were inoculated intraperitoneally with the WA-1 strain. Twelve animals (40%) died within 5 to 6 days. The other 18 animals, all infected and clinically ill, were killed on the sixth or seventh day for biochemical study. All 12 animals that died from the infection showed high parasitemia, heavy intravascular hemolysis, and pronounced vascular stasis with red-cell sequestration in the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys, and brain. Serologic study revealed severe anemia (mean hematocrit, 29) with hemolyzed serum and marked elevation of the serum transaminases. The mechanism of death was thought to be diffuse anoxic tissue damage secondary to vascular stasis, which led to multiorgan failure. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Dao, AH (reprint author), VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,221 KIRKLAND HALL,NASHVILLE,TN 37232, USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 74 IS 5 BP 853 EP 859 PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA UL209 UT WOS:A1996UL20900002 PM 8642781 ER PT J AU Cassol, SA Read, S Weniger, BG Gomez, P Lapointe, N Ou, CY Babu, PG AF Cassol, SA Read, S Weniger, BG Gomez, P Lapointe, N Ou, CY Babu, PG TI Dried blood spots collected on filter paper: An international resource for the diagnosis and genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article DE HIV-1; dried blood; diagnosis; genetic variation; vaccines ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SPECIMENS; HIV-1; DNA; TRANSMISSION; NEWBORNS; VARIANTS; THAILAND; REGION; ASSAY AB The collection of dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper provides a powerful approach for the development of large-scale, population-based screening programs. DBS methods are particularly valuable in developing countries and isolated rural regions where resources are limited Large numbers of field specimens can be economically collected and shipped to centralized reference laboratories for genetic and (or) serological analysis. Alternatively, the dried blood can be stored and used as an archival resource to rapidly establish the frequency and distribution of newly recognized mutations, confirm patient identity or track the origins and emergence of newly identified pathogens. In this report, we describe how PCR-based technologies are beginning to interface with international screening programmes for the diagnosis and genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). In particular, we review recent progress using DBS specimens to resolve the HIV-1 infection status of neonates, monitor the generic evolution of HIV-1 during early infancy and establish a sentinel surveillance system for the systematic monitoring of HIV-1 genetic variation in Asia. C1 ST PAULS HOSP,BRITISH COLUMBIA CTR EXCELLECNE HIV AIDS,VANCOUVER,BC V6Z 1Y6,CANADA. HOSP SICK CHILDREN,DEPT PEDIAT,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. PRINCESS MARGARET HOSP,NASSAU,BAHAMAS. HOP ST JUSTINE,MONTREAL,PQ H3T 1C5,CANADA. CHRISTIAN MED COLL & HOSP,VELLORE,TAMIL NADU,INDIA. RP Cassol, SA (reprint author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT LAB MED & PATHOL,VANCOUVER,BC V5Z 1M9,CANADA. OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 43 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEM INST OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO PA SECRETARY CAIXA POSTAL 926, 20001 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 91 IS 3 BP 351 EP 358 DI 10.1590/S0074-02761996000300019 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA UL961 UT WOS:A1996UL96100019 PM 9040855 ER PT J AU Rickles, FR Contrino, J Kreutzer, DL AF Rickles, FR Contrino, J Kreutzer, DL TI Tissue factor expression in normal and abnormal mammary gland - Reply SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,SCH MED,FARMINGTON,CT 06032. RP Rickles, FR (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 2 IS 5 BP 491 EP 492 DI 10.1038/nm0596-491b PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UJ230 UT WOS:A1996UJ23000005 ER PT J AU Earnest, MP Norris, JM Eberhardt, MS Sands, GH Adams, D Brust, JC Garver, CM Helgason, CM Marotta, JT Messing, RO Rowland, LP SanchezRamos, JR Sands, G Snodgrass, SR Ziegler, DK Whisnant, JP Rosenberg, R Viste, K Cohen, JA Hames, RP AF Earnest, MP Norris, JM Eberhardt, MS Sands, GH Adams, D Brust, JC Garver, CM Helgason, CM Marotta, JT Messing, RO Rowland, LP SanchezRamos, JR Sands, G Snodgrass, SR Ziegler, DK Whisnant, JP Rosenberg, R Viste, K Cohen, JA Hames, RP TI Report of the AAN Task Force on access to health care: The effect of no personal health insurance on health care for people with neurologic disorders SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; HOSPITAL PATIENTS; COVERAGE; OUTCOMES; ILLNESS; WOMEN; AREA AB Access to medical care is limited for people with no health insurance. In the United States, an estimated 31 to 41 million people under age 65 have no health insurance. Among the uninsured, an estimated 340,000 new cases of neurologic disorders occur annually. The Task Force on Access to Health Care of the Academy analyzed data from four nationwide health surveys to describe the national population of people with neurologic disorders (PWND) by insurance status and to examine access to care, utilization of services, and expenses for health care of PWND. Health insurance status significantly affected access to and utilization of health care services. Compared with insured PWND, the uninsured less often had a usual source of medical care, saw a particular doctor, or visited a neurologist. The uninsured had fewer doctor's office visits and fewer hospital admissions than privately insured PWND. In the doctor's office they got fewer tests, fewer referrals for therapies, but more medications. In the hospital they received more diagnostic and therapeutic procedures overall, but those with cerebrovascular disease received fewer angiograms and endarterectomies. National health care reform may improve access to care for PWND if they are equitably included in the new systems. However, neurologists should assertively advocate for the needs of PWND to have adequate insurance and appropriate access to neurologic consultations, neurologic tests, and treatments. C1 UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT NEUROL,DENVER,CO 80262. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PREVENT MED,DENVER,CO 80262. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT BIOMETR,DENVER,CO 80262. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF ANAL & EPIDEMIOL,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,US PHS,HYATTSVILLE,MD. MT SINAI SCH MED,QUEENS HOSP CTR,DEPT NEUROL,NEW YORK,NY. RP Earnest, MP (reprint author), DENVER GEN HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,777 BANNOCK ST,DENVER,CO 80204, USA. RI Messing, Robert/D-3642-2015 OI Messing, Robert/0000-0002-5345-4431 NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU LITTLE BROWN CO PI BOSTON PA 34 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MA 02108-1493 SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD MAY PY 1996 VL 46 IS 5 BP 1471 EP 1480 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA UK628 UT WOS:A1996UK62800055 PM 8628506 ER PT J AU Udhayakumar, V Hawley, W Nahlen, B Lal, A AF Udhayakumar, V Hawley, W Nahlen, B Lal, A TI Human immune response to MSP-I: Reply SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY LA English DT Letter ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM RP Udhayakumar, V (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0169-4758 J9 PARASITOL TODAY JI Parasitol. Today PD MAY PY 1996 VL 12 IS 5 BP 206 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0169-4758(96)90038-1 PG 1 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UF999 UT WOS:A1996UF99900011 ER PT J AU Jin, SX Kilgore, PE Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Gangarosa, EJ Glass, RI AF Jin, SX Kilgore, PE Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Gangarosa, EJ Glass, RI TI Trends in hospitalizations for diarrhea in United States children from 1974 through 1992: Estimates of the morbidity associated with rotavirus SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE diarrhea; databases; epidemiology; gastroenteritis; hospitalizations; surveillance; rotavirus; rotavirus vaccines ID AMERICAN-CHILDREN; GASTROENTERITIS; MORTALITY; DISEASE AB Objectives, To examine trends in the hospitalizations of children for diarrheal disease in the U.S. and to provide estimates for the burden of disease associated with rotavirus diarrhea, Methods, Data for diarrheal hospitalizations among U.S. children ages 1 month through 4 years were compiled from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for the years 1979 through 1992. Between 1979 and 1992, 12% of all hospitalizations of U.S. children 1 month through 4 years of age had an International Classification of Diseases code for diarrhea listed in one of the top three positions on the discharge diagnosis. Results. The annual rate of diarrheal hospitalizations, 97 per 10 000 persons (average, 185 742 per year), did not change substantially during the 14-year study period and accounted annually for 724 394 inpatient days (3.9 days per hospitalization). For most diarrheal hospitalizations (75.9%) no causative agent was specified in the National Hospital Discharge Survey records; of the remaining 24.8%, viruses were most commonly reported (19.3%), followed by bacteria (5.1%) and parasites (0.7%), The proportion of hospitalizations associated with viral diarrheas rose from 13% to 27% during the 14-year study period, whereas the proportion of hospitalizations for noninfectious diarrhea declined from 79% to 60%, Every year the number of hospitalizations peaked from November through April, the ''winter'' months, among children ages 4 through 35 months; this peak began in the West during November and December and reached the Northeast by March. Conclusions. Diarrhea continues to be a common cause of hospitalization among children in the United States and the winter seasonality estimated to be caused in large part by rotavirus would be expected to decrease if rotavirus vaccines currently being developed were introduced, Our analysis of temporal trends in diarrheal hospitalizations provides a unique surrogate with which to estimate the disease burden associated with rotavirus diarrhea. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RI Kilgore, Paul/L-1462-2013 OI Kilgore, Paul/0000-0003-3214-4482 NR 22 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 397 EP 404 DI 10.1097/00006454-199605000-00004 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UK327 UT WOS:A1996UK32700003 PM 8724060 ER PT J AU Vetter, KM Djomand, G Zadi, F Diaby, L Brattegaard, K Timite, M Andoh, J Assi, J DeCock, KM RetroCi, P AF Vetter, KM Djomand, G Zadi, F Diaby, L Brattegaard, K Timite, M Andoh, J Assi, J DeCock, KM RetroCi, P TI Clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus disease in children in a West African city SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE human immunodeficiency virus; human immunodeficiency virus type 1; human immunodeficiency virus type 2; acquired immunodeficiency virus; children; Africa; West Africa ID INFECTION; HIV-1 AB Objectives. To determine the prevalence of HIV infection in children and to compare diagnostic syndromes and outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. Methods. Consecutive children hospitalized in Abidjan's three university hospitals were examined, tested for HIV infection and followed to discharge. Admission or discharge diagnoses and outcome (survived or died) were compared in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. Results, The prevalence of HIV infection in the 4480 children hospitalized for the first time was 8.2%; the highest age-specific rate (11.2%) was In children ages 15 to 23 months. Six clinical syndromes accounted for more than 80% of admissions in HIV-positive and -negative children (all ages combined): respiratory infection; malnutrition; malaria; anemia; diarrhea; and meningitis. The dominant syndromic diagnoses in HIV-positive children were respiratory infection (26.1%) and malnutrition (25.8%); in HIV-negative children they were malaria (30.4%) and respiratory infection (19.1%). The overall mortality rate in HIV-positive children was 20.8%, compared with 8.7% in HIV-negative children (relative risk, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 3.1); the highest death rate (28.1%) was in children younger than 15 months. Conclusions. Clinical syndromes associated with HIV infection in African children are difficult to recognize without access to HIV serology. Respiratory infection and malnutrition were the dominant clinical syndromes in HIV-positive children in Abidjan. Greater overlap exists between the clinical presentations of HIV-associated disease and other common health problems in African children than in adults. C1 RETRO CI,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. UNIV HOSP ABIDJAN,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 17 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 438 EP 442 DI 10.1097/00006454-199605000-00011 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UK327 UT WOS:A1996UK32700010 PM 8724067 ER PT J AU Wortis, N Strebel, PM Wharton, M Bardenheier, B Hardy, IRB AF Wortis, N Strebel, PM Wharton, M Bardenheier, B Hardy, IRB TI Pertussis deaths: Report of 23 cases in the United States, 1992 and 1993 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE Bordetella pertussis; pertussis; pertussis mortality ID ERYTHROMYCIN; IMMUNIZATION; VACCINE; INFANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTION; INFECTION; EFFICACY; OUTBREAK; FACILITY AB Objective. To characterize pertussis deaths and to identify possible risk factors and prevention strategies. Methods. A retrospective review of all deaths attributed to pertussis with disease onset during 1992 and 1993 reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hospital discharge summaries and autopsy reports were reviewed, and additional clinical information was provided by physicians involved in the care of the children. Results. During 1992 and 1993, 23 deaths attributed to pertussis were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cultures for Bordetella pertussis were positive in 18 (90%) of the 20 cases in which it was performed. Twenty (87%) of the 23 children who died were younger than 1 year of age, and 18 (78%) of the children had received no doses of pertussis vaccine. Among 20 children for whom gestational ages were known, 12 (60%) were born at 36 weeks' gestation or earlier; in contrast, 10.7% of live births in the United States in 1992 were at 36 weeks' gestation or earlier. The median age of mothers whose children had fatal pertussis was 20 (range, 14 to 37) years in the 15 cases in which ages were known, compared with the national median age of 26.3 years in 1992. Pneumonia was a complication in all but 1 (96%) of the cases. Seizures occurred in 4 cases (17%), and acute encephalopathy occurred in 3 cases (13%). Conclusions. Pertussis continues to cause serious illness and death in the United States, particularly among infants who are not vaccinated. Preterm delivery and young maternal age may place infants at increased risk of death because of pertussis. Under the current pertussis vaccination schedule, three fourths of the infants who died were too young to have received three doses of pertussis vaccine, the minimum number of doses considered necessary for adequate protection against clinical pertussis. additional strategies to prevent deaths caused by pertussis in young infants, such as starting infant vaccination at an earlier age and booster doses to adolescents and adults, need to be evaluated. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 39 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAY PY 1996 VL 97 IS 5 BP 607 EP 612 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UH758 UT WOS:A1996UH75800001 PM 8628595 ER PT J AU Watson, JC Pearson, JA Markowitz, LE Baughman, AL Erdman, DD Bellini, WJ Baron, RC Fleming, DW AF Watson, JC Pearson, JA Markowitz, LE Baughman, AL Erdman, DD Bellini, WJ Baron, RC Fleming, DW TI An evaluation of measles revaccination among school-entry-aged children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE measles; immunity; measles vaccine; revaccination; cost-effectiveness ID VACCINE FAILURE; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; VIRUS; POPULATION; OUTBREAK; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; PERSISTENCE; RUBELLA AB Background. A two dose measles vaccination schedule is recommended routinely for all school-entry-aged children. We evaluated this recommendation by determining both measles antibody seroprevalence and the response to revaccination in seronegative children in this age group. Methods. Children 4 to 6 years of age who had received a single dose of measles vaccine between the ages of 15 to 17 months were tested for measles antibody by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microneutralization technique. Seronegative children were revaccinated and again tested for measles antibody (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and neutralizing). Results. Of 679 children tested, 37 (5.4%) were seronegative. Seronegativity was not significantly associated with age, sex, race, age at initial vaccination, time since vaccination, or maternal year of birth. However, children of mothers with a college degree were 12 times more likely to be seronegative than children of mothers whenever attended college (P < .01). Of the 37 seronegative children, 36 seroconverted after revaccination-33 producing IgM measles antibody, suggestive of a primary immune response. The cost per seroconversion would have been an estimated $415 if all 679 children had been revaccinated. Conclusions. Revaccination reduces the pool of children who are susceptible to measles. Although the cost per seroconversion is high, a two-dose schedule should reduce the substantial costs of controlling measles outbreaks by reducing the number of outbreaks. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NW KAISER PERMANENTE,PORTLAND,OR. KAISER PERMANENTE CTR HLTH RES,PORTLAND,OR. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA. OREGON HLTH DIV,OFF EPIDEMIOL & HLTH STAT,PORTLAND,OR. RP Watson, JC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,MAILSTOP E-61,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAY PY 1996 VL 97 IS 5 BP 613 EP 618 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UH758 UT WOS:A1996UH75800002 PM 8628596 ER PT J AU Arpadi, SM Markowitz, LE Baughman, AL Shah, K Adam, H Wiznia, A Lambert, G Dobroszycki, J Heath, JL Bellini, WJ AF Arpadi, SM Markowitz, LE Baughman, AL Shah, K Adam, H Wiznia, A Lambert, G Dobroszycki, J Heath, JL Bellini, WJ TI Measles antibody in vaccinated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE HIV-infected children; measles vaccination; measles antibody ID IMMUNIZATION; RESPONSES; INFANTS AB Objectives. The goals of this study were to evaluate the proportion of previously vaccinated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected children with detectable postvaccination measles antibody; to assess risk factors for vaccine failure; and to evaluate the response to reimmunization. Methods. A total of 81 perinatally HIV-infected children receiving medical care in the Bronx, New York, who had previously received measles vaccine were enrolled. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV class, lymphocyte subsets, and measles antibody were determined upon enrollment. Additional data abstracted from medical records included dates and number of prior measles vaccinations and CDC HIV class at the time of vaccination. Measles antibody was determined by microneutralization enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. The median age at time of study was 42 months (range, 9 to 168 months). Overall, 58 (72%) subjects had detectable measles antibody (microneutralization ELISA titer >1:5). Children studied within 1 year of vaccination were more likely to have detectable measles antibody than children evaluated more than 1 year after vaccination (83% vs 52%, P < .01). The proportion of children with detectable measles antibody was higher among children with no or moderate immunosuppression compared to those with severe immunosuppression when immune status was based on CD4%. Children vaccinated at 6 to 11 months of age appeared to have a higher proportion of detectable measles antibody than those who received a first measles vaccination after age 1. Only 1 (14%) of 7 previously vaccinated children who were seronegative or had very low titers experienced a four-fold rise in measles antibody when reimmunized. Conclusion. These results support current recommendations to vaccinate HIV-infected children against measles. The proportion of children with detectable measles antibody among vaccinated HIV-infected children is considerably lower than in vaccinated healthy children. HIV-infected children may respond better to measles vaccine when it is administered before the first birthday. From our limited data it appears that reimmunization of previously vaccinated HIV-infected children with moderate to severe immunosuppression does not result in an antibody recall response. C1 BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR,BRONX,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NEW YORK MED COLL,LINCOLN HOSP CTR,BRONX,NY. BRONX MUNICIPAL HOSP CTR,ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,BRONX,NY 10461. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU PHS HHS [200-91-0917] NR 24 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAY PY 1996 VL 97 IS 5 BP 653 EP 657 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UH758 UT WOS:A1996UH75800008 PM 8628602 ER PT J AU Barnhart, HX Caldwell, MB Thomas, P Mascola, L Ortiz, I Hsu, HW Schulte, J Parrott, R Maldonado, Y Byers, R Stechenberg, B McIntosh, K Pelton, S Meissner, C Tobin, S Pasternack, M Sullivan, J Brunell, P Berkowitz, C Ewing, N Kovacs, A Church, J Taylor, S Deveikis, A Bryson, Y Petru, A Prober, C Wara, D Rubinstein, A Lambert, G Stein, R Champion, S Mendez, H Litman, N Futterman, D Cervia, J Rakusan, T Reid, Y Fomafod, A Kline, M Squires, J Doran, T GarciaTrias, D Julia, JV Mendez, I Diaz, C AF Barnhart, HX Caldwell, MB Thomas, P Mascola, L Ortiz, I Hsu, HW Schulte, J Parrott, R Maldonado, Y Byers, R Stechenberg, B McIntosh, K Pelton, S Meissner, C Tobin, S Pasternack, M Sullivan, J Brunell, P Berkowitz, C Ewing, N Kovacs, A Church, J Taylor, S Deveikis, A Bryson, Y Petru, A Prober, C Wara, D Rubinstein, A Lambert, G Stein, R Champion, S Mendez, H Litman, N Futterman, D Cervia, J Rakusan, T Reid, Y Fomafod, A Kline, M Squires, J Doran, T GarciaTrias, D Julia, JV Mendez, I Diaz, C TI Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in perinatally infected children: An analysis from the pediatric spectrum of disease project SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE pediatric HIV and AIDS; natural history; Markov model ID MARKOV MODEL; TYPE-1 INFECTION; SURVIVAL; INFANTS AB Objective. To describe the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease through clinical stages from birth to death among a large number of perinatally infected children. Methods. The Pediatric Spectrum of Disease (PSD) project, coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has conducted active surveillance for HIV disease since 1988 in seven geographic regions. PSD data are collected from medical and social service records every 6 months through practitioners at each participating hospital clinic. We analyzed data from perinatally HIV-infected children born between 1982 and 1993. The natural history of HIV disease was divided into five progressive stages using the clinical categories in the CDC 1994 pediatric HIV classification system: stage N, no signs or symptoms; stage A, mild signs or symptoms; stage B, moderate signs or symptoms; stage C, severe signs or symptoms; and stage D, death. A five-stage Markov model was fitted to the PSD data. To compare the estimates from the PSD project with the published estimates, we also fitted an alternative Markov model using acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS; 1987 case definition) in place of stage C and also calculated standard Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results. A total of 2148 perinatally HIV-infected children were included in the analysis. The estimated mean times spent in each stage were: N, 10 months; A, 4 months; B, 65 months; and C, 34 months. We estimated that a child born with HIV infection has a 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40%-60%) chance of severe signs or symptoms developing by 5 years of age and a 75% (95% CI, 68%-82%) chance of surviving to 5 years of age. For a child in stage B, there is a 60% (95% CI, 49%-71%) chance of severe signs or symptoms developing within the next 5 years and a 65% (95% CI, 56%-73%) chance of surviving 5 more years. The estimated mean time from birth to stage C was 6.6 (95% CI, 5.7-7.5) years, and the estimated mean survival time from birth was 9.4 (95% CI, 8.1-10.7) years. From the alternative Markov model, the estimated mean time from birth to AIDS was 4.8 (95% CI, 4.5-5.2) years. Conclusion. Markov modeling using the revised pediatric classification system allowed us to describe the natural history of HIV disease in children before diagnosis of AIDS. On average, children progress to moderate symptoms in the second year of life and then remain moderately symptomatic for more than half of their expected lives, underscoring their need for clinical care before the onset of AIDS. The results from the Markov model are useful in family counseling, health care planning, and clinical trial designs. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY. LOS ANGELES DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. PUERTO RICO DEPT HLTH,SAN JUAN,PR. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,AUSTIN,TX 78756. CHILDRENS NATL MED CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20010. STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD,CA 94305. BAYSTATE MED CTR,SPRINGFIELD,MA 01107. BOSTON CHILDRENS HOSP,BOSTON,MA. BOSTON CITY HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02118. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT SOCIAL SERV,BOSTON,MA. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,AMHERST,MA 01003. CEDARS SINAI MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90048. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HARBOR GEN MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. HUNTINGTON HOSP,LOS ANGELES,CA. KAISER PERMANENTE MED GRP,LOS ANGELES,CA. UNIV SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES CTY MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90033. CHILDRENS HOSP LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90027. MARTIN LUTHER KING CHARLES R DREW MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA. MEM MED CTR,LONG BEACH,CA. CHILDRENS HOSP MED CTR NO CALIF,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. SANTA CLARA VALLEY MED CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,NEW YORK,NY. BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR,NEW YORK,NY. BRONX MUNICIPAL HOSP CTR,NEW YORK,NY. COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,HARLEM HOSP CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10032. KINGS CTY HOSP,NEW YORK,NY. MONTEFIORE MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY. N CENT BRONX HOSP CTR,NEW YORK,NY. SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,NEW YORK,NY. CORNELL UNIV,MED CTR,NEW YORK HOSP,NEW YORK,NY 10021. CHILDRENS NATL MED CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20010. HOWARD UNIV HOSP,WASHINGTON,DC. DIST COLUMBIA GEN HOSP,WASHINGTON,DC. BAYLOR COLL MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. CHILDRENS MED CTR,DALLAS,TX 75235. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,SAN ANTONIO,TX. BAYAMON REG MED CTR,BAYAMON,PR. CAGUAS REG HOSP,CAGUAS,PR. SAN JUAN CITY HOSP,SAN JUAN,PR. UNIV PUERTO RICO,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00931. RP Barnhart, HX (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 21 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAY PY 1996 VL 97 IS 5 BP 710 EP 716 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UH758 UT WOS:A1996UH75800018 PM 8628612 ER PT J AU Grabowsky, M Orenstein, WA Marcuse, EK AF Grabowsky, M Orenstein, WA Marcuse, EK TI The critical role of provider practices in undervaccination SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,SEATTLE,WA 98195. NR 20 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAY PY 1996 VL 97 IS 5 BP 735 EP 737 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UH758 UT WOS:A1996UH75800024 PM 8628618 ER PT J AU Calfas, KJ Ling, BJ Sallis, JF Wooten, WJ Pratt, M Patrick, K AF Calfas, KJ Ling, BJ Sallis, JF Wooten, WJ Pratt, M Patrick, K TI A controlled trial of physician counseling to promote the adoption of physical activity SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE primary care physicians; patient education; exercise ID ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; HEALTH PROMOTION; UNITED-STATES; PRIMARY CARE; CHRONIC DISEASES; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING; PREVENTION; EXERCISE; INTERNISTS AB Background. In accordance with one of the Year 2000 Health Objectives, the current study tests the efficacy of brief physician-based counseling to increase physical activity in sedentary patients in a nonrandomized controlled trial. Methods. Control and intervention physicians were matched on medical practice variables. Two hundred fifty-five apparently healthy, sedentary, adult patients were recruited from 17 physician offices (mean age = 39 years, 84% female, 28% ethnic minority). Intervention physicians delivered 3 to 5 min of structured physical activity counseling during a well visit or follow-up for a chronic condition. A health educator made a brief booster phone call to patients 2 weeks after receiving physician counseling. Self-reported physical activity and stage of change (i.e., behavioral readiness to adopt or maintain activity) mere collected at baseline and at 4- to 6-week follow-up. Objective activity monitoring was conducted on a subsample. Results. Intervention patients reported increased walking more than control patients (+37 min/week vs. +7 min/week). There was a significant intervention effect on the activity monitor. Intervention participants also demonstrated a greater increase in readiness to adopt activity than control subjects. Conclusions. Physician-based counseling for physical activity is efficacious in producing short-term increases in moderate physical activity among previously sedentary patients. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. US PHS, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA. RP SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV, DEPT HLTH PROMOT, SAN DIEGO, CA 92182 USA. NR 44 TC 349 Z9 353 U1 1 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 EI 1096-0260 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 225 EP 233 DI 10.1006/pmed.1996.0050 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UQ311 UT WOS:A1996UQ31100001 PM 8780999 ER PT J AU Dixon, DM McNeil, MM Cohen, ML Gellin, BG LaMontagne, JR AF Dixon, DM McNeil, MM Cohen, ML Gellin, BG LaMontagne, JR TI Fungal infections - A growing threat SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII; COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS; TRANSPLANTATION; SPOROTRICHOSIS; HISTOPLASMOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORTALITY; PATHOGENS AB THE EMERGENCE OF newly identified fungal pathogens and the reemergence of previously uncommon fungal diseases is primarily related to increases in the numbers of susceptible persons: people with HIV infection, bone marrow and organ transplant recipients, cancer patients being treated with chemotherapy, critically ill persons, and very low birth weight (less than or equal to 1500 g) infants. These immunocompromised populations are at risk for infection not only with opportunistic pathogens (for example, Pneumocystis, Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Malassezia, Aspergillus, Penicillium mameffei, and numerous other moulds or yeasts) but also with fungal pathogens that usually infect otherwise healthy persons not previously exposed to endemic fungi (for example, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis) and Sporothrix schenckii. Morbidity, mortality, and health care costs associated with fungal infections are high. Addressing the emergence of fungal diseases will require increased surveillance coupled with the availability of rapid, noninvasive diagnostic tests; monitoring the development of resistance to antifungal agents: and research focused on the understanding, prevention, and control of fungal infections. C1 NIAID,CLIN & REGULATORY AFFAIRS BRANCH,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NIAID,DIV MICROBIOL & INFECT DIS,NIH,BACTERIOL & MYCOL BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Andrade, Hugo/M-6631-2013 OI Andrade, Hugo/0000-0001-6781-6125 NR 71 TC 95 Z9 101 U1 3 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 111 IS 3 BP 226 EP 235 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL149 UT WOS:A1996UL14900022 PM 8643813 ER PT J AU Washko, RM Frieden, TR AF Washko, RM Frieden, TR TI Tuberculosis surveillance using death certificate data, New York City, 1992 SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB Objective. To determine the accuracy and frequency of reporting tuberculosis as either the contributing or underlying cause of death on death certificates in New York City during 1992. Methods. Death certificates from 1992 that listed tuberculosis were matched with the New York City tuberculosis registry. For those persons who had tuberculosis listed as a cause of death, but who were not listed in the registry, medical records were reviewed. The frequency of reporting tuberculosis on death certificates in patients who died with active tuberculosis was evaluated in the second part of this study. Death certificates of patients with active tuberculosis (persons who died within six months of starting anti-tuberculosis medications)in 1992 were reviewed. Results. Tuberculosis was listed on 635 death certificates; 377 (59%) were confirmed cases based on registry data. Reviews of medical records were possible for 230 (89%) of the remaining 258 patients and confirmed only two additional tuberculosis cases. Of 310 persons who died with active tuberculosis in 1992 (second part of the study), only 104 (34%) had tuberculosis listed on their death certificates. Conclusion. In New York City, a diagnosis of tuberculosis an death certificates is an inaccurate measure of tuberculosis burden. C1 NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR TB CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY 10013. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 111 IS 3 BP 251 EP 255 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL149 UT WOS:A1996UL14900026 PM 8643817 ER PT J AU Kimball, EH Goldberg, HI Oberle, MW AF Kimball, EH Goldberg, HI Oberle, MW TI The prevalence of selected risk factors for chronic disease among American Indians in Washington State SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB DESPITE GREAT IMPROVEMENTS in recent decades, the health status of American Indians continues to lag behind that of other Americans. Continued health improvement will depend largely on changes in individual behavior. Until recently, however, few data existed on health risk behaviors among American Indians. We conducted personal interviews among the adult population of an Indian Health Service Service Unit in Washington State to estimate the prevalence of some health risk behaviors. This analysis focuses on three of the many topics covered in the survey: tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and weight. Cigarette smoking was more prevalent among both men and women than it was in the general population in the same area with 43% of men and 54% of women among the American Indians interviewed reported that they currently smoked. However, they tended to smoke much less heavily than smokers in the general population. Smokeless tobacco use was concentrated among young men, with the overall prevalence similar to that found in the general population. Acute heavy drinking was found to be common with 40% of men and 33% of women reporting this behavior for the previous month. The prevalence of substantial overweight was 45% among men and 43% among women, considerably higher than in the general population. Tribal leaders and the Indian Health Service are using the findings to design disease prevention and health promotion activities. In addition to providing valuable information about the surveyed populations the survey sewed as a pilot for similar studies of other American Indian groups. C1 INDIAN HLTH SERV,DIV RES EVALUAT & EPIDEMIOL,SEATTLE,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BEHAV EPIDEMIOL & DEMOG RES BRANCH,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 111 IS 3 BP 264 EP 271 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL149 UT WOS:A1996UL14900029 PM 8643820 ER PT J AU Seed, J Chapin, RE Clegg, ED Dostal, LA Foote, RH Hurtt, ME Klinefelter, GR Makris, SL Perreault, SD Schrader, S Seyler, D Sprando, R Treinen, KA Veeramachaneni, DNR Wise, LD AF Seed, J Chapin, RE Clegg, ED Dostal, LA Foote, RH Hurtt, ME Klinefelter, GR Makris, SL Perreault, SD Schrader, S Seyler, D Sprando, R Treinen, KA Veeramachaneni, DNR Wise, LD TI Methods for assessing sperm motility, morphology, and counts in the rat, rabbit, and dog: A consensus report SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methods; sperm motility; sperm morphology; sperm counts; rat; rabbit; dog ID ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; ADULT-RATS; FERTILITY; INVITRO AB Reproductive toxicity studies are increasingly including assessments of sperm parameters including motility, morphology, and counts, While these assessments can provide valuable information for the determination of potential reproductive toxicity, the methods for conducting the assessments have not been well developed in all laboratories and are continually evolving, The use of different methods in different laboratories makes comparison of data among laboratories difficult, To address the differences in methods, a working group was convened to discuss methods currently in use, share data, and try to reach consensus about optimal methods for assessing sperm parameters in rats, rabbits, and dogs, This article presents the consensus report, as well as future research needs, with the hope that optimized common methods will aid in the detection of reproductive effects and enhance interlaboratory comparisons. C1 NIEHS,NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. WARNER LAMBERT PARKE DAVIS,PARKE DAVIS PHARMACEUT RES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. DUPONT CO INC,NEWARK,DE 19714. NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. ELI LILLY & CO,LILLY RES LABS,GREENFIELD,IN 46140. US FDA,BELTSVILLE,MD. COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. MERCK RES LABS,W POINT,PA. RP Seed, J (reprint author), ILSI RISK SCI INST,1126 16TH ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 30 TC 139 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(96)00028-7 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA UN191 UT WOS:A1996UN19100011 PM 8738562 ER PT J AU Osewe, PL Peterman, TA Ransom, RL Zaidi, AA Wroten, JE AF Osewe, PL Peterman, TA Ransom, RL Zaidi, AA Wroten, JE TI Trends in the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases among HIV-positive patients at STD clinics, Miami 1988-1992 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; AIDS AB Background and Objectives: To assess trends in the acquisition of new sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at STD clinics. Study Design: Cohorts of HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons were compared using computerized records from Miami STD clinics for 1988-1992. Persons were assigned to cohorts according to their first positive or first negative HIV test results, New STDs were defined if persons had new diagnoses of gonorrhea, primary or secondary syphilis, chancroid, or lymphogranuloma venereum; were undergoing treatment as contacts for syphilis or gonorrhea; or were undergoing epidemiologic treatment for syphilis or gonorrhea. Results: Of the 103,549 persons who visited the clinics, 53,467 were tested for HIV, and 5,615 had results that were positive, The percentages returning with new STDs were similar for the HIV-positive and HIV-negative cohorts, and both decreased over time, For the 1988 cohorts, 26% of those testing positive and 30% of those testing negative for HIV returned with at least one STD within 5 years. Returns with STD within 1 year decreased from 16% in 1988 to 3% in 1992. Conclusions: Returns decreased dramatically among HIV-positive cohorts; however, there were similar decreases of new STDs among HIV-negative cohorts, so the decrease may have been caused by the decreasing prevalence of bacterial STD in the community rather than by behavioral changes among HIV-positive persons. C1 CDC,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,TALLAHASSEE,FL. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 23 IS 3 BP 230 EP 233 DI 10.1097/00007435-199605000-00012 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA UM482 UT WOS:A1996UM48200012 PM 8724514 ER PT J AU Garnett, GP Hughes, JP Anderson, RM Stoner, BP Aral, SO Whittington, WL Handsfield, HH Holmes, KK AF Garnett, GP Hughes, JP Anderson, RM Stoner, BP Aral, SO Whittington, WL Handsfield, HH Holmes, KK TI Sexual mixing patterns of patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS; HIV TRANSMISSION; GONORRHEA; NETWORKS; PARTNER; CHOICE; RISK AB Background: Theoretical studies have highlighted the importance of patterns of choice of sex partner in the transmission and persistence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Goal: To describe reported patterns of sexual mixing according to numbers of sex partners in STD clinics. Study Design: Patients attending public health clinics in Seattle, Washington were interviewed about their own and their partners' behaviors. Results: Throughout, patterns of sexual mixing were weakly assortative, Across activity groups, many respondents believed their partners had no other sexual contacts, Those with three or more partners frequently perceived their partners to have three or more partners as well. Conclusions: Assortatively mixing persons of high sexual activity makes the persistence of STDs within a population likely (i.e., they act as a ''core group''). Additionally, because mixing is not highly assortative (like with like), a steady trickle of infection from members of the core group will pass to other segments of the population. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR AIDS & STD,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV WASHINGTON,SEATTLE KING CTY DEPT PUBL HLTH,SEATTLE,WA 98195. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV STD & HIV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Garnett, GP (reprint author), UNIV OXFORD,WELLCOME CTR EPIDEMIOL INFECT DIS,DEPT ZOOL,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND. RI Garnett, Geoffrey/A-9312-2008 NR 29 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 23 IS 3 BP 248 EP 257 DI 10.1097/00007435-199605000-00015 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA UM482 UT WOS:A1996UM48200015 PM 8724517 ER PT J AU Wells, C Mannino, DM AF Wells, C Mannino, DM TI Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer in the United States: Analysis of the multiple cause of death mortality data, 1979 through 1991 SO SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LOWER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; UNKNOWN CAUSE; DISEASE AB We determined the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer in the United States from 1979 through 1991 by analyzing death certificate reports compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. Of the 26,866,600 people who died during the study period, 107,312 died with pulmonary fibrosis, 1,739,725 died with lung cancer, 2,040,634 died with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 7,807 died with asbestosis. Lung cancer occurred less frequently among decedents with pulmonary fibrosis (4.81%) and more frequently among decedents with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10.06%) and decedents with asbestosis (26.60%) than among decedents in the general population (6.48%). We conclude that the prevalence of lung cancer among people who died with a diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis is lower than the 10% to 40% prevalence that has been reported in case series of pulmonary fibrosis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,ATLANTA,GA. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 22 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHERN MEDICAL ASSN PI BIRMINGHAM PA 35 LAKESHORE DR PO BOX 190088, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35219 SN 0038-4348 J9 SOUTHERN MED J JI South.Med.J. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 505 EP 510 DI 10.1097/00007611-199605000-00012 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ522 UT WOS:A1996UJ52200012 PM 8638179 ER PT J AU Ayala, IA Tomer, A Kellar, KL AF Ayala, IA Tomer, A Kellar, KL TI Flow cytometric analysis of megakaryocyte-associated antigens on CD34 cells and their progeny in liquid culture SO STEM CELLS LA English DT Article DE megakaryocytes; CD34 cells; glycoprotein IIbIIIa; c-kit; three-color flow cytometry; IL-6 ID HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH-FACTORS; DIFFERENTIATION; RECOMBINANT; INTERLEUKIN-3; EXPRESSION; MATURATION; EXPANSION AB Three-color flow cytometry was used to analyze the coexpression of surface antigens on megakaryocytes (MKs) developing in liquid cultures of enriched CD34+ cells purified from cord blood. Cells were cultured in serum-replete medium supplemented with interleukin 3 (IL-3), stem cell factor and IL-6. During two weeks of culture, total cells increased 76 +/- 36-fold, CD34(+) cells maximally expanded between days 2 and 4, and then gradually decreased to their original input numbers by day 14. As CD34(+) cells declined, MKs, defined as glycoprotein (GP) IIbIIIa(+) cells, steadily increased in culture 20.9 +/- 18.3-fold. Megakaryopoiesis was further defined by monitoring the expression of GPs IIb, IIIa, Ib, IbIX, and IIIb and c-kit antigen. Increased expression of GPs IIbIIIa and IIb occurred earliest in culture, followed by IIIa and Ib, and then IbIX. Expression of IIIb, also found on monocytes, did not parallel that of the other antigens except when coexpressed on IIbIIIa(+) cells. c-kit expression paralleled that of CD34 until the second week of culture when expression was high on nonMKs. Each of these antigens was coexpressed on CD34(+) cells and identified a subset of late MK progenitors that increased steadily in culture. Triple-labeled cells expressing CD34, IIbIIIa and a third MK-related antigen were seen at all times. Polyploid MKs of up to 32N were observed during the second week of culture, Multiparametric flow cytometry proved to be a rapid, sensitive and specific method for quantitating the changes in antigen expression of differentiating MKs. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,BPB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV PEDIAT HEMATOL ONCOL,ATLANTA,GA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALPHAMED PRESS PI DAYTON PA 4100 S KETTERING BLVD, DAYTON, OH 45439-2092 SN 1066-5099 J9 STEM CELLS JI Stem Cells PD MAY PY 1996 VL 14 IS 3 BP 320 EP 329 PG 10 WC Cell & Tissue Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Hematology SC Cell Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Oncology; Hematology GA UM632 UT WOS:A1996UM63200007 PM 8724698 ER PT J AU Rosemond, ZA DeRosa, CT Cibulas, W Hicks, HE AF Rosemond, ZA DeRosa, CT Cibulas, W Hicks, HE TI Proceedings of the Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium - 4-6 May 1994 Detroit, Michigan - Preface SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material RP Rosemond, ZA (reprint author), AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,E-29,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 302 EP 302 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300002 ER PT J AU Hicks, HE AF Hicks, HE TI The Great Lakes: A historical overview SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Great-Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium CY MAY 04-06, 1994 CL DETROIT, MI SP US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Public Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry,, Atlanta, Hlth Canada, Ottawa, Risk Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington DE Great Lakes; human health; persistent toxic substances; wildlife ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; HYDROCARBONS; CHILDREN; FISH; PCBS AB The Great Lakes are collectively the largest inland body of freshwater on this planet. For more than two hundred years, the Great Lakes basin has been used as a resource for industry, agriculture, shipping, and recreation. The physical characteristics of the basin and the long retention time of chemicals in the lakes combine to make this huge freshwater resource a repository for chemical by-products of these activities. Many of the more than one thousand chemicals detected in the waters, sediment, or biota of the Great Lakes have known toxic effects. This overview will identify the II most persistent toxic chemicals known as ''critical'' Great Lakes pollutants. It also will describe some of the adverse health effects that have been observed in fish and other wildlife because of exposure to these pollutants. Finally, it will discuss some of the early human health studies that 1) have demonstrated a correlation between increased body burdens and fish consumption, and 2) suggest an association between consumption of contaminated Great Lakes fish and adverse human health effects. RP Hicks, HE (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,AGCY TOXIC SUBSTANCES & DIS REGISTRY,DIV TOXICOL,MAILSTOP E-29,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 303 EP 313 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300003 PM 8843548 ER PT J AU DeRosa, CT Johnson, BL AF DeRosa, CT Johnson, BL TI Strategic elements of ATSDR's Great Lakes human health effects research program SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Great-Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium CY MAY 04-06, 1994 CL DETROIT, MI SP US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Public Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry,, Atlanta, Hlth Canada, Ottawa, Risk Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington DE Great Lakes; research; strategy AB The goal of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's (ATSDR) Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Program is to identify at-risk populations and to prevent potential human health effects associated with exposure to chemical contaminants in the Great Lakes basin. While this research effort is mandated by the Great Lakes Critical Programs Act of 1990, it also represents a significant opportunity to define a broader model or strategy for other regional or systems-level studies of potential health effects in at-risk populations. This article describes the strategy developed by ATSDR for this purpose in the Great Lakes Basin, as well as the program's specific research objectives and current status. It also outlines the projected implications of this research effort for greater comprehension of the potential health effects of exposure to contaminants in the Great Lakes Basin. RP DeRosa, CT (reprint author), AGCY TOXIC SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV TOXICOL,MAILSTOP E-29,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 1 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 315 EP 325 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300004 PM 8843549 ER PT J AU Hicks, HE Spengler, RF AF Hicks, HE Spengler, RF TI Harmonizing human health studies in the Great Lakes SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Great-Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium CY MAY 04-06, 1994 CL DETROIT, MI SP US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Public Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry,, Atlanta, Hlth Canada, Ottawa, Risk Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington DE Great Lakes basin; human health studies ID FISH AB Epidemiological studies of exposed human populations can provide valuable evidence of human health effects. Information has been sparse on human health effects associated with consumption of contaminated Great Lakes fish. As part of its Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Program, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has funded ten projects. Of these studies, eight are epidemiologic investigations of human exposure and potential health effects from consumption of contaminated fish. To strengthen and to enhance the findings and comparability across the health studies, ATSDR has initiated several activities. These activities include harmonizing questionnaires, analytical protocols, human health endpoints, and contaminants tested. Also included is the establishment of a quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) program and tissue bank. These activities will allow ATSDR to enhance exposure assessment in the Great Lakes basin. In addition, these research activities allow ATSDR to evaluate and to interpret data across all the projects, including a basin-wide health risk analysis on exposure, levels of contaminants or body burden, and the potential for human health effects from exposure to Great Lakes contaminants. C1 US DEPT HHS,DIV HLTH STUDIES,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Hicks, HE (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,DIV TOXICOL,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,PUBL HLTH SERV,MAILSTOP E-29,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 467 EP 476 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300018 PM 8843563 ER PT J AU Bartley, SL Gunter, EW AF Bartley, SL Gunter, EW TI Laboratory practice and archival storage of biological specimens SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Great-Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium CY MAY 04-06, 1994 CL DETROIT, MI SP US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Public Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry,, Atlanta, Hlth Canada, Ottawa, Risk Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington DE biological specimen bank; cryogenic conditions; repository RP Bartley, SL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MAILSTOP L-02,1600 CLIFTON RD,NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 477 EP 480 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300019 PM 8843564 ER PT J AU Burse, VW Patterson, DG Brock, JW Needham, LL AF Burse, VW Patterson, DG Brock, JW Needham, LL TI Selected analytical methods used at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for measuring environmental pollutants in serum SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Great-Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium CY MAY 04-06, 1994 CL DETROIT, MI SP US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Public Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry,, Atlanta, Hlth Canada, Ottawa, Risk Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington DE blood serum; environmental pollutants; solid-phase extraction; two-dimensional chromatography ID MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; AROCLOR-1254; RESIDUES; BLOOD AB Blood serum is one of the more viable matrices used in assessing exposure to persistent environmental contaminants or their metabolites, especially those that are lipophilic. Analytic methods currently in use for this matrix usually involve liquid/liquid extraction followed by adsorption chromatography as a cleanup step, and low- or high-resolution gas chromatography with either electron-capture or mass spectrometric detection. The traditional analytic methods are labor intensive, have low sample throughput, and use excessive amounts of solvents and reagents. Two analytic approaches that address the requirements of modern laboratories more effectively are: I) solid-phase extraction (SPE), used to analyze serum for several classes of compounds of environmental concern (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], persistent pesticides, dioxins, furans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls [CPCBs]), and 2) fast chromatography with a two-dimensional gas chromatographic system, which can be used in the determinative step for these types of analytes. RP Burse, VW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 481 EP 498 PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300020 PM 8843565 ER PT J AU Needham, LL Patterson, DG Burse, VW Paschal, DC Turner, WE Hill, RH AF Needham, LL Patterson, DG Burse, VW Paschal, DC Turner, WE Hill, RH TI Reference range data for assessing exposure to selected environmental toxicants SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Great-Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium CY MAY 04-06, 1994 CL DETROIT, MI SP US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Public Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry,, Atlanta, Hlth Canada, Ottawa, Risk Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington DE biologic specimens; dioxins; fisheaters; metals; pesticides; reference ranges ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ZEEMAN CORRECTION; LVOV PLATFORM; HUMAN-SERUM; URINE; BLOOD; FISH; HYDROCARBONS; CONSUMPTION AB We analyzed blood and urine specimens from 32 charter boat captains, anglers, and spouses from both groups, who reportedly ate fish from Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Erie, for selected environmental toxicants. The toxicants measured in serum were polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, other polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and persistent pesticides. Nonpersistent pesticides and elements were measured in urine; and elements were measured in blood. Internal dose levels of these toxicants will be compared to reference range data that we have compiled. These reference range data will be used to ascertain the exposure status of individuals or groups within this study. RP Needham, LL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 507 EP 513 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300022 PM 8843567 ER PT J AU Rodier, GR Gubler, DJ Cope, SE Cropp, CB Soliman, AK Polycarpe, D Abdourhaman, MA Parra, JP Maslin, J Arthur, RR AF Rodier, GR Gubler, DJ Cope, SE Cropp, CB Soliman, AK Polycarpe, D Abdourhaman, MA Parra, JP Maslin, J Arthur, RR TI Epidemic dengue 2 in the city of Djibouti 1991-1992 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE dengue 2; Djibouti ID ORIGINAL ANTIGENIC SIN; SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE; INFECTIONS; FEVER; ANTIBODIES; VIRUSES AB From October 1991 to February 1992, an outbreak of acute fever (in which thick blood films were negative for malaria) spread rapidly in the city of Djibouti, Djibouti Republic, affecting all age groups and both nationals and foreigners. The estimated number of cases was 12000. The clinical features were consistent with a non-haemorrhagic dengue-like illness. Serum samples from 91 patients were analysed serologically for flavivirus infection (dengue 1-4, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika, Banzi, and Uganda-S), and virus isolation was attempted. Twelve strains of dengue 2 virus were isolated. Dengue infection was confirmed by a 4-fold or greater rise in immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody in paired serum specimens, the presence of IgM antibody, or isolation of the virus. Overall, 46 of the suspected cases (51%) were confirmed virologically or had serological evidence of a recent flavivirus infection. Statistical analysis showed that the presence of a rash was the best predictor of flavivirus seropositivity. In November 1992, Aedes aegypti was widespread and abundant in several districts of Djibouti city. A serological study of serum samples collected from Djiboutian military personnel 5 months before the epidemic showed that only 15/177 (8.5%) had flavivirus antibodies. These findings, together with a negative serosurvey for dengue serotypes 1-4 and yellow fever virus performed in 1987, support the conclusion that dengue 2 virus has only recently been introduced to Djibouti. C1 USN,MED RES UNIT 3,CAIRO,EGYPT. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 90 IS 3 BP 237 EP 240 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UT794 UT WOS:A1996UT79400009 PM 8758061 ER PT J AU Dreyer, G Santos, A Noroes, J Rocha, A Addiss, D AF Dreyer, G Santos, A Noroes, J Rocha, A Addiss, D TI Amicrofilaraemic carriers of adult Wuchereria bancrofti SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE filariasis; Wuchereria bancrofti; ultrasonography; adult worm carriers AB To determine the extent to which Wuchereria bancrofti infections can be detected in asymptomatic amicro-filaraemic men in Greater Recife, Brazil, we studied 100 asymptomatic men who were long-term residents (greater than or equal to 15 years) of this filariasis-endemic area and who were amicrofilaraemic in 60 mu L, of capillary blood collected at night. Increasing amounts (1, 5, and 10 mL) of venous blood were collected in consecutive weeks, filtered, and examined for microfilariae; 27 men were eventually found to be microfilariaemic and 10 remained amicrofilaraemic but were found to be carriers of living adult W. bancrofti by ultrasound examination of the scrotal area. Thus, 37% of 'amicrofilaraemic' men (in 60 mu L of blood) were found to be infected by more thorough investigation. Ultrasound is a valuable tool to identify adult worm infections in amicrofilaraemic persons, particularly for evaluation of serological assays and immunological studies in which the distinction between 'amicrofilaraemic adult worm carriers' and 'endemic normal subjects' is critical. C1 UNIV FED PERNAMBUCO,HOSP CLIN,UROL SERV,RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEP HHS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Dreyer, G (reprint author), FIOCRUZ MS,CTR PESQUISAS AGGEU MAGALHAES,DEPT PARASITOL,AV MORAES REGO S-N,BR-52020200 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. NR 10 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 90 IS 3 BP 288 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90253-9 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UT794 UT WOS:A1996UT79400027 PM 8758079 ER PT J AU Aaby, P Samb, B Simondon, F Knudsen, K Seck, AMC Bennett, J Markowitz, L Whittle, H AF Aaby, P Samb, B Simondon, F Knudsen, K Seck, AMC Bennett, J Markowitz, L Whittle, H TI A comparison of vaccine efficacy and mortality during routine use of high-titre Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz standard measles vaccines in rural Senegal SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE measles; vaccines; Edmonston-Zagreb; Schwarz standard; Senegal ID TITER; IMMUNIZATION; CHILDREN; AGE AB Vaccine efficacy and mortality in successive cohorts of children who routinely received either Edmonston-Zagreb high-titre (EZ-HT) or Schwarz standard (SW-STD) measles vaccines have been examined in a rural area of Senegal. The 2 vaccines were equally protective against measles infection (vaccination efficacy: EZ-HT 94%; SW-STD 93%). Children who did not attend a scheduled session to receive measles vaccine had a higher mortality rate between 9 months and 2 years of age than did children receiving either EZ-HT (mortality ratio [MR] = 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-3.08) or SW-STD measles vaccine (MR=1.74, 95% CI 0.95-3.21). Children of either sex vaccinated with EZ-HT had lower mortality than their equivalents who had not received any measles vaccine. There was no difference in overall mortality between recipients of EZ-HT and SW-STD (MR=0.96, 95% CI 0.70-1.30). Using a Cox regression analysis to adjust for sex, age and significant background factors (season and death of mother), mortality rates tended to be lower for male recipients of EZ-HT than for boys receiving SW-STD (MR=0.73, 95% CI 0.50-1.11) and higher for girls receiving EZ-HT than for girls receiving SW-STD (MR=1.30, 95% CI 0.81-2.09) (rest of interaction between sex and vaccine, P=0.067). The tendency to reduced survival benefit for girls following receipt of high-titre measles vaccines substantiated observations from randomized trials in Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Haiti. Existing data provide little support for the notion that high-titre vaccine is deleterious bur it may not have the same beneficial effects as standard-titre measles vaccine. C1 ORSTOM,UR MALAD INFECT & PARASITAIRES,DAKAR,SENEGAL. UNIV CHEIKH ANTA DIOP,DAKAR,SENEGAL. TASK FORCE CHILD SURVIVAL & DEV,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MRC LABS,BANJUL,GAMBIA. RP Aaby, P (reprint author), STATENS SERUM INST,EPIDEMIOL RES UNIT,DANISH EPIDEMIOL SCI CTR,ARTILLERIVEJ 5,DK-2300 COPENHAGEN S,DENMARK. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 90 IS 3 BP 326 EP 330 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90275-8 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UT794 UT WOS:A1996UT79400044 PM 8758096 ER PT J AU Pau, CP Hu, DJ Spruill, C Schable, C Lackritz, E Kai, M George, JR Rayfield, MA Dondero, TJ Williams, AE Busch, MP Brown, AE McCutchan, FE Schochetman, G AF Pau, CP Hu, DJ Spruill, C Schable, C Lackritz, E Kai, M George, JR Rayfield, MA Dondero, TJ Williams, AE Busch, MP Brown, AE McCutchan, FE Schochetman, G TI Surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O infections in the United States SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article AB Background: Reports that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group O variants are not reliably detected by some commercial diagnostic tests have raised concerns about the sensitivity of existing screening tests, especially with regard to blood safety. Although it is unlikely that these divergent strains are prevalent in North America, systematic, continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the potential spread of HIV variants into that region, Study Design and Methods: Stored serum samples (n = 1072) from both high- and low-risk population groups al several sites in the United Stales and Puerto Rico were tested by peptide enzyme immunoassays specific for the prototypic HIV-1 group O strains, MVP5180 and ANT70. Results: None of the 1072 samples examined had peptide reactivity that was consistent with HIV-1 group O infection. Conclusion: While no evidence of specific HIV-I group O (MVP5180 or ANT70) infection was found in this study, the sensitivity of current tests has not been fully evaluated against the wide range of genetic variation of HIV. Therefore, it is important to continue active surveillance far HIV-1 and HIV type 2 strains, to characterize any divergent strains, and to judiciously modify tests to correct for any deficiencies in sensitivity. C1 AMER RED CROSS,JEROME H HOLLAND LAB,ROCKVILLE,MD. IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. HENRY M JACKSON FDN RES LAB,ROCKVILLE,MD. WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DIV RETROVIROL,ROCKVILLE,MD. RP Pau, CP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,M-S D12,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD MAY PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 398 EP 400 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1996.36596282582.x PG 3 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA UT758 UT WOS:A1996UT75800004 PM 8693502 ER PT J AU Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI The phylogeny of new world (Tacaribe complex) arenaviruses SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN GENE; S-RNA; PICHINDE ARENAVIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; INTERGENIC REGION; JUNIN; ORGANIZATION AB Several New World (Tacaribe complex) arenaviruses (Arenaviridae) are known to cause severe hemorrhagic disease in humans. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Tacaribe complex arenaviruses previously has been limited by the relative scarcity of sequence data for arenavirus genomes. In the present study, oligonucleotide primers were designed based on conserved regions of the nucleocapsid (N) protein gene and then used to amplify, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, a 613- to 649-nucleotide region of the N gene of all known Tacaribe complex arenaviruses. This has allowed completion of the first detailed genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of all known members of the Tacaribe complex. These viruses formed three lineages. Lineage A contained Flexal, Parana, Pichinde, and Tamiami viruses; lineage B contained Amapari, Guanarito (GUA), Junin (JUN), Machupo (MAC), Sabia (SAB), and Tacaribe viruses. Latino and Oliveros viruses occupied lineage C. The highly pathogenic Tacaribe complex arenaviruses (GUA, JUN, MAC, SAB) were all members of lineage B, suggesting the possibility that the highly pathogenic phenotype is the result of evolutionary radiation from a common ancestor. The approach described here provides a rapid method for characterization of novel Tacaribe complex arenaviruses and may provide clues as to their potential public health importance. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 33 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 219 IS 1 BP 285 EP 290 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0248 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA UJ532 UT WOS:A1996UJ53200033 PM 8623541 ER PT J AU Wilcox, L AF Wilcox, L TI Federal oversight of assisted reproduction: Public health, consumer protection, and public resources SO WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the National-Advisory-Board-on-Ethics-in-Reproduction - Assisted Reproduction: A Process Ripe for Regulation CY OCT 20, 1995 CL NABER HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, DC SP Natl Advisory Board Ethics Reprod HO NABER HEADQUARTERS RP Wilcox, L (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PROGRAM SERV & DEV BRANCH,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1049-3867 J9 WOMEN HEALTH ISS JI Womens Health Iss. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 150 EP 155 DI 10.1016/1049-3867(96)85677-5 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA UN922 UT WOS:A1996UN92200011 PM 8672900 ER PT J AU Wilcox, LS Marks, JS AF Wilcox, LS Marks, JS TI Regulating assisted reproductive technologies: Public health consumer protection, and public resources SO WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES LA English DT Article ID SUCCESS C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF DIRECTOR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Wilcox, LS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PROGRAM SERV & DEV BRANCH,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1049-3867 J9 WOMEN HEALTH ISS JI Womens Health Iss. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1016/1049-3867(96)00015-1 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA UN922 UT WOS:A1996UN92200015 PM 8672903 ER PT J AU Dutra, WO Gollob, KJ Martins-Filho, OA Pereira, ME PintoDias, JC Brener, ZI Colley, DG Gazzinelli, G CorreaOliveira, R Coffman, RL Carvalho, JC AF Dutra, WO Gollob, KJ Martins-Filho, OA Pereira, ME PintoDias, JC Brener, ZI Colley, DG Gazzinelli, G CorreaOliveira, R Coffman, RL Carvalho, JC TI Down modulation of in vitro reactivity to idiotypic stimulation is correlated with high levels of CD8+ cells, high levels of IL-10 transcription and low expression of IL-2 receptor. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 FIOCRUZ MS, CTR PESQUISAS RENE RACHOU, BR-30190002 BELO HORIZONTE, MG, BRAZIL. CDC, DIV PARASIT DIS, ATLANTA, GA USA. DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC, PALO ALTO, CA 94304 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 30 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 194 EP 194 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA UK861 UT WOS:A1996UK86100425 ER PT J AU Gollob, KJ Dutra, WO Fonseca, L Roberts, M Webster, M Fraga, L Silveira, AS Yssel, H Colley, DG Dunne, D CorreaOliveira, R AF Gollob, KJ Dutra, WO Fonseca, L Roberts, M Webster, M Fraga, L Silveira, AS Yssel, H Colley, DG Dunne, D CorreaOliveira, R TI Determination of cytokine profile by single cell cytokine (SCC) analysis of IgE responder and non-responder schistosomiasis patients. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CPQ REN RACHOU,BR-30190002 BELO HORIZONT,MG,BRAZIL. CDC,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PATHOL,DIV PARASITOL,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND. UNIVALE,GOV VALADARES,MG,BRAZIL. DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC,PALO ALTO,CA 94304. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 30 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 332 EP 332 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA UK861 UT WOS:A1996UK86100560 ER PT J AU Adewusi, OI Colley, DG Secor, WE AF Adewusi, OI Colley, DG Secor, WE TI Association between TNF-alpha and morbidity during experimental chronic schistosomiasis. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,DHHS,USPHS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FERRIS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BIG RAPIDS,MI 49307. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 30 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1072 EP 1072 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA UK861 UT WOS:A1996UK86101301 ER PT J AU Morato, MJF Freeman, GL Colley, DG Powell, MR AF Morato, MJF Freeman, GL Colley, DG Powell, MR TI Splenic T lymphocyte phenotypes in inbred mice that differ in cardiac pathology during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,USPHS,DHHS,ATLANTA,GA. FIOCRUZ MS,CTR PESQUISAS RENE RACHOU,BELO HORIZONT,MG,BRAZIL. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 30 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1993 EP 1993 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA UK861 UT WOS:A1996UK86102224 ER PT J AU Unger, ER Vernon, SD Sharma, S Lee, DR AF Unger, ER Vernon, SD Sharma, S Lee, DR TI Human papillomavirus (HPV) type in anal condylomas is influenced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 30 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 2488 EP 2488 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA UK861 UT WOS:A1996UK86102714 ER PT J AU Pirkle, JL Flegal, KM Bernert, JT Brody, DJ Etzel, RA Maurer, KR AF Pirkle, JL Flegal, KM Bernert, JT Brody, DJ Etzel, RA Maurer, KR TI Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke - The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SCOTTISH HEART HEALTH; PASSIVE SMOKING; NONSMOKING WOMEN; URINARY COTININE; DIETARY NICOTINE; SERUM COTININE; LUNG-CANCER; BODY-FLUIDS; SALIVA AB Objective.-To estimate the extent of exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke and the contribution of the home and workplace environment to environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Design.-Nationally representative cross-sectional survey including questionnaire information from persons aged 2 months and older (n=16818) and measurements of serum cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) from persons aged 4 years and older (n=10642). Setting/Participants.-Participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, October 25, 1988, to October 21, 1991. Results.-Of US children aged 2 months to 11 years, 43% lived in a home with at least 1 smoker, and 37% of adult non-tobacco users lived in a home with at least 1 smoker or reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure at work. Serum cotinine levels indicated more widespread exposure to nicotine. Of non-tobacco users, 87.9% had detectable levels of serum cotinine, Both the number of smokers in the household and the hours exposed at work were significantly and independently associated (P<.001, multiple regression t test) with increased serum cotinine levels. Serum cotinine levels of children, non-Hispanic blacks, and males indicated that these groups had higher exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Dietary variables showed no consistent association with serum cotinine levels, and dietary contribution to serum cotinine level, if any, appeared to be extremely small. Conclusions.-The high proportion of the population with detectable serum cotinine levels indicates widespread exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the US population, Both the home and workplace environments significantly contribute to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the United States. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Pirkle, JL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,MAILSTOP F20,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 50 TC 343 Z9 348 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 24 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 16 BP 1233 EP 1240 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UF478 UT WOS:A1996UF47800026 PM 8601954 ER PT J AU Longo, DR Brownson, RC Johnson, JC Hewett, JE Kruse, RL Novotny, TE Logan, RA AF Longo, DR Brownson, RC Johnson, JC Hewett, JE Kruse, RL Novotny, TE Logan, RA TI Hospital smoking bans and employee smoking behavior - Results of a national survey SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RISK FACTOR SURVEY; CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION; PASSIVE SMOKING; BIRTH-WEIGHT; HEALTH; WORKPLACE; CESSATION; POLICY; CHALLENGES; POPULATION AB Objective.-To examine the impact of workplace smoking bans on smoking behavior of employees. Participants.-A total of 1469 current or former smokers (intervention group) employed in smoke-free hospitals and 920 current or former smokers (comparison group) employed in non-smoke-free workplaces were surveyed to determine smoking behavior. Design.-This cross-sectional study is part of a larger, ongoing prospective study, The study design was quasi-experimental. We randomly selected sites consisting of a hospital and a corresponding community. Furthermore, we randomly selected subjects from hospitals and their corresponding communities. Main Outcome Measures.-Postban quit ratio and progression along the stages-of-change continuum. Methods.-The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the postban quit ratio between the intervention and comparison groups. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel analysis of variance statistic was used to compare groups on the stages-of-change variables. Results.-Beginning with the smoking ban and continuing for 5 years after implementation, statistically significant differences in the postban quit ratio were observed between employees of smoke-free hospitals who were smokers and counterparts in the community (P<.001). Despite preban differences in smoking intensity, the overall difference in postban quit ratios remained significant even after multivariate adjustment for socioeconomic, demographic, and smoking intensity variables. For those sites that were 5 years postban, the quit ratio was 0.506 in smoke-free work-places compared with 0.377 in workplaces where smoking was permitted. In all but 1 category, the intervention group was further along the stages-of-change continuum toward quitting smoking than the comparison group (P<.001). Conclusion.-American hospitals' experiences with smoking bans, which directly affect more than 5 million workers, should be examined by other industries as a method of improving employee health. Workplace smoking bans could also be effective in saving lives, reducing health care costs, addressing safety concerns, and decreasing operating and maintenance expenses of employers. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,SCH MED,MED INFORMAT GRP,COLUMBIA,MO 65212. UNIV MISSOURI,COLL ARTS & SCI,DEPT STAT,COLUMBIA,MO 65212. UNIV MISSOURI,SCH JOURNALISM,COLUMBIA,MO 65212. ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,ST LOUIS,MO. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Longo, DR (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY & COMMUNITY MED,MA306 MED SCI BLDG,COLUMBIA,MO 65212, USA. OI Kruse, Robin/0000-0001-9759-7218 NR 75 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 24 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 16 BP 1252 EP 1257 DI 10.1001/jama.275.16.1252 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UF478 UT WOS:A1996UF47800029 PM 8601957 ER PT J AU Fiore, MC Wetter, DW Bailey, WC Bennett, G Cohen, SJ Dorfman, SF Goldstein, MG Gritz, ER Hasselblad, V Henningfield, JE Heyman, RB Holbrook, J Husten, C Jaen, CR Kohler, C Kottke, TE Lando, HA Manley, M Mecklenburg, R Melvin, C Mullen, PD Nett, LM Piasecki, TM Robinson, L Rothstein, D Schriger, DL Stitzer, ML Stachenko, S Tommasello, A Villejo, L Wewers, ME Baker, TB AF Fiore, MC Wetter, DW Bailey, WC Bennett, G Cohen, SJ Dorfman, SF Goldstein, MG Gritz, ER Hasselblad, V Henningfield, JE Heyman, RB Holbrook, J Husten, C Jaen, CR Kohler, C Kottke, TE Lando, HA Manley, M Mecklenburg, R Melvin, C Mullen, PD Nett, LM Piasecki, TM Robinson, L Rothstein, D Schriger, DL Stitzer, ML Stachenko, S Tommasello, A Villejo, L Wewers, ME Baker, TB TI The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WEIGHT-GAIN; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; UNITED-STATES; QUIT SMOKING; BODY-WEIGHT; WOMEN; INTERVENTION; POPULATION; PHYSICIAN AB Objective.-To summarize the Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline that provides recommendations for 3 groups of professionals: primary care clinicians, smoking cessation specialists, and health care administrators, insurers, and purchasers. Participants.-An independent panel of scientists, clinicians, consumers, and methodologists selected by the US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Evidence.-English-language, peer-reviewed literature published between 1975 and 1994 that addresses the assessment and treatment of tobacco dependence, nicotine addiction, and clinical practice. Consensus Process.-Four panel meetings were held over 2 years to evaluate meta-analytic and other results, to synthesize the results, and to develop recommendations. The Guideline was repeatedly reviewed and revised. Conclusions.-The panel recommendations address 3 audiences, Major recommendations for primary care clinicians are to use officewide systems to identify smokers, treat every smoker with a cessation or motivational intervention, offer nicotine replacement except in special circumstances, and schedule follow-up contact to occur after cessation, Major recommendations to smoking cessation specialists are to use multiple individual or group counseling sessions lasting at least 20 minutes each with sessions spanning multiple weeks, offer nicotine replacement, and provide problem-solving and social support counseling, Major recommendations for health care administrators, insurers, and purchasers are that tobacco-user identification systems be used in all clinics and that smoking cessation treatment be supported through staff education and training, dedicated staff, changes in hospital policies, and the provision of reimbursement for tobacco-dependence treatment. C1 UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,HOUSTON,TX. UNIV ALABAMA,BIRMINGHAM,AL. NHLBI,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,WINSTON SALEM,NC. BROWN UNIV,SCH MED,MIRIAM HOSP,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. DUKE UNIV,DURHAM,NC. NIDA,NIH,BALTIMORE,MD. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,CINCINNATI,OH. UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. SUNY BUFFALO,CTR URBAN RES PRIMARY CARE,BUFFALO,NY. MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,ROCHESTER,MN 55905. UNIV MINNESOTA,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. NCI,NIH,ROCKVILLE,MD. NCI,POTOMAC,MD. UNIV TEXAS,CTR HLTH PROMOT RES & DEV,HOUSTON,TX. CTR HLTH SCI STUDIES,PSL HLTH ONE,DENVER,CO. UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,CTR TOBACCO RES & INTERVENT,MADISON,WI. OFF DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,WASHINGTON,DC. DEPT PUBL HLTH,WASHINGTON,DC. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,LOS ANGELES,CA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,BAYVIEW MED CTR,BALTIMORE,MD. HLTH CANADA,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH PHARM,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. OHIO STATE UNIV,COLL NURSING,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Fiore, MC (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,CTR TOBACCO RES & INTERVENT,1300 UNIV AVE,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 68 TC 222 Z9 222 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 24 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 16 BP 1270 EP 1280 PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UF478 UT WOS:A1996UF47800032 ER PT J AU Kaplan, GA Pamuk, ER Lynch, JW Cohen, RD Balfour, JL AF Kaplan, GA Pamuk, ER Lynch, JW Cohen, RD Balfour, JL TI Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: Analysis of mortality and potential pathways SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE AB Objective-To examine the relation between health outcomes and the equality with which income is distributed in the United States. Design-The degree of income inequality, defined as the percentage of total household income received by the less well off 50% of households, and changes in income inequality were calculated for the 50 states in 1980 and 1990. These measures were then examined in relation to all cause mortality adjusted for age for each state, age specific deaths, changes in mortalities, and other health outcomes and potential pathways for 1980, 1990, and 1989-91. Main outcome measure-Age adjusted mortality from all causes. Results-There was a significant correlation (r = 0 . 62, P < 0 . 001) between the percentage of total household income received by the less well off 50% in each state and all cause mortality, unaffected by adjustment for state median incomes. Income inequality was also significantly associated with age specific mortalities and rates of low birth weight, homicide, violent crime, work disability, expenditures on medical care and police protection, smoking, and sedentary activity. Rates of unemployment, imprisonment, recipients of income assistance and food stamps, lack of medical insurance, and educational outcomes were also worse as income inequality increased. Income inequality was also associated with mortality trends, and there was a suggestion of an impact of inequality trends on mortality trends. Conclusions-Variations between states in the inequality of the distribution of income are significantly associated with variations between states in a large number of health outcomes and social indicators and with mortality trends. These differences parallel relative investments in human and social capital. Economic policies that influence income and wealth inequality may have an important impact on the health of countries. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Kaplan, GA (reprint author), CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,HUMAN POPULAT LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94704, USA. RI Lynch, John/A-4797-2008 OI Lynch, John/0000-0003-2781-7902 NR 32 TC 648 Z9 663 U1 2 U2 98 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD APR 20 PY 1996 VL 312 IS 7037 BP 999 EP 1003 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UG610 UT WOS:A1996UG61000021 PM 8616393 ER PT J AU Cannon, M Thomas, H Sellers, W Bates, M Blake, P Stetler, H Toomey, K Fowler, J Halford, S Young, G Hall, S Erwin, P Boaz, V Swinger, G AF Cannon, M Thomas, H Sellers, W Bates, M Blake, P Stetler, H Toomey, K Fowler, J Halford, S Young, G Hall, S Erwin, P Boaz, V Swinger, G TI Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection - Georgia and Tennessee, June 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 249-251, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 ROME DIST HLTH OFF,ROME,GA. GEORGIA STATE PUBL HLTH LAB,ATLANTA,GA. GEORGIA DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,DIV PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30334. KNOX CTY HLTH DEPT,KNOXVILLE,TN. HAMILTON CTY HLTH DEPT,CHATTANOOGA,TN. KNOX CTY REG OFF,KNOXVILLE,TN. TENNESSEE DEPT HLTH,NASHVILLE,TN. CDC,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BR,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Cannon, M (reprint author), CATOOSA CTY HLTH DEPT,RINGGOLD,GA 30736, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 17 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 15 BP 1150 EP 1151 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UE625 UT WOS:A1996UE62500005 ER PT J AU Stolwijk, J Saftlas, A Fleissner, ML Mather, S AF Stolwijk, J Saftlas, A Fleissner, ML Mather, S TI Workshop on the public health response to nasopharyngeal radium irradiation (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 254-256, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,HARTFORD,CT. ASSOC STATE & TERR HLTH OFFICERS,WASHINGTON,DC. CDC,RADIAT STUDIES BR,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. US DEPT VET AFFAIRS,OFF PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM HAZARDS,WASHINGTON,DC 20422. RP Stolwijk, J (reprint author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 17 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 15 BP 1151 EP 1151 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UE625 UT WOS:A1996UE62500006 ER PT J AU Sanchez, A Trappier, SG Mahy, BWJ Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Sanchez, A Trappier, SG Mahy, BWJ Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI The virion glycoproteins of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE filovirus; glycoprotein gene; phylogenetic analysis ID MARBURG VIRUS; GENE AB In late 1994 and early 1995, Ebola (EBO) virus dramatically reemerged in Africa, causing human disease in the Ivory Coast and Zaire. Analysis of the entire glycoprotein genes of these viruses and those of other EBO virus subtypes has shown that the virion glycoprotein (130 kDa) is encoded in two reading frames, which are linked by transcriptional editing. This editing results in the addition of an extra nontemplated adenosine within a run of seven adenosines near the middle of the coding region. The primary gene product is a smaller (50-70 kDa), nonstructural, secreted glycoprotein, which is produced in large amounts and has an unknown function. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that EBO virus subtypes are genetically diverse and that the recent Ivory Coast isolate represents a new (fourth) subtype of EBO virus, In contrast, the EBO virus isolate from the 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Zaire, is virtually identical to the virus that caused a similar epidemic in Yambuku, Zaire, almost 20 years earlier. This genetic stability may indicate that EBO viruses have coevolved with their natural reservoirs and do not change appreciably in the wild. RP Sanchez, A (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 25 TC 332 Z9 366 U1 4 U2 53 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 16 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 8 BP 3602 EP 3607 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3602 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UF740 UT WOS:A1996UF74000084 PM 8622982 ER PT J AU Fackler, ML Huth, EJ Pitkin, RM Rennie, D Begg, C Greenland, S Olkin, I Stroup, DF Deen, DF Lau, J Derish, P Eastwood, S Lang, T Nichols, K AF Fackler, ML Huth, EJ Pitkin, RM Rennie, D Begg, C Greenland, S Olkin, I Stroup, DF Deen, DF Lau, J Derish, P Eastwood, S Lang, T Nichols, K TI Checklist of information for inclusion in reports of clinical trials SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID REQUIRING PROLONGED OBSERVATION; MEDICAL JOURNALS; GUIDELINES; QUALITY; PATIENT; DESIGN C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT NEUROL SURG,ELS D,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. WOUND BALLIST REV,HAWTHORNE,FL. OBSTET & GYNECOL,LOS ANGELES,CA. JOURNAL AMER MED ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10021. STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD,CA 94305. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,BRAIN TUMOR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,CLEVELAND,OH 44195. ALZA CORP,PALO ALTO,CA. NR 20 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD APR 15 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 8 BP 741 EP 743 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD936 UT WOS:A1996UD93600007 ER PT J AU Thea, DM Porat, R Nagimbi, K Baangi, M StLouis, ME Kaplan, G Dinarello, CA Keusch, GT AF Thea, DM Porat, R Nagimbi, K Baangi, M StLouis, ME Kaplan, G Dinarello, CA Keusch, GT TI Plasma cytokines, cytokine antagonists, and disease progression in African women infected with HIV-1 SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HUMAN MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; FACTOR-ALPHA; SOLUBLE RECEPTORS; HIV-1-INFECTED PATIENTS; BLOOD MONOCYTES; TNF-ALPHA; IL-1 AB Objectives: To examine the relation of circulating cytokines and cytokine antagonists to the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease. Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Setting: An ambulatory acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) research clinic in Kinshasa, Zaire. Patients: 48 women with AIDS, 51 women with HIV infection who were clinically asymptomatic, and 11 female controls who did not have HIV infection, all from Zaire. Measurements: Plasma levels of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 beta receptor antagonist (interleukin-1Ra), and TNF soluble receptor p55 (TNFsRp55) were assayed by specific radioimmunoassays. Plasma levels of interferon-gamma were assayed by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess the significance of mean and median differences between groups. Results: Of the 48 patients with AIDS, circulating interleukin-1 beta was detected in 2, TNF-alpha in 4, interleukin-6 in 3, and interleukin-8 in 12. None of these factors were seen in any of the 11 controls. Median values of interleukin-lp (320 pg/ml), TNF-alpha (210 pg/mL), and interleukin-8 (750 pg/mL) were elevated in HIV-infected asymptomatic patients compared with patients with AIDS (2-, 2.6-, and 18.7-fold higher, respectively; P < 0.001). Interleukin-1Ra and TNFsRp55 levels were substantially higher than interleukin-1 beta and TNF-alpha levels in HIV-infected asymptomatic patients (73- and 14-fold, respectively) and were higher than those in patients with AIDS (17.8- and 1.74-fold, respectively). Conclusion: High circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and TNF-alpha, combined with an excess of their natural inhibitors interleukin-1Ra and TNFsRp55, were seen in clinically asymptomatic HIV-1-positive African women but not in African women with AIDS or in HIV-negative controls. Circulating cytokine antagonists may play a clinical role in modulating cytokine-associated symptoms in the early phases of HIV infection. C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DIV GEOGRAPH MED & INFECT DIS,BOSTON,MA 02111. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEW YORK,NY 10021. MINIST HLTH,AIDS RES UNIT,KINSHASA,ZAIRE. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-15614, P01-AI-26698, AI-24755] NR 40 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD APR 15 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 8 BP 757 EP 762 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD936 UT WOS:A1996UD93600009 PM 8633837 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Lee, CV Kaye, WE AF Hall, HI Lee, CV Kaye, WE TI Cluster: A software system for epidemiologic cluster analysis SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Statistics and Computing in Disease Clustering CY JUL 21-22, 1994 CL UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, VANCOUVER, CANADA SP BioMedware, Elect Power Res Inst, Natl Canc Inst HO UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA ID DISEASE AB A software package for cluster analysis was developed that incorporates 12 methods to analyse residence and time data, and morbidity or mortality rates. The Knox, Barton, Chen and Ohno methods of the software are illustrated with data for 123 cancer cases reported by a citizen requesting a cluster investigation. Longitude and latitude for each address were assigned by a geographic information system for analyses with the Barton (p > 0.05) and Knox methods (p > 0.05). The data were also analysed for time of the event with the Chen method, comparing the observed incidence to expected county disease rates (p = 0.61), and for temporal patterns within the geographically defined population with the Ohno method (p > 0.05). It was concluded that no statistically significant disease cluster existed. RP Hall, HI (reprint author), CDC,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,EPIDEMIOL & STAT BRANCH,NCC DPHP,MAILSTOP K-55,4770 BUFORD HWY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD APR 15 PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7-9 BP 943 EP 950 PG 8 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA UG357 UT WOS:A1996UG35700026 PM 8861164 ER PT J AU McClanahan, MA AF McClanahan, MA TI Mercury contamination in the home SO LANCET LA English DT Letter RP McClanahan, MA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD APR 13 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9007 BP 1044 EP 1045 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90182-8 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UF380 UT WOS:A1996UF38000051 PM 8606585 ER PT J AU Kenyon, TA Valway, SE Ihle, WW Onorato, IM Castro, KG AF Kenyon, TA Valway, SE Ihle, WW Onorato, IM Castro, KG TI Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a long airplane flight SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Background. In April 1994, a passenger with infectious multidrug-resistant tuberculosis traveled on commercial-airline flights from Honolulu to Chicago and from Chicago to Baltimore and returned one month later, We sought to determine whether she had infected any of her contacts on this extensive trip. Methods. Passengers and crew were identified from airline records and were notified of their exposure, asked to complete a questionnaire, and screened by tuberculin skin tests. Results. Of the 925 people on the airplanes, 802 (86.7 percent) responded. All 11 contacts with positive tuberculin skin tests who were on the April flights and 2 of 3 contacts with positive tests who were on the Baltimore-to-Chicago flight in May had other risk factors for tuberculosis, More contacts on the final, 8.75-hour flight from Chicago to Honolulu had positive skin tests than those on the other three flights (6 percent, as compared with 2.3, 3.8, and 2.8 percent). Of 15 contacts with positive tests on the May flight from Chicago to Honolulu, 6 (4 with skin-test conversions) had no other risk factors; all 6 had sat in the same section of the plane as the index patient (P = 0.001). Passengers seated within two rows of the index patient were more likely to have positive tuberculin skin tests than those in the rest of the section (4 of 13, or 30.8 percent, vs. 2 of 55, or 3.6 percent; rate ratio, 8.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 7.7 to 41.3; P = 0.01). Conclusions. The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that we describe aboard a commercial aircraft involved a highly infectious passenger, a long flight, and close proximity of contacts to the index patient. (C) 1996, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 23 TC 215 Z9 225 U1 1 U2 7 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD APR 11 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 15 BP 933 EP 938 DI 10.1056/NEJM199604113341501 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD596 UT WOS:A1996UD59600001 PM 8596593 ER PT J AU Lackritz, EM Janssen, RS Epstein, JS AF Lackritz, EM Janssen, RS Epstein, JS TI The rise of HIV transmission by screened blood - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RP Lackritz, EM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD APR 11 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 15 BP 993 EP 993 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD596 UT WOS:A1996UD59600025 ER PT J AU Vollbrecht, A Sokolowski, D Hollipeter, W Sigler, R Greenblatt, J Anderson, DE Tennican, PJ Gamble, HR Zarlenga, D AF Vollbrecht, A Sokolowski, D Hollipeter, W Sigler, R Greenblatt, J Anderson, DE Tennican, PJ Gamble, HR Zarlenga, D TI Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with eating cougar jerky - Idaho, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 205, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID UNITED-STATES; TRICHINOSIS C1 IDAHO DEPT HLTH & WELF,BOISE,ID 83720. SACRED HEART MED CTR,SPOKANE,WA 99204. INFECT DIS NW,SPOKANE,WA. USDA,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Vollbrecht, A (reprint author), N CENT DIST HLTH DEPT,LEWISTON,ME, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 10 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 14 BP 1070 EP 1070 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD027 UT WOS:A1996UD02700005 ER PT J AU Arnell, B Bennett, J Chehey, R Greenblatt, J AF Arnell, B Bennett, J Chehey, R Greenblatt, J TI Shigella sonnei outbreak associated with contaminated drinking water - Island Park, Idaho, August 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 229, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 IDAHO STATE DEPT HLTH,BOISE,ID. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Arnell, B (reprint author), STATE BUR LABS,BOISE,ID, USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 10 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 14 BP 1071 EP 1071 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD027 UT WOS:A1996UD02700006 ER PT J AU Archer, P Mallonee, S Lantis, S AF Archer, P Mallonee, S Lantis, S TI Horseback-riding-associated traumatic brain injuries - Oklahoma, 1992-1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 209, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,DIV ACUTE CARE REHABIL RES & DISABIL PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Archer, P (reprint author), OKLAHOMA DEPT HLTH,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73117, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 10 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 14 BP 1072 EP 1072 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD027 UT WOS:A1996UD02700007 ER PT J AU Peters, CJ Khan, AS Zaki, SR AF Peters, CJ Khan, AS Zaki, SR TI Hantaviruses in the United States SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; HANTAAN VIRUS RP Peters, CJ (reprint author), NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD APR 8 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 7 BP 705 EP 707 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD962 UT WOS:A1996UD96200001 PM 8615702 ER PT J AU White, DJ Means, RG Birkhead, GS Bosler, EM Grady, LJ Chatterjee, N Woodall, J Hjelle, B Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Morse, DL AF White, DJ Means, RG Birkhead, GS Bosler, EM Grady, LJ Chatterjee, N Woodall, J Hjelle, B Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Morse, DL TI Human and rodent hantavirus infection in New York State - Public health significance of an emerging infectious disease SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Background: A case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with possible exposure in New York and/or Rhode Island was confirmed in February 1994. Objective: To conduct four studies to determine the historical and geographic distribution of human and small-mammal infection with hantaviruses in New York State. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on serum samples obtained from 130 humans during a 1978 babesiosis survey, 907 small mammals collected in New York State since 1984, 12 rodents collected in 1994 near the residences of the patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and 76 New York patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome-like illness (as suspected cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome). Results: None of the human serum samples from the 1978 serosurvey showed evidence of hantavirus exposure by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statewide historical serum samples from white-footed mice showed evidence of Sin Nombre virus infection in 12.0% (97/809) and Seoul-like virus infection in 9.6% (78/809). Site-specific seropositivity rates were as high as 48.5% with Sin Nombre virus during 1 year (1984). Two of 12 mice captured near the residences of a human patient were positive for Sin Nombre virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, yet were negative for viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction. None of the patients with suspected hantavirus pulmonary syndrome was serologically reactive for Sin Nombre virus. Conclusions: We provide serologic evidence of small-mammal infection with hantaviruses in New York State as long ago as 1984. Human cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are rare in New York, and data indicate that transmission to humans is probably infrequent. A unique set of host, agent, and environmental factors may be necessary to cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans. C1 SUNY ALBANY,SCH PUBL HLTH,ALBANY,NY. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,WADSWORTH CTR LABS & RES,ALBANY,NY 12201. UNIV NEW MEXICO,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP White, DJ (reprint author), NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,BUR COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,ROOM 1168,CORNING TOWER,EMPIRE STATE PLAZA,ALBANY,NY 12237, USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD APR 8 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 7 BP 722 EP 726 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.7.722 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD962 UT WOS:A1996UD96200003 PM 8615704 ER PT J AU Smith, SJ Chen, A Caudill, S Reidy, J Sever, LE AF Smith, SJ Chen, A Caudill, S Reidy, J Sever, LE TI Mass observation SO NEW SCIENTIST LA English DT Letter C1 CTR PUBL HLTH RES & EVALUAT,SEATTLE,WA. RP Smith, SJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW SCIENTIST PUBL EXPEDITING INC PI ELMONT PA 200 MEACHAM AVE, ELMONT, NY 11003 SN 0262-4079 J9 NEW SCI JI New Sci. PD APR 6 PY 1996 VL 150 IS 2024 BP 51 EP 51 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UF275 UT WOS:A1996UF27500050 ER PT J AU Glass, RI Gentsch, JR Ivanoff, B AF Glass, RI Gentsch, JR Ivanoff, B TI New lessons for rotavirus vaccines SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; PROTECTION; IMMUNIZATION; INFECTION; IMMUNITY C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,GASTROENTEROL SECT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. WHO,GLOBAL PROGRAMME VACCINES,VACCINE RES & DEV,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. NR 27 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 5 PY 1996 VL 272 IS 5258 BP 46 EP 48 DI 10.1126/science.272.5258.46 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UD597 UT WOS:A1996UD59700032 PM 8600533 ER PT J AU Muqoz, JL Wolff, R Jain, A Sabino, J Jacquette, G Rapoport, M Lieberman, J Baisley, CC Ward, BH Brown, CR Stolte, PM Crowley, AB Hastings, H Cartter, ML Hadler, JL Kreindel, S Knowlton, R Birkhead, GS Debbie, JG Hanlon, CA Trimarchi, CV Morse, DL AF Muqoz, JL Wolff, R Jain, A Sabino, J Jacquette, G Rapoport, M Lieberman, J Baisley, CC Ward, BH Brown, CR Stolte, PM Crowley, AB Hastings, H Cartter, ML Hadler, JL Kreindel, S Knowlton, R Birkhead, GS Debbie, JG Hanlon, CA Trimarchi, CV Morse, DL TI Human rabies - Connecticut, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 207-209, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WESTCHESTER CTY DEPT HLTH,HAWTHORNE,NY. GREENWICH DEPT HLTH,GREENWICH,CT. TOWN NEW CANAAN,NEW CANAAN,CT. NANTUCKET HLTH DEPT,NANTUCKET,MA. CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,HARTFORD,CT. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT FISHERIES WILDLIFE & ENVIRONM,WESTBOROUGH,MA. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02116. CDC,PROGRAM EPIDEMIOL,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,ALBANY,NY 12237. RP Muqoz, JL (reprint author), WESTCHESTER CTY MED CTR,VALHALLA,NY 10595, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 3 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 13 BP 981 EP 982 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UC123 UT WOS:A1996UC12300006 ER PT J AU Peterson, K Vanadurongvan, K Burrish, H Zambrana, F Leith, J DeCoteau, S Larson, G Nipe, H Peterson, K Gerrish, C Peshek, R Preys, M Danforth, L Ostby, J Breske, C Jergenson, M Volmer, L Schaefer, L Welch, G Lance, S AF Peterson, K Vanadurongvan, K Burrish, H Zambrana, F Leith, J DeCoteau, S Larson, G Nipe, H Peterson, K Gerrish, C Peshek, R Preys, M Danforth, L Ostby, J Breske, C Jergenson, M Volmer, L Schaefer, L Welch, G Lance, S TI Animal rabies - South Dakota, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 164-166, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 MILBANK MED CLIN,MILBANK,SD 57252. SISSETON VET CLIN,SISSETON,SD. ABERDEEN AREA INDIAN HLTH SERV,SISSETON,SD. SISSETON WAHPETON SIOUX TRIBE,SISSETON,SD. BROWN CLIN,WATERTOWN,SD. BARTRON CLIN,WATERTOWN,SD. S DAKOTA DEPT HLTH,PIERRE,SD. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Peterson, K (reprint author), MILBANK VET CLIN,MILBANK,SD 57252, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 3 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 13 BP 982 EP 982 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UC123 UT WOS:A1996UC12300007 ER PT J AU Spitz, AM Velebil, P Koonin, LM Strauss, LT Goodman, KA Wingo, P Wilson, JB Morris, L Marks, JS AF Spitz, AM Velebil, P Koonin, LM Strauss, LT Goodman, KA Wingo, P Wilson, JB Morris, L Marks, JS TI Pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates among US adolescents - 1980, 1985, and 1990 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Objective.-To analyze pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates among US adolescent girls in 1980, 1985, and 1990. Design.-Retrospective analysis of trends in data on pregnancies, abortions, and births. Population.-US adolescent girls aged 13 to 19 years. Main Outcome Measures.-Pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates (with and without adjustment for sexual experience) among teenaged girls aged 15 to 19 years and girls under 15 years. Results.-Although pregnancy rates among all teenaged girls 15 to 19 years old remained fairly stable from 1980 to 1985, they increased by 9% during the last half of the decade, totaling 95.9 pregnancies per 1000 teenaged girls 15 to 19 years old by 1990. Because rates of sexual experience increased even faster, pregnancy rates among sexually experienced teens aged 15 to 19 actually declined between 1980 and 1990 by approximately 8%. Abortion rates among these teens remained stable during the 1980s, with 35.8 and 36.0 abortions per 1000 in 1980 and 1990, respectively. As with overall pregnancy rates, abortion rates among these sexually experienced teenaged girls declined during the 1980s. Between 1980 and 1985, birth rates among teenaged girls aged 15 to 19 years declined by 4%, but they increased by 18% during the latter half of the decade, totaling 59.9 births per 1000 in 1980. Among these sexually experienced teenagers, birth rates also declined between 1980 and 1985 and then increased over the next 5 years. In 1990, pregnancies and abortions among girls younger than 15 years accounted for only 3% of all adolescent pregnancies and abortions. However, the number of births among these younger adolescents increased by 15% over the decade. In that age group, trends in pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates over the decade were similar to those for older teens, However, during the late 1980s, the abortion rate declined and the pregnancy rate remained stable, resulting in a 26% increase in the birth rate. Conclusions.-Despite efforts to reduce adolescent pregnancy in the United States, pregnancy and birth rates for that group continue to be the highest among developed countries. Considering that 95% of adolescent pregnancies are unintended, increased efforts to prevent these pregnancies are warranted. C1 NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV VITAL STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Spitz, AM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 36 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 3 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 13 BP 989 EP 994 DI 10.1001/jama.275.13.989 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UC123 UT WOS:A1996UC12300025 PM 8596256 ER PT J AU Krogstad, DJ Ruebush, TK AF Krogstad, DJ Ruebush, TK TI Community participation in the control of tropical diseases - Foreword SO ACTA TROPICA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. TULANE UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH & TROP MED,DEPT TROP MED,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0001-706X J9 ACTA TROP JI Acta Trop. PD APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 77 EP 78 DI 10.1016/0001-706X(96)00009-5 PG 2 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA UH422 UT WOS:A1996UH42200001 PM 8740886 ER PT J AU Richards, F GonzalesPeralta, C Jallah, E Miri, E AF Richards, F GonzalesPeralta, C Jallah, E Miri, E TI Community-based ivermectin distributors: Onchocericasis control at the village level in plateau state, Nigeria SO ACTA TROPICA LA English DT Article DE onchocerciasis; ivermectin; village health worker; mass drug therapy; community based health activities ID MASS-DISTRIBUTION; DISEASE-CONTROL; ONCHOCERCIASIS; PARTICIPATION; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE AB The use of community residents as agents for distributing mass ivermectin therapy for onchocerciasis provides a component of community participation absent from mobile team delivery methods. Community-based distribution, however, presupposes preexisting human resources in the endemic villages capable of fulfilling the essential functions of an ivermectin distribution process: mobilizing and educating the population, dispensing the drug, maintaining records, and monitoring and treating adverse reactions. Even when such human resources exist, the community workers must continue to receive tangible support from both external (government and donor agencies) and internal (community) sources. Donor and government agencies must accept that their data collection demands will be limited by the literacy standards of the communities being served. Community leaders must agree to set and use their own local standards of payment (including food stuffs or exchange in kind) to compensate the distributors for their time and efforts. The use of locally available human and remunerative resources is a prerequisite for true community ownership of a program. C1 RIVER BLINDNESS FDN,PLATEAU STATE ONCHOCERCIASIS PROGRAM,JOS,PLATEAU STATE,NIGERIA. RIVER BLINDNESS FDN NIGERIA,LAGOS,NIGERIA. RIVER BLINDNESS FDN,HOUSTON,TX. RP Richards, F (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH MSF 22,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341, USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0001-706X J9 ACTA TROP JI Acta Trop. PD APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 137 EP 144 DI 10.1016/0001-706X(95)00116-V PG 8 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA UH422 UT WOS:A1996UH42200006 PM 8740891 ER PT J AU Okanurak, K Ruebush, TK AF Okanurak, K Ruebush, TK TI Village-based diagnosis and treatment of malaria SO ACTA TROPICA LA English DT Article DE community health worker; volunteer health worker; community participation; malaria ID VOLUNTEER COLLABORATOR NETWORK; COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION; SURVEILLANCE; GUATEMALA AB Village-based volunteer workers have played an important role in malaria diagnosis and treatment in many different settings for more than 35 years. Two of these programs stand out in terms of their size and longevity: the Volunteer Collaborator Network of Latin America and the Village Voluntary Malaria Collaborator Program of Thailand. The success of these programs is based on a tradition of active community participation and sustained commitment and support from the national malaria control programs. As epidemiological conditions and program priorities change, these programs will have to be sufficiently flexible to keep pace. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing these single disease, vertical programs in the future is their integration into the general health services in a manner that will preserve their best features. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Okanurak, K (reprint author), MAHIDOL UNIV,FAC TROP MED,SOCIAL & ECON RES UNIT,420-6 RAJVITHI RD,BANGKOK 10400,THAILAND. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0001-706X J9 ACTA TROP JI Acta Trop. PD APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 157 EP 167 DI 10.1016/0001-706X(95)00115-U PG 11 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA UH422 UT WOS:A1996UH42200008 PM 8740893 ER PT J AU Gubler, DJ Clark, GG AF Gubler, DJ Clark, GG TI Community involvement in the control of Aedes aegypti SO ACTA TROPICA LA English DT Article DE dengue; mosquito control; community participation ID BORNE DISEASE-CONTROL AB In the past 15 years, there has been a dramatic resurgence of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever worldwide, with increased frequency of epidemics and geographic expansion of both the mosquito vectors and the viruses. The reasons for this resurgence are not well understood, but include uncontrolled and unplanned urbanization, increased movement of people and viruses by airplane and lack of effective control of Aedes aegypti, the principal mosquito vector of dengue viruses. The recommended method for Ae. aegypti control during the past 20 years has been ultra-low volume (ULV) application of insecticides, a method which targets the adult mosquito. Lack of efficacy of the ULV approach led to a reevaluation of recommended strategies for prevention and control of epidemic dengue and ultimately, resulted in development and widespread use of community-based, integrated approaches to Ae. aegypti control. This chapter reviews the use of community participation for controlling Ae. aegypti via larval source reduction and critically discusses programs in four countries from the standpoint of effectiveness and sustainability. It is concluded that a combination of vertically structured centralized and community-based approaches should provide short-term success as well as long-term sustainability. RP Gubler, DJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 21 TC 95 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0001-706X J9 ACTA TROP JI Acta Trop. PD APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1016/0001-706X(95)00103-L PG 11 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA UH422 UT WOS:A1996UH42200009 PM 8740894 ER PT J AU Villarino, ME AF Villarino, ME TI Relevance of race or ethnic group in case reports - Reply SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Letter RP Villarino, ME (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 SN 0002-838X J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD APR PY 1996 VL 53 IS 5 BP 1532 EP & PG 3 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UE743 UT WOS:A1996UE74300011 ER PT J AU Reed, LD Lenhart, SW AF Reed, LD Lenhart, SW TI Validity of WPF study defended SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP Reed, LD (reprint author), NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD APR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 4 BP 395 EP 395 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UB955 UT WOS:A1996UB95500013 PM 8901243 ER PT J AU ElenitobaJohnson, KSJ Eberhard, ML Dauphinais, RM Lammie, PJ Khorsand, J AF ElenitobaJohnson, KSJ Eberhard, ML Dauphinais, RM Lammie, PJ Khorsand, J TI Zoonotic Brugian lymphadenitis - An unusual case with florid monocytoid B-cell proliferation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lymphadenopathy; filariasis; zoonosis; brugia ID FILARIASIS; INFECTIONS; RABBITS AB Human infection with a zoonotic Brugia species in the United States is uncommon. Positive identification of the filarial nematode is required for histopathologic diagnosis. Many cases may go unrecognized because of the nonspecific clinical manifestations and the nondiagnostic histologic changes occurring in involved lymph nodes. A case of zoonotic Brugia lymphadenitis is described in a patient from Rhode Island, in which a small nongravid female worm was identified in a lymph node biopsy specimen. The lymph node also showed a spectrum of reactive changes including the presence of florid monocytoid B-cell proliferation, which has not been described in association with zoonotic Brugian filariasis. C1 ROGER WILLIAMS CANC MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,PROVIDENCE,RI 02908. NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. WESTERLY HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,WESTERLY,RI. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0002-9173 J9 AM J CLIN PATHOL JI Am. J. Clin. Pathol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 105 IS 4 BP 384 EP 387 PG 4 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA UD620 UT WOS:A1996UD62000003 PM 8604679 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Freedman, DS Byers, T AF Ford, ES Freedman, DS Byers, T TI Baldness and ischemic heart disease in a national sample of men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age factors; alopecia; coronary disease; cohort studies; men; risk factors ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; SEX-HORMONE LEVELS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; INFORMATION; SMOKING; SOUTH AB A weak positive association between male pattern baldness and ischemic heart disease has been suggested previously. The authors examined this issue by using data from the Epidemiologic Follow-up Study of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. As part of the baseline medical examination between 1971 and 1975, the presence and degree of male alopecia (none, minimal, moderate, and severe) were recorded for a subset of participants. Among 3,932 men aged 25-76 years who had complete data, 378 deaths and 939 incident events from ischemic heart disease occurred during an average follow-up period of 14 years. Among 2,019 men who were younger than age 55 years at baseline (61 deaths and 239 incident events of ischemic heart disease), severe baldness was positively associated with ischemic heart disease mortality (rate ratio = 2.51, 95% confidence interval 1.01-6.24) and somewhat less associated with ischemic heart disease incidence (rate ratio = 1.72, 95% confidence interval 0.96-3.08). No dose-response relation with degree of baldness was seen. Although these findings are tempered by the absence of information concerning the type of baldness (frontal or vertex), they provide support for earlier studies that indicate male pattern baldness that occurs before age 55 years may be by some mechanism related to ischemic heart disease. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 31 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD APR 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 7 BP 651 EP 657 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD948 UT WOS:A1996UD94800001 PM 8651226 ER PT J AU Prevots, DR Allen, DM Lehman, JS Green, TA Petersen, LR Gwinn, M AF Prevots, DR Allen, DM Lehman, JS Green, TA Petersen, LR Gwinn, M TI Trends in human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among injection drug users entering drug treatment centers, United States, 1988-1993 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV seroprevalence; HIV-1; substance abuse, intravenous ID HIV-INFECTION; RISK-FACTORS; AIDS; PREVALENCE; EPIDEMIC AB National unlinked sentinel surveillance data were used to describe trends in prevalent human immunodeficiency Virus infection among injection drug users entering drug treatment programs in the United States from 1988 through 1993. During this 6-year period, unlinked testing was performed on 70,882 specimens from injection drug users at 60 sentinel sites. The annual change in seroprevalence was estimated for each site by odds ratios obtained from logistic regression models fit within site-specific age and race/ethnicity subgroups. Overall trends for age and race/ethnicity subgroups across sites were described by summary odds ratios calculated using the inverse variance method. A decrease was observed among younger (age less than 30 years) whites both in areas with high (10% or higher) and low (less than 10%) prevalence, although this decrease was significant only in high-prevalence areas (odds ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.81-0.99). Seroprevalence also decreased among older whites in high-prevalence areas, although this decrease was not significant (odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.84-1.00). Seroprevalence remained stable among all other age and race/ethnicity subgroups. Stable seroprevalence. among the dynamic population of injection drug users entering treatment suggests continued transmission among these individuals in both high- and low-prevalence areas of the United States. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD APR 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 7 BP 733 EP 742 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD948 UT WOS:A1996UD94800011 PM 8651236 ER PT J AU Schulte, PA Goldenhar, LM Connally, LB AF Schulte, PA Goldenhar, LM Connally, LB TI Intervention research: Science, skills, and strategies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE intervention research; health services research; clinical trials; evaluation occupational health; disease prevention AB Despite a rich history of etiological research, the field of occupational safety and health does not a have a rigorous history of research on what works and does not work to prevent and control occupational diseases and injuries. National and global transformations of economies and workplaces with enhanced competitiveness require move attention to options for interventions. A three-pronged approach to building a body of knowledge on intervention research in occupational health and safety is identified in this paper The approach focuses on the science, skills, and strategies that can be useful in intervention research. Scientifically, researchers can dmw on constructs and techniques from epidemiology, evaluation practice, and clinical trials. Experimental and nonexperimental approaches have value for occupational studies. The skills needed represent a range of disciplines beyond those traditional of health and safety; social scientists, economists, and organizational theorists often need to be part of research teams. Strategic approaches involve more labor-management partnerships, prospective study designs, and the use of intermediate and surrogate indicators. The strategic challenge will be to conduct intervention research against a backdrop of overriding political and economic pressures. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* RP Schulte, PA (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,R42,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 4 BP 285 EP 288 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199604)29:4<285::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-O PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD075 UT WOS:A1996UD07500001 PM 8728125 ER PT J AU Goldenhar, LM Schulte, PA AF Goldenhar, LM Schulte, PA TI Methodological issues for intervention research in occupational health and safety SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE intervention research; occupational safety; occupational health; methodology; literature review ID SICK BUILDING SYNDROME; WORKPLACE HEALTH; ERGONOMIC INTERVENTION; SYMPTOMS; INJURIES; PROGRAM; WORK AB This article presents a brief summary of the nature and extent of intervention research being conducted in the area of occupational safety and health, Articles were classified either as engineering, administrative, or behavioral, according to the type(s) of interventions that were evaluated. Findings suggest that many of rite intervention studies conducted lacked a theoretical basis, used small samples, and tested interventions lacking the intensity to cause the desired change. Most study designs were either nonexperimental or quasi-experimental. Recommendations for conducting future research are presented. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* RP Goldenhar, LM (reprint author), NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MS-R42,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 52 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 4 BP 289 EP 294 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD075 UT WOS:A1996UD07500002 PM 8728126 ER PT J AU Hurrell, JJ Murphy, LR AF Hurrell, JJ Murphy, LR TI Occupational stress intervention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE job stress; organizational stress; intervention research; disease prevention ID HEALTH; REDESIGN; WORKERS; STRAIN AB The topic of occupational stress has received considerable research attention during the last decade and has emerged as an important occupational safety and health concern. Worker compensation claims for stress-related illnesses, for example, were the fastest growing type of claim in the 1980s, comprising more that 11% of all such claims. Concern over problems associated with occupational stress and their costs has fostered interest in intervention strategies. While specific work stressors and their resulting physical and mental health consequences have been identified, relatively few successful interventions have been documented in the literature. This article discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions efforts in the area of occupational stress and argues for efforts to increase understanding of the occupational stress intervention process. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,APPL PSYCHOL & ERGONOM BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Hurrell, JJ (reprint author), NIOSH,HAZARDS EVALUAT & TECH ASSISTANCE BRANCH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 22 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 4 BP 338 EP 341 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD075 UT WOS:A1996UD07500011 PM 8728135 ER PT J AU Stayner, L Kuempel, E Rice, F Prince, M Althouse, R AF Stayner, L Kuempel, E Rice, F Prince, M Althouse, R TI Approaches for assessing the efficacy of occupational health and safety standards SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE intervention research; occupational health; disease prevention ID COAL-MINE DUST; SILICOSIS; EXPOSURE; RISK AB The regulation of hazards is one of the most dramatic forms of intervention in occupational safety and health (OSH). Despite their high degree of potential social and economic impact, relatively little research has been conducted to specifically evaluate the effectiveness of OSH standards with regard to preventing occupational diseases and injuries. This paper reviews the basic scientific approaches that may be used to evaluate the efficacy of OSN standards. These approaches encompass the following research areas: (1) exposure surveillance, (2) disease surveillance, and (3) prospective studies following the introduction of the standard. Research on asbestos and asbestosis, respirable crystalline silica (quartz) and silicosis, and respirable coal mine dust and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) ave used to illustrate these approaches and the type of information that is currently available. The examples (quartz, coal dust, asbestos) reveal substantial limitations in the types of information currently available for evaluating the efficacy of these OSH standards. ideally, plans for evaluating the efficacy of OSH standards should be developed for existing and future standards. These plans should include programs for the surveillance of exposures and adverse health effects and, wizen possible, for prospective studies designed to evaluate how the risk of disease (or injury) is modified by the introduction of the standard. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 NIOSH,DIV RESP DIS STUDIES,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. RP Stayner, L (reprint author), NIOSH,EDUC & INFORMAT DIV,ROBERT TAFT LABS,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 4 BP 353 EP 357 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199604)29:4<353::AID-AJIM14>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD075 UT WOS:A1996UD07500014 PM 8728138 ER PT J AU Gressel, MG AF Gressel, MG TI An engineer's perspective of the intervention research workshop SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE interventions research; occupational safety and health; evaluation; occupational exposure reduction; injury intervention strategies AB As an engineer practicing in the area of engineering controls for the reduction of occupational exposures to hazardous agents, the Intervention Research Workshop studies appeared to be effective for the studied situations, yet the models may not be applicable across a wide range of intervention possibilities. A more generic model might be more appropriate, perhaps a business model. Dr. W. Edwards Deming has proposed a model for the production of goods and sen,ices. If we can view interventions as products which need to be sold to potential customers, perhaps this type of model would be more effective across a wide range of intervention strategies. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* RP Gressel, MG (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY R-5,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 4 BP 382 EP 383 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD075 UT WOS:A1996UD07500020 PM 8728144 ER PT J AU Goldenhar, LM Henneberger, PK Joseph, BS Lamontagne, A AF Goldenhar, LM Henneberger, PK Joseph, BS Lamontagne, A TI Introductory note to part 2 of the intervention research workshop: Case studies in occupational health and safety SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material DE intervention research; disease prevention; occupational health RP Goldenhar, LM (reprint author), NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 4 BP 384 EP 385 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199604)29:4<384::AID-AJIM21>3.0.CO;2-X PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD075 UT WOS:A1996UD07500021 ER PT J AU Gideon, NM Mannino, DM AF Gideon, NM Mannino, DM TI Sarcoidosis mortality in the United States, 1979-1991: An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIOLOGY AB PURPOSE: We sought to describe sarcoidosis mortality in the United States from 1979 through 1991. METHODS: We analyzed death certificate reports compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics for the period 1979 through 1991. RESULTS: Of the 26,866,600 people who died during the study period, 9,014 had a diagnosis of sarcoidosis listed on their death certificates. We restricted our study group to 5,791 people who died because of sarcoidosis or one of its complications. Among men, age-adjusted mortality rates increased from 1.3 per 1,000,000 in 1979 to 1.6 per 1,000,000 in 1991, and among women, these rates increased from 1.9 per 1,000,000 in 1979 to 2.5 per 1,000,000 in 1991. Age-adjusted mortality rates were consistently higher among blacks than among whites. Age-adjusted mortality rates, stratified by race, varied by state. Among whites, the highest rates were in northern states, while among blacks, the highest rates were in the Middle Atlantic and northern Midwestern states. CONCLUSIONS: Reported mortality due to sarcoidosis varies by region, sex, and race. We cannot determine whether these differences are related to characteristics of the disease, or problems in death certification and coding. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,AIR POLLUT & RESP HLTH BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 21 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 245 WEST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 100 IS 4 BP 423 EP 427 DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89518-6 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UD080 UT WOS:A1996UD08000009 PM 8610729 ER PT J AU Peterson, HB Xia, ZS Hughes, JM Wilcox, LS Tylor, LR Trussell, J AF Peterson, HB Xia, ZS Hughes, JM Wilcox, LS Tylor, LR Trussell, J TI The risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization: Findings from the US collaborative review of sterilization SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Meeting of the American-Gynecological-and-Obstetrical-Society CY SEP 07-09, 1995 CL NAPA, CA SP Amer Gynecol & Obstet Soc DE tubal sterilization; pregnancy sterilization failure ID RESIDENCY TRAINING-PROGRAM; LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION; FEMALE STERILIZATION; UNITED-STATES; FAILURES AB OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization for common methods of tubal occlusion. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted in U.S. medical centers. A total of 10,685 women who underwent tubal sterilization was followed up for 8 to 14 years. The risk of pregnancy was assessed by cumulative life-table probabilities and proportional hazards models. RESULTS: A total of 143 sterilization failures was identified. Cumulative 10-year probabilities of pregnancy were highest after clip sterilization (36.5/1000 procedures) and lowest after unipolar coagulation (7.5/1000) and postpartum partial salpingectomy (7.5/1000). The cumulative risk of pregnancy was highest among women sterilized at a young age with bipolar coagulation (54.3/1000) and clip application (52.1/1000). CONCLUSIONS: Although tubal sterilization is highly effective, the risk of sterilization failure is higher than generally reported. The risk persists for years after the procedure and varies by method of tubal occlusion and age. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,OFF POPULAT RES,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP Peterson, HB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 20 TC 301 Z9 305 U1 0 U2 5 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 174 IS 4 BP 1161 EP 1168 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70658-0 PG 8 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UH184 UT WOS:A1996UH18400018 PM 8623843 ER PT J AU Grimes, DA Schulz, KF AF Grimes, DA Schulz, KF TI Methodology citations and the quality of randomized controlled trials in obstetrics and gynecology SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE randomized controlled trials; methodology; citations; bias; trial quality ID CLINICAL-TRIALS; DESIGN AB OBJECTIVES: Randomized controlled trials offer the best chance for valid treatment comparisons, yet most trials are of poor quality. This may reflect a lack of awareness of the requirements for conducting and reporting this type of research. If so, then citation of methodology references might indicate knowledge of how to conduct these studies and vice versa. Our study tests the hypothesis that the methodologic quality of published trials is related to citation of methodology references. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a hand search of the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology to identify all randomized controlled trials published in 1990 and 1991 (N = 206). We reviewed the reference lists of all reports of randomized controlled trials and evaluated the adequacy of randomization methods by accepted criteria. RESULTS: Most reports (81.6%) cited no methodology text or article. Although lack of any methodology reference was not significantly related to failure to report an adequate random method of sequence generation, this was highly related (p < 0.001) to failure to report adequate allocation concealment. Scanning the reference list of reports took a mean of 16 seconds and identified most poorly done trials. CONCLUSIONS: Investigators who conduct randomized Controlled trials should be thoroughly familiar with this type of research or should get expert help. Poorly done trials are wasteful and often misleading. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL & REPROD SCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 174 IS 4 BP 1312 EP 1315 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70677-4 PG 4 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UH184 UT WOS:A1996UH18400045 PM 8623862 ER PT J AU Singh, GK Yu, SM AF Singh, GK Yu, SM TI US childhood mortality, 1950 through 1993: Trends and socioeconomic differentials SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB Objectives. This study examined trends and differentials in US childhood mortality from 1950 through 1993 according to sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income, and cause of death. Methods. Log-linear, multiple regression, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to the data from the National Vital Statistics System, the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, and the Area Resource File. Results. Substantial declines in US childhood mortality have occurred in the past 4 decades, primarily due to decreases in mortality from unintentional injuries, cancer, pneumonia and influenza, and congenital anomalies. The overall declining trend, however, has been dampened by a twofold to threefold increase in the suicide and homicide rates among children since 1968. Male, Black, American Indian, Hawaiian, and Puerto Rican children and those in the lower socioeconomic strata were at an increased risk of death. Conclusions. Increasing trends in mortality from violence, firearm injuries, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pose a major obstacle to continued declines in US childhood mortality. Reducing socioeconomic disparities and improving access to and use of health care may bring about further declines in overall and injury-related childhood mortality. C1 MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH BUR,HLTH RESOURCES & SERV ADM,ROCKVILLE,MD. RP Singh, GK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV VITAL STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,ROOM 840,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 39 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD APR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 4 BP 505 EP 512 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.4.505 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UE688 UT WOS:A1996UE68800008 PM 8604780 ER PT J AU Will, JC Casper, M AF Will, JC Casper, M TI The contribution of diabetes to early deaths from ischemic heart disease: US gender and racial comparisons SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MORTALITY; WOMEN; RISK AB We evaluated the contribution of diabetes mellitus to premature ischemic heart disease mortality among US race- and gender-specific groups in 1986. Among persons aged 45 to 64 years, we examined ischemic heart disease death rates (corrected for underreporting of diabetes on death certificates) by diabetes status and calculated the population attributable risk due to diabetes for each group. Diabetes increased the ischemic heart disease death rate by 9 to 10 times for women but by only 2 to 3 times for men. Racial differences in ischemic heart disease mortality attributable to diabetes were greater for women (Blacks = 39%; Whites = 27%) than for men (Blacks = 19%; Whites = 14%). These discrepancies in the contribution of diabetes to ischemic heart disease mortality warrant further study. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Will, JC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD APR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 4 BP 576 EP 579 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.4.576 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UE688 UT WOS:A1996UE68800023 PM 8604795 ER PT J AU Szumlas, DE Apperson, CS Hartig, PC Francy, DB Karabatsos, N AF Szumlas, DE Apperson, CS Hartig, PC Francy, DB Karabatsos, N TI Seroepidemiology of La Crosse virus infection in humans in western North Carolina SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA GROUP ARBOVIRUSES; SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE; ENCEPHALITIS; MOSQUITOS; WISCONSIN; SERODIAGNOSIS; TRANSMISSION; ISOLATIONS; MINNESOTA AB On the Cherokee Indian Reservation and surrounding area of western North Carolina, an area-wide serosurvey was conducted to determine the prevalence of neutralizing antibody to La Crosse (LAG) virus. A questionnaire was used to identify risk factors important in exposure to virus-infected mosquitoes in populations near the reservation. Of 1,008 serum samples tested, 9.6% were positive for LAC virus antibody. For samples solely collected from on (n = 311) or off (n = 697) the reservation, the prevalence of seropositive samples was 20.6% on the reservation and only 4.7% off the reservation. Seropositivity increased directly with age, indicating that transmission of LAC virus was highly endemic. Age and location residence (on versus off the reservation) were significant risk factors for exposure to LAC virus. Persons on the reservation were 5.5 times more likely to have been exposed to LAC virus than were people who reside off the reservation. An additive increase in risk of 1.5 times over each age group was found, so that the oldest age group (greater than or equal to 75 years) was 7.5 times more likely to have been exposed to LAC virus than was the youngest age group (< 1-14 years). C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 332 EP 337 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UJ490 UT WOS:A1996UJ49000004 PM 8615442 ER PT J AU Collins, WE Galland, GG Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB Roberts, JM AF Collins, WE Galland, GG Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB Roberts, JM TI The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum as a model for vaccine studies .1. Development in Aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID VIVAX INFECTIONS; TRIVIRGATUS AB The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum and the Aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkey are proposed as models for the testing of sporozoite vaccines and transmission-blocking vaccines. Approximately 85% of splenectomized monkeys were infected when fed upon by 10 or more heavily infected Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. Sporozoite-induced infections in monkeys with or without previous infection with P. vivax readily infected mosquitoes, thus making them candidates for testing transmission-blocking vaccines. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Collins, WE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,MAILSTOP F-12,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 372 EP 379 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UJ490 UT WOS:A1996UJ49000012 PM 8615450 ER PT J AU Collins, WE Galland, GG Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB AF Collins, WE Galland, GG Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB TI The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum as a model for vaccine studies .2. Development of Aotus vociferans as a model for testing transmission-blocking vaccines SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID ERYTHROCYTE SURFACE-ANTIGEN; MONKEYS; INFECTION; IMMUNIZATION; VIVAX AB The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum and the Aotus vociferans monkey were studied as models for the testing of transmission-blocking vaccines. Virulence developed early in the passage history. Despite the use of only small quantities of chlorguanide and/or quinine to control infection coupled with the use of small inocula and delays in splenectomy, mosquito infection was markedly reduced from that seen during primary passage to this species of Aotus. It appears that the model may be most useful during its initial passage from the primary species, Aotus lemurinus grisemembra. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Collins, WE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,MAILSTOP F-12,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 380 EP 385 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UJ490 UT WOS:A1996UJ49000013 PM 8615451 ER PT J AU Gonzales, AE Garcia, HH Gilman, RH Gavidia, CH Tsang, VCW Bernal, T Falcon, N Romero, M LopezUrbina, MT AF Gonzales, AE Garcia, HH Gilman, RH Gavidia, CH Tsang, VCW Bernal, T Falcon, N Romero, M LopezUrbina, MT TI Effective, single-dose treatment of porcine cysticercosis with oxfendazole SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TAENIA-SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS; PRAZIQUANTEL TREATMENT; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; DIAGNOSIS; BRAIN; PERU AB The pig is a vital link in the transmission cycle of Taenia solium, the cestode responsible for human-porcine cysticercosis. Infected pigs also represent an important source of economic loss to farmers in developing countries. Past efforts to find an adequate therapeutic regimen to treat this parasitic disease in swine have failed because of low efficacy, high cost, side effects, or the need for multiple doses. In this randomized, no treatment-controlled study, the efficacy and safety of oxfendazole and praziquantel for the treatment of porcine cysticercosis were evaluated in 16 naturally infected pigs. Four groups of four pigs were treated with oxfendazole, praziquantel, oxfendazole plus praziquantel, or untreated. The pigs were humanely killed 12 weeks post-treatment, the number of cysts was counted, and parasite viability was assessed by cyst evagination. No detectable side effects were seen in any of the pigs. Praziquantel treatment alone appeared to reduce the number of cysts, but did not decrease the viability of the remaining parasites. Treatment with oxfendazole alone or oxfendazole plus praziquantel killed all of the parasites, and left only microcalcifications in the meat. Oxfendazole provides, for the first time, a practical, effective, inexpensive, and single-dose therapy for porcine cysticercosis. C1 UNIV PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA,PARASITOL LAB,LIMA,PERU. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,IMMUNOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Gonzales, AE (reprint author), UNIV NACL MAYOR SAN MARCOS,FAC VET MED,POB 035113,LIMA 14,PERU. OI Gavidia, Cesar Miguel/0000-0003-3936-5077 FU NIAID NIH HHS [IU-01-AI-35894-01] NR 23 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 391 EP 394 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UJ490 UT WOS:A1996UJ49000015 PM 8615453 ER PT J AU Mills, JN Oro, JGB Bressler, DS Childs, JE Tesh, RB Smith, JF Enria, DA Geisbert, TW McKee, KT Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Jahrling, PB AF Mills, JN Oro, JGB Bressler, DS Childs, JE Tesh, RB Smith, JF Enria, DA Geisbert, TW McKee, KT Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Jahrling, PB TI Characterization of oliveros virus, a new member of the tacaribe complex (Arenaviridae: Arenavirus) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID ARGENTINE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN GENE; JUNIN; SEQUENCE; RODENTS; AREAS AB Oliveros virus is an agent isolated in cell culture from Bolomys obscurus (Rodentia, Muridae, Sigmodontinae) captured on the central Argentine pampa. Oliveros virus was shown to be related to members of the Tacaribe complex of the family Arenaviridae by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests, electrophoretic pattern of viral proteins, and morphology as observed by electron microscopy. It was distinct from 12 other arenaviruses by a combination of plaque-reduction neutralization tests, comparison of endpoint titers among cross-IFA tests, and comparison of viral RNA sequence data. This agent is the third new arenavirus from South America described within the last three years. C1 USA,MED RES INST INFECT DIS,FT DETRICK,MD 21702. INST NACL ENFERMEDADES VIRALES HUMANAS,PERGAMINO 2700,ARGENTINA. WOMACK ARMY MED CTR,COMMUNICABLE DIS UNIT,FT BRAGG,NC 28307. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,YALE ARBOVIRUS RES UNIT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510. RP Mills, JN (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,MAILSTOP G-13,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 29 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 399 EP 404 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UJ490 UT WOS:A1996UJ49000017 PM 8615455 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF AF Gillum, RF TI Is variation in fatal cardiac arrest related to emergency medical services? SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID SUDDEN CORONARY DEATH; SURVIVAL RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,US PHS,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 27 IS 4 BP 532 EP 532 PG 1 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA UD078 UT WOS:A1996UD07800047 PM 8604881 ER PT J AU Herwaldt, BL Persing, DH Precigout, EA Goff, WL Mathiesen, DA Taylor, PW Eberhard, ML Gorenflot, AF AF Herwaldt, BL Persing, DH Precigout, EA Goff, WL Mathiesen, DA Taylor, PW Eberhard, ML Gorenflot, AF TI A fatal case of babesiosis in Missouri: Identification of another piroplasm that infects humans SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE babesiosis; Missouri; Babesia divergens; Babesia microti; tick-borne diseases ID DEER ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; SHEEP OVIS-CANADENSIS; BIGHORN SHEEP; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; DIFFERENT HOSTS; DIVERGENS; GERBIL; BOVIS; PROTECTION; RESPONSES AB Objective: To characterize the etiologic agent (MO1) of the first reported case of babesiosis acquired in Missouri. Design: Case report, serologic testing, animal inoculations, and molecular studies. Setting: Southeastern Missouri. Patient: A 73-year-old man who had had a splenectomy and had a fatal case of babesiosis. Measurements: Serum specimens from the patient were assayed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing and immunoprecipitation for reactivity with antigens from various Babesia species. Whole blood obtained from the patient before treatment was inoculated into hamsters and jirds and into calves and bighorn sheep that had had splenectomy and were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Piroplasm-specific nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA was recovered from the patient's blood by using broad-range amplification with the polymerase chain reaction; a 144 base-pair region of the amplification product was sequenced; and phylogenetic analysis was done to compare MO1 with various Babesia species. Results: Indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing showed that the patient's serum had strong reactivity with Babesia divergens, which causes babesiosis in cattle and humans in Europe, but that it had minimal reactivity with B. microti and WA1, which are the piroplasms previously known to cause zoonotic babesiosis in the United States. Immunoprecipitations showed that MO1 is more closely related to B. divergens than to B. canis (a canine parasite). None of the experimentally inoculated animals became demonstrably parasitemic. Phylogenetic analyses, after DNA sequencing, showed that MO1 is most closely related to B. divergens (100% similarity). Conclusions: Although MO1 is probably distinct from B. divergens, the two share morphologic, antigenic, and genetic characteristics; MO1 probably represents a Babesia species not previously recognized to have infected humans. Medical personnel should be aware that patients in the United States can have life-threatening babesiosis even though they are seronegative to B. microti and WA1 antigen. C1 MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT LAB MED & PATHOL,DIV EXPTL PATHOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905. MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,ROCHESTER,MN 55905. UNIV MONTPELLIER,F-34059 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. USDA,PULLMAN,WA. CAPE GIRARDEAU PHYSICIAN ASSOCIATES,CAPE GIRARDEAU,MO. RP Herwaldt, BL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,MAILSTOP F-22,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI30548, AI32403]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR41497] NR 30 TC 131 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD APR 1 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 7 BP 643 EP & PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UB513 UT WOS:A1996UB51300004 PM 8607592 ER PT J AU Seaman, J Mercer, AJ Sondorp, HE Herwaldt, BL AF Seaman, J Mercer, AJ Sondorp, HE Herwaldt, BL TI Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan: Treatment of severely debilitated patients under wartime conditions and with limited resources SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID KALA-AZAR; SODIUM STIBOGLUCONATE; PARASITIC DISEASE; MALNUTRITION; RISK; POPULATION; INFECTION; ADULTS AB Objectives: 1) To determine the proportions of patients with visceral leishmaniasis who had various treatment outcomes when cared for under wartime conditions and with limited resources and 2) to identify patient characteristics associated with the outcomes. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Medicins sans Frontieres-Holland's treatment center in Duar, Western Upper Nile province, an area in southern Sudan that has been severely affected by Sudan's civil war and a massive epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis. Patients: 3076 consecutive patients who had visceral leishmaniasis, were admitted to the treatment center the first year the center was operational (August 1990 to July 1991), and were treated with the pentavalent antimonial compound sodium stibogluconate. Measurements: Patient characteristics on admission and four mutually exclusive treatment outcomes (default during first admission, death during first admission, discharge and readmission for retreatment [relapse], and discharge and no readmission for retreatment [successful treatment]). Results: The patients had a median age of 15 years and were notably anemic (median hemoglobin level, 77 g/L) and malnourished (median body mass index of adults [greater than or equal to 18 years of age], 15.2 kg/m(2)); most (91.0%) had been sick less than 5 months. Although patients could not be monitored after treatment to document cure, most (2562 [83.3%]) were successfully treated; 336 (10.9%) died during their first admission, and 79 are known to have relapsed (3.0% of those discharged alive [that is, those whose final treatment outcome was successful treatment or relapse]). In univariable analysis, young and older age (<5 or greater than or equal to 45 years of age), long duration of illness (greater than or equal to 5 months), markedly low hemoglobin level or body mass index, large spleen, high parasite density, and vomiting at least once during the treatment course were associated with death. In multiple logistic regression analysis of data for a subgroup of 1207 adults (those who did not default or relapse and for whom data were recorded on age, sex, duration of illness, hemoglobin level, body mass index, and spleen size), the approximate risk ratios for death were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.6) for those with a long duration of illness, 3.6 (CI, 2.1 to 5.9) for those 45 years of age or older, 4.6 (CI, 2.2 to 9.4) for those with a hemoglobin level less than 60 g/L, and 12.2 (CI, 3.2 to 47.2) for those with a body mass index less than 12 kg/m(2). Conclusion: Despite the severe debility of the patients and the exceptionally difficult circumstances under which they were treated, most fared remarkably well. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MED SANS FRONTIERES HOLLAND,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. NR 34 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD APR 1 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 7 BP 664 EP 672 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UB513 UT WOS:A1996UB51300007 PM 8607595 ER PT J AU Zurenko, GE Yagi, BH Schaadt, RD Allison, JW Kilburn, JO Glickman, SE Hutchinson, DK Barbachyn, MR Brickner, SJ AF Zurenko, GE Yagi, BH Schaadt, RD Allison, JW Kilburn, JO Glickman, SE Hutchinson, DK Barbachyn, MR Brickner, SJ TI In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID ENTEROCOCCI; INVITRO; DUP-721; DUP-105 AB Oxazolidinones make up a relatively new class of antimicrobial agents which possess a unique mechanism of bacterial protein synthesis inhibition, U-100592 {(S)-N-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-[4-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-piperazinyl]-phenyl] -2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-acetamide} and U-100766 {(S)-N-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl] -2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl] methyl]-acetamide} are novel oxazolidinone analogs from a directed chemical modification program, MICs were determined for a variety of bacterial clinical isolates; the respective MICs of U-100592 and U-100766 at which 90% of isolates are inhibited were as follows: methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, 4 and 4 mu g/ml; methicillin-resistant S. aureus, 4 and 4 mu g/ml; methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2 and 2 mu g/ml; methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, 1 and 2 mu g/ml; Enterococcus faecalis, 2 and 4 mu g/ml; Enterococcus faecium, 2 and 4 mu g/ml; Streptococcus pyogenes, 1 and 2 mu g/ml; Streptococcus pneumoniae, 0.50 and 1 mu g/ml; Corynebacterium spp. 0.50 and 0.50 mu g/ml; Moraxella catarrhalis, 4 and 4 mu g/ml; Listeria monocytogenes, 8 and 2 mu g/ml; and Bacteroides fragilis, 16 and 4 mu g/ml. Most strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the gram-positive anaerobes were inhibited in the range of 0.50 to 2 mu g/ml. Enterococcal strains resistant to vancomycin (VanA, VanB, and VanC resistance phenotypes), pneumococcal strains resistant to penicillin, and M. tuberculosis strains resistant to common antitubercular agents (isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampin, ethionamide, and ethambutol) were not cross-resistant to the oxazolidinones. The presence of 10, 20, and 40% pooled human serum did not affect the antibacterial activities of the oxazolidinones. Time-kill studies demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect of the analogs against staphylococci and enterococci but a bactericidal effect against streptococci, The spontaneous mutation frequencies of S. aureus ATCC 29213 were <3.8 x 10(-10) and <8 x 10(-11) for U-100592 and U-100766, respectively, Serial transfer of three staphylococcal and two enterococcal strains on drug gradient plates produced no evidence of rapid resistance development. Thus, these new oxazolidinone analogs demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activities against a variety of clinically important human pathogens. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Zurenko, GE (reprint author), PHARMACIA & UPJOHN INC,CANC & INFECT DIS RES,7000 PORTAGE RD,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001, USA. NR 22 TC 321 Z9 334 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD APR PY 1996 VL 40 IS 4 BP 839 EP 845 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UD248 UT WOS:A1996UD24800003 PM 8849237 ER PT J AU Jensen, HE Schonheyder, HC Hotchi, M Kaufman, L AF Jensen, HE Schonheyder, HC Hotchi, M Kaufman, L TI Diagnosis of systemic mycoses by specific immunohistochemical tests SO APMIS LA English DT Article DE immunohistochemistry; systemic mycoses; fungal infections; diagnosis; histopathology ID ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII; CROSSED IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS; BLASTOMYCES-DERMATITIDIS; INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; ALKALINE PROTEASE; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; IDENTIFICATION; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AB Immunohistochemistry has proved to be a powerful tool for the accurate diagnosis of a number of important mycoses in humans and animals, such as aspergillosis, candidosis, cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis capsulati and duboisii, paracoccidioidomycosis, fusariosis, pseudallescheriosis (scedosporiosis), sporotrichosis, trichosporonosis, penicilliosis, and zygomycosis (mucormycosis). These techniques are also applicable to pneumocystosis and to non-mycotic infections caused by algae such as protothecosis. Apart from the specificity of immunohistochemistry, the application of fluorochromes is highly effective for the localization of typical or atypical fungal elements in lesions with only few organisms present. Occasionally, a dual aetiology of fungal infections may be suspected on the basis of morphological study, and dual staining techniques have the capacity for resolving this question by simultaneous and differential staining of two fungal species present in a tissue specimen. C1 AALBORG HOSP,DEPT CLIN MICROBIOL,AALBORG,DENMARK. SHINSHU UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,MATSUMOTO,NAGANO 390,JAPAN. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Jensen, HE (reprint author), ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV,DEPT PHARMACOL & PATHOBIOL,VET PATHOL LAB,13 BULOWSVEJ,DK-1870 FREDERIKSBERG C,DENMARK. NR 85 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-4641 J9 APMIS JI APMIS PD APR PY 1996 VL 104 IS 4 BP 241 EP 258 PG 18 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology SC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology GA UN219 UT WOS:A1996UN21900001 PM 8645463 ER PT J AU Conti, L Liberti, T White, R Crockett, L Hopkins, R AF Conti, L Liberti, T White, R Crockett, L Hopkins, R TI Surveillance of tuberculosis and AIDS co-morbidity - Florida, 1981-1993 SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Conti, L (reprint author), CDC,FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,SURVEILLANCE BRANCH,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 132 IS 4 BP 377 EP 378 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA UE213 UT WOS:A1996UE21300001 ER PT J AU Satcher, D AF Satcher, D TI Shipment of human pathogens SO ASM NEWS LA English DT Letter C1 CDC,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0044-7897 J9 ASM NEWS JI ASM News PD APR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 4 BP 168 EP 168 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UE567 UT WOS:A1996UE56700003 ER PT J AU Therrell, BL Hannon, WH Pass, KA Lorey, F Brokopp, C Eckman, J Glass, M Heidenreich, R Kinney, S Kling, S Landenburger, G Meaney, FJ McCabe, ERB Panny, S Schwartz, M Shapira, E AF Therrell, BL Hannon, WH Pass, KA Lorey, F Brokopp, C Eckman, J Glass, M Heidenreich, R Kinney, S Kling, S Landenburger, G Meaney, FJ McCabe, ERB Panny, S Schwartz, M Shapira, E TI Guidelines for the retention, storage, and use of residual dried blood spot samples after newborn screening analysis: Statement of the Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services SO BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FILTER-PAPER; A-I; SPECIMENS; DNA; QUANTITATION; STABILITY AB These guidelines provide scientific information for policy development by state health departments considering appropriate use of newborn screening specimens after screening tests are finished, Information was collected, debated, and formulated into a policy statement by the Newborn Screening Committee of the Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services (CORN), a federally funded national consortium of representatives from 10 regional genetics networks. Newborn screening programs vary widely in approaches and policies concerning residual dried blood spot samples (DBS) collected for newborn screening. Recognition of the epidemiological utility of DBS samples for HIV seroprevalence surveys and a growing interest in DBSs for DNA analysis has intensified consideration of issues regarding retention, storage, and use of residual DBS samples. Potentially these samples provide a genetic material ''bank'' for all newborns nationwide. Their value as a resource for other uses has already been recognized by scientists, administrators, and judicial officials, Programs should promulgate rules for retention and use of residual newborn screening DBS samples based on scientifically valid information. Banking of newborn samples as sources of genetic material should be considered in light of potential benefit or harm to society. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, CLIN BIOCHEM BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH, NEWBORN SCREENING PROGRAM, ALBANY, NY USA. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV, GENET BRANCH, BERKELEY, CA 94704 USA. UTAH DEPT HLTH, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84116 USA. EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, ATLANTA, GA 30303 USA. WASHINGTON STATE DEPT HLTH, NEWBORN SCREENING PROGRAM, SEATTLE, WA 98155 USA. OKLAHOMA DEPT HLTH, MATERNAL & INFANT HLTH CONGENITAL DISORDER SECT, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73117 USA. ILLINOIS DEPT PUBL HLTH, GENET DIS PROGRAM, SPRINGFIELD, IL 62761 USA. CONNECTICUT DEPT HLTH SERV, HARTFORD, CT 06105 USA. UNIV ARIZONA, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, TUCSON, AZ 85724 USA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. MARYLAND DEPT HLTH, DIV HEREDITARY DIS, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA. NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH, NEWBORN SCREEENING PROGRAM, TRENTON, NJ 08625 USA. TULANE UNIV, SCH MED, HUMAN GENET PROGRAM, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70112 USA. RP Therrell, BL (reprint author), TEXAS DEPT HLTH, BUR LABS, 1100 W 49TH ST, AUSTIN, TX 78756 USA. FU PHS HHS [MCJ -361011-01-0] NR 32 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1077-3150 J9 BIOCHEM MOL MED JI Biochem. Mol. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 116 EP 124 DI 10.1006/bmme.1996.0017 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UJ835 UT WOS:A1996UJ83500006 PM 8733889 ER PT J AU Chapman, DP Giles, WH AF Chapman, DP Giles, WH TI Progress in epilepsy: Psychiatric and psychopharmacologic advances SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 1 PY 1996 VL 39 IS 7 BP 552 EP 552 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA UE893 UT WOS:A1996UE89300537 ER PT J AU Swaminathan, S Frederickson, SM Hatcher, JF Reznikoff, CA Butler, MA Cheever, KL Savage, RE AF Swaminathan, S Frederickson, SM Hatcher, JF Reznikoff, CA Butler, MA Cheever, KL Savage, RE TI Neoplastic transformation and DNA-binding of 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) in SV40-immortalized human uroepithelial cell lines SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID MACROMOLECULAR ADDUCT FORMATION; N-HYDROXY DERIVATIVES; URINARY-BLADDER; ORTHO-TOLUIDINE; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; ORTHO-PHENYLPHENOL; INVITRO; RAT; 4,4'-METHYLENE-BIS(2-CHLOROANILINE) AB The tumorigenic transformation of certain occupationally significant chemicals, such as N-hydroxy-4,4'-methylenebis[2-chloroaniline] (N-OH-MOCA), N-hydroxy-orthotoluidine (N-OH-OT), 2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (PBQ) and N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (N-OH-ABP) were tested in vitro using the well established SV40-immortalized human uroepithelial cell line SV-HUC.PC. SV-HUC cells were exposed in vitro to varying concentrations of N-OH-MOCA, N-OH-OT, N-OH-ABP and PBQ that caused approximately 25% and 75% cytotoxicity. The carcinogen treated cells were propagated in culture for about six weeks and subsequently injected subcutaneously into athymic nude mice, Two of the fourteen different groups of SV-HUC.PC treated with different concentrations of N-OH-MOCA, and one of the three groups exposed to N-OH-ABP, formed carcinomas in athymic nude mice, P-32-postlabeling analyses of DNA isolated from SV-HUC.PC after exposure to N-OH-MOCA revealed one major and one minor adduct, The major adduct has been identified as the N-(deoxyadenosin-3' ,5'-bisphospho-8-yl)-4-amino-3-chlorobenzyl alcohol (pdAp-ACBA) and the minor adduct as N-(deoxyadenosin-3',5'-bisphospho-8-yl)-4-amino-3-chlorotoluene (pdApACT). Furthermore, SV-HUC.PC cytosols catalyzed the binding of N-OH-MOCA to DNA, in the presence of acetyl-CoA, to yield similar adducts. The same adducts were also formed by chemical interaction of N-OH-MOCA with calf thymus DNA, suggesting that the aryl nitrenium ion may be the ultimate reactive species responsible for DNA binding. The tumorigenic activity of N-OH-MOCA in this highly relevant in vitro transformation model, coupled with the findings that SV-HUC.PC cells formed DNA-adducts in vitro and contained enzyme systems that activated N-OH-MOCA to reactive electrophilic species that bound to DNA, strongly suggest that MOCA could be a human bladder carcinogen. These findings are consistent with the International Agency for Research on Cancer's classification of MOCA as a probable human carcinogen. C1 NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Swaminathan, S (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,600 HIGHLAND AVE,MADISON,WI 53792, USA. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD APR PY 1996 VL 17 IS 4 BP 857 EP 864 DI 10.1093/carcin/17.4.857 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA UG814 UT WOS:A1996UG81400034 PM 8625501 ER PT J AU Shafer, RW Edlin, BR AF Shafer, RW Edlin, BR TI Tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Perspective on the past decade SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; ACQUIRED-IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY; NEW-YORK-CITY; BACILLE CALMETTE-GUERIN; CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; HIV-ASSOCIATED TUBERCULOSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG-ABUSERS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AB Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection and the leading cause of death in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Because HIV is spreading in regions with the highest rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, HIV is responsible for an increasing proportion of the world's cases of TB. However, advances in molecular biology, clinical practice, and public health policy during the past 5 years offer reasons for hope. Molecular methods have provided insights into the epidemiology of M. tuberculosis transmission and the mechanisms of drug resistance, Rapid diagnostic tests have been developed to facilitate the diagnosis of TB. Retrospective and prospective studies have shown that TB in the HIV-infected person is highly treatable and often preventable. Moreover, directly observed therapy can decrease rates of treatment failure, relapse, drug resistance, and secondary spread. For two consecutive years, the incidence of TB in the United States has declined, Additional resources are needed, however, to achieve similar gains in the developing world. C1 STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DIV INFECT DIS & GEOG MED,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP Shafer, RW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,1600 CLIFTON RD,E-45,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Edlin, Brian/0000-0001-8172-8797 NR 326 TC 124 Z9 134 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 22 IS 4 BP 683 EP 704 PG 22 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UB853 UT WOS:A1996UB85300013 PM 8729208 ER PT J AU Smith, JS AF Smith, JS TI New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ROOT GANGLIA NEURONS; COMPARATIVE PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS; TRANSPORT; INFECTION; VACCINES; DOGS; EFFICACY AB In 1994, six persons died of rabies in the United Slates, the highest total since 1979. These deaths, although tragic, hardly seem significant when compared with the thousands of deaths that occur each year from other infectious diseases. At a time when public health budgets are under close scrutiny, why would such an apparently well-controlled disease warrant an expenditure of millions of dollars for diagnostic laboratories in all 50 states and a national reference laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention? The answer to that question, and the focus of this review, is to remind the reader that rabies control is not synonymous with rabies elimination. More than 8,000 animal rabies cases were diagnosed in the United States in 1994, and rabies virus is transmitted at endemic and occasionally epidemic levels in animal hosts as varied as the Arctic fox in the polar regions of Alaska to transient, neotropical bat species in Texas and other southwestern states. Bite or other wound contact with the saliva of these animals was reason to initiate preventive rabies treatment consisting of a series of injections of immune globulin and vaccine, to many thousands of humans at an estimated cost of up to $2,000 per treatment. Preventive vaccination of domestic animals and stray-animal control add several $100 million each year to the escalating cost of rabies control. The role of the public health rabies laboratory is to maintain a careful surveillance of animal populations affected by rabies, to advise the medical community when rabies preventive treatment is needed, and, equally important, to offer assurance on those occasions when it is not. Vaccination of wild species through oral baits and continued research in developing control methods for rabies in wild species may lead to improved control and prevention of rabies in the future. RP Smith, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RABIES LAB,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 74 TC 93 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD APR PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 166 EP & PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UF855 UT WOS:A1996UF85500005 PM 8964034 ER PT J AU Gindler, J AF Gindler, J TI Recommended childhood immunization schedule - United States, January-June 1996 SO CLINICAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article RP Gindler, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILD VACCINE PREVENTABLE DIS BRANCH,EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE DIV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTMINSTER PUBL INC PI GLEN HEAD PA 708 GLEN COVE AVE, GLEN HEAD, NY 11545 SN 0009-9228 J9 CLIN PEDIATR JI Clin. Pediatr. PD APR PY 1996 VL 35 IS 4 BP 223 EP 225 DI 10.1177/000992289603500413 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UF426 UT WOS:A1996UF42600010 PM 8665759 ER PT J AU Hou, ZY Chen, CP Yang, WC Lai, MD Buchert, ET Chung, HM Pickle, LW Woosley, RL AF Hou, ZY Chen, CP Yang, WC Lai, MD Buchert, ET Chung, HM Pickle, LW Woosley, RL TI Determination of dextromethorphan metabolic phenotype by salivary analysis with a reference to genotype in Chinese patients receiving renal hemodialysis SO CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID COMMON GENETIC-DEFECT; DEBRISOQUINE HYDROXYLATION; POOR METABOLIZERS; POLYMORPHISM; OXIDATION; SPARTEINE; QUINIDINE; DISPOSITION; CYP2D6; INHIBITION AB Background: The polymorphic metabolism of debrisoquin and sparteine by cytochrome P450IID6 (CYP2D6) is genetically determined. Determination of the CYP2D6 metabolic phenotype with conventional urine analytic methods is not feasible in anuric patients with renal failure. The possibility of using salivary analysis, with dextromethorphan as a probe drug, to determine the CYP2D6 metabolic phenotype in patients with renal failure was evaluated. Methods and results: One hundred four Chinese patients with renal failure were recruited. All 104 patients were receiving hemodialysis. Saliva was collected before and at 3 hours after each patient took a capsule of dextromethorphan hydrobromide (30 mg). Four patients were excluded because of insufficient samples of saliva. The distribution of logarithms of the metabolic ratios (log[MR]) in the 100 patients appeared to be: normal. Administration of quinidine sulfate (200 mg twice daily) to nine of the, patients significantly and markedly increased the dextromethorphan metabolic ratios. The metabolic ratios of nine patients pretreated with quinidine were higher than any of the 100 patients with renal failure who did not receive quinidine pretreatment. A metabolic ratio of 33 separated these two groups. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from whole blood in a. subset of patients. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods were used to detect the CYP2D6 and B mutant genes. Mutant B alleles (which are common in white poor metabolizers) of CYP2D6 genes were not detected in any of the 47 subjects tested. A PCR-based test of cytosine (C-188) to thymine (T-188) polymorphism at 188 base pairs in exon 1 of CYP2D6 genes was performed in 61 patients. Subjects who were homozygous for C-188 had significantly (p = 0.0067) lower log[MR] values than those who were homozygous for T-188. Conclusions: Determination of dextromethorphan metabolic ratios in saliva is feasible in patients with renal failure requiring hemodialysis. All subjects in this study appeared to be ''extensive metabolizer'' phenotype for CYP2D6, and no poor metabolizer was identified. From the results with quinidine pretreatment, a metabolic ratio of 33 is suggested to be a tentative antimode for identification of poor metabolizers in patients with renal failure. C1 VET GEN HOSP,DEPT MED,KAOHSIUNG,TAIWAN. NATL CHENG KUNG UNIV,COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,TAINAN,TAIWAN. GEORGETOWN UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20007. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI Lai, Ming-Derg/M-8028-2014 NR 27 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0009-9236 J9 CLIN PHARMACOL THER JI Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. PD APR PY 1996 VL 59 IS 4 BP 411 EP 417 DI 10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90109-5 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UN844 UT WOS:A1996UN84400008 PM 8612385 ER PT J AU Thompson, TJ Engelgau, MM Hegazy, M Ali, MA Sous, ES Badran, A Herman, WH AF Thompson, TJ Engelgau, MM Hegazy, M Ali, MA Sous, ES Badran, A Herman, WH TI The onset of NIDDM and its relationship to clinical diagnosis in Egyptian adults SO DIABETIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; diagnosis; retinopathy; epidemiology; Egypt ID DIABETES-MELLITUS AB The onset of diabetes relative to clinical diagnosis was estimated in Egyptians with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) based on the relationship between retinopathy and duration of diabetes. Between July 1992 and October 1993 the Diabetes in Egypt (DIE) Project performed a cross-sectional, population-based survey with clinical and laboratory follow-up to describe the prevalence of microvascular, neuropathic, and macrovascular complications among Egyptians greater than or equal to 20 years of age with diagnosed diabetes, previously undiagnosed diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and normal glucose tolerance. The sample of persons with diabetes diagnosed prior to the survey had medical examinations which included a dilated eye examination and retinal photographs. Generalized linear models were used to relate the probability of retinopathy to duration of diabetes. Among 218 persons with diabetes diagnosed prior to the DIE project, 87 (40 %) had diabetic retinopathy. The onset of retinopathy was estimated to occur 2.6 years (p = 0.04) prior to clinical diagnosis. The estimated annual incidence of retinopathy was 5 % and the estimated prevalence at the time of clinical diagnosis of diabetes was 12 %. On the basis of reports that retinopathy does not occur until approximately 5 years after the development of diabetes, the onset of NIDDM was estimated to occur 7.6 years prior to its clinical diagnosis. This estimate of the onset of NIDDM in Egyptians is comparable to other estimates reported for US and Australian populations. RP Thompson, TJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MAILSTOP K-10,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 18 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0742-3071 J9 DIABETIC MED JI Diabetic Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 13 IS 4 BP 337 EP 340 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199604)13:4<337::AID-DIA71>3.0.CO;2-A PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UG667 UT WOS:A1996UG66700007 PM 9162609 ER PT J AU Craven, RB Quan, TJ Bailey, RE Dattwyler, R Ryan, RW Sigal, LH Steere, AC Sullivan, B Johnson, BJB Dennis, DT Gubler, DJ AF Craven, RB Quan, TJ Bailey, RE Dattwyler, R Ryan, RW Sigal, LH Steere, AC Sullivan, B Johnson, BJB Dennis, DT Gubler, DJ TI Improved serodiagnostic testing for lyme disease: Results of a multicenter serologic evaluation SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; ERYTHEMA MIGRANS; ANTIBODY; LABORATORIES C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. UNIV CONNECTICUT,CTR HLTH,FARMINGTON,CT. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ. TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. MARSHFIELD CLIN FDN MED RES & EDUC,MARSHFIELD,WI 54449. RP Craven, RB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FT COLLINS,CO, USA. OI Dattwyler, Raymond/0000-0002-1983-1301 NR 24 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 136 EP 140 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UM787 UT WOS:A1996UM78700011 PM 8903216 ER PT J AU Beard, CB Navin, TR AF Beard, CB Navin, TR TI Molecular epidemiology of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFECTION RP Beard, CB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 147 EP 150 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UM787 UT WOS:A1996UM78700014 PM 8903219 ER PT J AU Zucker, JR Kachur, SP AF Zucker, JR Kachur, SP TI Transfusion-associated malaria - Reply SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter RP Zucker, JR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 152 EP 152 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UM787 UT WOS:A1996UM78700017 ER PT J AU Koo, D Aragon, A Moscoso, V Gudiel, M Bietti, L Carrillo, N Chojoj, J Gordillo, B Cano, F Cameron, DN Wells, JG Bean, NH Tauxe, RV AF Koo, D Aragon, A Moscoso, V Gudiel, M Bietti, L Carrillo, N Chojoj, J Gordillo, B Cano, F Cameron, DN Wells, JG Bean, NH Tauxe, RV TI Epidemic cholera in Guatemala, 1993: Transmission of a newly introduced epidemic strain by street vendors SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID PERU AB Epidemic cholera reached Guatemala in July 1991. By mid-1993, Guatemala ranked third in the hemisphere in reported cases of cholera. We conducted a case-control study with two age-, sex-, and neighbourhood-matched controls per patient in periurban Guatemala City. Twenty six patients hospitalized for cholera and 52 controls were enrolled. Seven (47%) of 15 stool cultures obtained after admission yielded toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1. All seven were resistant to furazolidone, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin, and differed substantially by pulsed-held gel electrophoresis from the Latin American epidemic strain dominant in the hemisphere since 1991. In univariate analysis, illness was associated with consumption of left-over rice (odds ratio [OR] = 7.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-36), flavored ices ('helados') (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.1-12), and street-vended non-carbonated beverages (OR = 3.8, CI = 1.2-12) and food items (OR = 11.0, CI = 2.3-54). Street-vended food items remained significantly associated with illness in multivariate analysis (OR = 6.5, CI = 1.4-31). Illness was not associated with drinking municipal tap water, Maintaining water safety is important, but slowing the epidemic in Guatemala City and elsewhere may also require improvement in street vendor food handling and hygiene. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, PREVENT MED RESIDENCY PROGRAM, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, CDC, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. INST NUTR CENT AMER & PANAMA, GUATEMALA CITY, GUATEMALA. CTR DIS CONTROL, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD APR PY 1996 VL 116 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UH255 UT WOS:A1996UH25500003 PM 8620902 ER PT J AU Fekadu, M Endeshaw, T Alemu, W Bogale, Y Teshager, T Olson, JG AF Fekadu, M Endeshaw, T Alemu, W Bogale, Y Teshager, T Olson, JG TI Possible human-to-human transmission of rabies in Ethiopia SO ETHIOPIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VIRUS AB This report describes two unusual human rabies patients, a 41 year old woman and a 5 year old boy. The only known source of exposure for both patients was to family members who died of rabies. The clinical histories of these two patients suggest the possibility of naturally occurring human-to-human transmission of rabies. RP Fekadu, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 7 PU ETHIOPIAN MED ASSN PI ADDIS ABABA PA P O BOX 2179, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA SN 0014-1755 J9 ETHIOPIAN MED J JI Ethiop. Med. J. PD APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 123 EP 127 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ368 UT WOS:A1996UJ36800007 PM 8840614 ER PT J AU Alter, MJ AF Alter, MJ TI Epidemiology of hepatitis C SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Review DE hepatitis C virus; epidemiology; transmission ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; ACUTE NON-A; VIRUS-INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; POSTTRANSFUSION HEPATITIS; RISK-FACTORS; ANTIBODY; TRANSMISSION; RECIPIENTS; PREVALENCE AB Hepatitis C occurs worldwide and in all age and racial/ethnic groups studied. The most efficient transmission is through percutaneous exposure to infectious blood, but may also occur as a result oi inapparent parenteral and mucosal exposure. Although hepatitis C virus may be inefficiently transmitted in some settings, the high rate of persistent infection with this virus creates a large reservoir of persons who are infectious to others, resulting in multiple opportunities for transmission to occur. RP Alter, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0954-691X J9 EUR J GASTROEN HEPAT JI Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 4 BP 319 EP 323 DI 10.1097/00042737-199604000-00005 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA UN977 UT WOS:A1996UN97700005 PM 8781897 ER PT J AU Githeko, AK Adungo, NI Karanja, DM Hawley, WA Vulule, JM Seroney, IK Ofulla, AVO Atieli, FK Ondijo, SO Genga, IO Odada, PK Situbi, PA Oloo, JA AF Githeko, AK Adungo, NI Karanja, DM Hawley, WA Vulule, JM Seroney, IK Ofulla, AVO Atieli, FK Ondijo, SO Genga, IO Odada, PK Situbi, PA Oloo, JA TI Some observations on the biting behavior of Anopheles gambiae ss, Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus and their implications for malaria control SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae sensu lato; Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles arabiensis; malaria vectors; polymerase chain reaction; Plasmodium falciparum; man biting behavior; house leaving behavior; insecticide; permethrin ID WESTERN KENYA; IRRIGATION SCHEME; HOLOENDEMIC AREA; VECTOR BIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; MADAGASCAR; SURVIVAL AB Studies were carried out in three villages in western Kenya on the biting behavior of Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus. Blood feeding behavior and departure from houses were studied under the impact of permethrin-impregnated eaves-sisal curtains. Only 2-13% of the female vector population was collected biting before 2200 hr. Over 90% of the villagers went to bed by 2100 hr. An. funestus was 6.6-8.2 times more likely to bite people indoors than outdoors, while An. gambiae s.l. females were only 2 times as likely. Under the influence of permethrin-impregnated sisal curtains placed under the eaves of village houses, there was a marked egress of blood-fed An. funestus and An. gambiae s.s, Permethrin seems to have induced exophily of half-gravid female An. gambiae s.s. While An. gambiae s.s. remained highly anthropophagic under the impact of permethrin, An funestus shifted to feeding more on cattle. An. arabiensis were largely zoophilic. Our results underline the difficulties of controlling An. gambiae s,s., the principal African malaria vector. New strategies must be found to control this vector. (C) 1996 Academic Press C1 BIOMED SCI RES CTR,NAIROBI,KENYA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Githeko, AK (reprint author), KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,VECTOR BIOL & CONTROL RES CTR,POB 1578,KISUMU,KENYA. NR 23 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0014-4894 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 82 IS 3 BP 306 EP 315 DI 10.1006/expr.1996.0038 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UJ138 UT WOS:A1996UJ13800009 PM 8631382 ER PT J AU Birkness, KA Quinn, FD White, EH Newman, G Smoot, DT Bartlett, JH Gold, BD AF Birkness, KA Quinn, FD White, EH Newman, G Smoot, DT Bartlett, JH Gold, BD TI A novel in vitro model for the study of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, ATLANTA, GA USA. HOWARD UNIV, WASHINGTON, DC 20059 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 4 SU S BP A65 EP A65 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA UF737 UT WOS:A1996UF73700257 ER PT J AU Erway, LC Shiau, YW Davis, RR Krieg, EF AF Erway, LC Shiau, YW Davis, RR Krieg, EF TI Genetics of age-related hearing loss in mice .3. Susceptibility of inbred and F1 hybrid strains to noise-induced hearing loss SO HEARING RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE noise-induced; age-related; brainstem; inbred; hybrid; mice ID ACOUSTIC TRAUMA; C57BL/6J MICE; GENOTYPE; DAMAGE; CBA/CA; MOUSE AB Some humans and mice are genetically predisposed to age-related hearing loss (AHL), and others are variously susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). The inbred C57BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit AHL at an early age, whereas the inbred CBA/CaJ (CB) mice do not. The B6 mice are much more susceptible to NIHL than are the CB mice (Shone et al., 1991; Li, 1992a). The B6 mice possess an Ahl gene which maps to chromosome 10 (Erway et al., 1995). This study was designed, using these two inbred strains plus two F1 hybrid strains of mice, to begin to test the hypothesis that the Ahl genotypes may influence the susceptibility to NIHL. These strains of mice (with putative genotypes) are: inbred CB (+/+) and B6 (Ahl/Ahl); hybrid CBBBF1 (+/Ahl) and B6D2F1 (Ahl/Ahl; D2 represents inbred DBA/2J). Twenty-four mice of each of these four strains were exposed to noise (110 dB for 0, 1 or 2 h) and tested for auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) thresholds. The CB and CBB6F1 strains of mice did not differ significantly from each other, exhibiting mostly temporary threshold shifts. The B6 and B6D2F1 strains of mice did not differ significantly from each other, but did exhibit permanent threshold shifts. These results support the hypothesis that genetic predisposition to AHL may be revealed at a younger age by NIHL. This suggests that it may be possible to use the NIHL to distinguish segregating genotypes (+/Ahl vs. Ahl/Ahl) among backcross progeny and thereby to identify and map single genes for AHL. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT COMMUN SCI & DISORDERS,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIOACOUST & OCCUPAT VIBRAT SECT,PHYS AGENT EFFECTS BRANCH,NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,STAT ACTIV,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Erway, LC (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT BIOL SCI,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. RI Davis, Rickie/A-3186-2008 NR 21 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-5955 J9 HEARING RES JI Hear. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1016/0378-5955(95)00226-X PG 7 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA UL655 UT WOS:A1996UL65500013 PM 8735078 ER PT J AU Apostol, BL Black, WC Reiter, P Miller, BR AF Apostol, BL Black, WC Reiter, P Miller, BR TI Population genetics with RAPD-PCR markers: The breeding structure of Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE Aedes aegypti; effective migration rate; population genetics; RAPD-PCR ID LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; ALBOPICTUS SKUSE; FORTRAN PROGRAM; POLYMORPHISMS; FLOW; MAP AB RAPD-PCR polymorphisms at 57 presumptive loci were used to examine the breeding structure of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico. Mosquitoes were sampled from 16 locations in six cities and samples were located in a nested spatial design to examine local patterns of gene flow. Allele frequencies were estimated assuming (1) that genomic regions amplified by RAPD-PCR segregate as dominant alleles, (2) that genotypes at RAPD loci are in Hardy-Weinberg proportions, (3) identity in state (iis) among dominant amplified alleles and (4) iis among null alleles. The average genic heterozygosity was 0.354, more than twice the level detected in earlier allozyme surveys. Nested analysis of variance indicated extensive genetic differentiation among locations within cities. Effective migration rates (Nm) among cities were estimated from F-ST assuming an island model of migration. Estimates of Nm ranged from 9.7 to 12.2 indicating a high dispersal rate. The large number of polymorphisms revealed by RAPD-PCR allowed the distribution of F-ST and linkage disequilibrium to be examined among loci and demonstrated that small samples inflate F-ST and linkage disequilibrium. No linkage disequilibrium maintained through epistasis was detected among alleles at the 57 loci. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MED ENTOMOL & ECOL BRANCH,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DENGUE BRANCH,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,CTR INFECT DIS,SAN JUAN,PR 00921. NR 30 TC 137 Z9 170 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD APR PY 1996 VL 76 BP 325 EP 334 DI 10.1038/hdy.1996.50 PN 4 PG 10 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UF374 UT WOS:A1996UF37400002 PM 8626220 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Yang, CF Patterson, PS Udhayakumar, V Lal, AA AF Xiao, LH Yang, CF Patterson, PS Udhayakumar, V Lal, AA TI Sulfated polyanions inhibit invasion of erythrocytes by plasmodial merozoites and cytoadherence of endothelial cells to parasitized erythrocytes SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID FALCIPARUM MALARIA; CONTINUOUS CULTURE; CEREBRAL MALARIA; HEPARIN; PROTEIN; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS; SEQUESTRATION; SPOROZOITES; ADHESION; BINDING AB Sulfated proteoglycans have been shown to be involved in the binding of sporozoites of malaria parasites to hepatocytes. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes (PRBC) to endothelial cells, Invasion of erythrocytes by HB3EC-6 (an HB3 line selected for high binding to endothelial cells) was inhibited by dextran sulfate 500K, dextran sulfate 5K, sulfatides, fucoidan, and heparin but not by chondroitin sulfate A, With the exception of sulfatides, the invasion-inhibitory effect was not mediated by killing of parasites, Cytoadherence of HB3EC-6 to human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and HB3C32-6 (an HB3 line selected for high binding to C32 melanoma cells) to C32 melanoma cells was also inhibited by these sulfated glycoconjugates. The highly sulfated dextran sulfate 500K had the highest inhibitory effect on both invasion and cytoadherence. Both unsulfated dextran 500K and hyaluronic acid had no significant effect on invasion or cytoadherence, whereas the positively charged protamine sulfate promoted cytoadherence, Because preincubation of PRBC with sulfated glycosaminoglycans and treatment of target cells with heparinase had no significant inhibition on cytoadherence, it is unlikely that sulfated glycoconjugates are used directly by endothelial cells as cytoadhesion receptors, In an in vivo experiment, we found that the administration of dextran sulfate 500K to CBA/Ca mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA reduced parasitemia and delayed the death associated with anemia, These observations suggest that sulfated polyanions inhibit the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites and cytoadherence of PRBC to endothelial cells by increasing the negative repulsive charge and sterically interfering with the ligand-receptor interaction after binding to target cells. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,IMMUNOL BRANCH,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; Yang, Chunfu/G-6890-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; NR 35 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD APR PY 1996 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1373 EP 1378 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UC314 UT WOS:A1996UC31400041 PM 8606103 ER PT J AU Holmberg, L Ohlander, EM Byers, T Zack, M Wolk, A Bruce, A Bergstrom, R Bergkvist, L Adami, HO AF Holmberg, L Ohlander, EM Byers, T Zack, M Wolk, A Bruce, A Bergstrom, R Bergkvist, L Adami, HO TI A search for recall bias in a case-control study of diet and breast cancer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; diet; case-control study; mammography ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK AB Background. In retrospective studies of dietary habits and breast cancer risk, recall bias is a concern since diet has been publicized as a cause of breast cancer. Methods, In a case-control study of diet and breast cancer risk nested within a cohort of women screened with mammography, we contrasted answers to a retrospective dietary interview with answers to a dietary questionnaire which was filled out before any diagnostic procedures for breast cancer were undertaken. The source population was all women aged 40-74 in two counties in Sweden invited to mammographic screening and asked to fill out a questionnaire before the screening. Cases and controls were subsequently defined-matched on age, county of residence, and time of mammography - and approached for an interview. Results, In all, 265 cases and 431 controls participated in the study. Means of monthly frequencies differed between the questionnaire and the interview for both cases and controls to a similar degree in all food groups. The percentage of agreement in the questionnaire's and the interview's classifications of study subjects into quartiles of monthly intake varied between 31% and 57%. Kappa statistics in all food groups were below 0.41. These measures of agreement did not differ between cases and controls. The confidence intervals for odds ratios of breast cancer risk obtained from the two measurements overlapped for all food groups. In a regression analysis, case subjects with low responses on the questionnaire about intake of meat, snacks, and coffee and tea gave higher responses on interview than did controls who had low questionnaire responses for these food groups. The reverse was also true: cases: responses that were high on the questionnaire were lower on interview for these food groups than were controls' responses. Conclusions, We found few signs of recall bias, and the few indications of a differential misclassification that we found were not in food groups that have been publicly discussed as causes of breast cancer. C1 UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT CANC EPIDEMIOL,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. NATL FOOD ADM TOXICOL LAB,UPPSALA,SWEDEN. UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT STAT,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. CENT HOSP VASTERAS,DEPT SURG,VASTERAS,SWEDEN. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Holmberg, L (reprint author), UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT SURG,CANC EPIDEMIOL UNIT,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. NR 13 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 235 EP 244 DI 10.1093/ije/25.2.235 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VE063 UT WOS:A1996VE06300001 PM 9119547 ER PT J AU French, SA Jeffery, RW Folsom, AR McGovern, P Williamson, DF AF French, SA Jeffery, RW Folsom, AR McGovern, P Williamson, DF TI Weight loss maintenance in young adulthood: Prevalence and correlations with health behavior and disease in a population-based sample of women aged 55-69 years SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE obesity; weight loss; weight variability; weight cycling ID ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; BODY-WEIGHT; FOLLOW-UP; HEART-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; OBESITY; FRAMINGHAM; OVERWEIGHT; MEN; QUESTIONNAIRE AB Objective: To describe the prevalence of weight loss maintenance and other weight change patterns in early adulthood (ages 18-50 years), and their association with disease prevalence in older age (average age 62 years). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SUBJECTS: 17 233 postmenopausal women aged 55-69 years, MEASUREMENTS : Weight change categories based on recalled body weight at age 18, 30, 40 and 50 years. RESULTS: Weight loss of 10% or more between ages 18 and 30 years followed by maintenance within 5% up to age 50 years, and weight loss of 10% or more followed by a 10% or more regain were equally common, yet rare, weight change patterns (1.6% and 1.8%, respectively), Among those who were overweight at age 18, maintaining a stable weight was associated with increased odds of diabetes (OR = 5.48) and hypertension (OR = 1.98), relative to normal weight-weight stable women, However, overweight women who lost weight had similar odds of diabetes and hypertension as normal weight-weight stable women, In both overweight and normal weight women, weight loss followed by regain was associated with higher odds of disease relative to weight stability. However, the highest odds of disease were associated with continuous weight gain or an initial weight gain that was maintained. CONCLUSIONS: Weight gain is associated with higher odds of disease compared to weight stability, which is associated with lowest odds of disease. Weight loss maintenance in the overweight is associated with lower odds of obesity-related diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP French, SA (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,1300 S 2ND ST,SUITE 300,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55454, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA39742] NR 45 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD APR PY 1996 VL 20 IS 4 BP 303 EP 310 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UD388 UT WOS:A1996UD38800002 PM 8680456 ER PT J AU Cogswell, ME Serdula, MK Mokdad, AH Williamson, DF AF Cogswell, ME Serdula, MK Mokdad, AH Williamson, DF TI Attempted weight loss during pregnancy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE weight loss; pregnancy; body mass index ID VITAMIN AB OBJECTIVE:To assess the prevalence and correlates of weight loss during pregnancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional telephone survey from 47 states and the District of Columbia. SUBJECTS: 1794 women who reported that they were pregnant at the time of the survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported weight, height, disease and behaviors. RESULTS: A minority (3.7%: 95% CI, 2.6-4.9%) of women who reported being pregnant (n = 1794) also reported trying to lose weight. However, pregnant women who reported both drinking alcohol in the past month and currently smoking had the highest prevalence of attempted weight loss (12.7%), followed by women in their first trimester (9.4%), women with reported diabetes (9.0%) and women with very high BMls (6.9%). After adjustment for survey design and other characteristics, women in their first trimester were four times more likely to attempt weight loss than those in the third trimester. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that weight loss attempts among women who report being pregnant are uncommon, but are more likely to occur in the first trimester and possibly among women who smoke and drink, have diabetes or are very overweight. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30303. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD APR PY 1996 VL 20 IS 4 BP 373 EP 375 PG 3 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UD388 UT WOS:A1996UD38800012 PM 8680466 ER PT J AU Adhikari, P Berish, SA Nowalk, AJ Veraldi, KL Morse, SA Mietzner, TA AF Adhikari, P Berish, SA Nowalk, AJ Veraldi, KL Morse, SA Mietzner, TA TI The fbpABC locus of Neisseria gonorrhoeae functions in the periplasm-to-cytosol transport of iron SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BINDING-PROTEIN; SERRATIA-MARCESCENS; GENE; MENINGITIDIS; TRANSFERRIN; SEQUENCE; LACTOFERRIN; IDENTIFICATION; CLONING; ABILITY AB We have determined that the DNA sequence downstream of the well-characterized gonococcal fbp gene contains two open reading frames: one designated fbpB, which encodes a protein proposed to function as a cytoplasmic permease, and one designated fbpC, which encodes a protein proposed to function as a nucleotide-binding protein. The fpbABC operon composes an iron transport system that is homologous to the sfu and hit operons previously reported for Serratia marcescens and Haemophilus influenzae, respectively, and displays elements characteristic of ATP binding cassette transporters. The fpbABC operon differs from these loci in that it is lethal when overexpressed in Escherichia coli. C1 UNIV PITTSBURGH, SCH MED, DEPT MOLEC GENET & BIOCHEM, PITTSBURGH, PA 15261 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV AIDS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS & TB LAB RES, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. OI Veraldi, Kristen/0000-0002-5580-4810 FU NIAID NIH HHS [1R29AI32226-01] NR 23 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 EI 1098-5530 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 178 IS 7 BP 2145 EP 2149 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UD484 UT WOS:A1996UD48400051 PM 8606197 ER PT J AU Lin, AW Usera, MA Barrett, TJ Goldsby, RA AF Lin, AW Usera, MA Barrett, TJ Goldsby, RA TI Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis to differentiate strains of Salmonella enteritidis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHAGE TYPES; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; PLASMID ANALYSIS; FLOCKS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OUTBREAKS; PATTERNS; PCR AB A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting method has been developed to differentiate Salmonella enteritidis isolates. A total of 65 arbitrary primers were screened with S. enteritidis isolates of different phage types. This allowed selection of a panel of primers capable of detecting DNA polymorphisms among S. enteritidis isolates. This panel was used to examine a panel of 29 isolates of S. enteritidis which had been previously characterized by other subtyping methods, including phage typing (PT) (n = 7), ribotyping (RT) (n = 13), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Applied collectively, these three methods resolved the collection into 20 different subtypes. However, by the RAPD fingerprinting method alone, 14 RAPD subtypes were revealed. Eight isolates of S. enteritidis phage type 8 that failed to be discriminated by other typing methods (PT, RT, and PFGE) were resolved into three different subtypes by RAPD analysis, In contrast, isolates that were derived from the same sources were not differentiated by any of the subtyping methods employed, including PT, RT, PFGE, and RAPD analysis. This RAPD approach to S. enteritidis subtyping provided more discriminatory power than did any of several other subtyping methods applied individually, Once the challenging step of primer identification was accomplished, determinations of the appropriate concentrations of arbitrary primer, DNA template, and Mg2+ ion were also necessary for optimal discriminatory power, The bacterial DNA used in this RAPD protocol was obtained by boiling the bacterial sample. This simple procedure yielded DNA that produced fingerprint patterns as consistent as those obtained from phenol-chloroform-extracted DNA. Clearly, when appropriately constituted primer sets are identified and employed, RAPD analysis provides a simple, rapid, and powerful subtyping method for S. enteritidis. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT VET & ANIM SCI,AMHERST,MA 01003. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AMHERST COLL,DEPT BIOL,AMHERST,MA 01002. NR 36 TC 118 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 870 EP 876 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UA683 UT WOS:A1996UA68300018 PM 8815099 ER PT J AU Brandt, ME Hutwagner, LC Klug, LA Baughman, WS Rimland, D Graviss, EA Hamill, RJ Thomas, C Pappas, PG Reingold, AL Pinner, RW Stephens, D Farley, M Bardsley, M Siegel, B Jackson, G Lao, C Otte, J Harvey, C Gillespie, R Rothrock, G Pattni, B Daily, P AF Brandt, ME Hutwagner, LC Klug, LA Baughman, WS Rimland, D Graviss, EA Hamill, RJ Thomas, C Pappas, PG Reingold, AL Pinner, RW Stephens, D Farley, M Bardsley, M Siegel, B Jackson, G Lao, C Otte, J Harvey, C Gillespie, R Rothrock, G Pattni, B Daily, P TI Molecular subtype distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in four areas of the United States SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC DIFFERENCES; POPULATION-GENETICS; AIDS PATIENT; VAR GATTII; DNA; MENINGITIS; STRAINS; PROBES AB To improve understanding of the epidemiology of cryptococcal disease, we analyzed the multilocus genotype distribution of 358 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates obtained from 251 patients through active surveillance in four U.S. geographic areas from 1992 through 1994, Isolates of the predominant enzyme electrophoretic type (ET), ET-1, were recovered in significantly greater proportion from Atlanta, Ga., Houston, Tex., and all major metropolitan areas of Alabama than from San Francisco, Calif, ET-2 and ET-7 complex (serotype AD) isolates were recovered predominantly from San Francisco, ET-3 was recovered less frequently from San Francisco than from the three other locations, These findings may reflect geographic differences in exposure to environmental strains or the identification of previously unrecognized C. neoformans clusters, Analysis by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR subtyping further divided 67 ET-1 isolates into 19 additional subtypes, none of which could be associated with a particular geographic region, Multiple isolates from the same patient always revealed the same multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA subtypes, No differences in subtype distribution were found when isolates from AIDS patients were compared with those from persons without or with another underlying disease, although one C, neoformans var, gattii isolate was obtained from an AIDS patient, When body site distribution was analyzed, ET-4 was disproportionately recovered from skin or surface body sites, Evidence for linkage disequilibrium in this fungal population suggests that virulent C, neoformans possesses a clonal population structure, Continued application of molecular subtyping methods will be useful in tracking the source, transmission, and relative virulence of different C. neoformans strains. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIOSTAT & INFORMAT MANAGEMENT BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,OFF DIRECTOR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,ATLANTA,GA 30333. VET ADM MED CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30033. VET ADM MED CTR,INFECT DIS SECT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT MED,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Brandt, ME (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 37 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 912 EP 917 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UA683 UT WOS:A1996UA68300026 PM 8815107 ER PT J AU Beall, B Facklam, R Thompson, T AF Beall, B Facklam, R Thompson, T TI Sequencing emm-specific PCR products for routine and accurate typing of group a streptococci SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCUS; M-PROTEIN AB Rapid sequence analysis of specific PCR products was used to accurately deduce emm types corresponding to the majority of the known group A streptococcal (GAS) M serotypes. The study involved 95 M type reference GAS strains and a survey of 74 recent clinical isolates. A high percentage of agreement between M type serology and the previously published 5' sequences of the emm genes of M type reference strains was noted, The 5' sequences for six established M protein genes-the emm-32, emm-34, emm-38, emm-40, emm-42, and emm-71 genes-were determined to supplement the existing emm sequence database. Rapid sequence analysis differentiated serologically M-nontypeable strains and was used to establish the probable clonal relationship between seven GAS isolates from one hospital outbreak. RP Beall, B (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 20 TC 352 Z9 362 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 953 EP 958 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UA683 UT WOS:A1996UA68300034 PM 8815115 ER PT J AU DaSilva, AJ Schwartz, DA Visvesvara, GS DeMoura, H Slemenda, SB Pieniazek, NJ AF DaSilva, AJ Schwartz, DA Visvesvara, GS DeMoura, H Slemenda, SB Pieniazek, NJ TI Sensitive PCR diagnosis of infections by Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia) using primers based on the region coding for small-subunit rRNA SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPORES AB Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidian infecting patients with AIDS. We have developed a PCR primer pair, named EBIEF1/EBIER1, based on the small-subunit rRNA sequence of this microsporidian. Compared with other PCR-based methods, this primer pair shows a higher efficiency of detection in diagnostic applications than does another previously described primer pair, V1/EB450. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA. GRADY MEM HOSP,ATLANTA,GA 30335. UNIV ESTADUAL RIO DE JANEIRO,FAC CIENCIAS MED,RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. HOSP EVANDRO CHAGAS,FIOCRUZ,RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. RP DaSilva, AJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,BIOL & DIAGNOST BRANCH,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 10 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 986 EP 987 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UA683 UT WOS:A1996UA68300044 PM 8815125 ER PT J AU Miller, PH Facklam, RR Miller, JM AF Miller, PH Facklam, RR Miller, JM TI Atmospheric growth requirements for Alloiococcus species and related gram-positive cocci SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE-EAR FLUID; ORGANISM AB The growth of Alloiococcus otitis under different atmospheres and nutritional conditions was studied. The growth rates of 25 strains of gram-positive cocci representing five genera on heart infusion agar plates containing 5% rabbit blood and on brucella agar plates with and without sheep blood under aerobic, increased CO2, and anaerobic atmospheres were compared. Eight strains of alloiococci plated on heart infusion agar with rabbit blood and on brucella sheep blood agar grew under aerobic anti candle jar atmospheres. Two of these strains showed poor anaerobic growth after 7 days. Strains of Aerococcus viridans, Aerococcus urinae, Helcococci kunzi, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Gemella haemolysans, and Gemella morbillorum grew well under all three atmospheres and on the three types of media and in thioglycolate broth. These results confirm the aerobic atmospheric requirements for Alloiococcus strains and show that aerobic growth characteristics help distinguish the alloiococci from the other gram-positive cocci that are facultatively anaerobic. RP Miller, PH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,MAIL STOP C-01,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 4 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1027 EP 1028 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UA683 UT WOS:A1996UA68300057 PM 8815077 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC Swaminathan, B Arbeit, RD Goering, RV Mickelsen, PA Murray, BE Persing, DH AF Tenover, FC Swaminathan, B Arbeit, RD Goering, RV Mickelsen, PA Murray, BE Persing, DH TI Diversity among Helicobacter pylori isolates - Reply SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02130. CREIGHTON UNIV,OMAHA,NE 68178. STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,STANFORD,CA 94305. UNIV TEXAS,SCH MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,ROCHESTER,MN 55905. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1041 EP 1041 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UA683 UT WOS:A1996UA68300062 ER PT J AU Zwart, A vanAssendelft, OW Bull, BS Lewis, SM Zijlstra, WG AF Zwart, A vanAssendelft, OW Bull, BS Lewis, SM Zijlstra, WG TI Recommendations for reference method for haemoglobinometry in human blood (ICSH standard 1995) and specifications for international haemiglobincyanide standard (4th edition) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERCHLORIC-ACID; HOLMIUM OXIDE; HEMOGLOBIN; HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE; CALIBRATION C1 NCID,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,LAB COLL AMER PATHOLOGISTS,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. UNIV GRONINGEN,FAC MED,GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS. LOMA LINDA UNIV,SCH MED,LOMA LINDA,CA. ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,LONDON,ENGLAND. INST SUPER SANITA,ROME,ITALY. NR 36 TC 105 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 9 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0021-9746 J9 J CLIN PATHOL JI J. Clin. Pathol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 4 BP 271 EP 274 DI 10.1136/jcp.49.4.271 PG 4 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA UG228 UT WOS:A1996UG22800001 PM 8655699 ER PT J AU vanAssendelft, OW Buursma, A Zijlstra, WG AF vanAssendelft, OW Buursma, A Zijlstra, WG TI Stability of haemiglobincyanide standards SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV GRONINGEN,DEPT PHYSIOL,GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS. UNIV GRONINGEN,DEPT PEDIAT,9700 AB GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0021-9746 J9 J CLIN PATHOL JI J. Clin. Pathol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 4 BP 275 EP 277 DI 10.1136/jcp.49.4.275 PG 3 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA UG228 UT WOS:A1996UG22800002 PM 8655700 ER PT J AU Penman, AD Webb, RM Woernle, CH Currier, MM AF Penman, AD Webb, RM Woernle, CH Currier, MM TI Failure of routine restaurant inspections: Restaurant-related foodborne outbreaks in Alabama, 1992, and Mississippi, 1993 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Routine sanitary inspection of commercial food-serving establishments is a traditional component of local public health practice. During these inspections, close attention is paid to proper temperature control for both heating and refrigeration. We report the investigation results of two outbreaks of acute foodborne gastrointestinal illness linked to commercial establishments; these investigations demonstrate both the potential value and the inherent limitations of such inspections. Inspections alone cannot guarantee prevention of foodborne outbreaks. Supervision and education of food workers and consistent adherence by food workers to good hygienic practices are critical and perhaps neglected elements in control and prevention of foodborne disease. The responsibility of all persons involved in food preparation, particularly food service managers, needs to be emphasized. RP Penman, AD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCCDPHP,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT,MAIL STOP K10,4770 BUFORD HWY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD APR PY 1996 VL 58 IS 8 BP 23 EP 25 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UC797 UT WOS:A1996UC79700005 ER PT J AU Hamar, GB McGeehin, MA Phifer, BL Ashley, DL AF Hamar, GB McGeehin, MA Phifer, BL Ashley, DL TI Volatile organic compound testing of a population living near a hazardous waste site SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; exposure; volatile organic compounds ID BLOOD; EXPOSURE; BENZENE; BREATH AB Accurate measures of individual exposure are critical in reducing misclassification and establishing scientifically valid associations between health outcomes and exposures to environmental contaminants. As part of a community health study, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry conducted exposure testing for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the blood of people residing near an industrial complex. The purposes of the study were to assess recent exposures to VOCs in this community and to assess the utility of conducting blood VOC resting on populations near hazardous waste sites. One hundred blood specimens from the target area and 106 blood specimens from the control area were collected for analysis. The blood VOC levels in the target-area participants were compared to those in the control area and to a national reference population. Of the 31 separate VOCs for which testing was done, only acetone was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher in target-area participants (1,636 parts per billion [ppb]) than in control-area participants (1, 353 ppb). 1,1, I-Trichloroethane was found at higher geometric mean levels in the control group (0.169 ppb) than in the target group (0.115 ppb) (p = 0.01). Median blood levels of 2-butanone and I,4-dichlorobenzene were slightly higher in both target- and control-area groups than in the national reference population, but neither area was statistically significantly higher than the national reference population for any contaminant measured. Overall, there appeared to be no association between residing in the target area and elevated blood VOC levels. Based on the results of this study, blood VOC testing should be limited to populations living near sites where environmental testing has shown recent, elevated VOC exposure, or where unusual circumstances of illness may be attributed to VOC exposure. C1 NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR-JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 247 EP 255 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VL353 UT WOS:A1996VL35300009 PM 8792300 ER PT J AU Horling, J Chizhikov, V Lundkvist, A Jonsson, M Ivanov, L Dekonenko, A Niklasson, B Dzagurova, T Peters, CJ Tkachenko, E Nichol, S AF Horling, J Chizhikov, V Lundkvist, A Jonsson, M Ivanov, L Dekonenko, A Niklasson, B Dzagurova, T Peters, CJ Tkachenko, E Nichol, S TI Khabarovsk virus: A phylogenetically and serologically distinct Hantavirus isolated from Microtus fortis trapped in far-east Russia SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; PROSPECT-HILL VIRUS; RENAL SYNDROME; HANTAAN VIRUS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; NEPHROPATHIA-EPIDEMICA; S-GENOME; CODING STRATEGY; MESSENGER-RNA AB Two hantavirus strains, MF43 and MF113, isolated from Microtus fortis trapped in the Khabarovsk region of far-eastern Russia, were analysed by direct nucleotide sequencing of PCR generated fragments of the M and S segments, by immunofluorescence and by focus reduction neutralization tests (FRNT). The nucleotide sequences revealed that the two isolates were closely related to each other but distinct from all other hantaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the M and S segments showed that the MF strains form a separate branch in the Hantavirus tree, positioned between the branches of Prospect Hill and Puumala viruses. The strains were shown to be serologically distinct from the other hantavirus serotypes by FRNT using immune rabbit sera. Puumala virus was the closest relative, both genetically and serologically. We propose that this new hantavirus serotype should be named Khabarovsk (KBR). C1 KAROLINSKA INST,DEPT VIROL,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. ANTIPLAGUE STN,KHABAROVSK,RUSSIA. CHUMAKOV INST POLIOMYELITIS & VIRAL ENCEPHALITIDE,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. NATL DEF RES ESTAB,S-90182 UMEA,SWEDEN. RP Horling, J (reprint author), SWEDISH INST INFECT DIS CONTROL,S-10521 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. NR 50 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 77 BP 687 EP 694 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-687 PN 4 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA UE826 UT WOS:A1996UE82600015 PM 8627257 ER PT J AU Hjelle, B TorrezMartinez, N Koster, FT Jay, M Ascher, MS Brown, T Reynolds, P Ettestad, P Voorhees, RE Sarisky, J Enscore, RE Sands, L Mosley, DG Kioski, C Bryan, RT Sewell, GM AF Hjelle, B TorrezMartinez, N Koster, FT Jay, M Ascher, MS Brown, T Reynolds, P Ettestad, P Voorhees, RE Sarisky, J Enscore, RE Sands, L Mosley, DG Kioski, C Bryan, RT Sewell, GM TI Epidemiologic linkage of rodent and human hantavirus genomic sequences in case investigations of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; RENAL SYNDROME; TRANSMISSION; SWEDEN; MODE AB Sin Nombre virus (SNV) causes the zoonotic disease hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), Its mechanisms of transmission from rodent to human are poorly understood, It is possible that specific genetic signature sequences could be used to determine the probable site of each case-patient's exposure, Environmental assessments suggested 12 possible sites of rodent exposure for 6 HPS patients, Rodents were captured at 11 of the 12 sites and screened for SNV infection within 2 weeks of the patient's diagnosis, Viral sequences amplified from tissues of rodents at each site were compared with those from case-patients' tissues, Rodents bearing viruses with genetic sequence identity to case-patients' viruses across 2 genomic segments were identified in 4 investigations but never at >1 site, Indoor exposures to rodents were especially common at implicated sites, By distinguishing among multiple possible sites of exposure, viral genotyping studies can enhance understanding of the conditions associated with infection by SNV. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,SCH MED,DEPT MED,CANC RES & TREATMENT CTR,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. NEW MEXICO DEPT ENVIRONM & HLTH,SANTA FE,NM. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,VECTOR BORNE DIS SECT,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. CALIF VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS LAB,BERKELEY,CA. NAVAJO AREA INDIAN HLTH SERV,WINDOW ROCK,AZ. ARIZONA DEPT HLTH SERV,PHOENIX,AZ 85007. RP Hjelle, B (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,CANC RES & TREATMENT CTR,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-36336] NR 30 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 173 IS 4 BP 781 EP 786 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UB274 UT WOS:A1996UB27400001 PM 8603954 ER PT J AU Kilgore, PE Belay, ED Hamlin, DM Noel, JS Humphrey, CD Gary, HE Ando, T Monroe, SS Kludt, PE Rosenthal, DS Freeman, J Glass, RI AF Kilgore, PE Belay, ED Hamlin, DM Noel, JS Humphrey, CD Gary, HE Ando, T Monroe, SS Kludt, PE Rosenthal, DS Freeman, J Glass, RI TI A university outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a small round-structured virus: Application of molecular diagnostics to identify the etiologic agent and patterns of transmission SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NORWALK VIRUS; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; ANTIGEN; WATER AB An epidemiologic investigation of a gastroenteritis outbreak in December 1994 indicated that salad consumption during lunch was linked with illness on 2 days (5 December: odds ratio [OR] = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-5.0; 6 December: OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.9-4.9). Single stool or vomitus specimens from ill students and staff (case-patients) were examined for bacterial and viral pathogens, Small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) were detected by electron microscopy in stool specimens from 9 of 19 case-patients and in vomitus specimens from 3 of 5 case-patients, By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction CRT-PCR), the SRSVs were shown to be a G-2/P2-B type strain. The nucleotide sequences of RT-PCR products from vomitus and stool specimens of ill students were identical to stool specimens from the ill salad chef, These findings suggest that a single SRSV strain was the etiologic agent in the outbreak that was possibly transmitted to students through consumption of contaminated salad, Epidemiologic investigation in conjunction with molecular diagnostics may enable early identification of sources of infection and improve outbreak control. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. COMMONWEALTH MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA. HARVARD UNIV,HLTH SERV,CAMBRIDGE,MA. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. RP Kilgore, PE (reprint author), CDCP,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,MAILSTOP G-04,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013; Kilgore, Paul/L-1462-2013; OI Kilgore, Paul/0000-0003-3214-4482; Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 28 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 173 IS 4 BP 787 EP 793 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UB274 UT WOS:A1996UB27400002 PM 8603955 ER PT J AU Krawczynski, K Alter, MJ Tankersley, DL Beach, M Robertson, BH Lambert, S Kuo, G Spelbring, JE Meeks, E Sinha, S Carson, DA AF Krawczynski, K Alter, MJ Tankersley, DL Beach, M Robertson, BH Lambert, S Kuo, G Spelbring, JE Meeks, E Sinha, S Carson, DA TI Effect of immune globulin on the prevention of experimental hepatitis C virus infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID POST-TRANSFUSION HEPATITIS; NON-B HEPATITIS; NON-A; ANTIBODY; CHIMPANZEES; EFFICACY; ANTIGEN; RNA; HCV AB The efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was studied in experimentally infected chimpanzees, Three chimpanzees were inoculated with HCV: Two were treated 1 h later with anti-HCV-negative intravenous immune globulin (IGIV) or hepatitis C immune globulin (HCIG), and a third animal was not treated, HCV infection was detected in all 3 animals within a few days of inoculation, Once passively transferred anti-HCV declined in the HCIG-treated animal, there was an increase of HCV antigen (Ag)-positive hepatocytes followed by reappearance of anti-HCV; HCVAg disappeared concordant with the development of acute hepatitis, Acute hepatitis C developed in both the IGIV-treated and untreated chimpanzees, with peak liver enzyme activity on day 59, but was delayed in the HCIG-treated animal until day 146, Postexposure HCIG treatment markedly prolonged the incubation period of acute hepatitis C but did not prevent or delay HCV infection, IGIV had no effect on the course of HCV infection. C1 US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,OFF BLOOD RES & REVIEW,DIV HEMATOL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CHIRON CORP,EMERYVILLE,CA 94608. RP Krawczynski, K (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,DVRD,NCID,A-33,BLDG 6,ROOM 157,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 124 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 173 IS 4 BP 822 EP 828 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UB274 UT WOS:A1996UB27400006 PM 8603959 ER PT J AU Mao, C Harper, M McIntosh, K Reddington, C Cohen, J Bachur, R Caldwell, B Hsu, HW AF Mao, C Harper, M McIntosh, K Reddington, C Cohen, J Bachur, R Caldwell, B Hsu, HW TI Invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; BACTERIAL-INFECTIONS; DISEASE; BACTEREMIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POPULATION; CHILDHOOD; INFANTS AB Invasive pneumococcal infection (IPI) is the most common serious bacterial infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. Data from a population-based pediatric HIV surveillance project were used to determine the incidence of IPI in HIV-infected children and to conduct a case-control study assessing potential risk factors for IPI in HIV-infected children. There were 50 episodes of IPI and a cumulative incidence of 6.1 cases/100 patient-years through age 7 years. Children with IPI were more likely to have a prior AIDS diagnosis (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-15.1) and higher levels of IgG and IgM (P = .01) than were controls. In a separate case-control study, the manifestations of IPI in HIV-infected children were compared with those in HIV-negative controls. Focal complication rates in the 2 groups did not differ; however, HIV-infected children were less likely than controls to have leukocytosis (P < .001) and more likely to have isolates with penicillin resistance (P = .03). C1 CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV EMERGENCY MED,BOSTON,MA 02115. DEPT PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Mao, C (reprint author), CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV INFECT DIS,300 LONGWOOD AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. OI Bachur, Richard/0000-0001-8831-014X NR 35 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 173 IS 4 BP 870 EP 876 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UB274 UT WOS:A1996UB27400012 PM 8603965 ER PT J AU Jackson, LA Spach, DH Kippen, DA Sugg, NK Regnery, RL Sayers, MH Stamm, WE AF Jackson, LA Spach, DH Kippen, DA Sugg, NK Regnery, RL Sayers, MH Stamm, WE TI Seroprevalence to Bartonella quintana among patients at a community clinic in downtown Seattle SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; HENSELAE SP-NOV; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; ROCHALIMAEA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PELIOSIS AB In 1993, an outbreak of 10 cases of Bartonella quintana bacteremia occurred among homeless, alcoholic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative persons in Seattle. To estimate the prevalence of past exposure B. quintana among this population, a serosurvey was conducted in 1994 among patients at a downtown Seattle clinic. Microimmunofluorescent titers to B. quintana in 192 clinic patients were compared with titers in 199 age- and sex-matched Seattle volunteer blood donors, Titers greater than or equal to 64 were detected in 20% (39/192) of clinic patients compared with 2% (41/99) of blood donors (P < .001). Among clinic patients, alcohol abuse was independently associated in multivariate analysis with titers greater than or equal to 64 (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-6.9). Of the 39 patients with B. quintana titers greater than or equal to 64, 24 (62%) also had titers greater than or equal to 64 to Bartonella henselae, indicating serologic cross-reactivity between Bartonella species. These results suggest that a substantial proportion of this indigent, inner-city Seattle population was infected with B. quintana. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,HARBORVIEW MED CTR,DEPT MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV WASHINGTON,HARBORVIEW MED CTR,DIV INFECT DIS,SEATTLE,WA 98195. PUGET SOUND BLOOD CTR,SEATTLE,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Jackson, LA (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,HARBORVIEW MED CTR,SCH PUBL HLTH & COMMUNITY MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BOX 357236,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 15 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 173 IS 4 BP 1023 EP 1026 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UB274 UT WOS:A1996UB27400036 PM 8603944 ER PT J AU Pollay, RW Siddarth, S Siegel, M Haddix, A Merritt, RK Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP AF Pollay, RW Siddarth, S Siegel, M Haddix, A Merritt, RK Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP TI The last straw? Cigarette advertising and realized market shares among youths and adults, 1979-1993 SO JOURNAL OF MARKETING LA English DT Review ID ADOLESCENT SMOKING; TOBACCO; CONSUMPTION; CHILDREN; TELEVISION; SALES; ADVERTISEMENTS; PERCEPTION; PACKAGES; INDUSTRY AB The authors test the hypotheses that parameters of advertising sensitivity for adolescents are significant and perhaps larger than those for adults. Cigarette brand shares of advertising voice are found to be significantly related to realized market shares, with advertising sensitivity being about three times larger among teenagers than among adults. This result is robust to various analytic assumptions and converges with strategic analysis, consumer behavior theory and research, econometric metanalyses, historical research, and corporate documents. The authors argue that cigarette competition between firms is predominated by the battle of brands for market share among the young, and assertions to the contrary, without supporting evidence, should be treated with scholarly skepticism. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02215. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Pollay, RW (reprint author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,VANCOUVER,BC V5Z 1M9,CANADA. NR 140 TC 124 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER MARKETING ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 250 SOUTH WACKER DRIVE SUITE 200, CHICAGO, IL 60606-5819 SN 0022-2429 J9 J MARKETING JI J. Mark. PD APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.2307/1251927 PG 16 WC Business SC Business & Economics GA UD088 UT WOS:A1996UD08800001 ER PT J AU Collins, WE Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Galland, GG Richardson, BB AF Collins, WE Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Galland, GG Richardson, BB TI Observations on the biological nature of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAIMIRI-SCIUREUS-BOLIVIENSIS; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; IMMUNIZATION; STRAIN AB The relapsing malaria parasites are characterized by the production of sporozoites with varying potential for exoerythrocytic development. Some sporozoites develop soon after introduction to produce mature schizonts and merozoites that initiate the erythrocytic stage infection. Relapsing hypnozoite forms are characteristic of some strains of Plasmodium vivax and are more apt to develop late than early with many time intervals in between. Studies in Saimiri monkeys suggest another type of sporozoite-induced infection. With the Salvador I strain of P. vivax, early developing exoerythrocytic schizonts apparently release parasites with different levels of virulence for these monkeys, ranging from those producing high-level parasitemia to a more abundant avirulent form. The induction of low-density avirulent infections requires the development of more sensitive detection methods for the evaluation of sporozoite vaccines. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, US PUBL HLTH SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Collins, WE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV PARASIT DIS, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, US PUBL HLTH SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00165] NR 14 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 EI 1937-2345 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 82 IS 2 BP 216 EP 219 DI 10.2307/3284148 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UE270 UT WOS:A1996UE27000004 PM 8604086 ER PT J AU Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB Galland, GG Sullivan, JJ Collins, WE AF Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB Galland, GG Sullivan, JJ Collins, WE TI Sporozoite transmission of three strains of Plasmodium knowlesi to Aotus and Saimiri monkeys SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ERYTHROCYTE SURFACE-ANTIGEN; SCIUREUS-BOLIVIENSIS; OWL MONKEYS; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; DIFFERENT ANOPHELINES; IMMUNIZATION; VIVAX; FALCIPARUM; RECOMBINANT; BRASILIANUM AB Attempts were made to infect Aotus and Saimiri monkeys with sporozoites of 3 strains of Plasmodium knowlesi to determine the potential of these animals in a monkey/malaria model. Splenectomized Saimiri and Aotus monkeys were infected with the H strain of P. knowlesi via sporozoites from Anopheles dirus mosquitoes. Prepatent periods ranged from 5 to 16 days. Saimiri monkeys infected with the Philippine strain had prepatent periods ranging from 6 to 8 days. Saimiri monkeys infected with the Hackeri strain had prepatent periods ranging from 6 to 11 days. Exoerythrocytic (EE) stages of the Philippine strain were readily demonstrated; EE stages of the H strain were less abundant. Results indicate that the Philippine strain of P. knowlesi in Saimiri monkeys has a course of parasitemia and EE stages similar to those previously seen in macaques and could serve as a reproducible model for biologic and immunologic studies. RP Sullivan, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 82 IS 2 BP 268 EP 271 DI 10.2307/3284159 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UE270 UT WOS:A1996UE27000013 PM 8604095 ER PT J AU Visvesvara, GS Leitch, GJ Wallace, S Seaba, C Erdman, D Ewing, EP AF Visvesvara, GS Leitch, GJ Wallace, S Seaba, C Erdman, D Ewing, EP TI Adenovirus masquerading as microsporidia SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIDS PATIENTS; N-SP; ENCEPHALITOZOON-HELLEM AB Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian that causes a severe, debilitating, chronic diarrhea in some patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Specific diagnosis of E. bieneusi currently requires an invasive biopsy procedure and time-consuming preparation of specimens for electron microscopy. Our attempts to establish an in vitro culture system using mammalian cell cultures inoculated with duodenal aspirates, biopsy, or both, from 2 infected patients resulted in inadvertent coculture of an adenovirus and E. bieneusi. The adenovirus-infected cells deceptively appeared to contain spores of microsporidia based on light microscopic examination. Transmission electron microscopy revealed only a few microsporidia, but numerous cells infected with an adenovirus that was subsequently identified as adenovirus type 8. We believe that adenovirus infections prevented the cultured cells from supporting the proliferation off. bieneusi and ultimately destroyed the cell cultures. RP Visvesvara, GS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 82 IS 2 BP 316 EP 319 DI 10.2307/3284168 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UE270 UT WOS:A1996UE27000022 PM 8604104 ER PT J AU SchroederTucker, L Wesley, IV Kiehlbauch, JA Laron, DJ Thomas, LA Erickson, GA AF SchroederTucker, L Wesley, IV Kiehlbauch, JA Laron, DJ Thomas, LA Erickson, GA TI Phenotypic and ribosomal RNA characterization of Arcobacter species isolated from porcine aborted fetuses SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID AEROTOLERANT CAMPYLOBACTER; DIARRHEAL ILLNESS; SP-NOV; BUTZLERI; DIFFERENTIATION; HELICOBACTER; ORGANISMS; SEQUENCES; PROBES; DNA AB Aerotolerant organisms resembling Campylobacter, now designated as Arcobacter, have been described from aborted farm animals and from cases of human enteritis worldwide. The goals of this study were 1) to attempt to recover Arcobacter spp. from cases of porcine abortion, 2) to characterize these isolates by phenotype and ribotype, and 3) to compare the usefulness of ribotype and phenotype patterns for identifying Arcobacter butzleri and the DNA hybridization groups 1A and 1B of A, cryaeuophilus. Isolates of Arcobacter spp. from North Carolina and Iowa were recovered from porcine tissues. In Iowa, Arcobacter spp. were recovered from 43% (13/30) of porcine abortion cases evaluated. Isolations were made from placenta (44%), kidney (44%), and stomach contents (12%), which were the only tissues examined. The most reliable biochemical tests for A. butzleri included growth in 1% glycine and in 1.5% NaCl, weak catalase activity, and resistance to cadmium chloride. Arcobacter cryaerophilus strains were characterized by strong catalase activity and sensitivity to cadmium chloride. The DNA hybridization groups 1A and 1B of A. cryaerophilus could not be distinguished by biochemical tests. This represents the first description of A. cryaerophilus DNA group 1A in animals within the United States. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. CTR DIS CONTROL,ENTER DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011. N CAROLINA DEPT AGR,ROLLINS ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,RALEIGH,NC 27605. RP SchroederTucker, L (reprint author), VET SERV,USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 37 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD APR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 2 BP 186 EP 195 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UP388 UT WOS:A1996UP38800008 PM 8744740 ER PT J AU Yeh, HY Pieniazek, N Pieniazek, D Luftig, RB AF Yeh, HY Pieniazek, N Pieniazek, D Luftig, RB TI Genetic organization, size, and complete sequence of early region 3 genes of human adenovirus type 41 SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; INTEGRAL MEMBRANE-PROTEIN; DNA-SEQUENCE; PEDIATRIC GASTROENTERITIS; TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS; ENTERIC ADENOVIRUSES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DOWN-REGULATION; EGF RECEPTOR AB The complete nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences for open reading frames (ORFs) of the human adenovirus type 41 (Ad41) early region 3 (E3) gene have been determined. The sequence of the Ad41 E3 gene (map units 74 to 83.9) consists of 3,373 nucleotides and has one TATA box and two polyadenylation signals (AATAAA). Analysis of the nucleotide sequence reveals that the E3 gene can encode six ORFs, designated RL1 to RL6. These are all expressed at the mRNA level, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR analysis of Ad41-infected cell RNA. When compared with known E3 sequences of most other human adenoviruses deposited in GenBank, the sequences of RL1 to RL3 were found to be unique to subgroup F adenoviruses (Ad40 and Ad41). They encode putative proteins of 173 amino acids (19.4 kDa) and 276 amino acids (31.6 kDa) in one reading frame as well as a 59-amino-acid (6.7 kDa) protein in an overlapping reading frame. RL4 encodes a 90-amino-acid protein (10.1 kDa) with 40% homology to the Ad2 E3 10.4-kDa protein, which induces degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and functions together with the Ad2 E3 14.5-kDa protein to protect mouse cell lines against lysis. RL5 encodes a protein of 107 amino acid residues (12.3 kDa) and is analogous to the Ad2 E3 14.5-kDa protein. RL6 codes for a protein of 122 amino acids (14.7 kDa) that is analogous to the Ad2 14.7-kDa protein, which functions to protect Ad-infected cells from tumor necrosis factor-induced cytolysis. This finding of three unique (RL1 to RL3) E3 gene ORFs may explain why subgroup F adenoviruses differ substantially from other human adenoviruses in their host range; i.e., they replicate predominantly in the host's gastrointestinal rather than respiratory tract. A recent phylogenetic study that compared subgroup F Ad40 DNA sequences with representatives of subgroups B (Ad3), C (Ad2), and E (Ad4) reached a similar conclusion about the uniqueness of RL1 and RL2. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PARASITOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,MED CTR,STANLEY S SCOTT CANC CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PARASIT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,AIDS PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 59 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 70 IS 4 BP 2658 EP 2663 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA UA397 UT WOS:A1996UA39700077 PM 8642703 ER PT J AU Ubico, SR McLean, RG Cooksey, LM AF Ubico, SR McLean, RG Cooksey, LM TI Susceptibility of selected rodent species from Colorado to Borrelia burgdorferi SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Borrelia burgdorferi; Colorado; Peromyscus maniculatus; Peromyscus leucopus; Tamias minimus; Spermophilus lateralis; susceptibility ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; MICE PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS; URINARY-BLADDER; INFECTION; IXODES; WISCONSIN; HAMSTERS; DOGS AB To determine the susceptibility of some common Colorado (USA) rodent species to Borrelia burgdorferi, pregnant Peromyscus maniculatus, Tamias minimus, and Spermophilus lateralis were trapped in May 1990 and kept in quarantine until their young were old enough to be used in the experiment. Six to eight 8-wk-old individuals of each of the Colorado species and, for comparison, eight laboratory raised P. leucopus were subcutaneously inoculated with greater than or equal to 10(5) spirochetes in 0.1 mi in July 1990. Tissue specimens were collected for isolation from these animals through April 1991. Spirochetes were isolated from blood, ear, bladder, kidney, spleen, liver, and eye in Barbour-Stoener-Kelly (BSK) medium from P. maniculatus, P. leucopus and T. minimus. Spirochetes were isolated from at least one tissue from all of these animals and no isolations were obtained from any of the S. lateralis. Thus, three of the four rodent species tested are susceptible to, and could harbor, B. burgdorferi. C1 ARKANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT SCI BIOL,JONESBORO,AR 72467. RP Ubico, SR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 293 EP 299 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UF941 UT WOS:A1996UF94100016 PM 8722268 ER PT J AU Weigler, BJ Ksiazek, TG Vandenbergh, JG Levin, M Sullivan, WT AF Weigler, BJ Ksiazek, TG Vandenbergh, JG Levin, M Sullivan, WT TI Serological evidence for zoonotic hantaviruses in North Carolina rodents SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE hantavirus; Peromyscus spp; Sin Nombre virus; Seoul virus; serological survey; zoonotic diseases AB In a survey of seven species of wild rodents (n = 423) collected between October 1993 and March 1994 from the three principal ecological biomes of North Carolina (USA), we found hantavirus antibodies in seven (2%) of 301 Peromyscus spp. Hantavirus antibodies were detected in P. leucopus and P. maniculatus captured from mountain and coastal island biomes. Three mice were positive for Sin Nombre virus, while four others had antibodies to Seoul virus or a related agent. Two mice serologically positive for Sin Nombre virus were collected from inside a private mountain domicile. We conclude that the risk of human exposure to hantaviruses in North Carolina resembles that for most other areas of the continental United States. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510. RP Weigler, BJ (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT COMPAN ANIM & SPECIAL SPECIES MED,4700 HILLSBOROUGH ST,RALEIGH,NC 27606, USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 354 EP 357 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UF941 UT WOS:A1996UF94100026 PM 8722278 ER PT J AU Edlind, TD Li, J Visvesvara, GS Vodkin, MH McLaughlin, GL Katiyar, SK AF Edlind, TD Li, J Visvesvara, GS Vodkin, MH McLaughlin, GL Katiyar, SK TI Phylogenetic analysis of beta-tubulin sequences from amitochondrial protozoa SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; ALPHA-TUBULIN; GIARDIA-LAMBLIA; EVOLUTION; EUKARYOTES; MITOCHONDRIA; ENTAMOEBA; GENES AB It has been proposed that certain extant anaerobic protozoa are descended from organisms that diverged early in eukaryotic evolution prior to the acquisition of mitochondria. Among these are the extracellular parasites Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Entamoeba histolytica, and the obligately intracellular microsporidia. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA sequences from these amitochondrial organisms suggests that G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, and microsporidia are near the base of the eukaryotic tree, while E. histolytica clusters with mitochondria-containing species. However, since eukaryotes likely evolved by symbiotic associations, it is important to analyze other sequences which may have independent origins. Unlike ribosomes, microtubules appear to be unique to eukaryotes, Complete gene sequences for the beta-tubulin subunit of microtubules from T. vaginalis, E. histolytica, and the microsporidian Encephalitozoon hellem have recently been determined. Phylogenetic relationships among these, G. lamblia, and 20 additional beta-tubulins were analyzed by distance matrix and parsimony methods, using alpha- and gamma-tubulin outgroups, All analyses placed the E. histolytica sequence at the base of the beta-tubulin evolutionary tree. Similar results were obtained for E. histolytica alpha-tubulin using a less representative set of sequences. In contrast, the E. hellem sequence branched considerably higher, within the lineage containing animal and fungal beta-tubulins. Possible explanations are considered for these unexpected differences between the beta-tubulin and rRNA trees. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 MED COLL PENN & HAHEMANN UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19129. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PARASIT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT PATHOBIOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI32433] NR 29 TC 174 Z9 184 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2 BP 359 EP 367 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UF784 UT WOS:A1996UF78400008 PM 8728394 ER PT J AU Flegal, KM AF Flegal, KM TI Trends in body weight and overweight in the US population SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nutrition and Physical Activity to Optimize Performance and Well-Being CY APR 05-07, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Canc Soc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Emory Univ, Int Life Sci Inst, Human Nutr Inst, Amer Coll Sports Med, UN FAO, Georgia Inst Technol, NHLBI, WHO ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS; UNITED-STATES ADULTS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; PREVALENCE; HYPERTENSION; CHOLESTEROL; OBESITY; PROGRAM RP Flegal, KM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MED STAT BRANCH,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013 NR 13 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 SU S BP S97 EP S100 PN 2 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VB272 UT WOS:A1996VB27200014 PM 8700458 ER PT J AU Williamson, DF AF Williamson, DF TI Dietary intake and physical activity as ''predictors'' of weight gain in observational, prospective studies of adults SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nutrition and Physical Activity to Optimize Performance and Well-Being CY APR 05-07, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Canc Soc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Emory Univ, Int Life Sci Inst, Human Nutr Inst, Amer Coll Sports Med, UN FAO, Georgia Inst Technol, NHLBI, WHO ID BODY-MASS; US ADULTS; OVERWEIGHT; WOMEN; COHORT AB A substantial amount of experimental research has established that, in the short term, adults lose weight when they reduce their total caloric intake, reduce the fat content of their diet, or increase their physical activity. However, the results of these controlled experimental studies may not provide accurate estimates of the effectiveness of using diet or physical activity to achieve long-term weight control in free-living persons (those living outside the laboratory or controlled environment. Observational, prospective studies in the general adult population can, in theory, provide such estimates. In this paper I review eight prospective, population-based studies that examined the association between weight change and diet and/or physical activity. These studies varied widely in their assessment of diet and physical activity, durations of follow-up, sampling and exclusionary criteria, and approaches to controlling confounding variables. The studies produced inconsistent estimates of the effects of diet and physical activity on weight gain, and the results often ran counter to those expected on the basis of the experimental literature. These contradictory findings likely result from the complex nature of the mechanisms underlying weight change and from the limited techniques available for assessing diet and physical activity among the general population. Despite these limitations, it is important that researchers improve the design, implementation, and analysis of observational prospective studies, because this kind of study remains the only practical method available for realistically estimating the effects of changes in diet and physical activity on long-term weight change in the general adult population. RP Williamson, DF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 SU S BP S101 EP S109 PN 2 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VB272 UT WOS:A1996VB27200015 PM 8700435 ER PT J AU Wright, TC Moscarelli, RD Dole, P Ellerbrock, TV Chiasson, MA Vandevanter, N AF Wright, TC Moscarelli, RD Dole, P Ellerbrock, TV Chiasson, MA Vandevanter, N TI Significance of mild cytologic atypia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PAPANICOLAOU SMEARS AB Objective: To determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who have mild cytologic atypia. Methods: As part of an ongoing, prospective study of cervical disease in HIV-infected women, Papanicolaou smears were analyzed cross-sectionally for the diagnosis of mild cytologic atypia. Results: Mild cytologic atypia was diagnosed in 112 (25%) of the 453 HIV-infected women enrolled in this study, compared with 36 (9%) of the 401 HIV-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR] 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-5.1; P < .001). Mild cytologic atypia was diagnosed more frequently in HIV-infected women with lower CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts (chi(2) for trend, P = .015) and in those with a history of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear or treatment for cervical disease (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2-7.6; P = .008). Coexistent CIN was detected by colposcopically directed biopsy in 42 (38%) of the 112 HIV-infected women with mild cytologic atypia, compared with five (14%) of the 36 HIV-uninfected women (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3-11.9; P = .008). Severe inflammation with associated epithelial reparative atypia was diagnosed in 90 (20%) of the HIV-infected women and in 87 (22%) of the HIV-uninfected women. Coexistent CIN was detected in 12% of the HIV-infected women with severe inflammation and associated epithelial reparative atypia, compared with 2% of the HIV-uninfected women with this cytologic diagnosis (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.2-23; P = .01). Conclusion: Mild cytologic atypia, a frequent diagnosis on Papanicolaou smears from HIV-infected women, is associated with GIN. We recommend that all HIV-infected women with mild cytologic atypia be referred for colposcopy. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV SOCIOMED SCI,NEW YORK,NY. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV HIV AIDS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR DIS INTERVENT RES,NEW YORK,NY 10013. RP Wright, TC (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT PATHOL,ROOM 16-428,630 W 168TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA. FU PHS HHS [CCU 206822] NR 13 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 87 IS 4 BP 515 EP 519 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00472-6 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UB873 UT WOS:A1996UB87300007 PM 8602301 ER PT J AU Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Peterson, HB AF Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Peterson, HB TI Uterine size and risk of complications among women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy for leiomyomas SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Objective: To measure the influence of uterine size on the risk of operative complications among women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy for uterine leiomyomas. Methods: Four hundred forty-six women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy for pathologically confirmed leiomyomas were analyzed using data from a previously reported prospective cohort study. We compared the risk of operative complications among women with uterine weights less than 250 g, 251-500 g, and greater than 500 g. Logistic regression was used to estimate the independent effect of uterine size on the probability of operative complications. Results: The risk of blood transfusion increased with increasing uterine weight; 13.7, 14.2, and 26.7% of women with uterine weight less than 250 g, 251-500 gr and greater than 500 g, respectively, required transfusion (P for trend < .05). After adjustment for race, previous surgery, preoperative weight, concurrent endometriosis, and type of insurance coverage, women with uterine weight greater than 500 g had increased odds of having a transfusion (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-4.3). These women also had increased odds of having an estimated blood loss greater than 500 mt (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5-4.2), vaginal cuff cellulitis (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-6.2), and at least one of a number of operative complications (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-4.0). Conclusion: Women with leiomyomas whose uterine weight exceeds 500 g have an increased risk of complications from abdominal hysterectomy. RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCCDPH,DRH,K-34,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 20 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 87 IS 4 BP 539 EP 543 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00478-5 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UB873 UT WOS:A1996UB87300011 PM 8602305 ER PT J AU Samadi, AR Mayberry, RM Zaidi, AA Pleasant, JC McGhee, N Rice, RJ AF Samadi, AR Mayberry, RM Zaidi, AA Pleasant, JC McGhee, N Rice, RJ TI Maternal hypertension and associated pregnancy complications among African-American and other women in the United States SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PREECLAMPSIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORTALITY; ECLAMPSIA AB Objective: To characterize maternal hypertension and related pregnancy complications among African-American and other women in the United States. Methods: Using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, we analyzed the incidence and clinical spectrum of maternal hypertension among African-American women who delivered in hospital during 1988-1992. Maternal hypertension consisted of: pregnancy-induced hypertension and chronic hypertension preceding pregnancy, including pregnancy-aggravated hypertension. Pregnancy-induced hypertension included preeclampsia, eclampsia, and transient hypertension. Incidence rates (per 1000 deliveries) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by type of hypertension and demographic characteristics. Risk ratios and 95% CIs for adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with hypertension were also calculated. Results: The overall incidence of all causes of maternal hypertension was 64.2, and of chronic hypertension preceding pregnancy it was 25.0 per 1000 deliveries among African-American women, an excess of 15.6 and 14.5 cases per 1000 deliveries, respectively, compared with rates for other women. The risks of preterm delivery and inadequate fetal growth were similarly increased for all hypertensive women, regardless of race. However, hypertensive African-American women were at a threefold greater risk of pregnancies complicated by antepartum hemorrhage, an association that was not observed in other women. Development of preeclampsia and eclampsia irrespective of race was about four times higher among women with chronic hypertension preceding pregnancy than among those without chronic hypertension. Conclusion: The excess incidence of maternal hypertension, particularly chronic hypertension, may contribute to adverse maternal and fetal pregnancy outcomes and the disparity in outcomes observed between African-American and other women in the U.S. These findings provide a specific focus for further clinical outcomes research and assessment of prenatal management in African-American women. C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. MOREHOUSE SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,ATLANTA,GA 30310. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Samadi, AR (reprint author), MOREHOUSE SCH MED,MOREHOUSE MED TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS CTR,720 WESTVIEW DR SW,ATLANTA,GA 30310, USA. FU AHRQ HHS [HS07400] NR 27 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 87 IS 4 BP 557 EP 563 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00480-7 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UB873 UT WOS:A1996UB87300014 PM 8602308 ER PT J AU ElamEvans, LD Adams, MA Gargiullo, PM Kiely, JL Marks, JS AF ElamEvans, LD Adams, MA Gargiullo, PM Kiely, JL Marks, JS TI Trends in the percentage of women who received no prenatal care in the United States, 1980-1992: Contributions of the demographic and risk effects SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Objective: To determine if the increase in the percentage of women who received no prenatal care in the United States relative to 1980 (from 1.3% in 1980 to 2.2% in 1989 and 1.7% in 1992) was due to increasing risks of no care in subgroups of women or increasing percentages of births to women at high demographic risk of no care. Methods: We analyzed U.S. birth certificates for the period 1980-1992. The annual adjusted odds of no prenatal care relative to 1980 were computed by logistic regression models that included year, maternal characteristics, and interactions of these characteristics with year. We also examined changes in the annual distributions of births by maternal characteristics. Results: The risk of no prenatal care in most subgroups increased during the early 1980s, peaked in the late 1980s, and declined thereafter. For example, among black women, the adjusted risk of no care more than doubled from 1980 to 1989. Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, the percentage of births to women at high demographic risk of no care increased. This increase in the percentage of births to women at high demographic risk shows no sign of abating. Conclusions: During the 1980s, increasing risks in subgroups of women drove the increase in the crude rate of no prenatal care. Despite decreases in the risks of no care in the early 1990s, increasing percentages of births to women with high demographic risk for no care prevented a decrease in the crude rate to the 1980 level. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HLTH & UTILIZAT ANAL,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP ElamEvans, LD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PREGNANCY & INFANT HLTH BRANCH,MAILSTOP K-23,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 87 IS 4 BP 575 EP 580 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00474-2 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UB873 UT WOS:A1996UB87300017 PM 8602311 ER PT J AU Hillis, S AF Hillis, S TI The effectiveness of hysterectomy for chronic pelvic pain - Reply SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Hillis, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,WOMENS HLTH & FERTIL BRANCH,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 87 IS 4 BP 642 EP 642 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(96)80295-X PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA UB873 UT WOS:A1996UB87300039 ER PT J AU Kuenneth, CA Boyle, C Murphy, CC YearginAllsopp, M AF Kuenneth, CA Boyle, C Murphy, CC YearginAllsopp, M TI Reproductive risk factors for epilepsy among ten-year-old children in metropolitan Atlanta SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PREGNANCY; SEIZURES AB The elements of a woman's reproductive history that may be associated with her risk of having a child who develops epilepsy have not been well described. To examine these possible associations, we used a multiple-source case ascertainment method to identify ten-year-old children with epilepsy who were living in the metropolitan Atlanta area in 1985-87; same-age control children were selected from public schools. To obtain reproductive history and other information, we interviewed 107 mothers of children with epilepsy and 408 mothers of control children. Twenty-nine children with a known intrauterine or postnatal aetiology were excluded from the analysis. We computed adjusted odds ratios for reproductive history characteristics, controlling for the race of the child, maternal education, census block group income, maternal pregnancy history and family history of a developmental disability. Our analyses indicated that mothers of children with epilepsy not only had more previous live births, but more previous adverse reproductive outcomes including spontaneous abortions, very low birthweight infants and infants with birth defects. The risk was especially strong for maternal history of a child with a birth defect. The specific types of birth defects reported in excess include central nervous system defects (specifically spina bifida) and Down's syndrome. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT PUBL HLTH POLICY & ADM,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. BATTELLE INST EV,CTR PUBL HLTH RES & EDUC,DURHAM,NC. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 2 BP 186 EP 196 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1996.tb00042.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA UC720 UT WOS:A1996UC72000009 PM 8778691 ER PT J AU Ellen, JM Aral, SO AF Ellen, JM Aral, SO TI Racial ethnic differences in adolescents' self-report of a sexually transmitted disease. SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PEDIAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STDS,NATL CTR STD HIV & TB,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 7 EP 7 PN 2 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UD238 UT WOS:A1996UD23800007 ER PT J AU LeBaron, C Starnes, D Dini, E Chaney, M AF LeBaron, C Starnes, D Dini, E Chaney, M TI The impact of outreach on immunization levels in inner city preschoolers. SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,EMSTAR RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. GEORGIA DIV PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 628 EP 628 PN 2 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UD238 UT WOS:A1996UD23800629 ER PT J AU Morrow, AL Rosenthal, J Lakkis, H Bowers, JC Crews, RC AF Morrow, AL Rosenthal, J Lakkis, H Bowers, JC Crews, RC TI Factors associated with parents not having their child's immunization record: A household study. SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EASTERN VIRGINIA MED SCH,CHILDRENS HOSP KINGS DAUGHTERS,NORFOLK,VA 23501. CDC,IMMUNIZAT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 640 EP 640 PN 2 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UD238 UT WOS:A1996UD23800641 ER PT J AU Jafari, H Sanden, G Cassiday, P Strebel, P Tenover, F Barefoot, S Cage, G Lewis, S Komatsu, K Wharton, M AF Jafari, H Sanden, G Cassiday, P Strebel, P Tenover, F Barefoot, S Cage, G Lewis, S Komatsu, K Wharton, M TI Molecular typing of isolates from an outbreak associated with erythromycin-resistant B-pertussis. SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. ARIZONA DEPT HLTH SERV,PHOENIX,AZ 85007. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1030 EP 1030 PN 2 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UD238 UT WOS:A1996UD23801030 ER PT J AU Martin, JM Barbadora, KA Wald, ER Facklam, RR Green, MD AF Martin, JM Barbadora, KA Wald, ER Facklam, RR Green, MD TI Ongoing experience with field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) as a typing system for group A Streptococcus (GAS). SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV PITTSBURGH,SCH MED,PITTSBURGH,PA. CHILDRENS HOSP PITTSBURGH,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1058 EP 1058 PN 2 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UD238 UT WOS:A1996UD23801058 ER PT J AU Mitchell, DK Jiang, X Frech, EJ Pickering, LK Monroe, SS Matson, DO AF Mitchell, DK Jiang, X Frech, EJ Pickering, LK Monroe, SS Matson, DO TI Serum antibody to human astrovirus among children monitored longitudinally for diarrhea in child care centers (CCCs). SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EASTERN VIRGINIA MED SCH,CTR PEDIAT RES,NORFOLK,VA 23501. CTR DIS CONTROL,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS UNIT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CHILDRENS HOSP KINGS DAUGHTERS,NORFOLK,VA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1063 EP 1063 PN 2 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UD238 UT WOS:A1996UD23801063 ER PT J AU Drews, CD Murphy, CC YearginAllsopp, M Decoufle, P AF Drews, CD Murphy, CC YearginAllsopp, M Decoufle, P TI The relationship between idiopathic mental retardation and maternal smoking during pregnancy SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE mental retardation; smoking; case-control; intelligence quotient ID CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; ALCOHOL; AGE; EXPOSURE; BIAS AB Objectives. Smoking has been linked to small cognitive, achievement, and behavioral deficits but has not been associated with more severe cognitive impairments. This investigation evaluated the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and idiopathic mental retardation (MR). Methods. Data on maternal smoking during pregnancy were obtained during face-to-face interviews with the mothers of 221 children with idiopathic MR and the mothers of 400 children attending public school. All children had been born in the five-county metropolitan Atlanta area in 1975 or 1976 and were living in the area when they were 10 years of age. We used exposure odds ratios (ORs) to assess the relationship between maternal smoking and MR, controlling for sex, maternal age at delivery, race, maternal education, economic status, parity, and alcohol use. Results. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with slightly more than a 50% increase in the prevalence of idiopathic MR (adjusted OR, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.4), and children whose mothers smoked at least one pack a day during pregnancy had more than a 75% increase in the occurrence of idiopathic MR (OR, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.4). This increase was neither accounted for by other sociodemographic risk factors for MR nor explained by an increase in the prevalence of low birth weight among the children of smokers. Conclusions. Our data suggest that maternal smoking may be a preventable cause of mental retardation. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. BATELLE CTR PUBL HLTH PRACTICE & EDUC,ATLANTA,GA. RP Drews, CD (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,1518 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. RI Drews-Botsch, Carolyn/M-8560-2016 OI Drews-Botsch, Carolyn/0000-0002-8763-7404 NR 34 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1996 VL 97 IS 4 BP 547 EP 553 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UC747 UT WOS:A1996UC74700019 PM 8632944 ER PT J AU Direskeneli, H Hasan, A Shinnick, T Mizushima, Y VanderZee, R Fortune, F Stanford, MR Lehner, T AF Direskeneli, H Hasan, A Shinnick, T Mizushima, Y VanderZee, R Fortune, F Stanford, MR Lehner, T TI Recognition of B-cell epitopes of the 65 kDa HSP in Behcet's disease SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; RECURRENT ORAL ULCERATION; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; IMMUNE-COMPLEXES; SYNOVIAL-FLUID; T-CELLS; MYCOBACTERIAL; ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNITY AB B-cell epitopes of the mycobacterial 65 kDa heat shock protein (HSP) were mapped in sera from patients with Behcet's (BD). A series of 47 overlapping synthetic peptides (15(ers)) derived from the sequence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 65 kDa HSP was used in ELISA. Significant increases in IgA and IgG antibody levels were observed with peptides 111-125, 154-172 and 311-326 in sera from BD, compared with those from controls. Homologous peptides derived from the sequence of the human mitochondrial 60 kDa HSP were then examined. Peptides 136-150 and 336-351 showed comparable results to the homologous mycobacterial peptides 111-125 and 311-326, respectively. The B-cell epitopes defined in this investigation overlap with the T-cell epitopes the authors have previously reported in BD. Inhibition studies are consistent with the view that antibodies to each of the three B-cell epitope peptides represent a small proportion of the total B-cell epitope repertoire elicited by the 65 or 60 kD HSP. Sequential antibody studies suggest that IgA and IgG antibody titres to one or all three peptides tested map increase during exacerbations of ocular disease. The functional role of these antibodies needs to be determined, but the peptides may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of BD as they can induce experimental uveitis in Lewis rats, which is a principal manifestation of BD. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,HANSENS DIS LAB,DIV BACTERIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. ST MARIANNA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,KAWASAKI,KANAGAWA,JAPAN. INST INFECT DIS IMMUNOL,UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. UMDS,GUYS HOSP,DEPT IMMUNOL,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND. RI van der Zee, Ruurd/O-5256-2015 OI van der Zee, Ruurd/0000-0002-4331-2755 NR 43 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0300-9475 J9 SCAND J IMMUNOL JI Scand. J. Immunol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 43 IS 4 BP 464 EP 471 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-53.x PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA UD828 UT WOS:A1996UD82800016 PM 8668927 ER PT J AU Nwanyanwu, OC Ziba, C Kazembe, P Chitsulo, L Wirima, JJ Kumwenda, N Redd, SC AF Nwanyanwu, OC Ziba, C Kazembe, P Chitsulo, L Wirima, JJ Kumwenda, N Redd, SC TI Efficacy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawian children under five years of age SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE malaria; parasite resistance; efficacy ID CHLOROQUINE; RESISTANCE AB In March 1993, Sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) replaced chloroquine as the first line drug for malaria treatment in Malawi. Since then, the Ministry of Health has been receiving anecdotal and written reports of SP treatment failures in children. To determine whether treatment failure with SP was a widespread problem, children <5 years of age with axillary temperature >38.0 degrees C and parasite density >2000/mm(3) attending the outpatient clinics of the Mangochi and Karonga District Hospitals were enrolled in the study with parental consent. These were then followed for 28 days or until they failed clinically. Of 159 patients enrolled, 145 (91.2%) were followed for 28 days or until clinical failure. Of these, none had RII resistance and 3 (1.9%) had RIII resistance: 2/69 (2.9%) in Mangochi and 1/76 (1.3%) in Karonga; 142/145 (97.9%) exhibited RI/sensitive patterns. Of those followed to day 28 or to clinical failure, 77.1% had parasite clearance by day 3 and 98.6% had parasite clearance by day 7. Of those with temperature readings (n = 140), 129 (92.1%) clinically improved on day 3 and 98.6% improved by day 7. Other indicators of clinical improvement (from day 0 to day 3) included, reported increased level of activity in 136 (97.1%) of the children, and mother's impression of child's improvement in 113 (80.7%) of the 14 patients not followed to day 28 or to clinical failure, 11 were lost to follow-up by day 7. No allergic skin reactions were noted, and no deaths were observed. These data show that after one year of widespread use of SP in Malawi, Plasmodium falciparum parasite resistance remains very low, and therefore contradicts reports of widespread parasite resistance to SP. C1 KAMUZU CENT HOSP,LILONGWE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,COLL MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. CDC,DIV PARASIT DIS,NCID,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Nwanyanwu, OC (reprint author), MINIST HLTH,COMMUNITY HLTH SCI UNIT,PRIVATE BAG 65,LILONGWE,MALAWI. NR 9 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD APR PY 1996 VL 1 IS 2 BP 231 EP 235 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VV944 UT WOS:A1996VV94400015 PM 8665390 ER PT J AU Fekadu, M Nesby, SL Shaddock, JH Schumacher, CL Linhart, SB Sanderlin, DW AF Fekadu, M Nesby, SL Shaddock, JH Schumacher, CL Linhart, SB Sanderlin, DW TI Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of an oral rabies vaccine (SAG-2) in dogs SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE rabies; vaccine; oral; dogs; carnivore; SAG-2 ID CVS GLYCOPROTEIN; VIRUS; VIRULENCE; PATHOGENICITY; IMMUNIZATION; FOXES; SITE AB A study of immunogenicity and efficacy of Street Alabama Gif (SAG-2) attenuated rabies virus vaccine in laboratory beagles was conducted. Four groups often dogs each received either 1.0 ml of SAG-2 orally on the tongue or 1.5 ml in baits. On day 180 postvaccination, all dogs were challenged with a street rabies virus. The antibody response in groups that received the vaccine directly on the tongue was higher than in those vaccinated with baits, but the difference between groups was not statistically significant. All vaccinated dogs survived, whereas 80% of controls died of rabies. Our findings demonstrate that the SAG-2 is a safe and effective vaccine for oval immunization of canines. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 VIRBAC LABS,F-06511 CARROS,FRANCE. UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Fekadu, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 22 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD APR PY 1996 VL 14 IS 6 BP 465 EP 468 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00244-U PG 4 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UP918 UT WOS:A1996UP91800002 PM 8782341 ER PT J AU Keysary, A Waner, T Rosner, M Warner, CK Dawson, JE Zass, R Biggie, KL Harrus, S AF Keysary, A Waner, T Rosner, M Warner, CK Dawson, JE Zass, R Biggie, KL Harrus, S TI The first isolation, in vitro propagation, and genetic characterization of Ehrlichia canis in Israel SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia canis; dog rickettsia ID PANCYTOPENIA; DIAGNOSIS AB Ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of canine ehrlichiosis, was isolated in Israel from a naturally infected dog with acute signs of the disease, The organism designated E. canis 611, was passaged experimentally to a beagle, from which it was propagated in primary canine monocytes. The organism was then grown in vitro in a continuous canine cell line, DH82. Nine beagles subsequently injected with whole E. canis-infected blood all developed typical symptoms of ehrlichiosis. An indirect immunofluorescence antibody test to E. canis was developed and compared with a commercial kit, revealing a good correlation between the two assays. Transmission electron microscopy of DH82 cells infected with the Israeli strain of E, canis (611), revealed organisms similar to those described in the literature: two different forms of morulae appeared, one tightly, the other loosely, packed. The 16S rRNA gene sequence obtained from the Israeli Ehrlichia isolate was compared with other isolates, E. canis Oklahoma and E. canis Florida. The Israeli strain 165 rRNA had three nucleotide differences from the Oklahoma isolate, and four nucleotide differences from the Florida isolate, in addition to one nucleotide gap in each. The Israeli isolate was found to be 0.54% different from the Oklahoma strain, and 0.61% different from the Florida strain, These are the same magnitudes of differences displayed by the other most closely related group in the phylogenetic tree, namely Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia phagocytophilia and the human granulocytic ehrlichia. C1 LIFE SCI RES ISRAEL LTD,IL-70451 NESS ZIONA,ISRAEL. ISRAEL INST BIOL RES,IL-70450 NESS ZIONA,ISRAEL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,PUBL HLTH SERV,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,KORET SCH VET MED,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL. RI Harrus, Shimon/H-5175-2016 OI Harrus, Shimon/0000-0003-0542-207X NR 16 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3-4 BP 331 EP 340 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00866-7 PG 10 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA TZ141 UT WOS:A1996TZ14100016 PM 8686178 ER PT J AU Norder, H Ebert, JW Fields, HA Mushahwar, IK Magnius, LO AF Norder, H Ebert, JW Fields, HA Mushahwar, IK Magnius, LO TI Complete sequencing of a gibbon hepatitis B virus genome reveals a unique genotype distantly related to the chimpanzee hepatitis B virus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; OPEN READING FRAME; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; SUBTYPE ADR; WOODCHUCK; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; REPLICATION; INFECTION; VARIANT AB We have sequenced the complete genome of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) strain that was transmitted from a gibbon with chronic hepatitis B to a chimpanzee that subsequently developed acute hepatitis B. The genome was 3,182 nucleotides long and had a genetic organization identical to and including the characteristics of other mammalian hepadnaviruses. Thus, the regulatory elements, the direct repeats, and the four open reading frames (ORFs) of this virus were all maintained, although there were amino acid substitutions affecting all the ORFs. Within the S gene encoding for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the subtype could be deduced as ayw3 in accordance with previous serological results. There were 25 amino acid substitutions affecting the P gene, 12 of which were within the spacer region, This region, which was the most divergent part of the genome compared to other HBV strains, also encodes for the pre-S proteins. A comparison with sequences of other hepadnaviruses revealed that the genome of gibbon HBV was unique as compared to previously described HBV genotypes. It was most similar to the chimpanzee HBV strain with which it shared 90.3% nucleic acid homology at the level of the complete genome and 96.3% homology at the level of the S-gene region corresponding to HBsAg, although being a distinct genotype as compared to the latter virus. Analyses performed using five different algorithms for phylogenetic tree construction showed more than 99% bootstrap support for the gibbon and the chimpanzee HBV to be grouped within the human HBV strains and that they represented later offshoots than the HBV strains of genotype F. However, in most of the dendrograms both the gibbon and the chimpanzee strains represented early lineages, indicating that these viruses are indigenous to their respective hosts and not recent acquisitions from man. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CDC, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. ABBOTT LABS, EXPT BIOL RES DEPT, N CHICAGO, IL 60064 USA. RP Norder, H (reprint author), SWEDISH INST INFECT DIS CONTROL, S-10521 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. OI Norder, Helene/0000-0002-7528-3872 NR 42 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD APR 1 PY 1996 VL 218 IS 1 BP 214 EP 223 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0181 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA UD495 UT WOS:A1996UD49500022 PM 8615024 ER PT J AU Hu, LB Esposito, JJ Scott, FW AF Hu, LB Esposito, JJ Scott, FW TI Raccoon poxvirus feline panleukopenia virus VP2 recombinant protects cats against FPV challenge SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MINK ENTERITIS VIRUS; CANINE PARVOVIRUS; MINUTE VIRUS; STRUCTURAL POLYPEPTIDES; MICE; SELECTION; GENE; DNA AB An infectious raccoon poxvirus (RCNV) was used to express the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) open reading frame VP2. The recombinant, RCNV/FPV, was constructed by homologous recombination with a chimeric plasmid for inserting the expression cassette into the thymidine kinase (TK) locus of RCNV. Expression of the VP2 DNA was regulated by the vaccinia virus late promoter P-11. Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses confirmed the cassette was in the TK gene of the RCNV genome. An immunofluorescent antibody assay using feline anti-FPV polyclonal serum showed the expressed viral antigen in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation with the same antiserum detected a 67-kDa VP2 protein which exactly matched the migration of the authentic FPV VP2 protein by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Nine five-month-old cats were vaccinated and 21 days later were boosted with the recombinant virus. Peroral FPV challenge 2 weeks after the booster showed that the cats were fully protected as measured by examining clinical signs and total white blood cell counts in peripheral blood. Cats not immunized developed low to very low leukocyte counts following peroral FPV challenge. The nine vaccinated cats showed high FPV neutralization antibody prior to challenge, whereas nonvaccinated cats formed anti-FPV antibodies only after challenge. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,CORNELL FELINE HLTH CTR,ITHACA,NY 14853. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,POXVIRUS SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD APR 1 PY 1996 VL 218 IS 1 BP 248 EP 252 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0186 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA UD495 UT WOS:A1996UD49500027 PM 8615030 ER PT J AU Warner, CK Schurr, TG Fekadu, M AF Warner, CK Schurr, TG Fekadu, M TI Molecular characterization of carrier rabies isolates SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rabies; carrier viruses; tonsil RFLP; sequence ID VIRUS-STRAIN; RECOVERY; DOG AB We compared the genomes of nine dog rabies virus isolates using two molecular methods. The viruses used in the comparison included three Ethiopian rabies strains from carrier dogs, a street strain from a rabid dog from the same geographic area, two saliva isolates made from an experimentally infected carrier dog, the virus isolated from the tonsil of this carrier dog at necropsy, and two laboratory strains. We produced overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR) segments spanning 97% of the genome. Restriction analysis of these PCR products with AvaII, Bell, and BamHI detected 39 variable sites representing 668 nucleotides (nt) or 5.5% of the genome. We also compared the DNA and the deduced peptide sequences of a 200-nt segment of the 3' end of the rabies nucleoprotein gene. Previous work with these Ethiopian carrier viruses and the endemic street strain had failed to show any differences among them. Both restriction mapping and sequence analysis of 200 nt of the nucleoprotein gene allowed us to individually identify these isolates. Phylogenetic analyses of these data sets showed only the two saliva isolates of the experimentally infected carrier dog to be identical. Each of the viruses in this study, including the one isolated from the tonsil of the experimentally infected carrier dog, could be distinguished by these techniques. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA 30329. RP Warner, CK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Schurr, Theodore/A-1336-2007 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 41 IS 2 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01282-8 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA UN144 UT WOS:A1996UN14400003 PM 8738172 ER PT J AU Schwarcz, SK Shefer, AM Zaki, SR AF Schwarcz, SK Shefer, AM Zaki, SR TI Retrospective diagnosis of a fatal case of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1980 SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Schwarcz, SK (reprint author), SAN FRANCISCO DEPT PUBL HLTH,25 VAN NESS AVE,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94102, USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIFORNIA PHYSICIAN MAGAZINE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA C/O DONNA TAYLOR, EDITOR, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102-7690 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD APR PY 1996 VL 164 IS 4 BP 348 EP 350 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UJ706 UT WOS:A1996UJ70600014 PM 8732742 ER PT J AU Roberts, HE Saxe, DF Muralidharan, K Coleman, KB Zacharias, JF Fernhoff, PM AF Roberts, HE Saxe, DF Muralidharan, K Coleman, KB Zacharias, JF Fernhoff, PM TI Unique mosaicism of tetraploidy and trisomy 8: Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings in a live-born infant SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE trisomy 8; tetraploidy; mosaicism AB We report on a live-born infant with mosaicism of tetraploidy and trisomy 8 who had craniofacial abnormalities, cardiac and genitourinary defects, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and anomalies of limbs. The infant died at age 14 weeks, Molecular studies were done on peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured amniocytes to determine the origin of the cytogenetic abnormalities, On the basis of the results, we describe a possible mechanism to explain these abnormalities. To our knowledge, this infant represents the first reported case of mosaic trisomy 8 with a tetraploid cell line. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV MED GENET,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Roberts, HE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD MAR 29 PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 243 EP 246 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960329)62:3<243::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-U PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UC681 UT WOS:A1996UC68100025 PM 8882781 ER PT J AU Friedman, LN Williams, MT Singh, TP Frieden, TR AF Friedman, LN Williams, MT Singh, TP Frieden, TR TI Tuberculosis, aids, and death among substance abusers on welfare in New York City SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MENS SHELTER; INFECTION; RISK; HIV; PROGRESSION AB Background. In New York City, the incidence of tuberculosis has more than doubled during the past decade. We examined the incidence of tuberculosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the rate of death from all causes in a very-high-risk group - indigent subjects who abuse drugs, alcohol, or both. Methods. In 1984 we began to study prospectively a cohort of welfare applicants and recipients 18 to 64 years of age who abused drugs or alcohol. The incidence rates of tuberculosis, AIDS, and death for this group were ascertained through vital records and New York City's tuberculosis and AIDS registries. Results. The cohort was followed for eight years. Of the 858 subjects, tuberculosis developed in 47 (5.5 percent), 84 (9.8 percent) were given a diagnosis of AIDS, and 183 (21.3 percent) died. The rates of incidence per 100,000 person-years were 744 for tuberculosis, 1323 for AIDS, and 2842 for death. In this group of welfare clients, the rate of newly diagnosed tuberculosis was 14.8 times that of the age-matched general population of New York City; the rate of AIDS was 10.0 times as high; and the death rate was 5.2 times as high. There was no significant difference in the rate of new cases of tuberculosis between subjects with positive skin tests and those with negative skin tests at examination in 1984. Conclusions. Among indigent alcohol and drug abusers in New York City, the rates of tuberculosis, AIDS, and death are extremely high. In this population, a single positive or negative skin test does not predict the development of tuberculosis, probably because both anergy and new infections are common. If programs to control tuberculosis and AIDS are to be effective in groups of indigent substance abusers, health services must be integrated into the welfare delivery system. (C) 1996, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 MILFORD HOSP,DEPT QUAL MANAGEMENT,MILFORD,CT 06460. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,PULM & CRIT CARE SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR TB CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,OFF AIDS SURVEILLANCE,NEW YORK,NY 10013. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Friedman, LN (reprint author), MILFORD HOSP,DEPT INTENS CARE,2047 BRIDGEPORT AVE,MILFORD,CT 06460, USA. NR 38 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 2 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 28 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 13 BP 828 EP 833 DI 10.1056/NEJM199603283341304 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UB950 UT WOS:A1996UB95000004 PM 8596549 ER PT J AU Den, R Nichols, C AF Den, R Nichols, C TI Persistent lack of detectable HIV-1 antibody in a person with HIV infection - Utah, 1995 (reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 181-185, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 UNIV UTAH,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. UTAH DEPT HLTH,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84116. US FDA,SALT LAKE CITY RESIDENT POST & OFF BLOOD RES & RE,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. CDC,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Den, R (reprint author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84148, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 27 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 12 BP 903 EP 904 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UA563 UT WOS:A1996UA56300012 ER PT J AU Kalichman, SC AF Kalichman, SC TI Continued sexual risk behavior among HIV-seropositive, drug-using men - 1993 (reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 151, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT,BEHAV INTERVENT RES BR,ATLANTA,GA 30332. RP Kalichman, SC (reprint author), GEORGIA STATE UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 27 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 12 BP 904 EP 905 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UA563 UT WOS:A1996UA56300013 ER PT J AU Margolis, HS Coleman, PJ Mast, EE AF Margolis, HS Coleman, PJ Mast, EE TI Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B virus immunization - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Margolis, HS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 27 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 12 BP 909 EP 909 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UA563 UT WOS:A1996UA56300019 ER PT J AU Oshima, KH EvansStrickfaden, TT Highsmith, AK AF Oshima, KH EvansStrickfaden, TT Highsmith, AK TI The separation of human and other viral agents from biologically important proteins with a microporous membrane filter SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC,ATLANTA,GA 30033. PALL CORP,PORT WASHINGTON,NY 11050. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 108 EP BIOT PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200563 ER PT J AU Hill, RH Barr, J Driskell, JW Patterson, DG Needham, LL Bond, AE AF Hill, RH Barr, J Driskell, JW Patterson, DG Needham, LL Bond, AE TI Biologic monitoring for pesticide residues among farm families: Atrazine exposure SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 135 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200207 ER PT J AU Schulz, KF Grimes, DA Altman, DG Hayes, RJ AF Schulz, KF Grimes, DA Altman, DG Hayes, RJ TI Blinding and exclusions after allocation in randomised controlled trials: Survey of published parallel group trials in obstetrics and gynaecology SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL-TRIALS AB Objective-To assess the methodological quality of approaches to blinding and to handling of exclusions as reported in randomised trials from one medical specialty. Design-Survey of published, parallel group randomised controlled trials. Data sources-A random sample of 110 reports in which allocation was described as randomised from the 1990 and 1991 volumes of four journals of obstetrics and gynaecology. Main outcome measures-The adequacy of the descriptions of double blinding and exclusions after randomisation. Results-Though 31 trials reported being double blind, about twice as many could have been. Of the 31 trials only eight (26%) provided information on the protection of the allocation schedule and only five (16%) provided some written assurance of successful implemention of double blinding. Of 38 trials in which the authors provided sufficient information for readers to infer that no exclusions after randomisation had occurred, six (16%) reported adequate allocation concealment and none stated that an intention to treat analysis had been performed. That compared with 14 (27%) and six (12%), respectively, for the 52 trials that reported exclusions. Conclusions-Investigators could have double blinded more often. When they did double blind, they reported poorly and rarely evaluated it. Paradoxically, trials that reported exclusions seemed generally of a higher methodological standard than those that had no apparent exclusions. Exclusions from analysis may have been made in some of the trials in which no exclusions were reported. Editors and readers of reports of randomised trials should understand that flawed reporting of exclusions may often provide a misleading impression of the quality of the trial. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL & REPROD SCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94110. IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,MED STAT GRP,CTR STAT MED,MED STAT LAB,OXFORD OX3 7LF,ENGLAND. LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,TROP HLTH EPIDEMIOL UNIT,LONDON WC1E 9HT,ENGLAND. RP Schulz, KF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Hayes, Richard/0000-0002-1729-9892 NR 25 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD MAR 23 PY 1996 VL 312 IS 7033 BP 742 EP 744 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UC166 UT WOS:A1996UC16600025 PM 8605459 ER PT J AU Hasan, A Fortune, F Wilson, A Warr, K Shinnick, T Mizushima, Y vanderZee, R Stanford, MR Sanderson, J Lehner, T AF Hasan, A Fortune, F Wilson, A Warr, K Shinnick, T Mizushima, Y vanderZee, R Stanford, MR Sanderson, J Lehner, T TI Role of gamma delta T cells in pathogenesis and diagnosis of Behcet's disease SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; RECURRENT ORAL ULCERS; LYMPHOCYTES-T; EXPRESSION; ACTIVATION; MYCOBACTERIAL; ANTIGENS; RECEPTOR; IGA AB Background Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystem disorder of unknown pathogenesis. The diagnosis is based on a set of international clinical criteria. Previous investigations have suggested that immunological crossreactivity between peptides within streptococcal heat-shock proteins and human peptides might be involved in the pathogenesis of BD. We tested four peptides from mycobacterial heat-shock proteins to see if they specifically stimulated gamma delta T cells from ED patients. We then investigated this response to see whether it could be used as a laboratory test to diagnose BD. Methods We used a T-cell proliferative test to assay responses to four mycobacterial 65 kDa heat-shock-protein peptides and to four homologous peptides derived from the sequence of the human 60 kDa heat-shock protein. Findings We elicited significant gamma delta T-cell responses to the mycobacterial peptides in 25 (76%) of 33 patients with BD, compared with 2 (3.6%) of 55 controls with recurrent oral ulcers, systemic disease, or no disorders. The proportion of BD patients who had false-negative results decreased if the test was done during clinical manifestation of disease activity. There was a correlation between disease activity and T-cell responses. Four homologous peptides from human 60 kDa heat-shock protein also specifically stimulated T cells from patients with ED but with lower stimulation indices. Interpretation Activation of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells with the four heat-shock-protein peptides elicited significant T-cell proliferative responses by the gamma delta subset of T cells, which may regulate alpha beta T cells. Because these peptides have a high specificity for BD, this assay can be used as a laboratory diagnostic test for BD. C1 UNITED MED & DENT SCH,GUYS & ST THOMAS HOSP,DEPT IMMUNOL,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND. UNITED MED & DENT SCH,GUYS & ST THOMAS HOSP,DEPT GASTROENTEROL,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND. CTR DIS CONTROL,DEPT BACTERIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. ST MARIANNA UNIV,INST MED SCI,KAWASAKI,KANAGAWA,JAPAN. INST INFECT DIS & IMMUNOL,DEPT IMMUNOL,UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. RI van der Zee, Ruurd/O-5256-2015 OI van der Zee, Ruurd/0000-0002-4331-2755 NR 30 TC 128 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 23 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9004 BP 789 EP 794 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90868-5 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UB153 UT WOS:A1996UB15300009 PM 8622334 ER PT J AU Schieber, RA Switzer, DW AF Schieber, RA Switzer, DW TI Injuries from propane gas grills SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 US CONSUMER PROD SAFETY COMMISS,BETHESDA,MD. RP Schieber, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 20 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 11 BP 886 EP 886 DI 10.1001/jama.275.11.886 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TZ971 UT WOS:A1996TZ97100035 PM 8596229 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ AF Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome SO LANCET LA English DT Review RP Khan, AS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 16 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9003 BP 739 EP 741 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90082-3 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TZ982 UT WOS:A1996TZ98200015 PM 8602007 ER PT J AU Bijnen, FCH Feskens, EJM Caspersen, CJ Giampaoli, S Nissinen, AM Menotti, A Mosterd, WL Kromhout, D AF Bijnen, FCH Feskens, EJM Caspersen, CJ Giampaoli, S Nissinen, AM Menotti, A Mosterd, WL Kromhout, D TI Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors among elderly men in Finland, Italy, and the Netherlands SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aged; blood pressure; body mass index; cholesterol; coronary disease; exercise; physical fitness; risk factors ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; DIETARY-INTAKE; OLDER ADULTS; EXERCISE; WOMEN; LIPOPROTEINS; POPULATION; HEALTH AB Physical activity pattern and its relation with cardiovascular risk factors was investigated in 1,402 men aged 69-90 years who participated in the 30-year follow-up survey of the Finnish (Eastern and Western Finland), Italian (Montegiorgio and Crevalcore), and Dutch (Zutphen) cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Physical activity was assessed with a validated self-administered questionnaire designed for retired men, Total physical activity varied largely within cohorts, Median total reported physical activity ranged from 50 minutes/day in Montegiorgio to 89 minutes/day in Crevalcore. Walking, gardening, and bicycling together contributed more than 70% of total physical activity in all cohorts. Depending on the definition of physical inactivity, the estimated prevalence of inactivity varied between 5% and 33% in Zutphen and between 18% and 68% in Montegiorgio, Total physical activity was inversely associated with resting heart rate (r = -0.11, p < 0.001) and was positively associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (r = 0.08, p < 0.01) in pooled data, These associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, cohort, smoking, body mass index, and alcohol intake, Total activity was not associated with total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, or body mass index. The authors conclude that physical activity may have a beneficial effect on HDL cholesterol levels in elderly men. Walking, gardening, and bicycling contribute substantially to their physical activity pattern. C1 NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,DEPT CHRON DIS & ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL,BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NATL INST HLTH,EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT LAB,ROME,ITALY. UNIV KUOPIO,SCH MED,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH & GEN PRACTICE,SF-70211 KUOPIO,FINLAND. UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP Bijnen, FCH (reprint author), UNIV UTRECHT,SCH MED,DEPT MED PHYSIOL & SPORTS MED,3584 CX UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009; Feskens, Edith/A-3757-2012; Kromhout, Daan/A-8566-2014; OI Feskens, Edith/0000-0001-5819-2488 FU PHS HHS [1 RO1 AGO 8762-O1A1] NR 33 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 6 BP 553 EP 561 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UA980 UT WOS:A1996UA98000003 PM 8610672 ER PT J AU Imrey, PB Jackson, LA Ludwinski, PH England, AC Fella, GA Fox, BC Isdale, LB Reeves, MW Wenger, JD AF Imrey, PB Jackson, LA Ludwinski, PH England, AC Fella, GA Fox, BC Isdale, LB Reeves, MW Wenger, JD TI Outbreak of serogroup C meningococcal disease associated with campus bar patronage SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcohol drinking; case-control studies; disease outbreaks; meningococcal infections; Neisseria meningitidis; smoking; social environment; students ID NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; RISK-FACTORS; BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; UNITED-STATES; CARRIAGE; SURVEILLANCE; POPULATION AB Between February 1991 and April 1992, eight undergraduates at a US residential university and one at a nearby 2-year college contracted serogroup C meningococcal disease, A case-control investigation with 20 controls per case, oropharyngeal carriage surveys, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) of serogroup C isolates were used to identify factors contributing to the outbreak. All eight sterile-site isolates from cases were closely related by MEE and were similar (though not identical) to the strain associated with the 1991-1992 epidemic of meningococcal disease in eastern Canada. Disease was associated with cigarette smoking (p = 0.012), recent patronage of campus-area bars (p = 0.034), estimated amount of time spent in campus-area bars (p = 0.0003), and, especially, recent patronage of one specific bar, bar A (p = 0.0006; odds ratio = 23.1, 95% confidence interval 3.0-571.5). In carriage surveys, 1,528 throat cultures taken from (primarily student) noncases yielded only five (0.3%) strains that were identical by MEE to those from cases. Two of these were found among 22 cultures obtained from bar A employees in spring 1992. Some cases in this outbreak may have followed transmission of the epidemic strain in bar A. Campus bar environments may facilitate the spread of meningococcal disease among teenagers and young adults. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL LIBERAL ARTS & SCI,DEPT STAT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL APPL LIFE STUDIES,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,URBANA,IL 61801. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CHAMPAIGN URBANA PUBL HLTH DIST,CHAMPAIGN,IL. UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,MCKINLEY HLTH CTR,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Imrey, PB (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT MED INFORMAT SCI,190 MED SCI BLDG,506 S MATHEWS AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 35 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 6 BP 624 EP 630 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UA980 UT WOS:A1996UA98000010 PM 8610679 ER PT J AU Botto, LD Olney, RS Mastroiacovo, P Khoury, MJ Moore, CA Alo, CJ Costa, P Edmonds, LD Flood, TJ Harris, JA Howe, HL Olsen, CL Panny, SR Shaw, GM AF Botto, LD Olney, RS Mastroiacovo, P Khoury, MJ Moore, CA Alo, CJ Costa, P Edmonds, LD Flood, TJ Harris, JA Howe, HL Olsen, CL Panny, SR Shaw, GM TI Chorionic villus sampling and transverse digital deficiencies: Evidence for anatomic and gestational-age specificity of the digital deficiencies in two studies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE limb deficiency; malformation; birth defect; prenatal diagnosis; chorionic villus sampling; case-control study; epidemiology ID LIMB REDUCTION DEFECTS; VASCULAR PATHOGENESIS; BIRTH-DEFECTS; ABNORMALITIES; DYSMORPHOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Several but not all studies indicate that chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is associated with an increased risk for transverse limb deficiencies, including digital deficiencies, It has been suggested that variations in results regarding the transverse digital deficiencies (TDDs) may be due to the use of different classification criteria, We present the combined analysis of two case-control studies, the U,S, Multistate CVS (US) study and the Italian Multicentric Birth Defects (IPIMC) study, using two different definitions of TDDs, We compared the frequency of CVS exposure in control infants with that among those infants with any number of affected digits (any TDD), and those with all five digits of at least one limb affected (extensive TDDs), The estimated relative risk (RR) for any TDD following CVS was 10.6 (IPIMC) and 6.6 (US), For the extensive TDDs, the RR was 30.5 (IPIMC) and 10.7 (US), In both studies, extensive TDDs were less than 25% of all TDDs, Compared to all TDDs, extensive TDDs were more likely to occur after CVS performed earlier in the first trimester (before 10-11 weeks' gestation), These findings suggest a relationship between the timing of CVS and the severity of TDDs; indicate that using a restrictive definition of TDDs (all five digits affected) may limit the ability to evaluate the association between CVS and TDDs in populations in whom CVS is usually performed at or after 10 weeks' gestation; and highlight the necessity to consider gestational age in any evaluation of the relative risk for limb deficiencies associated with CVS. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV CATTOLICA SACRO CUORE,INST PEDIAT,BIRTH DEFECTS UNIT,ROME,ITALY. ILLINOIS DEPT PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL STUDIES,SPRINGFIELD,IL 62761. NEW JERSEY DEPT HLTH,SPECIAL CHILD HLTH SERV,TRENTON,NJ. ARIZONA DEPT HLTH SERV,OFF CHRON DIS EPIDEMIOL,PHOENIX,AZ 85007. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,CALIFORNIA BIRTH DEFECTS MONITORING PROGRAM,EMERYVILLE,CA. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ALBANY,NY. MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG,OFF HEREDITARY DISORDERS,BALTIMORE,MD 21202. RP Botto, LD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,MAILSTOP F-45,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 173 EP 178 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960315)62:2<173::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-L PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UA042 UT WOS:A1996UA04200012 PM 8882399 ER PT J AU Nicholson, JKA Hubbard, M Jones, BM AF Nicholson, JKA Hubbard, M Jones, BM TI Use of CD45 fluorescence and side-scatter characteristics for gating lymphocytes when using the whole blood lysis procedure and flow cytometry SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article AB The light-scatter characteristics of lymphocytes are commonly used to gate lymphocytes for further analysis in a lysed whole-blood assay. Because lymphocytes can be identified by antigens that they possess, a light-scatter gate can be validated by measuring parameters other than light scatter, When a specimen possesses poor light scatter (usually from contaminating nonlymphocytes within the light-scatter gate for lymphocytes), the quality of the gate and, thus, the analyses of lymphocyte subsets can be compromised, We present data to demonstrate the use of CD45 fluorescence combined with side scatter (SSC) for analyzing lysed whole-blood specimens. When we compared CD45/SSC to light scatter (forward and side scatter) for validating a lymphocyte gate, both methods performed similarly in recovering as many lymphocytes as possible in the gate (lymphocyte recovery); however, the CD45/SSC gate had fewer contaminants within the gate (lymphocyte purity), Replicate CD3 values from the CD45/SSC gate were less variable than those from the light-scatter gate, confirming that most of the variability in a light-scatter gate is due to nonlymphocyte contaminants in the gate, We propose that lymphocytes be gated using CD45 fluorescence as well as side-scattering properties and that CD3 also be included in each data analysis tube for quality control. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA. NR 13 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 26 IS 1 BP 16 EP 21 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA UB412 UT WOS:A1996UB41200003 PM 8809476 ER PT J AU Schwartz, A Repollet, EF Vogt, R Gratama, JW AF Schwartz, A Repollet, EF Vogt, R Gratama, JW TI Standardizing flow cytometry: Construction of a standardized fluorescence calibration plot using matching spectral calibrators SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE calibration; standardization; molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF); antibody binding capacity (ABC); quality control ID QUALITY-CONTROL; QUANTITATION AB Calibration of flow cytometers is becoming an increasingly important issue for both quality control of instrument performance and quantitation of antibody binding capacity of cells, Due to the numerous different instruments and analysis software currently available, a standardized method of calibration is necessary if interlaboratory comparison of instrument performance and antibody binding is to be achieved, This report describes a new methodology to obtain a standard calibration plot that can be derived from all instruments and from which specific instrument-independent performance parameters may be calculated that can be used to directly compare the performance and setup of these instruments, The requirements that the calibrated standards must meet are discussed, as well as the acceptable ranges proposed for the instrument-independent performance parameters, In addition, data are presented from standard calibration plots generated by different flow cytometers in numerous laboratories. The corresponding Primary Performance Parameters calculated from these plots are presented and compared, It is expected that the use of this calibration method may help standardize flow cytometric measurements and will provide instrument-independent performance parameters to monitor quality control of instruments and reagents. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV PUERTO RICO,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN JUAN,PR 00936. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. DR DANIEL DEN HOED CANC CTR,DEPT CLIN & TUMOR IMMUNOL,3008 AE ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. RP Schwartz, A (reprint author), FLOW CYTOMETRY STAND CORP,SAN JUAN,PR 00919, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-03051, RR-08224] NR 31 TC 105 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 26 IS 1 BP 22 EP 31 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19960315)26:1<22::AID-CYTO4>3.0.CO;2-I PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA UB412 UT WOS:A1996UB41200004 PM 8809477 ER PT J AU Adami, J Glimelius, B Cnattingius, S Ekbom, A Zahm, SH Linet, M Zack, M AF Adami, J Glimelius, B Cnattingius, S Ekbom, A Zahm, SH Linet, M Zack, M TI Maternal and perinatal factors associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among children SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article ID CHILDHOOD-CANCER; BURKITTS-LYMPHOMA; PREGNANCY; SMOKING AB This nested case-control study based on 1.7 million live births in Sweden explores the associations between maternal and perinatal factors and the occurrence of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The National Swedish Cancer Registry ascertained 168 cases in successive birth cohorts from 1973 through 1989 recorded in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. From the nationwide Birth Registry, 5 controls without NHL and alive at the date the case was diagnosed were randomly selected from the pool of children, with each case matched by gender, birth year and birth month. Standardized information on selected maternal and perinatal factors up to one month after delivery were recorded in the Medical Birth Registry. Mothers of children with NHL were more likely than mothers of controls to have undergone Cesarean section [Odds ratio (OR) 1.6] and to have been exposed to paracervical anesthesia during delivery (OR 1.8). Children with NHL were more likely than controls to have endocrine-metabolic disorders (OR 3.3). This study is one of the largest focusing on the etiology of childhood NHL. Most of the maternal and perinatal characteristics studied did not markedly affect risk for childhood NHL, which may be due to maternal and perinatal factors not included in these data or to exposures later in life. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NCI,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Adami, J (reprint author), UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT CANC EPIDEMIOL,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. RI Zahm, Shelia/B-5025-2015 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 65 IS 6 BP 774 EP 777 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960315)65:6<774::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA UB749 UT WOS:A1996UB74900011 PM 8631590 ER PT J AU Mermel, L Tow, SM Mahoney, M AF Mermel, L Tow, SM Mahoney, M TI Adverse reactions associated with midline catheters - United States, 1992-1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 101-103, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID ETHYLENE-OXIDE C1 RHODE ISL HOSP,DEPT NURSING,PROVIDENCE,RI 02903. RHODE ISL HOME THERAPEUT,E PROVIDENCE,RI. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Mermel, L (reprint author), RHODE ISL HOSP,DEPT MED,PROVIDENCE,RI 02903, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 13 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 10 BP 749 EP 750 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TY886 UT WOS:A1996TY88600005 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF Mussolino, ME Madans, JH AF Gillum, RF Mussolino, ME Madans, JH TI The relationship between fish consumption and stroke incidence - The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; FATTY-ACIDS; MORTALITY; INFORMATION; SMOKING AB Objective: To assess the level of fish consumption as a risk factor for stroke. Methods: Participants were members of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, a longitudinal cohort study of a national sample. Included in this analysis were white and black women and men aged 45 to 74 years when examined in 1971 through 1975 who did not report a history of stroke at that time. Average follow-up for survivors was 12 years (maximum, 16 years). The main outcome measure was incident stroke (fatal and nonfatal). Fish consumption at baseline was obtained from a 3-month food frequency questionnaire. Results: White women aged 45 to 74 years who consumed fish more than once a week had an age-adjusted risk of stroke incidence only about half that of women who never consumed fish. This effect persisted after controlling for multiple stroke risk variables (relative risk, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.93). Fish consumption more than once a week compared with never was not associated with age-adjusted stroke risk in white men aged 45 to 74 years (relative risk, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.49 to 1.46). In black women and men combined aged 45 to 74 years, any fish consumption compared with never was significantly associated with reduced adjusted stroke risk (relative risk, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.88). Conclusions: White women who consumed fish more than once a week had significantly lower stroke incidence than those who never consumed fish. A similar protective effect was seen in black women and men combined. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate mechanisms for the effect of fish consumption on stroke incidence. RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,OFF ANAL & EPIDEMIOL,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 33 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAR 11 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 5 BP 537 EP 542 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.5.537 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TY353 UT WOS:A1996TY35300008 PM 8604960 ER PT J AU Cook, KA Mead, PS Mintz, ED AF Cook, KA Mead, PS Mintz, ED TI Don't rely on drinking wine to prevent traveller's diarrhoea SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP Cook, KA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD MAR 9 PY 1996 VL 312 IS 7031 BP 642 EP 642 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TZ840 UT WOS:A1996TZ84000080 PM 8595367 ER PT J AU Posey, DL Khoury, MJ Mulinare, J Adams, MJ Ou, CY AF Posey, DL Khoury, MJ Mulinare, J Adams, MJ Ou, CY TI Is mutated MTHFR a risk factor for neural tube defects? SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Posey, DL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 9 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9002 BP 686 EP 687 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91236-2 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TZ285 UT WOS:A1996TZ28500046 PM 8596396 ER PT J AU Scariati, P GrummerStrawn, L Fein, S AF Scariati, P GrummerStrawn, L Fein, S TI A longitudinal analysis of infant morbidity and the extent of breast-feeding, United States SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 1100 EP 1100 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28401100 ER PT J AU Khan, LK GrummerStrawn, L Martorell, R AF Khan, LK GrummerStrawn, L Martorell, R TI Overweight in Latin American women and children. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30320. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RI Martorell, Reynaldo /I-2539-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 1401 EP 1401 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28401401 ER PT J AU Marinovic, A May, W Sowell, A Khan, LK Huff, D Bowman, B AF Marinovic, A May, W Sowell, A Khan, LK Huff, D Bowman, B TI Hemolysis interferes with determination of serum retinol by the fluorometric method. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 1419 EP 1419 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28401419 ER PT J AU Gunter, EW Bowman, BA Caudill, SP Twite, DB Adams, M AF Gunter, EW Bowman, BA Caudill, SP Twite, DB Adams, M TI Results of a round robin for serum and red cell folate. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 2677 EP 2677 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28402679 ER PT J AU Miller, K Huff, D Bowman, B Sowell, A AF Miller, K Huff, D Bowman, B Sowell, A TI Storage and multiple freeze-thaw cycles affect the determination of retinal in serum by the Futterman fluorescent method SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 3023 EP 3023 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28403023 ER PT J AU Reddy, S May, W Mueller, P Hewett, J AF Reddy, S May, W Mueller, P Hewett, J TI Development of a dried blood spot method for retinol-binding protein (RBP): A potential indicator for vitamin A status SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 4698 EP 4698 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28404697 ER PT J AU Briefel, R Sowell, A Huff, D Hodge, C Koncikowski, S Wright, J Gunter, E AF Briefel, R Sowell, A Huff, D Hodge, C Koncikowski, S Wright, J Gunter, E TI The distribution of serum carotenoids in the US population, 1988-1994: Results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 4700 EP 4700 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28404698 ER PT J AU Sowell, A Briefel, R Huff, D Yeager, P Flegal, K AF Sowell, A Briefel, R Huff, D Yeager, P Flegal, K TI The distribution of serum vitamins A, E, and retinyl esters in the US population, 1988-1994: Results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 4701 EP 4701 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28404701 ER PT J AU King, GE Markowitz, LE Heath, J Redd, SC Coleman, S Bellini, WJ Sievert, A AF King, GE Markowitz, LE Heath, J Redd, SC Coleman, S Bellini, WJ Sievert, A TI Antibody response to measles mumps rubella vaccine of children with mild illness at the time of vaccination SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; OPPORTUNITIES; INFANTS AB Objective.-To examine the response to measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine among children with and without mild illness. Design.-Prospective cohort. Participants.-A total of 386 children aged 15 to 23 months. Main Outcome Measures.-Seroconversion rates to measles, mumps, and rubella in ill and well children. Setting.-Six public health immunization clinics in two counties in the greater metropolitan Atlanta, Ga, area from February 1992 to April 1993. Results.-Acute upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and diarrhea were observed in 128 (33%), 41 (11%), and 13 (3%) of the children (groups are not mutually exclusive); 157 children had one of these mild illnesses and 229 were well. Overall seroconversion rates were 98% for measles, 83% for mumps, and 98% for rubella antigens, Measles seroconversion rates for ill children compared with well children, respectively, were as follows: upper respiratory tract infection, 99% vs 97%; mild fever, 98% vs 97%; otitis media, 98% vs 98%; diarrhea, 100% vs 98%; and any mild illness, 99% vs 97%. Estimates of the magnitude of antibody response to measles, mumps, and rubella antigens were the same for children with and without mild illness. There was no association of mild illness with increased rates and severity of adverse events reported in the 2 weeks after vaccination. Conclusions.-Vaccinating children who present with mild illnesses with MMR vaccine is a safe and efficacious practice. These results support recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. DEKALB CTY BOARD HLTH,DECATUR,GA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 6 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 9 BP 704 EP 707 DI 10.1001/jama.275.9.704 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TX174 UT WOS:A1996TX17400026 PM 8594268 ER PT J AU Shafer, RW Bloch, AB Larkin, C Vasudavan, V Seligman, S Dehovitz, JD DiFerdinando, G Stoneburner, R Cauthen, G AF Shafer, RW Bloch, AB Larkin, C Vasudavan, V Seligman, S Dehovitz, JD DiFerdinando, G Stoneburner, R Cauthen, G TI Predictors of survival in HIV-infected tuberculosis patients SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; HIV; CD4+ T lymphocytes; tuberculosis treatment; survival ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; AIDS AB Objective: To ascertain predictors of survival in HIV-infected tuberculosis (TB) patients. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: New York City public hospital. Patients: Fifty-Four consecutive HIV-seropositive patients with newly diagnosed TB and no other AIDS-defining illnesses. Main outcome measures: CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, completion of anti-TB therapy, repeat hospitalizations with TB, and survival. Results: Forty-five (84%) of the 54 patients died a median of 15 months after TB diagnosis (range, 1-80 months), five (9%) were alive after a median of 81 months (range, 75-84 months), and four (7%) were lost to follow-up after a median of 42 months (range, 30-66 months). In univariate analyses, disseminated TB, intrathoracic adenopathy, oral candidiasis and CD4 count depletion were each associated with decreased survival. In a multivariate analysis, CD4 count depletion was the only independent predictor of decreased survival. Repeat hospitalization with TB occurred in 10 out of 15 patients who did not complete anti-TB therapy compared with one out of 21 patients who completed anti-TB therapy (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The clinical presentation of TB and CD4 count at TB diagnosis are each predictive of survival in HIV-seropositive TB patients. The CD3 count is the only independent predictor of survival. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR TB CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY 10013. SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,BROOKLYN,NY 11203. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,DIV TB CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,BUR AIDS RES,NEW YORK,NY. RP Shafer, RW (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DIV INFECT DIS,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 269 EP 272 DI 10.1097/00002030-199603000-00005 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UB187 UT WOS:A1996UB18700005 PM 8882666 ER PT J AU Rietmeijer, CA Kane, MS Simons, PZ Corby, NH Wolitski, RJ Higgins, DL Judson, FN Cohn, DL AF Rietmeijer, CA Kane, MS Simons, PZ Corby, NH Wolitski, RJ Higgins, DL Judson, FN Cohn, DL TI Increasing the use of bleach and condoms among injecting drug users in Denver: Outcomes of a targeted, community-level HIV prevention program SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV; injecting drug users; community-level prevention; bleach; condoms; behavior change ID NORTH-KARELIA PROJECT; OPINION LEADERS; RISK BEHAVIORS; AIDS; REDUCTION; INFECTION; DISEASE; PEOPLE AB Objective: To evaluate the impact of an HIV risk reduction program among injecting drug users (IDU) in Denver, Colorado. Design: A targeted, community-level intervention study with multiple, time-phased, cross-sectional measurements assessing HIV high-risk behaviors among IDU in intervention and comparison sites. Setting: Neighborhoods with high IDU prevalence in Denver, Colorado (intervention site) and Long Beach, California (non-intervention comparison site). Participants: Street-recruited IDU who had injected drugs in the previous 30 days and shared injection equipment in the previous 60 days to evaluate the use of bleach to clean injection equipment; or had sexual intercourse in the previous 30 days, to evaluate condom use. Intervention: A prevention program in which peer volunteers were recruited and trained to distribute and discuss intervention kits that included condoms, bleach bottles and role model stories. Main outcome measures: Multiple cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the intervention and comparison sites to assess the impact of the intervention on the consistent use of bleach before sharing injection equipment and the consistent use of condoms for vaginal intercourse with steady and occasional partners. Results: Between February 1991 and December 1993, 1997 IDU were interviewed, 890 at the intervention site and 1107 at the comparison site. In contrast to the comparison site, subjects from the intervention site reported significant increases in consistent use of bleach [odds ratio (OR), 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-5.1; P < 0.001], and consistent use of condoms with occasional partners (OR, 13.6, 95% CI, 3.2-58.0; P < 0.001). Conclusion: This targeted, peer-based intervention was associated with significant HIV risk reduction among IDU in Denver and may be useful in other communities at risk for HIV infection. C1 UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PREVENT MED,DENVER,CO. CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH,CTR BEHAV RES & SERV,LONG BEACH,CA 90840. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MED,DENVER,CO 80262. RP Rietmeijer, CA (reprint author), DENVER HLTH & HOSP,DENVER PUBL HLTH,605 BANNOCK ST,DENVER,CO 80204, USA. RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008 FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU801086-08] NR 36 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1097/00002030-199603000-00008 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UB187 UT WOS:A1996UB18700008 PM 8882669 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Brackbill, R Wilson, RW AF Anderson, JE Brackbill, R Wilson, RW TI Diagnostic HIV antibody testing in the United States: The role of private providers and public programs SO AIDS LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,E-44,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 342 EP 343 DI 10.1097/00002030-199603000-00018 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UB187 UT WOS:A1996UB18700018 PM 8882679 ER PT J AU Subbarao, S Luo, CC Limpakarnjanarat, K Bhumisawasdi, J Young, NL Mastro, TD Schochetman, G Kalish, ML AF Subbarao, S Luo, CC Limpakarnjanarat, K Bhumisawasdi, J Young, NL Mastro, TD Schochetman, G Kalish, ML TI Evaluation of oligonucleotide probes for the determination of the two major HIV-1 env subtypes in Thailand SO AIDS LA English DT Letter C1 MINIST PUBL HLTH,HIV AIDS COLLABORAT,NONTHABURI,THAILAND. MINIST PUBL HLTH,NATL INST HLTH,DEPT MED SCI,NONTHABURI,THAILAND. RP Subbarao, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 350 EP 351 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA UB187 UT WOS:A1996UB18700024 PM 8882685 ER PT J AU Hornung, RW Herrick, RF Stewart, PA Utterback, DF Feigley, CE Wall, DK Douthit, DE Hayes, RB AF Hornung, RW Herrick, RF Stewart, PA Utterback, DF Feigley, CE Wall, DK Douthit, DE Hayes, RB TI An experimental design approach to retrospective exposure assessment SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE embalmers; epidemiologic studies; formaldehyde exposure; quantitative exposure levels ID FUNERAL DIRECTORS; MORTALITY; EMBALMERS; CANCER; DEATH AB There are several methods currently in use for retrospective estimation of quantitative exposure levels in occupational and environmental epidemiologic studies. The most popular is a job-exposure matrix approach using a combination of existing data and professional judgment. Another method is the use of statistical models based on available exposure data. The authors present an alternative approach using an experimental design in which several factors thought to affect exposure levels are identified and set at specific levels in a cross-classified design. This approach was used to estimate historical exposures to formaldehyde in a mortality study of embalmers. Exposures were estimated as a function of solution concentration, air exchange rate, and autopsied versus intact body. There were 12 combinations involving these 3 factors and a total of 25 embalming procedures (approximately 2 replicates of each combination) performed at a college of mortuary science. In addition to these design factors several covariates such as temperature, humidity, and the occurrence of spills were considered in an analysis of covariance statistical model. The results of the model prediction were validated against published measurements, and field samples were taken in several funeral homes. The overall accuracy of the model predictions was comparable to the variation found in replicate measurements of identical embalming procedures. C1 HARVARD UNIV,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. NCI,BETHESDA,MD 20892. UNIV S CAROLINA,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. CINCINNATI COLL MORTUARY SCI,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Hornung, RW (reprint author), NIOSH,MAILSTOP R-44,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 251 EP 256 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0251:AEDATR>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY070 UT WOS:A1996TY07000006 PM 8776195 ER PT J AU Crouch, KG Johnston, OE AF Crouch, KG Johnston, OE TI Nitrous oxide control in the dental operatory: Auxiliary exhaust and mask leakage, design, and scavenging flow rate as factors SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dental operatory; local exhaust systems; nitrous oxide ID ANESTHETIC-GASES AB Two new local exhaust systems, intended primarily to control patient mouth emissions of N2O, were installed in a dental operatory, and resulting exposure concentrations to dental personnel were observed. The exposures were found to be typically unaffected by the presence and operation of these new controls. laboratory testing on a head form, in conjunction with the operatory observations, established that mask leakage due to poor fit was the primary cause of N2O emissions. An improved mask fit and the addition of a slotted skirt around the outer mask shell individually resulted in greatly reduced leakage rates in the laboratory tests. Also, exhaust systems placed on the chin, on the chest, or in the mouth proved effective in capturing mouth emissions simulated by a breathing machine and head form. RP Crouch, KG (reprint author), NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 272 EP 278 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0272:NOCITD>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY070 UT WOS:A1996TY07000009 PM 8776198 ER PT J AU Shulman, SA Groff, JH Schlecht, PC Xue, DX AF Shulman, SA Groff, JH Schlecht, PC Xue, DX TI Performance of laboratories analyzing organic solvents in the proficiency analytical testing program SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE organic solvents; Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) program AB The Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) program is operated by the American industrial Hygiene Association in cooperation with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. Currently more than 300 laboratories in the program report annually over 15,000 analyses for organic solvents on charcoal sorbent tubes. The evaluation of organic solvent determinations reported here covers almost 20 years of the PAT program (1974-92). Estimates are obtained for total variability, intraanalyst variability, and interanalyst variability. Each of these components is shown to have improved since the early rounds of the PAT program. For the most recent data, four analytes (chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, o-xylene, and trichloroethylene) have total relative standard deviations less than 0.10 relative standard deviation (RSD). Analytes collected at the lowest loadings (benzene and carbon tetrachloride) and toluene have somewhat higher RSDs. Of the eight analytes studied, all show an improvement in total variability, four of which are statistically significant (p < 0.01). Averaging over the analytes indicates a reduction of more than 55% in total RSD between the periods 1974-80 and 1981 to the present (p < 0.003). RP Shulman, SA (reprint author), NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 295 EP 303 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY070 UT WOS:A1996TY07000012 ER PT J AU Heitbrink, WA Verb, RH Fischbach, TJ Wallace, ME AF Heitbrink, WA Verb, RH Fischbach, TJ Wallace, ME TI A comparison of conventional and high volume low pressure spray-painting guns SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE efficiency; film thickness; paint overspray; particulate exposure; solvent exposures; spray-painting AB The effect of spray-painting gun choice, high volume-low pressure (HVLP) or conventional, on solvent and particulate overspray concentrations was experimentally studied in a downdraft spray-painting booth. This experiment was conducted by repeatedly applying two coats of paint to a car body sheil. The two spray-painting guns were a gravity-fed conventional and a gravity-fed HVLP gun. During each experimental run, particulate overspray concentrations, solvent vapor concentrations, film thickness on the autobody, and mass of paint were measured. The film thickness per mass of paint for the HVLP gun was 33% higher than that for the conventional spray-painting gun. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0015). Apparently, the HVLP spray-painting gun had a much higher transfer efficiency than the conventional spray-painting gun. Also, the particulate overspray concentration per unit of film thickness for the conventional spray-painting gun was twice that of the HVLP gun. Again, this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0009). Finally, the HVLP spray-painting gun reduced the overall solvent vapor concentrations measured in the booth by 21%, which was not statistically significant. However, solvent vapor exposures measured on the worker were reduced by a factor of 2 when using the HVLP gun. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). C1 DEVILBISS AUTOMOT REFINISHING PROD,MAUMEE,OH 43537. RP Heitbrink, WA (reprint author), NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 304 EP 310 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY070 UT WOS:A1996TY07000013 ER PT J AU Esche, CA Groff, JH AF Esche, CA Groff, JH TI Proficiency analytical testing program report SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Esche, CA (reprint author), NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 317 EP & PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY070 UT WOS:A1996TY07000014 ER PT J AU Yoon, PW Freeman, SB Sherman, SL Taft, LF Gu, YC Pettay, D Flanders, WD Khoury, MJ Hassold, TJ AF Yoon, PW Freeman, SB Sherman, SL Taft, LF Gu, YC Pettay, D Flanders, WD Khoury, MJ Hassold, TJ TI Advanced maternal age and the risk of down syndrome characterized by the meiotic stage of the chromosomal furor: A population-based study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID DNA POLYMORPHISMS; TRISOMY-21; NONDISJUNCTION; ABNORMALITIES; AMNIOCENTESIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; RATES AB The identification of DNA polymorphisms makes it possible to classify trisomy 21 according to the parental origin and stage (meiosis I [MI], meiosis II [MII], or postzygotic mitotic) of the chromosomal error. Studying the effect of parental age on these subgroups could shed light on parental exposures and their timing. From 1989 through 1993, 270 infants with trisomy 21 and 267 randomly selected control infants were ascertained in a population-based, case-control study in metropolitan Atlanta. Blood samples for genetic studies were obtained from case infants and their parents. Using logistic regression, we independently examined the association between maternal and paternal age and subgroups of trisomy 21 defined by parental origin and meiotic stage. The distribution of trisomy 21 by origin was 86% maternal (75% MI and 25% MII), 3% paternal (50% MI and 50% MII), and 5% mitotic. Compared with women <25 years of age, women greater than or equal to 40 years old had an odds ratio of 5.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-27.4) for maternal MI (MMI) errors and 51.4 (95% confidence interval, 2.3-333.0) for maternal MII (MMII) errors. Birth-prevalence rates for women greater than or equal to 40 years old were 4.2/1,000 births for MMI errors and 1.9/1,000 births for MMII errors. These results support an association between advanced maternal age and both MMI and MMII errors. The association with MI does not pinpoint the timing of the error; however, the association with MII implies that there is at least one maternal age-related mechanism acting around the time of conception. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,SCH MED,DIV MED GENET,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV HOSP CLEVELAND,CLEVELAND,OH. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT HUMAN GENET,CLEVELAND,OH. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,CTR HUMAN GENET,CLEVELAND,OH. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NICHD NIH HHS [N01 HD92707, P01 HD32111, R01 HD21341] NR 16 TC 112 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 58 IS 3 BP 628 EP 633 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA TV564 UT WOS:A1996TV56400021 PM 8644722 ER PT J AU Ward, E Hornung, R Morris, J Rinsky, R Wild, D Halperin, W Guthrie, W AF Ward, E Hornung, R Morris, J Rinsky, R Wild, D Halperin, W Guthrie, W TI Risk of low red or white blood cell count related to estimated benzene exposure in a rubberworker cohort (1940-1975) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE benzene; white blood cells; red blood cells; hematologic suppression ID INHALED BENZENE; HEMATOTOXICITY; MICE; LEUKEMOGENESIS; WORKERS AB This study evaluated the relationship between benzene exposure and low white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts. Hematologic screening data collected over a 35 year period at a rubber hydrochloride manufacturing plant were analyzed; an increased risk of leukemia had been demonstrated previously among workers at the plant [Infante et al. (1977): Lancet 2:76-78; Rinsky et al. (1981): Am J Ind Med 2:217-45 (1987): NEJM 316:1044-1050]. Hematologic screening data were available for 657 of 1,037 (63.3%) individuals employed at the plant from 1939 through 1976. There was a total of 21,710 blood test records (range per individual 1-354). The study utilized a case-control design and estimated benzene exposures using the job exposure matrix developed by Rinsky et al. (1987): NEJM 316:1044-1050]. The effects of benzene exposure up until the blood test date, were examined using conditional logistic regression. For WBCs there was a strong exposure-response and all of the exposure metrics selected showed a significant relationship with low blood count. For RBCs there was a weak positive exposure-response, which was significant (p=0.03) for one of the dose metrics. The finding of an exposure-response relationship in the range of exposures represented in this study, where the maximum daily benzene exposure estimate was 34 ppm, is consistent with findings of several animal studies demonstrating a decrease in peripheral lymphocyte counts at benzene exposures as low as 10 ppm, and a stronger effect of benzene exposure on lymphocytes (as reflected in total WBC count) than on red cells. There was no evidence for a threshold for the hematologic effects of benzene exposure, suggesting that even exposure to relatively low levels of benzene (e.g., < 5 ppm) may result in hematologic suppression. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Ward, E (reprint author), NIOSH, DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES, INDUSTRYWIDE STUDIES BRANCH, CINCINNATI, OH 45226 USA. NR 36 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0271-3586 EI 1097-0274 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 247 EP 257 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199603)29:3<247::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-N PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TX830 UT WOS:A1996TX83000004 PM 8833777 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Fine, L AF Steenland, K Fine, L TI Shift work, shift change, and risk of death from heart disease at work SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE heart disease; shiftwork; occupational mortality AB Some epidemiologic studies suggest workers who rotate shift are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but no studies have studied the effect of shift for workers who do not rotate. To determine whether current shift or recent change in shift was a risk factor for ishemic heart disease, we conducted a nested case-control study of heart disease death at work within a cohort of 21,000 men working at four heavy equipment plants. We identified 163 men who died of ischemic heart disease at work of within 1 week of working, and compared them to 781 controls who were working at the same age but did not die. Plant personnel records were used to determine duration of time on current shift. At the time of case death, 72% of study subjects were working on first shift, 22% on second, and 6% on third. The average time on shift without shift change was 9 years. There was little evidence of any difference in heart disease risk by current shift. There was some indication that recent change from afternoon or night shift to day shift had a protective effect initially, which decreased over time. On the other hand, no corresponding negative effect was found for a change from first to second/third shift, regardless of when the change took place. Our analyses were limited by the small number of workers on the third shift. We consider our analyses to be exploratory, and encourage more research on this topic in other working populations. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH,MAILSTOP R13,4676 COLUMIBA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 12 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 278 EP 281 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199603)29:3<278::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-M PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TX830 UT WOS:A1996TX83000008 PM 8833781 ER PT J AU Long, BJ Calfas, KJ Wooten, W Sallis, JF Patrick, K Goldstein, M Marcus, BH Schwenk, TL Chenoweth, J Carter, R Torres, T Palinkas, LA Heath, G AF Long, BJ Calfas, KJ Wooten, W Sallis, JF Patrick, K Goldstein, M Marcus, BH Schwenk, TL Chenoweth, J Carter, R Torres, T Palinkas, LA Heath, G TI A multisite field test of the acceptability of physical activity counseling in primary care: Project PACE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEALTH PROMOTION; EXERCISE BEHAVIOR; RISK REDUCTION; UNITED-STATES; PREVENTION; SMOKING; MODEL; PATTERNS; DISEASE AB Primary health-care providers have been encouraged to counsel their patients about regular physical activity, but there are significant barriers to effective counseling. In this study a program of training and materials was tested for acceptability to providers, office staff, and patients. Primary care providers and office staff were trained to use the Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise (PACE) materials in four geographical sites in the United States. The program was tested in a variety of settings and with diverse patient populations. The acceptability of the program during a five-month study period was evaluated through structured interviews. The training was effective in preparing the providers to counsel, and the program was generally acceptable to providers, office staff, and patients. Counseling was provided in less than five minutes by 70% of providers, and most patients reported following the recommendations given. The PACE program assists providers in overcoming barriers to counseling patients about physical activity. The PACE program is potentially an important part of a national effort to enhance the adoption and maintenance of physical activity among adults. C1 SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,SAN DIEGO,CA 92182. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT FAMILY & PREVENT MED,SAN DIEGO,CA 92103. BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. UNIV MICHIGAN,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. MEHARRY MED COLL,NASHVILLE,TN 37208. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Long, BJ (reprint author), SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,STUDENT HLTH SERV,PROJECT PACE,SAN DIEGO,CA 92182, USA. NR 37 TC 120 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 73 EP 81 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UE405 UT WOS:A1996UE40500004 PM 8777071 ER PT J AU McNabb, SJN Farley, TA Powell, KE Rolka, HR Horan, JM AF McNabb, SJN Farley, TA Powell, KE Rolka, HR Horan, JM TI Correlates of gun carrying among adolescents in south Louisiana SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VIOLENCE; YOUTH; INJURIES; BEHAVIOR; FAMILY AB In the majority of episodes of fatal interpersonal violence, the weapon used is a firearm. Amid frequent reports of youths carrying weapons, including firearms, we conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for being charged with gun-carrying and gun-carrying, per se, among adolescents in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. Cases were defined as incidents of gun-carrying among adolescents < 19 years of age, legally charged in the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, juvenile court from January 1, 1992, through April 15, 1993. For each case, we randomly drew three age-, gender-, and school-matched control subjects from the enrollment rosters of the Jefferson Parish public schools and administered a questionnaire. The data set comprised 38 case subjects and 103 matched control subjects. Thirty (29%) control subjects reported gun-carrying. Both case subjects and gun-carrying control subjects reported self-defense (40%) as the main reason for gun-carrying. Most case subjects (25 [66%]) were African Americans, but only 8 (27%) gun-carrying and 27 (37%) non-gun-carrying control subjects were African Americans. Case subjects were significantly more likely than gun-carrying control subjects to report being African American (odds ratio [OR] = 5.3, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.6, 17.5). In crude analyses, case subjects were more likely than non-gun-carrying control subjects to report adult-male unemployment among households with adult men, to foresee a likelihood to be shot in school, to have seen a shooting, to use marijuana, to watch television > 6 hours per day, and to be African American. After the effect estimates were adjusted in conditional logistic regression modeling, case subjects were more likely than non-gun-carrying control subjects to report adult-male unemployment among households with adult men, using marijuana, and watching television > 6 hours per day (OR = 8.6, 95% CI = 1.2, 61.2; OR = 11.7, 95% CI = 2, 70.2; and OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 0.8, 51.9, respectively). Gun-carrying control subjects were significantly more likely than non-gun-carrying control subjects to report their school not safe, having seen a shooting, using marijuana, and having fired a gun (OR = 9, 35% CI = 1, 82.1; OR = 7, 95% CI = 1.3, 38.2; OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.8, 25.5; and OR = 17, 95% CI = 1.8, 156.6, respectively). We found that gun-carrying was very common, and that adolescent youths who carry guns were more likely to have familiarity with guns and experience with or perception of an unsafe environment. Together, these lead to the conclusion that gun-carrying is a common response of youths who live in a risky environment, who do not have the social support to learn how to deal effectively with that risk, and who have access to guns, which they think may provide them with some protection. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SURVEILLANCE & EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA. LOUISIANA OFF PUBL HLTH,NEW ORLEANS,LA. NR 36 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 96 EP 102 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UE405 UT WOS:A1996UE40500007 PM 8777074 ER PT J AU Gazmararian, JA Adams, MM Pamuk, ER AF Gazmararian, JA Adams, MM Pamuk, ER TI Associations between measures of socioeconomic status and maternal health behavior SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; PREGNANT-WOMEN; SOCIAL-CLASS; INFANT-MORTALITY; UNITED-STATES; SMOKING; INCOME; RACE; CHILDBEARING; PREVALENCE AB Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is consistently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. One mechanism that may account for this association is that maternal health behaviors vary with SES. To examine this possibility, we addressed how women may be differently categorized by diverse measures of SES and the effect that choice of measure has on the relationship between SES and maternal health behaviors. We used population-based data for Caucasian women (n = 10,055) from Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia who delivered a live infant in 1990-1991 and participated in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Five SES measures were evaluated: education; poverty status; Medicaid payment for delivery; Women, Infants, and Children (WIG) enrollment during pregnancy; and residential crowding. Three maternal health behaviors (smoking, delayed/no prenatal care, unintended pregnancy) were examined to assess the variation among the associations between SES measures and behaviors. Item response rates were high for all SES measures (range: 88.9%-100.0%), and there was low correlation between measures. Most of the SES measures were related to maternal health behaviors. However, the strength of association varied between each measure and behavior and was weaker for women who were younger than 20 years old or not married. In view of the multifaceted nature of SES, several measures may be needed to appropriately assess the relationship between SES and maternal health behaviors. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV EPIDEMIOL,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. NR 42 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UE405 UT WOS:A1996UE40500009 PM 8777063 ER PT J AU Toole, M Serdula, M AF Toole, M Serdula, M TI Determining the nutritional status of the elderly in post-Cold War Russia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID WEIGHT; ADULTS C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Toole, M (reprint author), MACFARLANE BURNET CTR MED RES,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 299 EP 301 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.3.299 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UA072 UT WOS:A1996UA07200002 PM 8604749 ER PT J AU Zhu, BP Liu, M Shelton, D Liu, SM Giovino, GA AF Zhu, BP Liu, M Shelton, D Liu, SM Giovino, GA TI Cigarette smoking and its risk factors among elementary school students in Beijing SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID POLYCHOTOMOUS LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; CHINA; TOBACCO AB Objectives This study investigated patterns of and risk factors for smoking among elementary school children in Beijing, China. Methods. in 1988, anonymous questionnaires were administered to a multistage stratified cluster sample of 16 996 students, aged mostly 10 to 12, in 479 fourth- to sixth-grade classes from 122 Beijing elementary schools. Results. Approximately 28% of boys and 3% of girls had smoked cigarettes. The most frequently cited reasons for smoking initiation were ''to imitate others' behavior'' and ''to see what it was like.'' Girls were more likely to get cigarettes from home than to purchase their own. Having close friends who smoked and being encouraged by close friends to smoke were strong risk factors for smoking. Smoking was also associated with lower parental socioeconomic status; having parents, siblings, or teachers who smoked; buying cigarettes for parents; performing poorly in school; and not believing that smoking is harmful to health. Conclusions. Gender differences in smoking prevalence among adolescents in China are larger than those among US teenagers, whereas the proximal risk factors for smoking are similar. Major efforts are needed to monitor and prevent smoking initiation among Chinese adolescents, particularly girls. C1 BATTELLE MEM INST,CTR PUBL HLTH RES & EVALUAT,ATLANTA,GA. CHINESE ACAD MED SCI,DIV SOCIAL MED & PUBL HLTH,BEIJING 100037,PEOPLES R CHINA. BEIJING UNION MED COLL,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. UNIV MICHIGAN,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Zhu, BP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Liu, Simin/I-3689-2014 OI Liu, Simin/0000-0003-2098-3844 NR 33 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 368 EP 375 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.3.368 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UA072 UT WOS:A1996UA07200016 PM 8604762 ER PT J AU Matson, PA Luby, SP Redd, SC Rolka, HR Meriwether, RA AF Matson, PA Luby, SP Redd, SC Rolka, HR Meriwether, RA TI Cardiac effects of standard-dose halofantrine therapy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID FALCIPARUM-MALARIA; QT INTERVAL; PHARMACOKINETICS; FOOD AB The antimalarial drug halofantrine hydrochloride has been associated with cardiac arrhythmias. This is a report of a study on the cardiac effects of standard-dose halofantrine (24 mg/kg) on a sample of 48 patients selected from a group of 402 Dega (Montagnard) refugees treated for Plasmodium falciparum infection. Prolongation of the rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) on the electrocardiogram (EGG) was used as an indicator of risk for halofantrine-associated cardiac arrhythmias. We found that standard-dose halofantrine was associated with a lengthening of the mean QTc from 0.40 sec(1/2) to 0.44 sec(1/2). Two patients had a QTc increase of greater than 25%, but none had a follow up QTc of more than 0.55 sec(1/2), an interval length generally considered to be a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias. Regression analysis indicated that pretreatment ECGs were poorly predictive of QTc lengthening during therapy, although pretreatment ECGs may be useful to evaluate patients with pre-existing cardiac conditions. The manufacturer has recommended that the halofantrine dose not exceed 24 mg/kg and revised the list of medication contraindications to include some cardiac conditions. Clinicians should weigh a patient's risk, including history of cardiac disease and availability of alternative therapy, before use of halofantrine. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV SURVEILLANCE & EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. N CAROLINA DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH & NAT RESOURCES,COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL SECT,RALEIGH,NC 27611. NR 18 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 BP 229 EP 231 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UE418 UT WOS:A1996UE41800002 PM 8600755 ER PT J AU Piesman, J Dolan, MC Schriefer, ME Burkot, TR AF Piesman, J Dolan, MC Schriefer, ME Burkot, TR TI Ability of experimentally infected chickens to infect ticks with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; CROIX RIVER VALLEY; NEW-YORK-STATE; IXODIDAE; BIRDS; HOSTS AB Chickens were used as a laboratory model to determine the conditions affecting the ability of birds to infect ticks with Lyme disease spirochetes. Chicks (Gallus gallus) were exposed to 12 nymphal Ixodes scapularis at one week or three weeks of age. Xenodiagnostic larval ticks fed on these birds at weekly intervals thereafter. Chicks exposed to infected nymphs at one week of age infected 87% of larvae at three weeks of age, but only infected 3% of larvae at four weeks and 0% of larvae at five weeks. Chicks exposed to nymphs at three weeks of age infected only 12% of larvae at four weeks, and 0% thereafter. Thus, experimentally infected chicks can infect larval ticks, but only for a brief interval after exposure. Young chicks are more infectious than older chickens. The immune response of infected chicks was rapid and directed against diverse antigens. RP Piesman, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. RI Burkot, Thomas/C-6838-2013 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 BP 294 EP 298 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UE418 UT WOS:A1996UE41800016 PM 8600769 ER PT J AU Eberhard, ML Walker, EM Addiss, DG Lammie, PJ AF Eberhard, ML Walker, EM Addiss, DG Lammie, PJ TI A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAPs) of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis, and hydrocele among residents in an endemic area in Haiti SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS; GUATEMALA AB To assess knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about bancroftian filariasis, 104 residents of an endemic area in Haiti were interviewed. Questions focused on 1) whether people understood the relationship between infection and disease, 2) recognition of the role that mosquitoes play in transmission, 3) perceived importance of hydrocele and elephantiasis in relation to other recognized diseases, and 4) the willingness of the community to participate in a control program. Fewer than 50% of residents had heard of filariasis and only 6% of those surveyed knew that it was transmitted by mosquitoes. In contrast, all persons knew of the clinical conditions of hydrocele and elephantiasis. Hydrocele was thought to be caused by trauma (60%) or trapped gas (30%); elephantiasis by walking bare foot on soil or water (37%) or by use of ceremonial powder that had been sprinkled on the ground (23%). Of 76 respondents, 53% and 38% thought that hydrocele could be treated through surgery or a drug, respectively, whereas of 86 respondents, 85% and 15% believed that either surgery or a drug could be used to treat elephantiasis. In this context, persons were not referring to a specific drug; rather, they believed a drug existed (possibly in some other country) that could cure these conditions. Hydrocele and elephantiasis ranked second to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as perceived health problems, most likely because residents believed treatment for conditions such as malaria, intestinal worms, anemia, and diarrhea was easily obtained. Responses were influenced by age, sex, and symptoms, but none of these effects were statistically significant except that persons with hydrocele or elephantiasis were more likely to have sought treatment than persons without these conditions (P = 0.0006). The survey results indicate that awareness of the causes of disease, the relationship between infection and disease, and goals of treatment must be heightened through community-based education campaigns to increase the possibility of acceptance and support of control programs. RP Eberhard, ML (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MAILSTOP F13,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 13 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 BP 299 EP 303 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UE418 UT WOS:A1996UE41800017 PM 8600770 ER PT J AU Goldstein, ST Juranek, DD Ravenholt, O Hightower, AW Martin, DG Mesnik, JL Griffiths, SD Bryant, AJ Reich, RR Herwaldt, BL AF Goldstein, ST Juranek, DD Ravenholt, O Hightower, AW Martin, DG Mesnik, JL Griffiths, SD Bryant, AJ Reich, RR Herwaldt, BL TI Cryptosporidiosis: An outbreak associated with drinking water despite state-of-the-art water treatment SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SUPPLIES; GIARDIA AB Objective: To determine the magnitude and source of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to determine whether the outbreak extended into the immunocompetent population. Design: Matched case-control study and environmental investigation. Setting: Clark County, Nevada. Participants: Adults with HIV infection (36 case-patients with laboratory-confirmed Cryptosporidium parvum infection and 107 controls), matched by physician or clinic and by CD4(+) cell count category. Measurements: Potential risk factors for infection, death rates, and data on water quality. Results: Review of surveillance and microbiology records identified 3 cases of cryptosporidiosis in 1992 (the first year that cryptosporidiosis was reportable in Nevada), 23 cases in 1993, and 78 cases in the first quarter of 1994. Of the 78 laboratory-confirmed cases in the first quarter of 1994, 61 (78.2%) were in HIV-infected adults. Of these 61 adults, 32 (52.5%) had died by 30 June 1994; at least 20 of the 32 (62.5%) had cryptosporidiosis listed on their death certificates. In the case-control study, persons who drank any unboiled tap water were four times more likely than persons who drank only bottled water to have had cryptosporidiosis (odds ratio, 4.22 [95% CI, 1.22 to 14.65]; P = 0.02). For persons with CD4(+) cell counts less than 100 cells/mm(3), the association between tap water and cryptosporidiosis was even stronger (odds ratio, 13.52 [CI, 1.78 to 102.92]; P = 0.01). Additional data indicate that this outbreak also affected persons who were not infected with HIV. No elevated turbidity values or coliform counts and no Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in testing of source (Lake Mead) or finished (treated) water during the study period, but so-called presumptive oocysts were intermittently found after the investigation in samples of source water, filter backwash, and finished water. Conclusions: A cryptosporidiosis outbreak was associated with municipal drinking water, despite state-of-the-art water treatment and water quality better than that required by current federal standards. This outbreak highlights the importance of surveillance for cryptosporidiosis and the need for guidelines for the prevention of waterborne-Cryptosporidium infection among HIV-infected persons. C1 CDCP,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CLARK CTY DIST HLTH DEPT,LAS VEGAS,NV 89106. CDCP,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 23 TC 155 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD MAR 1 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 5 BP 459 EP & PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW773 UT WOS:A1996TW77300001 PM 8602703 ER PT J AU Benedict, MQ Cohen, A Cornel, AJ Brummett, DL AF Benedict, MQ Cohen, A Cornel, AJ Brummett, DL TI Uric acid in Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): Effects of collarless, stripe, and white mutations SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anopheles; urate; purine transport; xanthine dehydrogenase ID RECESSIVE MUTANTS; QUADRIMACULATUS; ALBIMANUS; EYE AB Anopheles mosquito larvae and pupae often have a layer of white pigment visible beneath the transparent cuticle on the dorsum of the abdomen and thorax. This pigment occurs in granules that are highly concentrated in ameboid-shaped cells of the parietal fat body. Mutations that affect the pattern or abundance, or both, of this pigment in A. albimanus Wiedemann and A, gambiae Giles are characterized by differences in the abundance of uric acid, whose levels range from 1.86 to 3.13 mu g per larvae in individuals of 4 phenotypes having white pigmentation. Uric acid concentrations are higher in A. albimanus stripe(+) individuals which also have the most prominent white pigment. Two other mutants, A. gambiae collarless and A. albimanus white eye, contain no detectable uric acid nor any white pigment. None of the mutants examined has reduced xanthine dehydrogenase activity nor altered XDH electrophoretic mobility. We suggest that the prominent white pigment is precipitated uric acid contained within specialized fat-body cells similar to urocytes. Mie discuss the genetic basis of mutants affecting uric acid deposition, and the pleiotropic effects of the rye-color mutations such as white. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 89 IS 2 BP 261 EP 265 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UC031 UT WOS:A1996UC03100012 ER PT J AU Calvert, GM Wille, KK Sweeney, MH Fingerhut, MA Halperin, WE AF Calvert, GM Wille, KK Sweeney, MH Fingerhut, MA Halperin, WE TI Evaluation of serum lipid concentrations among US workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; DIOXIN; CHOLESTEROL; FRAMINGHAM; TOXICITY; TCDD AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters lipid metabolism in animals; however, evidence for such an effect in humans is conflicting. This conflict was addressed using data from a cross-sectional medical study conducted between 1987 and 1988. The exposed participants had been employed at least 15 y earlier in the manufacture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol or one of its derivatives at two chemical plants in the United States. A total of 281 workers and 260 unexposed referents participated. Workers had substantial exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, evidenced by a median serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration of 406.6 femtograms/gram of serum (fg/g serum), compared with 36.9 fg/g serum among the referents. A slight association between triglyceride concentration and serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration was found (p = .05). Over the range of observed 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin values (i.e., 37-19 000 fg/g serum), triglyceride concentration increased only about 0.4 mmol/l. No association was found between an abnormally elevated triglyceride (i.e., > 2.82 mmol/l) concentration and serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration. An association was also found between serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration and an abnormal high-density lipoprotein concentration (p = .09). In summary, there was evidence of an effect on lipid metabolism in a group of workers with high serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentrations. The influence of serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on lipid concentrations, however, was small, compared with the influence of other factors. RP Calvert, GM (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,R-16,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 26 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 100 EP 107 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL917 UT WOS:A1996UL91700002 PM 8638959 ER PT J AU Emmons, KM Marcus, BH Abrams, DB Marshall, R Novotny, TE Kane, ME Etzel, RA AF Emmons, KM Marcus, BH Abrams, DB Marshall, R Novotny, TE Kane, ME Etzel, RA TI Use of a 24-hour recall diary to assess exposure to environmental tobacco smoke SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID COTININE AB Methods to assess exposure to environmental tobacco smoke need to be valid and relatively easy to use. We therefore explored the use of a 24-h environmental tobacco smoke exposure-recall diary by comparing data from the 24-h diary with questionnaire responses and levels of salivary cotinine - a biochemical marker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. A total of 875 nonsmokers at five Rhode Island worksites participated in the study. Twenty-five percent of the participants lived with smokers, and 96% had regular exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work. individuals who lived with smokers reported more exposures in the 24-h diary, both outside of work and during work hours, compared with those who had no smokers in their household. The correlation between saliva cotinine concentrations and the exposures recorded in the diary was weak (r = .10). Brief instruments for assessment of environmental tobacco smoke should be viewed cautiously, and use of this 24-h recall diary is not recommended. C1 MIRIAM HOSP,PROVIDENCE,RI 02906. BROWN UNIV,SCH MED,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. RHODE ISL DEPT HLTH,PROVIDENCE,RI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,BERKELEY,CA. RHODE ISL LUNG ASSOC,PROVIDENCE,RI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NCI NIH HHS [1-R03-CA 48437, CA 383309]; PHS HHS [450-CCU-102970] NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 146 EP 149 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL917 UT WOS:A1996UL91700009 PM 8638966 ER PT J AU Greenspan, AI Wrigley, JM Kresnow, M BrancheDorsey, CM Fine, PR AF Greenspan, AI Wrigley, JM Kresnow, M BrancheDorsey, CM Fine, PR TI Factors influencing failure to return to work due to traumatic brain injury SO BRAIN INJURY LA English DT Article ID SEVERE HEAD-INJURY; FOLLOW-UP; SOCIAL RECOVERY; REHABILITATION; IMPAIRMENT; DISABILITY AB About 63% of all traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur in teenagers and adults aged 15-64 years, the primary working population. Since reports of failure to return to work (FTRTW) vary, understanding the factors that influence FTRTW is key to improving work outcomes for this primarily working-age population Our study sample consists of 343 previously employed persons who were hospitalized following TBI and had either returned to work at 1 year or had failed to return to work because of their injury (injury-related FTRTW). Medical records were reviewed and participants were interviewed by telephone at 1 year post-discharge. Individuals with injury-related FTRTW were far more likely to report dependence or modified independence on the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) than those who were employed at 1 year. The joint distribution of motor and cognitive items suggests that, for a given level of cognitive function, the addition of a motor limitation will result in greater injury-related FTRTW. In addition as motor function declines, FTRTW is further increased. Injury-related FTRTW is also associated with being unmarried and not completing high school. While the importance of behavioural, economic, and psychosocial factors should not be minimized, services aimed at improving function can be expected to have an impact on RTW after TBI. C1 UNIV ALABAMA,INJURY CONTROL RES CTR,BIRMINGHAM,AL. RP Greenspan, AI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,MAILSTOP K-41,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. FU PHS HHS [R49/CCR403641] NR 36 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0269-9052 J9 BRAIN INJURY JI Brain Inj. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 207 EP 218 DI 10.1080/026990596124520 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Rehabilitation SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Rehabilitation GA UC765 UT WOS:A1996UC76500004 PM 8777392 ER PT J AU Schulte, PA AF Schulte, PA TI Use of biomarkers to investigate occupational and environmental lung disorders SO CHEST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Lung Disease in Exposures and Mechanisms, at the Thomas-L-Petty-Aspen-Lung-Conference 38th Annual Meeting CY JUL 07-10, 1995 CL ASPEN, CO SP Thomas L Petty Aspen Lung Conf ID MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER RP Schulte, PA (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD MAR PY 1996 VL 109 IS 3 SU S BP S9 EP S12 DI 10.1378/chest.109.3_Supplement.9S PG 4 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UA472 UT WOS:A1996UA47200006 PM 8598169 ER PT J AU Tharpe, JA Russell, H AF Tharpe, JA Russell, H TI Purification and seroreactivity of pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; PROTEIN; ANTIBODIES AB Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a 37-kDa common protein antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the present study, the protein was purified so that its immunoreactivity could be determined. PsaA was released and purified from cells by lysis in the presence of n-laurylsarcosine; this was followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequent preparative isoelectric focusing. A capture antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the immunoreactivity of purified PsaA. The assay had a 67% sensitivity for sera from patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. A specificity of 97% was estimated on the basis of a lack of reactivity with sera from patients with pneumonia caused by other organisms. PsaA is a potential vaccine candidate and may be useful as an antigen in a diagnostic assay for pneumococcal disease. RP Tharpe, JA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 3 IS 2 BP 227 EP 229 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TY857 UT WOS:A1996TY85700017 PM 8991641 ER PT J AU Chace, DH Hillman, SL Millington, DS Kahler, SG Adam, BW Levy, HL AF Chace, DH Hillman, SL Millington, DS Kahler, SG Adam, BW Levy, HL TI Rapid diagnosis of homocystinuria and other hypermethioninemias from newborns' blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pediatric chemistry; heritable disorders; screening, metabolic AB We report a new method for the diagnosis of homocystinuria and other hypermethioninemias from dried blood spots on newborn screening cards, based on isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. The mean concentration of methionine in 909 unaffected newborns was 19 mu mol/L (CV 44%). The variability of results was reduced when the concentration of methionine was expressed relative to that of another amino acid in the same specimen. The mean ratio of methionine to leucine plus isoleucine for these same newborn blood spots was 0.16 (CV 25%). In newborn samples from a collection categorized by a Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay as true positive, unaffected, or falsely positive for hypermethioninemias, the ratio of methionine to leucine for each true-positive specimen was at least 2.5 times greater than for respective age-matched unaffected blood specimens. The ratio for falsely positive samples did not differ from that for unaffected blood samples. We predict that the ratio of methionine to leucine plus isoleucine determined by tandem mass spectrometry will successfully detect hypermethioninemias with very low rates for false positives and false negatives. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30341. STATE LAB INST,NEW ENGLAND REG NEWBORN SCREENING PROGRAM,BOSTON,MA 02130. RP Chace, DH (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DIV BIOCHEM,DEPT PEDIAT,MASS SPECTROMETRY FACIL,BOX 14991,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 15 TC 97 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 349 EP 355 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA TY855 UT WOS:A1996TY85500003 PM 8598094 ER PT J AU Tsai, JF Margolis, HS Jeng, JE Ho, MS Chang, WY Hsieh, MY Lin, ZY Tsai, JH AF Tsai, JF Margolis, HS Jeng, JE Ho, MS Chang, WY Hsieh, MY Lin, ZY Tsai, JH TI Increased IgM class circulating immune complexes in acute hepatitis A virus infection SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC LIVER-DISEASE; A VIRUS; CHOLESTATIC HEPATITIS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; VASCULITIS AB For assessing the role of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in acute hepatitis A, IgM- and IgG-specific CIC were determined, by C1q and conglutinin (K) assays, in 205 patients with acute hepatitis A and 60 healthy controls. The concentration of each type of CIC in patients was higher than healthy controls (P = 0.0001). CIC was a common feature of acute hepatitis A with 95.6% of cases having at least one abnormal test result. The prevalence of abnormal IgM class CIC was significantly higher than IgG class CIC. There were significantly inverse correlations between levels of IgM class CIC and interval between onset of symptoms and patient presentation. The prevalence of abnormal IgM CIC was higher in patients with higher alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.001) and patients with jaundice (P = 0.0002). In conclusion, IgM class CIC is the predominant CIC in acute hepatitis A and correlated with disease activity. CIC may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis A. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 KAOHSIUNG MED COLL, CLIN LAB, KAOHSIUNG 80708, TAIWAN. ACAD SINICA, INST BIOMED SCI, TAIPEI, TAIWAN. CTR DIS CONTROL, HEPATITIS BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Tsai, JF (reprint author), KAOHSIUNG MED COLL, DEPT INTERNAL MED, 100 SHIH CHUAN 1 RD, KAOHSIUNG 80708, TAIWAN. RI Lin, Zu-Yau/D-5152-2009 NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0090-1229 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 78 IS 3 BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.1006/clin.1996.0041 PG 5 WC Immunology; Pathology SC Immunology; Pathology GA UE287 UT WOS:A1996UE28700011 PM 8605705 ER PT J AU Izurieta, HS Kenyon, TA Strebel, PM Baughman, AL Shulman, ST Wharton, M AF Izurieta, HS Kenyon, TA Strebel, PM Baughman, AL Shulman, ST Wharton, M TI Risk factors for pertussis in young infants during an outbreak in Chicago in 1993 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFECTION AB Because young infants are at highest risk for severe pertussis and death and are also too young to have received the minimal protective series of three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, we conducted a matched case-control study to assess risk factors for pertussis among young infants during a pertussis outbreak in Chicago in 1993. We enrolled 39 cases <7 months of age from a single teaching hospital and 96 controls, individually matched for age, from the well-child clinic at the same hospital. Demographic characteristics, immunization status, and opportunities for disease exposure were analyzed by means of conditional logistic regression. Cases and controls were similarly up to date with their DTP vaccinations (87% and 89%, respectively). Infants of adolescent mothers (matched odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-41.4) and infants of mothers who suffered greater than or equal to 7 days of cough during the child's incubation period (matched OR, 12.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to infinity) were significantly more likely to have pertussis, Young mothers and mothers with a cough lasting greater than or equal to 7 days may be an important source of pertussis infection for their young infants. C1 CDCP,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE DIV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CDCP,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,DATA MANAGEMENT DIV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CHICAGO DEPT PUBL HLTH,CHICAGO,IL. CHILDRENS MEM HOSP,CHICAGO,IL 60614. NR 26 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 503 EP 507 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TY732 UT WOS:A1996TY73200017 PM 8852970 ER PT J AU Serdula, MK Byers, T Mokdad, AH Simoes, E Mendlein, JM Coates, RJ AF Serdula, MK Byers, T Mokdad, AH Simoes, E Mendlein, JM Coates, RJ TI The association between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease risk factors SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fruit and vegetable consumption; epidemiologic studies; population survey; behavior; life style; diet; gender; body mass; smoking; alcohol drinking ID DIETARY PATTERNS; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; SMOKERS; NONSMOKERS; CANCER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SURVEILLANCE; BEHAVIORS; SMOKING; HABITS AB Understanding the associations between fruit and vegetable intake and other health behaviors is important for properly interpreting the rapidly growing number of studies that link low intakes of fruits and vegetables to the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. To examine the association between fruit and vegetable intake and behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases, we analyzed data from a population-based behavioral risk factor survey. Data were collected in 1990 from 21,892 adults in 16 states by a random-digit-dial telephone survey. Respondents answered questions about behaviors related to chronic disease risk, including their frequency of intake of fruits and vegetables, using a six-item questionnaire. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was lowest among those who also reported that they were sedentary, heavy smokers, heavy drinkers, or had never had their blood cholesterol checked. Because fruit and vegetable intake covaries with several other chronic disease risk factors, it is important to account for possible confounding between fruit and vegetable intake and other behaviors in etiologic studies of the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. RP Serdula, MK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR K26,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. OI Simoes, Eduardo/0000-0003-4371-4305 NR 37 TC 182 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.1097/00001648-199603000-00010 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TW362 UT WOS:A1996TW36200010 PM 8834556 ER PT J AU Johnson, AM Sampson, EJ BlirupJensen, S Svendsen, PJ AF Johnson, AM Sampson, EJ BlirupJensen, S Svendsen, PJ TI Recommendations for the selection and use of protocols for assignment of values to reference materials SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID REGRESSION AB It is essential that testing of patient samples give values that are traceable to those in a recognized, authoritative reference material. In addition, samples used for laboratory proficiency testing must have values assigned from such a reference material if results are to be comparable among materials and laboratories. As a result, the assignment of values to secondary and tertiary reference materials, calibrants, controls, and proficiency samples should be performed as precisely as possible, within reasonable limits. The intent of this document is to give guidelines for assignment of values at three levels of transfer: 1) from primary to secondary reference materials, such as international or national references; 2) from secondary to tertiary reference materials, such as manufacturers' in-house calibrants and controls; and 3) from tertiary reference materials to working calibrants and controls. It is hoped that these guidelines will facilitate the selection and utilization of an appropriate value transfer protocol for each level of value assignment. Because of the wide variety and nature of analytes, however, the guidelines are intentionally broad and may require revision for specific analytes. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. DAKO AS,GLOSTRUP,DENMARK. RP Johnson, AM (reprint author), MOSES CONE MEM HOSP,PEDIAT TEACHING SERV,1200 N ELM ST,GREENSBORO,NC 27401, USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-4974 J9 EUR J CLIN CHEM CLIN JI Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 279 EP 285 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology GA UC551 UT WOS:A1996UC55100016 PM 8721419 ER PT J AU Nyame, AK Pilcher, JB Tsang, VCW Cummings, RD AF Nyame, AK Pilcher, JB Tsang, VCW Cummings, RD TI Schistosoma mansoni infection in humans and primates induces cytolytic antibodies to surface Le(x) determinants on myeloid cells SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lewis x; Schistosoma mansoni; complement-dependent cytolysis; helminthic parasite; Schistosoma japonicum; Schistosoma hematobium; CCA, circulating cathodic antigen; NGS, normal goat serum; HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution; FucTIV, fucosyltransferase IV; Le(x), Lewis x; LNFPIII, lacto-N-fucopentaose III; LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose; Gal, galactose; GlcNAc, N-acetyl-glucosamine; Fuc, fucose; Glc, glucose; BSA, bovine serum albumin ID EMBRYONIC ANTIGEN-1; LEWIS-X; EXPRESSION; GENE; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; ADHESION; CLONING; SERA; ELFT AB The Lewis x antigen (Le(x); Gal beta 1-4[Fuc alpha 13]GlcNAc beta 1-R), which is present on the surfaces of human cells, is also synthesized by the human helminthic parasite Schistosoma mansoni. We now report that IgM and IgG antibodies to Le(x) antigens are present in the sera of humans and rhesus monkeys infected with S. mansoni, whereas these antibodies are completely absent in uninfected individuals. The sera from infected humans and monkeys mediate specific complement-dependent cytolysis of human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells, which bear surface Lex antigen. Furthermore, the major cytolytic activity in sera from infected individuals toward HL-60 cells is due to anti-Le(x) reactivity. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73190. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,IMMUNOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU PHS HHS [A126725] NR 19 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0014-4894 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 82 IS 2 BP 191 EP 200 DI 10.1006/expr.1996.0024 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UJ135 UT WOS:A1996UJ13500013 PM 8617346 ER PT J AU Arrowood, MJ Mead, JR Xie, LT You, XD AF Arrowood, MJ Mead, JR Xie, LT You, XD TI In vitro anticryptosporidial activity of dinitroaniline herbicides SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; dinitroaniline; microtubule; herbicide; in vitro assay; Madin Darby canine kidney cell (MDCK cell) ID TRIFLURALIN; SPOROZOITES; CELLS; INVITRO AB Despite the evaluation of over 100 antimicrobial drugs, the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis has remained refractory to treatment. We report the evaluation of five dinitroaniline herbicides including trifluralin, profluralin, nitralin, pendimethalin, and fluchloralin for anticryptosporidial activity in an in vitro cultivation model of Cryptosporidium parvum. All five compounds exhibited significant anticryptosporidial activities with no corresponding evidence of toxicity. The most active compound was pendimethalin with an IC50 of 0.19 mu M while nitralin was the least active with an IC50 of 4.5 mu M. These compounds should be evaluated further in an animal model of cryptosporidiosis. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,ATLANTA,GA 30022. VET ADM MED CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30033. RP Arrowood, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI-25144] NR 15 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 1996 VL 136 IS 3 BP 245 EP 249 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UB371 UT WOS:A1996UB37100004 PM 8867379 ER PT J AU You, XD Arrowood, MJ Lejkowski, M Xie, LT Schinazi, RF Mead, JR AF You, XD Arrowood, MJ Lejkowski, M Xie, LT Schinazi, RF Mead, JR TI A chemiluminescence immunoassay for evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium parvum; chemiluminescence immunoassay; cell culture; in vitro; drug evaluation ID CELL-LINE AB A chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) was developed to detect Cryptosporidium parvum growth in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell cultures. Optimal results were obtained when MDCK cells were plated at a density of 1 X 10(4) cells/well (96-well plate) and maintained as a. monolayer for 4 days prior to infection with 2 X 10(4) parasites/well. Two compounds (paromomycin and maduramicin) were evaluated and shown to have selective activity against C. parvum in a dose-dependent manner. There was excellent correlation between CLIA and immunofluorescence assay when assessing anti-C parvum agents in MDCK cells. CLIA offers advantages over conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence assay methods in that it is more sensitive and efficient. The combination of,CLIA and MDCK culture provides an efficient tool for evaluating potential anti-cryptosporidial compounds prior to testing in animal models. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,GEORGIA VA RES CTR AIDS & HIV INFECT,DECATUR,GA 30033. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Schinazi, Raymond/B-6777-2017 FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI-25144] NR 14 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 1996 VL 136 IS 3 BP 251 EP 256 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08057.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UB371 UT WOS:A1996UB37100005 PM 8867380 ER PT J AU delaPaz, MP Philen, RM Borda, IA Socias, JMS delaCamara, AG Kilbourne, EM AF delaPaz, MP Philen, RM Borda, IA Socias, JMS delaCamara, AG Kilbourne, EM TI Toxic oil syndrome: Traceback of the toxic oil and evidence for a point source epidemic SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPAIN; INGESTION; ANILINE AB Rapeseed oil denatured with aniline was the vehicle of the causal agent of the toxic oil syndrome (TOS) epidemic that occurred in Spain in 1981. Although the precise aetiologic agent remains unknown, researchers established that increasing concentrations of oleyl anilide and other fatty acid anilides were associated with an increased risk for disease. To examine the hypothesis that 5-litre plastic containers of rapeseed oil associated with TOS, and which contained oleyl anilide had a characteristic shape, we measured fatty acid, sterol and fatty acid anilide levels in oil from containers of different shapes. We identified 1673 bottles of oil that had been collected during the Spanish Government's oil exchange programme and linked these bottles to people with TOS as reported in the official government census of patients with TOS. Although rapeseed oil (identified by the presence of brassicasterol) was found in 798 (47.7%) of the 1673 bottles examined, contamination with fatty acid anilide occurred in only 329 (19.6%) of the 1673 bottles and 319 (97%) of the 329 were oil containers of the shape sold by RAELCA, an oil company in Madrid. The first aniline-denatured oil that RAELCA had purchased to be refined specifically for distribution was refined at the ITH refinery of Seville, and this oil has been most directly associated with the epidemic. Previous work has shown that the only toxic oil linked to a specific refinery was that associated with rapeseed oil from the ITH refinery in Seville, and the epidemic began shortly after this oil was delivered to RAELCA for retail sale. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that oil refined by ITH and distributed by RAELCA was the principal, and probably the only, oil responsible for the TOS epidemic. Information about the history and treatment of this oil may yield important clues towards identifying the aetiologic agent of TOS. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HLTH STUDIES BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS F46,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MINIST SANID & CONSUMO,INST SALUD CARLOS 3,SUBDIRECC GEN SALUD,RED UNIDAD INVEST,E-28029 MADRID,SPAIN. GRP INTERLAB,E-28050 MADRID,SPAIN. OI Posada, Manuel/0000-0002-8372-4180 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 251 EP 257 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA UC259 UT WOS:A1996UC25900002 ER PT J AU DeBord, DG Cheever, KL Werren, DM Reis, TM Swearengin, TF Savage, RE AF DeBord, DG Cheever, KL Werren, DM Reis, TM Swearengin, TF Savage, RE TI Determination of 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniiine)-DNA adduct formation in rat liver and human uroepithelial cells by the P-32 postlabeling assay SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARCINOGEN-DNA ADDUCTS; URINARY-BLADDER; N-GLUCURONIDATION; 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE); MOCA; MICROSOMES; INVITRO; BINDING; INVIVO; 4-AMINOBIPHENYL AB The probable human carcinogen 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) was utilized to develop biomarkers of exposure to occupational carcinogens. The P-32 postlabeling assay, utilizing the nuclease P1 enhancement procedure, was used to evaluate MOCA-DNA adduct formation in target tissues. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with different dosing regimens of MOCA, and DNA was isolated from the liver. Additionally, a human uroepithelial cell (HUC) line was treated with N-hydroxy-MOCA for 24 hr, cells were harvested, and DNA was isolated. DNA was analyzed for MOCA-DNA adduct formation by the P-32 postlabeling assay. Five MOCA adducts were detected in rat liver DNA. Adduct A, which corresponded to N-(deoxyadenosin-8-yl)-4-amino-3-chlorobenzyl alcohol, was the major adduct in rat liver DNA appearing in all treatment groups. Levels of adduct A were higher when MOCA was administered by ip injection versus oral gavage. Phenobarbital pretreatment increased the amount of adduct A approximately 12-fold. The pathway leading to the formation of adduct A in DNA from HUC appeared to be saturated at the concentrations used: 2.5, 5, and 10 mu M. However, an additional adduct (E) was observed at the 10 mu M treatment level only. A major DNA adduct was detected in the target tissue of rats and target human cells for MOCA-induced carcinogenesis, thus making it useful as a biomarker of exposure. Other DNA adducts were also observed with the different doses and routes of exposure investigated. RP DeBord, DG (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 138 EP 144 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0050 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TY224 UT WOS:A1996TY22400014 PM 8812257 ER PT J AU Novotny, TE Siegel, MB AF Novotny, TE Siegel, MB TI California's tobacco control saga SO HEALTH AFFAIRS LA English DT Article ID CONSUMPTION; CAMPAIGN; IMPACT AB The California tobacco control program known as Proposition 99 was established in 1989 using a portion of a twenty-five-cent increase in the cigarette tax. With an initial availability of more than $150 million, tobacco control was the state's single most important public health activity. Health and medical care programs also were supported by the tax. Despite sustained public support, the tobacco control component was weakened by political actions of the tobacco industry and also by the competing efforts of organized medicine and the lack of support from the executive and legislative branches of government. Nevertheless, Proposition 99 succeeded in reducing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, cigarette consumption, and smoking prevalence among adults in California. C1 CDC,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Novotny, TE (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU PROJECT HOPE-HEALTH AFFAIRS PI SYRACUSE PA PO BOX 8015, SYRACUSE, NY 13217 SN 0278-2715 J9 HEALTH AFFAIR JI Health Aff. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 58 EP 72 DI 10.1377/hlthaff.15.1.58 PG 15 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA VB838 UT WOS:A1996VB83800006 PM 8920569 ER PT J AU Peterman, TA AF Peterman, TA TI The manual for targeted intervention research on sexually transmitted illnesses with community members - HelitzerAllen,DL, Allen,HA SO HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH LA English DT Book Review RP Peterman, TA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,VIRAL STUDIES SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0268-1153 J9 HEALTH EDUC RES JI Health Educ. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 11 IS 1 BP 125 EP 126 DI 10.1093/her/11.1.125 PG 2 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UB355 UT WOS:A1996UB35500013 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Eheman, CR Siegel, PZ Garbe, PL AF Ford, ES Eheman, CR Siegel, PZ Garbe, PL TI Radon awareness and testing behavior: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1989-1992 SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE radon; risk analysis; environmental assessment; Rn-222, indoor AB Radon is considered an important environmental risk factor for lung cancer. Previous studies have shown that relatively few homes have been tested for radon, Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 1989-1992 show significant interstate and demographic variation in levels of radon awareness and home testing, There was evidence that levels of radon awareness and testing homes for radon have increased from 1989 through 1992. Although these trends in the data are encouraging, the data also suggest that continued education and other interventions may be necessary to reach the Public Health Service's testing and mitigating objectives for residential radon. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, OFF SURVEILLANCE & ANAL, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, DIV HLTH HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3 BP 363 EP 366 DI 10.1097/00004032-199603000-00006 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA TW547 UT WOS:A1996TW54700007 PM 8609028 ER PT J AU Dean, K McQueen, D AF Dean, K McQueen, D TI Theory in health promotion - Introduction SO HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,OFF CHRON DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Dean, K (reprint author), POPULAT HLTH STUDIES,COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0957-4824 J9 HEALTH PROMOT INT JI Health Promot. Int. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 11 IS 1 BP 7 EP 9 DI 10.1093/heapro/11.1.7 PG 3 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TZ261 UT WOS:A1996TZ26100003 ER PT J AU McQueen, DV AF McQueen, DV TI The search for theory in health behaviour and health promotion SO HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WHO Theory in Health Promotion Symposium CY 1991 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP WHO DE health behaviour; health promotion; theory AB Health promotion is often viewed as based in experience; theory is seemingly at a more abstract level. The reasons for this are many. This paper explores some theoretical perspectives which are relevant to health promotion. In particular, it considers a collective approach to the making of theory and what the components of a health behaviour and health promotion theory might include. RP McQueen, DV (reprint author), CDC,OSA,NCCDPHP,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0957-4824 J9 HEALTH PROMOT INT JI Health Promot. Int. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 11 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1093/heapro/11.1.27 PG 6 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TZ261 UT WOS:A1996TZ26100006 ER PT J AU Mustafa, AS Lundin, KEA Meloen, RH Shinnick, TM Coulson, AFW Oftung, F AF Mustafa, AS Lundin, KEA Meloen, RH Shinnick, TM Coulson, AFW Oftung, F TI HLA-DR4-restricted T-cell epitopes from the mycobacterial 60000 MW heat shock protein (hsp 60) do not map to the sequence homology regions with the human hsp 60 SO IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYNOVIAL-FLUID; INFLAMMATORY SYNOVITIS; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; CLONES RECOGNIZE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HEALTHY-SUBJECTS; LYMPHOCYTES-T; BOVIS BCG; ANTIGENS; LEPRAE AB The mycobacterial 60 000 MW heat shock protein (hsp 60) is a major antigen recognized by mycobacteria-reactive human CD4(+) T cells with lymphokine profiles and effector functions consistent with protective immunity. In addition, the presence of a large number of T-cell epitopes presented by several HLA class II molecules makes this antigen relevant to subunit vaccine design. However, the results from animal models as well as human studies suggest that the mycobacterial hsp 60 may induce T-cell-mediated autoimmune conditions. In humans, the expression of HLA-DR4 represents a risk factor for some autoimmune diseases. These observations suggest that the epitopes from the mycobacterial hsp 60 presented to T cells in the context of HLA-DR4 could be relevant to autoimmunity. This is the first report on identification of HLA-DR4-restricted T-cell epitopes from the mycobacterial antigen hsp 60. In total, five epitopes recognized in the context of HLA-DR4 by the M. leprae hsp 60-reactive CD4(+) T-cell clones from a subject immunized with M. leprae were defined by synthetic peptides. Two of the epitopes were M. leprae-specific (aa 343-355, aa 522-534), whereas three epitopes were common to M. leprae and M. tuberculosis (aa 331-345, aa 441-455, aa 501-515). However, all of these epitopes belong to the regions that are highly divergent between the mycobacterial hsp60 and the homologous human hsp60 sequence, suggesting that the T cells recognizing the mycobacterial hsp 60 in the context of HLA-DR4 may not necessarily induce autoreactivity. C1 NORWEGIAN RADIUM HOSP,IMMUNOL LAB,OSLO,NORWAY. NATL HOSP,INST TRANSPLANTAT IMMUNOL,OSLO,NORWAY. CENT VET INST,LELYSTAD,NETHERLANDS. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV BACTERIAL DIS,HANSENS DIS LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV EDINBURGH,INST CELL & MOLEC BIOL,DIV BIOL SCI,EDINBURGH,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND. NATL INST PUBL HLTH,VACCINE DEPT,OSLO,NORWAY. RP Mustafa, AS (reprint author), KUWAIT UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,POB 24923,SAFAT 13110,KUWAIT. NR 53 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0019-2805 J9 IMMUNOLOGY JI Immunology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 87 IS 3 BP 421 EP 427 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.448552.x PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA UB061 UT WOS:A1996UB06100013 PM 8778028 ER PT J AU Quinn, A Shinnick, TM Cunningham, MW AF Quinn, A Shinnick, TM Cunningham, MW TI Anti-hsp65 antibodies recognize M proteins of group A streptococci SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; COLLAGEN-INDUCED ARTHRITIS; COILED-COIL STRUCTURE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; II COLLAGEN; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; 65-KILODALTON PROTEIN; ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS; PASSIVE TRANSFER; SYNOVIAL-FLUID AB Group A streptococcal M protein and the mycobacterial heat shock protein, hsp65, are strong bacterial immunogens that have been linked to arthritis and autoimmunity. Recent evidence has shown that streptococcal arthritis and adjuvant arthritis may be related to epitopes shared between group A streptococci and hsp65. We investigated the possibility that immunological similarities were shared between streptococcal M protein and hsp65. Antibodies against the 65-kDa heat shock protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were tested for reactivity with group A streptococci and purified recombinant M proteins (rM5 and rM6). Rabbit polyclonal anti-hsp65 serum was highly reactive with M type 5 Streptococcus pyrogenes and rM5 and rM6 proteins in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A mouse anti-hsp65 monoclonal antibody (MAb), IIC8, reacted with streptococcal M types 5, 6, 19, 24, and 49 in an ELISA but showed no reactivity with an isogenic streptococcal mutant which did not express M protein. Anti-hsp65 MAb IIC8 recognized rM5 and rM6 proteins in the ELISA, and MAbs IIC8 and IIH9 reacted strongly with rM6 protein in Western immunoblots. The binding of M protein by anti-hsp65 MAbs was shown to be inhibited by both hsp65 and M protein. These data show that anti-hsp65 antibodies recognize streptococcal M proteins. C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73190. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 35280] NR 56 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 BP 818 EP 824 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX566 UT WOS:A1996TX56600020 PM 8641786 ER PT J AU Lal, AA Hughes, MA Oliveira, DA Nelson, C Bloland, PB Oloo, AJ Hawley, WE Hightower, AW Nahlen, BL Udhayakumar, V AF Lal, AA Hughes, MA Oliveira, DA Nelson, C Bloland, PB Oloo, AJ Hawley, WE Hightower, AW Nahlen, BL Udhayakumar, V TI Identification of T-cell determinants in natural immune responses to the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) in an adult population exposed to malaria SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; KNOWLESI; SEQUENCE; EPITOPES; INHIBIT; TRIALS AB AMA-1 of Plasmodium falciparum is a promising candidate antigen in malaria vaccine development. In this study, we have mapped the immunodominant T-cell determinants in this antigen by using synthetic peptides. From the amphipathic scores. 17 putative T-cell determinants were identified, Nine of the 17 peptides complementary to the putative T-cell determinants induced proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Kenyan residents who had lifelong exposure to malaria; none of these peptides induced proliferation of PBMC from donors who were not previously exposed to malaria, This indicates that AMA-1 peptides were stimulating T cells that were previously primed by prior exposure to P. falciparum. Many positive responders showed reactivity to more than one peptide, and some of the potent proliferative T epitopes were found to be localized in the highly conserved regions of AMA-1. suggesting that it may be possible to induce T-cell memory that can recognize different variant forms of the parasite, This information on the natural immune responses against the AMA-1 vaccine antigen in clinically immune adults will be helpful in the development of an AMA-1 antigen-based malaria vaccine and may also guide testing of AMA-1-based vaccine formulations. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37212. KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,VECTRO BIOL & CONTROL RES CTR,KISSIAN,KENYA. NR 36 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1054 EP 1059 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX566 UT WOS:A1996TX56600059 PM 8641760 ER PT J AU Fridkin, SK Pear, SM Williamson, TH Galgiani, JN Jarvis, WR AF Fridkin, SK Pear, SM Williamson, TH Galgiani, JN Jarvis, WR TI The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; UNITED-STATES; CARE UNIT; MORTALITY; MORBIDITY AB OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CVC-BSI) during a protracted outbreak. DESIGN: Case-control and cohort studies of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients. SETTING: A university-affiliated Veterans Affairs medical center. PATIENTS: Case-control study: all patients who developed a CVC-BSI during the outbreak period (January 1992 through September 1993) and randomly selected controls. Cohort study: all SICU patients during the study period (January 1991 through September 1993). MEASUREMENTS: CVC-BSI or site infection rates, SICU patient clinical data, and average monthly SICU patient-to-nurse ratio. RESULTS: When analyzed by hospital location and site, only CVC-BSI in the SICU had increased significantly in the outbreak period compared to the previous year (January 1991 through December 1991: pre-outbreak period). In SICU patients, CVC-BSI were associated with receipt of total parenteral nutrition [TPN]; odds ratio, 16; 95% confidence interval, 4 to 73). When we controlled for TPN use, CVC-BSI were associated with increasing severity of illness and days on assisted ventilation. SICU patients in the outbreak period had shorter SICU and hospital stays, were younger, and had similar mortality rates, but received more TPN compared with patients in the pre-outbreak period. Furthermore, the patient-to-nurse ratio significantly increased in the outbreak compared with the pre-outbreak period. When we controlled for TPN use, assisted ventilation, and the period of hospitalization, the patient-to-nurse ratio was an independent risk factor for CVC-BSI in SICU patients. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing staff reductions below a critical level, during a period of increased TPN use, may have contributed to the increase in CVC-BSI in the SICU by making adequate catheter care difficult. During healthcare reforms and hospital downsizing, the effect of staffing reductions on patient outcome (ie, nosocomial infection) needs to be critically assessed. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,US PHS,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,NURSING & MED SERV,TUCSON,AZ. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT MED,TUCSON,AZ. NR 23 TC 265 Z9 268 U1 1 U2 7 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3 BP 150 EP 158 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TZ708 UT WOS:A1996TZ70800002 PM 8708352 ER PT J AU Nagachinta, T Gold, CR Cheng, F Heseltine, PNR Kerndt, PR AF Nagachinta, T Gold, CR Cheng, F Heseltine, PNR Kerndt, PR TI Unrecognized HIV-1 infection in inner-city hospital emergency department patients SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AB To determine the prevalence of unrecognized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections in patients presenting to an inner-city hospital emergency department, medical records were reviewed from 1,945 patients diagnosed with diseases not related to HIV or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The overall seroprevalence was 2.1% (40):1.8% (11) in nontrauma versus 3.0% (29) in trauma patients. The highest prevalence was found in black, male, uninsured patients. RP Nagachinta, T (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,WHFB,HIV SECT,4770 BUFORD HWY NE,MS K-34,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3 BP 174 EP 177 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TZ708 UT WOS:A1996TZ70800009 PM 8708358 ER PT J AU Ashley, DL Bonin, MA Hamar, B McGeehin, M AF Ashley, DL Bonin, MA Hamar, B McGeehin, M TI Using the blood concentration of 2,5-dimethylfuran as a marker for smoking SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds; 2,5-Dimethylfuran ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; BREATH; IDENTIFICATION; BENZENE; POPULATION; TOLUENE; COFFEE AB Correct analysis of whole blood volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in evaluating possible exposure situations requires differentiation of smokers from nonsmokers. Whole blood concentrations of 2,5-dimethylfuran are determined using an internal standard method, and the concentrations of this compound are evaluated as a marker for smoking in exposure-study subjects, Results indicate that the concentration of 2,5-dimethylfuran can be adequately determined in whole blood by a method already in use for determining VOCs in blood. The whole blood concentration of 2,5-dimethylfuran was an excellent predictor of smoking when compared with positive responses about smoking on questionnaires. Using a detection limit of 0.024 ppb, 2,5-dimethylfuran concentrations in blood correctly identified the smoking status of 96.4% of the subjects in this study, The blood 2,5-dimethylfuran concentration was linearly related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. This method is advantageous since blood 2,5-dimethylfuran concentrations can be determined using the same method used to determine concentrations of other VOCs, thus obviating the need for additional analytical procedures. C1 AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV HLTH STUDIES,HLTH INVEST BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Ashley, DL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-0131 J9 INT ARCH OCC ENV HEA JI Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health PD MAR PY 1996 VL 68 IS 3 BP 183 EP 187 DI 10.1007/BF00381629 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TZ870 UT WOS:A1996TZ87000009 PM 8919847 ER PT J AU Kramer, MH Herwaldt, BL Craun, GF Calderon, RL Juranek, DD AF Kramer, MH Herwaldt, BL Craun, GF Calderon, RL Juranek, DD TI Waterborne disease: 1993 and 1994 SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; SUPPLIES; GIARDIA; OUTBREAK AB For 1993-94, 17 states and one territory reported 30 disease outbreaks associated with drinking water, affecting an estimated 405,356 people. Ten of the 25 outbreaks for which the etiologic agent was identified were caused by Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium parvum, eight were caused by chemical poisoning, three by Campylobacter jejuni, two by Shigella spp., and one each by non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. Twenty (66.7 percent) of the 30 outbreaks were associated with welI water. In addition, nine states reported 14 outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with recreational water, which affected an estimated 1,437 people. Ten of these outbreaks were caused by Giardia or Cryptosporidium, three by Shigella spp., and one by Escherichia coti 0157:H7. C1 GLOBAL CONSULTING ENVIRONM HLTH,RADFORD,VA 24141. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kramer, MH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 45 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 3 BP 66 EP 80 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UA565 UT WOS:A1996UA56500012 ER PT J AU Biagini, RE Driscoll, RJ Bernstein, DI Wilcox, TG Henningsen, GM MacKenzie, BA Burr, GA Scinto, JD Baumgardner, ES AF Biagini, RE Driscoll, RJ Bernstein, DI Wilcox, TG Henningsen, GM MacKenzie, BA Burr, GA Scinto, JD Baumgardner, ES TI Hypersensitivity reactions and specific antibodies in workers exposed to industrial enzymes at a biotechnology plant SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE industrial enzymes; ELISA; skin tests; pulmonary function; asthma; allergy; IgE; IgG; occupational asthma ID OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; INHALATION AB Thirty-six employees who produced industrial enzymes from selected strains of bacteria and fungi were evaluated by epicutaneous threshold testing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for specific IgE and IgG antibodies. The workers complained of 'asthma- and flu-like' symptoms, which generally lessened away from work. The enzymes evaluated were: alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-(d)-glucan glucanohydrolase) from Bacillus licheniformis (alpha ABl), B. subtilis formation 1 (alpha A1Bs) and B. subtilis formation 2 (alpha A2Bs); purified alpha-amylase from B. licheniformis (C alpha ABl) and A. oryzae (C alpha AAo); alkaline protease from B. licheniformis (APBl) and purified alkaline protease (CAPBl); amyloglucosidase (1,4-alpha-(d)-glucan glucohydrolase) from A. niger (AGAn) and purified amyloglucosidase (CAGAn). Statistically significant increases (P > 0.05) in the proportion of workers having positive skin tests to CAPBl, AGAn and CAGAn were found. Significantly elevated (P > 0.05) mean specific IgE results were observed for C alpha AAo CAGAn and AGAn, and elevated (P > 0.05) mean specific IgGs were observed for C alpha AAo, CAGAn, AGAn, alpha A1Bs, alpha AB1 and alpha A2Bs. These results indicate that occupational exposure to some industrial enzymes can cause immediate-onset cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, pulmonary function deficits and significantly elevated specific antibody levels, Our results are equivocal as to whether work-related respiratory and cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions are antibody mediated, as there was no statistically significant association between these reactions and specific IgE or IgG levels. C1 DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDI,IND WIDE STUDIES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH. DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDI,HAZARD EVALUAT & TECH ASSISTANCE BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH. UNIV CINCINNATI,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV IMMUNOL,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. RP Biagini, RE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,PHS,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,APPL BIOL BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 139 EP 145 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199603)16:2<139::AID-JAT321>3.0.CO;2-P PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UF514 UT WOS:A1996UF51400008 PM 8935788 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF Thomas, J Salam, A Thomas, J AF Gillum, RF Thomas, J Salam, A Thomas, J TI White blood cell count and hypertension SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 MEHARRY MED COLL,NASHVILLE,TN 37208. RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 3 BP 392 EP 392 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(95)00033-X PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UF869 UT WOS:A1996UF86900022 PM 8676192 ER PT J AU Bird, BR Denniston, MM Huebner, RE Good, RC AF Bird, BR Denniston, MM Huebner, RE Good, RC TI Changing practices in mycobacteriology: A follow-up survey of state and territorial public health laboratories SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUBERCULOSIS AB The resurgence of tuberculosis, which includes an increase in the isolation of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, emphasizes the need for more rapid laboratory testing for identification of the etiological agent of the disease. In December 1991, state adn territorial public health laboratories were surveyed to determine the methods that they were using for testing and reporting of M. tuberculosis. A follow-up survey was conducted in June 1994 to measure changes in the testing and reporting practices that had occurred as a result of efforts focused in the disease and on laboratory improvement. Completed questionnaires were received from 51 of 55 laboratories. Comparative data indicate that the proportion of laboratories reporting testing results within the number of days recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has increased. Starting from the time at which the laboratory received the specimen, the proportion of laboratories reporting the results of microscopic smear examination within the recommended 24 h has increased from 52.1 to 77.6%; the proportion reporting isolation and identification within 21 days has increased from 22.1 and 72.9%; and the proportion reporting results of isolation, identification, and drug susceptibility testing within 28 days has increased from 16.7 to 48.9%. Use of the recommended rapid testing methods has also increased: the proportion of laboratories using fluorescence staining for acid-fast microscopy has increased from 71.4 to 85.7%, the proportion using BACTEC for primary culture has increased from 27.1 to 79.6%, the proportion using rapid methods for M. tuberculosis identification has increased from 74.5 to 100.0%, and the proportion using BACTEC for primary drug susceptibility testing has increased from 26.2 to 73.3%. By implementing the recommended methods for M. tuberculosis testing and reporting, state and territorial public health laboratories are now able to transmit results to physicians more rapidly. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Bird, BR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,DIV LAB SYST,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 554 EP 559 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UD137 UT WOS:A1996UD13700014 PM 8904413 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI Rudnick, JR Kroc, K Manangan, L Pugliese, G Huebner, RE Chan, JL Jarvis, WR AF Tokars, JI Rudnick, JR Kroc, K Manangan, L Pugliese, G Huebner, RE Chan, JL Jarvis, WR TI US hospital mycobacteriology laboratories: Status and comparison with state public health department laboratories SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUBERCULOSIS AB In response to the resurgence of tuberculosis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended the use of certain mycobacteriology laboratory methods to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and/or minimize times to complete specimen processing, A study to determine the extent to which these recommended methods were being used in hospital laboratories was needed, In 1992, a survey was mailed to infection control and laboratory personnel at 1,076 hospitals with greater than or equal to 100 beds to determine the mycobacterial laboratory services being performed, the methods being used, the number of specimens being processed, and the times to completion during 1991, In 1995, a 20% sample of hospital laboratories that responded to the initial questionnaire was resurveyed, Responses to the 1992 survey were received from personnel at 756 (70%) hospitals representing 750 laboratories. Among laboratories performing the services, the use of recommended methods was as follows: fluorochrome stain for acid-fast bacillus microscopy (47%); radiometric methods for primary culture (29%); rapid (radiometric methods, use of nucleic acid probes, high-performance liquid chromatography, or gas-liquid chromatography) methods for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (59%); and radiometric methods for drug susceptibility testing (55%), Reported times to complete specimen processing were shortest for laboratories that used recommended methods and longest for hospitals that referred specimens to outside laboratories. Only 46% of surveyed laboratories performed at least the minimal number of mycobacterial cultures (20/week) deemed necessary to maintain competence, Among 145 laboratories that performed the services and were resurveyed in 1995, use of recommended techniques increased from 44 to 73% for acid-fast bacillus microscopy, from 27 to 37% for primary culture, from 59 to 88% for M. tuberculosis identification, and from 55 to 75% for drug susceptibility testing. These changes were associated with reductions in reported specimen turnaround times. Use of the methods recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention increased at the resurveyed hospital mycobacteriology laboratories between 1991 and 1995, However, continued efforts are needed to increase the use of recommended methods at moderate- and high-volume laboratories, encourage referral of specimens from low-volume laboratories, and transmit results rapidly from all laboratories. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AMER HOSP ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MAILSTOP E-69,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 680 EP 685 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UD137 UT WOS:A1996UD13700038 PM 8904437 ER PT J AU Chang, HJ Christenson, JC Pavia, AT Bobrin, BD Bland, LA Carson, LA Arduino, MJ Verman, P Aguero, SM Carroll, K Jenkins, E Daly, JA Woods, ML Jarvis, WR AF Chang, HJ Christenson, JC Pavia, AT Bobrin, BD Bland, LA Carson, LA Arduino, MJ Verman, P Aguero, SM Carroll, K Jenkins, E Daly, JA Woods, ML Jarvis, WR TI Ochrobactrum anthropi meningitis in pediatric pericardial allograft transplant recipients SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB An epidemiologic investigation was done after 3 patients contracted Ochrobactrum anthropi meningitis at one hospital in October 1994, Neurosurgical patients with pericardial tissue implants were at greater risk of infection than other neurosurgical patients (3/14 vs, 0/566; P < .001), Cultures of implants removed from 2 case-patients, an implant at implantation, a nonimplanted pericardial tissue, and an unwrapped but unopened bottle of Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) grew O. anthropi. Patient and tissue isolates had identical genotypes; the isolate from the HBSS bottle had a unique genotype, Culture samples from an unopened HBSS bottle and from pericardial tissue grew Pseudomonas stutzeri of the same genotype; however, no P. stutzeri infections were detected. The investigation documented intrinsic P. stutzeri contamination of HBSS. O. anthropi contamination of tissues occurred during processing, possibly due to extrinsic contamination of HBSS. Active surveillance is needed to detect infection in patients receiving transplanted tissues, and rigorous infection control practices are necessary during tissue harvesting and processing to ensure sterility. C1 UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,DIV INFECT DIS,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. PRIMARY CHILDRENS MED CTR,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84103. RP Chang, HJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MAILSTOP E-69,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012; Woods, Marion/G-3126-2013 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X; Woods, Marion/0000-0001-7712-4819 NR 13 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 173 IS 3 BP 656 EP 660 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TW806 UT WOS:A1996TW80600018 PM 8627029 ER PT J AU Moradpour, D Wakita, T Tokushige, K Carlson, RI Krawczynski, K Wands, JR AF Moradpour, D Wakita, T Tokushige, K Carlson, RI Krawczynski, K Wands, JR TI Characterization of three novel monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis C virus core protein SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE recombinant protein; epitope mapping; immunostaining ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; NON-A; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; CAPSID PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIGEN; GENOME; TRANSFORMATION AB Three novel monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were established against a recombinant hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein derived from cloned genotype 1b HCV cDNA. MAbs C7-50 and C8-59 recognize a conserved linear epitope represented by amino acid residues 21 to 40 of the nucleocapsid protein. MAb C8-48 is directed against a strain-specific conformational epitope located within the first 82 amine acids. A sensitive two-site MAb-based immunoradiometric assay was established using antibodies directed against distinct epitopes on the nucleocapsid protein. Processed 21 kDa core protein was detected by immunoblotting in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and primary adult rat hepatocytes transfected with a cytomegalovirus promoter-driven expression construct. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies revealed a granular and vesicular cytoplasmic staining pattern. MAb C7-50 was used successfully to detect HCV core antigen in chronically infected chimpanzee liver tissue. These MAbs represent important reagents for the study of HCV biology and for the development of immunodiagnostic assays. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,CTR CANC,MOLEC HEPATOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02129. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-35711]; NIAAA NIH HHS [AA-08169, AA-02666] NR 36 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 48 IS 3 BP 234 EP 241 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199603)48:3<234::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA TY102 UT WOS:A1996TY10200004 PM 8801283 ER PT J AU Doll, LS AF Doll, LS TI The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States - Laumann,EO, Gagnon,JH, Michael,RT, Michaels,S SO JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE LA English DT Book Review RP Doll, LS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0022-3018 J9 J NERV MENT DIS JI J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 184 IS 3 BP 196 EP 197 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA UA384 UT WOS:A1996UA38400013 ER PT J AU Oakley, GP Adams, MJ Dickinson, CM AF Oakley, GP Adams, MJ Dickinson, CM TI More folic acid for everyone, now SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ceres Forum Program on Making Health Claims Work, Fortifying Policy with Science - The Case of Folate CY JUN 04, 1995 CL GEORGETOWN UNIV, WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Ceres Forum, Amer Inst Nutr HO GEORGETOWN UNIV DE folic acid; spina bifida prevention; neural tube defects; homocyst(e)ine; food fortification ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; PLASMA FOLATE; HOMOCYSTEINEMIA; VITAMIN-B12 AB Research during the last 5 years has made it clear that people who do not take folic acid: supplements are at increased risk for functional folate deficiency, which has been proven to cause spina bifida and anencephaly and also has been associated with an increased risk for occlusive cardiovascular disease. The overriding folate policy issue is how to increase dramatically the folate consumption of 75% of the population who are not now consuming 0.4 mg of folic acid in a supplement. The most expeditious way to increase consumption is through fortification of a food staple. Public health programs are also needed to educate people about the vital importance of increased consumption of folic acid vitamin supplements and of foods rich in natural folates. It is urgent that fortification of cereal-grain products be implemented now. The level proposed by FDA would accomplish some prevention, but much more prevention would occur if the fortification were 2.5 times that level. Fortification at the higher level would prevent about 1000 spina bifida and anencephaly birth defects each year and perhaps as many as 50,000 premature deaths each year from coronary disease. Available data have not demonstrated that increasing consumption of folic acid by 0.1 to 0.25 mg of folic acid a day is harmful. If a policy needs to be established on the assumption that people who take vitamin supplements could be harmed, a good policy option is available: require that all folic acid vitamin supplements also contain 0.4 mg of vitamin B-12. RP Oakley, GP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 126 IS 3 BP S751 EP S755 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TZ111 UT WOS:A1996TZ11100019 PM 8598560 ER PT J AU Shults, RA Baron, S Decker, J Deitchman, SD Conner, JD AF Shults, RA Baron, S Decker, J Deitchman, SD Conner, JD TI Health care worker exposure to aerosolized ribavirin: Biological and air monitoring SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SYNCYTIAL VIRUS-INFECTIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; THERAPY AB Aerosolized ribavirin is administered frequently to treat severe respiratory syncytial virus infections. The drug's potential reproductive effects in occupationally exposed workers remains a concern among health care workers. lit this evaluation, we measured urinary ribavirin concentrations in occupationally exposed health care workers. Ribavirin was detected in 16 of 26 (62%) post-work-shift urine samples that had been provided by nurses, and in five of 22 (23%) post-work-shift urine samples that had been provided by respiratory therapists (range, <0.01 to 0.22 mu mol/L). We also measured airborne ribavirin concentrations in the personal breathing zones of nurses. Ventilators and other administration units that were enclosed by an aerosol containment tent produced significantly lower airborne ribavirin exposures than administration units without a containment tent did (range, <2.5 to 78 mu g/m(3)). On the basis of this and other evaluations of airborne ribavirin concentrations, we recommend using aerosol containment systems with all types of ribavirin administration units except mechanical ventilators. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HLTH EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,CINCINNATI,OH. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV INFECT DIS,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 38 IS 3 BP 257 EP 263 DI 10.1097/00043764-199603000-00010 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UC710 UT WOS:A1996UC71000006 PM 8882097 ER PT J AU Drevlow, BE Schilling, EM Khabbaz, RF Kaplan, JE Fukuda, K Sinacore, J RamseyGoldman, R AF Drevlow, BE Schilling, EM Khabbaz, RF Kaplan, JE Fukuda, K Sinacore, J RamseyGoldman, R TI Retroviral risk factors in patients with autoimmune disease SO JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE retrovirus; systemic lupus erythematosus; risk factors; rheumatoid arthritis ID SYSTEMIC LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; REVISED CRITERIA; GENE-EXPRESSION; POSITIVE TESTS; MURINE LUPUS; INFECTION; ANTIBODIES; ANTIGEN AB Objective. Retroviruses can cause immunoregulatory disturbances and may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Little is known about the frequency of behavioral risk factors for exogenous retroviral infections in patients with autoimmune diseases. We compare the frequency of recognized risk factors for retroviral infections among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and controls. Methods. Patients with SLE and RA from a university rheumatology clinic and control patients were enrolled in this study. The presence of retroviral risk factors (intravenous drug use, prostitution, increased number of sex partners, sexually transmitted diseases, high risk sex partners, blood trans fusion) was determined by a self-administered questionnaire. Results. We surveyed 81 patients with SLE and 117 with RA and 100 healthy controls. Patients in all groups reported similar exposure to all risk factors surveyed for retroviral infection except sexually transmitted disease, which was reported more often in patient:, with SLE (25% of SLE versus 11% of RA and 11% of controls, p = 0.013). Conclusion. Self-reported retroviral risk factors were generally not increased in patients with autoimmune disease compared to healthy controls, the role of exogenous retroviruses in the pathogenesis of SLE and RA remains unclear. C1 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV ARTHRIT CONNECT TISSUE DIS,CHICAGO,IL 60611. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR30692, AR40402] NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU J RHEUMATOL PUBL CO PI TORONTO PA 920 YONGE ST, SUITE 115, TORONTO ON M4W 3C7, CANADA SN 0315-162X J9 J RHEUMATOL JI J. Rheumatol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 23 IS 3 BP 428 EP 431 PG 4 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA TZ328 UT WOS:A1996TZ32800004 PM 8832977 ER PT J AU Coyle, K Kirby, D Parcel, G BasenEngquist, K Banspach, S Rugg, D Well, M AF Coyle, K Kirby, D Parcel, G BasenEngquist, K Banspach, S Rugg, D Well, M TI Safer choices: A multicomponent school-based HIV STD and pregnancy prevention program for adolescents SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HEALTH PROMOTION; EFFICACY; SMOKING; TRIAL; MODEL; AIDS; RISK AB Given the serious consequences of HIV infection, other STDs, and pregnancy among teens, professionals must develop and evaluate new approaches to reduce risks associated with adolescent sexual behavior. The Safer Choices intervention is a comprehensive, theoretically based program designed to reduce risk behaviors and increase protective behaviors to prevent HIV, other STDs, and pregnancy among high school adolescents. The program includes five components: a School Health Promotion Council involving administrators. school staff, students, parents, and community members; curriculum and staff development activities; school environment activities designed and implemented by a ream of peer educators; parent education activities; and school-community linkage activities. The School Health Promotion Council is responsible for planning and overseeing program implementation. This article describes the theoretical framework, process for intervention development and key intervention strategies used in Safer Choices. C1 UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,CTR HLTH PROMOT RES & DEV,HOUSTON,TX 77225. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ADOLESCENT & SCH HLTH,SURVEILLANCE & EVALUAT RES SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Coyle, K (reprint author), ETR ASSOCIATES,POB 1830,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95061, USA. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD MAR PY 1996 VL 66 IS 3 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UB127 UT WOS:A1996UB12700002 PM 8857156 ER PT J AU Royster, JD Berger, EH Merry, CJ Nixon, CW Franks, JR Behar, A Casali, JG DixonErnst, C Kieper, RW Mozo, BT Ohlin, D Royster, LH AF Royster, JD Berger, EH Merry, CJ Nixon, CW Franks, JR Behar, A Casali, JG DixonErnst, C Kieper, RW Mozo, BT Ohlin, D Royster, LH TI Development of a new standard laboratory protocol for estimating the field attenuation of hearing protection devices .1. Research of Working Group 11, Accredited Standards Committee S12, noise SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB This paper describes research conducted by Working Group 11 of Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise, to develop procedures to estimate the field performance of hearing protection devices (HPDs). Current standardized test methods overestimate the attenuation achieved by workers in everyday use on the job. The goal was to approximate the amount of attenuation that can be achieved by noise-exposed populations in well-managed real-world hearing conservation programs, while maintaining acceptable interlaboratory measurement variability. S12/WG11 designed two new laboratory-based protocols for measuring real-ear attenuation at threshold, with explicit procedures for subject selection, training, supervision, and HPD fitting. After pilot-testing, S12/WG11 conducted a full-scale study of three types of earplugs and one earmuff tested by four independent laboratories using both protocols. The protocol designated as "subject-fit" assessed the attenuation achieved by subjects who were experienced in threshold audiometry, but naive with respect to the use of hearing protection, when they fit HPDs by following manufacturers' instructions without any experimenter assistance. The attenuation results from the subject-fit method corresponded more closely to real-world data than results from the other protocol tested, which allowed the experimenter to coach subjects in HPD use, Comparisons of interlaboratory measurement variability for the subject-fit procedure to previous interlaboratory studies using other protocols indicated that the measurements with the new procedure are at least as reproducible as those obtained with existing standardized methods. Therefore, the subject-fit protocol was selected for consideration for use in future revisions of HPD attenuation test standards. (C) 1996 Acoustical Society of America. C1 CABOT SAFETY CORP, EAR, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46268 USA. NIOSH, CINCINNATI, OH 45226 USA. USAF, ARMSTRONG LAB, WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OH 45433 USA. BEHAR NOISE CONTROL, SCARBOROUGH, ON M1M 2X8, CANADA. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. ALCOA, PITTSBURGH, PA 15219 USA. USA, AEROMED RES LAB, FT RUCKER, AL 36330 USA. USA, CTR HLTH PROMOT & PREVENT MED, ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MD 21010 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. RP ENVIRONM NOISE CONSULTANTS INC, POB 30698, RALEIGH, NC 27622 USA. RI Behar, Alberto/B-3967-2008 NR 30 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 99 IS 3 BP 1506 EP 1526 DI 10.1121/1.414729 PG 21 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA UA036 UT WOS:A1996UA03600025 ER PT J AU Mitchell, CJ Smith, GC Karabatsos, N Moore, CG Francy, DB Nasci, RS AF Mitchell, CJ Smith, GC Karabatsos, N Moore, CG Francy, DB Nasci, RS TI Isolations of potosi virus from mosquitoes collected in the United States, 1989-94 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HOST-FEEDING PATTERNS; EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; AEDES-ALBOPICTUS DIPTERA; VECTOR COMPETENCE; NORTH; BUNYAVIRUS; CULICIDAE; MISSOURI; FLORIDA AB Potosi (POT) virus, a recently characterized Bunyamwera serogroup virus, was discovered when it was isolated from Aedes albopictus collected at a waste-tire site in Potosi, Washington County, Missouri, during 1989. During the following year, POT virus was not isolated from 39,048 mosquitoes, including 17,519 Ae. albopictus, collected in Washington County. In 1991, mosquito collections from South Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan yielded 8 strains of POT virus: 6 from Coquillettidia perturbans and one each from Culex restuans and Psorophora columbiae. Additional collections of Ae. albopictus from several states during 1990-93 failed to yield further isolates of POT virus. In 1994, POT virus was isolated from Ae. albopictus and Anopheles punctipennis in North Carolina and from Ae. albopictus in Illinois. These represent the first virus isolations of any type from Ae. albopictus in those states. Thus far, POT virus has been isolated from 5 mosquito species in different genera in 6 states. The known geographic range of POT virus, based on virus isolations, has been extended from Missouri to the upper Midwest and the Atlantic seaboard. Potential vector relationships and possible transmission cycles of POT virus are discussed. RP Mitchell, CJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,US DEPT HHS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UH704 UT WOS:A1996UH70400001 PM 8723251 ER PT J AU Nasci, RS Berry, RL Restifo, RA Moore, CG AF Nasci, RS Berry, RL Restifo, RA Moore, CG TI Population size, parity structure, and wing length of Coquillettidia perturbans in an ohio focus of eastern equine encephalitis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MANSONIA-DYARI; FLORIDA; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; VIRUS AB Adult female density, parity status, and wing length were determined weekly for a population of Coquillettidia perturbans in an area enzootic for eastern equine encephalitis virus in central Ohio. Samples were collected in CO2-baited CDC miniature light traps from the first week in June through the 2nd week of September 1992. Population density indicated a single emergence peak during the 2nd week in July. However, parity rates showed 2 peaks, occurring in the first week of August (70.9% parous) and the 2nd week of September (55.3% parous), which suggested that there was a relatively small 2nd generation. Average wing length declined significantly over the season. The decline in size was negatively correlated with average air temperature occurring at least 6 wk before the time of emergence. Despite the seasonal decline in wing length, the low coefficient of variation for the average wing length (5.5) indicated relatively little variation in size. Comparison of parous and nulliparous female wing lengths each week suggested that there was no association between size and survival in this species. C1 OHIO DEPT HLTH,VECTOR BORNE DIS UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43229. RP Nasci, RS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ARBOVIRUS DIS BRANCH,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 64 EP 68 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UH704 UT WOS:A1996UH70400010 PM 8723260 ER PT J AU Gindler, J AF Gindler, J TI Recommended childhood immunization schedule - United States, January to June 1996 SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Gindler, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAIL STOP E-61,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0027-9684 J9 J NATL MED ASSOC JI J. Natl. Med. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 3 BP 141 EP 142 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TZ018 UT WOS:A1996TZ01800002 PM 8839028 ER PT J AU Ness, S Moss, CE AF Ness, S Moss, CE TI Current concerns about optical radiation safety in fluorescent magnetic particle and penetrant methods SO MATERIALS EVALUATION LA English DT Article C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST PI COLUMBUS PA 1711 ARLINGATE LANE PO BOX 28518, COLUMBUS, OH 43228-0518 SN 0025-5327 J9 MATER EVAL JI Mater. Eval. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 BP 364 EP 367 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA TY149 UT WOS:A1996TY14900004 ER PT J AU Sizemore, OJ Amler, RW AF Sizemore, OJ Amler, RW TI Characteristics of ATSDR's adult and pediatric environmental neurobehavioral test batteries SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Internatioal Neurotoxicology Conference - Neurotoxicity of Mercury: Indicators and Effects of Low-Level Exposure CY OCT 30-NOV 02, 1994 CL HOT SPRINGS, AR SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, NIEHS, Cranmer & Associates, Arkansas Dept Hlth, TSI Redfield Lab, Eastman Kodak Co, Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res DE neurotoxic disorders; neurobehavioral testing; hazardous waste sites; AENTB; PENTB AB In 1991 the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry selected a group of neurobehavioral tests to be used in the screening of individuals living near hazardous waste sites. Data from a review of 185 work site studies show that the Adult Neurobehavioral Environmental Test Battery (AENTB) is comprised of tests that have been used to study a wide range of toxic chemicals and that have proved to be capable of detecting impaired populations. Efforts to evaluate potentially impaired populations will be aided by an extensive planning and test administration manual. Progress to ward the development of a pediatric counterpart (Pediatric Neurobehavioral Environmental Test Battery [PENTB]) is also reviewed. (C) 1996 Inter Press, Inc. C1 AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Sizemore, OJ (reprint author), OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,CTR RES OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM TOXICOL,L-606,3181 SW SAM JACKSON PK RD,PORTLAND,OR 97201, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5RO1-ES06475] NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SPR PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1 BP 229 EP 235 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UQ764 UT WOS:A1996UQ76400021 PM 8784833 ER PT J AU Amler, RW Rice, DC Johnson, BL AF Amler, RW Rice, DC Johnson, BL TI Assessment of mercury neurotoxicity through psychometric and neurobehavioral testing: Session summary SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Internatioal Neurotoxicology Conference - Neurotoxicity of Mercury: Indicators and Effects of Low-Level Exposure CY OCT 30-NOV 02, 1994 CL HOT SPRINGS, AR SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, NIEHS, Cranmer & Associates, Arkansas Dept Hlth, TSI Redfield Lab, Eastman Kodak Co, Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res DE health effect; mercury; neurobehavioral; neurotoxicity; psychometric ID LEVEL LEAD-EXPOSURE; CHILDREN AB Neurobehavioral disorders are well-recognized among the adverse health effects of exposure to mercury. The effort to characterize these effects in animals and humans has progressed steadily over several decades. This has included a variety of study designs, and employed a variety of measurement techniques to evaluate exposure of individuals and populations. The Twelfth International Neurotoxicology Conference, Neurotoxicity of Mercury: Indicators and Effects of Low-Level Exposure, included a plenary session on the predictive value of psychometric and neurobehavioral testing of animals and humans in assessing neurotoxic effects. This session provided a broad view of the methods currently in use to measure adverse effect on the nervous system, in particular those effects that might be attributed to mercury exposure. (C) 1996 Inter Press, Inc. C1 DEPT HLTH & WELF,SIR FREDERICK G BANTING RES CTR,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0L2,CANADA. RP Amler, RW (reprint author), PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,1600 CLIFTON RD NE E-31,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SPR PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1 BP 237 EP 239 PG 3 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UQ764 UT WOS:A1996UQ76400022 PM 8784834 ER PT J AU Sempos, CT Looker, AC Gillum, RF AF Sempos, CT Looker, AC Gillum, RF TI Iron and heart disease: The epidemiologic data SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; EASTERN FINNISH MEN; STORED IRON; SERUM FERRITIN; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; RADICAL GENERATION; TRACE-METALS; EXCESS RISK; CANCER AB There has developed a general theory of chronic and degenerative disease causation-the Oxidative Stress Theory. This theory states that the production of tissue-damaging free radicals is an essential component in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases and that iron may help to catalyze the reactions producing free radicals. As a result, if has been suggested that the risk of coronary heart disease increases with increasing body iron stores, In support of that hypothesis, a prospective epidemiologic study of heart disease in Finnish men found that the risk of heart attack increased with increasing levels of serum ferritin. However, the vast majority of the epidemiologic data, including results from prospective, cross-sectional, and case-control and autopsy studies, published since that initial study have failed to support the original hypothesis that high body iron stores increase the risk of coronary heart disease. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DIV NUTR SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Sempos, CT (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 99 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 BP 73 EP 84 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UM397 UT WOS:A1996UM39700001 PM 8935217 ER PT J AU Thacker, SB Stroup, DF Peterson, H AF Thacker, SB Stroup, DF Peterson, H TI Efficacy and safety of intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring: An update - Reply SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH RES,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Thacker, SB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH RES,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 87 IS 3 BP 477 EP 477 PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA TX742 UT WOS:A1996TX74200034 ER PT J AU Naimoli, JF Endsley, S Roungou, JB Parker, K Bryce, J Doutizonga, R Gbadjamo, M AF Naimoli, JF Endsley, S Roungou, JB Parker, K Bryce, J Doutizonga, R Gbadjamo, M TI Strengthening patient education for ORT services in the Central African Republic SO PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING LA English DT Article DE patient education; in-service training; diarrheal disease case management; oral rehydration therapy; Central African Republic AB This paper describes the design and implementation of a health worker training program in diarrhea case management and its effect on patient education in health facilities in the Central African Republic (C.A.R.). In 1989, a facility-based assessment of health worker practices in managing diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age documented serious deficiencies in patient education as performed by health workers. Based on these results, the Ministry of Health (MOH) designed an inservice training program that promoted education as an integral component of curative care. The training program was implemented in all five health regions of the country. An evaluation of the training's impact on the delivery of patient education indicated dramatic increases in the number of messages health workers communicated to mothers. This experience demonstrated that the patient education practices of health workers can be improved through inservice training that integrates the teaching of clinical and communication skills. Additional study in C.A.R. is needed to (1) further improve the quality of patient education for diarrhea and other childhood communicable diseases, (2) determine the impact of patient education on the care provided by mothers in the home following a clinic visit, and (3) assess how operational research can be conducted within the limitations of inservice training programs and routine clinical operations. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MINIST HLTH,DEPT PREVENT MED & MAJOR ENDEM DIS,BANGUI,CENT AFR REPUBL. WHO,DIV DIARRHOEAL & ACUTE RES DIS CONTROL,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0738-3991 J9 PATIENT EDUC COUNS JI Patient Educ. Couns. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 27 IS 2 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1016/0738-3991(95)00818-7 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA UL038 UT WOS:A1996UL03800005 PM 8788345 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF AF Dowell, SF TI Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Why were children spared? SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Ebola virus; child; hemorrhagic fevers (viral); infant; filovirus; disease outbreaks ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; RISK RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,MAILSTOP C-09,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 189 EP 191 DI 10.1097/00006454-199603000-00002 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UA252 UT WOS:A1996UA25200001 PM 8852904 ER PT J AU Bell, DM AF Bell, DM TI Human immunodeficiency virus infection and needle stick injuries SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter DE human immunodeficiency virus; needle stick injuries RP Bell, DM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 277 EP 278 DI 10.1097/00006454-199603000-00028 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA UA252 UT WOS:A1996UA25200024 PM 8852927 ER PT J AU Hall, CB Chesney, PJ Gromisch, DS Halsey, NA Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Nankervis, GA Overall, JC Pickering, LK Steele, RW Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Orenstein, WA Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Rabinovich, NR Hall, MS Boucher, F Delage, G FordJones, E King, SE Speert, DP Tan, BJK Friesen, FR Marchessault, V Carlson, JAK Scheifele, DW Waters, JR AF Hall, CB Chesney, PJ Gromisch, DS Halsey, NA Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Nankervis, GA Overall, JC Pickering, LK Steele, RW Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Orenstein, WA Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Rabinovich, NR Hall, MS Boucher, F Delage, G FordJones, E King, SE Speert, DP Tan, BJK Friesen, FR Marchessault, V Carlson, JAK Scheifele, DW Waters, JR TI Meningococcal disease prevention and control strategies for practice-based physicians SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; SINGLE-DOSE CIPROFLOXACIN; A NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIERS; EPIDEMIC; POPULATION; CHILDREN; INFANTS; OUTBREAK; CONTACTS AB Localized outbreaks of meningococcal disease in the United States and Canada continue to cause serious alarm within communities as a result of the fulminating pattern of the disease, high mortality rate, and high incidence among adolescents. The increasing number of outbreaks since 1991 has raised questions about the management and prevention of further cases during an outbreak. The purpose of this statement is to guide primary-care physicians in their role in infection control and prevention of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease. This statement provides information on the epidemiology of meningococcal disease, including definitions of sporadic, secondary, and coprimary cases, clusters of cases, and outbreaks. Data are presented on identification of cases, disease risk of contacts, and agents for chemoprophylaxis, and recommendations are given for: (I) risk assessment of contacts, (2) administration of chemoprophylaxis, (3) appropriate use of meningococcal. vaccine, (4) appropriate use of the microbiology laboratory, (5) the necessity for timely and appropriate reporting of invasive meningococcal disease to local public health authorities, and (6) information on counseling and public education that may be helpful during an outbreak to minimize public anxiety. An additional section, ''Information for Sharing,'' which uses a question-and-answer format and which may be helpful to parents and community and health care workers during an outbreak, is also provided. C1 CDCP,ATLANTA,GA. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. AMER THORAC SOC,NEW YORK,NY. NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,EVANSTON,IL. NR 69 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 1996 VL 97 IS 3 BP 404 EP 412 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TY580 UT WOS:A1996TY58000023 ER PT J AU Klish, WJ Baker, SS Flores, CA Georgieff, MK Lake, AM Leibel, RL Udall, JN Cheney, M Daniels, PN Harris, SS Hubbard, VS Levin, E Prendergast, A Smith, AE Yetley, E Yip, R Zlotkin, S Lauer, RM Bell, EF AF Klish, WJ Baker, SS Flores, CA Georgieff, MK Lake, AM Leibel, RL Udall, JN Cheney, M Daniels, PN Harris, SS Hubbard, VS Levin, E Prendergast, A Smith, AE Yetley, E Yip, R Zlotkin, S Lauer, RM Bell, EF TI Aluminum toxicity in infants and children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC-RENAL-FAILURE; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; CALCIUM ACETATE; ENCEPHALOPATHY; DIALYSIS; INTOXICATION; ACCUMULATION; HYDROXIDE; UREMIA; BONE C1 BUR NUTR SCI,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NIDDKD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NICHHD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. AMER DIETET ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDCP,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 35 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 1996 VL 97 IS 3 BP 413 EP 416 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TY580 UT WOS:A1996TY58000024 ER PT J AU Nelson, DE Davis, RM Chrismon, JH Giovino, GA AF Nelson, DE Davis, RM Chrismon, JH Giovino, GA TI Pipe smoking in the United States, 1965-1991: Prevalence and attributable mortality SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE tobacco; pipe smoking; mortality ID TOBACCO AB Background. National pipe-smoking prevalence data have rarely been reported, and mortality associated with pipe smoking has not been estimated. Methods. We analyzed National Health Interview Survey data from 1965, 1966, 1970, 1987, and 1991 to estimate adult pipe-smoking prevalence in the United States. For each of these years, we estimated pipe smoking-attributable mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, and lung. Results. From 1965 to 1991, the prevalence of current pipe smoking for men declined 12.1 percentage points (from 14.1% to 2.0%) while pipe smoking remained very uncommon among women. By 1991, pipe smoking was a behavior found primarily among men age 45 years or older, Most men who smoked pipes also used other tobacco products, especially cigarettes, About 830 deaths (range 720-2,495) in 1965 and 1,095 deaths (range 655-2,820) in 1991 were attributable to pipe smoking. Conclusions. If current trends continue, pipe smoking will become extremely rare in the United States by the year 2000, Reasons for the decline in pipe smoking may include the lack of appeal of pipe smoking to women and adolescents or the increasingly unfavorable image of smoking behavior in general. Prevention and cessation efforts need to be directed against all forms of tobacco, including smokeless tobacco use, cigar smoking, and pipe smoking. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MICHIGAN DEPT PUBL HLTH,LANSING,MI 48909. ORKAND CORP,ATLANTA,GA. NR 47 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 91 EP 99 DI 10.1006/pmed.1996.9999 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UK038 UT WOS:A1996UK03800001 PM 8860273 ER PT J AU Frazier, EL Jiles, RB Mayberry, R AF Frazier, EL Jiles, RB Mayberry, R TI Use of screening mammography and clinical breast examinations among black, Hispanic, and white women SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE mammography; clinical breast examinations; breast cancer screening; ethnic groups ID PREVENTIVE CARE; UNITED-STATES; CANCER; MORTALITY AB Background. Breast cancer screening can be an effective tool in the early detection of breast cancer but remains underused by women in the United States. Methods, We analyzed data from 22,657 women (2,068 black women, 707 Hispanic women, and 19,882 white women) who participated in the 1990 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance state-based telephone survey. Using the recommended guidelines of the American Cancer Society for breast cancer screening, we examined utilization rates by demographic and selected variables, stratified by ethnic groups. Results. Of the women included in the analysis, 47% of both black and Hispanic women and 50% of white women reported having had a recent mammogram, and 68% of black women, 59% of Hispanic women, and 66% of white women reported having had a recent clinical breast examination (CBE). Important predictors of the use of breast cancer screening procedures for each group were having had a routine examination in the past year, having seen an obstetrician or gynecologist or specialist during the last routine examination, and more than a high school education. Conclusions. Many women are not having mammography and CBEs, Efforts to increase screening must focus on encouraging providers to use CBEs as a screening tool and to recommend mammography. Strategies should be developed to increase the use of these procedures among women, particularly those of low income and low education levels. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 TULANE UNIV,MED CTR,SCH PUBL HLTH & TROP MED,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118. EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Frazier, EL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SURVEILLANCE & ANAL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 35 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 118 EP 125 DI 10.1006/pmed.1996.0037 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UK038 UT WOS:A1996UK03800005 PM 8860276 ER PT J AU Kuppens, R Eriksen, MP Adriaanse, HP Nijhuis, FJN Aaron, JC AF Kuppens, R Eriksen, MP Adriaanse, HP Nijhuis, FJN Aaron, JC TI Determinants of fat and fiber consumption in American rural energy workers SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SELF-EFFICACY; DIETARY AB Background. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the determinants of dietary fat and fiber consumption in American rural energy workers. Main determinants in this study were knowledge, efficacy expectations, and outcome expectations. The determinants will be ordered in a model, assuming that efficacy and outcome expectations predict intention. Methods. The study consisted of a cross-sectional survey. The questionnaires on food behavior and the determinants of fat and fiber consumption were administered to the subjects at the same time. Models of determinants of fat and fiber consumption were derived from the correlation and regression analyses. Results. There were 211 questionnaires analyzed. The scales were shown to be valid and reliable. In the models of determinants of fat and fiber consumption the following determinants were generated: gender, education, knowledge, interest, efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and intention. In this study efficacy expectations were important to determine fat and fiber consumption. Conclusions. Efficacy expectations can be considered an important variable of an intervention program aiming at the decrease of fat consumption and at the increase of fiber consumption in rural energy workers. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV LIMBURG,DEPT HLTH EDUC,6200 MD MAASTRICHT,NETHERLANDS. UNIV LIMBURG,DEPT MED PSYCHOL,6200 MD MAASTRICHT,NETHERLANDS. AARON MED CTR,COLUMBIA,KY. UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,HOUSTON,TX. RP Kuppens, R (reprint author), NETHERLANDS HEART FDN,DEPT HLTH PROMOT & HLTH EDUC,POB 300,2501 CH THE HAGUE,NETHERLANDS. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 212 EP 217 DI 10.1006/pmed.1996.0048 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UK038 UT WOS:A1996UK03800016 PM 8860287 ER PT J AU BeckSague, CM Morse, SA AF BeckSague, CM Morse, SA TI Prevention of prematurity in black and white SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article C1 CDC,DIV AIDS STDS & TB LAB RES,NCID,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 111 IS 2 BP 114 EP 115 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD059 UT WOS:A1996UD05900029 PM 8606906 ER PT J AU Driver, CR Braden, CR Nieves, RL Navarro, AM Rullan, JV Valway, SE McCray, E AF Driver, CR Braden, CR Nieves, RL Navarro, AM Rullan, JV Valway, SE McCray, E TI Completeness of tuberculosis case reporting, San Juan and Caguas Regions, Puerto Rico, 1992 SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK-CITY; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; CROSS-CONTAMINATION; AIDS SURVEILLANCE; PHYSICIANS AB COMPLETENESS OF TUBERCULOSIS case reporting in Puerto Rico was assessed. Cases diagnosed among hospitalized tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus clinic patients during 1992 were retrospectively reviewed. Hospital discharge diagnoses, pharmacy listings of patients receiving anti-tuberculous medications, laboratory and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome registry data were used for case finding in selected hospitals and clinics. identified cases were matched to the health department TB case registry to determine previous reporting through routine surveillance. Records of unreported cases were reviewed to verify tuberculosis diagnoses. Of 159 patients with tuberculosis, 31 (19.5%) were unreported. A case was defined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition. Unreported cases were less likely than previously reported cases to have specimens that were culture positive for M. tuberculosis, 14 of 31 (45.2%) compared with 111 of 128 (86.7%). Excluding the laboratory, tuberculosis diagnoses in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome registry patients had the highest predictive value of finding tuberculosis (94.1%), followed by tuberculosis clinic records (71.7%), and pharmacy listings (45.6%). Tuberculosis discharge diagnoses, however, yielded the largest number of unreported cases (14). Health care providers should be educated regarding the importance of promptly reporting all suspected TB cases regardless of results of laboratory testing. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SURVEILLANCE & EPIDEMIOL INVEST BRANCH,DIV TB ELIMINAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. PUERTO RICO DEPT HLTH,SAN JUAN,PR. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 111 IS 2 BP 157 EP 161 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD059 UT WOS:A1996UD05900039 PM 8606915 ER PT J AU Tibayrenc, M Lal, A AF Tibayrenc, M Lal, A TI Self-fertilization, linkage disequilibrium, and strain in Plasmodium falciparum SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ORSTOM, UMR CNRS GENET MOLEC PARASITES & VECTEURS, F-34032 MONTPELLIER 1, FRANCE. RP Tibayrenc, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, MOLEC VACCINE SECT, DIV PARASIT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RI Day, Karen/F-3697-2015 OI Day, Karen/0000-0002-6115-6135 NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 1 PY 1996 VL 271 IS 5253 BP 1300 EP 1300 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA TX695 UT WOS:A1996TX69500045 PM 8638115 ER PT J AU Neumann, MS AF Neumann, MS TI Profile of callers to the centers for disease control and prevention national sexually transmitted diseases hotline SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; AIDS AB Background and Objectives: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funds a national telephone hotline as a source of information for persons with questions about sexually transmitted diseases. Hotline callers were last surveyed in 1980. Goal: To determine the current profile of callers to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National sexually transmitted diseases hotline, assess their concerns, and identify their sources for the hotline telephone number, Study Design: The survey sampled 1,100 callers: 19 per day distributed across 3 work shifts using a systematic random selection process, Nine short-answer questions were asked, and passively collected data were recorded. Results: The survey showed callers' demographics (68.4% white); socioeconomics (47.6% with incomes <$15,000); residence (79.8% urban); information requests (20.7% general sexually transmitted diseases); concerns about exposure or infection (76.5% concerned they might be infected); acceptance of referrals (35.7% to public clinics); and hotline telephone number sources (20.4% from pamphlets), Conclusions: The hotline is called by persons from all segments of the public and addresses their concerns. RP Neumann, MS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR PREVENT SERV, DIV STD HIV PREVENT, BEHAV & PREVENT RES BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 131 EP 137 DI 10.1097/00007435-199603000-00008 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA UC730 UT WOS:A1996UC73000008 PM 8919740 ER PT J AU Hessol, NA Priddy, FH Bolan, G Baumrind, N Vittinghoff, E Reingold, AL Padian, NS AF Hessol, NA Priddy, FH Bolan, G Baumrind, N Vittinghoff, E Reingold, AL Padian, NS TI Management of pelvic inflammatory disease by primary care physicians - A comparison with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; TRENDS AB Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published recommendations for clinicians on the management of pelvic inflammatory disease, but it is unknown if providers are aware of the guidelines or follow them, Goal: To compare pelvic inflammatory disease screening, diagnosis, treatment, and reporting practices among primary care physicians with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease, Study Design: A weighted random sample of California primary care physicians surveyed in November 1992 and January 1993. Results: Of the 1,165 physicians surveyed, 553 (48%) returned completed questionnaires, Among respondents, 302 (55%) reported having treated a case of pelvic inflammatory disease during the last 12 months, and of these, 52% answered that they were unsure of or do not follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease, Pediatricians and those with more years since residency were less likely to deviate from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease, and family practitioners were more likely to deviate from the guidelines, Conclusions: Pelvic inflammatory disease is commonly encountered by primary care physicians in California, Training and experience were important predictors of compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations; however, substantial divergence from the guidelines occurs. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Hessol, NA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL & REPROD SCI,BOX 1352,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA. FU PHS HHS [R30/CCR903252] NR 13 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 157 EP 163 DI 10.1097/00007435-199603000-00012 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA UC730 UT WOS:A1996UC73000012 PM 8919744 ER PT J AU Wasserheit, JN AF Wasserheit, JN TI Core groups by any other name? Response SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID EPIDEMIOLOGY RP Wasserheit, JN (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 164 EP 165 DI 10.1097/00007435-199603000-00014 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA UC730 UT WOS:A1996UC73000014 ER PT J AU Moran, JS AF Moran, JS TI Ciprofloxacin for gonorrhea - 250 mg or 500 mg? SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID INVITRO RP Moran, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 165 EP 167 DI 10.1097/00007435-199603000-00015 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA UC730 UT WOS:A1996UC73000015 PM 8919746 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC Dilley, A Ribeiro, MJA Benson, J Austin, H Silva, V Rawlins, P Wenger, NK Evatt, BL AF Hooper, WC Dilley, A Ribeiro, MJA Benson, J Austin, H Silva, V Rawlins, P Wenger, NK Evatt, BL TI A racial difference in the prevalence of the Arg506->Gln mutation SO THROMBOSIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE protein C; APC-R; thrombosis; race prevalence AB Several recent studies have reported that the factor V Arg506-->Gln mutation is present in 3-10% of adults of European descent. To determine if the prevalence is comparable among Blacks, we have initiated a case-control study in a large urban hospital in Atlanta which serves a substantial black population. We have evaluated 131 black subjects with confirmed venous or arterial thrombosis and 61 black subjects without a history of thrombosis. Only one case and one control were positive for the Arg506-->Gln mutation. We conclude that the mutation is more common among Whites than Blacks. C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA. GRADY MEM HOSP,ATLANTA,GA. RP Hooper, WC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0049-3848 J9 THROMB RES JI Thromb. Res. PD MAR 1 PY 1996 VL 81 IS 5 BP 577 EP 581 DI 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00032-1 PG 5 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TX632 UT WOS:A1996TX63200007 PM 8907316 ER PT J AU Follmann, EH Ritter, DG Baer, GM AF Follmann, EH Ritter, DG Baer, GM TI Evaluation of the safety of two attenuated oral rabies vaccines, SAG1 and SAG2, in six Arctic mammals SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE SAG1; SAG2; oral vaccination pathogenicity; rodents; mink ID FOXES ALOPEX-LAGOPUS; IMMUNIZATION; VACCINATION; RODENTS; VIRUS; PATHOGENICITY; INFECTIVITY; STRAIN AB The safety of two attenuated oral rabies vaccines was evaluated in mink and in five species of rodents which occur in the Arctic. A 0.03 ml sample of liquid vaccine was installed directly into the mouth of voles and lemmings and 0.1 ml into the mouth of Arctic ground squirrels and mink. Animals were euthanized at 36 and 46 days postexposure; brain tissue was analyzed by FAT and serum by RFFIT. No rabies deaths occurred in 47 animals tested. Four animals representing three rodent species seroconverted, the highest titer being 0.15 IU ml(-1). The absence of rabies virus in brain tissue indicates the safety of these vaccines in these species. The replacement of arginine with glutamic acid at position 333 reduces the pathogenicity of these vaccines, thereby presumably preventing the deleterious effect of viral entry into CNS neurons. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ALASKA DIV PUBL HLTH,STATE PUBL HLTH LAB FAIRBANKS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. CTR DIS CONTROL,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Follmann, EH (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,INST ARCTIC BIOL,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAR PY 1996 VL 14 IS 4 BP 270 EP 273 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00208-I PG 4 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UG716 UT WOS:A1996UG71600004 PM 8744551 ER PT J AU Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Mills, JN Nichol, ST AF Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Mills, JN Nichol, ST TI Oliveros virus: A novel arenavirus from Argentina SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID S-RNA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; JUNIN; GENE; REPLICATION; POLYMERASE; PROTEIN AB During the past few decades several newly recognized rodent-borne arenaviruses have been shown to be associated with severe hemorrhagic fever cases in South America. Changes in ecology and farming practices throughout the region have increased the concern over the potential public health threat posed by such emerging virus diseases. Oliveros (OLV) virus is a recently discovered arenavirus of the rodent Bolomys obscurus in Argentina. Genetic analysis of the small genomic RNA segment, which encodes the nucleocapsid protein and the envelope glycoproteins, shows that Oliveros is a novel, phylogenetically distinct member of the Arenaviridae family which differs in nucleotide sequence from the previously characterized members by approximately 35% or more. Despite this level of diversity, OLV virus possesses the same ambisense genome structure and many overall RNA and protein features in common with other arenaviruses. These data represent an important first step in the development of specific immunological and PCR diagnostic reagents to allow assessment of the prevalence and disease potential of this virus. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 34 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAR 1 PY 1996 VL 217 IS 1 BP 362 EP 366 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0124 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA TY211 UT WOS:A1996TY21100038 PM 8599223 ER PT J AU Gauntt, CJ Pallansch, MA AF Gauntt, CJ Pallansch, MA TI Coxsackievirus B3 clinical isolates and murine myocarditis SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coxsackievirus B3; cardiovirulence; RNA sequence; 5' nontranslated region ID 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION; VIRUS B3; 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION; PICORNAVIRAL GENOMES; NONCODING SEQUENCE; VIRAL MYOCARDITIS; POLIOVIRUS RNA; CELL-PROTEINS; TRANSLATION; NEUROVIRULENCE AB Fifteen clinical coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) isolates were assessed for cardiopathologic capabilities in adolescent male CD-1 mice in comparison two well characterized cardiovirulent CVB3 strains. One isolate was cardiovirulent, one minimally cardiovirulent and the remaining 13 isolates were noncardiovirulent. The two cardiovirulent isolates and one well characterized cardiovirulent strain, established higher viremic titers, in comparison to five noncardiovirulent isolates that were examined. The two cardiovirulent isolates and one well characterized cardiovirulent strain replicated to significantly higher titers than five noncardiovirulent isolates in primary cultures of murine neonatal or adolescent cardiac fibroblasts. Nucleotide sequence analysis of an area defined by nucleotides(N)300-N599 in the 5'-nontranslated region were performed on the two well characterized cardiovirulent CVB3 strains, the two cardiovirulent isolates and 12 noncardiovirulent isolates. The data detected a single discriminatory nucleotide position. An A was present at N565 in three of four cardiovirulent CVB3, whereas a U or C was present in this position in 12 of 12 noncardiovirulent CVB3. In tote, these data are compatible with the hypothesis that the type of the nucleotide at N565, a position within the internal ribosome entry site, is associated with capacity of a CVB3 for replication in vivo and in vitro and this capacity for vigorous replication is associated with cardiovirulence. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Gauntt, CJ (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL,7703 FLOYD CURL DR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL45979] NR 66 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 41 IS 1 BP 89 EP 99 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(95)01250-8 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA UD976 UT WOS:A1996UD97600008 PM 8725105 ER PT J AU McMillan, DE Meltzer, MI AF McMillan, DE Meltzer, MI TI Vector-borne disease control in sub-Saharan Africa: A necessary but partial vision of development SO WORLD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Review ID EAST-COAST FEVER; TREATED BED NETS; ODOR-BAITED TARGETS; TSETSE-FLIES; THEILERIA-PARVA; WEST-AFRICA; RURAL AREA; PRESENT SITUATION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; MALARIA AB A comparative analysis of efforts to control four major vector-borne diseases that plague agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa - onchocerciasis (river blindness), bovine trypanosomiasis, malaria, and East Coast Fever - reveals numerous similarities in the technical reasons why control programs break down. The authors conclude that there is an urgent need to develop simpler control technologies and to pay more attention to the types of socioeconomic planning (including land-use planning) that must accompany or predate disease control efforts if they are to fulfill their full economic and social potential over time. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP McMillan, DE (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 146 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-750X J9 WORLD DEV JI World Dev. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 569 EP 588 DI 10.1016/0305-750X(95)00153-4 PG 20 WC Economics; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA UQ247 UT WOS:A1996UQ24700013 ER PT J AU Harpaz, R VonSeidlein, L Averhoff, FM Tormey, MP Sinha, SD Kotsopoulou, K Lambert, SB Robertson, BH Cherry, JD Shapiro, CN AF Harpaz, R VonSeidlein, L Averhoff, FM Tormey, MP Sinha, SD Kotsopoulou, K Lambert, SB Robertson, BH Cherry, JD Shapiro, CN TI Transmission of hepatitis B virus to multiple patients from a surgeon without evidence of inadequate infection control SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; OPERATING-ROOM; EXPOSURE; BLOOD; RISK; CONTAMINATION; OUTBREAK AB Background. Although about 1 percent of surgeons are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), transmission from surgeons to patients is thought to be uncommon, In July 1992, a 47-year-old woman became ill with acute hepatitis B after undergoing a thymectomy in which a thoracic-surgery resident who had had acute hepatitis B six months earlier assisted. Methods. To determine whether the surgeon transmitted HBV to this patient and others, we conducted chart reviews, interviews, and serologic testing of thoracic-surgery patients at the two hospitals where the surgeon worked from July 1991 to July 1992, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) subtypes and DNA sequences from the surgeon and from infected patients were determined. Results. Of 144 susceptible patients in whose surgery the infected surgeon participated, 19 had evidence of recent HBV infection (13 percent), One of the hospitals was selected for additional study, and none of the 124 susceptible patients of the other thoracic surgeons at this hospital had evidence of recent HBV infection (relative risk, infinity; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.7 to infinity). NO evidence was found for any common source of HBV other than the infected surgeon, The HBsAg subtype and the partial HBV DNA sequences from the surgeon were identical to those in the infected patients, Transmission of the infection was associated with cardiac transplantation (relative risk, 4.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1,5 to 15.5) but not with other surgical procedures, The surgeon was positive for hepatitis B e antigen and had a high serum HBV DNA concentration (15 ng per milliliter), Our investigations identified no deficiencies in the surgeon's infection-control practices. Conclusions. In this outbreak there was surgeon-to-patient HBV transmission despite apparent compliance with recommended infection-control practices, We could not identify any specific events that led to transmission. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT PEDIAT,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. NR 36 TC 152 Z9 156 U1 2 U2 3 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 29 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 9 BP 549 EP 554 DI 10.1056/NEJM199602293340901 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW696 UT WOS:A1996TW69600001 PM 8569821 ER PT J AU GeorgeMcDowell, N Landron, F Glenn, J Miler, MSC Deseda, C Herman, M Hopkins, R Moncrief, W Mack, HA Childs, D McGee, D Long, G May, T Tuctchtone, P Hulsey, B Collier, D Rodgers, B Lathan, W Rush, RD Dryden, EL Whitehead, T Harper, J Wingfield, AW Hobson, N Turner, RK Bankston, E Wilson, T Ellison, T Johnson, RH Phelps, W Mixon, K Holman, ND Byrd, R Brissie, RM Story, JW Pringle, W Bentley, HE Hibbs, DC Riddick, L Chambless, W Williams, J Gibbs, RT Key, J Wyatt, J Jones, J Castelberry, J Philips, D Warner, K Green, RD Scherer, R Williamson, D Starnes, DG Ballard, R Eady, SH Headrick, T Chancellor, BT Rainwater, E Darby, E Lindsey, M Dickson, AP Burton, JL Williams, D Gray, J Burnham, WO Daniel, R Vollrath, RC Mowell, CJ Talley, F Ingram, RA Zaki, SA Hensley, JB Carver, J Wall, D Merck, M Hightower, RB Kindon, JC Hooks, LF Stewart, R Smith, JF McKinney, B Tante, H Worley, JE Ballew, LM Kilgore, JD Wheeler, R Clark, S Chapman, F Litesey, L Belflower, J Hunter, L Lunsford, BF Ellison, HS Hall, JL Stone, E Cosby, JC Stahlkuppe, R Smith, EM Erwin, B McGill, WE Rowe, JC Barrett, R Dixon, BJ Toomey, KE Butts, JD Moser, M AF GeorgeMcDowell, N Landron, F Glenn, J Miler, MSC Deseda, C Herman, M Hopkins, R Moncrief, W Mack, HA Childs, D McGee, D Long, G May, T Tuctchtone, P Hulsey, B Collier, D Rodgers, B Lathan, W Rush, RD Dryden, EL Whitehead, T Harper, J Wingfield, AW Hobson, N Turner, RK Bankston, E Wilson, T Ellison, T Johnson, RH Phelps, W Mixon, K Holman, ND Byrd, R Brissie, RM Story, JW Pringle, W Bentley, HE Hibbs, DC Riddick, L Chambless, W Williams, J Gibbs, RT Key, J Wyatt, J Jones, J Castelberry, J Philips, D Warner, K Green, RD Scherer, R Williamson, D Starnes, DG Ballard, R Eady, SH Headrick, T Chancellor, BT Rainwater, E Darby, E Lindsey, M Dickson, AP Burton, JL Williams, D Gray, J Burnham, WO Daniel, R Vollrath, RC Mowell, CJ Talley, F Ingram, RA Zaki, SA Hensley, JB Carver, J Wall, D Merck, M Hightower, RB Kindon, JC Hooks, LF Stewart, R Smith, JF McKinney, B Tante, H Worley, JE Ballew, LM Kilgore, JD Wheeler, R Clark, S Chapman, F Litesey, L Belflower, J Hunter, L Lunsford, BF Ellison, HS Hall, JL Stone, E Cosby, JC Stahlkuppe, R Smith, EM Erwin, B McGill, WE Rowe, JC Barrett, R Dixon, BJ Toomey, KE Butts, JD Moser, M TI Deaths associated with hurricanes Marilyn and Opal - United States, September October 1995 (reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 32-38, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 PUERTO RICO DEPT HLTH,SAN JUAN,PR. FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32399. ALABAMA DEPT PUBL HLTH,MONTGOMERY,AL 36102. GEORGIA DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,DIV PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. N CAROLINA DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH & NAT RESOURCES,RALEIGH,NC 27611. AMER RED CROSS,FALLS CHURCH,VA. CDC,OFF DIRECTOR,EMERGENCY RESPONSE COORDINAT GRP,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,HLTH STUDIES BR,DISASTER ASSESSMENT & EPIDEMIOL SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,SURVEILLANCE & PROGRAMS BR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 28 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 8 BP 586 EP 587 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW627 UT WOS:A1996TW62700006 ER PT J AU Branson, BM Moore, JS Byers, R AF Branson, BM Moore, JS Byers, R TI HIV sexual risk-reduction interventions for African-American women SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Branson, BM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 28 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 8 BP 593 EP 594 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW627 UT WOS:A1996TW62700009 PM 8594234 ER PT J AU Nutting, PA Main, DS Fischer, PM Stull, TM Pontious, M Seifert, M Boone, DJ Holcomb, S AF Nutting, PA Main, DS Fischer, PM Stull, TM Pontious, M Seifert, M Boone, DJ Holcomb, S TI Problems in laboratory testing in primary care SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Objective. - To examine the frequency and characteristics of problems in laboratory testing in primary care physicians' offices and their impact on health care. Design. - Prospective descriptive study in which participating office-based primary care clinicians reported each occurrence of any laboratory incident during a 6-month study. Each identified problem was reported on a structured data collection instrument with an open-ended description of the problem. Setting. - Primary care physicians' offices in North America. Participants. - One hundred twenty-four primary care clinicians in 49 practices of the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network (ASPN). Main Results. - A total of 180 problems were reported, yielding a crude rate of 1.1 problems per 1000 patient visits. Problems involving test ordering and specimen handling were the most common (56%), while those attributable to the test analysis itself accounted for 13% of the total. In the judgment of the practice staff, 27% of the reported problems had an impact on patient care. Of the 24 cases for which the specific impact was known and reported, half of the impacts were minor and about half were significant, as judged by whether or not the diagnosis and/or treatment of the patient was measurably affected. Conclusions. - Clinically apparent problems with laboratory testing in primary care were found at a rate of 1.1 problems per 1000 patient visits. Of the laboratory problems that occurred in this study, 27% were judged by the physician to have an effect on patient care. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV LAB SYST,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT FAMILY MED,DENVER,CO. UNIV OKLAHOMA,DEPT FAMILY MED,ENID,OK. RP Nutting, PA (reprint author), ABULATORY SENTINEL PRACTICE NETWORK,1650 PIERCE ST,DENVER,CO 80214, USA. FU PHS HHS [U47/CCU810643-01] NR 12 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 28 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 8 BP 635 EP 639 DI 10.1001/jama.275.8.635 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW627 UT WOS:A1996TW62700025 PM 8594246 ER PT J AU Jernigan, DB Hofmann, J Cetron, MS Genese, CA Nuorti, JP Fields, BS Benson, RF Carter, RJ Edelstein, PH Guerrero, IC Paul, SM Lipman, HB Breiman, RF AF Jernigan, DB Hofmann, J Cetron, MS Genese, CA Nuorti, JP Fields, BS Benson, RF Carter, RJ Edelstein, PH Guerrero, IC Paul, SM Lipman, HB Breiman, RF TI Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA SEROGROUP-1; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PONTIAC FEVER; PNEUMONIA AB Background Outbreaks of travel-related Legionnaires' disease present a public-health challenge since rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tests are not widely used and because detection of clusters of disease among travellers is difficult. We report an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers that occurred in April, 1994, but that went unrecognised until July, 1994. Methods After rapid diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease in three passengers by urine antigen testing, we searched for additional cases of either confirmed (laboratory evidence of infection) or probable Legionnaires' disease (pneumonia of undetermined cause). A case-control study was conducted to compare exposures and activities on the ship and in ports of call between each case-passenger and two or three matched control-passengers. Water samples from the ship, from sites on Bermuda, and from the ship's water source in New York City were cultured for legionellae and examined with PCR. Findings 50 passengers with Legionnaires' disease (16 confirmed, 34 probable) were identified from nine cruises embarking between April 30 and July 9, 1994. Exposure to whirlpool spas was strongly associated with disease (odds ratio 16.2, 95% CI 2.8-351.7); risk of acquiring Legionnaires' disease increased by 64% (95% CI 12-140) for every hour spent in the spa water. Passengers spending time around the whirlpool spas, but not in the water, were also significantly more likely to have acquired infection. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated only from the sand filter in the ship's whirlpool spa. This isolate matched a clinical isolate from the respiratory secretions of a case-passenger as judged by monoclonal antibody subtyping and by arbitrarily primed PCR. Interpretation This investigation shows the benefit of obtaining a recent travel history, the usefulness or urine antigen testing for rapid diagnosis of legionella infection, and the need for improved surveillance for travel-related Legionnaires' disease. New strategies for whirlpool spa maintenance and decontamination may help to minimise transmission of legionellae from these aerosol-producing devices. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,BIOSTAT & INFORMAT MANAGEMENT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,TRENTON,NJ. HOSP UNIV PENN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. TOMS RIVER COMMUNITY MED CTR,TOMS RIVER,NJ. RP Jernigan, DB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,MS CO9,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 30 TC 114 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 8 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 24 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9000 BP 494 EP 499 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91137-X PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW697 UT WOS:A1996TW69700008 PM 8596266 ER PT J AU Wainwright, RB AF Wainwright, RB TI The US arctic investigations program: Infectious disease prevention and control research in Alaska SO LANCET LA English DT Review ID HEPATITIS-B VACCINE; INFLUENZAE TYPE-B; PRESUMPTIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA; YUPIK ESKIMO POPULATION; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; ANTICAPSULAR ANTIBODY; C POLYSACCHARIDE; VIRUS-INFECTION; NATIVE INFANTS RP Wainwright, RB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HHS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ARCTIC INVEST PROGRAM,ANCHORAGE,AK, USA. NR 52 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 24 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9000 BP 517 EP 520 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91143-5 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW697 UT WOS:A1996TW69700014 PM 8596272 ER PT J AU Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ AF Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ TI Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995 SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 MINIST HLTH,MANAGUA,NICARAGUA. PAN AMER HLTH ORG,WASHINGTON,DC. USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Zaki, SR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 7 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 24 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9000 BP 535 EP 536 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91167-8 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW697 UT WOS:A1996TW69700037 PM 8596276 ER PT J AU Michalek, JE Pirkle, JL Caudill, SP Tripathi, RC Patterson, DC Needham, LL AF Michalek, JE Pirkle, JL Caudill, SP Tripathi, RC Patterson, DC Needham, LL TI Pharmacokinetics of TCDD in veterans of operation ranch hand: 10-year follow-up SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HALF-LIFE; REGRESSION; VIETNAM AB Using multiple measurements from serum collected over 10 yr (1982, 1987, and 1992), we estimated the half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 213 veterans of Operation Ranch Hand the Air Force unit responsible for the aerial spraying of Agent Orange in Vietnam. The potential influences of age, percent body fat, and changes in percent body fat on the half-life estimate were also examined. The mean decay rate of TCDD for these veterans is 0.0797 per year with 95% confidence interval 0.0727 to 0.0868 per year; the corresponding half-life estimate is 8.7 yr with 95% confidence interval 8.0-9.5 yr. Half-life increased significantly with increasing body fat, but not with age or relative changes in percent body fat. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. UNIV TEXAS SAN ANTONIO, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78285 USA. RP Michalek, JE (reprint author), ARMSTRONG LAB, AOEP, 2510 KENNEDY CIRCLE, SUITE 117, BROOKS AFB, TX 78235 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 14 TC 108 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD FEB 23 PY 1996 VL 47 IS 3 BP 209 EP 220 DI 10.1080/009841096161744 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TW555 UT WOS:A1996TW55500001 PM 8604146 ER PT J AU Zumwalt, R Broudy, D AF Zumwalt, R Broudy, D TI Hypothermia-related deaths - New Mexico, October 1993 March 1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 44, pg 933-935, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Zumwalt, R (reprint author), OFF MED INVESTIGATOR,ALBUQUERQUE,NM, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 21 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 7 BP 510 EP 510 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TV569 UT WOS:A1996TV56900008 ER PT J AU Spitters, C Darcy, J Hardin, T Ellis, R AF Spitters, C Darcy, J Hardin, T Ellis, R TI Outbreak of unexplained illness - Washington, 1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 6-9, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 MEDTOX NW,KENT,OH. WASHINGTON DEPT HLTH,OFF TOX SUBST,SEATTLE,WA. WASHINGTON DEPT HLTH,OFF COMMUNITY ENVIRONM HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,HLTH STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Spitters, C (reprint author), SNOHOMISH HLTH DIST,EVERETT,WA, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 21 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 7 BP 511 EP 511 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TV569 UT WOS:A1996TV56900009 ER PT J AU Koo, D Maloney, K Tauxe, R AF Koo, D Maloney, K Tauxe, R TI Epidemiology of diarrheal disease outbreaks on cruise ships, 1986 through 1993 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SHIGELLOSIS; ABOARD AB Objective.-To describe the epidemiology of cruise-associated diarrheal disease outbreaks from 1986 through 1993, to determine if the incidence had changed since 1985, and to determine the preventability of outbreaks that continue to occur. Design.-The numerator data were collated from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) outbreak investigation reports from 1986 through 1993. The denominator data were summations of cruise ship data on the number of passengers and length of cruises collected during routine diarrheal illness surveillance, available only for the period 1989 through 1993. Setting.-Cruise ships with outbreaks of diarrheal disease. Participants.-Cruise ship passengers and crew or staff who participated in the original investigations. Main Outcome Measures.-The incidence of outbreaks during the study period, pathogens isolated, and vehicles of transmission implicated in investigations. Results.-Among cruises of 3 to 15 days, CDC staff investigated 1.4 outbreaks per 1000 cruises, or 2.3 outbreaks per 10 million passenger-days. An etiologic agent was implicated in 21 (68%) of 31 investigated outbreaks: bacterial in 12, viral in nine. A specific vehicle of transmission was identified in 16. The most common vehicles of transmission were undercooked scallops (three outbreaks caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli), eggs (two outbreaks caused by Salmonella serotype Enteritidis, one by Norwalk-like virus), and food items provided by caterers during onshore excursions (three outbreaks, one caused by Shigella sonnei). Conclusions.-Observance of two simple precautions could have prevented almost one third (5/16, or 31%) of the investigated outbreaks on cruise ships. Cruise lines have been reminded to cook seafoods thoroughly and to use pasteurized eggs for menu items calling for pooled eggs. Preventing food handlers from working while ill and riot using onshore caterers for offship excursions might have prevented at least an additional one third (5/16) of these outbreaks. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 7 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 21 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 7 BP 545 EP 547 DI 10.1001/jama.275.7.545 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TV569 UT WOS:A1996TV56900032 PM 8606476 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL AF Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL TI The future of foodborne diseases SO CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; MILK; CHOLERA; FOOD RP Altekruse, SF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,1600 CLIFTON RD,NE A-38,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PI LONDON PA 14 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1X 8PS SN 0009-3068 J9 CHEM IND-LONDON JI Chem. Ind. PD FEB 19 PY 1996 IS 4 BP 132 EP 135 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA TW946 UT WOS:A1996TW94600009 ER PT J AU Sherwood, MB McGorray, S GarciaSiekavizza, A Burns, AF Meltzer, MI AF Sherwood, MB McGorray, S GarciaSiekavizza, A Burns, AF Meltzer, MI TI Quality of life perception in glaucoma patients and its relation to clinical indicators: A pilot study SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT STAT,GAINESVILLE,FL. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ANTHROPOL,GAINESVILLE,FL. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 156 EP 156 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA TX397 UT WOS:A1996TX39700156 ER PT J AU Schultz, CH Koenig, KL Noji, EK AF Schultz, CH Koenig, KL Noji, EK TI Current concepts - A medical disaster response to reduce immediate mortality after an earthquake SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID 7.5-PERCENT SODIUM-CHLORIDE; MULTICENTER TRIAL; 1980 EARTHQUAKE; RESUSCITATION; MANAGEMENT; SHOCK; EMERGENCY; SEDATION; RESCUE C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,LOS ANGELES,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,ALAMEDA CTY MED CTR,DEPT EMERGENCY MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Schultz, CH (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES CTY HARBOR MED CTR,DEPT EMERGENCY MED,1000 W CARSON ST,TORRANCE,CA 90509, USA. NR 54 TC 116 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 6 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 7 BP 438 EP 444 DI 10.1056/NEJM199602153340706 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU696 UT WOS:A1996TU69600006 PM 8552147 ER PT J AU Smith, PJ Thompson, TJ Engelgau, MM Herman, WH AF Smith, PJ Thompson, TJ Engelgau, MM Herman, WH TI A generalized linear model for analysing receiver operating characteristic curves SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID REGRESSION-MODELS; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; MEASUREMENT-ERROR; ORDINAL DATA; ROC CURVE; DIAGNOSTICS; DISPERSION; INFERENCE AB We present a continuation ratio model for analysing ordinal categorical data and we apply the model to the problem of estimating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We apply the methods to post-prandial capillary blood glucose measurements as a criterion for a potential screening test for diabetes mellitus. One can obtain point estimates of sensitivity and specificity and their associated standard errors at any value along the observed range of post-prandial capillary blood glucose measurements. Also, in comparison to the models for ROCs described by Tosteson and Begg, ROC curves based on the continuation ratio model have the desired features that allow ROCs to be concave but not necessarily symmetric. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT K10,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Smith, PJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT E10,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 323 EP 333 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960215)15:3<323::AID-SIM159>3.0.CO;2-A PG 11 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA TQ473 UT WOS:A1996TQ47300008 PM 8643889 ER PT J AU Henretig, F DeRoos, F Hardy, K Contostavlos, D Levenson, R Logue, J Touger, M Mojica, BA AF Henretig, F DeRoos, F Hardy, K Contostavlos, D Levenson, R Logue, J Touger, M Mojica, BA TI Carbon monoxide poisonings associated with snow-obstructed vehicle exhaust systems - Philadelphia and New York City, January 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 1-3, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 HOSP UNIV PENN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. PHILADELPHIA DEPT HLTH,PHILADELPHIA,PA. PENN DEPT HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH ASSESSMENT,HARRISBURG,PA 17108. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,JACOBI MED CTR,BRONX,NY 10467. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,AIR POLLUT & RESP HLTH BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013. RP Henretig, F (reprint author), UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 14 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 6 BP 426 EP 427 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU638 UT WOS:A1996TU63800007 ER PT J AU Ruymann, FB Krill, CE Halpin, TJ Churchill, WH Ewenstein, B DeMaria, A MancoJohnson, MJ Hoffman, RE AF Ruymann, FB Krill, CE Halpin, TJ Churchill, WH Ewenstein, B DeMaria, A MancoJohnson, MJ Hoffman, RE TI Hepatitis A among persons with hemophilia who received clotting factor concentrate - United States, September-December 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 29-32, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CHILDRENS HOSP,MED CTR,HEMOPHILIA TREATMENT CTR,AKRON,OH. OHIO DEPT HLTH,COLUMBUS,OH 43266. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,COMPREHENS HEMOPHILIA TREATMENT CTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DENVER,CO. NATL HEMOPHILIA FDN,DEPT PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,NEW YORK,NY. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA. US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,OFF BLOOD RES & REVIEW,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RP Ruymann, FB (reprint author), CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV PEDIAT HEMATOL ONCOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43205, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 14 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 6 BP 427 EP 428 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU638 UT WOS:A1996TU63800008 ER PT J AU Breen, N Kessler, L AF Breen, N Kessler, L TI Trends in cancer screening - United States, 1987 and 1992 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 57-61, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID COLORECTAL-CANCER; MORTALITY; SIGMOIDOSCOPY C1 CDC,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA. RP Breen, N (reprint author), NCI,APPL RES BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 14 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 6 BP 428 EP 429 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU638 UT WOS:A1996TU63800009 ER PT J AU Bifani, PJ Plikaytis, BB Kapur, V Stockbauer, K Pan, X Lutfey, ML Moghazeh, SL Eisner, W Daniel, TM Kaplan, MH Crawford, JT Musser, JM Kreiswirth, BN AF Bifani, PJ Plikaytis, BB Kapur, V Stockbauer, K Pan, X Lutfey, ML Moghazeh, SL Eisner, W Daniel, TM Kaplan, MH Crawford, JT Musser, JM Kreiswirth, BN TI Origin and interstate spread of a New York City multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clone family SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POLYMORPHISM; TOOL AB Objective.-To determine whether isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from New York and elsewhere that are resistant to four or more primary antimicrobial agents and responsible for widespread disease in the 1990s represent a newly emerged clone or a heterogeneous array of unrelated organisms. Setting.-New York City area and selected locations in the United States. Patients.-M tuberculosis isolates from 1953 patients in New York and multidrug-resistant isolates from six patients from other US communities. Design.-Convenience sample of all M tuberculosis strains (M tuberculosis isolates resistant to rifampin, streptomycin, isoniazid, and ethambutol, and sometimes ethionamide, kanamycin, capreomycin, or ciprofloxacin) submitted to the Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center since 1991 and samples submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from throughout the United States, The samples submitted were representative of the New York City strains of M tuberculosis. Main Outcome Measure.-Characterization of resistant M tuberculosis strains studied by IS6110 and polymorphic CC-rich repetitive sequence (PGRS) hybridization patterns, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and automated DNA sequencing of genes containing mutations associated with resistance to rifampin (rpoB), isoniazid (katG and inhA locus), and streptomycin (strA and rrs). Results.-Multidrug-resistant M tuberculosis isolates were recovered from 253 New York City patients and had the same or closely allied IS6110 and PGRS patterns, multiplex PCR type, and gene mutations associated with resistance to rifampin, isoniazid, and streptomycin. Isolates with these same molecular characteristics were recovered from patients in Florida and Nevada, health care workers in Atlanta, Ga, and Miami, Fla, and an individual who recently moved from New York City to Denver, Cole, and caused disease or skin test conversion in at least 12 people in a nursing home environment. Conclusions.-The results document the molecular origin and spread of progeny of a closely related family of multidrug-resistant M tuberculosis strains that have recently shared a common ancestor and undergone clonal expansion. The multidrug-resistant phenotype in these organisms arose by sequential acquisition of resistance-conferring mutations in several genes, most likely as a consequence of antibiotic selection of randomly occurring mutants in concert with inadequately treated infections. Dissemination of these difficult-to-treat bacteria throughout New York City and to at least four additional US cities has adverse implications for tuberculos control in the 21st century. C1 PUBL HLTH RES INST,TB CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10016. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,SECT MOLEC PATHOBIOL,HOUSTON,TX. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. N SHORE UNIV HOSP,MANHASSET,NY 11030. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,CTR INT HLTH,CLEVELAND,OH. RI Kapur, Vivek/F-7610-2013; OI Kapur, Vivek/0000-0002-9648-0138 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI37004]; NIDA NIH HHS [R01-DA09238] NR 26 TC 295 Z9 307 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 14 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 6 BP 452 EP 457 DI 10.1001/jama.275.6.452 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU638 UT WOS:A1996TU63800033 PM 8627966 ER PT J AU Walker, DH Barbour, AG Oliver, JH Lane, RS Dumler, JS Dennis, DT Persing, DH Azad, AF McSweegan, E AF Walker, DH Barbour, AG Oliver, JH Lane, RS Dumler, JS Dennis, DT Persing, DH Azad, AF McSweegan, E TI Emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases - Ecological and epidemiological factors SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; FEVER GROUP RICKETTSIOSIS; SPOTTED-FEVER; HUMAN EHRLICHIOSIS; LYME-DISEASE; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; TRANSOVARIAL TRANSMISSION; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; INNER-MONGOLIA AB Among the etiologic agents of emerging infectious diseases are several bacterial organisms that naturally reside in animal and arthropod hosts. The most compelling emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the United States are Lyme disease; a Southern erythema migrans-like illness; human monocytic ehrlichiosis; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; a novel cat flea-associated typhus group rickettsiosis; bartonelloses of immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons, particularly with AIDS; and sylvatic plague. Some of these antimicrobial-treatable infections are life threatening. During the acute stage of illness when antimicrobial agents are most effective, the flulike clinical signs and symptoms and available laboratory tests frequently do not point to a particular diagnosis. Epidemiological factors determined by the ecology of the bacteria are often the most useful diagnostic clues. The recognition of these evolving problems emphasizes the need for development of better laboratory diagnostic methods, for surveillance for and tracking of disease, and for continued research into factors contributing to transmission of the organisms. The continual appearance of previously unidentified bacterial infections requires prospective national strategies for timely recognition of the syndrome, identification of the agent, establishment of criteria and methods for diagnosis, optimization of the treatment regimen, and determination of successful approaches to prevention and control. C1 UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MED,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. GEORGIA SO UNIV,DEPT BIOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO. MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT LAB MED & PATHOL,ROCHESTER,MN. NIAID,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Walker, DH (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DEPT PATHOL,301 UNIV BLVD,GALVESTON,TX 77555, USA. RI Barbour, Alan/B-3160-2009 OI Barbour, Alan/0000-0002-0719-5248 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI21242, AI31431] NR 92 TC 82 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 14 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 6 BP 463 EP 469 DI 10.1001/jama.275.6.463 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU638 UT WOS:A1996TU63800035 PM 8627968 ER PT J AU Bloch, AB Simone, PM McCray, E Castro, KG AF Bloch, AB Simone, PM McCray, E Castro, KG TI Preventing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Bloch, AB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MS E-10,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 14 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 6 BP 487 EP 489 DI 10.1001/jama.275.6.487 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU638 UT WOS:A1996TU63800041 PM 8627974 ER PT J AU Schmid, GP DeLisle, SJ AF Schmid, GP DeLisle, SJ TI Request for standardised reporting of numerical ranges SO LANCET LA English DT Letter ID NON-GONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS RP Schmid, GP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 10 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 8998 BP 401 EP 401 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90580-2 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TU695 UT WOS:A1996TU69500057 PM 8598728 ER PT J AU Frazak, PA Kazmierczak, J Davis, JP Larson, J Loerke, R AF Frazak, PA Kazmierczak, J Davis, JP Larson, J Loerke, R TI Outbreak of Salmonella serotype typhimurium infection associated with eating raw ground beef - Wisconsin, 1944 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 44, pg 905-909, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,BUR PUBL HLTH,MADISON,WI 53707. WISCONSIN DEPT AGR TRADE & CONSUMER PROTECT,MEAT SAFETY & INSPECT BUR,MADISON,WI 53708. CTR DIS CONTROL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Frazak, PA (reprint author), DODGE CTY HUMAN SERV & HLTH DEPT,PUBL HLTH UNIT,JUNEAU,WI 53039, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 7 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 5 BP 353 EP 354 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TT303 UT WOS:A1996TT30300008 ER PT J AU Tappero, JW Khan, AS Pinner, RW Wenger, JD Graber, JM Armstrong, LR Holman, RC Ksiazek, TG Khabbaz, RF AF Tappero, JW Khan, AS Pinner, RW Wenger, JD Graber, JM Armstrong, LR Holman, RC Ksiazek, TG Khabbaz, RF TI Utility of emergency, telephone-based national surveillance for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB On May 27, 1993, in response to the outbreak investigation of newly recognized Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Four Corners states (New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established a national surveillance case definition for severe, unexplained respiratory disease to determine the extent of HPS throughout the United States, A toll-free telephone hotline number was instituted to provide updated information about unexplained respiratory illness and to serve as a passive mechanism for reporting suspected cases. Clinical information was obtained from callers reporting suspected cases, and diagnostic specimens and medical record reviews were requested from health care providers, From June 3 through December 31, 1993, the hotline received 21 443 telephone inquiries; callers identified 280 suspected cases living outside the Four Comers states with at least one specimen available for diagnostic testing. By December 31, 1993, 21 confirmed cases (age range, 14 to 58 years) residing in 11 states outside the Four Corners region had been identified, This passive surveillance system was successful in rapidly identifying the widespread sporadic geographic distribution for HPS cases throughout the United States and could serve as a model for similar emergencies, Expanding and coordinating surveillance systems for the early detection, tracking, and evaluation of emerging infections is a critical component of disease prevention. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,BIOMETR ACTIV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 7 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 5 BP 398 EP 400 DI 10.1001/jama.275.5.398 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TT303 UT WOS:A1996TT30300034 PM 8569020 ER PT J AU Henning, RA Sauter, SL AF Henning, RA Sauter, SL TI Work-physiological synchronization as a determinant of performance in repetitive computer work SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE repetitive tasks; physiological synchronization; data entry; human-computer interaction; performance ID RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA; HEART-RATE; FREQUENCY; TASK AB The present study tested the hypothesis that performance would improve when the work rhythm of a highly repetitive task was synchronous with a worker's internal phpsiological rhythms. Experienced office workers (n = 20) used video display terminals (VDTs) to perform a repetitive, self-paced data-entry task in a simulated office environment over a 2-day period. Each work day consisted of six 40-min work periods. Work rhythm changes were induced by varying input data field lengths (3-13 characters) across eleven of the twelve work periods. The degree of synchronization between the work and breathing rhythms, and also between the work rhythm and variations in the interbeat interval, was scored using cross-spectral analysis. Synchronization scores were then used to predict keying performance using multiple regression analysis. The degree of synchronization between the work and breathing rhythms was not predictive of performance. However, increased synchronization between the work and cardiac rhythms was predictive of (a) increased keystroke output, (b) lower error rate and (c) lower correction rate, The results suggest that performance in repetitive VDT work might improve if the task is designed to promote work-physiological synchronization. C1 NIOSH, DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI, ROBERT A TAFT LABS, PSYCHOL & ERGON BRANCH, CINCINNATI, OH 45226 USA. RP Henning, RA (reprint author), UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT PSYCHOL, IND ORG DIV, STORRS, CT 06269 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-0511 J9 BIOL PSYCHOL JI Biol. Psychol. PD FEB 5 PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 269 EP 286 DI 10.1016/0301-0511(95)05162-7 PG 18 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA TZ813 UT WOS:A1996TZ81300003 PM 8652748 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Moore, CA Mulinare, J AF Khoury, MJ Moore, CA Mulinare, J TI Vitamin A and birth defects SO LANCET LA English DT Letter RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCEH,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH DBDDD,MS F45,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 3 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 3 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 8997 BP 322 EP 322 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TT485 UT WOS:A1996TT48500037 PM 8569374 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Moser, G Wampler, T Hattel, A Dietzschold, B Rupprecht, CE AF Hamir, AN Moser, G Wampler, T Hattel, A Dietzschold, B Rupprecht, CE TI Use of a single anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID TRYPSIN C1 COMMONWEALTH PENN VET DIAGNOST LAB,SUMMERDALE,PA 17093. PENN STATE UNIV,ANIM DIAGNOST LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,CTR NEUROVIROL,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV PENN,NEW BOLTON CTR,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,KENNETT SQ,PA 19348. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD FEB 3 PY 1996 VL 138 IS 5 BP 114 EP 115 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TV165 UT WOS:A1996TV16500013 PM 8650907 ER PT J AU Barbachyn, MR Hutchinson, DK Brickner, SJ Cynamon, MH Kilburn, JO Klemens, SP Glickman, SE Grega, KC Hendges, SK Toops, DS Ford, CW Zurenko, GE AF Barbachyn, MR Hutchinson, DK Brickner, SJ Cynamon, MH Kilburn, JO Klemens, SP Glickman, SE Grega, KC Hendges, SK Toops, DS Ford, CW Zurenko, GE TI Identification of a novel oxazolidinone (U-100480) with potent antimycobacterial activity SO JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID INVIVO ACTIVITIES; 3-ARYL-2-OXOOXAZOLIDINES; ANTIBACTERIALS; INVITRO; DUP-721 AB During the course of our investigations in the oxazolidinone antibacterial agent area, we have identified a subclass with especially potent in vitro activity against mycobacteria. The salient structural feature of these oxazolidinone analogues, 6 (U-100480), 7 (U-101603), and 8 (U-101244), is their appended thiomorpholine moiety. The rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of these analogues is described. Potent activity against a screening strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was demonstrated by 6 and 7 (minimum inhibitory concentrations or MIC's less than or equal to 0.125 mu g/mL). Oxazolidinones 6 and 8 exhibit MIC(90) values of 0.50 mu g/mL or less against a panel of organisms consisting of five drug-sensitive and five multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, with 6 being the most active congener. Potent in vitro activity against other mycobacterial species was also demonstrated by 6. For example, 6 exhibited excellent in vitro activity against multiple clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex (MIC's = 0.5-4 mu g/mL). Orally administered 6 displays in vivo efficacy against M. tuberculosis and M. avium similar to that of clinical comparators isoniazid and azithromycin, respectively. Consideration of these factors, along with a favorable pharmacokinetic and chronic toxicity profile in rats, suggests that 6 (U-100480) is a promising antimycobacterial agent. C1 SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Barbachyn, MR (reprint author), UPJOHN CO,UPJOHN LABS,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001, USA. NR 20 TC 178 Z9 193 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0022-2623 J9 J MED CHEM JI J. Med. Chem. PD FEB 2 PY 1996 VL 39 IS 3 BP 680 EP 685 DI 10.1021/jm950956y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TT921 UT WOS:A1996TT92100007 PM 8576910 ER PT J AU Moore, PS Kingsley, LA Holmberg, SD Spira, T Gupta, P Hoover, DR Parry, JP Conley, LJ Jaffe, HW Chang, Y AF Moore, PS Kingsley, LA Holmberg, SD Spira, T Gupta, P Hoover, DR Parry, JP Conley, LJ Jaffe, HW Chang, Y TI Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection prior to onset of Kaposi's sarcoma SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; HHV8; causality; lymphocytes; monoculear cells ID HOMOSEXUAL MEN; AIDS; COHORT; VIRUS AB Objectives: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a newly discovered human gammaherpesvirus, is found in the majority of KS lesions from patients with and without AIDS. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined for KSHV DNA to determine whether viral infection precedes onset of this neoplasm. Design: Randomized and blinded case-control study of prospectively collected PBMC samples from ongoing cohort studies. Methods: Paired PBMC drawn before and after KS onset from 21 AIDS-KS patients were compared to paired PBMC from 23 high-risk HIV-infected homo-/bisexual patients who did not develop KS and to a single PBMC sample from 19 low-risk, HIV-infected hemophiliac patients. Extracted DNA samples were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two non-overlapping nested primer sets to control for potential PCR contamination. Results: In all comparisons, patients who went on to develop KS were significantly more likely to show evidence of KSHV infection prior to onset of KS than either control group. Of PBMC samples from AIDS-KS patients drawn prior to KS, 52% were positive for KSHV DNA whereas both high- and low-risk control groups had lower rates of PBMC infection (9-13%). KSHV infection can precede KS onset by up to 21 months among AIDS-KS patients. Conclusions: AIDS-KS patients are significantly more likely to show evidence of KSHV infection in PBMC prior to KS onset than control HIV-infected patients. Because identical PBMC samples from cases and controls were examined blindly, these results are not caused by a bias in tissue sampling. Homo-/bisexual and hemophiliac AIDS patients who do not develop KS appear to have a low prevalence of infection. These findings indicate that KSHV infection is specifically associated with the subsequent development of KS in AIDS patients. C1 UNIV PITTSBURGH,GRAD SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT MICROBIOL & INFECT DIS,PITTSBURGH,PA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. JOHNS HOPKINS SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BALTIMORE,MD. COLUMBIA UNIV,COLL PHYSICIANS & SURGEONS,DEPT PATHOL,NEW YORK,NY. RP Moore, PS (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA. RI Chang, Yuan/F-4146-2011; Moore, Patrick/F-3960-2011 OI Moore, Patrick/0000-0002-8132-858X NR 29 TC 265 Z9 273 U1 1 U2 5 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD FEB PY 1996 VL 10 IS 2 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1097/00002030-199602000-00007 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA TW205 UT WOS:A1996TW20500007 PM 8838705 ER PT J AU Safran, MA Waller, RR AF Safran, MA Waller, RR TI Mental health-related calls to the CDC national AIDS hotline SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE; DISORDERS AB The CDC National AIDS Hotline provides confidential HIV-related information and referrals to anonymous callers, twenty-four hours a day. As part of a continuing quality improvement assessment of caller informational needs, 302 randomly selected anonymous overnight calls to the Hotline were evaluated for mental health-related content. Of 302 calls, 34 calls (11.3%) were mental health-related, in that callers spoke about specific mental health-related topics or requested mental health referrals, and 14 calls (4.6%) included signs or symptoms from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) potentially indicative of mental illness. The results suggest that training in recognizing and referring mental health calls might be useful for Hotline workers. The results also serve as a reminder for all health care professionals and organizations of the potential for overlap between patients' mental health-related needs and patients' HIV-related needs. RP Safran, MA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CDC NATL AIDS HOTLINE,OFF HIV AIDS,1600 CLIFTON RD,NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 8 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 PG 7 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UC822 UT WOS:A1996UC82200004 PM 8703639 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF AF Gillum, RF TI Epidemiology of hypertension in African American women SO AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; BLACK-WHITE DIFFERENCES; BODY-FAT DISTRIBUTION; BLOOD-PRESSURE; UNITED-STATES; NATIONAL-HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; PRIMARY PREVENTION RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 71 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 6 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0002-8703 J9 AM HEART J JI Am. Heart J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 131 IS 2 BP 385 EP 395 DI 10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90371-3 PG 11 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TV307 UT WOS:A1996TV30700029 PM 8579038 ER PT J AU Chen, CC Baron, PA AF Chen, CC Baron, PA TI Aspiration efficiency and inlet wall deposition in the fiber sampling cassette SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE aspiration efficiency; cowl; electrostatic effects; fiber sampling; inlet deposit ID AEROSOL ASPIRATION; MEMBRANE-FILTER; AIR; COWL; WORKPLACE; PARTICLES; RESPECT; CHARGE; PROBES; WIND AB The 25-mm diameter sampling cassette with a 50-mm long conductive inlet (cowl) is widely used for sampling fibers. Comprehensive testing of the sampling accuracy of this device has not been carried our. Several researchers have found significant fiber deposits in the inlet rather than on the collection filter. The sampler approaches the dimensions of a thin-walled tubular inlet, which has been studied extensively both theoretically and experimentally. A semiempirical model was used ro calculate aspiration efficiency and inlet deposition for compact particles. The model was based on particle aerodynamic diameter and should apply with sufficient accuracy to fibers. This semiempirical model includes effects due to particle inertia, gravitational settling, and vena contracta deposition. The results of the model were compared to experimental measurements from a wind tunnel and from previous field studies. The laboratory measurements agree well with the model, but field measurements of fibers show higher inlet deposition than predicted. Some of this additional deposition not predicted by the model may be due to extrapolation outside the model's original range, but may also be due to electrostatic effects or sample handling. According to the measurements and the model, higher sampling rates generally reduce the biases described here, while higher external wind velocities and higher angles between the ambient air motion a nd the sam pier axis increase the biases. The effect of some mechanisms producing biased samples may be reduced by changes in the sampling protocol. C1 NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. OI Chen, Chih-Chieh/0000-0002-9050-3749 NR 49 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 142 EP 152 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0142:AEAIWD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU364 UT WOS:A1996TU36400005 ER PT J AU Ashley, K Fischbach, TJ Song, RG AF Ashley, K Fischbach, TJ Song, RG TI Evaluation of a chemical spot-test kit for the detection of airborne particulate lead in the workplace SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE spot test kit; airborne particulates; lead detection AB A commercial rhodizonate-based lest kit was evaluated for its potential use in the detection of ead in airborne particulate samples at work sites. Over 350 air samples were collected at abrasive blasting lead paint abatement sires using cellulose ester membrane filters and personal sampling pumps. The filter samples were tested with the chemical spot test and then analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No positive readings were recorded for lead masses below 1.3 mu g Pb/filter, and no negative readings were observed for lead amounts above 8.1 mu g Pb/fliter. Experimental data were statistically modeled in an effort to estimate the performance parameters of the spot test kit. The identification limit of the kit was found to be approximately 3.6 mu g/filter sample. For lead mass values above approximately 10 mu g Pb/filter, 95% confidence of a positive reading was found; while 95% confidence of a negative reading was found for lead masses below approximately 0.6 mu g Pb/filter. Based on the results of this study the rhodizonate-based test kit for lead demonstrates potential for use infield screening for lead in personal breathing zone and a rea air samples. C1 COMP SCI CORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45213. RP Ashley, K (reprint author), NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. RI Ashley, Kevin/C-9005-2011 NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0161:EOACSK>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU364 UT WOS:A1996TU36400007 PM 8615324 ER PT J AU Groff, JH Schlecht, PC AF Groff, JH Schlecht, PC TI ELPAT program report: Background and current status (October 1995) SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Groff, JH (reprint author), NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 208 EP & PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU364 UT WOS:A1996TU36400014 ER PT J AU Halperin, WE Ordin, DL AF Halperin, WE Ordin, DL TI Closing the surveillance gap SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE carpal tunnel syndrome; occupational injuries; occupational diseases; public health; NIOSH; population surveillance; state health departments AB Since 1986 there has been substantial progress in developing surveillance systems for occupational disease and injury that meet the goals of surveillance: identification or new diseases and causes of injury; estimation of the magnitude and trend of injuries and illnesses, identification of epidemic clusters; and identification of sentinel cases representing failures of prevention. A quiltwork of surveillance systems for occupational diseases and injury has been implemented by several federal agencies; surveillance systems for many more disease and injuries are being developed by the states. The conceptual basis for ''closing the surveillance gap'' has been developed; national implementation is the next challenge. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* RP Halperin, WE (reprint author), NIOSH,MAILSTOP R-41,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 29 IS 2 BP 223 EP 224 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199602)29:2<223::AID-AJIM14>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TT899 UT WOS:A1996TT89900014 PM 8821367 ER PT J AU Garner, JS Hierholzer, WJ McCormick, RD Adams, AB Craven, DE Fleming, DW Forlenza, SW Gilchrist, MJ Goldmann, DA Larson, EL Mayhall, CG Nichols, RL AF Garner, JS Hierholzer, WJ McCormick, RD Adams, AB Craven, DE Fleming, DW Forlenza, SW Gilchrist, MJ Goldmann, DA Larson, EL Mayhall, CG Nichols, RL TI Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals .1. Evolution of isolation practices SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article RP Garner, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 152 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD FEB PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 24 EP 31 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TY526 UT WOS:A1996TY52600005 PM 8651517 ER PT J AU Stayner, LT Dankovic, DA Lemen, RA AF Stayner, LT Dankovic, DA Lemen, RA TI Occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and cancer risk: A review of the amphibole hypothesis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LUNG-TISSUE; QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT; INSULATION WORKERS; PLEURAL PLAQUES; DUST EXPOSURE; FIBER CONTENT; MORTALITY; MESOTHELIOMA; RATS; MINERS AB Objectives. This article examines the credibility and policy implications of the ''amphibole hypothesis,'' which postulates that (1) the mesotheliomas observed among workers exposed to chrysotile asbestos may be explained by confounding exposures to amphiboles, and (2) chrysotile may have lower carcinogenic potency than amphiboles. Methods. A critical review was conducted of the lung burden, epidemiologic, toxicologic, and mechanistic studies that provide the basis for the amphibole hypothesis. Results. Mechanistic and lung burden studies do not provide convincing evidence for the amphibole hypothesis. Toxicologic and epidemiologic studies provide strong evidence that chrysotile is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma. Chrysotile may be less potent than some amphiboles for inducing mesotheliomas, but there is little evidence to indicate lower lung cancer risk. Conclusions. Given the evidence of a significant lung cancer risk, the lack of conclusive evidence for the amphibole hypothesis, and the fact that workers are generally exposed to a mixture of fibers, we conclude that it is prudent to treat chrysotile with virtually the same level of concern as the amphibole forms of asbestos. C1 NIOSH,OFF DIRECTOR,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Stayner, LT (reprint author), NIOSH,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,RISK ASSESSMENT PROGRAM,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MAIL STOP C15,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 72 TC 142 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 1996 VL 86 IS 2 BP 179 EP 186 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.2.179 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU708 UT WOS:A1996TU70800008 PM 8633733 ER PT J AU Brownson, RC Smith, CA Pratt, M Mack, NE JacksonThompson, J Dean, CG Dabney, S Wilkerson, JC AF Brownson, RC Smith, CA Pratt, M Mack, NE JacksonThompson, J Dean, CG Dabney, S Wilkerson, JC TI Preventing cardiovascular disease through community-based risk reduction: The Bootheel Heart Health project SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID STANFORD 5-CITY PROJECT; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; EDUCATION; PROGRAMS; DESIGN; PROMOTION; EXERCISE; MODEL AB Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a community-based risk reduction project affected behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Methods. Community-based activities (e.g., exercise groups, healthy cooking demonstrations, blood pressure and cholesterol screenings, and cardiovascular disease education) were conducted in six southeastern Missouri counties. Evaluation involved population-based, cross-sectional samples of adult residents of the state and the intervention region. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated for self-reported physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, consumption of fruits and vegetables, overweight, and cholesterol screening. Results. Physical inactivity decreased within the intervention region, that is, in communities where heart health coalitions were developed and among respondents who were aware of these coalitions. In addition, the prevalence rates for reports of cholesterol screening within the past 2 years were higher for respondents in areas with coalitions and among persons who were aware of the coalitions. Conclusions. Even with modest resources, community-based interventions show promise in reducing self-reported risk for cardiovascular disease within a relatively brief period. C1 ST LOUIS UNIV,PREVENT RES CTR,ST LOUIS,MO 63103. WASHINGTON UNIV,PROGRAM OCCUPAT THERAPY,ST LOUIS,MO. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MISSOURI DEPT HLTH,DIV CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,COLUMBIA,MO. MISSOURI DEPT HLTH,DIV CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,POPLAR BLUFF,MO. RP Brownson, RC (reprint author), ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,3663 LINDELL BLVD,ST LOUIS,MO 63108, USA. FU PHS HHS [U58/CCU700950] NR 66 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 1996 VL 86 IS 2 BP 206 EP 213 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.2.206 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU708 UT WOS:A1996TU70800012 PM 8633737 ER PT J AU Escobedo, LG Peddicord, JP AF Escobedo, LG Peddicord, JP TI Smoking prevalence in US birth cohorts: The influence of gender and education SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; QUITTING SMOKING; LUNG-CANCER; INITIATION; PREDICTORS; BEHAVIOR; TRENDS; RATES; WOMEN AB Objectives. To assess long-term trends in cigarette smoking according to the combined influence of sex and education, this study examined smoking prevalence in successive US birth cohorts. Methods. Data from nationally representative surveys were examined to assess smoking prevalence for six successive 10-year birth cohorts stratified by race or ethnicity, sex, and educational attainment. Results. Substantial declines in smoking prevalence were found among men who had a high school education or more; regardless of race or ethnicity, and slight declines among women of the same educational background were revealed. However, little change was found in smoking prevalence among men of all race/ethnic groups with less than a high school education, and large increases were found among women with the same years of schooling, especially if they were White or African American. Conclusions. These data suggest that persons of low educational attainment have yet to benefit from policies and education about the health consequences of cigarette smoking. RP Escobedo, LG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 35 TC 184 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 1996 VL 86 IS 2 BP 231 EP 236 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.2.231 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU708 UT WOS:A1996TU70800016 PM 8633741 ER PT J AU Yu, SM Keppel, KG Singh, GK Kessel, W AF Yu, SM Keppel, KG Singh, GK Kessel, W TI Preconceptional and prenatal multivitamin-mineral supplement use in the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PREGNANCY; RECALL C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV HLTH PROMOT STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV VITAL STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Yu, SM (reprint author), HRSA,MCHB,DSEA,5600 FISHERS LN,ROOM 18A-55,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857, USA. NR 19 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 1996 VL 86 IS 2 BP 240 EP 242 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.2.240 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU708 UT WOS:A1996TU70800018 PM 8633743 ER PT J AU Otteson, EW Riolo, J Rowe, JE Nichol, ST Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE StJeor, SC AF Otteson, EW Riolo, J Rowe, JE Nichol, ST Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE StJeor, SC TI Occurrence of hantavirus within the rodent population of northeastern California and Nevada SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; UNITED-STATES; VIRUS; INFECTION; HANTAAN; ANTIGEN; VOLES; RNA AB These studies were initiated to determine the prevalence and hosts of hantaviruses within the rodent population of Nevada and northeastern California. A total of 1,867 rodents were collected, sexed, weighed, identified, and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibody against hantavirus nucleocapsid. The primary hosts for hantaviruses in this region were found within the family Muridae (Peromyscus maniculatus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, and Microtus montanus). Studies over time of animals within a defined geographic area indicated that animals with hantavirus antibody are not distributed uniformly over the rodent population in a specific area but were found in foci spanning a distance of only several hundred meters. The antibody prevalence in a given geographic area remained relatively constant with repeated sampling of between 0% and 30%. These data support the hypothesis that rodents within the family Muridae are the primary reservoir for hantaviruses, and the primary risk to biologists for exposure to hantavirus is by contact with members of this family. C1 UNIV NEVADA,DEPT MICROBIOL,RENO,NV 89557. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NIAID NIH HHS [1R01-AI-34618] NR 28 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 54 IS 2 BP 127 EP 133 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TZ760 UT WOS:A1996TZ76000004 PM 8619434 ER PT J AU Perera, LP Peiris, JSM Weilgama, DJ Calisher, CH Shope, RE AF Perera, LP Peiris, JSM Weilgama, DJ Calisher, CH Shope, RE TI Nairobi sheep disease virus isolated from Haemaphysalis intermedia ticks collected in Sri Lanka SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV PERADENIYA,FAC MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,PERADENIYA,SRI LANKA. UNIV PERADENIYA,FAC MED,DEPT PARASITOL,PERADENIYA,SRI LANKA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,ARBOVIRUS RES UNIT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510. RI Peiris, Joseph/C-4380-2009 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-10984] NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1 BP 91 EP 93 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA TU809 UT WOS:A1996TU80900011 PM 8729633 ER PT J AU Brewer, RD Sleet, D AF Brewer, RD Sleet, D TI Alcohol and injuries - Reply SO ARCHIVES OF FAMILY MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP Brewer, RD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1063-3987 J9 ARCH FAM MED JI Arch. Fam. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2 BP 68 EP 68 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UC782 UT WOS:A1996UC78200003 ER PT J AU Schwartz, DA Bryan, RT AF Schwartz, DA Bryan, RT TI Infectious disease pathology and emerging infections - Are we prepared? SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITOZOON-HELLEM; MICROSPORIDIOSIS; DIARRHEA C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. NR 38 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 120 IS 2 BP 117 EP 124 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TV905 UT WOS:A1996TV90500001 PM 8712890 ER PT J AU Nolte, KB Simpson, GL Parrish, RG AF Nolte, KB Simpson, GL Parrish, RG TI Emerging infectious agents and the forensic pathologist - The New Mexico model SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD C1 NEW MEXICO DEPT HLTH,PUBL HLTH DIV,SANTA FE,NM. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Nolte, KB (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,SCH MED,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 120 IS 2 BP 125 EP 128 PG 4 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TV905 UT WOS:A1996TV90500002 PM 8712891 ER PT J AU Zaki, SR Khan, AS Goodman, RA Armstrong, LR Greer, PW Coffield, LM Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Peters, CJ Khabbaz, RF AF Zaki, SR Khan, AS Goodman, RA Armstrong, LR Greer, PW Coffield, LM Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Peters, CJ Khabbaz, RF TI Retrospective diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1978-1993 - Implications for emerging infectious diseases SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY ILLNESS; FOLLOW-UP; OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIC; FEVER; ARMY AB Objective.-To investigate the occurrence of unrecognized cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome preceding the detection of the 1993 outbreak in the southwestern United States and the initial description of the syndrome. Design-Retrospective clinicopathologic and immunohistologic study. Patients.-Eighty-two patients who died prior to April 1993 with histologically unexplained noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Methods.-Clinicopathologic review and immunohistochemical evaluation of autopsy tissues for evidence of hantaviral infection. Results.-Twelve retrospective fatal cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome were identified through clinicopathologic review and immunohistochemical testing of tissues. Patients' ages ranged from 16 to 49 years. The earliest identified case occurred in 1978, 15 years prior to the outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States. Immunohistochemical testing showed widespread deposition of hantaviral antigens, primarily within endothelial cells, similar to the pattern ohserved with current hantavirus pulmonary syndrome cases. Conclusions.-Although hantavirus pulmonary syndrome was first recognized in 1993, the findings from this study document the earlier existence of this disease. These findings underscore the need for systematic archiving and analysis of clinical information and specimens from patients with diseases of unknown etiology to facilitate the study of new clinical entities and their associated etiologic agents. RP Zaki, SR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 29 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 6 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 120 IS 2 BP 134 EP 139 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TV905 UT WOS:A1996TV90500004 PM 8712893 ER PT J AU Schwartz, DA Sobottka, I Leitch, GJ Cali, A Visvesvara, GS AF Schwartz, DA Sobottka, I Leitch, GJ Cali, A Visvesvara, GS TI Pathology of microsporidiosis - Emerging parasitic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ENCEPHALITOZOON-HELLEM; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; AIDS PATIENTS; INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIOSIS; N-SP; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; DIARRHEA; VIRUS; DIAGNOSIS; CORNEAL AB Objective.-Microsporidiosis is a group of rapidly emerging protozoan infections that have thus far been reported predominantly from severely immunosuppressed persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The four genera that have been identified in AIDS patients (Enterocytozoon, Encephalitozoon, Septata, and Pleistophora) are an increasingly common source of both localized and disseminated infections. However, the clinical and pathologic features of these agents are being described with such rapidity that many pathologists are unaware of the histologic, immunologic, and molecular methods for diagnosing these infections. This article summarizes the clinical and morphologic spectrum of the microsporidian species that infect patients with AIDS. Additionally, the role of ultrastructural, immunologic, tissue culture, and molecular techniques for the diagnosis of microsporidian infections are discussed. Data sources.-Clinical and pathologic findings were obtained from patients with AIDS who were evaluated for microsporidian infections at the Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. Selected laboratory studies were performed at the Division of Parasitic Diseases of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and at the Department of Physiology at Morehouse University. Additionally, some cases were sent for consultation to the Infectious Disease Pathology service at Emery University. These data were combined with the published studies of microsporidian infection from the medical literature. Data synthesis.-The pathologic appearance of microsporidian infections in each major organ system (ocular, respiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal) is illustrated using routine and special histochemistry and immunofluorescence. The differential diagnostic features of the four genera of microsporidia infecting AIDS patients are illustrated using transmission and scanning electron micrographs from biopsy, autopsy, and tissue culture materials. Cytologic evaluation of body tissues is emphasized as a sensitive method for microsporidian diagnosis. Conclusions.-Microsporidian infections can be expected to remain an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS. It is important that pathologists and microbiologists become acquainted with the clinicopathologic spectrum of these emerging protozoal infections, ensuring timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV HAMBURG HOSP,HOSP EPPENDORF,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,W-2000 HAMBURG,GERMANY. MOREHOUSE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,ATLANTA,GA. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEWARK,NJ 07102. CDCP,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 69 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 120 IS 2 BP 173 EP 188 PG 16 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TV905 UT WOS:A1996TV90500008 PM 8712897 ER PT J AU Satcher, D AF Satcher, D TI Lessons and challenges of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases SO ASM NEWS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0044-7897 J9 ASM NEWS JI ASM News PD FEB PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 64 EP 65 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TV796 UT WOS:A1996TV79600005 ER PT J AU Mahy, BWJ Hadler, SC AF Mahy, BWJ Hadler, SC TI Untitled SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE DIV,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Mahy, BWJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0197 J9 CLIN DIAGN VIROL JI Clin. Diagn. Virol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Virology SC Virology GA UD772 UT WOS:A1996UD77200001 PM 15566854 ER PT J AU Fridkin, SK Kremer, FB Bland, LA Padhye, A McNeil, MM Jarvis, WR AF Fridkin, SK Kremer, FB Bland, LA Padhye, A McNeil, MM Jarvis, WR TI Acremonium kiliense endophthalmitis that occurred after cataract extraction in an ambulatory surgical center and was traced to an environmental reservoir SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INTRAOCULAR-LENS IMPLANTATION AB During October and November 1993, four patients contracted Acremonium kiliense endophthalmitis at one ambulatory surgical center. We hypothesized that the source was environmental and conducted a matched case-control study, environmental evaluation, and observational studies, Case and control patients were similar in clinical characteristics. However, case patients ail had surgery on the first operative day of the week or had surgery significantly sooner after the operating room opened than did controls (a median of 46 vs. 150 minutes afterward; P = .03). An environmental review revealed the ventilation system was switched on 5-30 minutes before procedures began on the first operative day of the week, and air was filtered before but not after humidification. Cultures of the humidifier water in the ventilation system yielded A. kiliense phenotypically identical to isolates from case patients. Our data suggest that switching on the ventilation system each week aerosolized a reservoir of A. kiliense and caused infection of patients, We believe this is the first reported outbreak of fungal endophthalmitis traced to an environmental source, and it underscores the importance of utilizing established hospital infection control practices in the outpatient setting. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. KRESGE EYE ASSOCIATES,RADNOR,PA. NR 18 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 222 EP 227 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TU876 UT WOS:A1996TU87600004 PM 8838176 ER PT J AU Keller, DW Hajjeh, R DeMaria, A Fields, BS Pruckler, JM Benson, RS Kludt, PE Lett, SM Mermel, LA Giorgio, C Breiman, RF AF Keller, DW Hajjeh, R DeMaria, A Fields, BS Pruckler, JM Benson, RS Kludt, PE Lett, SM Mermel, LA Giorgio, C Breiman, RF TI Community outbreak of legionnaires' disease: An investigation confirming the potential for cooling towers to transmit Legionella species SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER; 2 OUTBREAKS; PNEUMOPHILA; WATER; ANTIBODY AB In August and September 1993, we investigated an outbreak of legionnaires' disease in Fall River, Massachusetts, that involved 11 persons; the attack rate was highest in Flint, a community of Fall River, All cases were infected with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp-l), A case-control study revealed that cases were more likely than matched controls to have visited sites in neighborhood A of Flint. Environmental sampling in Flint found that four of nine aerosol-producing devices sampled contained legionellae; only two, conjoined cooling towers on building A, contained Lp-l. Three independent methods of subtyping-monoclonal antibody subtyping, arbitrary primer polymerase chain reaction, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-revealed that Lp-l isolates from three cases with culture-positive legionnaires' disease matched those from the cooling towers on building A. Water samples from the homes of cases with culture-positive legionnaires' disease contained no legionellae. The results of this epidemiologic and laboratory investigation indicate that the cooling towers on budding A were the source of the outbreak of legionnaires' disease and confirm the importance of cooling towers in the transmission of legionnaires' disease. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02116. RHODE ISL HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,PROVIDENCE,RI 02903. NR 31 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 257 EP 261 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TU876 UT WOS:A1996TU87600009 PM 8838181 ER PT J AU Padhye, AA Hampton, AA Hampton, MT Hutton, NW PrevostSmith, E Davis, MS AF Padhye, AA Hampton, AA Hampton, MT Hutton, NW PrevostSmith, E Davis, MS TI Chromoblastomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SUBCUTANEOUS PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS; PHEOHYPHOMYCOSIS; JEANSELMEI; MYCOLOGY AB We report the second case of chromoblastomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera; this is the first known case in the United States. Examination of biopsied tissue showed thick-walled, internally septated, chestnut brown muriform cells (sclerotic bodies) within multinucleated giant cells present in the dermis that were characteristic of chromoblastomycosis, The individual cells within the muriform cells disarticulated from the outer wall of the parent cell and from each other to form endoconidia within the outer walls of the parent cells, After fracture of the outer walls, the endoconidia were released, This unique process of endoconidial formation in vivo for the propagation of muriform cells was observed for the first time, Initial treatment with itraconazole and 5-fluorocytosine followed by treatment with itraconazole and heat resulted in marked improvement in the patient's lesions. This infection reiterates the fact that the dematiaceous fungus E. spinifera, a well-known etiologic agent of phaeohyphomycosis, can cause more than one type of infection and supports earlier observations that chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis represent extremes of a continuum of infections. C1 MED UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT DERMATOL,CHARLESTON,SC 29425. MED UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT INFECT DIS,CHARLESTON,SC 29425. MED UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT CLIN MICROBIOL,CHARLESTON,SC 29425. S CAROLINA DEPT HLTH & ENVIRONM CONTROL,COLUMBIA,SC. RP Padhye, AA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 22 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 331 EP 335 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TU876 UT WOS:A1996TU87600020 PM 8838192 ER PT J AU Castro, KG Blinkhorn, RJ Ellner, JJ Chaisson, RE Horsburgh, CR Masur, H Holmes, KK Kaplan, JE AF Castro, KG Blinkhorn, RJ Ellner, JJ Chaisson, RE Horsburgh, CR Masur, H Holmes, KK Kaplan, JE TI Secondary prophylaxis for tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus - Reply SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 EMORY UNIV, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. NIAID, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, BALTIMORE, MD USA. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV, CLEVELAND, OH 44106 USA. UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WA USA. RP Castro, KG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV TB ELIMINAT, 1600 CLIFTON RD, MAILSTOP E-10, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 399 EP 400 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TU876 UT WOS:A1996TU87600056 ER PT J AU Alston, PG AF Alston, PG TI Environment Online - Update '95 SO DATABASE LA English DT Article RP Alston, PG (reprint author), ATSDR,PUBL HLTH SERV,1600 CLIFTON RD MS E33,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ONLINE INC PI WILTON PA 462 DANBURY RD, WILTON, CT 06897-2126 SN 0162-4105 J9 DATABASE JI Database PD FEB-MAR PY 1996 VL 19 IS 1 BP 32 EP & PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA TU194 UT WOS:A1996TU19400020 ER PT J AU EberhartPhillips, J Besser, RE Tormey, MP Feikin, D Araneta, MR Wells, J Kilman, L Rutherford, GW Griffin, PM Baron, R Mascola, L AF EberhartPhillips, J Besser, RE Tormey, MP Feikin, D Araneta, MR Wells, J Kilman, L Rutherford, GW Griffin, PM Baron, R Mascola, L TI An outbreak of cholera from food served on an international aircraft SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE AB In February 1992, an outbreak of cholera occurred among persons who had flown on a commercial airline flight from South America to Los Angeles. This study was conducted to determine the magnitude and the cause of the outbreak. Passengers were interviewed and laboratory specimens were collected to determine the magnitude of the outbreak. A case-control study was performed to determine the vehicle of infection. Seventy-five of the 336 passengers in the United States had cholera; 10 were hospitalized and one died. Cold seafood salad, served between Lima, Peru and Los Angeles, California, was the vehicle of infection (odds ratio, 11.6; 95 % confidence interval, 3.3-44.5). This was the largest airline-associated outbreak of cholera ever reported and demonstrates the potential for airline-associated spread of cholera from epidemic areas to other parts of the world. Physicians should obtain a travel history and consider cholera in patients with diarrhoea who have travelled from cholera-affected countries. This outbreak also highlights the risks associated with eating cold foods prepared in cholera-affected countries. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD SERV,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA 90012. CTY LOS ANGELES DEPT HLTH SERV,ACUTE COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL UNIT,LOS ANGELES,CA 90012. CTY LOS ANGELES DEPT HLTH SERV,PUBL HLTH LABS,LOS ANGELES,CA. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,PREVENT SERV,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. NR 12 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 116 IS 1 BP 9 EP 13 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA UF370 UT WOS:A1996UF37000002 PM 8626007 ER PT J AU Wilcox, LS Kiely, JL Melvin, CL Martin, MC AF Wilcox, LS Kiely, JL Melvin, CL Martin, MC TI Assisted reproductive technologies: Estimates of their contribution to multiple births and newborn hospital days in the United States SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Article DE assisted reproductive technology; multiple gestation; length of stay ID TRIPLET PREGNANCIES; QUADRUPLET PREGNANCIES; MANAGEMENT; INFERTILITY; TRENDS; MORTALITY AB Objective: Estimate the contribution of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in the United States to multiple gestation births and newborn hospital days. Design: Analysis of successful ART conceptions occurring during 1990 to 1991 compared with vital statistics. Newborn hospital days are estimated from the 1990 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Setting: The American Fertility Society and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry. Patients: Infants delivered from ART. Interventions: Assisted reproductive technology. Main Outcome Measures: Number of multiple gestation infants and newborn hospital days. Results: Approximately 12,327 live-born infants were delivered from ART conceptions during 1990 to 1991, representing 22.2% of all live-born triplet, 17.3% of quadruplet, and 11.4% of quintuplet infants born in the United States. The number of newborn hospital days attributed to ART infants was 87,135 days. Between the periods 1972 through 1974 and 1990 through 1991, the rate of triplet and higher order multiple gestation infants per 100,000 white live births increased by 191%, with 38% due to ART conceptions and 30% to increased childbearing among older women. Conclusions: Assisted reproductive technology contributed 22% of U.S. triplet and higher order multiple births during 1990 to 1991. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL & REPROD SCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. RP Wilcox, LS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 25 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE PI BIRMINGHAM PA 1209 MONTGOMERY HIGHWAY, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35216-2809 SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 65 IS 2 BP 361 EP 366 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA TT574 UT WOS:A1996TT57400024 PM 8566263 ER PT J AU Steen, R Soliman, C Bucyana, S Dallabetta, G AF Steen, R Soliman, C Bucyana, S Dallabetta, G TI Partner referral as a component of integrated sexually transmitted disease services in two Rwandan towns SO GENITOURINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE STD; Rwanda; partner referral ID NIGERIA; IBADAN; STD AB Objective: To document partner referral rates at health centres with improved STD services, and to determine factors contributing to successful referral. Methods: Partner referral was initiated as part of the upgrading of STD services in primary care health facilities in two semi-urban Rwanda towns. After syndromic management of the presenting complaint, index patients received prevention education and condom demonstration, and were urged to refer sexual partners to the health centre for a free examination. Partner referral coupons linked by code number to the symptomatic index patient were given to facilitatate referral; no identifying information was collected on partners from the index patients. Results: Three quarters of the symptomatic patients seen at the two primary health care facilities were women. Overall, the ratio of referred partners to index patients was 26%. Only 58% of index patients accepted partner referral coupons. The referral rate for those who did accept coupons was 45%. Partner referral worked best for regular partners. Most index patients and partners were married and only four index patients referred more than one partner. Women index patients, especially when pregnant, were more successful in referring partners than men. Index patients who referred partners tended to be older than those who did not. Awareness of STD symptoms in the partner, and diagnosis of cervicitis were associated with a higher rate of partner referral. Conclusions: Efforts to improve rates of partner referral should begin at the clinic level with improved counselling to convince more index patients of the importance of partner referral. Partner symptom recognition may be useful for increasing rates of partner referral. Supplementary strategies are needed to reach non-regular partners. When syndromic management is used, counselling should take into account the lower predictive values of identifying STD in women in order to avoid partner accusation. Despite limitations, patient referral of sexual partners can be an effective strategy for reaching a population at high risk for STD with minimal additional investment in health worker staff time. C1 CDCP,ATLANTA,GA. RP Steen, R (reprint author), FAMILY HLTH INT,AIDSCAP,POB 13950,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0266-4348 J9 GENITOURIN MED JI Genitourin. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1 BP 56 EP 59 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Urology & Nephrology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Urology & Nephrology GA TW479 UT WOS:A1996TW47900014 PM 8655169 ER PT J AU Ellish, NJ Saboda, K OConnor, J Nasca, PC Stanek, EJ Boyle, C AF Ellish, NJ Saboda, K OConnor, J Nasca, PC Stanek, EJ Boyle, C TI A prospective study of early pregnancy loss SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE chorionic gonadotrophins; pregnancy; prospective studies; spontaneous abortion ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; EARLY FETAL LOSS; WOMEN AB The New York State Early Pregnancy Detection Study was a prospective study of early pregnancy loss, between implantation and menses, in 217 women attempting to become pregnant during 1989-1992. Women collected urine samples on three consecutive mornings during the late luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, for up to 12 cycles, contributing samples for 1253 menstrual cycles, Urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), measured using an immunoradiometric assay, was the biomarker for pregnancy. We observed a range of early pregnancy loss (EPL) rates, from a low estimate of 11.0% to a high estimate of 26.9%, depending on the definition used and the subgroup analysed, Based on a definition of 3 days of HCG concentration greater than or equal to 4.00 pmol/l, 2 days greater than or equal to 5.33 pmol/l or the last day of HCG greater than or equal to 6.67 pmol/l, we identified 115 positive cycles; 95 cycles were clinically confirmed pregnancies and 20 cycles were EPL, giving an EPL, rate of 17.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 11.0-25.6]. Tn addition, we observed an EPL rate of 19.5% (95% CI 11.3-30.1) for samples collected within a 15 day window around menses, and a rate of 20.3% (95% CI 11.3-32.2) for samples limited to the first three menstrual cycles, Because studies use urine collection schemes other than daily sampling, the definition of pregnancy will be crucial in defining EPL. C1 NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,ALBANY,NY 12237. COLUMBIA UNIV,IRVING CTR CLIN RES,NEW YORK,NY 10032. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,SCH PUBL HLTH,AMHERST,MA 01003. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,DEV DISABIL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 18 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 406 EP 412 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA UB070 UT WOS:A1996UB07000038 PM 8671233 ER PT J AU Simon, JA Fong, J Bernert, JT AF Simon, JA Fong, J Bernert, JT TI Serum fatty acids and blood pressure SO HYPERTENSION LA English DT Article DE blood pressure; diet; fatty acids ID MIDDLE-AGED MEN; INTERVENTION TRIAL MRFIT; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; RISK-FACTORS; PLATELETS AB To examine the relation between serum fatty acids and blood pressure, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 156 men who were enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. After confirming the stability of the stored serum samples, we measured serum fatty acid levels by gas-liquid chromatography and examined their association with blood pressure. Using stepwise linear regression, we determined that each SD increase (1.9%) in the serum level of cholesterol ester palmitoleic acid (16:1) was associated with a systolic pressure increase of 3.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 5.6 mm Hg) and each SD increase (0.1%) in phospholipid omega 9 eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) was associated with a diastolic pressure increase of 1.7 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 2.9 mm Hg). Serum level of cholesterol ester stearic acid (18:0) was inversely associated with diastolic pressure: each SD increase (0.2%) was associated with a decrease of 1.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -2.5 to -0.2 mm Hg). In multivariate models that included dietary fat intake, cholesterol ester dihomogammalinolenic acid (20:3) was also associated with diastolic pressure: each SD increase (0.16%) was associated with an increase of 1.2 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 2.4 mm Hg). Our results indicate that three nonessential fatty acids-stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, and omega 9 eicosatrienoic acid, and one essential fatty acid-dihomogammalinolenic acid, are independent correlates of blood pressure among middle-aged American men at high risk of coronary heart disease. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,DIV CLIN EPIDEMIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,CLIN BIOCHEM BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Simon, JA (reprint author), VET ADM MED CTR,GEN INTERNAL MED SECT,MED SERV,4150 CLEMENT ST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94121, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-32338-03] NR 31 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0194-911X J9 HYPERTENSION JI Hypertension PD FEB PY 1996 VL 27 IS 2 BP 303 EP 307 PG 5 WC Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TV151 UT WOS:A1996TV15100021 PM 8567056 ER PT J AU Hajjeh, RA Ampel, NM AF Hajjeh, RA Ampel, NM TI Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis in persons with HIV infection SO INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; VIRUS INFECTION; AIDS; FLUCONAZOLE; DIAGNOSIS; FEATURES; RELAPSE; AREA C1 UNIV ARIZONA,MED CTR,ARIZONA HLTH SCI CTR,VET ADM MED CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85723. UNIV ARIZONA,MED CTR,DEPT MED,TUCSON,AZ 85723. RP Hajjeh, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1056-9103 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN PRAC JI Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2 BP 126 EP 129 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX441 UT WOS:A1996TX44100012 ER PT J AU Collins, FH Paskewitz, SM AF Collins, FH Paskewitz, SM TI A review of the use of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to differentiate among cryptic Anopheles species SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; GAMBIAE COMPLEX; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; MOSQUITO; PROBES AB Cryptic species complexes are groups of closely related species that are difficult or impossible to distinguish by morphological traits. These complexes are known from a wide variety of arthropods and are common among the well-studied, medically-important insects, For example, many of the anopheline vectors of malaria parasites are members of cryptic species complexes, Complexes typically include both vector and non-vector species, and two or more member species are often found sympatrically, Until the late 1950s, only two such Anopheles complexes were known, the A. gambiae complex from Africa and the A, maculipennis complex from Europe, Today, dozens of Anopheles cryptic species complexes are recognized, and accumulating evidence suggests that most important malaria vectors are likely to be members of such complexes. A variety of methods have been developed for identifying the species of individual specimens from these complexes, although until recently only those based on species-specific allozymes and polytene chromosome inversions were widely used, The limitations inherent in these methods have been circumvented with DNA-based procedures, which are especially useful because both sexes and all developmental stages can be identified, and DNA can be recovered from samples stored by a wide variety of simple methods, Several DNA-based identification techniques have been developed, including hybridization assays based on species-specific repeat sequences, and diagnostic PCR fragments produced either by the use of random PCR primers or by amplifying DMA with primers based on known species-specific sequences, In this review we discuss the relative merits of different methods of cryptic species identification, with emphasis on the use of ribosomal DNA as a target for species-diagnostic PCR assays. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 55 TC 229 Z9 244 U1 1 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00034.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA TU419 UT WOS:A1996TU41900001 PM 8630529 ER PT J AU GrummerStrawn, LM AF GrummerStrawn, LM TI The effect of changes in population characteristics on breastfeeding trends in fifteen developing countries SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breastfeeding; trends; differentials; developing countries; Demographic and Health Survey; World Fertility Survey ID HEALTH AB Background. Extended breastfeeding is known to benefit the health of children in developing countries and despite widespread expectations of a decline in breastfeeding in these countries, it has been demonstrated that the incidence and duration of breastfeeding are in fact increasing in many countries. Methods. In this paper, trends in breastfeeding duration are examined in 15 developing countries, using data from two comparable surveys for each country, the World Fertility Survey (conducted in the late 1970s) and the Demographic and Health Survey (conducted in the late 1980s), Multivariate regression models are used to examine differentials in breastfeeding behaviour across population subgroups in these countries for each time period, and these differentials are used to determine the extent to which the observed trends are due to changes in population characteristics and to what extent behaviour has changed within population subgroups. Results. Results show that changes in the characteristics of the population have almost universally pushed breastfeeding durations in a downward direction. On the other hand, trends within population subgroups have been positive in all but two of the 15 countries examined. Conclusions. Changes in population characteristics can be expected to continue for most developing countries, exerting a downward pressure on breastfeeding. Policies that promote breastfeeding are needed to counter these changes, especially in the most vulnerable population subgroups. RP GrummerStrawn, LM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR,4770 BUFORD HWY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 94 EP 102 DI 10.1093/ije/25.1.94 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY249 UT WOS:A1996TY24900012 PM 8666510 ER PT J AU Schulte, PA AF Schulte, PA TI Aromatic amine exposure and oesophageal cancer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Schulte, PA (reprint author), NIOSH,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDI,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 226 EP 227 DI 10.1093/ije/25.1.226-a PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY249 UT WOS:A1996TY24900037 PM 8666499 ER PT J AU Escobedo, LG Reddy, M DuRant, RH AF Escobedo, LG Reddy, M DuRant, RH TI Cigarette smoking and health risk and problem behaviors among adolescents in the United States. SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,DIV ADOLESCENT YOUNG ADULT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD FEB PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 122 EP 122 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA TX086 UT WOS:A1996TX08600024 ER PT J AU Santelli, JS Warren, W Lowry, R Sogolow, E Collins, J Kann, L Kaufman, R Celentano, DD AF Santelli, JS Warren, W Lowry, R Sogolow, E Collins, J Kann, L Kaufman, R Celentano, DD TI Use of condoms with contraceptives by adolescent women SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC,DIV ADOLESCENT & SCH HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD FEB PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 146 EP 146 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA TX086 UT WOS:A1996TX08600070 ER PT J AU Barry, AL Fuchs, PC Allen, SD Brown, SD Jorgensen, JH Tenover, FC AF Barry, AL Fuchs, PC Allen, SD Brown, SD Jorgensen, JH Tenover, FC TI In-vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to the d- and l-isomers of ofloxacin: Interpretive criteria and quality control limits SO JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA; CIPROFLOXACIN THERAPY AB The 1-isomer of ofloxacin (levofloxacin) was twice as active as ofloxacin and the d-isomer was inactive against 654 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. For disc susceptibility tests of pneumococci, 5 mu g levofloxacin discs can be used with interpretive criteria of less than or equal to 12 mm for resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 8.0 mg/L) and greater than or equal to 16 mm for susceptible (MIC less than or equal to 2.0 mg/L). For quality control of levofloxacin tests, S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 should give zones 20-25 mm in diameter and MICs 0.5-2.0 mg/L. C1 INDIANA UNIV,MED CTR,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. ST VINCENTS MED CTR,PORTLAND,OR 97225. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Barry, AL (reprint author), CLIN MICROBIOL INST INC,POB 947,TUALATIN,OR 97062, USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7453 J9 J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH JI J. Antimicrob. Chemother. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 37 IS 2 BP 365 EP 369 DI 10.1093/jac/37.2.365 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TX264 UT WOS:A1996TX26400020 PM 8707749 ER PT J AU Carr, JH Anderson, RL Favero, MS AF Carr, JH Anderson, RL Favero, MS TI Comparison of chemical dehydration and critical point drying for the stabilization and visualization of aging biofilm present on interior surfaces of PVC distribution pipe SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; RUTHENIUM RED; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; BACTERIAL ADHERENCE; HEXAMETHYLDISILAZANE; GLYCOCALYX; RESISTANCE; CHEMISTRY; SURVIVAL; DISEASE AB In this study, fixation of attached glycocalyx on the interior surfaces of polyvinyl chloride distribution pipe remnants was compared with and without ruthenium red/osmium tetroxide and, in the final preparatory phase, with chemical dehydration and critical point drying. SEM examination of interior surface of the polyvinyl chloride pipe showed varying concentrations of adherent bacteria, depending on the preparatory technique used. It was concluded that using a combination of ruthenium red/osmium tetroxide and critical point drying is the optimum method for visually demonstrating aging biofilm on the interior surface of contaminated polyvinyl chloride pipe. RP Carr, JH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8847 J9 J APPL BACTERIOL JI J. Appl. Bacteriol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2 BP 225 EP 232 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03214.x PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TU934 UT WOS:A1996TU93400017 PM 8642017 ER PT J AU Nachamkin, I Ung, H Patton, CM AF Nachamkin, I Ung, H Patton, CM TI Analysis of HL and O serotypes of Campylobacter strains by the flagellin gene typing system SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; JEJUNI; INFECTION AB We recently developed a molecular typing system for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter call based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the flagellin gene, flaA (I. Nachamkin, K. Bohachick, and C. W. Patton, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1531-1536, 1993). We extended the typing system to 83 flagellin types (designated flaA-1, flaA-2, etc.) on the basis of analysis of 404 isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli including common serotypes isolated in the United States, a selection of less common serotypes, and serotype reference strains. Of the 295 strains previously shown to belong to common HL and O serotypes (C. M. Patton, M. A. Nicholson, S. M. Ostroff, A. A. Ries, I. K. Wachsmuth, and R. V. Tauxe, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1525-1530, 1993), six flaA types accounted for 53.6% of strains as follows: flaA-1, 21.7%; flaA-7, 14.9%; flaA-27, 5.1%; flaA-49, 4.4%; flaA-13, 3.7%; and flaA-21, 3.7%. Seventy-five percent of the strains were within 15 flaA types, 90% were within 30 flaA types, and all 295 strains,were contained within 52 flaA types. Within each HL or O serotype, there usually were multiple flaA types. For 12 common HL serotypes and 7 common O serotypes, more than 50% of these isolates were a single flaA type. A database was developed by using commercially available restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis software (ProRFLP; DNA ProScan, Inc., Nashville, Tenn.) that should allow other investigators to perform typing with this system. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE DIS LAB SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Nachamkin, I (reprint author), UNIV PENN,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,SCH MED,3400 SPRUCE ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 16 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 277 EP 281 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TQ538 UT WOS:A1996TQ53800008 PM 8789000 ER PT J AU Zheng, HQ Peret, TCT Randolph, VB Crowley, JC Anderson, LJ AF Zheng, HQ Peret, TCT Randolph, VB Crowley, JC Anderson, LJ TI Strain-specific reverse transcriptase PCR assay: Means to distinguish candidate vaccine from wild-type strains of respiratory syncytial virus SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBGROUP-A; G-GLYCOPROTEIN; RELATEDNESS; DIVERSITY AB Candidate live-virus vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus are being developed and are beginning to be evaluated in clinical trials. To distinguish candidate vaccine strains from wild-type strains isolated during these trials, we developed PCR assays specific to two sets of candidate vaccine strains, The two sets were a group A strain (3A), its three attenuated, temperature-sensitive variant strains, a group B strain (2B), and its four attenuated, temperature-sensitive variant strains, The PCR assays were evaluated by testing 18 group A wild-type strains, the 3A strains, 9 group B wild-type strains, and the 2B strains, PCR specific to group A wild-type strains amplified only group wild-type strains, and 3A-specific PCR amplified only 3A strains, PCR specific to group B wild-type strains amplified all group A and group B strains but gave a 688-bp product for group B wild-type strains, a 279-bp product for 2B strains, a 547-hp product for all group A strains, and an additional 688-bp product for some group A strains, including 3A strains. These types of PCR assays can, in conjunction with other methods, be used to efficiently distinguish candidate vaccine strains from other respiratory syncytial virus strains. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RESP & ENTER VIRUS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. LEDERLE PRAXIS BIOL,PEARL RIVER,NY 10965. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 334 EP 337 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TQ538 UT WOS:A1996TQ53800018 PM 8789010 ER PT J AU Schuster, FL Visvesvara, GS AF Schuster, FL Visvesvara, GS TI Axenic growth and drug sensitivity studies of Balamuthia mandrillaris, an agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and other animals SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEPTOMYXID-AMEBA; ENCEPHALITIS; CULTURE; AIDS AB A cell-free growth medium for the opportunistic pathogenic ameba Balamuthia, mandrillaris is presented. This represents an advance over the use of monkey kidney cells for growth df the amebas and can be helpful in isolation of these amebas from brain tissue from cases in which amebic meningoencephalitis is a diagnostic possibility, as well as for biochemical and molecular biological studies. Three isolates of Balamuthia have been cultured in this medium. The cell-free growth system was also used to screen cultures for sensitivity to a variety of antimicrobial agents. Of the various drugs tested, pentamidine isethionate was most effective against amebas (ca. 90% inhibition after 6 days of exposure), but the drug was amebastatic and not amebacidal in the axenic system at the highest concentration tested (10 mu g/ml). C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Schuster, FL (reprint author), CUNY BROOKLYN COLL,DEPT BIOL,2900 BEDFORD AVE,BROOKLYN,NY 11210, USA. NR 10 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 385 EP 388 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TQ538 UT WOS:A1996TQ53800028 PM 8789020 ER PT J AU Ramachandran, M Das, BK Vij, A Kumar, R Bhambal, SS Kesari, N Rawat, H Bahl, L Thakur, S Woods, PA Glass, RI Bhan, MK Gentsch, JR AF Ramachandran, M Das, BK Vij, A Kumar, R Bhambal, SS Kesari, N Rawat, H Bahl, L Thakur, S Woods, PA Glass, RI Bhan, MK Gentsch, JR TI Unusual diversity of human rotavirus G and P genotypes in India SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEROTYPES; DIARRHEA; SEQUENCE; GENE AB Between April and December 1993, we determined P and G genotypes of group A rotavirus strains obtained from children admitted to diarrhea treatment centers in five Indian cities. From a total of 63 rotavirus-positive specimens, we identified 10 different strains with five different G genotypes and four distinct P types by using reverse transcription-PCR. The common worldwide strains, G(1)P(8), G(2)P(4), G(3)P(8), and G(4)P(8) were underrepresented among Indian children (33%), whereas strains of P type 6 (G(1)P(6), G(2)P(6), G(3)P(6), G(4)P(6), and G(9)P(6)), which primarily infect asymptomatic newborns but are rare in children with diarrhea were common in India (43%). Of these, G(9)P(6), a strain not previously reported to be found in children with diarrhea, was the most prevalent (22%). Eleven percent of the strains were nontypeable, and another 11% of the specimens had mixed infections. Using digoxigenin-labeled, genotype-specific hybridization probes, we confirmed all G(9) strains and mixed infections tested and identified three nontypeable strains (one G(9) and two P-8). The epidemiological significance of G(9) rotavirus strains, if confirmed in other settings, may have important implications for vaccine development. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. ALL INDIA INST MED SCI, DEPT PEDIAT, NEW DELHI, INDIA. ALL INDIA INST MED SCI, DEPT MICROBIOL, NEW DELHI, INDIA. INDIRA GANDHI MED COLL, DEPT PEDIAT, BHOPAL, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA. JJ MED COLL, BAPUJI CHILD HLTH INST & RES CTR, DAVENGERE, INDIA. GOVT MED COLL, DEPT PEDIAT, NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA. INDIRA GANDHI MED COLL, SIMLA, INDIA. KING GEORGE MED COLL, DEPT PEDIAT, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA. NR 18 TC 211 Z9 216 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 EI 1098-660X J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 436 EP 439 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TQ538 UT WOS:A1996TQ53800041 PM 8789033 ER PT J AU Skeen, MJ Miller, MA Shinnick, TM Ziegler, HK AF Skeen, MJ Miller, MA Shinnick, TM Ziegler, HK TI Regulation of murine macrophage IL-12 production - Activation of macrophages in vivo, restimulation in vitro, and modulation by other cytokines SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL STIMULATORY FACTOR; INTERFERON-GAMMA-PRODUCTION; CD4+ T-CELLS; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; HEAT-SHOCK; LYMPHOCYTE-T; INTERLEUKIN-12; INDUCTION; PROTEINS; IDENTIFICATION AB IL-12 is important in the host response to a variety of pathogens. It plays an adjuvant-like role in an initial immune response as well as a therapeutic role in established infections. Despite its well documented importance, comparatively little is known about the regulation of IL-12 production, in this study, we examined IL-12 production by cultured murine peritoneal macrophages from two perspectives: 1) macrophage activation in vivo, and 2) stimulation of IL-12 secretion in vitro. Macrophages were maximally activated within 48 h in vivo during infection with Listeria. Interestingly, although avirulent or heat-killed Listeria induced only minimal production of IL-12 by macrophages, the immunogenic combination of heat-killed bacteria and rIL-12 was highly stimulatory for IL-12 production. LPS and peritoneal inflammatory agents were also stimulatory, but latex beads were ineffective, indicating that microbial components were essential and phagocytosis alone was insufficient. Restimulation in vitro revealed similar patterns, in that infection and LPS were stimulatory but latex beads were not. A systematic survey of potential stimulatory agents showed that microbial heat shock proteins, crude bacterial extracts, bacterial superantigens, a yeast extract, and dsRNA induced IL-12 in vitro. Other cytokines also influenced IL-12 induction. IFN-gamma, which is up-regulated during infection, acted in synergy with other stimuli, suggesting an amplification loop for IL-12 production, whereas IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-beta were inhibitory, The existence of a broad range of stimuli from a wide variety of pathogenic organisms underscores the fundamental importance of IL-12 in host defense. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,ROLLINS RES CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI-20215, F32 AI-09051, R01 AI-25132] NR 54 TC 200 Z9 202 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD FEB 1 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 3 BP 1196 EP 1206 PG 11 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA TR327 UT WOS:A1996TR32700041 PM 8557998 ER PT J AU Blumberg, HM Stephens, DS Modansky, M Erwin, M Elliot, J Facklam, RR Schuchat, A Baughman, W Farley, MM AF Blumberg, HM Stephens, DS Modansky, M Erwin, M Elliot, J Facklam, RR Schuchat, A Baughman, W Farley, MM TI Invasive group B streptococcal disease: The emergence of serotype V SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; METROPOLITAN ATLANTA; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMOSOMAL DNA; POLYSACCHARIDE; INFECTIONS; INFANTS; ADULTS AB Group B streptococci (GBS) cause invasive disease in neonates, pregnant adults, and nonpregnant adults with underlying or chronic disease. Previous studies found capsular serotypes Ia, Ib, II, and III cause invasive disease. Prospective population-based surveillance of invasive GBS disease was done from June 1992 to June 1993 in metropolitan Atlanta: 279 patients had invasive disease. Of these, 43% were less than or equal to 6 months old, and 57% were adults. The incidence among all adults was 7.7/100,000/year, 33% higher than in 1989-1990 (P < .01); the incidence in nonpregnant adults was 5.9/100,000/year, 37% higher than in 1989-1990 (P < .02). Serotyping of 178 patient isolates revealed that 34% had GBS serotype Ia or Ia/c, 8% had Ib/c, 6% had II or II/c, 29% had III, 0% had IV, 21% had V, and 2% were nontypeable. Serotype V was recovered from all groups and was the most common serotype from nonpregnant adults. Serotype V isolates appeared to be highly related genetically. The increasing incidence of GBS disease in adults, the changing distribution of serotypes, and the emergence of serotype V will impact vaccine strategies. C1 VET ADM MED CTR,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Blumberg, HM (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV INFECT DIS,DEPT MED,69 BUTLER ST SE,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 50 TC 143 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 173 IS 2 BP 365 EP 373 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TT665 UT WOS:A1996TT66500012 PM 8568297 ER PT J AU Reichler, MR Rakovsky, J Slacikova, M Hlavacova, B Krajcikova, L Tarina, P Sobotova, A Facklam, RR Breiman, RF AF Reichler, MR Rakovsky, J Slacikova, M Hlavacova, B Krajcikova, L Tarina, P Sobotova, A Facklam, RR Breiman, RF TI Spread of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among hospitalized children in Slovakia SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DAY-CARE-CENTER; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; PNEUMOCOCCI; PENICILLIN; OUTBREAK; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTIONS; ORGANISMS; FAMILIES; HUNGARY AB A multidrug-resistant serotype 14 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from sterile-site specimens and nasopharyngeal secretions from > 200 children in Slovakia between 1985 and 1990, Nasopharyngeal culture surveys were done to determine the extent of spread and means of transmission of this strain. The resistant strain was isolated from cultures of 8 (33.0%) of 24 children at hospital A and from 1 (0.8%) of 130 children attending outpatient clinics or day care centers (P < .001), One-quarter of the initially uncolonized children at hospital A acquired the resistant strain during hospitalization. Among hospitalized children, frequent antimicrobial drug use (P < .01), prior hospitalization (P < .005), and length of hospital stay (P < .001) were associated with infection with the resistant strain, These findings support limiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug use and nonessential hospitalizations in settings where drug-resistant pneumococci are prevalent, Development of a pneumococcal vaccine that is immunogenic in young children is urgently needed. C1 CDC,NCID,DBMD,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NATL INST HYG & EPIDEMIOL,BRATISLAVA,SLOVAKIA. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 173 IS 2 BP 374 EP 379 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TT665 UT WOS:A1996TT66500013 PM 8568298 ER PT J AU Spinola, SM Orazi, A Arno, JN Fortney, K Kotylo, P Chen, CY Campagnari, AA Hood, AF AF Spinola, SM Orazi, A Arno, JN Fortney, K Kotylo, P Chen, CY Campagnari, AA Hood, AF TI Haemophilus ducreyi elicits a cutaneous infiltrate of CD4 cells during experimental human infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSE; GENITAL ULCER DISEASE; HLA-DR EXPRESSION; HEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; LESIONS; KERATINOCYTES; LEPROSY; LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE AB Human subjects were experimentally infected with Haemophilus ducreyi for up to 2 weeks, Bacterial suspensions were delivered into the epidermis and dermis through puncture wounds made by an allergy-testing device. Subjects developed papular lesions that evolved into pustules resembling natural disease, Some papular lesions resolved spontaneously, indicating that host responses may clear infection. Bacteria were shed intermittently from lesions, suggesting that H. ducreyi may be transmissible before ulceration, Host responses to infection consisted primarily of cutaneous infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Langerhans cells, macrophages, and CD4 T cells of alpha beta lineage, Expression of HLA-DR by keratinocytes was associated with the presence of interferon-gamma mRNA in the skin. There was little evidence for humoral or peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to bacterial antigens, The cutaneous infiltrate of CD4 cells and macrophages provides a mechanism that facilitates transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by H. ducreyi. C1 INDIANA UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT DERMATOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT LAB MED,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT MED,BUFFALO,NY. SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT MICROBIOL,BUFFALO,NY. RP Spinola, SM (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV,DEPT MED,435 EMERSON HALL,545 BARNHILL DR,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-27863, AI-31494, AI-30006] NR 44 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 173 IS 2 BP 394 EP 402 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TT665 UT WOS:A1996TT66500016 PM 8568301 ER PT J AU Barbour, AG Maupin, GO Teltow, GJ Carter, CJ Piesman, J AF Barbour, AG Maupin, GO Teltow, GJ Carter, CJ Piesman, J TI Identification of an uncultivable Borrelia species in the hard tick Amblyomma americanum: Possible agent of a Lyme disease-like illness SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IXODES-SCAPULARIS; BURGDORFERI SPIROCHAETALES; DERMACENTOR-VARIABILIS; POTENTIAL VECTOR; ACARI; IXODIDAE; TRANSMISSION; SPIROCHETE AB Bites from the hard tick Amblyomma americanum are associated with a Lyme disease-like illness in the southern United States, To identify possible etiologic agents for this disorder, A. americanum ticks were collected in Missouri, Texas, New Jersey, and New York and examined microscopically. Uncultivable spirochetes were present in similar to 2% of the ticks. Borrelia genus-specific oligonucleotides for the flagellin and 16S rRNA genes were used for amplification of DNA. Products were obtained from ticks containing spirochetes by microscopy but not from spirochete-negative ticks, Sequences of partial genes from spirochetes in Texas and New Jersey ticks differed by only 2 of 641 nucleotides for flagellin and 2 of 1336 nucleotides for 16S rRNA, Phylogenetic analysis showed that the spirochete was a Borrelia species distinct from previously characterized members of this genus, including Borrelia burgdorferi. Gene amplification could be used to detect these spirochetes in ticks and possible mammalian hosts. C1 UNIV TEXAS,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,BUR LABS,AUSTIN,TX 78756. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Barbour, AG (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284, USA. RI Barbour, Alan/B-3160-2009 OI Barbour, Alan/0000-0002-0719-5248 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-24424] NR 34 TC 225 Z9 233 U1 0 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 173 IS 2 BP 403 EP 409 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TT665 UT WOS:A1996TT66500017 PM 8568302 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Polezhaev, F Vasiljeva, R Drinevsky, V Buffington, J Gary, H Sominina, A Keitel, W Regnery, H Lonskaya, NL Doroshenko, E Gavrilov, A Ivakhov, I Arden, N Schonberger, LB Couch, R Kendal, A Cox, N AF Khan, AS Polezhaev, F Vasiljeva, R Drinevsky, V Buffington, J Gary, H Sominina, A Keitel, W Regnery, H Lonskaya, NL Doroshenko, E Gavrilov, A Ivakhov, I Arden, N Schonberger, LB Couch, R Kendal, A Cox, N TI Comparison of US inactivated split-virus and Russian live attenuated, cold-adapted trivalent influenza vaccines in Russian schoolchildren SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB In a blinded, placebo-controlled study, the reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of single doses of US inactivated split-virus and Russian live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines were compared in 555 schoolchildren in Vologda, Russia. Serial serum samples were collected and school absenteeism was assessed. Systemic reactions were rare, but local reactions (primarily erythema at the injection site) were observed in 27% of the inactivated vaccine group, and coryza (12%) and sore throat (8%) were observed in the attenuated vaccine group, At 4 weeks after vaccination, a greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in titer of hemagglutination inhibition antibody to A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B was noted, respectively, among 78%, 88%, and 53% of children who received inactivated vaccine and among 55%, 79%, and 30% of children who received attenuated vaccine. The vaccine efficacy for preventing school absenteeism due to acute respiratory illness during the period of peak influenza activity was 56% for inactivated vaccine and 47% for attenuated vaccine. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,ACUTE RESP DIS UNIT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. INFLUENZA RES INST,ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. TARASYEVICH CONTROL BIOL PROD STATE INST,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. RP Khan, AS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MAILSTOP A-26,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 13 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 173 IS 2 BP 453 EP 456 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TT665 UT WOS:A1996TT66500025 PM 8568310 ER PT J AU Banatvala, N Magnano, AR Cartter, ML Barrett, TJ Bibb, WF Vasile, LL Mshar, P LambertFair, MA Green, JH Bean, NH Tauxe, RV AF Banatvala, N Magnano, AR Cartter, ML Barrett, TJ Bibb, WF Vasile, LL Mshar, P LambertFair, MA Green, JH Bean, NH Tauxe, RV TI Meat grinders and molecular epidemiology: Two supermarket outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Between 23 June and 15 July 1994, 21 cases (19 primary and 2 secondary) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection were identified in the Bethel, Connecticut, area, Three pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns from 15 isolates (I, n = 13; II, n = 2; and III, n = 1) were observed. A case-control study that excluded secondary cases and patients with PFGE II and III patterns (n = 16) demonstrated that consumption of food from one supermarket was associated with illness (15/16 cases vs, 31/47 geographically matched controls, odds ratio [OR] undefined, lower 95% confidence interval OR = 1.45, P = .018), No one food was associated with illness, Inspection of the supermarket revealed deficiencies in hygiene and meat handling practices. The 2 cases with PFGE II ate raw beef and raw lamb from a second supermarket, These outbreaks demonstrate the value of PFGE in supporting epidemiologic investigations and the potential for outbreaks arising from retail outlets. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,HARTFORD,CT. CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,BETHEL,CT. NR 8 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 173 IS 2 BP 480 EP 483 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TT665 UT WOS:A1996TT66500032 PM 8568317 ER PT J AU Hankinson, JL Kinsley, KB Wagner, GR AF Hankinson, JL Kinsley, KB Wagner, GR TI Comparison of spirometric reference values for Caucasian and African American blue-collar workers SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LUNG-FUNCTION AB Interpretation of lung-function test results, specifically the forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second generally involves the comparison of these parameters with reference values based on an individual's age, height, sex, and race. Such comparisons are often used to make important decisions concerning an individual, such as job placement or disability rating. Several studies(1,2,3) have shown that predicted values for African Americans are approximately 15% less than those for Caucasians, most likely because of the use of standing height to estimate the sire of the thorax. When an adjustment for race is applied to reference values based on a Caucasian population, a single value (15%) is usually applied to all individuals.(4,5) When using a group of blue-collar workers (766 Caucasian and 633 African-American subjects) without any race adjustment, 10.2% of the Caucasians and 37.4% of the African-American subjects were below the lower limit of normal. When a single adjustment factor was used, 11.5% of the African-American szcbjects were below the lower limit of normal. Between-subject variability within an ethnic group was far greater than variability between groups. Our results suggest that although a difference between Caucasian and African-American test results for forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second exists, an application of a single adjustment factor universally applied to all individuals, regardless of their age, sex, and height, is not optimal, and alternative approaches are needed. RP Hankinson, JL (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV RESP DIS STUDIES,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1095 WILLOWDALE RD,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 38 IS 2 BP 137 EP 143 DI 10.1097/00043764-199602000-00011 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TY108 UT WOS:A1996TY10800007 PM 8673518 ER PT J AU Dawson, JE Warner, CK Baker, V Ewing, SA Stallknecht, DE Davidson, WR Kocan, AA Lockhart, JM Olson, JG AF Dawson, JE Warner, CK Baker, V Ewing, SA Stallknecht, DE Davidson, WR Kocan, AA Lockhart, JM Olson, JG TI Ehrlichia-like 16S rDNA sequence from wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AGENT AB The reservoir hosts of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis are unknown. Initially, white-tailed deer (WTD) were serologically implicated as possible reservoirs of E. chaffeensis. Subsequent studies showed that WTD were susceptible to infection with E. chaffeensis and that deer-to-deer transmission by a tick vector, Amblyomma americanum, is possible under experimental conditions. To determine if wild WTD were infected with E. chaffeensis, whole blood was collected from 10 deer from Oklahoma and Georgia. All 10 deer had antibodies reactive to E. chaffeensis. Whereas E. chaffeensis was not isolated, restriction enzyme mapping and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene revealed that a unique Ehrlichia-like agent was present. All 10 deer appeared to be infected with the same agent. We suspect that A. americanum is the vector of this new agent based upon the previously published temporal association between the appearance of E. chaffeensis seropositive WTD and A. americanum. However, the taxonomic and antigenic relationships, geographic distribution, epidemiology, and zoonotic potential of this agent are yet to be determined. RP Dawson, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 11 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 52 EP 58 DI 10.2307/3284115 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700010 PM 8627501 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Niezgoda, M Rupprecht, CE AF Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Niezgoda, M Rupprecht, CE TI A Sarcocystis neurona-like organism associated with encephalitis in a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; DISTEMPER VIRUS-INFECTION; RACCOON PROCYON-LOTOR AB A Sarcocystis neurona-like organism was associated with granulomatous encephalitis in an ataxic male juvenile striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) from Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Various stages of schizonts and merozoites of S. neurona were seen within some of the granulomata. C1 UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,NEW BOLTON CTR,KENNETT SQ,PA 19348. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 172 EP 174 DI 10.2307/3284135 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700030 PM 8627490 ER PT J AU Marley, SE Lammie, PJ Eberhard, ML AF Marley, SE Lammie, PJ Eberhard, ML TI Immunopurification and measurement of IgE in serum samples from bancroftian filariasis patients SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSES; IGG4 SUBCLASS; B-CELLS; ANTIBODIES; PARASITE; INTERLEUKIN-4; QUANTITATION; TRANSCRIPTS; METHODOLOGY; EXPRESSION AB Patent infection with Wuchereria bancrofti is associated with increased levels of filaria-specific IgG4 and IgE. In vitro quantification of filaria-specific IgE is hampered by its small proportion in serum relative to other isotypes and by potential competition with IgG4 for the same epitopes on parasite antigens. To determine if IgG4 or other isotypes inhibit the detection of parasite-specific IgE, total IgE was affinity purified prior to filaria-specific IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Briefly, anti-human IgE mouse monoclonal antibody 6H10 was coupled to Affigel, and 50 mu l of patient serum was incubated on microcolumns for 16 hr. Total IgE was eluted with 25 mM triethylamine (pH 11.2) and levels of total and filaria-specific IgE and total IgG4 were assessed in the filtrates and eluates. Sera from 14 patients with W. bancrofti microfilaremia (Mf(+)) and 17 amicrofilaremic patients with chronic pathology (CP) were assayed. Filtrates and eluates were devoid of IgE and IgG4, respectively. The average yield of total IgE in the eluates was 70% (SEM = 6.5; range 21-100%) of that measured in the serum. Antifilarial IgE levels in column eluates were significantly higher in serum samples from CP patients than Mf(+) patients. Antibody inhibition of IgE was assessed by comparing the levels of anti-filarial IgE detected in eluates and serum. Evidence for antibody-mediated inhibition of IgE detection was obtained with 2/2 samples from Indian tropical pulmonary eosinophilia patients, but only 2/14 and 4/17 Mf(+) and CP patients, respectively. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ZOOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Marley, SE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 178 EP 181 DI 10.2307/3284138 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700033 PM 8627493 ER PT J AU Williamson, DF AF Williamson, DF TI ''Weight cycling'' and mortality: How do the epidemiologists explain the role of intentional weight loss? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE body weight; dieting; intentional weight loss; mortality; weight cycling; weight fluctuation ID RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; BODY-WEIGHT; VARIABILITY; LONGEVITY; OBESITY; HEALTH; ADULTS; WRESTLERS; BENEFITS AB In the past 5 years, four prospective, epidemiologic studies of ''weight cycling'' found that mortality is higher for persons with unstable body weight than for persons whose body weight is relatively stable [1-3,5]. These findings have generated considerable interest and controversy in both the scientific community and the lay press because of the belief that the weight fluctuations were caused by intentional weight loss. None of these studies, however, collected information that would indicate whether the weight changes were intentional or unintentional. This review examines the reasons given by the authors of these studies to support the inference that intentional weight loss caused the increase in mortality. The authors acknowledged that weight loss can be caused by preexisting illness, and they usually made efforts to control for the confounding effects of illness in their analyses. However, they generally concluded that the weight fluctuations resulted from unsuccessful dieting, but no data were presented on the incidence or causes of weight fluctuation in the populations from which the samples were drawn. In none of the studies did the authors recommend that obese persons stop trying to lose weight. The reader is cautioned to await further studies in which intentionality of weight loss is directly assessed before concluding that dieting to reduce weight increases the risk of mortality. RP Williamson, DF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT K10,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 6 EP 13 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TT585 UT WOS:A1996TT58500003 PM 8632117 ER PT J AU Tomar, SL Husten, CG Manley, MW AF Tomar, SL Husten, CG Manley, MW TI Do dentists and physicians advise tobacco users to quit? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; HELPING SMOKERS; UNITED-STATES; INTERVENTION AB To examine dentists' and physicians' effectiveness in advising patients who use tobacco to quit, the authors estimated the percentages of smokers in the United States who visited a dentist or physician in the preceding year, the percentages of those who were advised by their health care provider to quit and the percentages of those who planned to quit smoking. They also estimated the percentage of smokeless tobacco users who were ever advised by their dentist or physician to quit. The results of the study indicate that dentists and physicians may not be maximizing their opportunities to advise their patients who use tobacco to quit, or they are not adequately communicating to their patients the importance of quitting. C1 NCI,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,PUBL HLTH APPLICAT RES BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Tomar, SL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 29 TC 102 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 127 IS 2 BP 259 EP 265 PG 7 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA TU522 UT WOS:A1996TU52200018 PM 8682997 ER PT J AU Brown, DR Croft, JB Anda, RF Barrett, DH Escobedo, LG AF Brown, DR Croft, JB Anda, RF Barrett, DH Escobedo, LG TI Evaluation of smoking on the physical activity and depressive symptoms relationship SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE exercise; cigarette use; tobacco use; distress; mental health; psychological well-being ID FOLLOW-UP; UNITED-STATES; COMMUNITY; HEALTH; POPULATION; CESSATION AB Physical activity is inversely associated with depressive symptoms, and cigarette smoking is positively associated with depressive symptoms. Data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) and the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up study were analyzed to determine whether the relationship between physical activity and self-reported distress (depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) was different for cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (adjusted for age, race, sex, education, alcohol use, and perceived health status) for depressive symptoms (greater than or equal to 16) associated with physical activity and smoking status among 2,054 respondents. At baseline, the odds ratio for depressive symptoms was about 2 times higher for moderately active smokers and nonsmokers, and 3 times higher for low active smokers and nonsmokers, compared with highly active nonsmokers. For 1,132 persons with a low number of depressive symptoms (<16) at baseline, the incidence of depressive symptoms after 7-9 yr of follow-up was about 2 times higher for low/moderately active smokers and nonsmokers than for highly active nonsmokers. The association between physical activity and the prevalence and incidence of depressive symptoms is not significantly modified by smoking status. RP Brown, DR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 233 EP 240 DI 10.1097/00005768-199602000-00012 PG 8 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA TV612 UT WOS:A1996TV61200012 PM 8775159 ER PT J AU Cai, M Whitaker, JS Dole, RM Paine, KL AF Cai, M Whitaker, JS Dole, RM Paine, KL TI Dynamics of systematic errors in the NMC Medium Range Forecast model SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-METEOROLOGICAL-CENTER; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; ROTATIONAL FLOW; CHI-PROBLEM; ATMOSPHERE; REDUCTION; DIAGNOSIS AB A simple error vorticity model is used to study processes contributing to the evolution of the 300-hPa systematic nondivergent Row errors in the National Meteorological Center Medium Range Forecast model (MRF) during the 1992-93 winter season. The error model is forced by two source terms representing, respectively, systematic errors in the irrotational Row and transient eddy vorticity fluxes. The results indicate that the model simulates reasonably well the development of many of the large-scale features of the zonally asymmetric part of the MRF systematic nondivergent Row errors, but it fails to simulate the zonally symmetric portion unless an extra forcing term representing systematic errors in the irrotational flow analyses is included. Two independent methods are employed to estimate the systematic errors in the irrotational Bow analyses. The two estimates are highly correlated, and both indicate that the analyzed irrotational Row in the Tropics is too weak. The magnitude of the estimated analysis errors is of the same order as the difference between the divergence in the 10-day forecasts and the analysis. Globally, systematic errors in the irrotational flow dominate the evolution of nondivergent Bow errors during the first few days of the model integration. Beyond 5-6 days, the extratropical error evolution is determined mainly by the integrated effects of systematic errors in the transient eddy vorticity fluxes. In the extratropics, transients eddy vorticity flux errors appear to be the major factor in producing systematic errors in the zonal mean nondivergent flow. In the Tropics, the rapid development of the zonal mean easterly wind bias is directly related to systematic irrotational Row errors. The authors postulate that early in the forecasts systematic errors in the irrotational Bow associated with deficiencies in parameterized tropical convection force extratropical stationary wave errors, which in turn lead to systematic changes in the midlatitude storm tracks. The transient eddy flux errors associated with the altered storm tracks then feedback positively on the initial stationary wave errors and, after several days, become the dominant source of systematic rotational flow errors. C1 UNIV COLORADO,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. NOAA,ERL,CDC,BOULDER,CO. RP Cai, M (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,CICS,DEPT METEOROL,2213 COMP & SPACE SCI BLDG,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 124 IS 2 BP 265 EP 276 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0265:DOSEIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UB902 UT WOS:A1996UB90200004 ER PT J AU Contrino, J Hair, G Kreutzer, DL Rickles, FR AF Contrino, J Hair, G Kreutzer, DL Rickles, FR TI In situ detection of tissue factor in vascular endothelial cells: Correlation with the malignant phenotype of human breast disease SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-DERIVED POLYPEPTIDE; FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; PERMEABILITY FACTOR; PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; GROWTH-FACTOR; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; CARCINOMA; CANCER AB Expression of tissue factor (TF) in the endothelium has been observed only rarely in human disease and has been thought to be elaborated on the surface of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in vitro as an artifact of tissue culture. Using monoclonal antibodies and a novel probe for functional TF, we have localized TF to the VECs (and tumor cells) within the tumors of seven patients with invasive breast cancer but not in the VECs (or tumor cells) of benign tumors from ten patients with fibrocystic disease of the breast. The potent procoagulant TF was shown to be a marker of the initiation of angiogenesis in human breast cancer. Further evidence that the TF was the demonstration of a similar distribution of cross-linked fibrin only in the VECs of the malignant tumors. We interpret these data as further support for the concept that tumor cells can activate nearby VECs and regulate blood vessel growth in vivo. Large clinical-pathologic studies will be necessary to determine whether TF is a useful marker for the ''switch to the angiogenic phenotype'' in human breast disease and/or correlates with the thromboembolic complications of breast cancer. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS MSD02,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV CONNECTICUT,SCH MED,DEPT MED,FARMINGTON,CT 06032. UNIV CONNECTICUT,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,FARMINGTON,CT 06032. UNIV CONNECTICUT,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,FARMINGTON,CT 06032. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. VET ADM MED CTR,NEWINGTON,CT 06111. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 22202]; NEI NIH HHS [EYE 04131]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 25015] NR 52 TC 447 Z9 466 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1038/nm0296-209 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA TU060 UT WOS:A1996TU06000042 PM 8574967 ER PT J AU Frieden, TR Sterling, TR Simone, PM AF Frieden, TR Sterling, TR Simone, PM TI Tuberculosis in a neighborhood bar SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 KEESLER MED CTR,KEESLER AFB,MS 39534. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Frieden, TR (reprint author), NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 1 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 5 BP 334 EP 334 DI 10.1056/NEJM199602013340517 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TV695 UT WOS:A1996TV69500026 PM 8532044 ER PT J AU Chu, SY Hanson, DL Jones, JL Stetler, H Sorvillo, F Buskin, SE Schulte, J McNaghten, AD Rietmeijer, CA Troxler, S Reynolds, K Coronado, V Martinez, S AF Chu, SY Hanson, DL Jones, JL Stetler, H Sorvillo, F Buskin, SE Schulte, J McNaghten, AD Rietmeijer, CA Troxler, S Reynolds, K Coronado, V Martinez, S TI Pregnancy rates among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DECISIONS AB Objective: To examine pregnancy rates among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: We used data from an ongoing survey of medical records of 3915 women who were 15-44 years of age, infected with HIV, and who received care between January 1990 and August 1994 in more than 90 clinics, hospitals, and private practices in 11 United States cities. Results: At enrollment, 570 (14%) of these women were pregnant. Pregnancy rates at entry varied significantly (P < .05) by age in years (15-19 [47%], 20-24 [30%], 25-29 [18%]; 30-34 [11%]; 35-39 [5%]; 40-44 [2%]); clinical status (with AIDS opportunistic illness [3%], without AIDS opportunistic illness [17%]); and race-ethnicity (white [12%], black [17%], Hispanic [8%], Asian [0%], Native American [30%]) but not by mode of exposure (injecting drug use [10%], heterosexual contact [15%], and blood transfusion [12%]). After enrollment, 5.8% of women became pregnant each year. New pregnancies were significantly less likely to occur among women with an AIDS opportunistic illness (adjusted rate ratio 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-0.6), and significantly more likely to occur among women who were less than 25 years of age (adjusted rate ratio 8.3, 95% CI 5.3-13.2) and who were black (adjusted rate ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1). Among women who were pregnant at enrollment or during observation, 12% were pregnant more than once. Conclusions: High rates of pregnancy at entry to medical care among HIV-infected women stress the importance of counseling and voluntary testing as routine obstetric-gynecologic practice. In some groups, rates of new pregnancies remain high; standard HIV care for women should include family planning services and assurance that if a woman chooses to practice contraception, contraceptives will be available and affordable. C1 US DEPT HHS,PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. NR 14 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 87 IS 2 BP 195 EP 198 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00399-1 PG 4 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA TR530 UT WOS:A1996TR53000007 PM 8559522 ER PT J AU Kendrick, JS Tierney, EF Lawson, HW Strauss, LT Klein, L Atrash, HK AF Kendrick, JS Tierney, EF Lawson, HW Strauss, LT Klein, L Atrash, HK TI Previous cesarean delivery and the risk of ectopic pregnancy SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE OPPORTUNITY; SECTION AB Objective: To determine whether previous cesarean delivery is an independent risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. Methods: We analyzed data collected between October 1988 and August 1990 from a case-control study of ectopic pregnancy among parous, black, non-Hispanic women, 18-44 years old, at a major metropolitan hospital in Georgia. Cases were 138 women with confirmed ectopic pregnancy; controls were 842 women either seeking abortion or delivering an infant. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk while controlling for the effects of potential confounders selected a priori. Results: Adjusted for age, parity, marital status, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, douching, and smoking, the odds ratio was 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.4-1.1), indicating no significant association. Conclusion: We found no evidence of an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy related to previous cesarean delivery. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 87 IS 2 BP 297 EP 301 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00392-4 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA TR530 UT WOS:A1996TR53000027 PM 8559542 ER PT J AU Scott, GB Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Mofenson, LM Pantell, RH Schonberg, SK Sklaire, MW WhitleyWilliams, PN Wilfert, C AF Scott, GB Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Mofenson, LM Pantell, RH Schonberg, SK Sklaire, MW WhitleyWilliams, PN Wilfert, C TI Milk, breast-feeding, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States SO PEDIATRIC AIDS AND HIV INFECTION-FETUS TO ADOLESCENT LA English DT Article ID RISK C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 1045-5418 J9 PEDIATR AIDS HIV INF JI Pediatr. AIDS HIV Infect.-Fetus Adolesc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 58 EP 60 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TZ616 UT WOS:A1996TZ61600009 ER PT J AU Wood, D Halfon, N Pereyra, M Hamlin, JS Grabowsky, M AF Wood, D Halfon, N Pereyra, M Hamlin, JS Grabowsky, M TI Knowledge of the childhood immunization schedule and of contraindications to vaccinate by private and public providers in Los Angeles SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE immunizations; contraindications; immunization schedule; provider knowledge ID MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; CHILDREN AB Background. Missed opportunities to vaccinate occur commonly and contribute to the underimmunization of young children. They are related to provider knowledge of the immunization schedule and contraindications to vaccination. Methods. We surveyed private physicians (n = 50) and public health department physicians and nurses (n = 47). The questionnaire presented two sets of clinical scenarios in which they had to assess what immunizations were due and assess whether there were any contraindications to vaccination. Results. The mean percent correct responses on the immunization schedule questions was 64% (sd = 3.6%) for the private physicians, 71% (so = 4.7%) for the public physicians and 78% (so = 2.8%) for the public nurses (P = 0.04). The mean percent correct responses on the contraindications to vaccinate questions was 73% (so = 5.4%) for public physicians, 58% (so = 3.3%) for private physicians, and 55% (so = 4.7%) for public health nurses (P = 0.02). Conclusions. Our survey shows that providers in the public and private sectors have important deficits in their knowledge of the immunization schedule and the appropriate contraindications to vaccinate which might lead to missed opportunities to vaccinate and low immunization coverage. C1 CEDARS SINAI MED CTR,AHMANSON DEPT PEDIAT,LOS ANGELES,CA 90048. RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90406. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU PHS HHS [200-91-0942] NR 30 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 140 EP 145 DI 10.1097/00006454-199602000-00010 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TV344 UT WOS:A1996TV34400008 PM 8822287 ER PT J AU Grubman, S Simonds, RJ AF Grubman, S Simonds, RJ TI Preventing Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: New guidelines for prophylaxis SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Grubman, S (reprint author), ST VINCENTS HOSP & MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,NEW YORK,NY 10014, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 165 EP 168 DI 10.1097/00006454-199602000-00014 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TV344 UT WOS:A1996TV34400014 PM 8822291 ER PT J AU Pizzo, PA Wilfert, CM AF Pizzo, PA Wilfert, CM TI Perspectives on pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection. SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Pizzo, PA (reprint author), ST VINCENTS HOSP & MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,NEW YORK,NY 10014, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 165 EP 165 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TV344 UT WOS:A1996TV34400013 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Chesney, PJ Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Murray, DL Overall, JC Pickering, LK Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR AF Halsey, NA Chesney, PJ Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Murray, DL Overall, JC Pickering, LK Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR TI The relationship between pertussis vaccine and central nervous system sequelae: Continuing assessment SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID IMMUNIZATION AB Reassessment of the role of whole-cell pertussis vaccine as a cause of permanent neurologic damage is necessitated by the 10-year follow-up of the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES) in Great Britain. The findings of this study demonstrate that infants and young children with serious acute neurologic disorders are at an increased risk of later neurologic impairment or death, irrespective of the initial precipitating event. The results, however, do not establish a causal relationship between pertussis vaccination and chronic neurologic abnormalities. The Academy reaffirms its earlier conclusion that whole-cell pertussis vaccine has not been proven to be a cause of brain damage and continues to recommend pertussis vaccination in accordance with the guidelines in the 1994 Red Book.(1) C1 US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. AMER THORAC SOC,NEW YORK,NY. NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Halsey, NA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1996 VL 97 IS 2 BP 279 EP 281 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TU284 UT WOS:A1996TU28400027 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Chesney, PJ Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Murray, DL Overall, JC Pickering, LK Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR AF Halsey, NA Chesney, PJ Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Marks, MI Murray, DL Overall, JC Pickering, LK Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Berkelman, RL Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR TI Update on tuberculosis skin testing of children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article C1 US FDA, ROCKVILLE, MD 20857 USA. AMER THORAC SOC, NEW YORK, NY USA. NIH, BETHESDA, MD USA. RP CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, WASHINGTON, DC USA. NR 11 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 EI 1098-4275 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1996 VL 97 IS 2 BP 282 EP 284 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TU284 UT WOS:A1996TU28400028 ER PT J AU Phillips, DJ Novinger, MS Evatt, BL Hooper, WC AF Phillips, DJ Novinger, MS Evatt, BL Hooper, WC TI TNF-alpha suppresses IL-1 alpha and IL-6 upregulation of C4b-binding protein in HepG-2 hepatoma cells SO THROMBOSIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE C4b-binding protein; IL-1; IL-6; HepG-2; hepatocyte; TNF ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ACUTE-PHASE PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; COAGULATION; COMPLEMENT; INTERLEUKIN-1; COMPONENT; PLASMA; CHAIN AB C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a regulatory protein involved in the regulation of the classical pathway of complement and the natural anticoagulant pathway. C4BP is synthesized by the liver, a target organ of the IL-6 proinflammatory cytokine. C4BP is an acute-phase protein and its basal levels may increase by as much as 4-fold during an inflammatory response. IL-6 which plays a major role in the modulation of the acute-phase proteins, including C4BP, also has been shown by our group to significantly increase hepatocyte production of the anticoagulant protein, protein S. In this study, we have examined the role of cytokine combinations on the production of the C4BP regulatory protein in the HepG-2 hepatoma cell line and report that IL-1 alpha and IL-6 in combination as well as IL-1 alpha and Oncostatin M (OSM) were approximately additive in the upregulation of C4BP while IL-6 and OSM were not and that TNF-alpha blocked bath IL-1 alpha and IL-6 but not OSM upregulation of C4BP. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT VET MED,KNOXVILLE,TN. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0049-3848 J9 THROMB RES JI Thromb. Res. PD FEB 1 PY 1996 VL 81 IS 3 BP 307 EP 314 DI 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00002-3 PG 8 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TX630 UT WOS:A1996TX63000002 PM 8928088 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC Phillips, DJ Evatt, BL AF Hooper, WC Phillips, DJ Evatt, BL TI TNF-alpha suppresses IL-6 upregulation of protein S in HepG-2 hepatoma cells SO THROMBOSIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE IL-1; IL-6; TNF; thrombosis; HepG-2; protein S ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION; C4B-BINDING PROTEIN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SEPTIC SHOCK; THROMBOTIC DISEASE; BLOOD-COAGULATION; PLASMA-LEVELS; DEFICIENCY; ACTIVATION AB The pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has, in part, been attributed to the impairment of the natural anticoagulant protein C/protein S pathway. DIG, which frequently occurs during sepsis, has been linked to cytokines that can induce or modulate procoagulant activity. Three of these cytokines, IL-1 alpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have been reported to be increased in the early stages of sepsis. In the present study, we have stimulated HepG-2 hepatoma cell cultures with recombinant human IL-la, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and oncostatin M (OSM). The results demonstrated that TNF-alpha, and to a lesser degree, IL-1 alpha, could significantly suppress IL-6 upregulation of protein S, whereas the effects of OSM was only suppressed by the combination of IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha. The combination of IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha also suppressed protein S production below that of control or basal levels. These results indicate that IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha may play important regulatory roles in coagulation. RP Hooper, WC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,MS-D02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0049-3848 J9 THROMB RES JI Thromb. Res. PD FEB 1 PY 1996 VL 81 IS 3 BP 315 EP 326 DI 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00003-5 PG 12 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TX630 UT WOS:A1996TX63000003 PM 8928089 ER PT J AU vanLoon, FPL Clemens, JD Chakraborty, J Rao, MR Kay, BA Sack, DA Yunus, M Ali, M Svennerholm, AM Holmgren, J AF vanLoon, FPL Clemens, JD Chakraborty, J Rao, MR Kay, BA Sack, DA Yunus, M Ali, M Svennerholm, AM Holmgren, J TI Field trial of inactivated oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results from 5 years of follow-up SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE cholera; oral vaccination; Bangladesh ID RURAL BANGLADESH AB To determine the protective efficacy (PE) of three noses of oral B subunit-killed whole cell (BS-WC) or killed whole cell-only (WC) vaccines against cholera, a clinical trial was conducted among 62285 children over 2 years and adult women in rural Bangladesh. During 5 years of follow-up, there were 144 cases of cholera in the BS-WC group (PE=49%; P<0.001), 150 in the WC group (PE=47%; P<0.001), and 283 in the K12 group. Protection by each vaccine was evident only during the first three years of follow-up; long-term protection of young children was observed only against classical but not El Tor cholera; 3-year protection against both cholera biotypes occurred among older persons, but at a higher level against classical cholera. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NICHHD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. UNIV MARYLAND,CTR BIOTECHNOL,BALTIMORE,MD. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. GOTHENBURG UNIV,GOTHENBURG,SWEDEN. RP vanLoon, FPL (reprint author), INT CTR DIARRHOEAL DIS RES,GPO BOX 128,DHAKA 1000,BANGLADESH. RI Ali, Mohammad/E-2365-2017 OI Ali, Mohammad/0000-0003-1410-388X NR 14 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 3 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB PY 1996 VL 14 IS 2 BP 162 EP 166 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00122-H PG 5 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA TY662 UT WOS:A1996TY66200013 PM 8852414 ER PT J AU Aaby, P Samb, B Simondon, F Knudsen, K Seck, AMC Bennett, J Markowitz, L Whittle, H AF Aaby, P Samb, B Simondon, F Knudsen, K Seck, AMC Bennett, J Markowitz, L Whittle, H TI Five year follow-up of morbidity and mortality among recipients of high-titre measles vaccines in Senegal SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine; high titre; measles; measles immunization; Schwarz measles vaccine; vaccine efficacy ID RURAL SENEGAL; TITER; CHILDREN AB At 3-5 years of age, female recipients of Edmonston-Zagreb high-titre (EZ-HT) and Schwarz high-titre (SW-HT) measles vaccine had lower survival rates than female recipients of Schwarz standard measles vaccine (SW-STD) in Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and Haiti. In senegal, the children who received high-titre vaccines have now been followed to the age of 5-7 years to determine whether the difference in mortality persisted, and whether differences in vaccine efficacy were apparent. At this age there was no difference in mortality between female recipients of high-titre and standard titre measles vaccines. There was no indication that high-titre EZ-HT vaccine at 5 months (EZ-HT, 5m) provided suboptimal protection, as vaccine efficacy after exposure was 97% and 95%, respectively, for EZ-HT, 5m and SW-STD, 10m vaccines, whereas SW-HT, 5m vaccine had an efficacy of 81%. The difference in mortality between recipients of high-titre vaccines and SW-STD observed in several studies during the first few years after vaccination may be explained by non-specific beneficial effects of the standard measles vaccine rather than a harmful effect of the high-titre vaccines. C1 ORSTOM,UR MALAD INFECT & PARASITAIRES,DAKAR,SENEGAL. UNIV CHEIKH ANTA DIOP,DAKAR,SENEGAL. TASK FORCE CHILD SURVIVAL & DEV,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MRC LABS,BANJUL,GAMBIA. RP Aaby, P (reprint author), STATENS SERUM INST,DANISH EPIDEMIOL SCI CTR,EPIDEMIOL RES UNIT,COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB PY 1996 VL 14 IS 3 BP 226 EP 229 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00178-4 PG 4 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UD336 UT WOS:A1996UD33600008 PM 8920704 ER PT J AU Redd, SC Kazembe, PN Luby, SP Nwanyanwu, O Hightower, AW Ziba, C Wirima, JJ Chitsulo, L Franco, C Olivar, M AF Redd, SC Kazembe, PN Luby, SP Nwanyanwu, O Hightower, AW Ziba, C Wirima, JJ Chitsulo, L Franco, C Olivar, M TI Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSIS; ANEMIA; INFECTIONS; THERAPY; AFRICA AB Background Identification of children who need antimalarial treatment is difficult in settings where confirmatory laboratory testing is not available, as in much of sub-Saharan Africa. The current national policy in Malawi is to treat all children with fever, usually defined as the mother's report of fever in the child, for presumed malaria. To assess this policy and to find out whether a better clinical case definition could be devised, we studied acutely ill children presenting to two hospital outpatient departments in Malawi. Methods The parent or guardian of each enrolled child (n=1124) was asked a standard series of questions about the symptoms and duration of the child's illness. Each child was examined, axillary and rectal temperatures and blood haemoglobin concentrations were measured, and a giemsa-stained thick smear was examined for malaria parasites. Logistic regression procedures were used to identify clinical predictors of parasitaemia. Findings High temperature (37.7 degrees C or above), nailbed palter, enlarged spleen, and being seen at one of the clinics rather than the other were associated with an increased risk of malaria parasitaemia in univariate analyses. A revised malaria case definition of rectal temperature of 37.7 degrees C or higher, spienomegaly, or nailbed pallor was 85% sensitive in identifying parasitaemic children and 41% specific; the corresponding sensitivity and specificity for the nationally recommended definition that equates mother's history of fever with malaria were 93% and 21%. The revised case definition had 89% sensitivity in identifying parasitaemic children with concentration below g/L and 89% sensitivity in identifying children with parasite density greater than 10 000/mu L, characteristics that indicate a clear need for antimalarial treatment. Interpretation These results suggest that better clinical definitions are feasible, that splenomegaly and pallor are helpful in identifying children with malaria, and that much overtreatment of children without parasitaemia could be avoided. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. KAMUZU CENT HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT,LILONGWE,MALAWI. MALAWI MINIST HLTH,COMMUNITY HLTH SCI UNIT,LILONGWE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,COLL MED,CHICHIRI,MALAWI. NR 26 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 27 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 8996 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90404-3 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TT069 UT WOS:A1996TT06900010 PM 8551881 ER PT J AU Linnen, J Wages, J ZhangKeck, ZY Fry, KE Krawczynski, KZ Alter, H Koonin, E Gallagher, M Alter, M Hadziyannis, S Karayiannis, P Fung, K Nakatsuji, Y Shih, JWK Young, L Piatak, M Hoover, C Fernandez, J Chen, S Zou, JC Morris, T Hyams, KC Ismay, S Lifson, JD Hess, G Foung, SKH Thomas, H Bradley, D Margolis, H Kim, JP AF Linnen, J Wages, J ZhangKeck, ZY Fry, KE Krawczynski, KZ Alter, H Koonin, E Gallagher, M Alter, M Hadziyannis, S Karayiannis, P Fung, K Nakatsuji, Y Shih, JWK Young, L Piatak, M Hoover, C Fernandez, J Chen, S Zou, JC Morris, T Hyams, KC Ismay, S Lifson, JD Hess, G Foung, SKH Thomas, H Bradley, D Margolis, H Kim, JP TI Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: A transfusion-transmissible agent SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; C VIRUS; NON-A; CDNA LIBRARIES; ANTIBODY; RNA; IDENTIFICATION; CONSTRUCTION; PROTEINASE; SEQUENCES AB An RNA virus, designated hepatitis G virus (HGV), was identified from the plasma of a patient with chronic hepatitis. Extension from an immunoreactive complementary DNA clone yielded the entire genome (9392 nucleotides) encoding a polyprotein of 2873 amino acids. The virus is closely related to GB virus C (GBV-C) and distantly related to hepatitis C virus, GBV-A, and GBV-B. HGV was associated with acute and chronic hepatitis. Persistent viremia was detected for up to 9 years in patients with hepatitis. The virus is transfusion-transmissible. It has a global distribution and is present within the volunteer blood donor population in the United States. C1 GENELABS TECHNOL,REDWOOD CITY,CA 94063. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NIH,DEPT TRANSFUS MED,BETHESDA,MD 20205. NATL LIB MED,NATL CTR BIOTECHNOL INFORMAT,BETHESDA,MD 20894. HIPPOKRATEION HOSP,ACAD DEPT MED,ATHENS,GREECE. ST MARYS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT MED,LONDON,ENGLAND. USN,MED RES INST,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. NEW S WALES RED CROSS BLOOD TRANSFUS SERV,SYDNEY,NSW,AUSTRALIA. BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM GMBH,D-68305 MANNHEIM,GERMANY. RI Thomas, Howard/A-3152-2009 NR 31 TC 1249 Z9 1330 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 26 PY 1996 VL 271 IS 5248 BP 505 EP 508 DI 10.1126/science.271.5248.505 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA TR322 UT WOS:A1996TR32200042 PM 8560265 ER PT J AU Abiteboul, D Lot, F Heptonstall, J AF Abiteboul, D Lot, F Heptonstall, J TI Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health-care workers after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood - France, United Kingdom, and United States, January 1988 August 1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 44, pg 929-933, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID ZIDOVUDINE C1 INST NATL RECH & SECUR,PARIS,FRANCE. GRP ETUD RISQUE EXPOSIT SANG,PARIS,FRANCE. RESEAU NATL SANTE PUBL,ST MAURICE,FRANCE. PUBL HLTH LAB SERV,CTR COMMUNICABLE DIS SURVEILLANCE,LONDON NW9 5EQ,ENGLAND. NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA. RP Abiteboul, D (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,COOPERAT NEEDLESTICK SURVEILLANCE GRP,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 24 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 4 BP 274 EP 275 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP965 UT WOS:A1996TP96500008 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC Hughes, JM AF Tenover, FC Hughes, JM TI The challenges of emerging infectious diseases - Development and spread of multiply-resistant bacterial pathogens SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECALIS; PENICILLIN-RESISTANT; NOSOCOMIAL OUTBREAK; CEPHALOSPORINS; MECHANISMS; GENES RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS LAB BRANCH G08,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 63 TC 193 Z9 198 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 24 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 4 BP 300 EP 304 DI 10.1001/jama.275.4.300 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP965 UT WOS:A1996TP96500026 PM 8544270 ER PT J AU Berkelman, RL Pinner, RW Hughes, JM AF Berkelman, RL Pinner, RW Hughes, JM TI Addressing emerging microbial threats in the United States SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Berkelman, RL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,MAILSTOP C12,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 24 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 4 BP 315 EP 317 DI 10.1001/jama.275.4.315 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP965 UT WOS:A1996TP96500029 PM 8544273 ER PT J AU Dawson, JE Warner, CK Standaert, S Olson, JG AF Dawson, JE Warner, CK Standaert, S Olson, JG TI The interface between research and the diagnosis of an emerging tick-borne disease, human ehrlichiosis due to Ehrlichia chaffeensis SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID INFECTION; CANIS; AGENT AB Two new ehrlichial species that cause human disease have recently been identified: Ehrlichia chaffeensis and the currently unnamed agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Our objective was to review data on the clinical presentation, laboratory and epidemiological findings, therapy, and diagnostic procedures of patients with human ehrlichiosis due to E chaffeensis, From 1986 through 1994, 400 case patients were identified from 30 US states. Most patients had a nonspecific illness, characterized by fever and headache. Severe illness and death occurred, primarily in the elderly. Laboratory findings most commonly included leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver function test results. Antibody response was the basis for diagnosis, although polymerase chain reaction testing has been useful in research settings, Empirical treatment with tetracycline or its analogues should be begun as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms, Clinicians need to be alert for this illness when evaluating febrile patients whose history includes possible recent tick exposure. RP Dawson, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JAN 22 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 2 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.2.137 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP958 UT WOS:A1996TP95800005 PM 8546547 ER PT J AU Laraque, F Greene, A TrianoDavis, JW Altman, R LinGreenberg, A AF Laraque, F Greene, A TrianoDavis, JW Altman, R LinGreenberg, A TI Effect of comprehensive intervention program on survival of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ZIDOVUDINE-TREATED PATIENTS; HIV-INFECTION; CONTROLLED TRIAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; CUBIC MILLIMETER; NATURAL-HISTORY; UNITED-STATES; AIDS; PROPHYLAXIS; PREVENTION AB Background: In October 1989, an early intervention program (EIP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HN) infection was initiated in New Jersey to provide medical care and social services to the enrollees. Objective: To assess the overall effect of the EIP on the survival of HIV-infected patients. Methods: Patient information collected through June 30, 1993, was analyzed from the Jersey City Medical Center EIP clinic. Survival from enrollment to death was calculated for patients who received follow-up at the clinic (active) and for those who only had the enrollment visit (inactive). The data were matched with the New Jersey death certificate registry. Results: Of 938 patients enrolled from October 1989 to December 1991, 767 had T-cell subsets determined within 3 months of enrollment: enrollment: 641 patients were active and 126 were inactive. At entry, inactive patients had a lower median CD4(+) T-cell count and were more likely to be symptomatic than active patients. Among the 640 active and 125 inactive patients analyzed for survival (survivors greater than or equal to 2 months), there were 144 (22.5%) and 48 (38.4%) deaths, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated longer survival for active patients than for inactive patients (P<.001, Wilcoxon's test for homogeneity of strata); eg, survival probability at 2 years was 86% for active patients and 64% for inactive patients. Active patients also had longer survival than inactive patients when stratified by CD4(+) T-cell levels or by clinical status. Only active and inactive patients with both CD4(+) T-cell levels lower than 0.20 X 10(9)/L (<200/mu L) and symptoms of HIV or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome had similar survival rates. Survival was not influenced by sex, race, or HIV transmission category. Conclusion: Participation in the EIP was associated with longer survival of HIV-infected patients. C1 NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,DIV AIDS PREVENT & CONTROL,TRENTON,NJ 08625. JERSEY CITY MED CTR,JERSEY CITY,NJ. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JAN 22 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 2 BP 169 EP 176 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.2.169 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP958 UT WOS:A1996TP95800008 PM 8546550 ER PT J AU Chang, Y Ziegler, J Wabinga, H KatangoleMbidde, E Boshoff, C Schulz, T Whitby, D Maddalena, D Jaffe, HW Weiss, RA Moore, PS Mugerwa, JW Katabira, E Mwidu, S Beral, V Newton, R Parkin, M DeCock, K AF Chang, Y Ziegler, J Wabinga, H KatangoleMbidde, E Boshoff, C Schulz, T Whitby, D Maddalena, D Jaffe, HW Weiss, RA Moore, PS Mugerwa, JW Katabira, E Mwidu, S Beral, V Newton, R Parkin, M DeCock, K TI Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Background: Endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a clinically and epidemiologically distinct human immunodeficiency virus negative form of KS occurring in Africa. Kaposi's sarcoma is now the most frequently reported cancer in some areas of Africa. Objective: To determine if a KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is present in both endemic HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive KS lesions from African patients. Methods: Paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from Ugandan patients with KS and non-KS tumor control patients attending a university-based oncology clinic were examined in a blinded case-control study. Tissue DNA specimens were examined for detectable KSHV genome by nested polymerase chain reaction performed at two independent laboratories. Results: We identified KSHV in 17 (85%) of 20 KS tissue specimens from HIV-seronegative patients and 22 (92%) of 24 KS tissue specimens from HIV-infected persons. Kaposi's sarcoma lesions from four HIV-infected persons and four HIV-seronegative persons were positive for KSHV. Unlike previous studies in North America and Europe, three (14%) of 22 non-KS cancer control patients' tissue specimens were also positive for KSHV that resulted in an overall odds ratio of 49.2 (95% confidence interval, 9.1 to 335) for detecting KSHV in KS lesions from patients in Uganda. Conclusion: As in North America and Europe, KSHV infection is strongly associated with both HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative KS in Africa. However, it is likely that infection with this virus is more highly prevalent in Uganda. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DIV EPIDEMIOL, NEW YORK, NY USA. MAKERERE UNIV, SCH MED, KAMPALA, UGANDA. UGANDA CANC INST, KAMPALA, UGANDA. INST CANC RES, CHESTER BEATTY LABS, LONDON SW3 6JB, ENGLAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV HIV AIDS, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Chang, Y (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG, DEPT PATHOL, 630 W 168TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA. RI Chang, Yuan/F-4146-2011; Beral, Valerie/B-2979-2013; Moore, Patrick/F-3960-2011 OI Moore, Patrick/0000-0002-8132-858X FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U64CC4210852-01] NR 12 TC 174 Z9 179 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JAN 22 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 2 BP 202 EP 204 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.2.202 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP958 UT WOS:A1996TP95800012 PM 8546554 ER PT J AU Pinner, RW Teutsch, SM Simonsen, L Klug, LA Graber, JM Clarke, MJ Berkelman, RL AF Pinner, RW Teutsch, SM Simonsen, L Klug, LA Graber, JM Clarke, MJ Berkelman, RL TI Trends in infectious diseases mortality in the United States SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Objective.-To evaluate recent trends in infectious diseases mortality in the United States. Design.-Descriptive study of infectious disease mortality, classifying International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes as infectious diseases, consequence of infectious diseases, or not infectious diseases. Multiple cause-of-death tapes from the National Center for Health Statistics for the years 1980 through 1992 were used, with a focus on underlying cause-of-death data and on codes that exclusively represent infectious diseases. Setting.-United States. Subjects.-All persons who died between 1980 and 1992. Main Outcome Measure.-Death. Results.-Between 1980 and 1992, the death rate due to infectious diseases as the underlying cause of death increased 58%, from 41 to 65 deaths per 100 000 population in the United States. Age-adjusted mortality from infectious diseases increased 39% during the same period. Infectious diseases mortality increased 25% among those aged 65 years and older (from 271 to 338 per 100 000), and 6.3 times among 25- to 44-year-olds (from six to 38 deaths per 100 000). Mortality due to respiratory tract infections increased 20%, from 25 to 30 deaths per 100 000, deaths attributed to human immunodeficiency virus increased from virtually none to 13 per 100 000 in 1992, and the rate of death due to septicemia increased 83% from 4.2 to 7.7 per 100 000. Conclusions.-Despite historical predictions that infectious diseases would wane in the United States, these data show that infectious diseases mortality in the United States has been increasing in recent years. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. TRANDES CORP,ATLANTA,GA. KLEMM ANAL GRP,ATLANTA,GA. OI Simonsen, Lone/0000-0003-1535-8526 NR 29 TC 358 Z9 368 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 17 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 3 BP 189 EP 193 DI 10.1001/jama.275.3.189 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP282 UT WOS:A1996TP28200025 PM 8604170 ER PT J AU Plouffe, JF Breiman, RF Facklam, RR AF Plouffe, JF Breiman, RF Facklam, RR TI Bacteremia with Streptococcus pneumoniae - Implications for therapy and prevention SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; PNEUMOCOCCAL BACTEREMIA; INFECTIONS; RESISTANCE; COUNTY AB Objective.-To determine the incidence and mortality rates of patients with bacteremic infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and to determine the serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of the pneumococcal isolates. Design.-Prospective case ascertainment and procurement of S pneumoniae isolates between January 1991 and April 1994, Setting.-Ten adult care hospitals in Franklin County, Ohio. Patients.-Patients (N=590) in whom S pneumoniae was isolated from blood cultures. Measurements.-Demographic data from patients with pneumococcal bacteremia were obtained by chart review. Pneumococcal serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on 499 bacteremic isolates. Results.-Among residents of Franklin County, the annual incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia was higher in patients at least 65 years old (83.0 per 100 000 population) compared with younger adults (9.6 per 100 000 population) (odds ratio [OR], 8.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.19 to 10.62) and more common among African Americans than whites (OR, 1.36; 954;, CI, 1.05 to 1.75), The relative risk of pneumococcal bacteremia among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus was 41.8 times (CI, 19.0 to 92.0) that of county residents 18 to 64 years of age. The overall mortality rate was 19% and was age-dependent, reaching 38% in patients at least 85 years old, The distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing bacteremia was remarkably consistent over time. The incidence of drug-resistant strains increased during the study period; by 1994 14% were resistant to penicillin, 12% to ceftazidime, and 24% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The resistant strains included several serotypes of S pneumoniae. Most serotypes (89.8%) of S pneumoniae causing bacteremia are contained in the pneumococcal vaccine. Conclusions.-Increased use of pneumococcal vaccine and recognition of antimicrobial resistance patterns may assist physicians in treating patients with S pneumoniae bacteremia. Educational programs to discourage unnecessary antimicrobial drug use should be developed for patients and physicians. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Plouffe, JF (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,N-1135 DOAN HALL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 35 TC 232 Z9 236 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 17 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 3 BP 194 EP 198 DI 10.1001/jama.275.3.194 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP282 UT WOS:A1996TP28200026 PM 8604171 ER PT J AU Jernigan, DB Cetron, MS Breiman, RF AF Jernigan, DB Cetron, MS Breiman, RF TI Minimizing the impact of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) - A strategy from the DRSP Working Group SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DAY-CARE-CENTER; PENICILLIN-RESISTANT; MICRODILUTION SYSTEM; MENINGITIS; FAILURE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PNEUMOCOCCI; MEDIA AB Emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) presents a challenge to the medical and public health communities since the magnitude of the problem is not known, the clinical impact of DRSP infections is not well described, national vaccination rates are low, and antimicrobial drugs are often used excessively and inappropriately. To address the problem of DRSP, a working group sponsored by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was formed in June 1994 consisting of public health practitioners, health care providers, and clinical laboratorians representing state and federal agencies and various professional organizations. Through periodic open meetings, the working group has developed a strategy for surveillance, investigation, prevention, and control of infections due to DRSP, The strategy focuses on (1) implementing an electronic laboratory-based surveillance (ELBS) system for reporting invasive DRSP infections and providing clinically relevant feedback to clinicians, (2) identifying risk factors and outcomes of DRSP infection, (3) increasing pneumococcal vaccination, and (4) promoting judicious antimicrobial drug use. Data received through ELBS will be used to make timely estimates of the community-specific prevalence of drug-resistant pneumococci. National, regional, and local trends will be made available to health care providers and clinicians to promote optimal antimicrobial drug use and increased vaccination in targeted areas. Once in operation, the ELBS network will be adaptable to other diseases, improving the comprehensiveness and timeliness of public health surveillance. The intended outcome of the strategy is to reduce complications of DRSP infection, such as long-ten sequelae of infection, health care expenditures, morbidity, and mortality. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 36 TC 154 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 17 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 3 BP 206 EP 209 DI 10.1001/jama.275.3.206 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP282 UT WOS:A1996TP28200028 PM 8604173 ER PT J AU Hu, DJ Dondero, TJ Rayfield, MA George, JR Schochetman, G Jaffe, HW Luo, CC Kalish, ML Weniger, BG Pau, CP Schable, CA Curran, JW AF Hu, DJ Dondero, TJ Rayfield, MA George, JR Schochetman, G Jaffe, HW Luo, CC Kalish, ML Weniger, BG Pau, CP Schable, CA Curran, JW TI The emerging genetic diversity of HIV - The importance of global surveillance for diagnostics, research, and prevention SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ENVELOPE PROTEIN; ZIDOVUDINE AZT; INFECTION; TYPE-1; AIDS; TRANSMISSION; SEQUENCE; RISK; RETROVIRUS AB The discovery of highly divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) not reliably detected by a number of commonly used diagnostic tests has underscored the need for effective surveillance to track HIV variants and to direct research and prevention activities. Pathogens such as HIV that mutate extensively present significant challenges to effective monitoring of pathogens and to disease control, To date, relatively few systematic large-scale attempts have been made to characterize and sequence HIV isolates. For most of the world, including the United States, information an the distribution of HIV strains among different population groups Is limited. We describe herein the implications resulting from the rapid evolution of HIV and the need for systematic surveillance integrated with laboratory science and applied research. General surveillance guidelines are provided to assist in Identifying population groups for screening, in applying descriptive epidemiology and systematic sampling, and in developing and evaluating efficient laboratory testing algorithms. Timely reporting and dissemination of data is also an important element of surveillance efforts, Ultimately, the success of a global surveillance network depends on collaboration and on coordination of clinical laboratory, and epidemiologic efforts. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Hu, DJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,MAILSTOP E-50,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 119 TC 220 Z9 222 U1 6 U2 14 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 17 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 3 BP 210 EP 216 DI 10.1001/jama.275.3.210 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP282 UT WOS:A1996TP28200029 PM 8604174 ER PT J AU Goldmann, DA Weinstein, RA Wenzel, RP Tablan, OC Duma, RJ Gaynes, RP Schlosser, J Martone, WJ AF Goldmann, DA Weinstein, RA Wenzel, RP Tablan, OC Duma, RJ Gaynes, RP Schlosser, J Martone, WJ TI Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals - A challenge to hospital leadership SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI; SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECALIS; HANDWASHING PRACTICES; MUPIROCIN RESISTANCE; EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH; AGENTS AB Objective-To provide hospital leaders with strategic goals or actions likely to have a significant impact on antimicrobial resistance, outline outcome and process measures for evaluating progress toward each goal, describe potential barriers to success, and suggest countermeasures and novel improvement strategies. Participants.-A multidisciplinary group of experts was drawn from the following areas: hospital epidemiology and Infection control, infectious diseases (including graduate training programs), clinical practice (including nursing, surgery, internal medicine, and pediatrics), pharmacy, administration, quality improvement, appropriateness evaluation, behavior modification, practice guideline development, medical informatics, and outcomes research, Representatives from appropriate federal agencies, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, and the pharmaceutical industry also participated. Evidence.-Published literature, guidelines, expert opinion, and practical experience regarding efforts to improve antibiotic utilization and prevent and control the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals. Consensus Process.-Participants were divided into two quality improvement teams: one focusing on improving antimicrobial usage and the other on preventing and controlling transmission of resistant microorganisms. The teams modeled the process a hospital might use to develop and implement a strategic plan to combat antimicrobial resistance. Conclusions.-Ten strategic goals and related process and outcome measures were agreed on, The five strategic goals to optimize antimicrobial use were as follows: optimizing antimicrobial prophylaxis for operative procedures; optimizing choice and duration of empiric therapy; improving antimicrobial prescribing by educational and administrative means, monitoring and providing feedback regarding antibiotic resistance; and defining and implementing health care delivery system guidelines for important types of antimicrobial use, The five strategic goals to detect, report, and prevent transmission of antimicrobial resistant organisms were as follows. to develop a system to recognize and report trends in antimicrobial resistance within the institution; develop a system to rapidly detect and report resistant microorganisms in individual patients and ensure a rapid response by caregivers; increase adherence to basic infection control policies and procedures; incorporate the detection, prevention, and control of antimicrobial resistance into institutional strategic goals and provide the required resources; and develop a plan for identifying, transferring, discharging, and readmitting patients colonized with specific antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. C1 CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT QUAL IMPROVEMENT,BOSTON,MA 02115. COOK CTY HOSP,DIV INFECT DIS,CHICAGO,IL 60612. UNIV IOWA HOSP & CLIN,DIV GEN MED,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NATL FDN INFECT DIS,BETHESDA,MD. CAMBRIDGE HOSP,BOSTON,MA. INST HEALTHCARE IMPROVEMENT,BOSTON,MA. RP Goldmann, DA (reprint author), CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV INFECT DIS,DEPT MED,300 LONGWOOD AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. NR 81 TC 536 Z9 558 U1 6 U2 57 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 17 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 3 BP 234 EP 240 DI 10.1001/jama.275.3.234 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TP282 UT WOS:A1996TP28200033 PM 8604178 ER PT J AU Liu, SM Serdula, MK Byers, T Williamson, DF Mokdad, AH Flanders, WD AF Liu, SM Serdula, MK Byers, T Williamson, DF Mokdad, AH Flanders, WD TI Reliability of alcohol intake as recalled from 10 years in the past SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcoholic beverages; bias (epidemiology); recall ID CONSUMPTION; AGREEMENT; VALIDITY; ACCURACY AB The authors assessed the reliability of alcohol intake as recalled from 10 years in the past in a cohort of 2,907 US adults. Participants reported their drinking habits in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey interview during 1971-1975. During a follow-up interview in 1982-1984, they were asked to recall their drinking habits 10 years earlier and to report their current habits. In general, the correlation for recalled alcohol intake versus reported intake at baseline was good (r = 0.7). For all subgroups stratified by race, sex, education, smoking status, and disease status, the age-adjusted correlations for recalled alcohol intake versus baseline intake were equal to or higher than those for current alcohol intake versus baseline intake. The reliability of recall of alcohol intake in the past differs among subgroups with different age and education levels. Recalled alcohol intake was also highly correlated with current alcohol intake; in particular, current heavier drinkers tended to underestimate their previous amount of drinking, an effect that was independent of other factors. These data suggest that although recalled alcohol intake is a better predictor of past intake than are reports of current intake, current drinking habits may be an important influencing factor in the estimation of alcohol intake as recalled from the distant past. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA. RP Liu, SM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Liu, Simin/I-3689-2014 OI Liu, Simin/0000-0003-2098-3844 NR 22 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 2 BP 177 EP 186 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TQ294 UT WOS:A1996TQ29400011 PM 8546119 ER PT J AU Falco, RC Fish, D Piesman, J AF Falco, RC Fish, D Piesman, J TI Duration of tick bites in a Lyme disease-endemic area SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lyme disease; tick-borne disease; ticks ID NEW-YORK-STATE; IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; TRANSMISSION; ATTACHMENT; IXODIDAE; HUMANS AB Regression equations, based on scutal index (body length/scutal width), were developed to determine the duration of attachment for nymphal and adult female Ixodes scapularis ticks, Feeding times were calculated for 444 nymphal and 300 female ticks submitted by bite victims between 1985 and 1989 in Westchester County, New York, an area where Lyme disease is highly endemic, Nymphs were attached for a mean of 34.7 hours, with 26.8% removed after 48 hours, the critical time for transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi. Attachment times increased with victim age class (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05), Mean duration of attachment for female ticks (28.7 hours) was significantly less (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05) than that for nymphs, with 23.3% attached for more than 48 hours, The 0- to 9-year age class had the highest proportion (37.1%) of females attached for more than 48 hours, Nymphs remain attached to adult tick-bite Victims longer than they remain attached to children, However, children have a high risk of acquiring Lyme disease because they receive more nymphal bites and also because they are less likely to have female ticks removed in time to prevent transmission. C1 NEW YORK MED COLL,DEPT COMMUNITY & PREVENT MED,VALHALLA,NY. WESTCHESTER CTY DEPT HLTH,BUR DIS CONTROL,HAWTHORNE,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Falco, RC (reprint author), FORDHAM UNIV,CALDER ECOL CTR,VECTOR ECOL LAB,POB K,ARMONK,NY 10504, USA. FU CSP VA [U50/CU20662601]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI-28956] NR 20 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 2 BP 187 EP 192 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TQ294 UT WOS:A1996TQ29400012 PM 8546120 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Deddens, J Salvan, A Stayner, L AF Steenland, K Deddens, J Salvan, A Stayner, L TI Negative bias in exposure-response trends in occupational studies: Modeling the healthy worker survivor effect SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bias; cohort studies; healthy worker effect; occupations ID MORTALITY AB Many occupational studies analyze trends between cumulative exposure and mortality, The authors show that such trends are, in general, negatively confounded by employment status, Mortality rates for workers who leave work (''inactive'' workers) are higher than for active workers because some workers leave because they are ill. The percentage of inactive relative to active person-time is higher in low categories of cumulative exposure, causing employment status to act as a negative confounder of exposure-response trends (the opposite occurs for time-since-hire). We illustrate these phenomena using 10 ''negative'' mortality studies, in which adjustment for employment status removes false trends, However, adjustment for employment status will lead to biased estimates when it acts as an intermediate variable between cumulative exposure and death, as occurs directly when exposure causes a disabling disease that, in turn, causes death or indirectly when exposure causes workers to leave work, The authors illustrate this problem using simulated follow-up data for leaving, disease incidence, and mortality, In the null case in which cumulative exposure affects neither disease incidence (or mortality) nor leaving rates, employment status indeed acts as a negative confounder of exposure-response trends, and traditional adjustment eliminates this confounding. However, when cumulative exposure affects disease incidence or rates of leaving, adjustment for employment status will not be adequate, Employment status falls under the general rubric of variables that are simultaneously confounders and intermediate variables. C1 LADSEB,CNR,NATL RES COUNCIL,I-35127 PADUA,ITALY. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 8 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 2 BP 202 EP 210 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TQ294 UT WOS:A1996TQ29400014 PM 8546122 ER PT J AU Robert, LM Chamberland, ME Bell, DM AF Robert, LM Chamberland, ME Bell, DM TI Infection risks to patients from HIV-infected health care workers - Response SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID BACK RP Robert, LM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JAN 15 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 2 BP 277 EP 278 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TQ016 UT WOS:A1996TQ01600029 ER PT J AU Reeves, MJ Newcomb, PA Remington, PL Marcus, PM MacKenzie, WR AF Reeves, MJ Newcomb, PA Remington, PL Marcus, PM MacKenzie, WR TI Body mass and breast cancer - Relationship between method of detection and stage of disease SO CANCER LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; body mass; detection; stage of disease ID SELF-EXAMINATION; RELATIVE WEIGHT; SURVIVAL; WOMEN; RISK; DIAGNOSIS; OBESITY; SIZE; MORTALITY; HORMONES AB BACKGROUND. Obesity is associated with advanced stage breast cancer at diagnosis and a poorer prognosis. Stage of breast cancer at diagnosis is also strongly influenced by the method of cancer detection. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer disease stage, taking into account the method of cancer detection (i.e., self-detection, screening mammography, and clinical breast examination [CBE]). METHODS. From 1988 to 1990, 2863 patients with invasive breast cancer were identified through a statewide, population-based, cancer reporting system and were interviewed as part of a larger study of breast cancer etiology. Stage of disease was classified as either localized or nonlocalized (regional and distant disease combined). The relation between BMI and disease stage was examined by using multiple logistic regression adjusting for age, education, race, year of diagnosis, and prior mammography use. RESULTS. Thirty-eight percent (1092 of 2863) of the women had nonlocalized breast cancer. A strong dose-response relationship was observed between increased BMI and the likelihood of nonlocalized disease (P < 0.001). However, this association was present only among the 55% of women (1585 of 2863) who self-detected their tumors. The odds ratios for nonlocalized cancer increased from 1.0 for the lowest quintile of BMI to 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8 for the second through fifth quintiles, respectively, for this group. CONCLUSIONS. Greater body mass was associated with nonlocalized breast cancer; however, this association was restricted to women who detected their own can eer. No association was found between BMI and stage of disease among cases detected by either mammography or CBE. Cancer 1996; 77:301-7. (C) 1996 American Cancer Society. C1 WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,SECT CHRON DIS & HLTH PROMOT,MADISON,WI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,EPIDEMIC INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,MADISON,WI. RI Mac Kenzie, William /F-1528-2013 OI Mac Kenzie, William /0000-0001-7723-0339 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA47147, CA57014] NR 40 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD JAN 15 PY 1996 VL 77 IS 2 BP 301 EP 307 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960115)77:2<301::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TR256 UT WOS:A1996TR25600012 PM 8625238 ER PT J AU Gollober, M Beyer, RA Kwan, S Bates, RO Oster, H Billimek, M Matson, SE Feldman, G Bryant, R McGee, J Werner, SB Glaser, CA Vugia, DJ Waterman, SH AF Gollober, M Beyer, RA Kwan, S Bates, RO Oster, H Billimek, M Matson, SE Feldman, G Bryant, R McGee, J Werner, SB Glaser, CA Vugia, DJ Waterman, SH TI Wound botulism - California, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 44, pg 889-892, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 YOLO CTY HLTH DEPT,WOODLAND,CA. COMMUNITY MEM HOSP,VENTURA,CA. VENTURA CTY HLTH DEPT,VENTURA,CA. CDC,CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,PROGRAM EPIDEMIOL,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. RP Gollober, M (reprint author), WOODLAND MEM HOSP,1325 COTTONWOOD ST,WOODLAND,CA 95695, USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 10 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 2 BP 95 EP 96 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TN280 UT WOS:A1996TN28000005 ER PT J AU Currier, RW Goddard, J Buechler, K Quinlisk, MP Wolfe, SL Spencer Carroll, TJ Bennett, T Stokes, J AF Currier, RW Goddard, J Buechler, K Quinlisk, MP Wolfe, SL Spencer Carroll, TJ Bennett, T Stokes, J TI Unexplained severe illness possibly associated with consumption of Kombucha tea - Iowa, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 44, pg 892-893, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 OFF MED EXAMINER,SIOUX CITY,IA. UNIV IOWA,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,HLTH STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RP Currier, RW (reprint author), IOWA DEPT PUBL HLTH,DES MOINES,IA 50319, USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 10 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 2 BP 96 EP 98 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TN280 UT WOS:A1996TN28000006 ER PT J AU Stansbury, LG Swinson, AA Schmitt, JM Stevens, MB Kobayashi, KR Vangellow, CP AF Stansbury, LG Swinson, AA Schmitt, JM Stevens, MB Kobayashi, KR Vangellow, CP TI Work-related injuries associated with falls during ice storms - National Institutes of Health, January 1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 44, pg 920-922, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint RP Stansbury, LG (reprint author), CDC,NIOSH,DIV SAFETY RES,OCCUPAT MED SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 10 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 2 BP 98 EP 98 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TN280 UT WOS:A1996TN28000007 ER PT J AU Crespo, CJ Keteyian, SJ Heath, GW Sempos, CT AF Crespo, CJ Keteyian, SJ Heath, GW Sempos, CT TI Leisure-time physical activity among US adults - Results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES ADULTS; CHOLESTEROL; PREVALENCE AB Background: The prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among US adults is estimated to be between 24% and 30%. Such information, however, usually does not include prevalence estimates for non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and the elderly. Objective: To assess the prevalence of participation in leisure-time physical activity among US adults. Methods: Between 1988 and 1991, 9488 adults aged 20 years and older were interviewed in their home as part of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A clinic examination in a mobile center was also included. Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic blacks, and the elderly were oversampled to produce reliable estimates for these groups. Questions were asked about the type and frequency of physically active hobbies, sports, and exercises. Results: The prevalence of no LTPA for US adults aged 20 years or older from 1988 through 1991 was 22%. The rate was higher in women (27%) than in men (17%). Mexican-American men (33%) and women (46%) and non-Hispanic black women (40%) had the highest rates of no LTPA. Participation in moderate to vigorous LTPA five or more times per week decreased with age, with the largest decreases observed among non-Hispanic black men and women. In almost all subpopulations, gardening and/or yard work and walking were stated as the two top LTPAs of choice. Conclusions: Many Americans are inactive or irregularly active during their leisure time. Rates of inactivity are greater for women, older persons, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Intervention strategies meant to promote lifetime physical activities among all Americans represents a major health priority. C1 NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV HLTH EXAMINAT STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD. NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Crespo, CJ (reprint author), NHLBI,NIH,OFF PREVENT EDUC & CONTROL,31 CTR DR,MSC 2480,ROOM 4A18,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 35 TC 378 Z9 379 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JAN 8 PY 1996 VL 156 IS 1 BP 93 EP 98 DI 10.1001/archinte.156.1.93 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TN398 UT WOS:A1996TN39800013 PM 8526703 ER PT J AU Hofmann, J Cetron, MS Breiman, RF AF Hofmann, J Cetron, MS Breiman, RF TI Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA 30303. RP Hofmann, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 4 PY 1996 VL 334 IS 1 BP 54 EP 54 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TM482 UT WOS:A1996TM48200016 ER PT J AU Harris, JR Gordon, RL White, KE Stange, PV Harper, SM AF Harris, JR Gordon, RL White, KE Stange, PV Harper, SM TI Prevention and managed care: Opportunities for managed care organizations, purchasers of health care, and public health agencies (reprinted from MMWR, vol 44, no RR-14, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Harris, JR (reprint author), CDC,OFF DIRECTOR,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 3 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 1 BP 26 EP 29 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TM238 UT WOS:A1996TM23800005 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Shaw, GM Moore, CA Lammer, EJ Mulinare, J AF Khoury, MJ Shaw, GM Moore, CA Lammer, EJ Mulinare, J TI Does periconceptional multivitamin use reduce the risk of neural tube defects associated with other birth defects? Data from two population-based case-control studies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE abnormalities; folic acid; neural tube defects; prevention and control; vitamins ID ETIOLOGIC HETEROGENEITY; ANOMALIES; SUPPLEMENTATION; HYPOTHESIS; CLUES AB The role of periconceptional folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) is well established. However, it is not clear whether a protective effect exists for the subset of nonsyndromic NTD with other ''unrelated'' major structural birth defects (NTD-multiples). This question is important to investigate because of shared pathogenetic mechanisms between NTD and other types of birth defects, and because of the epidemiologic differences that have been shown between NTD-multiples and NTH-singles. We analyzed data from two population-based case-control studies of NTDs, Atlanta 1968-1980, and California 1989-1991, to assess whether periconceptional multivitamin use reduces the risk of NTH-multiples. Maternal vitamin histories were assessed for 47 and 65 NTD-multiples cases and 3,029 and 539 control babies in Atlanta, and California, respectively. There was a substantial risk reduction associated with periconceptional multivitamin use (-3 to +3 months) for NTD-multiples (pooled odds ratio = 0.36, 95% C.I. 0.18-0.72) that persisted after adjustment for maternal race/ethnicity and education. Also, no specific types of NTDs or NTDs with specific defects explained the risk reduction with vitamin use, These data suggest that multivitamins reduce the risk of nonsyndromic NTD cases associated with other major birth defects. The implication of this finding for the role of vitamins in the prevention of non-NTH birth defects should be further explored. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 CALIF BIRTH DEFECTS MONITORING PROGRAM,MARCH DIMES BIRTH DEFECTS FDN,EMERYVILLE,CA. CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV MED GENET,OAKLAND,CA 94609. RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABILITIES,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD JAN 2 PY 1996 VL 61 IS 1 BP 30 EP 36 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960102)61:1<30::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA TM206 UT WOS:A1996TM20600007 PM 8741914 ER PT J AU Escobedo, LG Kirch, DG Anda, RF AF Escobedo, LG Kirch, DG Anda, RF TI Depression and smoking initiation among US Latinos SO ADDICTION LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW SCHEDULE; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; ADOLESCENT SMOKING; SYMPTOMS; PREVENTION; BEHAVIORS; POLICY AB We assessed the relationship between depression and smoking initiation among people of Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban ancestry residing in specific geographic areas of the United States. Survey data were examined to calculate incidence of smoking initiation and prevalences and odds ratios for ever smoking by presence of depressed mood, a history of major depression or both conditions. Depressed mood, a history of major depression or both conditions were associated with smoking initiation risks during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. These findings suggest that the relationship between depressive states and smoking initiation is established early in life. More definitive studies are needed to confirm these findings. C1 MED COLL GEORGIA,SCH MED,OFF DEAN,ATLANTA,GA. RP Escobedo, LG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0965-2140 J9 ADDICTION JI Addiction PD JAN PY 1996 VL 91 IS 1 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03166.x PG 7 WC Substance Abuse; Psychiatry SC Substance Abuse; Psychiatry GA TQ693 UT WOS:A1996TQ69300017 PM 8822019 ER PT J AU Marley, SE Corwin, RM Hutcheson, DP AF Marley, SE Corwin, RM Hutcheson, DP TI Effect of Fasciola hepatica on productivity of beef steers from pasture through feedlot SO AGRI-PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID LIVER FLUKES; CATTLE; EFFICACY; IVERMECTIN; CLORSULON; INFECTIONS; TRANSPEPTIDASE; CALVES AB A total of 142 crossbred beef steers were included in a study of the effect of Fasciola hepatica on productivity. A bistadial study was designed which consisted of a grazing phase and a feedlot phase. The grazing phase was designed to use induced subclinical liver fluke infections in beef steers to determine the influence of immature liver flukes (up to 10 weeks post-infection) on beef production while animals are on pasture. Upon subsequent entry into the feeding phase, the objective was to evaluate the effect of treating fluke-infected steers with an ivermectin/clorsulon combination or ivermectin alone in terms of performance and on hematological values. This trial demonstrated the benefit of treating liver fluke-infected feeder cattle with ivermectin/clorsulon at entry into the feedlot even though all liver flukes were not adults at the time of treatment and the fluke infection level was subclinical. Economic benefit can be anticipated in feeder cattle if natural infections are similar to the artificial infection used in this field study. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT VET MICROBIOL,COLUMBIA,MO 65202. ANIM AGR CONSULTING,AMARILLO,TX 79159. RP Marley, SE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,MS F-13,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU VETERINARY PRACTICE PUBL CO PI SANTA BARBARA PA 7 ASHLEY AVE SOUTH, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93103-9989 SN 0745-452X J9 AGRI-PRACTICE JI Agri-Pract. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1 BP 18 EP 23 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA TU771 UT WOS:A1996TU77100004 ER PT B AU Greenberg, JB Kalichman, SC Treadwell, PE AF Greenberg, JB Kalichman, SC Treadwell, PE BE Schenker, II SabarFriedman, G Sy, FS TI Customizing interventions for HIV-seropositive persons SO AIDS EDUCATION: INTERVENTIONS IN MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on AIDS Education / Annual Meeting of International-Society-for-HIV/AIDS-Education-and-Prevention - Interventions in Multi-Cultural Societies CY NOV 26-DEC 01, 1995 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Int Soc HIV AIDS Educ & Prevent, Jerusalem AIDS Project RP Greenberg, JB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45489-0 PY 1996 BP 35 EP 46 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH51Y UT WOS:A1996BH51Y00006 ER PT B AU Kennedy, MG OHara, P Fichtner, RR Fishbein, M AF Kennedy, MG OHara, P Fichtner, RR Fishbein, M BE Schenker, II SabarFriedman, G Sy, FS TI Can intentions to use condoms predict condom use among high-risk, multicultural youth in a Miami alternative school? SO AIDS EDUCATION: INTERVENTIONS IN MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on AIDS Education / Annual Meeting of International-Society-for-HIV/AIDS-Education-and-Prevention - Interventions in Multi-Cultural Societies CY NOV 26-DEC 01, 1995 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Int Soc HIV AIDS Educ & Prevent, Jerusalem AIDS Project RP Kennedy, MG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45489-0 PY 1996 BP 195 EP 201 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BH51Y UT WOS:A1996BH51Y00029 ER PT J AU Critchfield, JW Butera, ST Folks, TM AF Critchfield, JW Butera, ST Folks, TM TI Inhibition of HIV activation in latently infected cells by flavonoid compounds SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; AGENTS; MODEL; DNA AB Acute HIV-1 infection of H9 and C8166 cultures has been shown to be suppressed by certain flavonoids, and evidence for inhibition of HIV-1 protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase by flavonoids also exists, The present aim was to determine whether flavonoids inhibit HIV-1 activation in models of latent infection, By screening flavonoids from six different classes, three structurally related compounds (chrysin, acacetin, and apigenin) were identified that inhibited HIV expression in TNF-alpha-treated OM-10.1 cultures, The three compounds had favorable potencies against HIV activation in relation to their growth inhibitory effects (therapeutic index 5-10), Chrysin also inhibited HIV expression in response to PMA in OM-10.1 cells, in ACH-2 cells stimulated with either TNF-alpha or PMA, and in 8E5 cultures, Furthermore, return to viral latency in OM-10.1 cells previously exposed to TNF-alpha occurred over a shorter time interval when chrysin was added, The inhibition of HIV activation was not dependent on preincubation with flavonoids relative to TNF, and was characterized by a lack of HIV RNA accumulation by Northern analysis, Gel-shift experiments revealed that NF-kappa B activation after TNF-alpha treatment was not inhibited by these agents, suggesting that some other critical factor(s) needed for viral transcription was being affected, These findings indicate that flavonoids inhibit HIV-1 activation via a novel mechanism, and that these agents are potential candidates for therapeutic strategies aimed at maintaining a cellular state of HIV-1 latency. RP Critchfield, JW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 27 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JAN 1 PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1089/aid.1996.12.39 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA TP430 UT WOS:A1996TP43000006 PM 8825617 ER PT J AU Estill, CF Spencer, AB AF Estill, CF Spencer, AB TI Case study: Control of methylene chloride exposures during furniture stripping SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Methylene chloride a potentia I occupational carcinogen, is one of the principal solvents used for furniture stripping. Methylene chloride exposures among workers in furniture stripping operations have been found to be high. This article describes a furniture stripping operation at a sheltered workshop before and after the ventilation system was modified. Previous to ventilation system modifications, workers who were stripping fu rn itu re had exposures to methylene chloride ranging from 600 to 1150 ppm. These high exposures and an evaluation of the ventilation system prompted the design and installation of a modified ventilation system. Primary modifications included installing a local ventilation hood, decreasing the velocity of makeup air entering the stripping area, removing a contaminated charcoal adsorption bed, and improving work practices. The modified system was arranged into three configurations that included a slot hood, a downdraft hood, and a combination slot and downdraft hood. The three configurations were evaluated over a three-day period, and it was found that they controlled the worker's personal exposures to methylene chloride while stripping to 28 ppm for the combination configuration, 30 ppm for the downdraft configuration, and 34 ppm for the slot configuration. Although the exposures are above the proposed Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure level of 25 ppm,these results show a substantial improvement over the existing ventilation system. The ventilation system described is applicable to other furniture stripping facilities if rinse area local ventilation is improved. RP Estill, CF (reprint author), PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0043:CSCOMC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TQ049 UT WOS:A1996TQ04900006 PM 8588552 ER PT J AU Groff, JH Schlecht, PC AF Groff, JH Schlecht, PC TI PAT program report SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Groff, JH (reprint author), PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 1 BP 79 EP 81 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TQ049 UT WOS:A1996TQ04900012 ER PT J AU Holmberg, SD AF Holmberg, SD TI The spectrum of medical conditions and symptoms before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in homosexual and bisexual men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus - Reply SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Holmberg, SD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS E45,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 1 PY 1996 VL 143 IS 1 BP 103 EP 103 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TN424 UT WOS:A1996TN42400015 ER PT J AU Grajewski, B Whelan, EA Schnorr, TM Mouradian, R Alderfer, R Wild, DK AF Grajewski, B Whelan, EA Schnorr, TM Mouradian, R Alderfer, R Wild, DK TI Evaluation of reproductive function among men occupationally exposed to a stilbene derivative .1. Hormonal and physical status SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE testosterone; workplace exposures; impotence; male reproductive hormones; stilbene manufacture ID TESTOSTERONE LEVELS; RATS; ACID AB This is the first of two reports describing a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Health Hazard Evaluation conducted in response to complaints of impotence and decreased libido among male employees who manufactured 4, 4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'disulfonic acid (DAS; CAS 81-11-8), an intermediate in the manufacture of fluorescent whitening agents. DAS is structurally similar to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES). Levels of six reproductive hormones in 30 male workers who manufactured DAS (current DAS workers) and 20 former DAS workers were compared to levels of 35 workers who manufactured plastics additives. Current and former DAS workers had lower mean total testosterone (IT) levels compared to additives workers (458 and 442, respectively, vs. 556 ng/dL; p = 0.05 and 0.04). Current and former DAS workers were 3.6 (95% CI, 0.5-24.4) and 2.2 (95% CI, 0.3-18.0) times more likely than additives workers to have lowest quartile TT levels (<386 ng/dL) after adjustment for age and body mass index. Duration of employment in DAS production was negatively I-elated to the workers' testosterone levels. These data suggest that occupational DAS exposure may be associated with alterations in male reproductive hormone levels. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Grajewski, B (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,INDUSTRYWIDE STUDIES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199601)29:1<49::AID-AJIM7>3.0.CO;2-U PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TL954 UT WOS:A1996TL95400007 PM 8808042 ER PT J AU Whelan, EA Grajewski, B Wild, DK Schnorr, TM Alderfer, R AF Whelan, EA Grajewski, B Wild, DK Schnorr, TM Alderfer, R TI Evaluation of reproductive function among men occupationally exposed to a stilbene derivative .2. Perceived libido and potency SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE impotence; serum testosterone; occupational exposures; stilbene manufacture ID SEXUAL FUNCTION; DYSFUNCTION; IMPOTENCE AB This is the second of two reports of a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Health Hazard Evaluation conducted in response to complaints of sexual dysfunction among men who manufacture the stilbene derivative 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid (DAS; CAS 81-11-8), an intermediate in the manufacture of fluorescent whitening agents. The first report [Grajewski et al. (1995): Am J Ind Med 29:53-61] describes results of the analysis of reproductive hormone levels. This second report provides results from the analysis of perceived libido and potency. In a cross-sectional design, self-reported sexual function of 30 male workers who manufacture DAS and 20 former DAS workers was compared to that of 35 workers who manufactured plastics additives in a different manufacturing area. Questionnaire items were examined by factor analysis, reducing the data to these components of sexual function: sexual activity/performance (two factors), interest, satisfaction, and physiologic competence. Adjusting for age, currently exposed workers were more likely than unexposed workers to have a value in the lowest quartile for interest (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-7.2), physiologic competence (adjusted OR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.6-6.4), and activity/performance factor II (adjusted OR = 5.8, 95% CI 1.3-27.3). Former DAS workers reported problems associated with activity/performance factors I and II compared to unexposed workers (adjusted OR = 2.2, 95% CI 0.5-10.1 and adjusted OR = 6.7, 95% CI 1.2-35.9, respectively). Although the small study size limits the precision of the effect estimates, the pattern of results suggests a possible effect on sexual function of working in the DAS manufacturing area. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Whelan, EA (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,INDUSTRYWIDE STUDIES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 59 EP 65 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199601)29:1<59::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-U PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TL954 UT WOS:A1996TL95400008 PM 8808043 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Gaviria, M Rollin, PE Hlady, WG Ksiazek, TG Armstrong, LR Greenman, R Ravkov, E Kolber, M Anapol, H Sfakianaki, ED Nichol, ST Peters, CJ Khabbaz, RF AF Khan, AS Gaviria, M Rollin, PE Hlady, WG Ksiazek, TG Armstrong, LR Greenman, R Ravkov, E Kolber, M Anapol, H Sfakianaki, ED Nichol, ST Peters, CJ Khabbaz, RF TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Florida: Association with the newly identified Black Creek Canal virus SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a recently recognized viral zoonosis. The first recognized cases were caused by a newly described hantavirus, Sin Nombre virus (previously known as Muerto Canyon virus), isolated from Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse). We describe a 33-yearsld Floridian man who resided outside the ecologic range of P maniculatus but was found to have serologic evidence of a hantavirus infection during evaluation of azotemia associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Small mammal trapping conducted around this patient's residence demonstrated the presence of antihantaviral antibodies in 13% of Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat). Serologic testing using antigen derived from the Black Creek Canal hantavirus subsequently isolated from this rodent established that this patient was acutely infected with this new pathogenic American hantavirus. HPS is not confined to the geographical distribution of P maniculatus and should be suspected in individuals with febrile respiratory syndromes, perhaps associated with azotemia, throughout the continental United States. C1 UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,MIAMI,FL. COMMUNICABLE DIS EPIDEMIOL,TALLAHASSEE,FL. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,MIAMI,FL 33125. DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,DADE CTY PUBL HLTH UNIT,MIAMI,FL. RP Khan, AS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,MAILSTOP A-26,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 13 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 245 WEST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 100 IS 1 BP 46 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)90010-8 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TT033 UT WOS:A1996TT03300010 PM 8579086 ER PT J AU Wallace, MR Sharp, TW Smoak, B Iriye, C Rozmajzl, P Thornton, SA Batchelor, R Magill, AJ Lobel, HO Longer, CF Burans, JP AF Wallace, MR Sharp, TW Smoak, B Iriye, C Rozmajzl, P Thornton, SA Batchelor, R Magill, AJ Lobel, HO Longer, CF Burans, JP TI Malaria among United States troops in Somalia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FALCIPARUM-MALARIA; MEFLOQUINE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; PROPHYLAXIS; DOXYCYCLINE AB PURPOSE: United States military personnel deployed to Somalia were at risk for malaria, including chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This report details laboratory, clinical, preventive, and therapeutic aspects of malaria in this cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study took place in US military field hospitals in Somalia, with US troops deployed to Somalia between December 1992 and May 1993. Centralized clinical care and country-wide disease surveillance facilitated standardized laboratory diagnosis, clinical records, epidemiologic studies, and assessment of chemoprophylactic efficacy. RESULTS: Forty-eight cases of malaria occurred among US troops while in Somalia; 41 of these cases were P falciparum. Risk factors associated with malaria included: noncompliance with recommended chemoprophylaxis (odds ratio [OR] 2.4); failure to use bed nets (OR 2.6); and failure to keep sleeves rolled down (OR 2.2). Some patients developed malaria in spite of mefloquine (n = 8) or doxycycline (n = 5) levels compatible with chemoprophylactic compliance. Five mefloquine failures had both serum levels greater than or equal to 650 ng/mL and metabolite:mefloquine ratios over 2, indicating chemoprophylactic failure. All cases were successfully treated, including 1 patient who developed cerebral malaria. CONCLUSIONS: P falciparum malaria attack rates were substantial in the first several weeks of Operation Restore Hope. While most cases occurred because of noncompliance with personal protective measures or chemoprophylaxis, both mefloquine and doxycycline chemoprophylactic failures occurred. Military or civilian travelers to East Africa must be scrupulous in their attention to both chemoprophylaxis and personal protection measures. C1 USN,NAVAL MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV INFECT DIS,SAN DIEGO,CA 92134. USN,MED RES INST,BETHESDA,MD 20814. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. USN,MED CTR,OAKLAND,CA. USN,ENVIRONM & PREVENT MED UNIT 7,NAPLES,ITALY. USN,MED RES UNIT 3,CAIRO,EGYPT. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Wallace, MR (reprint author), USN,MED CTR,DEPT CLIN INVEST,SAN DIEGO,CA 92134, USA. NR 25 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 7 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 245 WEST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 100 IS 1 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)90011-X PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TT033 UT WOS:A1996TT03300011 PM 8579087 ER PT J AU Joesoef, MR Sumampouw, H Linnan, M Schmid, S Idajadi, A StLouis, ME AF Joesoef, MR Sumampouw, H Linnan, M Schmid, S Idajadi, A StLouis, ME TI Douching and sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women in Surabaya, Indonesia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vaginal douching; sexually transmitted disease ID PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS; RISK FACTOR; INFECTION; ASSOCIATION AB OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the association between douching (douching agents and timing) and sexually transmitted disease. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of sexually transmitted diseases and habits of vaginal douching was performed on 599 pregnant women who visited a prenatal clinic in Surabaya, Indonesia. RESULTS: Of the 599 pregnant women, 115 (19.2%) had at least one sexually transmitted disease (gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomoniasis, or herpes simplex virus-2). Most women had douched with water (19%) or water and soap (63%) at least once in the preceding month. Approximately 10% of the women had douched in the preceding month with a commercial agent (2%) or betel leaf (8%). Douching with water alone after sex was not associated with sexually transmitted disease. Douching with water and soap or with a betel leaf or commercial agent after sex was associated with sexually transmitted disease; adjusted odds ratios were 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 7.1) and 2.7 (95% confidence interval 0.5 to 14.5), respectively. The association was enhanced if the women douched before sex or both before and after sex; adjusted odds ratios were 2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 7.3) for douching with water and soap and 5.2 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 16.7) for douching with betel leaf or a commercial agent. Compared with women who never douched, women who always douched with betel leaf or a commercial agent had a substantially increased risk for sexually transmitted disease (adjusted odds ratio 9.4, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 50.3). CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant association between sexually transmitted disease and douching habits (douching with betel leaf, commercial agents, or water and soap). However. further prospective investigations are needed to evaluate the temporal relationship between douching and sexually transmitted disease. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV AIRLANGGA,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,SURABAYA,INDONESIA. UNIV AIRLANGGA,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,SURABAYA,INDONESIA. RP Joesoef, MR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD IV PREVENT,MAILSTOP E02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 18 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 174 IS 1 BP 115 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70382-4 PN 1 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA TR334 UT WOS:A1996TR33400019 PM 8571993 ER PT J AU Hinman, AR AF Hinman, AR TI Distance learning and distance education: A personal perspective SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB During 50 years of service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has made important contributions to U.S. public health, particularly in the area of training, an essential CDC activity. I summarize some of CDC's experiences with distance learning and distance education, describe the need for public health education and training, and consider how distance education can fill that need. RP Hinman, AR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF DIRECTOR,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 5 EP 8 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA TZ438 UT WOS:A1996TZ43800004 PM 8776287 ER PT J AU Siegel, M Nelson, DE Peddicord, JP Merritt, RK Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP AF Siegel, M Nelson, DE Peddicord, JP Merritt, RK Giovino, GA Eriksen, MP TI The extent of cigarette brand and company switching: Results from the adult use-of-tobacco survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB To evaluate the effects of cigarette advertising on brand switching, an accurate estimate of the extent of cigarette brand and company switching among current smokers is needed. Data from the 1986 Adult Use-of-Tobacco Survey were analyzed to estimate the percentage of adult smokers who switched cigarette brands and companies in the previous year. Approximately 9.2% of adult smokers (4.2 million) switched cigarette brands in 1986, and 6.7% (3.1 million) switched cigarette companies. The aggregate profitability of brand switching in 1986 was approximately $362 million. Based on this analysis, brand switching alone justifies only a small percentage of a cigarette company's advertising and promotion expenditures, suggesting that future research should address other potential effects of advertising, including maintenance of brand loyalty and expanding the cigarette market. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): addictive behavior, advertising, smoking, tobacco. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 14 EP 16 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA TZ438 UT WOS:A1996TZ43800006 PM 8776289 ER PT J AU Stout, NA Jenkins, EL Pizatella, TJ AF Stout, NA Jenkins, EL Pizatella, TJ TI Occupational injury mortality rates in the United States: Changes from 1980 to 1989 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Changes in occupational injury mortality rates over the 1980s were examined through analysis of the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system. The US occupational injury mortality tate decreased 37% over the decade, with decreases seen in nearly every demographic and employment sector. Greater declines were among men, Blacks, and younger workers, as well as among agricultural, trade, and service workers. Electrocutions, machine-related incidents, and homicides showed the greatest decreases. Changes in occupational mortality rates by demography, industry, and cause of death indicate the areas in which the most progress has been made and those that are prime targets for prevention efforts. RP Stout, NA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV SAFETY RES,1095 WILLOWDALE RD,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 15 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 1 BP 73 EP 77 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TR372 UT WOS:A1996TR37200015 PM 8561247 ER PT J AU Liu, S Quenemoen, LE Malilay, J Noji, E Sinks, T Mendlein, J AF Liu, S Quenemoen, LE Malilay, J Noji, E Sinks, T Mendlein, J TI Assessment of a severe-weather warning system and disaster preparedness, Calhoun County, Alabama, 1994 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID INJURIES; TORNADO C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CPC,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Liu, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,MS K-26,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Liu, Simin/I-3689-2014 OI Liu, Simin/0000-0003-2098-3844 NR 16 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 1 BP 87 EP 89 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TR372 UT WOS:A1996TR37200019 PM 8561251 ER PT J AU Pinner, RW AF Pinner, RW TI Addressing the challenges of emerging infectious diseases SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE emerging infectious diseases; emerging infections programs; Centers for Disease Control ID BACTERIUM AB Through the recent examples of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union, plague in India, and trends in pneumonia mortality in the United States, the author, in this article, illustrates issues in emerging infectious diseases. The Centers for Disease Control's plan, Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats: A Prevention Strategy for the United States, is summarized. Initial efforts to implement this plan are described, with particular focus on the development of Emerging Infections Programs, which are conducting epidemiologic and laboratory projects on several infectious diseases, including invasive bacterial diseases, unexplained deaths, foodborne diseases, and ehrlichiosis in four population-based sites in the United States. RP Pinner, RW (reprint author), PUBL HLTH SERV,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,OD,MAIL STOP C12,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 311 IS 1 BP 3 EP 8 DI 10.1097/00000441-199601000-00002 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TQ198 UT WOS:A1996TQ19800002 PM 8571983 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC McGowan, JE AF Tenover, FC McGowan, JE TI Reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE antimicrobial resistance; emerging infections; resistance mechanisms ID SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECALIS; UNITED-STATES; BACTERIA; CEPHALOSPORINS; OUTBREAK; GENES AB The ability of many different species of bacteria, including those that cause disease in humans, to resist the inhibitory action of antimicrobial agents has become a global problem. Resistance continues to spread not only in nosocomial pathogens but in several key community-acquired organisms as well. Appropriate control measures for such resistant organisms depend in part on the pathways by which resistance has arisen. Unfortunately, these pathways differ greatly from organism to organism and setting to setting. In addition, although the epidemiology of resistant organisms sometimes is similar to that of susceptible organisms of the same kind, in some situations it may be quite different. In this article, the authors highlight some of the pathways leading to the development of resistance in bacteria, the importance of antimicrobial use, and the relevance of these mechanisms to measures for the control of resistant bacteria in hospital and community settings. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS LAB,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAILSTOP G-08,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 81 TC 94 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 13 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 311 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1097/00000441-199601000-00003 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TQ198 UT WOS:A1996TQ19800003 PM 8571988 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL AF Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL TI The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE public health; food poisoning; population surveillance ID SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; MILK; BOTULISM; CHOLERA; SYSTEM; FOOD AB The epidemiology of foodborne diseases in the United States has changed in recent decades as new pathogens have emerged, the food supply has changed, and the number of people with heightened susceptibility to foodborne diseases has increased. Emerging pathogens are those that have recently increased or are likely to increase within 2 decades. Emergence is often the consequence of changes in some aspect of the social environment. The global economy, for example, has facilitated the rapid transport of perishable foods, increasing the potential for exposure to foodborne pathogens from other parts of the world. Other factors altering foodborne disease patterns are the types of food that people eat, the sources of those foods, and the possible decline in public awareness of safe food preparation practices. Aging, extension of life expectancy for the chronically ill through medical technology, and the AIDS epidemic have increased the public health impact of foodborne diseases because they increase the proportion of the population susceptible to severe illness after infection with a foodborne pathogen. The evolving epidemiology of foodborne diseases must be monitored and understood to implement appropriate prevention technologies. RP Altekruse, SF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,FDA LIAISON,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DBMD,FDDB,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP A-38,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 49 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 311 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1097/00000441-199601000-00005 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TQ198 UT WOS:A1996TQ19800005 PM 8571982 ER PT J AU Butler, JC Peters, CJ AF Butler, JC Peters, CJ TI Lessons learned from the hantaviruses and other hemorrhagic fever viruses SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE hemorrhagic fever viruses; hantaviruses; Ebola virus; Sin Nombre virus; emerging infections ID UNITED-STATES; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; INFECTION AB In recent years, numerous previously unknown infectious pathogens and their associated diseases have been recognized. Among these newly identified agents are the viruses that cause the hemorrhagic fevers, including Sin Nombre virus, the etiologic agent of the 1993 outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the American Southwest. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of the hemorrhagic fevers and their etiologic agents provide lessons that may be used collectively as a paradigm of the nature of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. RP Butler, JC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MAILSTOP C-09,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 311 IS 1 BP 55 EP 59 DI 10.1097/00000441-199601000-00009 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TQ198 UT WOS:A1996TQ19800009 PM 8571987 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Heymann, DL Breman, JG AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Heymann, DL Breman, JG TI The problem of malaria and malaria control in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LOW BIRTH-WEIGHT; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; CHLOROQUINE; ANTIBODIES; PLACENTA; MOTHERS; ANEMIA; AREA AB Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women frequently leads to placental infection and low birth weight (< 2,500 grams) of the infant, particularly in the areas of high malaria transmission found in sub-Saharan Africa. Low birth weight is widely known to be an important risk factor for early infant mortality. To reduce the risk that maternal infection poses to child survival, many antenatal clinic programs recommend and provide antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, often with chloroquine (CQ) as a recommended element for antenatal care. Prior to the 1980s, despite widespread advocacy for this intervention, little was known about the effect of this intervention strategy. As an introduction to the Mangochi Malaria Research Project, which examined the efficacy of several antimalarial regimens using CQ or mefloquine in pregnant women in Malawi, we describe the background of knowledge regarding malaria infection in pregnant African women and the important elements of an intervention and prevention strategy. C1 MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,COLL MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 53 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 2 EP 7 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300002 PM 8702033 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Khoromana, CO Breman, JG Heymann, DL AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Khoromana, CO Breman, JG Heymann, DL TI Objectives and methodology in a study of malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy in rural Malawi: The Mangochi Malaria Research Project SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; GESTATIONAL-AGE; CHLOROQUINE; EFFICACY; WOMEN; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; RESISTANCE; INFANT AB Malaria infection due to Plasmodium falciparum has been widely recognized as associated with important adverse consequences in pregnant women, particularly in areas of high transmission. Although strategies using antimalarial drugs for prevention had been recommended, even by the late 1980s, few studies had been carried out to examine the efficacy of these prevention efforts. The objectives of the Mangochi Malaria Research Project investigation were to determine the comparative efficacy of regimens containing chloroquine (CQ) or mefloquine (MQ) antimalarial treatment and chemoprophylaxis in an area of CQ-resistant P. falciparum on the following outcomes: 1) the frequency of placental malaria infection; 2) the frequency of low birth weight; 3) the frequency of prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation; 4) the frequency of maternal fever illness and severe anemia; and 5) the likelihood of infant acquisition of malaria infection. Although the investigation was not designed to evaluate the role of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis and treatment on infant mortality reduction, because babies born to study women were scheduled to be followed for up to two years of life, the study allowed for an examination of mortality and morbidity in this population. The sample size was insufficient to provide more than descriptive analysis of mortality and morbidity in the fetal, perinatal, neonatal, postneonatal, and infant time intervals. The study design allowed for the evaluation of two additional aspects of maternal and infant health: other determinants of the above-listed outcomes in addition to malaria prevention (e.g., maternal age, gravidity, socioeconomic status, infection with human immunodeficiency virus or syphilis) and reported cause-specific mortality in the fetal-to-infant intervals. The study design included 22 months of enrollment of pregnant women at their first antenatal clinic visit from four clinic sites in Mangochi District, Malawi, with assignment to one of four antimalarial regimens and prospective follow-up through pregnancy, at delivery, and during infancy. All drug dosing was performed under supervision by the study team, making this an evaluation of intervention efficacy (excluding the role of patient compliance). C1 MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 8 EP 16 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300003 PM 8702043 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Breman, JG Heymann, DL AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Breman, JG Heymann, DL TI Comparability of treatment groups and risk factors for parasitemia at the first antenatal clinic visit in a study of malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT; CHEMOSUPPRESSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; AFRICA AB The problems of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women have been described in numerous sub-Saharan African countries, but the frequency of parasitemia at the first antenatal visit and risk factors for infection have not been fully investigated. During a prospective antimalarial treatment and prophylaxis trial in pregnant women in Malawi (three groups receiving a chloroquine regimen and one group receiving a mefloquine regimen), we examined women at their first antenatal clinic visit to evaluate these issues and to verify that subjects in the study treatment/prevention arms were similar. Among 4,127 women with enrollment blood smear results, 1,836 (44.5%) were parasitemic. The highest infection rates and densities were observed in primigravidas (66% infected, geometric mean parasite density [GMPD] = 1,588 parasites/mm(3) of whole blood), followed by second pregnancies (46% infected, GMPD = 615 parasites/mm(3)) and subsequent pregnancies (29% infected, GMPD = 238 parasites/mm(3)), (P < 10(-6) for both infection prevalence and density, by chi-square test for trend). Significant risk factors for parasitemia at first antenatal clinic visit in a multivariate model included low gravidity, high transmission season, no use of prophylaxis before first antenatal clinic visit, young age (< 20 years), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, low hematocrit, short stature, and second trimester (compared with third trimester). Women in the different treatment an-ns of the study were generally similar in many characteristics; statistically significant differences, where present, were small. Targeting malaria control efforts to women in their first or second pregnancy and during the high transmission season will be an important strategy to reach most parasitemic women and minimize resource expenditure. Women infected with HIV had a 55% increased risk of parasitemia at their first antenatal clinic visit and may represent an additional important risk group whose numbers may hr increasing and who may benefit from identification and management for malaria. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 28 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 17 EP 23 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300004 PM 8702032 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Roberts, JM Khoromana, CO Heymann, DL Breman, JG AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Roberts, JM Khoromana, CO Heymann, DL Breman, JG TI Malaria parasite infection during pregnancy and at delivery in mother, placenta, and newborn: Efficacy of chloroquine and mefloquine in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; WOMEN; CHILDREN; ANEMIA; KENYA; AGE; PROPHYLAXIS; DISTRICT; AFRICA AB Despite international recommendations to use malaria treatment and prevention in pregnant women in malaria-endemic areas, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of available antimalarial regimens. This issue is of particular concern in the face of spreading chloroquine (CQ)-resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in malarious areas of sub-Saharan Africa. In a prospective trial in rural Malawian pregnant women, we examined three regimens using CQ (including the existing national policy regimen) and one regimen using mefloquine (MQ). The efficacy of the regimens was determined by comparing rates of clearance of initial parasitemia; prevention of breakthrough infection; and parasitemia at delivery in maternal peripheral blood, placental blood, and in infant umbilical cord blood. Among 1,528 parasitemic women at enrollment, 281 (18.4%) had persistent infections, and among 1,852 initially aparasitemic women, 320 (17.3%) had breakthrough parasitemia on one or more follow-up visits. Compared with women on MQ, women on a CQ regimen were at significantly greater risk of persistent and breakthrough infection (odds ratios [OR] = 30.9 and 11.1, respectively, P < 10(-6)). Other significant risk factors for persistent and breakthrough infections in a multivariate model included first pregnancy; enrollment in the rainy or postrainy season; maternal age less than or equal to 25 years; seropositivity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (persistent infections only); and no use of antimalarial prophylaxis before enrollment (breakthrough infections only). At delivery, compared with women on MQ, women on a CQ regimen were at significantly greater risk of peripheral, placental, or umbilical cord blood parasitemia (OR = 8.7, 7.4, and 4.1, respectively, P < 10(-6)). Additional risk factors for parasitemia at delivery in multivariate models included first pregnancy; delivery in the rainy or postrainy season; HIV-seropositivity; and maternal age less than or equal to 25 years (risk for peripheral and placental blood parasitemia only). Maternal anemia (hematocrit < 30%) at enrollment or at delivery was not associated with persistent or breakthrough parasitemia or parasitemia at delivery in these multivariate models. While factors leading to increased malaria parasite exposure (high transmission seasons) and lowered or altered host immune response (low pregnancy number, young age, and HIV infection) are important risk factors for malaria in pregnant women, the use of an ineffective intervention (CQ in a setting with CQ-resistant parasites) was the most important determinant of P. falciparum parasitemia in these pregnant women. Strategies to reduce the impact of malaria in pregnant women must use efficacious interventions and may need to consider targeting the intervention to the most susceptible women during the seasons of high malaria exposure. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MALAWI,COLL MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 25 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 24 EP 32 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300005 PM 8702034 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Hightower, AW Slutsker, L Heymann, DL Breman, JG AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Hightower, AW Slutsker, L Heymann, DL Breman, JG TI The effect of malaria and malaria prevention in pregnancy on offspring birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; GESTATIONAL-AGE; CHLOROQUINE; WOMEN; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; PROPHYLAXIS; INFECTION; PLACENTA; EFFICACY AB While there is broad evidence for the adverse effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy, and the World Health Organization recommends preventive strategies, there is markedly reduced efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa of the most widely available, affordable and used antimalarial drug for chemoprophylaxis-chloroquine (CQ). During 1987-1990, we studied pregnant women in an area of high malaria endemicity in rural Malawi to compare the efficacy of CQ (the drug recommended by national policy) with mefloquine (MQ, a relatively new and highly effective antimalarial) in preventing low birth weight (LBW) due to prematurity and intrauterine growth 1,766 women monitored during at least their last six weeks of pregnancy with observed ingestion of their regimen and facility delivery of a live born singleton, their babies had a mean +/- SD birth weight of 2,905 +/- 461 gm and 16.8% had LBW. In a multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with LBW included: first birth (odds ratio [OR] = 4.27), female infant (OR = 2.92), maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection (OR = 2.66), low maternal weight (OR = 1.95), and placental blood P. falciparum infection (OR = 1.71). Factors significantly associated with IUGR-LBW included first birth, female infant, low maternal weight, and placental malaria. Factors significantly associated with preterm-LBW included maternal syphilis infection, umbilical cord blood malaria, first birth, low maternal weight, and female infant. Use of an effective antimalarial (MQ) was protective against LBW through its effect on reducing placental and umbilical cord blood malaria infection. The proportion of LBW babies born to women on MQ (12.5% [parity-adjusted for the population of delivering women]) was significantly lower than the proportion born to women on CQ (15.5%; P = 0.05). Effective prevention of malaria in pregnant women in malaria-endemic settings may reduce the likelihood of LBW by 5-14%, and may reduce the amount of preventable LBW by more than 30%. When evaluating antenatal care programs, health policy makers must consider providing an effective preventive drug (either MQ or other drugs identified in additional studies, e.g., sulfa-pyrimethamine compounds) as a means to prevent low birth weight and its consequences. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 41 TC 205 Z9 207 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 33 EP 41 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300006 PM 8702035 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Bloland, PB Chilima, B Mermin, JH Chitsulo, L Breman, JG AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Bloland, PB Chilima, B Mermin, JH Chitsulo, L Breman, JG TI Impairment of a pregnant woman's acquired ability to limit Plasmodium falciparum by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE; CHILDBEARING WOMEN; WEST-AFRICA; MALARIA; HIV; CHILDREN; EFFICACY; RWANDA; ZAIRE; MORTALITY AB In Africa, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most serious emerging infection and Plasmodium falciparum malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases. Both infections have serious consequences in pregnant women, their fetuses, and infants. We examined the association between HIV and P. falciparum in pregnant women enrolled in a malaria chemoprophylaxis study in rural Malawi. Pregnant women (n = 2,946) were enrolled at their first antenatal clinic visit (mean 5.6 months of pregnancy), placed on one of three chloroquine regimens, and followed through delivery. Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia was measured at enrollment, monthly thereafter, at delivery, and 2-6 months postpartum; placental and newborn (umbilical cord blood) infection was measured for hospital-delivered infants. Serum collected during pregnancy was tested for antibodies tb HIV by enzyme-linked immunoassay with Western blot confirmation. Parasitemia was detected in 46% of 2,946 women at enrollment and 19.1% at delivery; HIV seroprevalence was 5.5%. The prevalence and geometric mean density (GMPD) of parasitemia at enrollment and at delivery were higher in HIV-seropositive(+) than in HIV-seronegative(-) women (at enrollment: 57% prevalence and a GMPD of 1,558 parasites/mm(3) versus 44% and 670/mm(3) respectively; P < 0.0001; and at delivery: 35% and 1,589/mm(3) versus 18% and 373/mm(3); P < 0.0005). Placental infection rates were higher in HIV(+) compared with HIV(-) women (38% versus 23%; P < 0.0005). This association was strongest in multigravidas. Compared with infants born to HIV(-) women, newborns born to HIV(+) women had higher rates of umbilical cord blood parasitemia. Both HIV(+) and HIV(-) women had similar rates of parasitemia 2-6 months postpartum. The HIV infection diminishes a pregnant woman's capacity to control P. falciparum parasitemia and placental and newborn infection, the major determinants of the impact of P. falciparum on fetal growth and infant survival. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. RI Mermin, Jonathan/J-9847-2012 NR 36 TC 188 Z9 189 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 42 EP 49 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300007 PM 8702036 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Khoromana, CO Heymann, DL Breman, JG AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Slutsker, L Khoromana, CO Heymann, DL Breman, JG TI Malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy: Indications for use and adverse events associated with use of chloroquine or mefloquine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CHEMOSUPPRESSION; REGIMENS; PROPHYLAXIS; MALAWI AB In sub-Saharan Africa, women frequently report a variety of symptoms during pregnancy, some of which indicate possible illness. Given the adverse impact of malaria in pregnancy, these events may be important for at least two reasons: it may be possible to use reported fever illness as a determinant of which women need an antimalarial intervention, and, it is possible that adverse symptoms following the antimalarial intervention may be important determinants of continued adherence to the prevention regimen. In a cohort of pregnant women enrolled at first antenatal clinic visit in rural Malawi, we evaluated reported fever, determined parasitemia, and placed the women on antimalarial regimens containing chloroquine (CQ) or mefloquine (MQ). We then systematically evaluated reported symptoms following antimalarial drug use after initial therapeutic doses and subsequent prophylactic doses, and monitored women throughout their pregnancy and at delivery. Among 4,187 enrolled women, 1,048 (25%) reported at least one febrile episode during pregnancy before their first antenatal clinic visit. Factors associated with this reported fever included low parity, enrollment in the rainy season, human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity, use of antimalarial prophylaxis before enrollment, high socioeconomic status, normal (compared to low) maternal height and weight, and literacy. Fever before the first antenatal clinic visit was reported by 24.4% of parasitemic women and 25.4% of aparasitemic women; the sensitivity and specificity of fever to identify parasitemic women was 24% and 71%, respectively. In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of first or second pregnancy to identify parasitemic women was 71% and 57%, respectively. Among women on a CQ or MQ regimen, approximately 60% reported side effects (e.g., itching, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disturbances) after a treatment dose and approximately 25% reported side effects after a prophylactic dose; rates and types of symptoms reported were similar in the CQ and MQ groups. Few serious side effects were observed and rates of fetal loss were low and similar in the groups. Reliance on fever illness will be wholly inadequate to identify parasitemic women; therefore, our findings support existing World Health Organization recommendations that presumptive treatment and prevention regimens should be offered to all pregnant women. When resources are inadequate to offer antimalarial prophylaxis to all pregnant women, women in their first or second pregnancy may be a more appropriate target group than pregnant women with reported fever. Education regarding expected minor side effects may reduce rates of poor compliance and improve the effectiveness of the prevention effort. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 22 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 50 EP 56 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300008 PM 8702037 ER PT J AU Redd, SC Wirima, JJ Steketee, RW Breman, JG Heymann, DL AF Redd, SC Wirima, JJ Steketee, RW Breman, JG Heymann, DL TI Transplacental transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CONGENITAL MALARIA; INFANT AB Malaria during pregnancy may result in fetal exposure to malaria when parasites are transmitted across the placenta. To document the rate of transplacental passage of Plasmodium falciparum and to identify the risk factors for congenitally acquired malaria infection, we examined umbilical cord blood for malaria parasites from 2,080 newborn infants born to mothers enrolled in a study of malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy. Cord blood parasitemia was detected in 140 (6.7%) newborn infants with a geometric mean density of 187 parasites/mu l (range 12-99,752 parasites/mu l). The likelihood of umbilical cord blood parasitemia was closely linked to the parasite density of placental malaria infection and the density of maternal peripheral blood parasitemia at the time of delivery; all babies born to women with both placental and peripheral blood parasitemia densities greater than or equal to 10,000/mu l had cord blood parasitemia. In a multivariate logistic regression model, male sex, premature delivery, and placental and maternal peripheral blood malaria parasitemia were independently associated with a baby being born with umbilical cord blood parasitemia. In this setting, highly endemic for malaria, transplacental transmission of malaria from infected placentae occurs frequently and is directly related to the density of maternal malaria infection. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MALAWI,COLL MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 57 EP 60 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300009 PM 8702038 ER PT J AU McDermott, JM Wirima, JJ Steketee, RW Breman, JG Heymann, DL AF McDermott, JM Wirima, JJ Steketee, RW Breman, JG Heymann, DL TI The effect of placental malaria infection on perinatal mortality in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID INFANT-MORTALITY; PREGNANCY; SYPHILIS AB Perinatal deaths (fetal or infant deaths from the 28th week of pregnancy up to the seventh day after birth) occur as a result of adverse conditions during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, or in the first few days of life. Placental malaria infection is known to increase the risk of delivery of a low birth weight infant, thus, potentially increasing the risk of perinatal and infant mortality. To better understand the relationship among the adverse events in pregnancy, including placental malaria infection, adverse conditions in labor, and birth weight to perinatal mortality, we investigated the perinatal mortality among a cohort of infants born to rural Malawian women for whom placental malaria infection status and birth weight were documented. Among the 2,063 mother-singleton infant pairs, there were 111 perinatal deaths (53.8 perinatal deaths per 1,000 births). The risk of perinatal death increased as birth weight decreased. Risk factors identified for perinatal mortality among all infants excluding birth weight included abnormal delivery (cesarean section, breech, or vacuum extraction), a history of a late fetal or neonatal death in the most recent previous birth among multiparous women, reactive maternal syphilis serology, nulliparity, and low socioeconomic status. Placental malaria infection was not associated with increased perinatal mortality, but was associated with lower perinatal mortality among normal birth weight (greater than or equal to 2,500 g) infants (odds ratio = 0.35, 95% confidence interval = 0.14, 0.92). Interventions to address these risk factors could have a substantial impact on reducing perinatal mortality in this population. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV MALAWI,COLL MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 61 EP 65 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300010 PM 8702039 ER PT J AU McDermott, JM Slutsker, L Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Breman, JG Heymann, DL AF McDermott, JM Slutsker, L Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Breman, JG Heymann, DL TI Prospective assessment of mortality among a cohort of pregnant women in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING MATERNAL MORTALITY; COUNTRIES; DISTRICT; AFRICA AB Maternal mortality has recently received attention as a neglected public health problem in many developing countries where mortality rates are estimated to be 8-200 times those in developed countries. Most maternal mortality estimates in sub-Saharan Africa have used retrospective methods because of the lack of large population-based studies. The Mangochi Malaria Research Project, a trial of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis in pregnant women, provided an opportunity to examine prospectively mortality among the study women. Among 4,053 monitored pregnant women, 27 women were known to have died during pregnancy, labor, delivery and the one-year follow-up period. Three women died during the antenatal period and 12 died within six weeks of delivery for an estimated maternal mortality rate of 370 per 100,000 pregnant women; this rate was consistent with rates reported from retrospective surveys in Malawi. Twelve women died between three and 10 months after delivery, and the mortality rate in this nonmaternal period was estimated to be 341 per 100,000. Mortality rates in the maternal and nonmaternal periods were surprisingly similar. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection and anemia were strongly associated with death in the nonmaternal period. Mortality among infants of mothers who died was 3.7 times higher than the rate of death among infants born to mothers who survived. This study highlights that for rural Malawian women, pregnancy and delivery are risky periods, that the death of the mother adversely affects the survival of her children, and that HIV and anemia are important contributors to nonmaternal mortality in reproductive-age women. Strategies to reduce mortality among women of child-bearing age in sub-Saharan Africa must focus on decreasing the complications of pregnancy and delivery, and address important preventable causes of death, such as anemia and HIV infection. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 18 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 66 EP 70 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300011 PM 8702040 ER PT J AU Slutsker, L Khoromana, CO Hightower, AW Macheso, A Wirima, JJ Breman, JG Heymann, DL Steketee, RW AF Slutsker, L Khoromana, CO Hightower, AW Macheso, A Wirima, JJ Breman, JG Heymann, DL Steketee, RW TI Malaria infection in infancy in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; CHILDREN; ANEMIA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; FEVER AB Malaria infection is thought to be relatively infrequent in infants less than 90 days of age in sub-Saharan Africa. In a rural area of Malawi with intense malaria transmission, we examined the occurrence of malaria infection during infancy and risk factors for parasitemia in the first three months of life in the cohort of infants delivered to women in the Mangochi Malaria Research Project. Among 3,915 liveborn singleton infants, 3,432 (87.7%) were seen at least once during infancy (first 12 months of life); of these, malaria blood smear results were available on 2,649 (77.2%). Overall, in a cross-sectional analysis, 23.3% of infants at three months of age were infected with Plasmodium falciparum; this proportion increased to more than 30% during the high transmission season. By the age of 10 months, 60-80% of the infants were infected, depending on the season. Geometric mean parasite density increased each month after two months of age and plateaued at seven months of age. In a life-table analysis, the median time to acquisition of a positive smear was 199 days. Factors independently associated with smear positivity at < 4 months of age included visit during high transmission season (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.1), maternal smear positivity at the same visit (AOR = 3.5), history of infant fever in the previous two weeks (AOR = 2.8), birth during the rainy season (AOR = 1.7), low socioeconomic status (AOR = 1.6), and low maternal education (AOR = 1.5). The specificity of a recent fever history for malaria infection in early infancy was high (> 70%). Intervention strategies to reduce the risk of early infant infection need to be targeted toward mothers of infants at high risk. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300012 PM 8702041 ER PT J AU Slutsker, L Bloland, P Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Heymann, DL Breman, JG AF Slutsker, L Bloland, P Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Heymann, DL Breman, JG TI Infant and second-year mortality in rural Malawi: Causes and descriptive epidemiology SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CHILDREN; DEATHS; AFRICA; AREA; BANGLADESH; POPULATION AB Community information based on causes and circumstances of death in infants and young children in was obtained in a prospective cohort of babies delivered to women enrolled in a malaria-prevention-in-Malawi pregnancy study. Vital status information was obtained through home visits every two months; for children who died, questions were asked concerning age and date of death, symptoms preceding death, care sought, location of death (home versus facility), and duration of illness. Of 3,274 liveborn singleton infants, 181, 397, and 152 deaths occurred in the neonatal, postneonatal, and second year of life, respectively. For neonates, proportionate mortality was greatest for sepsis/tetanus (16.7%) and fever (8.6%); however, for more than half of neonatal deaths evaluated the cause was not identified. Up to 30% of neonatal deaths may have been related to prematurity. In the postneonatal period, gastrointestinal illness (39.6%), fever (18.3%), and respiratory illnesses (14.7%) were the leading causes. Most postneonatal illnesses lasted 1 week or less. Two-thirds of postneonatal deaths occurred outside of a health care facility, although 80% were brought to a facility for care during their illness. Infectious disease syndromes continued to be important in the second year of life, with gastrointestinal (31.6%), fever (23.5%), and measles (20.6%) the most commonly reported causes of death. In this area of rural sub-Saharan Africa, neonatal mortality contributes substantially to infant mortality, and prematurity is considered to be an important component of early neonatal deaths; infectious disease syndromes predominate in the postneonatal and second year of life. Strategies to reduce infant deaths in sub-Saharan Africa must consider these factors, as well as the observations that most children who died had brief illnesses, were taken to a health care facility before death, yet died at home. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 77 EP 81 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300013 PM 8702042 ER PT J AU Bloland, P Slutsker, L Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Heymann, DL Breman, JG AF Bloland, P Slutsker, L Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Heymann, DL Breman, JG TI Rates and risk factors for mortality during the first two years of life in rural Malawi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID INFANT-MORTALITY AB Developing nations in sub-Saharan Africa experience childhood mortality rates that are much higher than any other region of the world. In a rural Malawian community we investigated risk factors for deaths occurring during the neonatal (birth-28 days), postneonatal (29-365 days), infant (birth-365 days), and second-year (366-730 days) periods among a cohort of 3,724 infants monitored from birth. The neonatal mortality rate in this cohort was 48.6 per 1,000 live births (LB); the postneonatal mortality rate was 108.7/1,000 LB. The overall infant mortality rate was 157.3 deaths/1,000 LB and the mortality rate for the first two years of life was 223.7 deaths/1,000 LB. The predominate risk factors for neonatal deaths identified in multivariate analysis were low (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.3) and very low birth weight (HR = 12.7), first pregnancy (HR = 1.8) and maternal syphilis infection (HR = 2.4). Maternal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (HR = 1.5) predominated for postneonatal deaths. Low (HR = 1.4) and very low (HR = 5.0) birth weight, first pregnancy (HR = 1.6), maternal HIV infection (HR = 2.4), and the combination of low education and low socioeconomic status (SES) of the mother (HR = 2.0) were the most important factors during the infant period. Maternal HIV infection (HR = 3.3) and the combination of low education and low SES of the mother (HR = 2.6) were the predominate risk factors for mortality occurring during the second year. Factors that were significant in univariate analysis but not significant in the final multivariate models included prematurity, previous adverse reproductive outcome, dying during high malaria transmission season, and being born at home. Interventions to prevent maternal HIV infection and low birth weight and treatment of syphilis infection would have a great impact on reducing early childhood deaths. Improving the delivery of health care and education to women during their first pregnancy and to the most socially disadvantaged women may also help reduce the burden of early childhood mortality in communities such as the one studied in Malawi. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,SCH MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. RP Bloland, P (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 7 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 82 EP 86 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300014 PM 8702044 ER PT J AU Schultz, LJ Steketee, RW Chitsulo, L Macheso, A Kazembe, P Wirima, JJ AF Schultz, LJ Steketee, RW Chitsulo, L Macheso, A Kazembe, P Wirima, JJ TI Evaluation of maternal practices, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of alternative antimalarial regimens for use in pregnancy: Chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; ADVERSE REACTIONS; BIRTH-WEIGHT; WEST-AFRICA; MALARIA; MALAWI; WOMEN; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; INFECTION; PROPHYLAXIS AB With the knowledge that an efficacious antimalarial administered to pregnant women would markedly reduce placental malaria and its associated risk of low birth weight (LBW), investigations were conducted to identify an antimalarial regimen practical for nationwide implementation through the antenatal clinic (ANC) system. Maternal practices, including ANC utilization and malaria treatment and prevention during pregnancy were evaluated as part of a national malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey. A second study was conducted to evaluate the efiicacy and cost of selected alternative antimalarial regimens. Women in their first or second pregnancy were placed on chloroquine (CQ) treatment (25 mg/kg) followed by weekly CQ (300 mg) (CQ/CQ); sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) treatment followed by CQ (300 mg weekly) (SP/CQ); or SP treatment during the second trimester and repeated at the beginning of the third trimester (SP/SP). With 87% of women attending ANC two or more times during pregnancy, most pregnant women in Malawi could be reached with an antimalarial intervention. Among 159 women in their first or second pregnancy receiving CQ/CQ, SP/CQ, and SP/SP, placental malaria parasitemia rates were 32%, 26%, and 9%, respectively (P = 0.006, by chi-square test). The SP/SP regimen was also markedly more cost-effective in preventing infant deaths, costing $75 per infant death prevented, compared with $481 for SP/CQ and $542 for CQ/CQ. These investigations suggest that a regimen consisting of two treatment doses of SP during pregnancy is an efficacious and cost-effective intervention to prevent placental malaria, and LBW-associated mortality, that can be delivered to pregnant women through ANCs in settings similar to those found in rural Malawi. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. MINIST HLTH,COMMUNITY HLTH SCI UNIT,LILONGWE,MALAWI. UNIV MALAWI,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 32 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300015 PM 8702045 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Campbell, CC AF Steketee, RW Wirima, JJ Campbell, CC TI Developing effective strategies for malaria prevention programs for pregnant African women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS; CHLOROQUINE CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; NEONATAL TETANUS; EFFICACY; MALAWI; RESISTANCE; MORTALITY; REDUCTION; THERAPY; WORLD AB The control of malaria in pregnant African women, one of several child survival strategies applied through antenatal care, has been particularly challenging. Prevention and control recommendations for typical areas of high Plasmodium falciparum transmission have promoted the use of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis to prevent placental infection. Persistently low program coverage coupled with diminishing intervention effectiveness have forced a re-evaluation of the relative importance of malaria in pregnancy. The Mangochi Malaria Research Project (MMRP), a prospective evaluation of malaria prevention in pregnant women in rural Malawi conducted during 1987-1990, contributed to establishing new criteria for policy and program development for malaria prevention in pregnancy. The principle findings of the MMRP include: 1) populations at risk of the adverse consequences of malaria in pregnancy include women with low parity, women infected with human immunodeficiency virus, pregnancy during the high malaria transmission season, and the use of a malaria drug that is suboptimally efficacious; 2) the estimated maximum benefits of an antimalarial intervention that clears placental and umbilical cord parasitemia are a 5-12% reduction of low birth weight (LBW), an approximately 35% reduction in the risk of LBW for risks that are actually preventable once a woman has become pregnant (e.g., risks such as infectious disease or poor nutrition during gestation), and a 3-5% reduction in the rate of infant mortality; 3) the intervention must be capable of rendering the woman malaria parasite free, including clearance of parasites from the placental vascular space and umbilical cord blood; 4) other diseases adversely affect pregnancy outcome and, while the control of malaria in pregnancy may not warrant independent programming, if coupled with prevention programs to provide a range of antenatal services, the incremental costs of malaria control may prove to be highly cost-effective; and 5) the choice of a regimen must balance intervention efficacy with safety, availability, affordability, and simplicity of delivery, and several antimalarials may meet these criteria. The Malawi Ministry of Health has modified its malaria prevention in pregnancy recommendations and now faces the challenge of effective programming to improve child survival. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR INT HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MALAWI,COLL MED,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. MINIST HLTH,BLANTYRE,MALAWI. NR 31 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 SU S BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA VB273 UT WOS:A1996VB27300016 PM 8702046 ER PT J AU Cope, SE Schultz, GW Richards, AL Savage, HM Smith, GC Mitchell, CJ Fryauff, DJ Conlon, JM Corneil, JA Hyams, KC AF Cope, SE Schultz, GW Richards, AL Savage, HM Smith, GC Mitchell, CJ Fryauff, DJ Conlon, JM Corneil, JA Hyams, KC TI Assessment of arthropod vectors of infectious diseases in areas of US Troop deployment in the Persian Gulf SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID OPERATION DESERT-STORM; CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS; SAUDI-ARABIA; TROPICA; ARBOVIRUS AB Beginning in August 1990, approximately 800,000 coalition troops were deployed to the Persian Gulf during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. There was substantial concern about arthropod-borne diseases, particularly sand fly fever and cutaneous leishmaniasis, because of high morbidity rates in the Persian Gulf during World War II (WWII). In sharp contrast to WWII, there was no report of sand fly fever among coalition forces and only 31 cases of leishmaniasis among 697,000 U.S. troops. To further evaluate the risk of arthropod-borne diseases, an entomologic survey was conducted in 12 areas of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. A total of 1,556 arthropods was collected during four survey periods in 1992. The suspected vectors of cutaneous Leishmania major infection, sand fly fever, West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever were identified; however, there was no evidence of arboviruses or Leishmania among collected specimens nor from 51 trapped rodents. There are several possible reasons for the low risk of arthropod-borne infectious diseases among Desert Shield/Storm troops in an area where suspected vectors frequently were found: the use of insecticides and repellents, and the deployment of most ground troops to the open desert during the cooler, winter period-conditions least favorable for the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases. C1 USN,MED RES UNIT 3,CAIRO,EGYPT. USN,DIS VECTOR ECOL & CONTROL CTR,ALAMEDA,CA 94501. USN,MED RES INST,BETHESDA,MD. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. USN,DIS VECTOR ECOL & CONTROL CTR,JACKSONVILLE,FL. USN,ENVIRONM & PREVENT MED UNIT 7,NAPLES,ITALY. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 54 IS 1 BP 49 EP 53 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TU827 UT WOS:A1996TU82700011 PM 8651369 ER PT J AU Paxton, LA Slutsker, L Schultz, LJ Luby, SP Meriwether, R Matson, P Sulzer, AJ AF Paxton, LA Slutsker, L Schultz, LJ Luby, SP Meriwether, R Matson, P Sulzer, AJ TI Imported malaria in Montagnard refugees settling in North Carolina: Implications for prevention and control SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEAST-ASIAN REFUGEES; FALCIPARUM-MALARIA; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; THAILAND AB In the winter of 1992, some 402 Southeast Asian refugees were resettled in North Carolina. They received very limited medical screening before immigration and many arrived in the United States with significant health problems, including several tropical infectious diseases. These refugees had lived for many years in remote areas along the Vietnam-Cambodia border, where there is intense transmission of malaria, including Plasmodium falciparum resistance to most antimalarial drugs available in the United States. Of 322 refugees screened after arrival in North Carolina, 187 (58%) were infected. 33% with P. falciparum, 23.5% with P. vivax, 23.5% with P. malariae, and 2.1% with P. ovale. Most infected persons were asymptomatic and infections with multiple species were common. Because of the documented high infection prevalence and the probable presence of many subpatent infections, all nonpregnant refugees were treated with halofantrine; those with P. vivax or P. ovale infections were given primaquine as well. This group accounted for the largest cluster of malaria cases reported ill the United States in the last 50 years. Their rapid relocation, with minimal medical screening prior to arrival, resulted in a significant burden to the refugees and to the health-care system. Coordination between immigration agencies, the public health community, and medical workers in communities where the refugees are settled is critical for U.S.-based management of imported tropical diseases. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. N CAROLINA DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH & NAT RESOURCES,DIV HLTH SERV,RALEIGH,NC 27611. RP Paxton, LA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 54 IS 1 BP 54 EP 57 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TU827 UT WOS:A1996TU82700012 PM 8651370 ER PT B AU Thompson, TJ Smith, PJ Boyle, JP AF Thompson, TJ Smith, PJ Boyle, JP GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Finite mixture models with concomitant information: Assessing diagnostic criteria for diabetes SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOMETRICS SECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc DE finite mixture; generalized linear model; EM algorithm; sensitivity; specificity; diabetes mellitus RP Thompson, TJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-37-3 PY 1996 BP 142 EP 147 PG 6 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BH98G UT WOS:A1996BH98G00020 ER PT B AU Pickle, LW Mungiole, M Jones, GK White, AA AF Pickle, LW Mungiole, M Jones, GK White, AA GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Analysis of mapped mortality data by mixed effects models SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOMETRICS SECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc DE random effects; spatial data; GLM AB As part of a project to map death rates at a small area level, mixed effects models were used to provide predicted rates, improved variance estimates for significance testing, and confidence limits for regional effects. Previous attempts to account for typical overdispersion of numbers of deaths by empirical Bayes methods tend to overshrink the rate estimates and do not provide a measure of variance. Two forms of a robust Poisson log-linear regression model were developed that incorporate rate heterogeneity within a region through random area effects. inclusion of nested geographic effects obviated the need for a spatial covariance structure. The final model: (1) allows sharing of parameter information across the small areas, providing more stable predicted rates for areas with sparse data, (2) permits shrinkage of unstable rates to a local, rather than national, average, (3) allows examination of both large-scale and local spatial patterns, and (4) provides estimates of variance components which includes the degree of overdispersion of the underlying counts. Results of the application of this model to mortality data for leading causes of death are discussed. RP Pickle, LW (reprint author), NATL CTR HLTH STAT,CDC,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-37-3 PY 1996 BP 227 EP 232 PG 6 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BH98G UT WOS:A1996BH98G00035 ER PT B AU Reynolds, GH AF Reynolds, GH GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Discussion on session on statistical issues in minority health SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the Epidemiology Section, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Epidemiol Sect RP Reynolds, GH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-43-8 PY 1996 BP 16 EP 18 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Statistics & Probability SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Mathematics GA BJ14Q UT WOS:A1996BJ14Q00003 ER PT B AU Sadek, RF Kilmarx, PH Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ AF Sadek, RF Kilmarx, PH Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Zaire, 1995 - ''A closer numerical look'' SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the Epidemiology Section, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Epidemiol Sect DE survival analysis; data analysis; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; blood transfusion RP Sadek, RF (reprint author), CDC,MS A26,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-43-8 PY 1996 BP 62 EP 65 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Statistics & Probability SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Mathematics GA BJ14Q UT WOS:A1996BJ14Q00012 ER PT B AU Pickle, LW White, AA Mungiole, M Jones, GK AF Pickle, LW White, AA Mungiole, M Jones, GK GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Atlas of United States Mortality SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON STATISTICAL GRAPHICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the Section on Statistical Graphics, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Sect Stat Graph DE maps; modeling; perception AB The National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, is producing an Atlas of United States Mortality. The Atlas includes maps of rates for the leading causes of death in the United States for the period 1988-92. Many aspects of statistical mapping have been reexamined to maximize the Atlas' effectiveness in conveying accurate mortality patterns to epidemiologists and public health practitioners. Death rates are mapped at a small area level using the relatively new concept of health service area(1). Because recent cognitive research(2) demonstrated that different map styles were optimal for answering different map questions, multiple map views for each cause of death are included. New mixed effects models(3) were developed to improve on previous rate prediction and variance estimation methods. We extended the headbanging smoothing algorithm to include weights and then used it to produce maps of general spatial trends free of background noise(4). The result is an innovative combination of maps and graphs for each cause of death. Examples from the new Atlas are presented here to illustrate these developments. RP Pickle, LW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,RM 915,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-45-4 PY 1996 BP 40 EP 44 PG 5 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BJ14V UT WOS:A1996BJ14V00007 ER PT B AU Mungiole, M Pickle, LW Simonson, KH White, AA AF Mungiole, M Pickle, LW Simonson, KH White, AA GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Application of a weighted headbanging algorithm to mortality data maps SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON STATISTICAL GRAPHICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the Section on Statistical Graphics, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Sect Stat Graph DE nonlinear smoothers; geographic analysis AB Maps of smoothed data permit the reader to identify general spatial trends by removing the ''background noise'' of random error in the original data. We extended the headbanging algorithm (Tukey & Tukey 1981; Hansen 1991) to include weighting and used this to smooth mortality data for 798 small areas comprising the contiguous U.S. Actual and simulated data sets were used to determine how headbanging smoothed spikes, ridges and edge effects in the data and to what degree weighting affected the results. As expected spikes were generally removed while ridges and clusters of high rates near the U.S. borders were maintained by the unweighted algorithm. Adding inverse variance weights had a substantial effect on the resulting patterns in the data, e.g., determining whether an observed spike was retained or removed. The process used to obtain the smoothed data, including the choice of headbanging parameters, is discussed and the results are considered in the context of general spatial trends. RP Mungiole, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-45-4 PY 1996 BP 45 EP 49 PG 5 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BJ14V UT WOS:A1996BJ14V00008 ER PT B AU Peak, RR Cadell, DM AF Peak, RR Cadell, DM GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Overview of the national immunization provider record check study SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS, VOLS I AND II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Public-Opinion-Research CY MAY 16-19, 1996 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Amer Assoc Public Opin Res DE provider record check; immunization RP Peak, RR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,MAILSTOP E-62,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-50-0 PY 1996 BP 332 EP 334 PG 3 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BJ14F UT WOS:A1996BJ14F00047 ER PT B AU EzzatiRice, TM Zell, ER Massey, JT Nixon, MG AF EzzatiRice, TM Zell, ER Massey, JT Nixon, MG GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Improving the assessment of vaccination coverage rates with the use of both household and medical provider data SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS, VOLS I AND II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Public-Opinion-Research CY MAY 16-19, 1996 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Amer Assoc Public Opin Res DE response bias; validation study RP EzzatiRice, TM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-50-0 PY 1996 BP 335 EP 340 PG 6 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BJ14F UT WOS:A1996BJ14F00048 ER PT B AU Zell, ER EzzatiRice, TM Massey, JT AF Zell, ER EzzatiRice, TM Massey, JT GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Response errors associated with household reports of immunizations analysis of subgroup differences SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS, VOLS I AND II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Public-Opinion-Research CY MAY 16-19, 1996 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Amer Assoc Public Opin Res DE response bias; relative bias RP Zell, ER (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MS-E62,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-50-0 PY 1996 BP 341 EP 346 PG 6 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BJ14F UT WOS:A1996BJ14F00049 ER PT B AU Massey, JT Wolter, C Wan, SC Liu, K AF Massey, JT Wolter, C Wan, SC Liu, K GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Optimum calling patterns for random digit dialed telephone surveys SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS, VOLS I AND II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Public-Opinion-Research CY MAY 16-19, 1996 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Amer Assoc Public Opin Res DE calling pattern; random digit dialing C1 CDC,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Massey, JT (reprint author), 7734 BRIDLE PATH LANE,MCLEAN,VA 22102, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-50-0 PY 1996 BP 485 EP 490 PG 6 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BJ14F UT WOS:A1996BJ14F00074 ER PT J AU Bell, DM AF Bell, DM TI Risk management strategy in the operating room: Considerations regarding the preoperative HIV testing of patients. SO ANNALES DE CHIRURGIE LA French DT Editorial Material DE AIDS ID INFECTION RP Bell, DM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,18 EXECUT PK DR,ATLANTA,GA 30329, USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXPANSION SCI FRANCAISE PI PARIS PA 31 BLVD LATOUR MAUBOURG, 75007 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0003-3944 J9 ANN CHIR JI Ann. Chir. PY 1996 VL 50 IS 4 BP 291 EP 294 PG 4 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA UQ654 UT WOS:A1996UQ65400001 PM 8758517 ER PT J AU Snider, DE Stroup, DF AF Snider, DE Stroup, DF TI Introducing annals of epidemiology federal scene section SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/1047-2797(95)00136-0 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UC779 UT WOS:A1996UC77900001 PM 8680618 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Joesoef, MR Barboriak, JJ Stallone, DD Byers, T AF Freedman, DS Joesoef, MR Barboriak, JJ Stallone, DD Byers, T TI Correlates of leukocyte counts in men SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE leukocytes; ischemic heart disease; blacks; cigarette smoking ID BLOOD-CELL COUNT; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; SMOKING; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; PREDICTOR; MORTALITY; MARKERS; ADULTS AB Because of previously reported associations between a high leukocyte count and risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), we examined the relation of leukocyte counts to various characteristics among 3591 white and 506 black 31- to 45-year-old men. The mean leukocyte count was approximately 1000 cells/mu L higher among whites than among blacks, and approximately 1900 cells/mu L higher among current smokers than among nonsmokers. The leukocyte count was also higher among men who had recently stopped smoking and among men who reported the ir general health as poor or fair. Independent of these relations, the leukocyte count was associated positively with the platelet count (r = 0.29), triglyceride level (r = 0.21), heart rate (r = 0.15), and use of corticosteroids and beta-blockers; and inversely with alcohol consumption and prothrombin time (r = -0.10). The examined characteristics could together account for 37% of the variability in leukocyte counts. These relatively strong associations indicate that it may be difficult to disentangle the relation of the leukocyte count to IHD from that of other risk factors. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,MILWAUKEE,WI. CTR SCI PUBL INTEREST,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,K-26,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 45 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 74 EP 82 DI 10.1016/1047-2797(95)00091-7 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UC779 UT WOS:A1996UC77900013 PM 8680629 ER PT J AU Gardner, P Eickhoff, T Poland, GA Gross, P Griffin, M LaForce, M Schaffner, W Strikas, R AF Gardner, P Eickhoff, T Poland, GA Gross, P Griffin, M LaForce, M Schaffner, W Strikas, R TI Adult immunizations SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ATTENUATED VARICELLA VACCINE; HEPATITIS-A VACCINE; HEALTHY-CHILDREN; UNITED-STATES; SALMONELLA-TYPHI; ZOSTER VIRUS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTIONS; SEROSURVEY; RECRUITS AB New vaccines have been licensed for hepatitis A, varicella, and typhoid. This paper reviews these Vaccines and their recommended uses in adults. Special attention is given to a new national policy establishing age 50 years as a time for review of preventive health measures with emphasis on evaluating risk factors that indicate a need for pneumococcal vaccine and the initiation of annual influenza immunization. C1 UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DIV INFECT DIS,DENVER,CO 80262. MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,MAYO VACCINE RES GRP,DEPT MED & CLIN PHARMACOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905. HACKENSACK MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37232. UNIV ROCHESTER,GENESSEE HOSP,SCH MED & DENT,ROCHESTER,NY 14607. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PREVENT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,NASHVILLE,TN 37232. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Gardner, P (reprint author), SUNY STONY BROOK,HLTH SCI CTR,SCH MED,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JAN 1 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 PN 1 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TL943 UT WOS:A1996TL94300007 PM 7503476 ER PT J AU Clark, CM Vinicor, F AF Clark, CM Vinicor, F TI Introduction: Risks and benefits of intensive management in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - The Fifth Regenstrief Conference SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Clark, CM (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV,SCH MED,RICHARD L ROUDEBUSH VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,REGENSTRIEF INST,1001 W 10TH ST,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202, USA. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JAN 1 PY 1996 VL 124 IS 1 BP 81 EP 85 PN 2 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TL944 UT WOS:A1996TL94400001 ER PT J AU Mast, EE Krawczynski, K AF Mast, EE Krawczynski, K TI Hepatitis E: An overview SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE hepatitis E virus; diagnosis; epidemiology; physiopathology; prevention and control; virology ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; TRANSMITTED NON-A; EPIDEMIC NON-A; E VIRUS HEV; CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; ANTIBODY; OUTBREAK AB Hepatitis E has a worldwide distribution and causes substantial morbidity and mortality in some developing countries, particularly among pregnant women. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently been cloned and sequenced and new diagnostic tests have been developed; these tests have been used to begin to characterize the natural history and epidemiologic features of HEV infection. Experimental vaccines have also been developed that offer the potential to prevent hepatitis E. However, to develop effective strategies to prevent this disease, much remains to be learned about HEV, including the vehicles of transmission, the reservoir(s) of the virus, and the natural history of protective immunity. RP Mast, EE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 55 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 SN 0066-4219 J9 ANNU REV MED JI Annu. Rev. Med. PY 1996 VL 47 BP 257 EP 266 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UE597 UT WOS:A1996UE59700024 PM 8712780 ER PT J AU Jerris, RC Regnery, RL AF Jerris, RC Regnery, RL TI Will the real agent of cat-scratch disease please stand up? SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE cat-scratch; Bartonella; Rochalimaea; Afipia; diagnosis ID ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE INFECTION; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; SP-NOV; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; DOMESTIC CAT; RISK-FACTORS; COMB-NOV; BARTONELLA; BACTEREMIA AB Cat-scratch disease has been recognized since 1889 in association with the oculoglandular syndrome of Parinaud. The epidemiologic association with cats was first made in 1931 and further substantiated throughout the years, refining the interaction predominantly to kittens. Putative infectious agents have included numerous species of bacteria, chlamydiae, and viruses. The cultivation of Afipia spp, in the late 1980s appeared to answer the mystery of the identity of the agent. However, even more recent analysis, which has combined traditional microbiology, molecular methods, and additional epidemiology, has demonstrated that Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae is the definitive agent of cat-scratch disease. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of cat-scratch disease and other diseases caused by Bartonella species is incomplete and the spectrum of diseases continues to emerge. We review historic and modern efforts to understand the etiology of cat-scratch disease and related syndromes. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Jerris, RC (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 93 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 SN 0066-4227 J9 ANNU REV MICROBIOL JI Annu. Rev. Microbiol. PY 1996 VL 50 BP 707 EP 725 DI 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.707 PG 19 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VL560 UT WOS:A1996VL56000024 PM 8905096 ER PT J AU Hanzlick, R Parrish, RG AF Hanzlick, R Parrish, RG TI The role of medical examiners and coroners in public health surveillance and epidemiologic research SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review DE death investigation; mortality statistics; autopsy; postmortem examination; cause of death; surveillance; epidemiology ID FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES; ABUSE WARNING NETWORK; POISON CONTROL CENTER; UNITED-STATES; SUDDEN-DEATH; HOMICIDE VICTIMS; NORTH-CAROLINA; FULTON COUNTY; WAYNE COUNTY; NEW-JERSEY AB The role of medical examiners and coroners (ME/Cs) in public health surveillance and epidemiologic research is reviewed, Definitions are offered, and discussion centers on the advantages of, and obstacles to the use of ME/C data; existing surveillance systems relevant to ME/Cs; studies assessing the usefulness of ME/C data; newly emerging tools for ME/C surveillance and epidemiologic research; and recommendations for the future. ME/C data have been used quite successfully in some settings and are potentially very useful for surveillance and epidemiologic research on a large scale, but the data have limitations that need to be addressed in the future. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SURVEILLANCE & PROGRAMS BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Hanzlick, R (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 136 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 1996 VL 17 BP 383 EP 409 PG 27 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK766 UT WOS:A1996UK76600022 PM 8724233 ER PT J AU LillieBlanton, M Parsons, PE Gayle, H Dievler, A AF LillieBlanton, M Parsons, PE Gayle, H Dievler, A TI Racial differences in health: Not just black and white, but shades of gray SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HIGH BLOOD-PRESSURE; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; JOHN-HENRYISM; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; MORTALITY; WOMEN; HYPERTENSION; RACE AB Explanations for racial/ethnic disparities in health are varied and complex. This paper reviews the literature to assess the extent to which current disparities are a consequence of racial differences in the social class composition of the US population. We focus this review on African Americans and examine studies that provide information on the effects of race on four outcome measures: infant mortality, hypertension, substance use, acid mortality from all-causes. Twenty-three studies were identified that met criteria for inclusion in this review. As expected, most studies provide evidence that socioeconomic conditions are a major factor explaining racial differences in health. Findings, however, vary for the different health indices. Research in the area of substance abuse provides the most consistent evidence that socioeconomic conditions account for observed racial differences. In contrast, studies on infant mortality and hypertension provide a compelling case that the effects of socioeconomic status are important but not sufficient to explain racial differences. Evidence on mortality from all-causes is equally divided between studies showing no significant race effect and those in which racial differences persist after adjusting for social class. The paper offers possible explanations for the seemingly divergent results and identifies conceptual and methodologic issues for future research seeking to disentangle the complex relations between race, social class, and health. C1 KAISER COMMISS FUTURE MEDICAID,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP LillieBlanton, M (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,624 N BROADWAY,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 49 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 3 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 1996 VL 17 BP 411 EP 448 PG 38 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK766 UT WOS:A1996UK76600023 PM 8724234 ER EF