FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Fishbein, DB Willis, BC Cassidy, WA Marioneaux, D Winston, CA AF Fishbein, DB Willis, BC Cassidy, WA Marioneaux, D Winston, CA TI A comprehensive patient assessment and physician reminder tool for adult immunization: Effect on vaccine administration SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE influenza vaccine; pneumococcal vaccine; measles, mumps, rubella vaccine; tetanus vaccine; hepatitis A vaccine; hepatitis B vaccine; meiningococcal polysaccharide vaccine; varicella vaccine; reminder; self-assessment; education ID PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION; PREVENTIVE CARE; MEDICAL-RECORD; INFLUENZA; RATES; INTERVENTIONS; INCREASE; COVERAGE; IMPLEMENTATION; PROTOCOL AB We determined if a patient-self assessment/provider reminder tool (A/R) would increase administration of the eight vaccines that may be indicated for adults. In three family practice clinics, the A/R was completed by intervention patients and given to their provider. Control patients received an exercise reminder. On the day of the intervention, influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide, and tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccines vaccine were administered significantly (P < 0.01) more commonly to intervention patients in one clinic, Td in the second, and none in the third. There were no additional significant differences during one year of follow-up. A number of barriers to comprehensive vaccination were encountered. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Fishbein, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dbf1@cdc.gov NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 18 BP 3971 EP 3983 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.006 PG 13 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 048JT UT WOS:000237944100037 PM 16569468 ER PT J AU Lipskiy, N Crosby, A Steenkamp, M Barker, L AF Lipskiy, N Crosby, A Steenkamp, M Barker, L TI The US National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) as a model of a national public health registry SO VALUE IN HEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1098-3015 J9 VALUE HEALTH JI Value Health PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 9 IS 3 BP A58 EP A59 DI 10.1016/S1098-3015(10)64485-3 PG 2 WC Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Business & Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services GA 038MC UT WOS:000237224200182 ER PT J AU Miriti, MK Billah, K Weinbaum, C Meltzer, M AF Miriti, MK Billah, K Weinbaum, C Meltzer, M TI Lifetime medical cost of chronic hepatitis B SO VALUE IN HEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1098-3015 J9 VALUE HEALTH JI Value Health PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 9 IS 3 BP A157 EP A157 DI 10.1016/S1098-3015(10)64788-2 PG 1 WC Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Business & Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services GA 038MC UT WOS:000237224200485 ER PT J AU Freedman, DO Weld, LH Kozarsky, P AF Freedman, DO Weld, LH Kozarsky, P TI Illness in returned travelers - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Freedman, DO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD APR 27 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 17 BP 1851 EP 1851 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 036NF UT WOS:000237077100027 ER PT J AU Beltrami, JF Weinstock, HS Berman, SM Swint, EB Fenton, KA AF Beltrami, JF Weinstock, HS Berman, SM Swint, EB Fenton, KA CA CDC TI Primary and secondary syphilis - United States, 2003- 2004 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 269-273, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Beltrami, JF (reprint author), CDC, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 26 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 16 BP 1890 EP 1891 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 036GI UT WOS:000237059200011 ER PT J AU Palmer, A McVey, E McNeill, KM Hand, S Rupprecht, CE Hanlon, CA Watts, M Reagan, S Chapman, AS Yee, EL Gross, DK AF Palmer, A McVey, E McNeill, KM Hand, S Rupprecht, CE Hanlon, CA Watts, M Reagan, S Chapman, AS Yee, EL Gross, DK CA CDC TI Human rabies - Mississippi, 2005 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 207-208, 2006 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID UNITED-STATES C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. Baptist Med Ctr, Jackson, MS USA. Mississippi Dept Hlth, Jackson, MS USA. CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Palmer, A (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 26 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 16 BP 1892 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 036GI UT WOS:000237059200012 ER PT J AU Rogers, JV Casbohm, SL Giannunzio, LF Sinnott, LT Rust, SW Brys, AM Durnford, JM Quinn, CP Robinson, DM Hunt, RE Estep, JE Sabourin, CLK AF Rogers, JV Casbohm, SL Giannunzio, LF Sinnott, LT Rust, SW Brys, AM Durnford, JM Quinn, CP Robinson, DM Hunt, RE Estep, JE Sabourin, CLK TI Transcriptional analysis of protective antigen-stimulated PBMC from non-human primates vaccinated with the anthrax vaccine absorbed SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE anthrax; vaccine; protective antigen; non-human primate ID TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; BACILLUS-ANTHRACIS; LETHAL TOXIN; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; GENE-EXPRESSION; INHALATION ANTHRAX; GAMMA-INTERFERON; RHESUS MACAQUES; DENDRITIC CELLS; GUINEA-PIGS AB The transcriptional responses in recombinant protective antigen (PA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed (AVA)-vaccinated rhesus macaques were evaluated using Affymetrix HGU 133 Plus 2.0 GeneChips. PBMCs from animals vaccinated at 0, 4, and 26 weeks were harvested at week 30, stimulated with PA, and RNA isolated. The expression of 295 unigenes was significantly increased in PA-stimulated compared to non-stimulated PBMCs; no significant decrease in gene expression was observed. These upregulated transcripts encoded for proteins functioning in both innate and adaptive immunity. Results were corroborated for several genes by real-time RT-PCR. This study provides information on the potential underlying transcriptional mechanisms in the immune response to PA in AVA-vaccinated rhesus macaques. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sabourin, CLK (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave,JM-7, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM sabourinc@battelle.org NR 63 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD APR 24 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 17 BP 3609 EP 3617 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.056 PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 035MM UT WOS:000237005400026 PM 16494973 ER PT J AU White, M Herrera, DJG Lim-Quizon, MC AF White, M Herrera, DJG Lim-Quizon, MC TI Joined-up public-health initiatives SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinating Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. Inst Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Training Epidemiol & Publ Hlth & Intervent Networ, Tarlac, Philippines. RP White, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinating Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. EM markewhite@cdc.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD APR 22 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9519 BP 1301 EP 1302 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68556-5 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 037AG UT WOS:000237118500008 PM 16631896 ER PT J AU Stevens, J Blixt, O Tumpey, TM Taubenberger, JK Paulson, JC Wilson, IA AF Stevens, J Blixt, O Tumpey, TM Taubenberger, JK Paulson, JC Wilson, IA TI Structure and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin from an H5N1 influenza virus SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID A VIRUS; BINDING SPECIFICITY; SIALIC-ACID; ESCAPE MUTANTS; HOST; GLYCOSYLATION; DETERMINANTS; EVOLUTION; SUBTYPES; ORIGIN AB The hemagglutinin (HA) structure at 2.9 angstrom resolution, from a highly pathogenic Vietnamese H5N1 influenza virus, is more related to the 1918 and other human H1 HAS than to a 1997 duck H5 HA. Glycan microarray analysis of this Viet04 HA reveals an avian alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptor binding preference. Introduction of mutations that can convert H1 serotype HAS to human alpha 2-6 receptor specificity only enhanced or reduced affinity for avian-type receptors. However, mutations that can convert avian H2 and H3 HAS to human receptor specificity, when inserted onto the Viet04 H5 HA framework, permitted binding to a natural human alpha 2-6 glycan, which suggests a path for this H5N1 virus to gain a foothold in the human population. C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Consortium Funct Glycom, Glycan Array Synth Core D, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Mol Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Wilson, IA (reprint author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM wilson@scripps.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55896]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI058113, AI42266]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM060938, GM062116] NR 47 TC 599 Z9 652 U1 10 U2 90 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 21 PY 2006 VL 312 IS 5772 BP 404 EP 410 DI 10.1126/science.1124513 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 034OZ UT WOS:000236941800041 PM 16543414 ER PT J AU Glass, RI Parashar, UD AF Glass, RI Parashar, UD TI Rotavirus vaccines - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID INTUSSUSCEPTION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD APR 20 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 16 BP 1750 EP 1751 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 033ZP UT WOS:000236893900021 ER PT J AU Coronado, VG Johnson, RL Faul, M Kegler, SR AF Coronado, VG Johnson, RL Faul, M Kegler, SR CA CDC TI Incidence rates of hospitalization related to traumatic brain injury 12 states, 2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 201-204, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Injury Response, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Coronado, VG (reprint author), CDC, Div Injury Response, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 19 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 15 BP 1764 EP 1765 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 033XG UT WOS:000236886900009 ER PT J AU McMahon, BJ Bruce, MG Hennessy, TW Bruden, DL Sacco, F Peters, H Hurlburt, DA Morris, JM Reasonover, AL Dailide, G Berg, DE Parkinson, AJ AF McMahon, BJ Bruce, MG Hennessy, TW Bruden, DL Sacco, F Peters, H Hurlburt, DA Morris, JM Reasonover, AL Dailide, G Berg, DE Parkinson, AJ TI Reinfection after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a 2-year prospective study in Alaska Natives SO ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID DUODENAL-ULCER; FOLLOW-UP; PEPTIC-ULCER; EFFECTIVE THERAPY; HIGH PREVALENCE; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; RECURRENCE; POPULATION; JAPAN AB Background Limited information exists regarding risk factors for reinfection after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aim To determine the 2-year reinfection rate of H. pylori in a cohort of urban Alaska Natives. Methods Participants over 18 years of age undergoing oesophagogastroduodenoscopy had C-13 urea breath test, culture, CLOtest and histology performed. Those diagnosed with H. pylori who tested urea breath test-negative at 8 weeks after treatment were followed prospectively at 4 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. Subjects experiencing H. pylori reinfection as defined by a positive urea breath test were compared with those who did not become reinfected using univariable and multivariable analysis. Risk of reinfection over time was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Helicobacter pylori reinfection occurred in 14 of 98 subjects successfully treated. The cumulative reinfection rate was 5.1% (95% CI: 0.7%-9.5%) at 4 months, 7.2% (2.0-12.3%) at 6 months, 10.3% (4.2-16.3%) at 1-year and 14.5% (7.5-21.6%) at 2 years. In multivariable analysis, a history of previous peptic ulcer disease or presence of ulcer at time of study oesophagogastroduodenoscopy were the only risk factors associated with reinfection (P = 0.01). Conclusions Based on the findings from our study, subjects with a history of or current peptic ulcer disease should be followed, after successful treatment for H. pylori, with periodic urea breath test to detect reinfection, as reinfection would put them at high risk for ulcer recurrence. C1 CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Alaska Native Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Anchorage, AK USA. Alaska Native Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Anchorage, AK USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO USA. RP McMahon, BJ (reprint author), CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM bdm9@cdc.gov NR 38 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-2813 J9 ALIMENT PHARM THERAP JI Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1215 EP 1223 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02880.x PG 9 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 027DB UT WOS:000236392800021 PM 16611283 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Tomashek, KM Anderson, RN Wingo, J AF Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Tomashek, KM Anderson, RN Wingo, J TI Recent national trends in sudden, unexpected infant deaths: More evidence supporting a change in classification or reporting SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE classification; infant mortality; sudden infant death ID UNITED-STATES; SLEEP PROGRAM; RISK; POPULATION; PREVENTION; RATES; BACK; AGE AB The recent US decline in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) rates may be explained by a shift in how these deaths are classified or reported. To examine this hypothesis, the authors compared cause-specific mortality rates for SIDS, other sudden, unexpected infant deaths, and cause unknown/unspecified, and they evaluated trends in the age and month of death for these causes using 1989-2001 US linked birth/death certificate data. Reported deaths in state and national data were compared to assess underreporting or overreporting. SIDS rates declined significantly from 1989-1991 to 1995-1998, while deaths reported as cause unknown/unspecified and other sudden, unexpected infant deaths, such as accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed (ASSB), remained stable. From 1999-2001, the decline in SIDS rates was offset by increasing rates of cause unknown/unspecified and ASSB. Changes in the cause-specific age at death and month of death distributions suggest that cases once reported as SIDS are now being reported as ASSB and cause unknown/unspecified. Most of the decline in SIDS rates since 1999 is likely due to increased reporting of cause unknown/unspecified and ASSB. Standardizing data collection at death scenes and improving the reporting of cause of death on death certificates should improve national vital records data and enhance prevention efforts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Maternal & Infant Hlth Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Shapiro-Mendoza, CK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Maternal & Infant Hlth Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Mailstop K-23,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM ayn9@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 86 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 8 BP 762 EP 769 DI 10.1093/aje/kwj117 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 030DE UT WOS:000236612700010 PM 16582034 ER PT J AU Dott, M Chace, D Fierro, M Kalas, TA Hannon, WH Williams, J Rasmussen, SA AF Dott, M Chace, D Fierro, M Kalas, TA Hannon, WH Williams, J Rasmussen, SA TI Metabolic disorders detectable by tandem mass spectrometry and unexpected early childhood mortality: A population-based study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART A LA English DT Article DE mortality; metabolic disorder; newborn screening; tandem mass spectrometry; medical examiner ID ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE; ACID OXIDATION DISORDERS; INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME; MCAD DEFICIENCY; SUDDEN; COENZYME; MUTATION; CHILDREN; MILD AB Investigators have reported that certain metabolic disorders (fatty acid oxidation (FAO) disorders and organic acidemias) contribute to unexpected early childhood deaths. We estimated the contribution Of these metabolic disorders to a population-based sample Of Unexpected early childhood deaths. The study population included Children less than 3 years of age who died during 1996-2001 and whose deaths were investigated by the Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (ME). Dried post-mortem blood on filter paper was sent to a reference laboratory for metabolic screening by tandem mass spectrometry. when molecluar DNA analysis was available to identify known gene mutations, positive screens were confirmed. If molecular DNA analysis for a suspected disorder was not available, tandem mass spectrometry was performed on newborn Hood spots when available. if DNA analysis was not available and newborn blood Spots could not be obtained, an independent expert biochemical geneticist confirmed the post-mortem interpretation. We obtained screening results for 793 (88%) of 904 children examined. Eight children had a positive screen for FAO disorders or organic acidemias. One child would not have benefited From identification in the new,born period. However, seven children's outcomes might have been improved had they been identified during the newborn period and effectively treated. Post-mortem metabolic screening may identify a cause of death for about 1% of children Who die Unexpectedly before 3 years of age, allowing for identification and treatment of affected siblings. Identifying and treating affected children during the newborn period may offer an opportunity to reduce early childhood mortality. Published 2006 Wiley-I.iss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epid Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Pediatrix Screening Inc, Bridgeville, PA USA. Virginia Dept Hlth, Off Chief Med Examiner, Richmond, VA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rasmussen, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epid Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-86, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM SRasmussen@cdc.gov NR 28 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4825 J9 AM J MED GENET A JI Am. J. Med. Genet. A PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 140A IS 8 BP 837 EP 842 DI 10.1002/ajmg.a.31180 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 029OC UT WOS:000236571700005 PM 16528746 ER PT J AU Sterling, TR Bethel, J Goldberg, S Weinfurter, P Yun, L Horsburgh, CR AF Sterling, TR Bethel, J Goldberg, S Weinfurter, P Yun, L Horsburgh, CR CA Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies TI The scope and impact of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States and Canada SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium tuberculosis; treatment of latent tuberculosis infection; tuberculosis ID ISONIAZID PREVENTIVE THERAPY; TRIAL AB Rationale: The scope of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in the United States and Canada is unknown. Identifying the types of clinics that administer such treatment and patients who receive it could guide resource utilization and improve treatment initiation and completion. Objectives: Estimate the number of persons started on LTBI treatment; describe the types of clinics that treat LTBI. Methods: The Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium, consisting of 19 United States and 2 Canadian sites, conducted a survey among clinics that initiated LTBI treatment for >= 10 patients in 2002. Results: Study catchment areas from the 19 United States sites represented 8.6% of the United States population and 12.7% of all tuberculosis cases in 2000. An estimated 37,857 patients started LTBI treatment during 2002 at 244 clinics surveyed. Of these treatment starts, 29,970 (79%) occurred at general public health clinics; immigrant/refugee clinics (2,409; 6.4%) and correctional/detention facilities (2,325; 6.1%) were the next most common sites. Based on these data, United States tuberculosis case rates, and United States population data, the estimated total number of LTBI treatment starts in the United States was 291,000-433,000. When the 37,145 persons who initiated LTBI treatment in the United States were extrapolated to the entire United States population, with a 5% lifetime risk of tuberculosis without treatment, and 20-60% treatment effectiveness, approximately 4,000-11,000 tuberculosis cases were prevented in the United States. Conclusions: LTBI treatment is initiated among a substantial number of persons in the United States and Canada, primarily in the public sector. Treatment of LTBI can significantly decrease the tuberculosis burden. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Nashville, TN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Ctr Hlth Serv Res, Nashville, TN USA. Westsat, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. Denver Publ Hlth & Hosp Author, Denver, CO USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA USA. RP Sterling, TR (reprint author), A2209 Med Ctr N,1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN USA. EM timothy.sterling@vanderoilt.edu OI Horsburgh, C./0000-0001-6838-7895 NR 14 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 173 IS 8 BP 927 EP 931 DI 10.1164/rccm.200510-1563OC PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 032JK UT WOS:000236770500018 PM 16424442 ER PT J AU Lammie, PJ AF Lammie, PJ TI The promise of Wolbachia-targeted chemotherapy as a public health intervention for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BRUGIA-MALAYI; ENDOSYMBIOTIC BACTERIA; BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS; WUCHERERIA-BANCROFTI; ELIMINATION; DOXYCYCLINE; DEPLETION; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; MICROORGANISMS; TETRACYCLINE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Lammie, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM plammie@cdc.gov NR 22 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1090 EP 1092 DI 10.1086/501361 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 023CC UT WOS:000236101800005 PM 16575725 ER PT J AU Sanchez, TH Brooks, JT Sullivan, PS AF Sanchez, TH Brooks, JT Sullivan, PS TI Is Clostridium difficile the leading pathogen in bacterial diarrhea in HIV type 1-infected patients? Reply to Torre SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID UNITED-STATES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sanchez, TH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav & Clin Surveillance Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA 30080 USA. EM tps1@cdc.gov RI Sullivan, Patrick/A-9436-2009 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1216 EP 1216 DI 10.1086/502664 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 023CC UT WOS:000236101800036 ER PT J AU Adimora, AA Schoenbach, VJ Martinson, FEA Coyne-Beasley, T Doherty, I Stancil, TR Fullilove, RE AF Adimora, AA Schoenbach, VJ Martinson, FEA Coyne-Beasley, T Doherty, I Stancil, TR Fullilove, RE TI Heterosexually transmitted HIV infection among African Americans in North Carolina SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE African Americans; sexually transmitted infections; HIV; heterosexual transmission; poverty ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; LOS-ANGELES-COUNTY; CONCURRENT SEXUAL PARTNERSHIPS; CRACK COCAINE USE; UNITED-STATES; EPIDEMIOLOGIC SYNERGY; RISK BEHAVIORS; SOCIAL-CONTEXT; AIDS INCIDENCE; WOMEN AB Context: Rates of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection among African Americans in the southeastern United States greatly exceed those for whites. Objective: Determine risk factors for heterosexually transmitted HIV infection among African Americans. Methods: Population-based case-control study of black men and women, aged 18-61 years, reported to the North Carolina state health department with a recent diagnosis of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection and age- and gender-matched controls randomly selected from the state driver's license file. A lower-risk stratum of respondents was created to identify transmission risks among people who denied high-risk behaviors. Results: Most case subjects reported annual household income <$16,000, history Of Sexually transmitted diseases, and high-risk behaviors, including crack cocaine use and sex partners who injected drugs or used crack cocaine. However, 27% of case subjects (and 69% of control subjects) denied high-risk Sexual partners or behavior. Risk factors for HIV infection in this subset of participants were less than high school.education (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.0; 95% Cl: 2.2, 11.1), recent concerti about having enough food for themselves or their family (OR 3.7; 1.5, 8.9), and having a sexual partner who was not monogamous during the relationship with the respondent (OR 2.9-1 1.3, 6.4). Conclusion: Although most heterosexually transmitted HIV infection among African Americans in the South is associated with established high-risk characteristics, poverty may be an underlying determinant of these behaviors and a contributor to infection risk even in people who do not have high-risk behaviors. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Community Res Grp, New York, NY USA. RP Adimora, AA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, 130 Mason Farm Rd,CB 7030, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM adimora@med.unc.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [1K02 AI 01867-01, 1R01 AI 39176-01] NR 45 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 5 BP 616 EP 623 DI 10.1097/01.qai.0000191382.62070.a5 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 032AZ UT WOS:000236747600011 PM 16652036 ER PT J AU McQuillan, GM Kruszon-Moran, D Kottiri, BJ Kamimoto, LA Lam, L Cowart, MF Hubbard, M Spira, TJ AF McQuillan, GM Kruszon-Moran, D Kottiri, BJ Kamimoto, LA Lam, L Cowart, MF Hubbard, M Spira, TJ TI Prevalence of HIV in the US household population - The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988 to 2002 SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE National Survey; HIV antibody; prevalence ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; ANTIBODY; RISK; SEX AB To examine trends in HIV prevalence in the US household population, serum or urine samples from 2 National Health and Nutrition Examinations Surveys(NHANES)(1988-1994 and 1999-2002), were tested for HIV antibody. In the 1999 to 2002 survey, data oil risk behaviors, CD4 T lymphocytes, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) were also available. In the 1988 to 1994 Survey, there were 59 positive individuals of 11,203 tested. In NHANES 1999 to 2002, there were 32 positive individuals of 5926 tested. The prevalence of HIV infection among those aged 18 to 39 years in NHANES 1988 to 1994 was 0.38% (95% confidence interval [Cl]: 0.22-0.68) as compared with 0.37% (95% Cl: 0.17 to 0.80) in 1999 to 2002. Prevalence did not change significantly between surveys in any race and/or ethnic or gender group among 18- to 39-year-old participants. HIV prevalence was 3.58% (95% Cl: 1.88 to 6.71) among non-Hispanic blacks in the 40- to 49-year-old age group in 1999 to 2002, but the age range available in NHANES 1988 to 1994 was 18 to 59 years and does not allow direct comparison of prevalence. Cocaine use and the presence of herpes simplex virus-2 antibody were the only significant risk factors for HIV infection for non-Hispanic blacks. Fifty-eight percent of infected individuals not reporting ART had CD4 T-lymphocyte counts < 200 cells/mm(3) compared with 18.2% oil therapy and 12.5% of participants newly informed of their HIV Status. C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth & Nutr Examinat Surveys, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, HIV Clin Diagnost Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McQuillan, GM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth & Nutr Examinat Surveys, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 4204, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM GMM2@CDC.GOV NR 27 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 5 BP 651 EP 656 DI 10.1097/01.qai.0000194235.31078.f6 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 032AZ UT WOS:000236747600015 PM 16652040 ER PT J AU Sirivongrangson, P Bollen, LJM Chaovavanich, A Suksripanich, O Jirarojwat, N Virapat, P Charoenwatanachokchai, A Lokpichat, S Pobkeeree, V Chantharojwong, N Supawitkul, S Tappero, JW Levine, WC AF Sirivongrangson, P Bollen, LJM Chaovavanich, A Suksripanich, O Jirarojwat, N Virapat, P Charoenwatanachokchai, A Lokpichat, S Pobkeeree, V Chantharojwong, N Supawitkul, S Tappero, JW Levine, WC TI Sexually transmitted infection services as a component of HIV care - Findings of a demonstration project among HIV-infected women in Thailand SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International AIDS Conference CY JUL 11-17, 2004 CL Bangkok, THAILAND DE HIV infection; sexually transmitted infections; prevention; Thailand ID ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; TRANSMISSION; DISEASES; TYPE-1 AB Objectives: As Thailand scales Lip its antiretroviral treatment program, the role of sexually transmitted infection (STI) services to prevent HI V transmission has not been addressed. We provided STI services for HIV-infected women as a component of HIV care and assessed STI prevalence and risk behaviors. Methods: HIV-infected women attending an infectious disease clinic and an STI clinic in Bangkok were screened for the presence of genital ulcers by visual inspection, for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection by polymerase chain reaction, for trichomoniasis by wet mount, and for syphilis by serology. Women were asked about sexual risk behavior and use of antiretroviral treatment. Risk-reduction Counseling, condoms, and STI treatment were provided. Results: Two-hundred ten HIV-infected women at an infectious disease clinic (n = 150) and an STI clinic (n = 60) received STI services from July 2003 through February 2004. The prevalence for any STI was 8.0% at the infectious disease clinic and 30.0% at the STI clinic (P < 0.01). Of the 116 (55.2%) sexually active women, 42 (36.2%) reported sex Without a condom during the last 3 months. Women receiving antiretroviral treatment reported condom use during last sex more often compared with those not receiving antiretroviral treatment (82.2% vs. 58.8%; P = 0.03). Conclusion: STIs and sexual risk behavior were common among these HIV-infected women, and STI services for HIV-infected persons have been expanded to more clinics in Thailand. Further analysis of HIV transmission risk is necessary for developing a national strategy for prevention of HIV transmission among HIV infected persons. C1 Thailand MOPH CDC Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Bur AIDS Tuberculosis, STI Div, Bangkok, Thailand. MOPH, Bangkok, Thailand. Bamrasnaradura Inst, Nonthaburi, Thailand. CDC, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bollen, LJM (reprint author), Thailand MOPH CDC Collaborat, POB 139, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. EM Lbollen@tuc.or.th NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 5 BP 671 EP 674 DI 10.1097/01.qai.0000194233.92959.be PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 032AZ UT WOS:000236747600018 PM 16652043 ER PT J AU Mermin, J Ekwaru, JP Liechty, CA Were, W Downing, R Ransom, R Weidle, P Lule, J Coutinho, A Solberg, P AF Mermin, J Ekwaru, JP Liechty, CA Were, W Downing, R Ransom, R Weidle, P Lule, J Coutinho, A Solberg, P TI Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID CD4 CELL COUNT; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; HIV-INFECTION; RURAL UGANDA; TRANSMISSION; EPISODES; AFRICA; REGION; KENYA AB Background HIV-1 and malaria are common infections in Africa, and cause substantial morbidity and mortality. HIV infection has been associated with an increased incidence of malaria, and more severe disease. Our aim was to assess the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on the frequency of clinical malaria in people with HIV, and to measure the additive effects of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole) prophylaxis, ART, and insecticide-treated bednets. Methods In 2001, we enrolled 466 HIV-infected individuals aged 18 years or older in Uganda in a prospective cohort study that provided co-trimoxazole prophylaxis to 399 participants after 5 months of no intervention. In 2003, we enrolled 138 survivors from the initial study, and 897 new participants from the same community, to take antiretroviral therapy (ART) in addition to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. The ART was in most cases a combination of stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine or efavirenz. In 2004, we also gave participants insecticide-treated bednets. Households were visited weekly by study staff to record fever, illness, or death in the preceding 7 days. In cases of reported fever in the previous 2 days, we took blood to test for malaria parasites. We compared the frequency of clinical malaria, adjusting for CD4-cell count, age, sex, and season. Findings 1035 individuals were given co-trimoxazole and ART (median age 38 years, 74% female, and median CD4-cell count 124 cells/mu L); 985 of these, plus four new participants, received co-trimoxazole, ART, and bednets. There were 166 cases of clinical malaria in the study. Compared with a baseline malaria incidence of 50.8 episodes per 100 person-years, co-trimoxazole prophylaxis was associated with 9.0 episodes per 100 person-years (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.24, 95% CI 0.15-0.38); ART and co-trimoxazole with 3.5 episodes per 100 person-years (0.08, 0.04-0.17); and co-trimoxazole, ART, and bednets with 2.1 episodes per 100 person-years (0.05, 0.03-0.08). Malaria incidence was significantly lower during ART and co-trimoxazole than during co-trimoxazole alone (IRR 0.36 [95% CI 0.18-0.74], p=0.0056). Interpretation A combination of co-trimoxazole, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets substantially reduced the frequency of malaria in adults with HIV. C1 CDC Uganda, Uganda Virus Res Inst, Global AIDS Program,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent CD, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Entebbe, Uganda. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. AIDS Support Org, Kampala, Uganda. RP Mermin, J (reprint author), CDC Uganda, Uganda Virus Res Inst, Global AIDS Program,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent CD, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, POB 49, Entebbe, Uganda. EM jhm7@cdc.gov RI Mermin, Jonathan/J-9847-2012 NR 28 TC 116 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9518 BP 1256 EP 1261 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68541-3 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 034FC UT WOS:000236913400030 PM 16631881 ER PT J AU Tsukino, H Hanaoka, T Sasaki, H Motoyama, H Hiroshima, M Tanaka, T Kabuto, M Turner, W Patterson, DG Needham, L Tsugane, S AF Tsukino, H Hanaoka, T Sasaki, H Motoyama, H Hiroshima, M Tanaka, T Kabuto, M Turner, W Patterson, DG Needham, L Tsugane, S TI Fish intake and serum levels of organochlorines among Japanese women SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fish intake; organochlorines; dioxins; polychlorinated biphenyls; pesticides; DDT ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS; DIETARY-INTAKE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PCDD/F LEVELS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; BREAST-CANCER; HUMAN BLOOD; EXPOSURE AB This study evaluates background serum levels of selected organochlorine compounds among Japanese women of reproductive age and investigates whether lifestyle factors, especially dietary factors, may be. associated with these levels. A cross-sectional study was performed on 80 Japanese women, aged 26-43 years, who complained of infertility and were confirmed not to have endometriosis. The serum levels of total toxic equivalency (TEQ), 18 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)/ polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 4 coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (cPCBs), 36 ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 13 chlorinated pesticides or their metabolites were measured and data were collected on the women's age, residence, occupation, body mass index (BMI), smoking and alcohol habit and 6 dietary intakes (fish, meats, rice, vegetables, fruits and dairy products). The serum median level of total TEQ was 25.1 pg TEQ/g lipid, that of PCDDs/PCDFs/ cPCBs was 11.5 pmol/g lipid, that of PCBs was 0.46 nmol/g lipid, and that of total pesticides was 1.32 nmol/g lipid. The serum levels of total TEQ, PCDDs/PCDFs/cPCBs, PCBs and pesticides were positively associated with age (P for trend=0.003, 0.01, 0.005 and 0.01, respectively) and frequent fish consumption (P for trend= 0.002, 0.003, 0.0003 and 0.006, respectively). Other lifestyle factors were not associated with serum organochlorine levels. The present study suggests that Japanese women who consume fish frequently in their reproductive period tend to accumulate organochlorines in their bodies. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Canc Ctr, Res Ctr Canc Prevent & Screening, Epidemiol & Prevent Div, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040045, Japan. Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1058461, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hanaoka, T (reprint author), Natl Canc Ctr, Res Ctr Canc Prevent & Screening, Epidemiol & Prevent Div, Chuo Ku, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Tokyo 1040045, Japan. EM thanaoka@gan2.res.ncc.go.jp RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Tsugane, Shocichiro/A-2424-2015 NR 34 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 359 IS 1-3 BP 90 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.014 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 035OS UT WOS:000237011700008 PM 16546516 ER PT J AU Zane, SB Berg, CJ AF Zane, SB Berg, CJ TI Deaths from Clostridium sordellii after medical abortion SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Zane, SB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM saz3@cdc.gov NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD APR 13 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 15 BP 1646 EP 1647 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 031WW UT WOS:000236736900032 ER PT J AU Fischer, M Reagan, S Zaki, SR AF Fischer, M Reagan, S Zaki, SR TI Deaths from Clostridium sordellii after medical abortion - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fischer, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mfischer@cdc.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD APR 13 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 15 BP 1647 EP 1647 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 031WW UT WOS:000236736900033 ER PT J AU Henry, K Pollock, L Schulte, C Blog, D Smith, P Dayan, G Schaffzin, J AF Henry, K Pollock, L Schulte, C Blog, D Smith, P Dayan, G Schaffzin, J TI Mumps outbreak at a summer camp - New York, 2005 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 175-177, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID VACCINE C1 Sullivan Cty Hlth Dept, Monticello, NY 12701 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Henry, K (reprint author), Sullivan Cty Hlth Dept, Monticello, NY 12701 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 12 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 14 BP 1637 EP 1638 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 031LY UT WOS:000236707300010 ER PT J AU Poehling, KA Talbot, TR Griffin, MR Craig, AS Whitney, CG Zell, E Lexau, CA Thomas, AR Harrison, LH Reingold, AL Hadler, JL Farley, MM Anderson, BJ Schaffner, W AF Poehling, KA Talbot, TR Griffin, MR Craig, AS Whitney, CG Zell, E Lexau, CA Thomas, AR Harrison, LH Reingold, AL Hadler, JL Farley, MM Anderson, BJ Schaffner, W TI Invasive pneumococcal disease among infants before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE INFECTIONS; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SURVEILLANCE; IMMUNIZATION; PREVENTION; RESISTANCE; PREVNAR; PROGRAM; IMPACT AB Context Streptococcus pneumoniae is a serious infection in young infants. A heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed in 2000 and recommended for all children aged 2 to 23 months. Objective To determine the rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in young infants before and after PCV7 was incorporated into the childhood immunization schedule in June 2000. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective, population-based study of infants aged 0 to 90 days who resided in areas in 8 US states with active laboratory surveillance for invasive S pneumoniae infections from July 1, 1997, to June 30, 2004. Main Outcome Measures Rates of laboratory-confirmed IPD before (July 1, 1997-June 30, 2000) and after (July 1, 2001-June 30, 2004) PCV7 introduction, excluding a transition year (July 1, 2000-June 30, 2001). Results There were 146 cases of IPD, 89 before and 57 after PCV7 introduction. Isolated bacteremia occurred in 94 cases (64%), pneumonia in 27 (18%), meningitis in 22 (15%), and septic arthritis and/or osteomyelitis in 3 (2%). Mean rates of IPD for infants aged 0 to 90 days decreased 40% from 11.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6-14.5) to 7.2 (95% CI, 5.6-9.4; P = .004) per 100 000 live births following PCV7 introduction. Among black infants, mean rates of IPD decreased significantly from 17.1 (95% CI, 11.9-24.6) to 5.3 (95% CI, 2.8-10.1; P = .001) per 100 000 live births, with a nonsignificant decrease from 9.6 (95% CI, 7.3-12.7) to 6.8 (95% CI, 4.9-9.4) per 100 000 live births for white infants. Rates of PCV7-serotype isolates decreased significantly from 7.3 (95% CI, 5.3-10.1) to 2.4 (95% CI, 1.6-3.8; P < .001) per 100 000 live births, while rates of non-PCV7 serotypes remained stable (P = .55). Conclusions Since PCV7 introduction, rates of IPD in young infants have decreased significantly, providing evidence that vaccinating children aged 2 to 23 months has led to changes in pneumococcal carriage in infants too young to receive PCV7. With a significant decrease in rates of IPD among black infants, the previous racial difference has been eliminated. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Educ & Res Therapeut, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Off Dis Prevent & Epidemiol, Portland, OR USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Sect, Hartford, CT USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Atlanta Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Albany, NY USA. RP Poehling, KA (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, AA-0216 Med Ctr N, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. EM katherine.poehling@vanderbilt.edu FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU416123] NR 36 TC 258 Z9 275 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 12 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 14 BP 1668 EP 1674 DI 10.1001/jama.295.14.1668 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 031LY UT WOS:000236707300022 PM 16609088 ER PT J AU Romero-Steiner, S Caba, J Rajam, G Langley, T Floyd, A Johnson, SE Sampson, JS Carlone, GM Ades, E AF Romero-Steiner, S Caba, J Rajam, G Langley, T Floyd, A Johnson, SE Sampson, JS Carlone, GM Ades, E TI Adherence of recombinant pneumococcal surface adhesin A (rPsaA)-coated particles to human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells for the evaluation of anti-PsaA functional antibodies SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE pneumococcal surface adhesin A; adherence; functional antibodies ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; OTITIS-MEDIA; PROTEIN; IMMUNIZATION; VIRULENCE; CARRIAGE; MICE; MORPHOLOGY; VACCINE AB Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a pneumococcal vaccine candidate. In this study, we detect functional antibodies to PsaA by using carboxylate-modified fluospheres coated with either recombinant non-lipidated PsaA (rPsaA) or synthetic peptides with relevant epitopes of PsaA. Peptides P1-P3 were derived from phage display sequences; peptides P4-P7 were homologous to rPsaA. P1- and P4-coated fluospheres had similar adherence to Detroit 562 nasopharyngeal cells when compared to rPsaA-coated fluospheres. Homologous and heterologous competitive inhibitions with peptides in solution determined the specificity of the adherence. There was no significant difference (P = 0.25) between the inhibition of adherence of rPsaA- and P4-coated fluospheres. This study indicates that P1 and P4 contain a functional epitope(s) for the adherence of PsaA to nasopharyngeal cells making them suitable targets for the measurement of functional antibodies to PsaA. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Res Dis Immunol Sect, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Romero-Steiner, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Res Dis Immunol Sect, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Bldg 18,Room B-105,MS A-36,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Ssteiner@cdc.gov RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009; OI Romero-Steiner, Sandra/0000-0003-4128-7768 NR 20 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD APR 12 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 16 BP 3224 EP 3231 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.042 PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 034MA UT WOS:000236931900024 PM 16487631 ER PT J AU Stewart, I Webb, PM Schluter, PJ Fleming, LE Burns, JW Gantar, M Backer, LC Shaw, GR AF Stewart, Ian Webb, Penelope M. Schluter, Philip J. Fleming, Lora E. Burns, John W., Jr. Gantar, Miroslav Backer, Lorraine C. Shaw, Glen R. TI Epidemiology of recreational exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria - an international prospective cohort study SO BMC PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; HEALTH AB Background: Case studies and anecdotal reports have documented a range of acute illnesses associated with exposure to cyanobacteria and their toxins in recreational waters. The epidemiological data to date are limited; we sought to improve on the design of some previously conducted studies in order to facilitate revision and refinement of guidelines for exposure to cyanobacteria in recreational waters. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate the incidence of acute symptoms in individuals exposed, through recreational activities, to low ( cell surface area < 2.4 mm(2)/mL), medium ( 2.4 - 12.0 mm(2)/mL) and high (> 12.0 mm(2)/mL) levels of cyanobacteria in lakes and rivers in southeast Queensland, the central coast area of New South Wales, and northeast and central Florida. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed; models adjusted for region, age, smoking, prior history of asthma, hay fever or skin disease ( eczema or dermatitis) and clustering by household. Results: Of individuals approached, 3,595 met the eligibility criteria, 3,193 (89%) agreed to participate and 1,331 (37%) completed both the questionnaire and follow-up interview. Respiratory symptoms were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.1 - 4.0) times more likely to be reported by subjects exposed to high levels of cyanobacteria than by those exposed to low levels. Similarly, when grouping all reported symptoms, individuals exposed to high levels of cyanobacteria were 1.7 ( 95% CI: 1.0 - 2.8) times more likely to report symptoms than their low-level cyanobacteria-exposed counterparts. Conclusion: A significant increase in reporting of minor self-limiting symptoms, particularly respiratory symptoms, was associated with exposure to higher levels of cyanobacteria of mixed genera. We suggest that exposure to cyanobacteria based on total cell surface area above 12 mm(2)/mL could result in increased incidence of symptoms. The potential for severe, life-threatening cyanobacteria-related illness is likely to be greater in recreational waters that have significant levels of cyanobacterial toxins, so future epidemiological investigations should be directed towards recreational exposure to cyanotoxins. C1 Univ Queensland, Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia. Univ Queensland, Sch Populat Hlth, Herston, Qld 4006, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Water Qual & Treatment, Salisbury, SA 5108, Australia. Queensland Inst Med Res, Herston, Qld 4006, Australia. Auckland Univ Technol, Fac Hlth & Environm Sci, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Univ Miami, NIEHS, Marine & Freshwater Biomed Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. PBS&J, Jacksonville, FL 32207 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Griffith Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Meadowbrook, Qld 4131, Australia. RP Stewart, I (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia. EM i.stewart@uq.edu.au; Penny.Webb@qimr.edu.au; philip.schluter@aut.ac.nz; LFleming@med.miami.edu; JWBurns@pbsj.com; gantarm@fiu.edu; lfb9@cdc.gov; g.shaw@griffith.edu.au RI Stewart, Ian/F-4336-2012; OI Stewart, Ian/0000-0002-7847-3188; Webb, Penelope/0000-0003-0733-5930; Schluter, Philip/0000-0001-6799-6779 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [S11 ES011181] NR 21 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 5 U2 24 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2458 J9 BMC PUBLIC HEALTH JI BMC Public Health PD APR 11 PY 2006 VL 6 AR 93 DI 10.1186/1471-2458-6-93 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 083QW UT WOS:000240474300001 PM 16606468 ER PT J AU Kyaw, MH Lynfield, R Schaffner, W Craig, AS Hadler, J Reingold, A Thomas, AR Harrison, LH Bennett, NM Farley, MM Facklam, RR Jorgensen, JH Besser, J Zell, ER Schuchat, A Whitney, CG AF Kyaw, MH Lynfield, R Schaffner, W Craig, AS Hadler, J Reingold, A Thomas, AR Harrison, LH Bennett, NM Farley, MM Facklam, RR Jorgensen, JH Besser, J Zell, ER Schuchat, A Whitney, CG CA Active Bacterial Core Surveillance TI Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; UNITED-STATES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; CHILDREN; MANAGEMENT; CARRIAGE; EFFICACY; DISEASE; SEROTYPES; SPREAD AB Background: Five of seven serotypes in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, introduced for infants in the United States in 2000, are responsible for most penicillin-resistant infections. We examined the effect of this vaccine on invasive disease caused by resistant strains. Methods: We used laboratory-based data from Active Bacterial Core surveillance to measure disease caused by antibiotic-nonsusceptible pneumococci from 1996 through 2004. Cases of invasive disease, defined as disease caused by pneumococci isolated from a normally sterile site, were identified in eight surveillance areas. Isolates underwent serotyping and susceptibility testing. Results: Rates of invasive disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible strains and strains not susceptible to multiple antibiotics peaked in 1999 and decreased by 2004, from 6.3 to 2.7 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 57 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 55 to 58 percent) and from 4.1 to 1.7 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 59 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 58 to 60 percent), respectively. Among children under two years of age, disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible strains decreased from 70.3 to 13.1 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 81 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 80 to 82 percent). Among persons 65 years of age or older, disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible strains decreased from 16.4 to 8.4 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 49 percent). Rates of resistant disease caused by vaccine serotypes fell 87 percent.An increase was seen in disease caused by serotype 19A, a serotype not included in the vaccine (from 2.0 to 8.3 per 100,000 among children under two years of age). Conclusions: The rate of antibiotic-resistant invasive pneumococcal infections decreased in young children and older persons after the introduction of the conjugate vaccine. There was an increase in infections caused by serotypes not included in the vaccine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Emerging Infect Programs, Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Monroe Cty Dept Hlth, Rochester, NY USA. Univ Rochester, Rochester, NY USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Whitney, CG (reprint author), CDC Mailstop C-23,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cwhitney@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 473 Z9 489 U1 0 U2 6 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD APR 6 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 14 BP 1455 EP 1463 DI 10.1056/NEJMoa051642 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 029DP UT WOS:000236539000004 PM 16598044 ER PT J AU Prejean, J Satcher, AJ Durant, T Hu, X Lee, LM AF Prejean, J Satcher, AJ Durant, T Hu, X Lee, LM TI Racial/ethnic disparities in diagnoses of HIV/AIDS - 33 states, 2001-2004 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 121-125, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Prejean, J (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 5 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 13 BP 1508 EP 1510 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 028RG UT WOS:000236505400007 ER PT J AU Ogden, CL Carroll, MD Curtin, LR McDowell, MA Tabak, CJ Flegal, KM AF Ogden, CL Carroll, MD Curtin, LR McDowell, MA Tabak, CJ Flegal, KM TI Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID US CHILDREN; TRENDS; ADOLESCENTS; UNDERWEIGHT; ADULTS; CHINA AB Context The prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults in the United States has increased over several decades. Objective To provide current estimates of the prevalence and trends of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Analysis of height and weight measurements from 3958 children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years and 4431 adults aged 20 years or older obtained in 2003-2004 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES), a nationally representative sample of the US population. Data from the NHANES obtained in 1999-2000 and in 2001-2002 were compared with data from 2003-2004. Main Outcome Measures Estimates of the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults. Overweight among children and adolescents was defined as at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific body mass index (BMI) for age growth charts. Obesity among adults was defined as a BMI of 30 or higher; extreme obesity was defined as a BMI of 40 or higher. Results In 2003-2004, 17.1% of US children and adolescents were overweight and 32.2% of adults were obese. Tests for trend were significant for male and female children and adolescents, indicating an increase in the prevalence of overweight in female children and adolescents from 13.8% in 1999-2000 to 16.0% in 2003-2004 and an increase in the prevalence of overweight in male children and adolescents from 14.0% to 18.2%. Among men, the prevalence of obesity increased significantly between 1999-2000 (27.5%) and 2003-2004 (31.1%). Among women, no significant increase in obesity was observed between 1999-2000 (33.4%) and 2003-2004 (33.2%). The prevalence of extreme obesity ( body mass index >= 40) in 2003-2004 was 2.8% in men and 6.9% in women. In 2003-2004, significant differences in obesity prevalence remained by race/ethnicity and by age. Approximately 30% of non-Hispanic white adults were obese as were 45.0% of non-Hispanic black adults and 36.8% of Mexican Americans. Among adults aged 20 to 39 years, 28.5% were obese while 36.8% of adults aged 40 to 59 years and 31.0% of those aged 60 years or older were obese in 2003-2004. Conclusions The prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents and obesity among men increased significantly during the 6-year period from 1999 to 2004; among women, no overall increases in the prevalence of obesity were observed. These estimates were based on a 6-year period and suggest that the increases in body weight are continuing in men and in children and adolescents while they may be leveling off in women. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ogden, CL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 4414, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM Cogden@cdc.gov RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; Loureiro, Nuno/I-6400-2012; OI Loureiro, Nuno/0000-0002-1166-3219; Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 14 TC 5282 Z9 5407 U1 65 U2 532 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 5 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 13 BP 1549 EP 1555 DI 10.1001/jama.295.13.1549 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 028RG UT WOS:000236505400022 PM 16595758 ER PT J AU Brooks, JT Robbins, KE Youngpairoj, AS Rotblatt, H Kerndt, PR Taylor, MA Daar, JS Kalish, ML AF Brooks, JT Robbins, KE Youngpairoj, AS Rotblatt, H Kerndt, PR Taylor, MA Daar, JS Kalish, ML TI Molecular analysis of HIV strains from a cluster of worker infections in the adult film industry, Los Angeles 2004 SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE adult film industry; HIV-1; infection cluster; Los Angeles sequence analysis; viral drug resistance ID VIRUS TRANSMISSION; BLOOD; PATIENT; ASSAY; RISK; AIDS AB Objectives: In April 2004, 13 susceptible women were exposed to a single acutely HIV-1-infected man while employed to perform various sex acts for the production of adult films; three women were subsequently found to have acquired HIV infection (23% attack rate). As part of the investigation of this infection cluster, we evaluated whether viral strains collected from infected individuals were significantly related. Methods: We determined nucleotide sequences from the C2V3C3 and gp41 region of env and the p17 region of gag in viruses from the three infected individuals from whom specimens were available. We then compared these sequences phylogenetically to comparable sequences from available reference strains. Genotypic and phenotypic antiretroviral drug resistance was determined for plasma virus from the male index case and one female contact at a separate commercial laboratory. Results: The env and gag sequences of the HIV strains from the male index case and two of the infected women were 100% similar. Genotyping of the male index case's virus identified 12 mutations, which represented known naturally occurring polymorphisms in the subtype B consensus sequence that are not associated with antiretroviral drug resistance. Genotyping of the virus from the female contact identified 10 mutations, all of which were shared by the virus from the male index case. Phenotyping demonstrated that both viruses were susceptible to all antiretroviral drugs tested. Conclusion: Molecular and virological data strongly support the epidemiological conclusion that these women were infected with an identical strain of HIV through occupational exposure to an individual with an acute HIV infection. (C) 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCHSTP, DHAP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Lab Branch, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Los Angeles Biomed Res Inst, Div HIV Med, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. RP Brooks, JT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCHSTP, DHAP, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM zud4@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI43638] NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD APR 4 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 6 BP 923 EP 928 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000218558.82402.59 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 031OI UT WOS:000236713500017 PM 16549978 ER PT J AU Kaiser, R Kedamo, T Lane, J Kessia, G Downing, R Handzel, T Marum, E Salama, P Mermin, J Brady, W Spiegel, P AF Kaiser, R Kedamo, T Lane, J Kessia, G Downing, R Handzel, T Marum, E Salama, P Mermin, J Brady, W Spiegel, P TI HIV, syphilis, herpes simplex virus 2, and behavioral surveillance among conflict-affected populations in Yei and Rumbek, southern Sudan SO AIDS LA English DT Article ID INFECTION AB Little is known about the HIV-epidemic in conflict-affected southern Sudan. During 2002-2003, we conducted behavioral and biological surveillance surveys and sequential sampling in antenatal clinics in Yei, Western Equatoria, and Rumbek, Bar-el-Ghazal. HIV prevalence among individuals aged 15-49 years ranged between 0.4% in Rumbek town and 4.4% in Yei town, and among pregnant women between 0.8 and 3.0%, respectively. After the recent peace agreement, targeted prevention programmes are urgently needed to prevent further spread. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Entebbe, Uganda. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nairobi, Kenya. Amer Refugee Comm, Kampala, Uganda. Int Rescue Comm, Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS Informat Ctr, Kampala, Uganda. RP Kaiser, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Mermin, Jonathan/J-9847-2012 NR 9 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD APR 4 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 6 BP 942 EP 944 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000218564.20521.51 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 031OI UT WOS:000236713500023 PM 16549984 ER PT J AU Saaddine, JB Cadwell, B Gregg, EW Engelgau, MM Vinicor, F Imperatore, G Narayan, KMV AF Saaddine, JB Cadwell, B Gregg, EW Engelgau, MM Vinicor, F Imperatore, G Narayan, KMV TI Improvements in diabetes processes of care and intermediate outcomes: United States, 1988-2002 SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE n ID BLOOD-PRESSURE CONTROL; QUALITY-OF-CARE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEALTH-CARE; VETERANS-AFFAIRS; SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; MANAGED CARE; RISK-FACTORS; EYE CARE AB Background: Progress of diabetes care is a subject of public health concern. Objective: To assess changes in quality of diabetes care in the United States by using standardized measures. Design: National population-based, serial cross-sectional surveys. Setting: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (19881994 and 1999-2002) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1995 and 2002). Participants: Survey participants 18 to 75 years of age who reported a diagnosis of diabetes. Measurements: Glycemic control, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, annual cholesterol level monitoring, and annual foot and dilated eye examination, as defined by the National Diabetes Quality Improvement Alliance measures. Results: In the past decade, the proportion of persons with diabetes with poor glycemic control (hemoglobin A(1c) > 9%) showed a non statistically significant decrease of 3.9% (95% Cl, -10.4% to 2.5%), while the proportion of persons with fair or good lipid control (LDL cholesterol level < 3.4 mmol/L [< 130 mg/dL]) had a statistically significant increase of 21.9% (Cl, 12.4% to 31.3%). Mean LDL cholesterol level decreased by 0.5 mmol/L (18.8 mg/dL). Although mean hemoglobin A, did not change, the proportion of persons with hemoglobin A, of 6% to 8% increased from 34.2% to 47.0%. The blood pressure distribution did not change. Annual lipid testing, dilated eye examination, and foot examination increased by 8.3% (Cl, 4.0% to 12.7%), 4.5% (Cl, 0.5% to 8.5%), and 3.8% (Cl, -0.1% to 7.7%), respectively. The proportion of persons reporting annual influenza vaccination and aspirin use improved by 6.8 percentage points (Cl, 2.9 percentage points to 10.7 percentage points) and 13.1 percentage points (Cl, 5.4 percentage points to 20.7 percentage points), respectively. Limitations: Data are self-reported, and the surveys do not have all National Diabetes Quality Improvement Alliance indicators. Conclusion: Diabetes processes of care and intermediate outcomes have improved nationally in the past decade. But 2 in 5 persons with diabetes still have poor LDL cholesterol control, 1 in 3 persons still has poor blood pressure control, and 1 in 5 persons still has poor glycemic control. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Saaddine, JB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,NE MS-K10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jsaddine@cdc.gov RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 52 TC 353 Z9 364 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD APR 4 PY 2006 VL 144 IS 7 BP 465 EP 474 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 031DU UT WOS:000236685100001 PM 16585660 ER PT J AU Eke, AN Mezoff, JS Duncan, T Sogolow, ED AF Eke, AN Mezoff, JS Duncan, T Sogolow, ED TI Reputationally strong hiv prevention programs: Lessons from the front line SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS; AIDS; INTERVENTION; BEHAVIOR; PROJECTS AB Although HIV prevention researchers have conducted numerous controlled outcome studies to evaluate the effectiveness of theory-based interventions aimed at reducing HIV risk behaviors, many HIV risk reduction interventions are conducted not by researchers but by staff in local health departments or community-based organizations (CBOs). Despite their widely recognized role in slowing the spread of HIV, very few attempts have been geared toward understanding the programmatic and organizational characteristics of their HIV prevention efforts. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Characteristics of Reputationally Strong Programs project identified and profiled 18 innovative, community-based, HIV prevention programs viewed by community partners as successful. The aim was to determine common features of the programs that could be widely applied to improve HIV prevention research and programs. Results indicated that several common intervention characteristics and organizational characteristics, including agency support and staff commitment, played significant roles in the success of reputationally strong programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Eke, AN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM aee2@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD APR PY 2006 VL 18 IS 2 BP 163 EP 175 DI 10.1521/aeap.2006.18.2.163 PG 13 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 037AN UT WOS:000237119200006 PM 16649961 ER PT J AU Young, B Weidle, PJ Baker, RK Armon, C Wood, KC Moorman, AC Holmberg, SD AF Young, B Weidle, PJ Baker, RK Armon, C Wood, KC Moorman, AC Holmberg, SD CA HOPS Investigators TI Short-term safety and tolerability of didanosine combined with high- versus low-dose tenofovir disproxil fumarate in ambulatory HIV-1-infected persons SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International AIDS Conference CY JUL 11-17, 2004 CL Bangkok, THAILAND ID EARLY VIROLOGICAL FAILURE; HIV-INFECTED ADULTS; DISOPROXIL FUMARATE; RECEIVING DIDANOSINE; THERAPY; PANCREATITIS; EFAVIRENZ; REGIMENS AB Coadministration of didanosine (ddI) and tenofovir (TDF) results in increased ddI serum concentrations, which may lead to increased risk of ddI-associated toxicities. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of ddI/TDF, we performed a retrospective cohort analysis of patients seen in the HIV Outpatient Study, an ongoing dynamic cohort study of HIV-infected persons in clinical care. Study subjects were those who received at least 14 days of combined ddI/TDF before October 2003. Of 260 subjects who received ddI/TDF-based antiretroviral therapy, 155 (60%) received high-dose ddI (400 mg daily dose) and 105 (40%) received low-dose ddI (100-250 mg daily). Forty-two of the high-dose ddI recipients were later switched to low- dose ddI. The median time of observation for those on high-dose ddI only was 5 months, high-dose ddI switched to low- dose ddI was 16 months, and low- dose ddI only was 5 months (p < 0.05). Discontinuations because of toxicity were more frequent on high-dose ddI regimens (34/155, 22%) than on low- dose ddI regimens (9/105, 9%) (unadjusted odds ratio [ORunadj] 3.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.30-7.09; p = 0.007). Among subjects without preexisting peripheral neuropathy, 12 (12%) of 101 subjects ever on high-dose ddI regimens had treatment-emergent peripheral neuropathy compared to 2 (4%) of 55 subjects on low-dose ddI regimens (ORunadj 3.57; 95% CI, 0.72-24.1; p = 0.14). Among patients without a history of pancreatitis, 6 ( 4%) of 153 subjects developed pancreatitis after starting high-dose ddI regimens, compared to none of the 103 subjects on low- dose ddI regimens (ORadj and 95% CIs undefined; p = 0.08). Severe laboratory abnormalities of creatinine, phosphorous, and bicarbonate were not different between the groups. A summary variable for any event-discontinuation for toxicity, treatment-emergent adverse event or abnormal laboratory values-indicated that 44 (28%) of 155 of those on high-dose ddI versus 13 (12%) of 105 on low-dose ddI developed any event (ORunadj 2.81; 95% CI, 1.36 - 5.86; p = 0.004). In conclusion, high-dose ddI/TDF-based therapy was more frequently associated with drug-related toxicity, adverse events, and treatment discontinuation than low-dose ddI/TDF regimens; low-dose ddI with TDF was generally well tolerated in these HIV-infected persons. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Rose Med Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Cerner Corp, Vienna, Austria. RP Moorman, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, MS E-45,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM acm4@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD APR PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP 238 EP 244 DI 10.1089/apc.2006.20.238 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 036LZ UT WOS:000237073900003 PM 16623622 ER PT J AU McDavid, K McKenna, MT AF McDavid, K McKenna, MT TI HIV/AIDS risk factor ascertainment: A critical challenge SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID AIDS SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIC; IMPACT AB Ascertainment of risk factors for HIV transmission is critical to monitoring the HIV epidemic. Since 1993, there has been an increase in the proportion of HIV/AIDS cases that are reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) without an identified risk factor for HIV. About this time many areas implemented laboratory reporting, which generates an initial report with little to no HIV risk factor information. In 2001, the CDC convened a group of experts who recommended changes to the presentation of HIV risk factor data. The CDC subsequently funded two projects to improve the collection of HIV risk factors by surveillance staff. Since 2004, the CDC and state surveillance coordinators revised surveillance guidance to recommend prioritization of follow-up and provider training, and to monitor key variables while providing feedback to reporters. The CDC also began an evaluation of provider-targeted educational materials. The CDC has also been working with professional associations to incorporate methods for documenting HIV risk factors into existing training modules. CDC and state surveillance coordinators will need to continue efforts to educate, train, and identify barriers for providers in order to improve the completeness of HIV risk factor documentation and reporting. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McDavid, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Mail Stop E-07, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM nchstp_reprints@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD APR PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1089/apc.2006.20.285 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 036LZ UT WOS:000237073900008 PM 16623627 ER PT J AU Chun, DTW Bartlett, K Gordon, T Jacobs, RR Larsson, BM Larsson, L Lewis, DM Liesivuori, J Michel, O Milton, DK Rylander, R Thorne, PS White, EM Brown, ME Gunn, VS Wurtz, H AF Chun, DTW Bartlett, K Gordon, T Jacobs, RR Larsson, BM Larsson, L Lewis, DM Liesivuori, J Michel, O Milton, DK Rylander, R Thorne, PS White, EM Brown, ME Gunn, VS Wurtz, H TI History and results of the two inter-laboratory round robin endotoxin assay studies on cotton dust SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Future of Rural Peoples - Rural Economy, Healthy People, Environment, Rural Communities CY OCT 19, 2004 CL Saskatoon, CANADA DE endotoxin assay; limulus amoebocyte lysate test (LAL); lipopolysaccharides (LPS); intra-laboratory endotoxin assay study; inter-laboratory endotoxin assay study; round robin endotoxin assay study; cotton dust AB Background In the US cotton industry, airborne cotton dust levels are regulated, and other countries are moving to specify safety limits for airborne endotoxins. There is concern about potential respiratory health hazards associated with agricultural and otherorganic dusts. In laboratories, ranking which samples have high and low levels of endotoxin is usually in good agreement between laboratories. When different laboratories assay identical samples, the levels differ The objective of this research was to evaluate the intra- and inter-laboratory variability for 13 laboratories measuring endotoxin in cotton dust. Method Two inter-laboratory round robin endotoxin assay studies were conducted using cotton dust. In the first round robin, each laboratory used their normal in-house assay method and then used a common extraction protocol. In the second round robin, a common extraction protocol and endotoxin assay, kit was used. Results The inter-laboratory, results using a common extraction protocol showed reduced differences. Using the same extraction protocol and endotoxin assay kit, the intra-laboratory variation was small and inter-laboratory variation was reduced but not enough for inter-laboratory agreement. Most of the laboratories were able to discern between the high and low endotoxin concentration dusts. Conclusions Standardization has reduced the differences in results between laboratories and possibly further standardization may bring closer inter-laboratory agreement. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. Univ British Columbia, Sch Occupat & Environm Hyg, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. NYU, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Grad Program Publ Hlth, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. Dept Occupat Med, Program Resp Hlth & Climate, Solna, Sweden. Dept Infect Dis & Med Microbiol, Lund, Sweden. NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Kuopio Reg Inst Occupat Hlth, Kuopio, Finland. Hop Univ St Pierre, Clin Allergies & Resp Dis, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Environm Med, S-41124 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Iowa, Coll Publ Hlth, Iowa City, IA USA. Milacron Inc, Cincinnati, OH USA. NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Natl Inst Occupat Hlth, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Chun, DTW (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Cotton Qual Res Stn, POB 792, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. EM dtwchun@mindspring.com RI Milton, Donald/G-3286-2010; Liesivuori, Jyrki/O-2519-2013; OI Milton, Donald/0000-0002-0550-7834; michel, olivier/0000-0002-1528-1277 NR 8 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 49 IS 4 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1002/ajim.20266 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 033CV UT WOS:000236824900010 PM 16526062 ER PT J AU Shimokura, G Weber, DJ Miller, WC Wurtzel, H Alter, MJ AF Shimokura, G Weber, DJ Miller, WC Wurtzel, H Alter, MJ TI Factors associated with personal protection equipment use and hand hygiene among hemodialysis staff SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID REDUCES DIARRHEA; INFECTION; ADHERENCE; EPISODES; HEALTH; CARE AB Background: Because exposure to blood by health care workers is frequent during hemodialysis, gloves are required for all contact with patients and their equipment, followed by hand hygiene. In this study, we investigated factors associated with performing these practices as recommended. Methods: Staff members from a sample of 45 US hemodialysis facilities were surveyed using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire Factors independently associated with reporting increased compliance with recommended hand hygiene and glove use practices during patient care were identified with multivariate modeling Results: Of 605 eligible staff members, 420 (69%) responded registered nurses, 41% dialysis technicians, 51%; and licensed practical nurses, 8% Only 35% reported that dialysis patients were at risk for bloodborne virus infections, and only 36% reported always following recommended hand hygiene and glove use practices Independent factors associated with more frequent compliance were being a technician (versus a registered nurse) and reporting always doing what was needed to protect themselves from infection. Conclusion: Compliance with recommended hand hygiene and glove use practices by hemodialysis staff was low The rationale for infection control practices specific to the hemodialysis setting was poorly understood by all staff. Infection control training should be tailored to this setting and should address misconceptions. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Shimokura, G (reprint author), St Pauls Hosp, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada. EM gshim@shaw.ca RI Miller, William/H-4800-2014 OI Miller, William/0000-0002-1934-7827 NR 20 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD APR PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 100 EP 107 DI 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.08.012 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 033UF UT WOS:000236874700002 PM 16630971 ER PT J AU McKibben, L Fowler, G Horan, T Brennan, PJ AF McKibben, L Fowler, G Horan, T Brennan, PJ TI Ensuring rational public reporting systems for health care-associated infections: Systematic literature review and evaluation recommendations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID BYPASS GRAFT-SURGERY; COMMUNITY-PREVENTIVE-SERVICES; QUALITY IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS; RISK-ADJUSTED MORTALITY; NEW-YORK-STATE; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; HOSPITAL PERFORMANCE; CARDIAC-SURGERY; UNITED-STATES AB Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) systematically reviewed published studies for the Healthcare infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) in preparation for guidance to states on mandatory public reporting systems for health care-associated infections (HAI) in hospitals The HICPAC asked whether public reporting systems are effective in improving health care performance, by measured improvements in clinical processes or patients' health status as the intended outcomes. including but not limited to reduced HAI events, and whether new evidence of effectiveness of private reporting policies to reduce HAI had been published since the 1970s landmark Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control study Methods: Public reporting systems are information provided to the public about the quality of health services. Of 450 published papers reviewed using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies qualified for detailed, protocol-based abstractions. Results: Findings indicate that the evidence for effectiveness for public reporting systems to improve health care performance is inconclusive No studies have investigated reduction of HAI as an outcome of public reporting Conclusion: Rigorous evaluation of mandatory public reporting systems for HAI is recommended to ensure that stakeholders' needs are identified and met. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Penn, Hlth Syst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP McKibben, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop A-07,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM lmckibben@cdc.gov NR 49 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 6 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD APR PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 142 EP 149 DI 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.09.006 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 033UF UT WOS:000236874700009 PM 16630978 ER PT J AU Lawton, RM Turon, T Cochran, RL Cardo, D AF Lawton, RM Turon, T Cochran, RL Cardo, D TI Prepackaged hand hygiene educational tools facilitate implementation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article AB The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee released hand hygiene guidelines recommending that hospitals educate personnel to increase compliance with hand hygiene. However, few educational tools are available to assist hospitals in this effort Eight hospitals were recruited to implement hand hygiene educational tools Key informant interviews were conducted with infection control professionals (ICPs) at 5 participating hospitals. Lack of personnel time was the primary barrier to implementing the educational tools. Multimodal, prepackaged educational tools are needed to decrease barriers and facilitate implementation of interventions locally by ICPs. C1 CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lawton, RM (reprint author), CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop K-40, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rlawton@cdc.gov RI Ysebaert, Alain/H-6407-2011 NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD APR PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 152 EP 154 DI 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.06.010 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 033UF UT WOS:000236874700011 PM 16630980 ER PT J AU Pool, V Iskander, J AF Pool, V Iskander, J TI Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Off, Off Chief Sci Officer, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pool, V (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Off, Off Chief Sci Officer, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM vpool@cdc.gov NR 4 TC 24 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 194 IS 4 BP 1200 EP 1200 DI 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.091 PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 029XD UT WOS:000236596800062 PM 16580337 ER PT J AU Mobley, LR Root, ED Finkelstein, EA Khaxjou, O Farris, RP Will, JC AF Mobley, LR Root, ED Finkelstein, EA Khaxjou, O Farris, RP Will, JC TI Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FRANCISCO BAY AREA; BODY-MASS INDEX; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; BUILT ENVIRONMENT; LIFE-STYLE; HEALTH; DETERMINANTS AB Background: Financially disadvantaged populations are more likely to live in communities that do not support healthy choices. This paper investigates whether certain characteristics of the built environment are associated with obesity, or coronary heart disease (CHD) risk among uninsured low-income women. Methods: Using a sample of 2001-2002 data from 2692 women enrolled in the WISEWOMAN program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the stud), team performed regression analysis (conducted in January-April 2005) to estimate body mass index (BMI) and the log of 10-year CHD risk as a function of the built environment and socioecologic measures. Results: For women living in an environment of maximun mixed land use (i.e., an environment more conducive to health), living), BMI was lower by 2.60 kg/m(2) and CHD risk was lower by 20% than for women living in single-use Uniform environments (i.e., environments less conducive to health), living). An additional fitness facility per 1000 residents was associated with BMI and CHD risk that were lower by 1.39 kg/m(2) and 15.1%, respectively. Crime was positively associated with BMI and CHD risk, whereas neighborhood affluence was negatively associated. Living in more racially segregated areas was negatively associated with CHD risk among black, Hispanic, and Asian women and positively associated with CHD risk among American Indian women. Conclusions: The built environment and socioecologic characteristics of financially disadvantaged women were associated with BMI and CHD risk. More research is needed to understand the effects of racial segregation or acculturation oil health for specific subpopulations. C1 RTI Inc, Hlth Social & Econ Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mobley, LR (reprint author), RTI Inc, Hlth Social & Econ Res, 3040 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM lmobley@rti.org RI Root, Elisabeth/A-7429-2016 OI Root, Elisabeth/0000-0002-9566-4031 FU PHS HHS [200-97-0621] NR 48 TC 132 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 EI 1873-2607 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 4 BP 327 EP 332 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.12.001 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 024HN UT WOS:000236186200008 PM 16530620 ER PT J AU Allred, NJ Stevenson, JM Kolasa, M Bartlett, DL Schieber, R Enger, KS Shefer, A AF Allred, NJ Stevenson, JM Kolasa, M Bartlett, DL Schieber, R Enger, KS Shefer, A TI Using registry data to evaluate the 2004 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine shortage SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Background: The most recent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) shortage Occurred between December 2003 and September 2004. To ensure vaccination of the highest-risk children, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that providers delay administration of the third and fourth doses of vaccine to healthy children. We used Michigan Child Immunization Registry (MCIR) data collected from September 1, 2001 to November 30, 2004 to evaluate changes in PCV7 coverage. Methods: Vaccination and demographic data from MCIR were reviewed for 420,733 children born between September 2001 and August 2004. Main outcome measures were the proportion of children who received the third dose of PCV7 by 7 months of age and the fourth dose of PCV7 by 16 months of age. Vaccine coverage for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) was used for comparison, as these vaccines were abundant during this time period and their administration schedule is the same as the third and fourth doses of PCV7, respectively. Data analysis was conducted in spring 2005. Results: Coverage for the third dose of DTaP and the first dose of MMR remained steady, while PCV7 coverage for the third dose dropped from 29% to 11%, and the fourth dose dropped from 27% to 22% in the month following the recommendations to defer doses. Coverage returned close to pre-shortage levels shortly after the recommendations to resume the normal schedule. PCV7 coverage trends were similar for children seen in the private or public sector. Conclusions: Registry data can be useful for evaluating vaccination coverage trends during a shortage. Our findings suggest that providers were compliant with recommendations to alter vaccine administration during the shortage. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Michigan State Hlth Dept, Lansing, MI USA. RP Allred, NJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM nallred@cdc.gov NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 4 BP 347 EP 350 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.011 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 024HN UT WOS:000236186200011 PM 16530623 ER PT J AU Chino, M DeBruyn, L AF Chino, M DeBruyn, L TI Building true capacity: Indigenous models for indigenous communities SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID EMPOWERMENT; PREVENTION; SENSE AB Within the past 2 decades, community capacity building and community empowerment have emerged as key strategies for reducing health disparities and promoting public health. As with other strategies and best practices, these concepts have been brought to indigenous (American Indian and Alaska Native) communities primarily by mainstream researchers and practitioners. Mainstream models and their resultant programs, however, often have limited application in meeting the needs and realities of indigenous populations. Tribes are increasingly taking control of their local health care services. It is time for indigenous people not only to develop tribal programs but also to define and integrate the underlying theoretical and cultural frameworks for public health application. C1 UNLV, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Dispar Res, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nat Diabet Wellness Program, Div Diabet Translat, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Chino, M (reprint author), UNLV, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Dispar Res, 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 453030, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM michelle.chino@ccmail.nevada.edu NR 26 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 EI 1541-0048 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 BP 596 EP 599 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053801 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 027QD UT WOS:000236429200012 PM 16449598 ER PT J AU Santibanez, TA Santoli, JM Barker, LE AF Santibanez, TA Santoli, JM Barker, LE TI Differential effects of the DTaP and MMR vaccine shortages on timeliness of childhood vaccination coverage SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PROVIDERS AB Objectives. We determined the effect of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) and measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine shortages on timeliness of the third dose of DTaP (DTaP3), the fourth dose of DTaP (DTaP4), and the first dose of MMR (MMR1) among subgroups of preschool children. Methods. Data from the 2001 and 2002 National Immunization Surveys were analyzed. Children age-eligible to receive DTaP3, DTaP4, or MMR1 during the shortages were considered subject to the shortage, and those not age-eligible were not subject to the shortage; timeliness of vaccinations was compared. Results. Among children vaccinated only at public clinics, children residing outside metropolitan statistical areas, and children in the Southern Census Region, those age-eligible to receive DTaP4 during the shortage were less likely to be vaccinated by 19 months of age than children not subject to the shortage. Conclusions. There was notable disparity in the effects of the recent vaccine shortages; children vaccinated only in public clinics, in rural areas, or in the Southern United States were differentially affected by the shortages. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Santibanez, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mail Stop E-62, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM afz5@cdc.gov NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 BP 691 EP 696 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053306 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 027QD UT WOS:000236429200032 PM 16507734 ER PT J AU Groom, AV Cheek, JE Bryan, RT AF Groom, AV Cheek, JE Bryan, RT TI Effect of a national vaccine shortage on vaccine coverage for American Indian/Alaska Native children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. We determined the effect of national vaccine shortages on coverage with 4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine for American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) children. Methods. Data on DTaP coverage for children aged 19 to 27 months were abstracted from Indian Health Service (IHS) immunization reports. Coverage with the fourth DTaP dose (DTaP4) was compared for different periods to determine coverage levels before, during, and after the shortage. Data were stratified geographically to determine regional variation. Results. AIAN children experienced a significant decline (14.8%) in bTaP4 coverage during the shortage. Considerable variation was seen among IHS regions (declines ranged from 4.5% to 26.5%). Conclusions. AIAN children included in IHS immunization reports experienced a greater decline in DTaP4 coverage during the shortage than the decline reported nationally for children receiving vaccine at public clinics (14.8% vs 6%). Variations in the decline in coverage highlight possible inequities in vaccine supply and distribution and in implementation of vaccine shortage recommendations. We must identify ways to ensure more equitable vaccine distribution and consistent implementation of vaccine recommendations to protect all children from vaccine-preventable diseases. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Indian Hlth Serv, Div Epidemiol & Dis Prevent, Off Publ Hlth Support, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Minor Hlth & Hlth Disparit, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Strategy & Innovat, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Program Operat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bryan, RT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Indian Hlth Serv, Div Epidemiol & Dis Prevent, Off Publ Hlth Support, 5300 Homestead Rd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. EM rrb2@cdc.gov NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 BP 697 EP 701 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053413 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 027QD UT WOS:000236429200033 PM 16507733 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, PA Thomson, JM Fujioka, H Collins, WE Zborowski, M AF Zimmerman, PA Thomson, JM Fujioka, H Collins, WE Zborowski, M TI Diagnosis of malaria by magnetic deposition microscopy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; LYMPHOCYTES; INFECTIONS; SEPARATION; PARASITES; BACTERIA; HUMANS; VIVAX; CELLS AB Although malaria contributes to a significant public health burden, malaria diagnosis relies heavily on either non-specific clinical symptoms or blood smear microscopy methods developed in the 1930s. These approaches severely misrepresent the number of infected individuals and the reservoir of parasites in malaria-endemic communities and undermine efforts to control disease. Limitations of conventional microscopy-based diagnosis center on time required to examine slides, time required to attain expertise sufficient to diagnose infection accurately, and attrition from the limited number of existing malaria microscopy experts. Earlier studies described magnetic properties of Plasmodium falciparum but did not refine methods to diagnosis infection by all four human malaria parasite species. Here, following specific technical procedures, we show that it is possible to concentrate all four human malaria parasite species, at least 40-fold, on microscope slides using very inexpensive magnets through an approach termed magnetic deposition microscopy. This approach delivered greater sensitivity than a thick smear preparation while maintaining the clarity of a thin smear to simplify species-specific diagnosis. Because the magnetic force necessary to concentrate parasites on the slide is focused at a precise position relative to the magnet surface, it is possible to examine a specific region of the slide for parasitized cells and avoid the time-consuming process of scanning the entire slide surface. These results provide insight regarding new strategies for performing malaria blood smear microscopy. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Global Hlth & Dis, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Biomed Engn, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. RP Zimmerman, PA (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Global Hlth & Dis, Wolstein Res Bldg,4-125, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM paz@case.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA62349, R01 CA062349]; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI052312, AI46919, AI52312, R01 AI046919]; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007250, T32 GM07250] NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 BP 568 EP 572 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 032BZ UT WOS:000236750200013 PM 16606985 ER PT J AU Reller, ME Douce, RW Maslanka, SE Torres, DS Manock, SR Sobel, J AF Reller, ME Douce, RW Maslanka, SE Torres, DS Manock, SR Sobel, J TI Wound botulism acquired in the Amazonian rain forest of Ecuador SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 50th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene CY NOV 11-15, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Soc Trop Med & Hyg ID BLACK TAR HEROIN; FOODBORNE BOTULISM; CALIFORNIA; DIAGNOSIS; UK AB Wound botulism results from colonization of a contaminated wound by Clostridium botulinum and the anaerobic in situ production of a potent neurotoxin. Between 1943, when wound botulism was first recognized, and 1990, 47 laboratory-confirmed cases, mostly trauma-associated, were reported in the United States. Since 1990, wound botulism associated with injection drug use emerged as the leading cause of wound botulism in the United States; 210 of 217 cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1990 and 2002 were associated with drug injection. Despite the worldwide distribution of Clostridium botulinum spores, wound botulism has been reported only twice outside the United States, Europe, and Australia. However, wound botulism may go undiagnosed and untreated in many countries. We report two cases, both with type A toxin, from the Ecuadorian rain forest. Prompt clinical recognition, supportive care, and administration of trivalent equine botulinum antitoxin were life-saving. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Hosp Vozandes, Dept Med, Quito, Ecuador. Hosp Vozandes Oriente, Pastaza, Ecuador. RP Reller, ME (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM megan.reller@tch.harvard.edu; rdouce@hcjb.org.ec; sht5@cdc.gov; smanock@hcjb.org.ec; jsobel@cdc.gov NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 BP 628 EP 631 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 032BZ UT WOS:000236750200025 PM 16606997 ER PT J AU Eisen, RJ Eisen, L Lane, RS AF Eisen, RJ Eisen, L Lane, RS TI Predicting density of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California, based on geographic information systems and remote sensing versus field-derived data SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID BLACK-LEGGED TICK; LYME-DISEASE; SATELLITE IMAGERY; IXODIDAE NYMPHS; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; SPATIAL-ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; SCAPULARIS ABUNDANCE; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; HABITAT SUITABILITY AB Ixodes pacificus nymphs are the primary vectors to humans of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, in California. We used a supervised classification model, based on remote sensing (RS) data from multi-seasonal Landsat TM 5 images, to identify the key habitat in Mendocino County where humans are exposed to I. pacificus nymphs (woodlands carpeted with leaf litter). The model, based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), brightness, and wetness, separated the nymphal risk habitat (52.6% of the county) from other habitat types with > 93% user and producer accuracies. Next, we determined the density of questing nymphs in 62 woodland-leaf areas located throughout Mendocino County and created forward-stepwise regression models explaining the variation in nymphal density based on traits attainable by a lay-person in the field (e.g., tree species present, deer signs; r(2) = 0.43, P < 0.0001), or geographic information systems (GIS)/RS-based environmental data (r(2) = 0.50, P < 0.0001). The GIS/RS model, using July NDVI, November greenness, a coastal influence category, May solar insolation, November hours of sunlight, and dominant hydrologic grouping as input variables, was 22% more accurate in predicting nymphal density at 16 validation sites (r(2) = 0.72) than the field-derived data model (r(2) = 0.50). The habitat classification and GIS/RS models were combined to create a continuous nymphal density surface for the entirety of Mendocino County. This risk surface showed that 11.9% of the county was classified as habitat posing at least moderate risk of human exposure to nymphs (> 6.4 nymphs per 100 m(2)). Furthermore, high-risk areas (> 10.5 nymphs per 100 m(2); 1.7% of the county) tended to cluster in the central interior and most heavily populated region of Mendocino County, but were rare in the proximity of coastal population centers. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Arthropod Borne & Infect Dis Lab, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lane, RS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM blane@nature.berkeley.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI22501]; PHS HHS [U50/CCU906594] NR 43 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 BP 632 EP 640 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 032BZ UT WOS:000236750200026 PM 16606998 ER PT J AU Kalb, SR Moura, H Boyer, AE McWilliams, LG Pirkle, JL Barr, JR AF Kalb, SR Moura, H Boyer, AE McWilliams, LG Pirkle, JL Barr, JR TI The use of Endopep-MS for the detection of botulinum toxins A B, E, and F in serum and stool samples SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE botulinum neurotoxin; botulism ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM; IN-VITRO; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MOUSE BIOASSAY; NEUROTOXIN-A; SEROTYPE-B; FOODS; DIFFERENTIATION; SUBSTRATE AB Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes the disease botulism, which can be lethal if untreated. Previous work in our laboratory focused on developing Endopep-MS, a mass spectrometric-based endopeptidase method for the detection and differentiation of BoNT serotypes. We have expanded this effort to include an antibody capture method to partially purify and concentrate BoNT from serum and stool extract samples for the Endopep-MS assay. Because complex matrices such as serum and stool contain abundant endogenous proteases, this technique was needed to remove most proteases from the sample while concentrating BoNT from a sample size of 100 to 500 mu l to 20 mu l. When this antibody capture method is combined with the Endopep-MS reaction, limits of detection in 500 mu l of spiked human serum are 10 mouse LD50 (20 mouse LD50/ml) for BoNT A, 0.5 mouse LD50 (1 mouse LD50/ml) for BoNT B, 0.1 mouse LD50 (0.2 mouse LD50/ml) for BoNT E, and 0.5 mouse LD50 (1 mouse LD50/ml) for BoNT F The limits of detection in spiked stool extracts are somewhat higher due to the high-protease environment of stool extract that also requires use of protease inhibitors. The entire method can be performed in as short a time as 4 h. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Reg, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Battelle Mem Inst, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Barr, JR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Reg, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jbarr@cdc.gov OI Kalb, Suzanne/0000-0002-8067-136X NR 22 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 351 IS 1 BP 84 EP 92 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.027 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 027PR UT WOS:000236428000011 PM 16500606 ER PT J AU Burt, CW McCaig, LF Valverde, RH AF Burt, CW McCaig, LF Valverde, RH TI Analysis of ambulance transports and diversions among US emergency departments SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Study objective: We describe emergency department (ED) visits in which the patient arrived by ambulance and estimate the frequency of and reasons for ambulance diversion. Using information on volume of transports and probabilities of being in diversion status, we estimate the number of patients for whom ED care was delayed because of diversion practices. Methods: Data from the 2003 ED component of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, an annual sample survey of visits to US hospital EDs, were used for the analysis. Data were provided by 405 participating EDs on 40,253 visits. Data from supplemental questionnaires to the hospital staff were used to describe volume and frequency of ambulance diversions. Results: In 2003, patients arrived by ambulance for 16.2 million ED visits (14.2%). About 31 ambulances arrived at a US ED every minute. Of ambulance-related visits, 39% were made by seniors, 68% were triaged as emergent or urgent, and 37% resulted in hospital-admission. About 45% of EDs reported diverting ambulances at some point during the previous year. Among EDs that had any diversion, approximately 3% of operating time was spent in diversion status. In 2003, an estimated 501,000 ambulances were diverted, ie, 1 ambulance diversion per minute. Large EDs represent 12% of all EDs, 35% of all ambulance arrivals, 18% of all EDs that went on diversion, 47% of all hours spent in diversion status, and 70% of all ambulances diverted to another ED. Conclusion: Description of current use of ED ambulance transports and likelihood of diversions should help policymakers plan for demographic changes in the population during the next 15 years. C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Ambulatory Care Stat Branch, Div Hlth Care Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Tech Serv Branch, Div Hlth Care Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Burt, CW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Ambulatory Care Stat Branch, Div Hlth Care Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 3409 M-S P-08, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM cwb2@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 4 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 47 IS 4 BP 317 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.12.001 PG 10 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 029IH UT WOS:000236555300002 PM 16546615 ER PT J AU Sampson, HA Munoz-Furlong, A Campbell, RL Adkinson, NF Bock, SA Branum, A Brown, SGA Camargo, CA Cydulka, R Galli, SJ Gidudu, J Gruchalla, RS Harlor, AD Hepner, DL Lewis, LM Lieberman, PL Metcalfe, DD O'Connor, R Muraro, A Rudman, A Schmitt, C Scherrer, D Simons, FE Thomas, S Wood, JP Decker, WW AF Sampson, HA Munoz-Furlong, A Campbell, RL Adkinson, NF Bock, SA Branum, A Brown, SGA Camargo, CA Cydulka, R Galli, SJ Gidudu, J Gruchalla, RS Harlor, AD Hepner, DL Lewis, LM Lieberman, PL Metcalfe, DD O'Connor, R Muraro, A Rudman, A Schmitt, C Scherrer, D Simons, FE Thomas, S Wood, JP Decker, WW TI Second Symposium on the Definition and Management of Anaphylaxis: Summary report - Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network Symposium SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EMERGENCY-DEPARTMENT VISITS; EPINEPHRINE ABSORPTION; PEANUT; SHOCK; CHILDREN; MODEL; FOOD; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MULTICENTER; ADOLESCENTS C1 Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, Fairfax, VA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Fremantle Hosp, Fremantle, WA USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Lilbum, GA USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Eugene, OR USA. Amer Soc Anesthesiol, Boston, MA USA. Soc Acad Emergency Med, St Louis, MO USA. Amer Coll Allergy Asthma & Immunol, Cordova, TN USA. NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Hlth, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Assoc EMS Physicians, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Padua, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Amer Acad Allergy Asthma & Immunol, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Amer Coll Emergency Physicians, Dallas, TX USA. Amer Acad Emergency Med, Scottsdale, AZ USA. RP Decker, WW (reprint author), Mayo Clin, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. EM decker.wyatt@mayo.edu RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015; OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284; Brown, Simon/0000-0002-9961-0890 NR 47 TC 161 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 9 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 47 IS 4 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.01.018 PG 8 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 029IH UT WOS:000236555300013 PM 16546624 ER PT J AU Miller, TL Hilsenrath, P Lykens, K Mcnabb, SJN Moonan, PK Weis, SE AF Miller, TL Hilsenrath, P Lykens, K Mcnabb, SJN Moonan, PK Weis, SE TI Using cost and health impacts to prioritize the targeted testing of tuberculosis in the United States SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; prevention; public health; targeted testing; health economics; evaluation ID ISONIAZID PREVENTIVE THERAPY; NEW-YORK-CITY; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; URBAN JAIL; FOLLOW-UP; LOW-RISK; TRANSMISSION; HOMELESS; INFECTION; TRIAL AB PURPOSE: Evaluation improves efficiency and effectiveness. Current U.S. tuberculosis (TB) control policies emphasize the treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI). However, this policy, if not targeted, may be inefficient. We determined the efficiency of a state-law mandated TB screening program and a non state-law mandated one in terms of cost, morbidity, treatment, and disease averted. METHODS: We evaluated two publicly funded metropolitan TB prevention and control programs through retrospective analyses and modeling. Main outcomes measured were TB incidence and prevalence, TB cases averted, and cost. RESULTS: A non state-law mandated TB program for homeless persons in Tarrant County screened 4.5 persons to identify one with LTBI and 82 persons to identify one with TB. A state-law mandated TB program for jail inmates screened 109 persons to identify one with LTBI and 3274 persons to identify one with TB. The number of patients with LTBI treated to prevent one TB case was 12.1 and 15.3 for the homeless and jail inmate TB programs, respectively. Treatment of LTBI by the homeless and jail inmate TB screening programs will avert 11.9 and 7.9 TB cases at a cost of $14,350 and $34,761 per TB case, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mandated TB screening programs should be risk-based, not population-based. Non mandated targeted testing for TB in congregate settings for the homeless was more efficient that) state-law mandated targeted testing for TB among jailed initiates. C1 Univ N Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Ft Worth, TX 76107 USA. Sch Publ Hlth, Ft Worth, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Tarrant Cty Hlth Dept, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Weis, SE (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Ft Worth, TX 76107 USA. EM sweis@hsc.unt.edu RI Moonan, Patrick/F-4307-2014; OI Moonan, Patrick/0000-0002-3550-2065 NR 71 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 16 IS 4 BP 305 EP 312 DI 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.053 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 027OH UT WOS:000236424400012 PM 16242958 ER PT J AU Peters, TM Heitbrink, WA Evans, DE Slavin, TJ Maynard, AD AF Peters, TM Heitbrink, WA Evans, DE Slavin, TJ Maynard, AD TI The mapping of fine and ultrafine particle concentrations in an engine machining and assembly facility SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE aerosol; aerosol mapping; mass concentration; nanoparticles; number concentration; particle; ultrafine ID INHALATION EXPOSURE; PULMONARY; MIST; WORKPLACE; AEROSOL; COOKING; NUMBER; GAS AB Aerosol mapping was used to assess particle number and mass concentration in an engine machining and assembly facility in the winter and spring. Number and mass concentration maps were constructed from data collected with two mobile sampling carts, each equipped with a condensation particle counter (10 nm < diameter < 1 mu m) and an optical particle counter (300 nm < diameter < 20 mu m). Number concentrations inside the facility ranged from 15 to 150 times greater than that outside the facility and were highly dependent on season. The greatest number concentration (> 1 000 000 particles cm(-3)) occurred in winter in an area where mass concentration was low (< 0.10 mg m(-3)). The increased number of particles was attributed to the exhaust of direct-fire, natural-gas burners used to heat the supply air. The greatest mass concentrations were found around metalworking operations that were poorly enclosed. The larger particles that dominated particle mass in this area were accompanied by ultrafine particles, probably generated through evaporation and subsequent condensation of metalworking fluid components. Repeat mapping events demonstrated that these ultrafine particles persist in workplace air over long time periods. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Occupat & Environm Hlth, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Int Truck & Engine Corp, Warrenville, IL 60555 USA. Woodrow Wilson Int Ctr Scholars, Washington, DC 20004 USA. RP Peters, TM (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Occupat & Environm Hlth, 102 IREH,100 Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM thomas-m-peters@uiowa.edu RI Maynard, Andrew/D-1076-2010; OI Maynard, Andrew/0000-0003-2117-5128 NR 27 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 50 IS 3 BP 249 EP 257 DI 10.1093/annhyg/mei061 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 030DF UT WOS:000236612800005 PM 16361396 ER PT J AU Balazy, A Toivola, M Reponen, T Podgo,rski, A Zimmer, A Grinshpun, SA AF Balazy, A Toivola, M Reponen, T Podgo,rski, A Zimmer, A Grinshpun, SA TI Manikin-based performance evaluation of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators challenged with nanoparticles SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE aerosol filtration; electret filter; N95 respirator; penetration ID SUBMICRON PARTICLES; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; ELECTRET FILTER; PENETRATION; COLLECTION; PROTECTION; DEPOSITION; AEROSOLS; CHARGE; SIMULATION AB Protection of the human respiratory system from exposure to nanoparticles is becoming an emerging issue in occupational hygiene. The potential adverse health effects associated with particles of similar to 1-100 nm are probably greater than submicron or micron-sized particles. The performance of two models of N95 half-facepiece-filtering respirators against nano-sized particles was evaluated at two inhalation flow rates, 30 and 85 l min(-1), following a manikin-based protocol. The aerosol concentration was measured outside and inside the facepiece using the Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer. Sodium chloride particles, conventionally used to certify N-series respirators under NIOSH 42 CFR 84 regulations, were utilized as the challenge aerosol. The targeted particle sizes ranged from 10 to 600 nm, although the standard certification tests are performed with particles of similar to 300 nm, which is assumed to be the most penetrating size. The results indicate that the nanoparticle penetration through a face-sealed N95 respirator may be in excess of the 5% threshold, particularly at high respiratory flow rates. Thus, N95 respirators may not always provide the expected respiratory protection for workers. The highest penetration values representing the poorest respirator protection conditions were observed in the particle diameter range of similar to 30-70 nm. Based on the theoretical simulation, we have concluded that for respirators utilizing mechanical filters, the peak penetration indeed occurs at the particle diameter of similar to 300 nm; however, for pre-charged fiber filters, which are commonly used for N95 respirators, the peak shifts toward nano-sizes. This study has confirmed that the neutralization of particles is a crucial element in evaluating the efficiency of a respirator. The variability of the respirator's performance was determined for both models and both flow rates. The analysis revealed that the coefficient of variation of the penetration ranged from 0.10 to 0.54 for particles of 20-100 nm in diameter. The fraction of N95 respirators for which the performance test at 85 l min(-1) demonstrated excessive (> 5%) penetration of nanoparticles was as high as 9/10. The test results obtained in a relatively small (0.096 m(3)) test chamber and in a large (24.3 m(3)) walk-in chamber were found essentially the same, thus, suggesting that laboratory-based evaluations have a good potential to adequately represent the respirator field performance. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Ctr Hlth Related Aerosol Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Warsaw Univ Technol, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Warsaw, Poland. NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Grinshpun, SA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Ctr Hlth Related Aerosol Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. EM sergey.grinshpun@uc.edu NR 47 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 26 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 50 IS 3 BP 259 EP 269 DI 10.1093/annhyg/mei058 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 030DF UT WOS:000236612800006 PM 16344291 ER PT J AU Alexander, N Lenhart, AE Romero-Vivas, CME Barbazan, P Morrison, AC Barrera, R Arredondo-Jimenez, JI Focks, DA AF Alexander, N Lenhart, AE Romero-Vivas, CME Barbazan, P Morrison, AC Barrera, R Arredondo-Jimenez, JI Focks, DA TI Sample sizes for identifying the key types of container occupied by dengue-vector pupae: the use of entropy in analyses of compositional data SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIPTERA; CULICIDAE AB A method has been developed for estimating the sample sizes needed to identify categories that comprise a large proportion of a compositional data-set. The method is to be used in the design of surveys of mosquito pupae, for identifying the key container types from which the majority of adult dengue vectors emerge. Although a finite-population correction was devised for estimating the mean of a negative binomial distribution, other complications of parametric approaches make them unlikely to yield methods simple enough to be practically applicable. The Shannon-Wiener index was therefore investigated as a more useful alternative, at the cost of theoretical generalizability, in an approach based on resampling methods in conjunction with the use of entropy. This index can be used to summarize the degree to which pupae are either concentrated in a few container types, or dispersed among many. An empirical relationship between the index and the repeatability of surveys of differing sample sizes was observed. A step-wise rule, based on the entropy of the cumulative data, was devised for determining the sample size, in terms of the number of houses positive for pupae, at which a pupal survey might reasonably be stopped. C1 Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Infect Dis Epidemiol Unit, London WC1E 7HT, England. Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Vector Res Grp, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. Univ Norte, Grp Invest Enfermed Trop, Dept Ciencias Basicas Med, Barranquilla, Colombia. Mahidol Univ Salaya, Res Ctr Emerging Viral Dis, Inst Rech Dev, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR USA. Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Paludismo, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. Infect Dis Anal LLC, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Alexander, N (reprint author), Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Infect Dis Epidemiol Unit, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, England. EM neal.alexander@lshtm.ac.uk NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA HUDSON RD, LEEDS LS9 7DL, ENGLAND SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 100 SU 1 BP S5 EP S16 DI 10.1179/136485906X105471 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 034OO UT WOS:000236939400002 PM 16630387 ER PT J AU Barrera, R Amador, M Clark, GG AF Barrera, R Amador, M Clark, GG TI Sample-size requirements for developing strategies, based on the pupal/demographic survey, for the targeted control of dengue SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEDES-AEGYPTI DIPTERA; CULICIDAE AB Several methods to determine the sample size required for a reliable and practical assessment of the number of Aedes aegypti pupae in a community in Puerto Rico have been explored. Because the pupae were highly aggregated, the data were fitted to a negative binomial distribution. Classical statistical-inference methods for sample-size determination demanded the sampling of > 3000 premises for a reliable estimation of the mean number of pupae/person (with a 15% error). This number was reduced to 1000-1200 premises after applying a finite-population correction. Database sub-sampling simulations, with increasing sample sizes, showed that the variability in the mean relative abundance of container types and in the mean number of pupae/container substantially decreased after sampling 186 and 310 premises, respectively. Sequential sampling was applied to test the hypotheses that the number of female pupae/person was at least 0.19 (considered the dengue epidemic threshold) or no greater than 0.10 (arbitrarily set as the safe level). After sampling only 25 premises in the first survey and 125 in the second, it was determined that the densities of female pupae were above the epidemic threshold. Thus, sequential sampling provided substantial reductions in the sample size required to determine if vector control was needed. Validation of the Ae. aegypti thresholds required for dengue transmission could confer viability and efficiency to dengue-vector surveillance and control programmes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00920 USA. RP Barrera, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, PR 00920 USA. EM rbarrera@cdc.gov NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA HUDSON RD, LEEDS LS9 7DL, ENGLAND SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 100 SU 1 BP S33 EP S43 DI 10.1179/136485906X105499 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 034OO UT WOS:000236939400004 PM 16630389 ER PT J AU Curtin, JJ Donlan, RM AF Curtin, JJ Donlan, RM TI Using bacteriophages to reduce formation of catheter-associated biofilms by Staphylococcus epidermidis SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI DIARRHEA; BACTERIAL BIOFILMS; INTRAVASCULAR CATHETERS; NOSOCOMIAL BACTEREMIA; SUSTAINED-RELEASE; BLOOD PROTEINS; INFECTIONS; PREVENTION AB Use of indwelling catheters is often compromised as a result of biofilm formation. This study investigated if hydrogel-coated catheters pretreated with a coagulase-negative bacteriophage would reduce Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation. Biofilms were developed on hydrogel-coated silicone catheters installed in a modified drip flow reactor. Catheter segments were pretreated with the lytic S. epidermidis bacteriophage 456 by exposing the catheter lumen to a 10-log-PFU/ml culture of the bacteriophage for 1 h at 37 degrees C prior to biofilm formation. The untreated mean biotilm cell count was 7.01 +/- 0.47 log CFU/cm(2) of catheter. Bacteriophage treatment with and without supplemental divalent cations resulted in log-CFU/cm(2) reductions of 4.47 (P < 0.0001) and 2.34 (P = 0.001), respectively. Divalent cation supplementation without bacteriophage treatment provided a 0.67-log-CFU/cm(2) reduction (P = 0.053). Treatment of hydrogel-coated silicone catheters with an S. epidermidis bacteriophage in an in vitro model system significantly reduced viable biofilm formation by S. epidermidis over a 24-h exposure period, suggesting the potential of bacteriophage for mitigating biofilm formation on indwelling catheters and reducing the incidence of catheter-related infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, DHQP, ELB,EAMS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Donlan, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, DHQP, ELB,EAMS, Mail Stop C-16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rld8@cdc.gov NR 70 TC 114 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD APR PY 2006 VL 50 IS 4 BP 1268 EP 1275 DI 10.1128/AAC.50.4.1268-1275.2006 PG 8 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 031EA UT WOS:000236685700021 PM 16569839 ER PT J AU Park, BJ Arthington-Skaggs, BA Hajjeh, RA Iqbal, N Ciblak, MA Lee-Yang, W Hairston, MD Phelan, M Plikaytis, BD Sofair, AN Harrison, LH Fridkin, SK Warnock, DW AF Park, BJ Arthington-Skaggs, BA Hajjeh, RA Iqbal, N Ciblak, MA Lee-Yang, W Hairston, MD Phelan, M Plikaytis, BD Sofair, AN Harrison, LH Fridkin, SK Warnock, DW TI Evaluation of amphotericin B interpretive breakpoints for Candida bloodstream isolates by correlation with therapeutic outcome SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY; FLUCONAZOLE; MULTICENTER; ETEST; FUNGEMIA; ALBICANS AB One hundred seven Candida bloodstream isolates (51 C albicans, 24 C. glabrata, 13 C. parapsilosis, 13 C. tropicalis, 2 C. dubliniensis, 2 C. krusei, and 2 C. lusitaniae strains) from patients treated with amphotericin B alone underwent in vitro susceptibility testing against amphotericin B using five different methods. Fifty-four isolates were from patients who failed treatment, defined as death 7 to 14 days after the incident candidemia episode, having persistent fever of >= 5 days' duration after the date of the incident candidemia, or the recurrence of fever after two consecutive afebrile days while on antifungal treatment. MICs were determined by using the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (formally National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) broth microdilution procedure with two media and by using Etest. Minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were also measured in two media. Broth microdilution tests with RPMI 1640 medium generated a restricted range of MICs (0.125 to 1 mu g/ml); the corresponding MFC values ranged from 0.5 to 4 mu g/ml. Broth microdilution tests with antibiotic medium 3 produced a broader distribution of MIC and MFC results (0.015 to 0.25 mu g/ml and 0.06 to 2 mu g/ml, respectively). Etest produced the widest distribution of MICs (0.094 to 2 mu g/ml). However, none of the test formats studied generated results that significantly correlated with therapeutic success or failure. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Park, BJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bip5@cdc.gov NR 17 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD APR PY 2006 VL 50 IS 4 BP 1287 EP 1292 DI 10.1128/AAC.50.4.1287-1292.2006 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 031EA UT WOS:000236685700024 PM 16569842 ER PT J AU Pletz, MWR Shergill, AP McGee, L Beall, B Whitney, CG Klugman, KP AF Pletz, MWR Shergill, AP McGee, L Beall, B Whitney, CG Klugman, KP CA Active BCS Team TI Prevalence of first-step mutants among levofloxacin-susceptible invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID FLUOROQUINOLONE RESISTANCE; GYRA MUTATIONS; PARC; STRAINS; ASSAY AB By use of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay, we screened 496 levofloxacin-susceptible invasive pneumococcal strains (MIC <= 2 mg/liter) for quinolone resistance-determining region mutations known to confer fluoroquinolone resistance. Among those with a levofloxacin MIC of 2 mg/liter, 16.2% of isolates recovered from nursing home residents and 6.4% from non-nursing home residents had first-step mutations. C1 Hannover Med Sch, Dept Resp Med, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Hubert Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pletz, MWR (reprint author), Hannover Med Sch, Dept Resp Med, Carl Neuberg Str 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. EM Pletz.Mathias@mh-hannover.de RI Pletz, Mathias/C-6848-2009; OI Pletz, Mathias/0000-0001-8157-2753 NR 16 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD APR PY 2006 VL 50 IS 4 BP 1561 EP 1563 DI 10.1128/AAC.50.4.1561-1563.2006 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 031EA UT WOS:000236685700067 PM 16569885 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Tomashek, KM Davis, TW Blanding, SL AF Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Tomashek, KM Davis, TW Blanding, SL TI Importance of the infant death scene investigation for accurate and reliable reporting of SIDS SO ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shapiro-Mendoza, CK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ayn9@cdc.gov NR 5 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0003-9888 J9 ARCH DIS CHILD JI Arch. Dis. Child. PD APR PY 2006 VL 91 IS 4 BP 373 EP 373 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 023UO UT WOS:000236151900026 PM 16551798 ER PT J AU Knapp, G Biggerstaff, BJ Hartung, J AF Knapp, G Biggerstaff, BJ Hartung, J TI Assessing the amount of heterogeneity in random-effects meta-analysis SO BIOMETRICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE confidence interval; hypothesis testing; between-trial variance; normal response; binary response ID RANDOM EFFECTS MODEL; CLINICAL-TRIALS; TESTS AB In a random-effects meta-analysis, a new confidence interval for the heterogeneity parameter is proposed. With this interval, the amount of heterogeneity in a meta-analysis can be assessed so that it can be judged whether the pooling of the estimates is meaningful. Through suitable corrections of the lower bound, based on the treatment effect measure of interest, the resulting interval yields satisfactory results with respect to the predefined confidence coefficient. Lower and upper bound of the interval can be used for one-sided hypothesis testing on the amount of the underlying between-trial variability. C1 Univ Dortmund, Dept Stat, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Knapp, G (reprint author), Univ Dortmund, Dept Stat, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. EM Knapp@statistik.uni-dortmund.de NR 20 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU AKADEMIE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PALISADENSTR 40, D-10243 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0323-3847 J9 BIOMETRICAL J JI Biom. J. PD APR PY 2006 VL 48 IS 2 BP 271 EP 285 DI 10.1002/bimj.200510175 PG 15 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 039PE UT WOS:000237317900007 PM 16708778 ER PT J AU Siega-Riz, AM Olshan, AF Werler, MM Moore, C AF Siega-Riz, AM Olshan, AF Werler, MM Moore, C CA Natl Birth Defects Prevention TI Fat intake and the risk of gastroschisis SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual Meeting of the National-Birth-Defects-Prevention-Network CY JAN 24-26, 2005 CL Scottsdale, AZ SP Natl Birth Defects Prevent Network DE diet; fat; nutrition; gastroschisis; congenital abnormalities ID BIRTH-DEFECTS PREVENTION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; VITAMIN-A; OMPHALOCELE; DIET; PREECLAMPSIA; PATHOGENESIS; ASSOCIATION; PREGNANCY AB BACKGROUND: Young age has been associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of gastroschisis may be related to vascular disruption. Nutrients that may be associated with vasoconstriction include dietary fat and its subtypes. The objective of this study was to examine the association between dietary fats and gastroschisis and whether maternal age modified this association. METHODS: Data came from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), which included 304 isolated gastroschisis cases and 3313 controls. Dietary intake in the year prior to conception was ascertained using a food frequency questionnaire, and included total, saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fat and cholesterol. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for confounders. Age and smoking were tested as effect modifiers. RESULTS: Higher mean intakes of total energy, total fat, and cholesterol as well as the subtypes of fats were found for gastroschisis cases compared to controls. Cases were more likely to be in the middle (adjusted OR [AOR], 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.9) and highest (AOR, 1.2; 959% CI, 0.8-1.7) tertile of total fat intake compared to controls. This pattern was also true for saturated fat intake. No association was found for mono or polyunsaturated fat. Cases were less likely to be in the middle (AOR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9) and highest (AOR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-1.2) tertiles for cholesterol. There was no evidence of effect modification. CONCLUSIONS: A possible weak effect of increased risk of gastroschisis associated with higher intakes of total fat or saturated fat was found in the NBDPS; however, this did not help to explain why younger aged women are at greater risk of having an infant with this type of birth defect. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 76:241-245, 2006. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. Boston Univ, Slone Epidemiol Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Siega-Riz, AM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Carolina Populat Ctr, CB 8120 Univ Sq, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. EM am_siegariz@unc.edu RI Publications, NBDPS/B-7692-2013; OI Werler, Martha/0000-0003-3392-6814 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30ES10126]; PHS HHS [U50/CCU422096] NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1542-0752 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES A JI Birth Defects Res. Part A-Clin. Mol. Teratol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 76 IS 4 BP 241 EP 245 DI 10.1002/bdra.20249 PG 5 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 037XL UT WOS:000237181100005 PM 16575898 ER PT J AU Brown, DW Young, KE Anda, RF Felitti, VJ Giles, WH AF Brown, DW Young, KE Anda, RF Felitti, VJ Giles, WH TI Re: Asthma and the risk of lung cancer. Findings from the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Letter DE asthma; lung cancer AB Using data from 8,896 men and women aged 50-89 years from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study who were free of a self-reported history of lung cancer or any cancer at baseline, we examined the association between self-reported asthma and incident lung cancer. The prevalence of smoking was 33% among those who developed lung cancer (n = 52) and 7% among those who did not. Asthma was reported by 17% of adults who developed lung cancer and by 9% of those who did not. After adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and growing up with a parent who smoked the risk of lung cancer was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.0, 4.4) times greater among adults with a history of asthma compared to those without. Among nonsmokers, a similar result was observed, although it did not attain statistical significance (RR: 2.1; 95% CI: 0.9, 5.1). Smoking-attributable lung cancer incidence and mortality are in part a function of the prevalence of smoking in the population. Thus, decreases in the prevalence of smoking in the United States that have occurred since its peak in the 1960s will inevitably result in a decline in the proportion of lung cancer in the population caused by smoking. We hope that our findings and those of others will stimulate research of the biologic mechanism(s) underlying the occurrence of lung cancer among nonsmokers so that possible treatments and prevention strategies may be developed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA USA. RP Brown, DW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dbrown@cdc.gov NR 2 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD APR PY 2006 VL 17 IS 3 BP 349 EP 350 DI 10.1007/s10552-005-0420-5 PG 2 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 014ET UT WOS:000235462600013 PM 16489542 ER PT J AU Calafat, AM Needham, LL Kuklenyik, Z Reidy, JA Tully, JS Aguilar-Villalobos, M Naeher, LP AF Calafat, AM Needham, LL Kuklenyik, Z Reidy, JA Tully, JS Aguilar-Villalobos, M Naeher, LP TI Perfluorinated chemicals in selected residents of the American continent SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PFOS; PFOA; C8; PFCs; exposure; biomonitoring; serum ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; AMMONIUM PERFLUOROOCTANOATE; HUMAN BLOOD; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; HUMAN SERUM; FLUOROCHEMICALS; TOXICITY; ACIDS; RAT AB Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are used in multiple consumer products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the most widely studied PFCs, may be potential developmental, reproductive, and systemic toxicants. Although PFCs seem to be ubiquitous contaminants found both in humans and animals, geographic differences may exist in human exposure patterns to PFCs. We measured 11 PFCs in 23 pooled serum samples collected in the United States from 1990 through 2002, and in serum samples collected in 2003 from 44 residents from Trujillo, Peru. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all the pooled samples; perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) was detected in 21. Median concentrations were 31.1 micrograms per liter (mu g/l, PFOS), 11.6 mu g/l (PFOA), and 2 mu g/l (PFHxS). The 90th percentile concentrations of PFCs in the 44 Peruvian residents were 0.7 mu g/l (PFOS), 0.1 mu g/l (PFOA), and < 0.3 mu g/l (PFHxS). The frequencies of detection were 20% (PFOS), 25% (PFOA), and 9% (PFHxS). The frequent detection of selected PFCs in the pooled samples from the United States and the lack of clear concentration trends based on a year of collection suggest a sustained widespread exposure to these compounds among US residents, at least since the 1990s. By contrast, the much lower frequency of detection and concentration ranges of PFCs in Peru suggest a lower exposure of Peruvians to PFCs compared with North Americans. Genetic variability, diet, lifestyle, or a combination of all these may contribute to the different patterns of human exposure to PFCs in the United States and Peru. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Asociac Aire Ambiental, Lima, Peru. Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Coll Publ Hlth, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Calafat, AM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, 4770 Buford Hwy,NE,Mailstop F17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM Acalafat@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 37 TC 109 Z9 132 U1 4 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 3 BP 490 EP 496 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.028 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 035GX UT WOS:000236989900014 PM 16213555 ER PT J AU Martinez, JE Clutterbuck, EA Li, H Romero-Steiner, S Carlone, GM AF Martinez, JE Clutterbuck, EA Li, H Romero-Steiner, S Carlone, GM TI Evaluation of multiplex flow cytometric opsonophagocytic assays for determination of functional anticapsular antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae SO CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE; KILLING ASSAY; POLYSACCHARIDES AB The determination of functional antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies by sequential testing of pre- and postvaccination serum samples one serotype at a time is sample-intensive and time-consuming and has a relatively low throughput. We tested several opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) formats, including the reference killing method, a monovalent bacterium-based flow method, a trivalent bacterium-based flow method, and a tetravalent bead-based flow method using a panel of sera (4 prevaccination and 16 postvaccination, from healthy adults immunized with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine). The trivalent and tetravalent methods allow simultaneous measurements of opsonic antibodies to multiple pneumococcal serotypes. The trivalent bacterial-flow OPA had significant correlation to the reference OPA method and to a previously published flow cytometric OPA (r values ranged from 0.61 to 0.91, P < 0.05) for serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. The tetravalent OPA had significant correlation to all OPA method formats tested (r values from 0.68 to 0.92, P < 0.05) for all seven serotypes tested. This tetravalent OPA is an alternative to other OPA methods for use during vaccine evaluation and clinical trials. Further, the How cytometric multiplex OPA format has the potential for expansion beyond the current four serotypes to eight or more serotypes, which would further increase relative sample throughput while reducing reagent and sample volumes used. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Immunol Sect, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Martinez, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Immunol Sect, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, MS-A36, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM JMartinez@cdc.gov OI Romero-Steiner, Sandra/0000-0003-4128-7768 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1556-6811 J9 CLIN VACCINE IMMUNOL JI Clin. Vaccine Immunol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 13 IS 4 BP 459 EP 466 DI 10.1128/CVI.13.4.459-466.2006 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 034WV UT WOS:000236962300004 PM 16603613 ER PT J AU Miller, WG Myers, GL Rej, R AF Miller, WG Myers, GL Rej, R TI Why commutability matters SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CARDIAC TROPONIN-I; TARGET VALUES; QUALITY; STANDARDIZATION; SCHEMES; SAMPLES C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Pathol, Richmond, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, New York, NY USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Miller, WG (reprint author), POB 980286, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. EM gmiller@vcu.edu OI Rej, Robert/0000-0001-9578-5856 NR 14 TC 90 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD APR PY 2006 VL 52 IS 4 BP 553 EP 554 DI 10.1373/clinchem.2005.063511 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 028JF UT WOS:000236482700001 PM 16595820 ER PT J AU Scott, JD McMahon, BJ Bruden, D Sullivan, D Homan, C Christensen, C Gretch, DR AF Scott, JD McMahon, BJ Bruden, D Sullivan, D Homan, C Christensen, C Gretch, DR TI High rate of spontaneous negativity for hepatitis C virus RNA after establishment of chronic infection in Alaska Natives SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY OCT 09-12, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID SUCCESSFUL INTERFERON THERAPY; HCV-RNA; SPONTANEOUS ELIMINATION; NATURAL-HISTORY; PLUS RIBAVIRIN; RESOLUTION; DISEASE; PERSISTENCE; CLEARANCE; TRACKING AB Background. Hepatitis C virus ( HCV) leads to chronic infection in 70% - 85% of exposed patients. Spontaneous clearance of the virus after chronic infection is believed to occur rarely. Methods. Alaska Natives who tested positive for HCV antibodies were enrolled in a prospective study that began in 1994 and were followed up on a regular basis. Individuals who tested positive for HCV RNA on 3 separate dates, each of which were at least 1 year apart, were included. Being negative for the virus was defined as having at least 1 negative HCV RNA test result after chronic viremia had been established. Results. Of the 815 patients enrolled in the cohort, 139 met entry criteria and were observed for a mean period of 7.0 years. Eleven ( 8%) of the persons had at least 1 test in which HCV RNA was undetectable; 7 were classified as having either possible or probable clearance of the virus, corresponding to an annualized clearance rate of 0.74% per person-year ( 95% CI, 0.30% - 1.53%). Of 9 patients who underwent subsequent HCV RNA testing, 5 ( 56%) had negative test results. A low HCV RNA level was significantly associated with spontaneous nondetectability of HCV RNA. Conclusion. Spontaneous HCV RNA negativity during chronic HCV infection is a surprisingly frequent event and is associated with low HCV RNA titers. Knowledge of immunologic determinants of clearance may open up avenues of novel therapy. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Med, Div Allergy & Infect Dis, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Lab Med, Div Virol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Arctic Invest Program, Anchorage, AK USA. Alaska Native Med Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Scott, JD (reprint author), Hepatitis & Liver Clin, 325 9th Ave,Box 359938, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. EM jdscott@u.washington.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 7044-28, AI 48214] NR 25 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 7 BP 945 EP 952 DI 10.1086/500938 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 018PK UT WOS:000235777100008 PM 16511757 ER PT J AU Turcios, RM Widdowson, MA Sulka, AC Mead, PS Glass, RI AF Turcios, RM Widdowson, MA Sulka, AC Mead, PS Glass, RI TI Reevaluation of epidemiological criteria for identifying outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus: United States, 1998-2000 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE DISEASE; ILLNESS; AREAS AB Background. Noroviruses are believed to be the most common etiologic agent of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis, yet diagnostic tests for these agents are not readily available in the United States. In the absence of assays to detect norovirus, several clinical and epidemiologic profiles - the criteria of Kaplan et al. ( vomiting in > 50% of patients, mean incubation period of 24 - 48 h, mean duration of illness of 12 - 60 h, and no bacterial pathogen) and the ratios of fever to vomiting and diarrhea to vomiting - have been used to distinguish foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses from those caused by bacteria. Methods. To examine how well clinical and epidemiological profiles discriminate between foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to noroviruses and those due to bacteria and to estimate the proportion of reported outbreaks that might be attributable to noroviruses, we reviewed subsets of the 4050 outbreaks reported from 1998 to 2000. Results. The set of criteria of Kaplan et al. is highly specific ( 99%) and moderately sensitive ( 68%) in discriminating confirmed outbreaks due to bacteria from those due to norovirus and was the most useful diagnostic aid evaluated. Each individual component of the criteria, the fever-to-vomiting ratio, and the diarrhea-to-vomiting ratio were more sensitive, yet less specific, and therefore less useful, than the criteria of Kaplan et al. We estimated that, at a minimum, 28% of all the foodborne outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be attributed to norovirus on the basis of these criteria. Conclusion. Until norovirus diagnostic tests become widely available, the criteria of Kaplan et al. remain the most useful and discriminating diagnostic aid to identify foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to noroviruses. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Respiratory & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Turcios, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Respiratory & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM RTurcios@cdc.gov NR 16 TC 82 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 7 BP 964 EP 969 DI 10.1086/500940 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 018PK UT WOS:000235777100011 PM 16511760 ER PT J AU Calugar, A Ortega-Sanchez, IR Tiwari, T Oakes, L Jahre, JA Murphy, TV AF Calugar, A Ortega-Sanchez, IR Tiwari, T Oakes, L Jahre, JA Murphy, TV TI Nosocomial pertussis: Costs of an outbreak and benefits of vaccinating health care workers SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-B-VACCINE; BORDETELLA-PERTUSSIS; ECONOMIC-IMPACT; UNITED-STATES; ADULTS; ADOLESCENTS; CONSEQUENCES; INFECTIONS; MORBIDITY; VARICELLA AB Background. In September 2003, 17 symptomatic cases of pertussis among health care workers ( HCWs) resulted from a 1-day exposure to an infant who was later confirmed to have pertussis. These HCWs identified 307 close contacts. The hospital implemented extensive infection-control measures. The objective of this study was to determine direct and indirect costs incurred by the hospital and symptomatic HCWs as a result of the September 2003 outbreak and to estimate possible benefits of vaccinating HCWs from the hospital perspective. Methods. We determined costs by interviewing infection-control and hospital personnel, reviewing billing records, and surveying symptomatic HCWs. We calculated the benefits and costs of a vaccination program for HCWs, using a probabilistic model to estimate the number of pertussis exposures that would require control measures annually. Sensitivity and threshold analyses were performed. Results. The outbreak cost to the hospital was $74,870. The total measured cost of the outbreak was $ 81,382, including costs incurred by HCWs ($ 6512). Our model predicted that vaccinating HCWs against pertussis would prevent > 46% of exposures from HCWs with pertussis per year and would provide net savings. The benefit for the hospital was estimated to be 2.38 times the dollar amount invested in vaccinating HCWs. The number of exposures prevented and the benefit-cost ratio were sensitive to the number of exposures identified, the incidence of pertussis among HCWs, and HCW turnover. Conclusions. A single nosocomial pertussis outbreak resulted in substantial disruption and costs to the hospital and to HCWs. Our model suggests that cost savings and benefits could be accrued by vaccinating HCWs against pertussis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillancve Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. IMPAC Med Syst, Mountain View, CA USA. St Lukes Bethlehem Hosp, Bethlehem, PA USA. RP Calugar, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM ACalugar@cdc.gov NR 36 TC 64 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 7 BP 981 EP 988 DI 10.1086/500321 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 018PK UT WOS:000235777100015 PM 16511764 ER PT J AU Brown-Elliott, BA Brown, JM Conville, PS Wallace, RJ AF Brown-Elliott, BA Brown, JM Conville, PS Wallace, RJ TI Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE-BASED IDENTIFICATION; CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS-DISEASE; RENAL-TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SP-NOV.; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; GENUS NOCARDIA; CEREBRAL NOCARDIOSIS AB The recent explosion of newly described species of Nocardia results from the impact in the last decade of newer molecular technology, including PCR restriction enzyme analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing. These molecular techniques have revolutionized the identification of the nocardiae by providing rapid and accurate identification of recognized nocardiae and, at the same time, revealing new species and a number of yet-to-be-described species. There are currently more than 30 species of nocardiae of human clinical significance, with the majority of isolates being N. nova complex, N. abscessus, N. transvalensis complex, N. farcinica, N. asteroides type VI (N. cyriacigeorgica), and N. brasiliensis. These species cause a wide varies, of diseases and have variable drug susceptibilities. Accurate identification often requires referral to a reference laboratory with molecular capabilities, as many newer species are genetically distinct front established species yet have few or no distinguishing phenotypic characteristics. Correct identification is important in deciding the clinical relevance of a species and in the clinical management and treatment of patients with nocardial disease. This review characterizes the currently known pathogenic species of Nocardia, including clinical disease, drug susceptibility; and methods of identification. C1 Univ Texas Hlth Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Tyler, TX 75708 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. NIH, Dept Lab Med, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Wallace, RJ (reprint author), Univ Texas Hlth Ctr, Dept Microbiol, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708 USA. EM richard.wallace@uthct.edu NR 232 TC 314 Z9 332 U1 2 U2 35 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD APR PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 259 EP + DI 10.1128/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006 PG 25 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 037YQ UT WOS:000237184400001 PM 16614249 ER PT J AU Kourtis, AP Kraft, JM Gavin, L Kissin, D McMichen-Wright, P Jamieson, DJ AF Kourtis, AP Kraft, JM Gavin, L Kissin, D McMichen-Wright, P Jamieson, DJ TI Prevention of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adolescents SO CURRENT HIV RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE adolescents; HIV; sexual transmission; prevention ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; RISK-REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS; CONDOM USE; YOUTH DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE CONDOM; HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION; BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AB Sexual behavior can threaten the physical and social well-being of young people in the United States in a variety of ways. as it can put them at risk tor infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), other sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) and unintended pregnancy. This review describes the current extent of HIV infection in American adolescents. identifies and characterizes particular high-risk groups and risk-bearing and protective behaviors, and identifies barriers to adopting preventive behaviors and using health care services. Our main focus is to present findings from intervention research: we summarize the effects of strategies that operate at the individual level (i.e. biomedical or behavioral, in and outside of the clinic) and environmental level (i.e. family, school and community behavioral) to influence behavioral change and the prevention of HIV infection. Overall, even though abstinence eliminates the risk altogether and the use of condoms can effectively reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV, adolescents do not optimally, employ these practices. Various approaches to counseling by providers and other behavioral interventions aimed at reducing high-risk sexual behavior have been effective, but have met with limited and short-lived success. Among the areas receiving inadequate attention to date have been the link between biomedical and community-based behavior change interventions and the correspondence of biologic and behavioral outcomes. These areas are explored and directions for future research are suggested. C1 CDC, DRH, NCCDPHP, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. RP Kourtis, AP (reprint author), CDC, DRH, NCCDPHP, MS-K34,2900 Woodcock Blvd, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM apk3@cdc.gov NR 137 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 6 U2 12 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI SHARJAH PA EXECUTIVE STE Y26, PO BOX 7917, SAIF ZONE, 1200 BR SHARJAH, U ARAB EMIRATES SN 1570-162X J9 CURR HIV RES JI Curr. HIV Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 4 IS 2 BP 209 EP 219 DI 10.2174/157016206776055057 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 033KE UT WOS:000236845100008 PM 16611059 ER PT J AU Jones, JL Muccioli, C Belfort, R Holland, GN Roberts, JM Silveira, C AF Jones, JL Muccioli, C Belfort, R Holland, GN Roberts, JM Silveira, C TI Recently acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection, Brazil SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS; SOUTHERN BRAZIL; SAO-PAULO; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHICKENS; DISEASE AB The city of Erechim, Brazil, has a 17% prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis, and type 1 Toxoplasma gondii predominates. To examine risk factors for acute T gondii infection in this area, we administered a questionnaire to recently infected persons (n = 131) and seronegative controls (n = 110). Eating undercooked meat; having a garden; working in the garden or yard more than once per week; eating rare meat; eating cured, dried, or smoked meat; eating frozen lamb; and being male increased risk for T gondii infection in univariate analysis. Risk factors independently associated with acute T gondii infection in multivariate analysis were working in the garden (odds ratio [OR] 2.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-4.33) and eating frozen lamb (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.15-3.67). Among women (n = 86), having had children markedly increased the risk for T.gondii infection (OR 14.94, 95% CI 3.68- 60.73). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Paulista Sch Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Clin Silveira, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. RP Jones, JL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop F22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jljl@cdc.gov RI Belfort Jr, Rubens/E-2252-2012; Muccioli, Cristina/C-3419-2013 OI Belfort Jr, Rubens/0000-0002-8422-3898; NR 22 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 582 EP 587 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200007 PM 16704805 ER PT J AU Flannery, B Gelling, LB Vugia, DJ Weintraub, JM Salerno, JJ Conroy, MJ Stevens, VA Rose, CE Moore, MR Fields, BS Besser, RE AF Flannery, B Gelling, LB Vugia, DJ Weintraub, JM Salerno, JJ Conroy, MJ Stevens, VA Rose, CE Moore, MR Fields, BS Besser, RE TI Reducing Legionelia colonization of water systems with monochloramine SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; MUNICIPAL DRINKING-WATER; POTABLE WATER; PNEUMOPHILA; RISK; HOSPITALS; COPPER; DISINFECTANTS; CHLORAMINES; INFECTIONS AB Monochloramine disinfection of municipal water supplies is associated with decreased risk for Legionnaires' disease. We conducted a 2-year, prospective, environmental study to evaluate whether converting from chlorine to monochloramine for water disinfection would decrease Legionella colonization of hot water systems. Water and biofilm samples from 53 buildings were collected for Legionella culture during 6 intervals. Prevalence ratios (PRs) comparing Legionella colonization before and after monochloramine disinfection were adjusted for water system characteristics. Legionella colonized 60% of the hot water systems before monochloramine versus 4% after conversion (PR 0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.03-0.16). The median number of colonized sites per building decreased with monochloramine disinfection. Increased prevalence of Legionella colonization was associated with water heater temperatures < 50 degrees C, buildings taller than 10 stories, and interruptions in water service. Increasing use of monochloramine in water supplies throughout the United States may reduce Legionella transmission and incidence of Legionnaires' disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Emerging Infect program, Oakland, CA USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Richmond, CA USA. City & Cty San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. San Francisco Publ Utilities Commiss, Burlingame, CA USA. RP Flannery, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bif4@cdc.gov NR 33 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 588 EP 596 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200008 PM 16704806 ER PT J AU Zhang, XZ Meltzer, MI Pena, CA Hopkins, AB Wroth, L Fix, AD AF Zhang, XZ Meltzer, MI Pena, CA Hopkins, AB Wroth, L Fix, AD TI Economic impact of Lyme disease SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SERODIAGNOSIS; ARTHRITIS; COST AB To assess the economic impact of Lyme disease (LD), the most common vectorborne inflammatory disease in the United States, cost data were collected in 5 counties of the Maryland Eastern Shore from 1997 to 2000. Patients were divided into 5 diagnosis groups, clinically defined early-stage LD, clinically defined late-stage LID, suspected LD, tick bite, and other related complaints. From 1997 to 2000, the mean per patient direct medical cost of early-stage LID decreased from $1,609 to $464 (p < 0.05), and the mean per patient direct medical cost of late-stage LID decreased from $4,240 to $1,380 (p < 0.05). The expected median of all costs (direct medical cost, indirect medical cost, nonmedical cost, and productivity loss), aggregated across all diagnosis groups of patients, was approximate to$281 per patient. These findings will help assess the economics of current and future prevention and control efforts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Care First Easton Branch, Easton, PA USA. RP Zhang, XZ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D59, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM XZhang4@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 11 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 653 EP 660 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200017 PM 16704815 ER PT J AU Blackburn, BG Mazurek, JM Hlavsa, M Park, J Tillapaw, M Parrish, M Salehi, E Franks, W Koch, E Smith, F Xiao, LH Arrowood, M Hill, V da Silva, A Johnston, S Jones, JL AF Blackburn, BG Mazurek, JM Hlavsa, M Park, J Tillapaw, M Parrish, M Salehi, E Franks, W Koch, E Smith, F Xiao, LH Arrowood, M Hill, V da Silva, A Johnston, S Jones, JL TI Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PARVUM OOCYSTS; MONOCHLORAMINE; INACTIVATION; OUTBREAKS; CHILDREN; OZONE; WATER AB We linked an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis to ozonated apple cider by using molecular and epidemiologic methods. Because ozonation was insufficient in preventing this outbreak, its use in rendering apple cider safe for drinking is questioned. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Atlanta, GA USA. Stark Cty Hlth Dept, Canton, OH USA. RP Blackburn, BG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, 300 Pasteur Dr,Grant Bldg,Room S-169, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM blackburn@stanford.edu RI Hill, Vincent/G-1789-2012; Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; Diaz, Belen/B-8946-2012 OI Hill, Vincent/0000-0001-7069-7737; Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; NR 15 TC 53 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 684 EP 686 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200024 PM 16704822 ER PT J AU Palacios, G Briese, T Kapoor, V Jabado, O Liu, ZQ Venter, M Zhai, JH Renwick, N Grolla, A Geisbert, TW Drosten, C Towner, J Ju, JY Paweska, J Nichol, ST Swanepoel, R Feldmann, H Jahrling, PB Lipkin, WI AF Palacios, G Briese, T Kapoor, V Jabado, O Liu, ZQ Venter, M Zhai, JH Renwick, N Grolla, A Geisbert, TW Drosten, C Towner, J Ju, JY Paweska, J Nichol, ST Swanepoel, R Feldmann, H Jahrling, PB Lipkin, WI TI MassTag polymerase chain reaction for differential diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic fevers SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VACCINES; RIBAVIRIN; THERAPY AB Viral hemorrhagic fevers are associated with high rates of illness and death. Although therapeutic options are limited, early differential diagnosis has implications for containment and may aid in clinical management. We describe a diagnostic system for rapid, multiplex polymerase chain reaction identification of 10 different causes of viral hemorrhagic fevers. C1 Columbia Univ, Greene Infect Dis Lab, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY 10032 USA. Univ Pretoria, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. Natl Hlth Lab Serv, Pretoria, South Africa. Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD USA. Bernhard Nocht Inst Trop Med, Hamburg, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Communicable Dis, Johannesburg, South Africa. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. NIAID, Integrated Res Facil, Frederick, MD USA. RP Briese, T (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Greene Infect Dis Lab, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, 722 W 168th St,Rm 1801, New York, NY 10032 USA. EM thomas.briese@columbia.edu RI Jabado, Omar/B-3406-2008; Venter, Marietjie/H-3032-2011; Palacios, Gustavo/I-7773-2015; Venter, Marietjie/P-9604-2016 OI Palacios, Gustavo/0000-0001-5062-1938; Venter, Marietjie/0000-0003-2696-824X FU NIAID NIH HHS [U54AI57158, AI056118, AI51292, AI55466, R01 AI051292, R21 AI055466, R21 AI056118, U54 AI057158] NR 15 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 692 EP 695 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200027 PM 16704825 ER PT J AU Fox, LM Hunt, DC Beach, MJ AF Fox, LM Hunt, DC Beach, MJ TI Computer-assisted telephone interview techniques - Response SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Topeka, KS USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fox, LM (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Div Infect Dis, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 697 EP 698 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200030 ER PT J AU Payungporn, S Chutinimitkul, S Chaisingh, A Damrongwantanapokin, S Nuansrichay, B Pinyochon, W Amonsin, A Donis, RO Theamboonlers, A Poovorawan, Y AF Payungporn, S Chutinimitkul, S Chaisingh, A Damrongwantanapokin, S Nuansrichay, B Pinyochon, W Amonsin, A Donis, RO Theamboonlers, A Poovorawan, Y TI Discrimination between highly pathogenic and low pathogenic H5 avian influenza A viruses SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID POULTRY; THAILAND; TIGERS C1 Chulalongkorn Univ, Fac Med, Ctr Excellence Viral Hepatitis Res, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Natl Inst Anim Hlth, Bangkok, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Poovorawan, Y (reprint author), Chulalongkorn Univ, Fac Med, Ctr Excellence Viral Hepatitis Res, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. EM Yong.P@chula.ac.th NR 9 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 700 EP 701 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200032 PM 16715581 ER PT J AU Potter, P AF Potter, P TI Manifesting ecologic and microbial connections SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Potter, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM PMP1@cdc.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 715 EP 716 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028BJ UT WOS:000236460200040 PM 16715590 ER PT J AU Gordon, SM Brinkman, MC Ashley, DL Blount, BC Lyu, C Masters, J Singer, PC AF Gordon, SM Brinkman, MC Ashley, DL Blount, BC Lyu, C Masters, J Singer, PC TI Changes in breath trihalomethane levels resulting from household water-use activities SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; breath analysis; disinfection; by-products; exposure; trihalomethane; water use ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; CHLORINATED TAP WATER; PER-TRILLION LEVEL; DRINKING-WATER; BLADDER-CANCER; HUMAN BLOOD; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; CHLOROFORM EXPOSURE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Common household water-use activities such as showering, bathing, drinking, and washing clothes or dishes are potentially important contributors to individual exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), the major class of disinfection by-products of water treated with chlorine. Previous studies have focused on showering or bathing activities. In this study, we selected 12 common water-use activities and determined which may lead to the greatest THM exposures and result in the greatest increase in the internal dose. Seven subjects performed the various water-use activities in two residences served by water utilities with relatively high and moderate total THM levels. To maintain a consistent exposure environment, the activities, exposure times, air exchange rates, water flows, water temperatures, and extraneous THM emissions to the indoor air were carefully controlled. Water, indoor air, blood, and exhaled-breath samples were collected during each exposure session for each activity, in accordance with a strict, well-defined protocol. Although showering (for 10 min) and bathing (for 14 min), as well as machine washing of clothes and opening mechanical dishwashers at the end of the cycle, resulted in substantial increases in indoor air chloroform concentrations, only showering and bathing caused significant increases in the breath chloroform levels. In the case of bromodichloromethane (BDCM), only bathing yielded a significantly higher air level in relation to the preexposure concentration. For chloroform from showering, strong correlations were observed for indoor air and exhaled breath, blood and exhaled breath, indoor air and blood, and tap water and blood. Only water and breath, and blood and breath were significantly associated for chloroform from bathing. For BDCM, significant correlations were obtained for blood and air, and blood and water from showering. Neither dibromochloromethane nor bromoform gave measurable breath concentrations for any of the activities investigated because of their much lower tap-water concentrations. Future studies will address the effects that changes in these common water-use activities may have on exposure. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Emergency Response & Air Toxicants Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gordon, SM (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. EM gordon@battelle.org NR 50 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 13 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 4 BP 514 EP 521 DI 10.1289/ehp.8171 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 030QX UT WOS:000236650500033 PM 16581538 ER PT J AU Fenster, L Eskenazi, B Anderson, M Bradman, A Harley, K Hernandez, H Hubbard, A Barr, DB AF Fenster, L Eskenazi, B Anderson, M Bradman, A Harley, K Hernandez, H Hubbard, A Barr, DB TI Association of in utero organochlorine pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE birth weight; DDE; DDT; gestational age; hexachlorobenzene; organochlorine; pesticides; pregnancy; serum ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BIRTH-WEIGHT; PRETERM BIRTH; HUMAN-SERUM; DDE; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; TURKEY; BLOOD; WOMEN; AGE AB From 1940 through the 1970s, organochlorine compounds were widely used as insecticides in the United States. Thereafter, their use was severely restricted after recognition of their persistence in the environment, their toxicity in animals, and their potential for endocrine disruption. Although substantial evidence exists for the fetal toxicity of organochlorines in animals, information on human reproductive effects is conflicting. We investigated whether infants' length of gestation, birth weight, and crown-heel length were associated with maternal serum levels of 11 different organochlorine pesticides: p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichlorocthane (p,p'-DDE), p,p'-dichlorodiphenylclichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), o,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCCH), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCCH), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, and mirex. Our subjects were a birth cohort of 385 low-income Latinas living in the Salinas Valley, an agricultural community in California. We observed no adverse associations between maternal serum organochlorine levels and birth weight or crown-heel length. We found decreased length of gestation with increasing levels of lipid-adjusted HCB (adjusted beta = -0.47 weeks; p = 0.05). We did not Find reductions in gestational duration associated with any of the other organochlorine pesticides. Our finding of decreased length of gestation related to HCB does not seem to have had clinical implications for this population, given its relatively low rate of preterm delivery (6.5%). C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Environm & Occupat Dis Control, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Childrens Environm Hlth Res, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Impact Assessment Inc, Richmond, CA USA. Natividad Med Ctr Fdn, Salinas, CA USA. CHAMACOS, Salinas, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Fenster, L (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Environm & Occupat Dis Control, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy,Bldg P,3rd Floor, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. EM lfenster@dhs.ca.gov RI Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P01 ES 009605, P01 ES009605]; NIOSH CDC HHS [R01 OH 007400, R01 OH007400] NR 36 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 9 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 4 BP 597 EP 602 DI 10.1289/ehp.8423 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 030QX UT WOS:000236650500047 PM 16581552 ER PT J AU Lu, CS Toepel, K Irish, R Fenske, RA Barr, DB Bravo, R AF Lu, CS Toepel, K Irish, R Fenske, RA Barr, DB Bravo, R TI Organic diets: Lu et al. - Respond SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID EXPOSURE C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lu, CS (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM clu2@sph.emory.edu RI Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 4 BP A211 EP A211 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 030QX UT WOS:000236650500006 ER PT J AU Schulte, PA AF Schulte, PA TI Coal tar and paving products SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Educ & Informat Div, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Schulte, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Educ & Informat Div, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH USA. EM pas4@cdc.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 4 BP A210 EP A210 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 030QX UT WOS:000236650500003 PM 16581523 ER PT J AU Calafat, AM Kuklenyik, Z Caudill, SP Reidy, JA Needham, LL AF Calafat, AM Kuklenyik, Z Caudill, SP Reidy, JA Needham, LL TI Perfluorochemicals in pooled serum samples from United States residents in 2001 and 2002 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFLUORINATED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; AMMONIUM PERFLUOROOCTANOATE; HUMAN BLOOD; NEONATAL-MORTALITY; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS; HEPATIC-ENZYMES; FLUOROCHEMICALS; EXPOSURE; POPULATION AB Manufacturers have used perfluorochemicals (PFCs) since the 1950s in many industrial and consumer products, including protective coatings for fabrics and carpet, paper coatings, insecticide formulations, and surfactants. Some PFCs are persistent ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and in humans. Exposures to PFCs result in potential developmental and other adverse effects in animals. The sources of human exposure to PFCs and the potential health risks associated with exposure are still unclear, and differences in patterns of human exposure may vary. We measured the serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and 8 other PFCs in 54 pooled serum samples collected from 1832 participants of the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were 12 years of age and older. The pools represented three major racial groups/ethnicities (non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic whites, and Mexican Americans), four age categories (12-19 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years, and 60 years and older), and both genders. PFCs were extracted from 100 mu L of serum using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection ranged from 0.05 ng/mL to 0.2 ng/mL. The concentrations of most PFCs were similar among the four age groups. For PFOS, the estimated least-squares mean (LSM) concentrations among non-Hispanic white males (40.19 ng/mL) and females (23.97 ng/mL) were greater than among non-Hispanic black males (18.27 ng/mL) and females (17.93 ng/mL) or Mexican American males (13.71 ng/mL) and females (10.40 ng/mL). Similarly, for PFOA, the LSM concentrations among non-Hispanic white males (6.98 ng/mL) and females (3.97 ng/mL) were greater than among non-Hispanic black males (3.62 ng/mL) and females (2.85 ng/mL) or Mexican American males (2.89 ng/mL) and females (2.08 ng/mL). Non-Hispanic whites had also greater LSM concentrations of PFHxS than non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans. These findings indicate different patterns of human exposure to PFCs among the population groups examined and stress the importance of conducting research to identify the environmental sources and pathways of human exposure to PFCs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Calafat, AM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. EM Acalafat@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 52 TC 145 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 7 BP 2128 EP 2134 DI 10.1021/es0517973 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 031GC UT WOS:000236691600023 PM 16646443 ER PT J AU Anda, RF Felitti, VJ Bremner, JD Walker, JD Whitfield, C Perry, BD Dube, SR Giles, WH AF Anda, RF Felitti, VJ Bremner, JD Walker, JD Whitfield, C Perry, BD Dube, SR Giles, WH TI The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood - A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology SO EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Review DE child development; neurobiology; stress; childhood abuse; domestic violence; substance; mental health ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; BORDERLINE PERSONALITY-DISORDER; PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; SEXUAL-ABUSE; HOUSEHOLD DYSFUNCTION; MATERNAL-CARE; ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT; HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME AB Background Childhood maltreatment has been linked to a variety of changes in brain structure and function and stress-responsive neurobiological systems. Epidemiological studies have documented the impact of childhood maltreatment on health and emotional well-being. Methods After a brief review of the neurobiology of childhood trauma, we use the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study as an epidemiological "case example" of the convergence between epidemiologic and neurobiological evidence of the effects of childhood trauma. The ACE Study included 17,337 adult HMO members and assessed 8 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including abuse, witnessing domestic violence, and serious household dysfunction. We used the number of ACEs (ACE score) as a measure of cumulative childhood stress and hypothesized a "dose-response" relationship of the ACE score to 18 selected outcomes and to the total number of these outcomes (comorbidity). Results Based upon logistic regression analysis, the risk of every outcome in the affective, somatic, substance abuse, memory, sexual, and aggression-related domains increased in a graded fashion as the ACE score increased (P < 0.001). The mean number of comorbid outcomes tripled across the range of the ACE score. Conclusions The graded relationship of the ACE score to 18 different outcomes in multiple domains theoretically parallels the cumulative exposure of the developing brain to the stress response with resulting impairment in multiple brain structures and functions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. So Calif Permanente Med Grp, Dept Prevent Med, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Emory Ctr Posit Emiss Tomog, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Emory Ctr Posit Emiss Tomog, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Atlanta VA Med Ctr, Decatur, GA USA. Texas Hlth & Human Serv Commiss, Dept State Hlth Serv, Austin, TX USA. Private Practice Addict & Trauma Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Child Trauma Acad, Houston, TX USA. RP Anda, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,NE,MS K-67, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Bremner, James/B-1632-2013 FU NCRR NIH HHS [S10 RR016917-01, S10 RR016917]; NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL088726, R01 HL088726-04]; NIMH NIH HHS [K24 MH076955, K24 MH076955-05, R01 MH056120, R01 MH056120-12, R21 MH080208, R21 MH080208-02, T32 MH067547, T32 MH067547-05] NR 134 TC 801 Z9 812 U1 54 U2 273 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PO BOX 10 04 62, D-64204 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 0940-1334 J9 EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N JI Eur. Arch. Psych. Clin. Neurosci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 256 IS 3 BP 174 EP 186 DI 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 PG 13 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 037BN UT WOS:000237121800006 PM 16311898 ER PT J AU Kuhajda, MC Cornell, CE Brownstein, JN Littleton, MA Stalker, VG Bittner, VA Lewis, CE Raczynski, JM AF Kuhajda, MC Cornell, CE Brownstein, JN Littleton, MA Stalker, VG Bittner, VA Lewis, CE Raczynski, JM TI Training community health workers to reduce health disparities in Alabama's black belt - The Pine Apple Heart Disease and Stroke Project SO FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Article DE African American; community health worker programs; health disparities; heart disease; risk reduction; stroke; training; women ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; URBAN AFRICAN-AMERICANS; NURSE CASE MANAGER; HYPERTENSION CARE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; SOCIAL NETWORKS; INNER-CITY; FOLLOW-UP; PROGRAM; CANCER AB African American women have significantly higher mortality rates from heart disease and stroke than White women despite advances in treatment and the management of risk factors. Community health workers (CHWs) serve important roles in Culturally relevant programs to prevent disease and promote health. This article describes the Pine Apple Heart and Stroke Project's activities to (1) revise the Women's Wellness Sourcebook Module III Heart and Stroke to be consistent with national guidelines on heart disease and stroke and to meet the needs of African American women living in rural Southern communities; (2) train CHWS using the revised curriculum; and (3) evaluate the training program. Revisions of the Curriculum were based on recommendations by an expert advisory panel, the staff of,I rural health clinic, and feedback from CHWs during training. Questionnaires after training revealed positive changes in CHWs' knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and self-reported risk reduction behaviors related to heart disease, stroke, cancer, and patient-provider communication. This study provides a CHW training curriculum that may be useful to others in establishing heart disease and stroke programs in rural underserved communities. C1 Univ Alabama, Sch Med, Dept Community & Rural Med, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, Tuscaloosa, AL USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Coll Publ Hlth, Little Rock, AR USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Coll Publ & Allied Hlth, Dept Publ Hlth, Johnson City, TN USA. RP Kuhajda, MC (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Sch Med, Dept Community & Rural Med, Tuscaloosa Campus,Box 870326,850 5th Ave E, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM mkuhajda@cchs.ua.edu FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU409679] NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0160-6379 J9 FAM COMMUNITY HEALTH JI Fam. Community Health PD APR-JUN PY 2006 VL 29 IS 2 BP 89 EP 102 PG 14 WC Family Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Family Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 026KG UT WOS:000236337200004 PM 16552287 ER PT J AU Sriram, K Matheson, JM Benkovic, SA Miller, DB Luster, MI O'Callaghan, JP AF Sriram, Krishnan Matheson, Joanna M. Benkovic, Stanley A. Miller, Diane B. Luster, Michael I. O'Callaghan, James P. TI Deficiency of TNF receptors suppresses microglial activation and alters the susceptibility of brain regions to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity: role of TNF-alpha SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE brain; neurodegeneration; neuroinflammation; neuroprotection; microglia ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; NF-KAPPA-B; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTOXICITY; 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE MPTP; MOUSE STRIATUM; MICE LACKING; IN-VIVO; NEURONAL DEGENERATION AB Enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF)-alpha, is associated with the neuropathological effects underlying disease-, trauma- and chemically induced neurodegeneration. Previously, we have shown that deficiency of TNF receptors protects against MPTP-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity, findings suggestive of a role for TNF-alpha in neurodegeneration. Here, we demonstrate that deficiency of TNF receptors suppresses microglial activation and alters the susceptibility of brain regions to MPTP. MPTP-induced expression of microglia-derived factors, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-1 alpha, preceded the degeneration of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals and astrogliosis, as assessed by loss of striatal dopamine and TH, and an increase in striatal GFAP. Pharmacological neuroprotection with the dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nomifensine, abolished striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity and associated microglial activation. Similarly, in mice lacking TNF receptors, microglial activation was suppressed, findings consistent with a role for TNF-alpha in striatal MPTP neurotoxicity. In the hippocampus, however, TNF receptor-deficient mice showed exacerbated neuronal damage after MPTP, as evidenced by Fluoro Jade-B staining (to identify degenerating neurons) and decreased microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) immunoreactivity. These effects were not accompanied by microglial activation, but were associated with increased oxidative stress (nitrosylation of tyrosine residues). These findings suggest that TNF-alpha exerts a neurotrophic/ neuroprotective effect in hippocampus. The marked differences we observed in the regional density, distribution and/or activity of microglia and microgliaderived factors may influence the region-specific role for this cell type. Taken together, our results are indicative of a region-specific and dual role for TNF-alpha in the brain: a promoter of neurodegeneration in striatum and a protector against neurodegeneration in hippocampus. -Sriram, K., Matheson, J.M., Benkovic, S. A., Miller, D. B., Luster, M. I., O'Callaghan, J. P. Deficiency of TNF receptors suppresses microglial activation and alters the susceptibility of brain regions to MPTP- induced neurotoxicity: role of TNF-alpha. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP O'Callaghan, JP (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, M-S L-3014,1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM jdo5@cdc.gov RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 79 TC 143 Z9 150 U1 0 U2 11 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR PY 2006 VL 20 IS 6 BP 670 EP 682 DI 10.1096/fj.05-5106com PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 078UW UT WOS:000240130900013 PM 16581975 ER PT J AU Stienstra, Y Van der Werf, TS Oosterom, E Nolte, IM Van der Graaf, WTA Etuaful, S Raghunathan, PL Whitney, EAS Ampadu, EO Asamoa, K Klutse, EY Meerman, GJT Tappero, JW Ashford, DA van der Steege, G AF Stienstra, Y Van der Werf, TS Oosterom, E Nolte, IM Van der Graaf, WTA Etuaful, S Raghunathan, PL Whitney, EAS Ampadu, EO Asamoa, K Klutse, EY Meerman, GJT Tappero, JW Ashford, DA van der Steege, G TI Susceptibility to Buruli ulcer is associated with the SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) D543N polymorphism SO GENES AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article DE genetic susceptibility; Buruli ulcer; NRAMP1; SLC11A1 ID WEST AFRICANS; LEPROSY; GENE AB Similar to other mycobacterial diseases, susceptibility to Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) may be determined by host genetic factors. We investigated the role of SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) in Buruli ulcer because of its associations with both tuberculosis and leprosy. We enrolled 182 Buruli ulcer patients (102 with positive laboratory confirmation) and 191 healthy neighbourhood-matched controls in Ghana, and studied three polymorphisms in the SLC11A1 gene: 30 UTR TGTG ins/del, D543N G/A, and INT4 G/C. Finger prick blood samples from study subjects were dried on filter papers (FTA) and processed. D543N was significantly associated with Buruli ulcer: the odds ratio (adjusted for gender, age, and region of the participant) of the GA genotype versus the GG genotype was 2.89 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.41-5.91). We conclude that a genetic polymorphism in the SLC11A1 gene plays a role in susceptibility to develop Buruli ulcer, with an estimated 13% population attributable risk. C1 Univ Groningen, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, NL-9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Groningen, Med Ctr, Dept Med Biol, Groningen, Netherlands. St Martins Catholic Hosp, Agroyesum, Ghana. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Buruli Ulcer Control Program, Minist Hlth, Accra, Ghana. Dunkwa Govt Hosp, Dunkwa, Ghana. RP Stienstra, Y (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, POB 30-001, NL-9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. EM y.stienstra@int.umcg.nl RI Stienstra, Ymkje/F-2222-2010; van der Graaf, Winette/A-5006-2014 OI Stienstra, Ymkje/0000-0002-8844-8859; NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1466-4879 J9 GENES IMMUN JI Genes Immun. PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 185 EP 189 DI 10.1038/sj.gene.6364281 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology SC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology GA 036UB UT WOS:000237100100001 PM 16395392 ER PT J AU Epstein, MP Waldman, ID Satten, GA AF Epstein, MP Waldman, ID Satten, GA TI Improved association analyses of disease subtypes in case-parent triads SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE triad; subtype; TDT; CPG; likelihood ID DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER GENE; DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; DESIGN; DISEQUILIBRIUM; LINKAGE AB The sampling of case-parent triads is an appealing strategy for conducting association analyses of complex diseases. In certain situations, one may have interest in using the triads to identify genetic variants that are associated with a specific subtype of disease, perhaps related to a characteristic cluster of symptoms. A straightforward strategy for conducting such a subtype analysis would be to analyze only those triads with the subtype of interest. While such a strategy is valid, we show that triads without the subtype of interest can provide additional genetic information that increases power to detect association with the subtype of interest. We incorporate this additional information using a likelihood-based framework that permits flexible modeling and estimation of allelic effects on disease subtypes and also allows for missing parental data. Using simulated data under a variety of genetic models, we show that our proposed association test consistently outperforms association tests that only analyze triads with the subtype of interest. We also apply our method to a triad study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and identify a genetic variant in the dopamine transporter gene that is associated with a subtype characterized by extreme levels of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Epstein, MP (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, 615 Michael St,Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM mepstein@genetics.emory.edu OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 209 EP 219 DI 10.1002/gepi.20138 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 027NK UT WOS:000236422100002 PM 16496304 ER PT J AU Grosse, SD Khoury, MJ Greene, CL Crider, KS Pollitt, RJ AF Grosse, SD Khoury, MJ Greene, CL Crider, KS Pollitt, RJ TI The epidemiology of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: An update SO GENETICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE newborn screening; natural history; MCAD deficiency; epidemiology; metabolic disease ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MILD MCAD DEFICIENCY; INBORN-ERRORS; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL SYMPTOMS; DISORDERS; METABOLISM; ACID; OXIDATION; GERMANY AB The most common fatty acid oxidation disorder, medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), has become the focal point for the adoption of tandem mass spectrometry to detect it and related inborn errors of metabolism. This article updates a human genome epidemiology review of MCADD published in 1999. The focus of this update is on epidemiologic parameters rather than mutations associated with MCADD. Currently available information from screening studies on the frequency of detection of MCADD in newborns, as well as the frequency of homozygotes for the common mutation in the ACADM gene, is summarized. In the United States, the average incidence of the disorder is from 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 20,000 births, with individual states reporting frequencies from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 30,000 births. In addition, a systematic review was undertaken of the published literature on the frequency of mortality and developmental disabilities among children with MCADD, both in screened and unscreened cohorts. It seems that in the absence of newborn screening for MCADD, premature death or serious disability occurs in 20% to 25% of children with the disorder. Systematic collection and analysis of follow-up data are still needed to ascertain the frequencies of outcomes in screened cohorts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinating Ctr Hlth Promot, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabilit, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinating Ctr Hlth Promot, Off Gen & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Sheffield Childrens Hosp, Sheffield S10 2TH, S Yorkshire, England. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Grosse, SD (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-87, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 51 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1098-3600 J9 GENET MED JI Genet. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 8 IS 4 BP 205 EP 212 DI 10.1097/01.gim.0000204472.25153.8d PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 036AZ UT WOS:000237044500001 PM 16617240 ER PT J AU Seiden, MV Gordon, AN Bodurka, DC Matulonis, UA Penson, RT Reed, E Alberts, DS Weems, G Cullen, M McGuire, WP AF Seiden, MV Gordon, AN Bodurka, DC Matulonis, UA Penson, RT Reed, E Alberts, DS Weems, G Cullen, M McGuire, WP TI A phase II study of irofulven in women with recurrent and heavily pretreated ovarian cancer SO GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ovarian cancer; MGI-114; irofulven; visual toxicity; phase II trial; recurrent disease ID PEGYLATED LIPOSOMAL DOXORUBICIN; LUNG-CARCINOMA XENOGRAFT; TRADITIONAL ANTICANCER AGENTS; GYNECOLOGIC-ONCOLOGY-GROUP; 6-HYDROXYMETHYLACYLFULVENE MGI-114; TOPOTECAN; EFFICACY; TRIAL; HMAF; CHEMOTHERAPY AB Objective. To determine the safety and efficacy of a novel illudin S derivative, irofulven (MG1-114), in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who had received extensive prior chemotherapy. Methods. The trial was an open label phase II study. Patients initially enrolled in this study were treated every 14 days with a dose of 24 mg/ m(2). Unexpected retinal toxicity associated with this dose and schedule lead to modification of the dosing to 0.55 mg/kg on the same schedule with a maximum individual dose of 50 mg. Dose reductions were permitted based on both hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities. Results. Seventy-four women were accrued and stratified into two cohorts including 58 women with platinum-resistant disease and 16 with platinum-sensitive disease. Non-hematologic toxicities included nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Thirty-one women had between one and six visual symptoms, most were Grade 1 and 2 in nature. The majority of visual toxicities resolved either during treatment or post-treatment with irofulven. There was one partial response in each cohort with 19 (33%) and 8 (50%) of women having stable disease in the platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive cohorts, respectively. Conclusions. Irofulven at 24 rng/m(2) on every 14-day schedule is associated with significant retinal toxicity in this patient population. Dosing at 0.55 mg/kg has persistent retinal toxicity, yet demonstrated only limited anti-tumor activity in a population of women who had received extensive prior chemotherapy. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Dana Farber Partners Canc Care Program, Gynecol Oncol Res Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Canc, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Div Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. MGI PHARMA INC, Bloomington, MN USA. Franklin Sq Hosp, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RP Seiden, MV (reprint author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol, 100 Blossom St,Cox 640, Boston, MA 02114 USA. EM mseiden@partners.org NR 28 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0090-8258 J9 GYNECOL ONCOL JI Gynecol. Oncol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 101 IS 1 BP 55 EP 61 DI 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.09.036 PG 7 WC Oncology; Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Oncology; Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 028KN UT WOS:000236486400009 PM 16260029 ER PT J AU Ganley-Leal, LM Mwinzi, PN Cetre-Sossah, CB Andove, J Hightower, AW Karanja, DMS Colley, DG Secor, WE AF Ganley-Leal, LM Mwinzi, PN Cetre-Sossah, CB Andove, J Hightower, AW Karanja, DMS Colley, DG Secor, WE TI Correlation between eosinophils and protection against reinfection with Schistosoma mansoni and the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coinfection in humans SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID FC-EPSILON-RI; AFFINITY IGE RECEPTOR; COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; SERUM IGE; MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; ACTIVATED EOSINOPHILS; INCREASED EXPRESSION; SURFACE EXPRESSION AB Longitudinal investigations of an adult male population of Kenyan car washers who have heavy and quantifiable occupational exposure to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae revealed that some individuals develop resistance to reinfection while others remain highly susceptible. We sought to characterize immune correlates associated with host protection in this population. Previous studies have demonstrated an association of peripheral eosinophilia with resistance to reinfection with schistosomes. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the percentage of circulating eosinophils and the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) coinfection on the susceptibility of the car washers to reinfection with schistosomes. Elevated percentages of circulating eosinophils were associated with resistance to reinfection by S. mansoni in HIV-1-seronegative persons. In the HIV-1-seropositive cohort, low CD4(+)-T-cell counts were associated with a less intense eosinophilia. Moreover, eosinophils from the car washers expressed high levels of Fc epsilon RI beta chain, a molecule important in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated immunity. Levels of Fc epsilon RI beta chain expression correlated with serum levels of total and antigen-specific IgE for HIV-1-negative car washers, but this was not the case for individuals coinfected with HIV-1. Overall, these data further implicate eosinophils as having a potential role in development of protective immunity against schistosomes and suggest that changes associated with HIV-1 coinfection increase susceptibility to reinfection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Vector Biol & Control Res, Kisumu, Kenya. Univ Georgia, Ctr Trop & Emerging Global Dis, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Secor, WE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Hwy,NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM was4@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI053695, T32 AI52070, T32 AI052070, R01 AI053695] NR 56 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD APR PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 BP 2169 EP 2176 DI 10.1128/IAI.74.4.2169-2176.2006 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 028HF UT WOS:000236477000020 PM 16552047 ER PT J AU Klevens, RM Tokars, JI Edwards, J Horan, T AF Klevens, R. M. Tokars, J. I. Edwards, J. Horan, T. CA Natl Nosocomial Infect Surveillan TI Sampling for collection of central line-day denominators in surveillance of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society-for-Health-Care-Epidemiology-of-American CY APR, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; INTENSIVE-CARE; RATES; SYSTEM; PREVENTION; NNIS AB Objective. To determine the feasibility of estimating the number of central line-days at a hospital from a sample of months or individual days in a year, for surveillance of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections. Design. We used data reported to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system in the adult and pediatric intensive care unit component for 1995-2003 and data from a sample of hospitals' daily counts of device use for 12 consecutive months. We calculated the percentile error as the central line-associated bloodstream infection percentile based on rates per line-days minus the percentile based on rates per estimated line-days. Setting and participants. A total of 247 hospitals were used for sampling whole months and 12 hospitals were used for sampling individual days. Results. For a 1-month sample of central line-days data, the median percentile error was 3.3 (75th percentile, 7.9; 90th percentile, 15.4). The percentile error decreased with an increase in the number of months sampled. For a 3-month sample, the median percentile error was 1.4 ( 75th percentile, 4.3; 95th percentile, 8.3). Sampling individual days throughout the year yielded lower percentile errors than sampling an equivalent fraction of whole months. With 1 weekday sampled per week, the median percentile error ranged from 0.65 to 1.40, and the 90th percentile ranged from 2.8 to 5.0. Thus, for 90% of units, collecting data on line-days once a week provides an estimate within +/- 5 percentile points of the true line-day rate. Conclusion. Sample-based estimates of central line-days can yield results that are acceptable for surveillance of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Hlthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Klevens, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Hlthcare Qual Promot, 1600 Clinton,MS A-24, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 4 BP 338 EP 342 DI 10.1086/503338 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 204IB UT WOS:000249036100003 PM 16622809 ER PT J AU Marsteller, JA Tiggle, R Remsburg, R Shefer, A Bardenheier, B AF Marsteller, Jill A. Tiggle, Ronald Remsburg, Robin Shefer, Abigail Bardenheier, Barbara TI Influenza immunization in nursing homes: Who does not get immunized and whose status is unknown? SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERM-CARE FACILITIES; A H3N2 EPIDEMIC; PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION; RESIDENTS; PNEUMONIA; REDUCTION; PROGRAMS; EFFICACY; ILLNESS; PEOPLE AB Objective. To identify nursing home resident and facility characteristics associated with patients not receiving influenza immunization and having unknown immunization status. Design. Secondary data analysis using multinomial logistic regression of data from the National Nursing Home Survey, a nationally representative establishment-based survey. Setting. A total of 1,423 nursing facilities of all ownerships and certifications systematically sampled with probability proportional to number of beds. Patients. A total of 7,350 randomly sampled people aged 65 years or older residing in nursing homes between July and December 1999 ( approximately 6 per facility). Main outcome measure. Immunization status of residents. Results. Fifteen percent of residents were not immunized and 19% had unknown immunization status. In multivariate analysis, lack of immunization and unknown immunization status were each separately associated with being newly admitted, with no or unknown pneumococcal immunization, and with facility failures to screen for immunization and to record inoculation in the medical record. High-risk status and staff immunization requirements had no effect. Separate analyses showed that residents with unknown immunization status are statistically significantly different from both those vaccinated and those not vaccinated. Conclusion. This study indicates that both resident and facility characteristics are associated with failure to be immunized for influenza. Facilities should consider targeting younger, newly admitted, and residential care residents for influenza immunization, since they are more likely to be missed. Further research into the barriers to immunization specific to nursing home resident choice or opportunity may be warranted. C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Marsteller, JA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Care Stat, 3311 Toledo Rd,Rm 3312, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM ble2@cdc.gov NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 4 BP 388 EP 396 DI 10.1086/502686 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 204IB UT WOS:000249036100012 PM 16622818 ER PT J AU Archibald, LK Khoi, NN Jarvis, WR Reller, LB Cam, PD Thu, TA Hung, NV AF Archibald, Lennox K. Khoi, Nguyen Nguyen Jarvis, William R. Reller, L. Barth Cam, Phung Dac Thu, Truong Anh Hung, Nguyen Viet TI Pyrogenic reactions in hemodialysis patients, Hanoi, Vietnam SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS; CHRYSEOBACTERIUM-INDOLOGENES; ACINETOBACTER-JUNII; BACTEREMIA; INFECTIONS AB Of 33,111 patients admitted to a large hospital in Vietnam from November 2000 through July 2001, a total of 303 were undergoing hemodialysis and had pyrogenic reactions (ie, fever and/or rigors). Ten case patients (3.3%) had documented bacteremia; pathogens were largely waterborne microorganisms. Pyrogenic reactions in case patients might have occurred because of suboptimal water quality or inadequate dialyzer reprocessing procedures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Hlth & Epidemiol, Hanoi, Vietnam. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Jason & Jarvis Associates, Hilton Head Isl, SC USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Archibald, LK (reprint author), FRCP, 11621 Res Circle,PO Box 2650, Alachua, FL 32616 USA. EM Larchibald@rtix.com NR 10 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 4 BP 424 EP 426 DI 10.1086/503347 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 204IB UT WOS:000249036100019 PM 16622825 ER PT J AU Naimoli, JF Rowe, AK Lyaghfouri, A Larbi, R Lamrani, LA AF Naimoli, JF Rowe, AK Lyaghfouri, A Larbi, R Lamrani, LA TI Effect of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy on health care quality in Morocco SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR QUALITY IN HEALTH CARE LA English DT Article DE adherence to clinical practice guidelines; Integrated Management of Childhood Illness; Morocco; child health services ID MULTICOUNTRY EVALUATION; FACILITIES; CHILDREN; WORKERS; PREDICTORS; BENIN; FEVER AB Objective. To evaluate an intervention to promote health workers' use of the World Health Organization's Integrated Management of Childhood Illness clinical guidelines and to identify other factors influencing quality of care received by Moroccan children. Setting. Public outpatient health facilities. Design. Cross-sectional survey of consultations with sick children under 5 years old at facilities in two intervention and two comparison provinces in April 2000 (6-12 months after intervention). Consultations were observed, children's caretakers and health workers were interviewed, and children were re-examined by a 'gold standard' study clinician. Study participants. Probability sample of 467 consultations (97.9% participation) performed by 101 health workers in 62 facilities. Intervention. Health workers received in-service training with job aids and a follow-up visit with feedback 4-6 weeks after training. Main outcome measures. Index of overall guideline adherence (mean percentage of recommended tasks that were done per child) and the percentage of children requiring antibiotics correctly prescribed antibiotics. Results. Quality of care was better in intervention provinces, according to the adherence index (79.7 versus 19.5%, P < 0.0001), correct prescription of antibiotics (60.8 versus 31.3%, P = 0.0013), and other indicators. Multivariate modeling revealed a variety of factors significantly associated with quality, including health worker attributes (pre-service training, residence in government-subsidized housing, sex, and opinions) and child/consultation attributes (child's age and temperature, number of chief complaints, and caretaker type). Conclusions. Exposure to the intervention was strongly associated with adherence to the guidelines and correct prescribing of antibiotics 6-12 months after exposure. Many other factors may influence health worker performance. C1 World Bank, Dept Hlth, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Global Immunizat Div, Natl Ctr Immunizat, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ministere Sante, Div Sante Maternelle & Infantile, Serv Protect Sante Enfant, Rabat, Morocco. RP Naimoli, JF (reprint author), World Bank, Dept Hlth, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. EM jnaimoli@worldbank.org NR 23 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1353-4505 J9 INT J QUAL HEALTH C JI Int. J. Qual. Health Care PD APR PY 2006 VL 18 IS 2 BP 134 EP 144 DI 10.1093/intqhc/mzi097 PG 11 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 027RZ UT WOS:000236434400011 PM 16423842 ER PT J AU Hyde, TB Dayan, GH Langidrik, JR Nandy, R Edwards, R Briand, K Konelios, M Marin, M Nguyen, HQ Khalifah, AP O'Leary, MJ Williams, NJ Bellini, WJ Bi, DL Brown, CJ Seward, JF Papania, MJ AF Hyde, TB Dayan, GH Langidrik, JR Nandy, R Edwards, R Briand, K Konelios, M Marin, M Nguyen, HQ Khalifah, AP O'Leary, MJ Williams, NJ Bellini, WJ Bi, DL Brown, CJ Seward, JF Papania, MJ TI Measles outbreak in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 2003 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Understanding the Evolving Macroeconomy CY 2002 CL Warwick Univ, Coventry, ENGLAND HO Warwick Univ DE measles; measles vaccine; MMR; vaccination campaign ID UNITED-STATES; INFANTS BORN; VACCINE; POPULATIONS; VIRUS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ELIMINATION; MICRONESIA; EXPOSURE AB Background Measles is a highly contagious viral infection. Measles transmission can be prevented through high population immunity (>= 95%) achieved by measles vaccination. In the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), no measles cases were reported during 1989-2002; however, a large measles outbreak occurred in 2003. Reported 1-dose measles vaccine coverage among children aged 12-23 months varied widely (52-94%) between 1990 and 2000. Methods RMI is a Pacific island nation (1999 population: 50 840). A measles case was defined as fever, rash, and cough, or coryza, or conjunctivitis, in an RMI resident between July 13 and November 7, 2003. A vaccination campaign was used for outbreak control. Results Of the 826 reported measles cases, 766 (92%) occurred in the capital (Majuro). There were 186 (23%) cases in infants aged < 1 year and 309 (37%) of cases in persons aged >= 15 years. The attack rate was highest among infants (Majuro atoll: 213 cases/1000 infants). Among cases aged 1-14 years, 281 (59%) reported no measles vaccination before July 2003. There were 100 hospitalizations and 3 deaths. The measles H1 genotype was identified. The vaccination campaign resulted in 93% coverage among persons aged 6 months to 40 years. Interpretation Populations without endemic measles transmission can accumulate substantial susceptibility and be at risk for large outbreaks when measles virus is imported. 'Islands' of measles susceptibility may develop in infants, adults, and any groups with low vaccine coverage. To prevent outbreaks, high population immunity must be sustained by maintaining and documenting high vaccine coverage. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Viral Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Resp & Enter Virus Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Global Measles Branch, NIP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Off Global Hlth, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hyde, TB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM thyde@cdc.gov NR 31 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 2 BP 299 EP 306 DI 10.1093/ije/dyi222 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 033AI UT WOS:000236817900023 PM 16299123 ER PT J AU Moonesinghe, R AF Moonesinghe, R TI A refinement to 'how many genes underlie the occurrence of common complex diseases in the population?' SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Coordinating Ctr Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Moonesinghe, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Coordinating Ctr Hlth Promot, MS-K89,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 2 BP 497 EP 497 DI 10.1093/ije/dyi288 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 033AI UT WOS:000236817900058 PM 16354761 ER PT J AU Yang, QH Khoury, MJ Friedman, JM Little, J Flanders, WD AF Yang, QH Khoury, MJ Friedman, JM Little, J Flanders, WD TI Authors' response to a refinement to 'how many genes underlie the occurrence of common complex diseases in the population?' by Ramal Moonesinghe SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Univ Ottawa, Dept Epidemiol & Community Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Yang, QH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM qay0@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 2 BP 498 EP 498 DI 10.1093/ije/dyi289 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 033AI UT WOS:000236817900059 ER PT J AU Akpinar-Elci, M Stemple, KJ Elci, OC Dweik, RA Kreiss, K Enright, PL AF Akpinar-Elci, M Stemple, KJ Elci, OC Dweik, RA Kreiss, K Enright, PL TI Exhaled nitric oxide measurement in workers in a microwave popcorn production plant SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Thoracic-Society CY MAY, 2003 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Thorac Soc DE exhaled nitric oxide; flavoring; bronchiolitis obliterans; popcorn workers ID PULMONARY-DISEASE; INFLAMMATION; ASSOCIATION; EXPOSURE; MARKERS; NASAL AB Airways obstruction in microwave-popcorn workers has been attributed to inhalation of flavoring agents. Two former workers at a microwave-popcorn plant were found by lung biopsy to have bronchiolitis obliterans. The Study's aim was to determine whether exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) levels were associated with exposure levels, respiratory symptoms, or airways obstruction. A questionnaire, spirometry, and FENO measurements were completed by 135 workers. The FENO levels of workers with high flavoring exposures (n = 107) were compared with those of workers with low exposures (n = 28) and healthy external controls (n = 31). FENO levels were significantly lower in the high-exposure group (p < 0.05). There is no indication that FENO is useful as a market of lung injury in a flavoring-exposed worker population with a substantial lung disease burden, but the finding of low FENO in the high-exposure group should not be dismissed. C1 NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, CDC, Field Studies Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Pulm, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Crit Care Med, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. RP Akpinar-Elci, M (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, CDC, Field Studies Branch, Mail Stop H-2800,1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM melci@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ABEL PUBLICATION SERVICES PI BURLINGTON PA 1611 AQUINAS COURT, BURLINGTON, NC 27215 USA SN 1077-3525 J9 INT J OCCUP ENV HEAL JI Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health PD APR-JUN PY 2006 VL 12 IS 2 BP 106 EP 110 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 041SW UT WOS:000237477200002 PM 16722189 ER PT J AU Brown, JM Steigerwalt, AG Morey, RE Daneshvar, MI Romero, LJ McNeil, MM AF Brown, JM Steigerwalt, AG Morey, RE Daneshvar, MI Romero, LJ McNeil, MM TI Characterization of clinical isolates previously identified as Oerskovia turbata: proposal of Cellulosimicrobium funkei sp nov and emended description of the genus Cellulosimicrobium SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMB. NOV; RECLASSIFICATION; ENDOCARDITIS AB Taxonomic studies were performed on 13 clinical isolates (ten of which were epidemiologically related) that had been previously identified as Oerskovia turbata. Comparative phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated that the isolates are closely related to Cellulosimicrobium cellulans with sequence similarity values ranging from 99.5 to 99.8%. Chemotaxonomic results (fatty acid profiles and menaquinones) supported the inclusion of these isolates in the genus Cellulosimicrobium. The DNA G + C content was 74.5 mol%. The results of DNA-DNA reassociation, whole-cell sugars (with galactose as the characteristic whole sugar) and phenotypic properties, including antimicrobial resistance, indicated that these isolates are representatives of a novel species of the genus Cellulosimicrobium. The name Cellulosimicrobium funkei sp. nov. is proposed for the novel strains, with strain W6122(T) (= ATCC BAA-886(T) = DSM 16025(T) = CCUG 50705(T)) as the type strain. The definition of this novel Cellulosimicrobium species will assist in the understanding of the epidemiology and clinical significance of these micro-organisms. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Brown, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jmb6@cdc.gov NR 17 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 56 BP 801 EP 804 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.63882-0 PN 4 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 038OO UT WOS:000237232400023 PM 16585698 ER PT J AU Carter, RJ Wiener, J Abrams, EJ Farley, J Nesheim, S Palumbo, P Bulterys, M AF Carter, RJ Wiener, J Abrams, EJ Farley, J Nesheim, S Palumbo, P Bulterys, M CA PACTS HOPE Grp TI Dyslipidemia among perinatally HIV-infected children enrolled in the PACTS-HOPE cohort, 1999-2004: A longitudinal analysis SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; dyslipidemia; triglycerides; children; HIV; protease inhibitor ID CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LIPODYSTROPHY; CHILDHOOD; ADHERENCE; CHOLESTEROL; ADULTHOOD AB Background: Protease inhibitor (PI)-containing regimens have led to improved survival among HIV-infected children. However, adverse effects, including dyslipidemia, may put children at risk for cardiovascular disease. Methods: Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were recorded on perinatally HIV-infected children participating in the PACTS-HOPE cohort (1999-2004). Hypercholesterolemia (HC) was defined as cholesterol :200 mg/dL and hypertriglyceridemia (HT) as triglycerides >= 150 mg/dL. HC and HT were modeled over time using generalized estimating equations. Results: For 178 children, 47% met criteria for HC and 67% for HT at least once during the study period. In generalized estimating equation models, PI use, undetectable viral load, and immunologic category 3 were independent predictors of HC. HT was significantly associated with PI use and body mass index (BMI) >= 90th percentile for age and gender. Among children on PI-containing regimens, HC was significantly associated with multiple Pis and undetectable viral load; HT was predicted by body mass index >= 90th percentile and ritonavir use. The prevalence of clinical lipodystrophy was 5.6% (10/178). Conclusions: Children on PI-containing regimens have a higher risk of both HC and HT. Lipid levels should be measured regularly in children on antiretroviral treatment. Interventions such as diet, exercise, or lipid-lowering drug therapy may benefit some children. C1 Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA. Med & Hlth Res Assoc, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Harlem Hosp Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Carter, RJ (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Coll Phys & Surg, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. EM rc2315@columbia.edu NR 37 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 4 BP 453 EP 460 DI 10.1097/01.qai.0000218344.88304.db PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 031YN UT WOS:000236741200008 PM 16652053 ER PT J AU Knowlton, A Arnsten, J Eldred, L Wilkinson, J Gourevitch, M Shade, S Dowling, K Purcell, D AF Knowlton, A Arnsten, J Eldred, L Wilkinson, J Gourevitch, M Shade, S Dowling, K Purcell, D CA INSPIRE Team TI Individual, interpersonal, and structural correlates of effective HAART use among urban active injection drug users SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV/AIDS; illicit injection drug users; antiretroviral effectiveness; social support; patient-provider communication; stable housing; African American ID HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION; HEALTH-CARE PROVIDER; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; VIROLOGICAL SUPPRESSION; INFECTED PATIENTS; INNER-CITY; BARRIERS; WOMEN AB Among individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), injection drug users (IDUs) are less likely to achieve HIV suppression. The present Study examined individual-level, interpersonal, and structural factors associated with achieving undetectable plasma viral load (UVL) among US IDUs receiving recommended HAART. Data were from baseline assessments of the INSPIRE (Interventions for Seropositive Injectors-Research and Evaluation) study, a 4-site, secondary HIV prevention intervention for heterosexually active IDUs. Of 1113 study participants at baseline, 42% (n = 466) were currently taking recommended HAART (34% were female, 69% non-Hispanic black, 26% recently homeless; median age was 43 years), of whom 132 (28%) had a UVL. Logistic regression revealed that among those on recommended HAART, adjusted odds of UVL were at least 3 times higher among those with high social support, stable housing, and CD4 > 200; UVL was approximately 60% higher among those reporting better patient-provider communication. Outpatient drug treatment and non-Hispanic black race and an interaction between current drug use and social support were marginally negatively significant. Among those with high perceived support, noncurrent drug users compared with current drug users had a greater likelihood of current drug use was not associated with UVL among those with low support. Depressive symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory) were not significant. Results suggest the major role of social support in facilitating effective HAART use in this population and suggest that active drug use may interfere with HAART use by adversely affecting social support. Interventions promoting social support functioning, patient-provider communication, stable housing, and drug abuse treatment may facilitate effective HAART use in this vulnerable population. C1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Soc, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Div Gen Internal Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Special Projects Natl Significance, HIV AIDS Bur, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Miami, Leonard M Miller Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Miami, FL 33152 USA. NYU, Sch Med, Div Gen Internal Med, New York, NY USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mental Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Knowlton, A (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Soc, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM aknowlto@jhsph.edu OI Purcell, David/0000-0001-8125-5168 FU PHS HHS [U50CCU317999] NR 51 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 4 BP 486 EP 492 DI 10.1097/01.qai.0000186392.26334.e3 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 031YN UT WOS:000236741200013 PM 16652058 ER PT J AU Sansom, SL Anderson, JE Farnham, PG Dominguez, K Soorapanth, S Clark, J Sukalac, T Earp, MJ Bohannon, B Fowler, MG AF Sansom, SL Anderson, JE Farnham, PG Dominguez, K Soorapanth, S Clark, J Sukalac, T Earp, MJ Bohannon, B Fowler, MG CA PSD Consortium TI Updated estimates of healthcare utilization and costs among perinatally HIV-infected children SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE perinatal HIV; healthcare utilization; lifetime treatment costs ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PREGNANT-WOMEN; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; SERVICES UTILIZATION; ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT; PRENATAL-CARE; TRANSMISSION; PREVENTION; DISEASE AB Objectives: This Study examined changes in healthcare use among perinatally HIV-infected children and developed new estimates of expected lifetime treatment costs. Methods: The study analyzed longitudinal medical record data from the Pediatric Spectrum of Disease study oil perinatally HIV-infected children enrolled in 6 US sites during 1995 and 2001 for enrollee characteristics including healthcare utilization. For the year 2001, costs were assigned to hospitalization, HIV-related drug usage, and laboratory testing. To estimate lifetime treatment costs based on those categories, median survival times of 9, 15, and 25 years were assumed and average annual healthcare utilization costs were applied to each year of survival. Results: From 1995 to 2001, hospitalization rates fell from 0.67 per child-year to 0.23 per child-year (P < 0.05). In 2001, the average cost of healthcare utilization per child was $12,663, including $2164 for hospitalization, $9505 for HIV-related drugs, and $994 for laboratory tests. The discounted lifetime treatment cost, based on those 3 cost categories, was $113,476 for 9 years of survival, $151,849 for 5 years, and $228,155 for 25 years. Conclusions: Hospitalizations among perinatally HIV-infected children decreased significantly from 1995 to 2001. Compared with previously published estimates, lifetime treatment costs for children perinatally infected with HIV have remained relatively stable. However, as years of survival increase for this population, lifetime costs also are likely to increase. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia State Univ, Andrew Young Sch Policy Studies, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Sansom, SL (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ssansom@cdc.gov OI Soorapanth, Sada/0000-0002-0644-9082 NR 30 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 4 BP 521 EP 526 DI 10.1097/01.qai.0000191286.70331.7b PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 031YN UT WOS:000236741200018 PM 16652063 ER PT J AU Ku, BK Maynard, AD AF Ku, BK Maynard, AD TI Generation and investigation of airborne silver nanoparticles with specific size and morphology by homogeneous nucleation, coagulation and sintering SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE silver nanoparticles; tube furnace; sintering; coalescence; morphology ID SURFACE-AREA; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; NANOMETER PARTICLES; COMBUSTION AEROSOLS; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; MOBILITY ANALYSIS; COALESCENCE; GROWTH; SILICA; MASS AB An aerosol generation facility has been characterized to produce well-defined silver nanoparticles for use as a test aerosol when evaluating instrument response to different particle morphologies within a range of sizes. The generator consists of two in-series laminar tube furnaces to produce and subsequently sinter particles, and is capable of generating spherical or agglomerated fractal-like silver particles, with corresponding projected surface (two-dimensional) fractal dimensions from 1.58 to 1.94. The morphologies of generated particles as well as size distributions at different sintering temperatures were characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Mean diameters measured were significantly reduced for sintering temperatures from 100 to 300 degrees C, but showed little variation for sintering temperatures above 500 degrees C. TEM analysis indicated that this phenomenon was caused by sintering, followed by partial and complete coalescence of fractal-like agglomerates into spheres. Agglomerate restructuring from classical completely sintered agglomerates (500 degrees C) to spherical particles (700 degrees C) did not lead to a change in the particle mobility size distribution. The temperature at which complete sintering occurred was higher than that predicted by theory, but was in reasonable agreement with previously published experimental data. For monodisperse particles in the size range from 20 to 100 nm, a simple exponential model related sintering temperature to the diameter of coalesced spherical particles. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Ku, BK (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS-R3, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM bik5@cdc.gov RI Maynard, Andrew/D-1076-2010; OI Maynard, Andrew/0000-0003-2117-5128 NR 50 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 37 IS 4 BP 452 EP 470 DI 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.05.003 PG 19 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 043PJ UT WOS:000237613300002 ER PT J AU Brinig, MM Cummings, CA Sanden, GN Stefanelli, P Lawrence, A Relman, DA AF Brinig, MM Cummings, CA Sanden, GN Stefanelli, P Lawrence, A Relman, DA TI Significant gene order and expression differences in Bordetella pertussis despite limited gene content variation SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; YERSINIA-PESTIS; HOST ADAPTATION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENOME; VIRULENCE AB Bordetella pertussis, an obligate human pathogen and the agent of whooping cough, is a clonal species, despite the dynamic selection pressures imposed by host immunity and vaccine usage. Because the generation of variation is critical for species evolution, we employed a variety of approaches to examine features of B. pertussis genetic variation. We found a high level of conservation of gene content among 137 B. pertussis strains with different geographical, temporal, and epidemiological associations, using comparative genomic hybridization. The limited number of regions of difference were frequently located adjacent to copies of the insertion element IS481, which is present in high numbers in the B. pertussis chromosome. This repeated sequence appears to provide targets for homologous recombination, resulting in deletion of intervening sequences. Using subtractive hybridization, we searched for previously undetected genes in diverse clinical isolates but did not detect any new genes, indicating that gene acquisition is rare in B. pertussis. In contrast, we found evidence of altered gene order in the several strains that were examined and again found an association of IS481 with sites of rearrangement. Finally, we compared whole-genome expression profiles of different strains and found significant changes in transcript abundance, even in the same strain after as few as 12 laboratory passages. This combination of approaches provides a detailed picture of a pathogenic species with little gene loss or gain but with the capacity to generate variation by rearranging its chromosome and altering gene expression. These findings have broad implications for host adaptation by microbial pathogens. C1 VAPAHCS, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ist Super Sanita, Dept Infect Parasit & Immune Mediated Dis, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Womens & Childrens Hosp, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia. RP Brinig, MM (reprint author), VAPAHCS, 3801 Miranda Ave,154T, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. EM mbrinig@stanford.edu RI STEFANELLI, PAOLA/B-8729-2016 OI STEFANELLI, PAOLA/0000-0003-1620-4385 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R21 AI057188, AI54970, AI57188, R03 AI054970, R33 AI057188] NR 42 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 188 IS 7 BP 2375 EP 2382 DI 10.1128/JB.188.7.2375-2382.2006 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 027GP UT WOS:000236403300009 PM 16547023 ER PT J AU Martins, EP Ord, TJ Slaven, J Wright, JL Housworth, EA AF Martins, EP Ord, TJ Slaven, J Wright, JL Housworth, EA TI Individual, sexual, seasonal, and temporal variation in the amount of sagebrush lizard scent marks SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE scent mark; Sceloporus graciosus; behavior cycle; reptilia; iguania; phrynosomatidae ID FEMORAL GLAND SECRETIONS; IBERIAN WALL LIZARDS; FEMALE PRAIRIE VOLES; PUSH-UP DISPLAY; WHIPTAIL LIZARDS; VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS; UNFAMILIAR CONSPECIFICS; SCELOPORUS-GRACIOSUS; PODARCIS-HISPANICA; LACERTA-MONTICOLA AB Although many animals deposit scent marks, previous studies have focused almost entirely on rodents or on the chemical structure of the signal. Here, we study the quantity and temporal pattern of chemical deposition by the territorial sagebrush lizard Sceloporus graciosus, measuring both femoral pore and fecal deposits. Specifically, we tested whether variation in deposition is a good cue of individual and sexual identity and/or whether it is more closely associated with body size and reproductive state, indicators of physiological condition. The results support the latter hypothesis. We found that although the amount of fluid deposited on a single perch (rarely quantified in mammals) carries little information on individual or sexual identity, it reflects the physiological condition and reproductive state of individual lizards and is replenished on a roughly weekly cycle, potentially providing additional information on the producer's activity level. The amount of deposition may thus provide important information to chemical receivers making mate choice and territorial defense decisions. The results further suggest that seasonal increases in gland production allow lizards to mark more sites rather than to influence the quality of the signal on a single perch. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Ctr Integrat Study Anim Behav, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Math, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Biostat & Epidemiol Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Martins, EP (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. EM emartins@indiana.edu RI Ord, Terry/C-6870-2009 OI Ord, Terry/0000-0002-2608-2150 NR 35 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 32 IS 4 BP 881 EP 893 DI 10.1007/s10886-006-9029-8 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 046FA UT WOS:000237795600012 PM 16718575 ER PT J AU Dillon, S Agrawal, S Banerjee, K Letterio, J Denning, TL Oswald-Richter, K Kasprowicz, DJ Kellar, K Pare, J van Dyke, T Ziegler, S Unutmaz, D Pulendran, B AF Dillon, S Agrawal, S Banerjee, K Letterio, J Denning, TL Oswald-Richter, K Kasprowicz, DJ Kellar, K Pare, J van Dyke, T Ziegler, S Unutmaz, D Pulendran, B TI Yeast zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, induces regulatory antigen-presenting cells and immunological tolerance SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; BETA-GLUCAN RECEPTOR; C-TYPE LECTINS; DENDRITIC CELLS; TYROSINE KINASE; IN-VIVO; INDUCTION; RECOGNITION; RESPONSES AB Emerging evidence suggests critical roles for APCs in suppressing immune responses. Here, we show that zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, regulates cytokine secretion in DCs and macrophages to induce immunological tolerance. First, zymosan induces DCs to secrete abundant IL-10 but little IL-6 and IL-12(p70). Induction of IL-10 is dependent on TLR2- and dectin-1-mediated activation of ERK MAPK via a mechanism independent of the activation protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor c-Fos. Such DCs stimulate antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells poorly due to IL-10 and the lack of IL-6. Second, zymosan induces F4-80(+) macrophages in the splenic red pulp to secrete TGF-beta. Consistent with these effects on APCs, injection of zymosan plus OVA into mice results in OVA-specific T cells that secrete little or no Th1 or Th2 cytokines, but secrete robust levels of IL-10, and are unresponsive to challenge with OVA plus adjuvant. Finally, coinjection of zymosan with OVA plus LPS suppresses the response to OVA via a mechanism dependent on IL-10, TGF-beta, and lack of IL-6. Together, our data demonstrate that zymosan stimulates IL-10(+)IL-12(p70)-IL-6(low) regulatory DCs and TGF-beta(+) macrophages to induce immunological tolerance. These data suggest several targets for pharmacological modulation of immune responses in various clinical settings. C1 Emory Univ, Emory Vaccine Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NCI, Immunoregulat Sect, Lab Cell Regulat & Carcinogenesis, Ctr Canc Res,NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Benaroya Res Inst, Program Immunol, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sci Resources Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Periodontol & Oral Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Pulendran, B (reprint author), Emory Vaccine Ctr, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. EM bpulend@rmy.emory.edu RI Dillon, Stephanie/B-8469-2008; Denning, Timothy/F-2271-2011 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI05726601, AI057157, R01 AI048638, R56 AI048638, U54 AI057157, AI048638, AI0564499, R37 AI048638]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK057665, R01 DK057665, R37 DK057665] NR 39 TC 303 Z9 314 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC PI ANN ARBOR PA 35 RESEARCH DR, STE 300, ANN ARBOR, MI 48103 USA SN 0021-9738 J9 J CLIN INVEST JI J. Clin. Invest. PD APR PY 2006 VL 116 IS 4 BP 916 EP 928 DI 10.1172/JCI27203 PG 13 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 029IP UT WOS:000236556100014 PM 16543948 ER PT J AU Chien, LJ Liao, TL Shu, PY Huang, JH Gubler, DJ Chang, GJJ AF Chien, LJ Liao, TL Shu, PY Huang, JH Gubler, DJ Chang, GJJ TI Development of real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays to detect and serotype dengue viruses SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; CLINICAL SPECIMENS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; RAPID DIAGNOSIS; AMPLIFICATION; QUANTIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; FLAVIVIRUS; DIFFERENTIATION AB Serotyping dengue virus (DENV) from suspect human specimens is crucial for developing sound epidemiological control measurements early in the transmission season and for effective patient management. We modified DENV consensus D1 (mD1) and serotype-specific TS2 (mTS2) and redesigned serotype-specific TS1 (rTS1) and TS4 (rTS4) as described previously in the conventional capsid and premembrane gene (C-prM) protocol (R. S. Lanciotti, C. H. Calisher, D. J. Gubler, G.-J. Chang, A. V. Vorndam, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:545-551, 1992). In addition, we designed two new sets of amplimers and probes, located at nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) and the 3' noncoding region (3'NC) of DENV. The NS5 protocol utilizes two flaviviral consensus outer amplimers (mFU1 and CFD2) and four dengue virus serotype-specific TaqMan fluorogenic probes. The 3'NC protocol uses two DENV consensus amplimers, DC10418 and CDC10564. The conventional gel-based, heminested detection method was adapted for the C-prM protocol for detecting and serotyping dengue viruses. In addition, we developed the real-time SYBR green I and postamplification melting temperature curve analysis for the mD1/TS and YNC protocols using identical amplification conditions. The NS5 amplimer/probe set was formulated as a one-tube, multiplex, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for serotype identification. Three sets of amplimers and probes were verified for their specificity in tests with yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and West Nile viruses; optimized against 109 DENV strains; and validated for detection of the virus in sera from two different panels of acute-phase human dengue serum specimens and one panel of virus isolates from dengue patients' serum specimens. Clinical evaluation by two separate laboratories indicated that the C-prM was more sensitive (100%) than the NS5 (91%) or the YNC (91%) protocol. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Taipei, Taiwan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Chang, GJJ (reprint author), 3150 Rampart Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM gxc7@cdc.gov NR 30 TC 108 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 4 BP 1295 EP 1304 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.4.1295-1304.2006 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 032XS UT WOS:000236810500015 PM 16597854 ER PT J AU Trujillo, AA McCaustland, KA Zheng, DP Hadley, LA Vaughn, G Adams, SM Ando, T Glass, RI Monroe, SS AF Trujillo, AA McCaustland, KA Zheng, DP Hadley, LA Vaughn, G Adams, SM Ando, T Glass, RI Monroe, SS TI Use of TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR for rapid detection, quantification, and typing of norovirus SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; SEQUENCE-BASED AMPLIFICATION; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; RT-PCR; STOOL SAMPLES; UNITED-STATES; GENOGROUP-II; ASSAY; CALICIVIRUSES; QUANTITATION AB Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most commonly identified cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. We evaluated and optimized NoV-specific TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for the rapid detection and typing of NoV strains belonging to genogroups GI and GII and adapted them to the LightCycler platform. We expanded the detection ability of the assays by developing an assay that detects the GIV NoV strain. The assays were validated with 92 clinical samples and 33 water samples from confirmed NoV outbreaks and suspected NoV contamination cases. The assays detected NoV RNA in all of the clinical specimens previously confirmed positive by conventional RT-PCR and sequencing. Additionally, the TaqMan assays successfully detected NoV RNA in water samples containing low viral concentrations and inhibitors of RT and/or PCR, whereas the conventional method with region B primers required dilution of the inhibitors. By means of serially diluted NoV T7 RNA transcripts, a potential detection limit of < 10 transcript copies per reaction mixture was observed with the GII assay and a potential detection limit of < 100 transcript copies per reaction mixture was observed with the GI assay. These results and the ability to detect virus in water that was negative by RT-PCR demonstrate the higher sensitivity of the TaqMan assay compared with that of a conventional RT-PCR assay. The TaqMan methods dramatically decrease the turnaround time by eliminating post-PCR processing. These assays have proven useful in assisting scientists in public health and diagnostic laboratories report findings quickly to outbreak management teams. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Decatur, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Trujillo, AA (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop G-04, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Atrujillo@cdc.gov OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 43 TC 145 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 4 BP 1405 EP 1412 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.4.1405-1412.2006 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 032XS UT WOS:000236810500030 PM 16597869 ER PT J AU Wiggins, LD Baio, J Rice, C AF Wiggins, LD Baio, J Rice, C TI Examination of the time between first evaluation and first autism spectrum diagnosis in a population-based sample SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE early identification; diagnosis; autism spectrum disorder; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; PREVALENCE; INTERVENTION; FAMILIES AB Early identification of young children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can lead to earlier entry into intervention programs that support improved developmental outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to examine identification and diagnostic patterns of children with ASD who live in a large metropolitan area. One hundred fifteen 8-year-old children diagnosed with ASD were identified from a population-based surveillance system at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary variables of interest included earliest age of evaluation and earliest age of diagnosis identified from surveillance records, type of initial ASD diagnosis, evaluation sources that documented first ASD diagnosis, characteristics of professionals assigning first ASD diagnosis, and diagnostic tools used to aid the diagnostic process. We found that children with ASD identified by the surveillance system were initially evaluated at a mean of 48 months but were not diagnosed with ASD until a mean age of 61 months. There were no differences in timing of diagnosis based on sex or racial/ethnic classification, although degree of impairment associated with ASD predicted mean age at first evaluation and mean age at first ASD diagnosis. Most children were identified at nonschool sources, such as hospitals and clinics; 24% of the sample did not receive a documented ASD diagnosis until entering school. Most practitioners (70%) did not use a diagnostic instrument when assigning the first ASD diagnosis. Implications for early identification of ASD are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dev Disabilities Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Wiggins, LD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dev Disabilities Branch, MS E-86,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM lwiggins@cdc.gov RI Rice, Catherine/D-6305-2016 NR 32 TC 113 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 27 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0196-206X J9 J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR JI J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 2 SU S BP S79 EP S87 DI 10.1097/00004703-200604002-00005 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 045KZ UT WOS:000237742300005 PM 16685189 ER PT J AU Roberge, RJ AF Roberge, RJ TI Antiemetic-related dystonic reaction unmasked by removal of a scopolamine transdermal patch SO JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE scopolamine; transdermal; antiemetics; dystonic reaction ID EXTRAPYRAMIDAL REACTIONS; METOCLOPRAMIDE; PROCHLORPERAZINE; THERAPY; PROPHYLAXIS; DELIVERY AB A case of a dystonic reaction is presented that occurred after the use of prochlorperazine, metoclopramide and ondansetron for the treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting. The onset of dystonia coincided temporally with the removal of a transdermal scopolamine patch used as adjunctive antiemetic therapy. Withdrawal of concurrently administered anticholinergic medication, after recent use of antiemetic medications with dopamine receptor (D2) inhibition, can unmask a dystonic reaction. This case also suggests that transdermal scopolamine may offer an innovative therapy for the treatment of acute dystonic reactions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Med Ctr, Magee Womens Hosp, Emergency Dept, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Roberge, RJ (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, NPPTL, POB 18070,626 Cochrans Mill Rd,B-29, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0736-4679 J9 J EMERG MED JI J. Emerg. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 299 EP 302 DI 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.03.018 PG 4 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 034GQ UT WOS:000236917500009 PM 16677982 ER PT J AU Roberge, RJ Park, AJ AF Roberge, RJ Park, AJ TI Mucocele of the appendix: An important clinical rarity SO JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE abdominal pain; appendix; mucocele; complication; malignancy ID CT FINDINGS; DIAGNOSIS; ENDOMETRIOSIS; PATIENT AB Mucocele is an uncommon pathology of the vermiform appendix that can be confused with acute appendicitis. We present a case of an appendiceal mucocele associated with subacute, intermittent right lower quadrant discomfort. The diagnosis of appendiceal mucocele is an important one in that it can be associated with malignancies and other serious gastrointestinal, ovarian, and urological complications. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Med Ctr, Emergency Dept, Magee Womens Hosp, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Med Ctr, Resp Program Obstet & Gynecol, Magee Womens Hosp, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Roberge, RJ (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, NPPTL, POB 18070,626 Cochrans Mill Rd,B-29, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0736-4679 J9 J EMERG MED JI J. Emerg. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.05.026 PG 4 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 034GQ UT WOS:000236917500010 PM 16677983 ER PT J AU Shepherd, CA AF Shepherd, CA TI CDC and HUD to release an updated housing inspection manual - The Healthy Housing Reference Manual SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Environm Hlth Serv Branch, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shepherd, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Environm Hlth Serv Branch, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cfs4@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 68 IS 8 BP 48 EP 49 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 039TW UT WOS:000237331100005 PM 16637563 ER PT J AU Harper, FWK Brown, AM Arias, I Brody, G AF Harper, Felicity W. K. Brown, Amy M. Arias, Ileana Brody, Gene TI Corporal punishment and kids: How do parent support and gender influence child adjustment? SO JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE LA English DT Article DE corporal punishment; child adjustment; parent support; parent gender ID PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT; SELF-ESTEEM; BEHAVIOR; CONFLICT; FAMILY; ATTRIBUTIONS; PERCEPTIONS; INVOLVEMENT; AGGRESSION; ATTACHMENT AB Previous research on corporal punishment has failed to consider the interaction of parent support and parent gender in predicting child outcomes. The current study examined whether parental support moderated the effects of corporal punishment on child outcomes (i.e., depression and aggression), and more specifically, whether the gender of the supportive parent moderated the effects of punishment from the opposite-sex parent. Results differed depending on the gender of the punishing and supportive parents, suggesting that parental support can be a protective factor in child outcomes but only under certain conditions. Mother support moderated the effects of father punishment on child depression but not child aggression. High corporal punishment by father was related to more child depression at both high and low levels of mother support. High levels of mother support only seemed important (i.e., children were less depressed) at low levels of father corporal punishment. In contrast, father support moderated the relationship between mother corporal punishment and child aggression but not depression. Children with high father support showed less aggression across all levels of mother corporal punishment. At low levels of father support, child aggression increased as mother corporal punishment increased. For depression, mother corporal punishment was positively related to child depression regardless of level of father support. These findings suggest differential effects for mother and father support and have implications for the treatment and prevention of negative outcomes in children who are physically punished by their parents. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Psychol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Child & Family Dev, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Arias, I (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway,NE,Mailstop K02, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM iarias@cdc.gov NR 55 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0885-7482 J9 J FAM VIOLENCE JI J. Fam. Violence PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 197 EP 207 DI 10.1007/s10896-006-9018-2 PG 11 WC Psychology, Clinical; Family Studies SC Psychology; Family Studies GA 097NF UT WOS:000241454000003 ER PT J AU Case, JB Chomel, B Nicholson, W Foley, JE AF Case, JB Chomel, B Nicholson, W Foley, JE TI Serological survey of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in pet cats and cats from animal shelters and feral colonies SO JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY LA English DT Article ID CTENOCEPHALIDES-FELIS BOUCHE; BARTONELLA-HENSELAE; DOMESTIC CATS; RICKETTSIA-FELIS; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; COXIELLA-BURNETII; NOVA-SCOTIA; Q-FEVER; PREVALENCE; FLEAS AB Although cats and their arthropod parasites can sometimes be important sources of zoonotic diseases in humans, the extent of exposure among various cat populations to many potential zoonotic agents remains incompletely described. In this study, 170 domestic cats living in private homes, feral cat colonies, and animal shelters from California and Wisconsin were evaluated by serology to determine the levels of exposure to a group of zoonotic vector-borne pathogens. Serological positive test results were observed in 17.2% of cats for Rickettsia rickettsii, 14.9% for R akari, 4.9% for R typhi, 11.1% for R felis, and 14.7% for Bartonella henselae. Although vector-borne disease exposure has been documented previously in cats, the evaluation of multiple pathogens and diverse cat populations simultaneously performed here contributes to our understanding of feline exposure to these zoonotic pathogens. (C) 2005 ESFM and AAFP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Ctr Vectorborne Dis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Foley, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Ctr Vectorborne Dis, Old Davis Rd, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jefoley@ucdavis.edu NR 34 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 15 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 32 JAMESTOWN RD, LONDON NW1 7BY, ENGLAND SN 1098-612X J9 J FELINE MED SURG JI J. Feline Med. Surg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 8 IS 2 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.10.004 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 027YU UT WOS:000236453000005 PM 16434226 ER PT J AU Balajadia, RG Wenzel, L Sweningson, J Hubbell, FA AF Balajadia, R. G. Wenzel, L. Sweningson, J. Hubbell, F. A. TI Breast cancer screening among Chamorros on Guam SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Orange, CA 92668 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 SU 4 BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA V43VG UT WOS:000202962000081 ER PT J AU Brownfield, ED Williams, MV Burnett, A Bernhardt, J AF Brownfield, E. D. Williams, M. V. Burnett, A. Bernhardt, J. TI Multimedia intervention to increase breast cancer screening among women with low health literacy SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 SU 4 BP 90 EP 90 PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA V43VG UT WOS:000202962000317 ER PT J AU Kim, C Steers, WN Herman, WH Mangione, CM Venkat Narayan, KM Ettner, SL AF Kim, C. Steers, W. N. Herman, W. H. Mangione, C. M. Venkat Narayan, K. M. Ettner, S. L. TI Physician compensation and quality of diabetes care: Preliminary results from the triad study SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 SU 4 BP 101 EP 101 PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA V43VG UT WOS:000202962000359 ER PT J AU Heisler, M Tabaei, B Ackermann, RT Narayan, KV Waitzfelder, B Safford, MM Tseng, C Duru, K Crosson, J Herman, WH Kim, C AF Heisler, M. Tabaei, B. Ackermann, R. T. Narayan, K. Venkat Waitzfelder, B. Safford, M. M. Tseng, C. Duru, K. Crosson, J. Herman, W. H. Kim, C. TI Physicians' participatory decision-making and quality of diabetes care processes and outcomes: Results from the triad study SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Michigan, VA Ann Arbor Hlth Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Indiana Univ, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. Purdue Univ, Indianapolis, IN USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Pacific Hlth Res Inst, Honolulu, HI USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Sch Med, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RI Heisler, Michele/B-5774-2015 OI Heisler, Michele/0000-0002-6889-2063 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 SU 4 BP 103 EP 103 PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA V43VG UT WOS:000202962000365 ER PT J AU Hurley, LP Steiner, JF Daley, M Crane, LA Beaty, B Stokley, S Barrow, J Babbel, C Dickinson, M Berman, S Kempe, A AF Hurley, L. P. Steiner, J. F. Daley, M. Crane, L. A. Beaty, B. Stokley, S. Barrow, J. Babbel, C. Dickinson, M. Berman, S. Kempe, A. TI Pneumococcal vaccination in general internal medicine practice-current practice and future possibilities SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Denver Hlth & Hosp Autor, Denver, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Colorado Hlth Outcomes Program, Aurora, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Childrens Outcomes Res Program, Childrens Hosp, Denver, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Denver, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 SU 4 BP 103 EP 103 PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA V43VG UT WOS:000202962000366 ER PT J AU Sabatino, SA Coates, RJ Uhler, RJ Pollack, LA Alley, LG Zauderer, LJ AF Sabatino, S. A. Coates, R. J. Uhler, R. J. Pollack, L. A. Alley, L. G. Zauderer, L. J. TI Provider counseling about health behaviors among cancer survivors SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 SU 4 BP 112 EP 112 PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA V43VG UT WOS:000202962000400 ER PT J AU Sabatino, SA Burns, RB Davis, RB Phillips, RS McCarthy, EP AF Sabatino, SA Burns, RB Davis, RB Phillips, RS McCarthy, EP TI Breast cancer risk and provider recommendation for mammography among recently unscreened women in the United States SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual National Research Service Award Trainees Research Conference CY JUN 05, 2004 CL San Diego, CA DE breast cancer risk; provider recommendation; mammography ID PHYSICIAN RECOMMENDATION; FAMILY-HISTORY; PRIMARY-CARE; US WOMEN; GUIDELINES; CHEMOPREVENTION; VALIDATION; TAMOXIFEN; ADHERENCE; KNOWLEDGE AB Many women with increased breast cancer risk have not been screened recently. Provider recommendation for mammography is an important reason many women undergo screening. We examined the association between breast cancer risk and reported provider recommendation for mammography in recently unscreened women. Cross-sectional study using 2000 National Health Interview Survey. In all, 1673 women ages 40 to 75 years without cancer who saw a health care provider in the prior year and had no mammogram within 2 years. We assessed breast cancer risk by Gail score and risk factors. We used multivariable logistic regression models in SUDAAN adjusted for age, race and illness burden, to examine the association between risk and reported recommendation for mammography within 1 year for all women and women ages 50 to 75 years. Of 1673 recently unscreened women, 29% reported a recommendation. Twelve percent of women had increased Gail risk and of these recently unscreened, high-risk women, 25% reported a recommendation. After adjustment, high-risk women were not more likely to report a recommendation than average-risk women. Results were similar for women 50 to 75 years old. No individual breast cancer factors other than age were associated with reporting a recommendation. Approximately 70% of recently unscreened women seen by a health care provider in the prior year reported no recommendation for mammography, regardless of breast cancer risk. This did not include women who received a recommendation and were screened. Increasing reported recommendation rates may represent an opportunity to increase screening participation among recently unscreened women, particularly for women with increased breast cancer risk. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Gen Med & Primary Care, Boston, MA USA. RP Sabatino, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-52,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM bzo8@cdc.gov FU BHP HRSA HHS [5T32PE11001-13]; NCCIH NIH HHS [K24 AT00589-01A1, K24 AT000589]; NCI NIH HHS [R29CA79052] NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00348.x PG 7 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA 036ZT UT WOS:000237117200001 PM 16686802 ER PT J AU Haas, JS Geller, B Miglioretti, DL Buist, DSM Nelson, DE Kerlikowske, K Carney, PA Breslau, ES Dash, S Canales, MK Barbash, RB AF Haas, JS Geller, B Miglioretti, DL Buist, DSM Nelson, DE Kerlikowske, K Carney, PA Breslau, ES Dash, S Canales, MK Barbash, RB TI Changes in newspaper coverage about hormone therapy with the release of new medical evidence SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hormone therapy; lay media; drug usage ID ESTROGEN PLUS PROGESTIN; SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; REPLACEMENT THERAPY; BREAST-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; NEWS MEDIA; PREVENTION; TRIAL; RISKS AB Results of 2 trials of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) challenged established practice patterns; 1 was not associated with changes in HT use, whereas the other was associated with substantial decline. Differential coverage by lay newspapers may have contributed to the differential impact. To examine newspaper coverage of HT before and after the publication of the Heart and Estrogen Replacement Study (HERS) in August 1998, and the main findings of the estrogen plus progestin therapy arm of the Women's Health Initiative (EPT-WHI) in July 2002. Longitudinal review of newspaper articles, 1998 to 2003 (n = 663). Twenty local and 6 regional/national newspapers. Number and content of articles about HT. The average number of articles about HT published during the month of the publication of the EPT-WHI was at least 8-fold greater than the number of articles published on the topic during any prior period. While the majority of articles in all periods presented information about the potential benefits of HT, information about harms became more common than information about benefits during the 2 months before the publication of the EPT-WHI, when the trial participants were notified of the early termination of the study. The presentation of specific health harms was more common after the publication of the EPT-WHI than after the publication of HERS. Few articles in any period used visual aids. The publication of the EPT-WHI was associated with a change in both the volume and content of newspaper coverage about HT. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Gen Med & Primary Care, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02120 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Univ Vermont, Ctr Canc, Dept Family Med, Off Hlth Promot Res, Burlington, VT USA. Univ Vermont, Ctr Canc, Dept Radiol, Burlington, VT USA. Ctr Hlth Studies, Grp Hlth Cooperat, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Hlth Commun Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Vet Affairs, Gen Internal Med Sect, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Community & Family Med, Hanover, NH USA. NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD USA. NCI, Appl Res Program, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Nursing, Burlington, VT USA. RP Haas, JS (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Gen Med & Primary Care, Dept Med, 1620 Tremont St, Boston, MA 02120 USA. EM jhaas@partners.org FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA080888, U01 CA070013, U01 CA086076, U01 CA70013, U01CA86076, U01 CA86082, U01 CA063731, U01 CA063740, U01 CA086082, U01 CA63740] NR 28 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 304 EP 309 DI 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00342.x PG 6 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA 036ZT UT WOS:000237117200004 PM 16499542 ER PT J AU Schwartz, KL Neale, AV Northrup, J Monsur, J Patel, DA Rodrigo, T Wortley, PM AF Schwartz, KL Neale, AV Northrup, J Monsur, J Patel, DA Rodrigo, T Wortley, PM TI Racial similarities in response to standardized offer of influenza vaccination SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Meeting of the North-American-Primary-Care-Research-Group CY OCT 10-13, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP N Amer Primary Care Res Grp DE health care delivery; influenza; vaccination; race/ethnicity; underserved populations; disparities ID OLDER; ADULTS; HEALTH; RATES; HOSPITALIZATIONS; IMMUNIZATION; DISPARITIES; ACCEPTANCE; AMERICANS; BARRIERS AB Despite known benefits of influenza vaccination and coverage by Medicare Part B, elderly minority patients are less likely to receive influenza vaccination than whites. To test whether a nonphysician-initiated standardized offer of influenza vaccination to all elderly primary care patients would result in similar proportions of African-American and white patients accepting vaccine. In 7 metropolitan Detroit primary care practices during the 2003 influenza vaccination season, medical assistants assessed influenza immunization status of all patients 65 years and older and collected limited demographic data. Eligible patients were offered vaccination. Proportion of patients accepting influenza vaccination by race and predictors of vaccine acceptance. Four hundred and fifty-four eligible patients with complete racial information were enrolled: 40% African American, 52% white, 8% other race/ethnicity. Similar proportions of African Americans and whites had already received the 2003 vaccine (11.6% and 11.0%, respectively) or stated vaccination as the reason for visit (23.8% and 30.5%, respectively). Among the remainder, there also were similar proportions who accepted vaccination: 68.9% white and 62.1% African-American patients. History of previous vaccination was the only statistically significant predictor of vaccine acceptance (odds ratio [OR] 8.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.17, 17.91, P <.001). After adjusting for history of previous vaccination, age, gender, and education, the odds of vaccine acceptance were no different for whites and African Americans (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.63, 2.29, P=.57). Vaccination acceptance differed little between African-American and white elderly patients. Using nonphysician personnel to identify and offer influenza vaccine to eligible patients is easily accomplished in primary care offices and has the potential to eliminate racial disparities in influenza vaccination. C1 Wayne State Univ, Dept Family Med, Detroit, MI USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Obstet Gynecol, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Family Med PC, Southfield, MI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schwartz, KL (reprint author), 110 E Alexandrine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. EM kensch@med.wayne.edu FU PHS HHS [U36/CCU319276] NR 29 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 346 EP 351 DI 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00401.x PG 6 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA 036ZT UT WOS:000237117200011 PM 16686810 ER PT J AU Bennett, SN Holmes, EC Chirivella, M Rodriguez, DM Beltran, M Vorndam, V Gubler, DJ McMillan, WO AF Bennett, SN Holmes, EC Chirivella, M Rodriguez, DM Beltran, M Vorndam, V Gubler, DJ McMillan, WO TI Molecular evolution of dengue 2 virus in Puerto Rico: positive selection in the viral envelope accompanies clade reintroduction SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; TYPE-2 VIRUS; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; JAMAICA GENOTYPE; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; CUBAN EPIDEMIC; SHOCK SYNDROME AB Dengue virus is a circumtropical, mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects 50-100 million people each year and is expanding in both range and prevalence. Of the four co-circulating viral serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) that cause mild to severe febrile disease, DENV-2 has been implicated in the onset of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the Americas in the early 1980s. To identify patterns of genetic change since DENV-2's reintroduction into the region, molecular evolution in DENV-2 from Puerto Rico (PR) and surrounding countries was examined over a 20 year period of fluctuating disease incidence. Structural genes (over 20 % of the viral genome), which affect viral packaging, host-cell entry and immune response, were sequenced for 91 DENV-2 isolates derived from both low- and high-prevalence years. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that DENV-2 outbreaks in PR have been caused by viruses assigned to subtype IIIb, originally from Asia. Variation amongst DENV-2 viruses in PIR has since largely arisen in situ, except for a lineage-replacement event in 1994 that appears to have non-PR New World origins. Although most structural genes have remained relatively conserved since the 1980s, strong evidence was found for positive selection acting on a number of amino acid sites in the envelope gene, which have also been important in defining phylogenetic structure. Some of these changes are exhibited by the multiple lineages present in 1994, during the largest Puerto Rican outbreak of dengue, suggesting that they may have altered disease dynamics, although their functional significance will require further investigation. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Infect Dis Dynam, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR USA. Asia Pacific Inst Trop Med & Infect Dis, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Bennett, SN (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Asia Pacific Inst Trop Med & Infect Dis, 651 Ilalo St,BSB 320, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. EM sbennett@hawaii.edu OI Holmes, Edward/0000-0001-9596-3552 FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12 RR003061]; NIAID NIH HHS [U54 AI065359] NR 50 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 87 BP 885 EP 893 DI 10.1099/vir.0.81309-0 PN 4 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 027WK UT WOS:000236446400018 PM 16528038 ER PT J AU Scheel, CM Handali, S Bueno, EC Khan, A Hancock, K Gonzalez, AE Garcia, HH Gilman, RH Tsang, VCW AF Scheel, CM Handali, S Bueno, EC Khan, A Hancock, K Gonzalez, AE Garcia, HH Gilman, RH Tsang, VCW TI Development of a normal human immunoglobulin G standard curve for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Use for comparison of antigen efficacy SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOASSAY & IMMUNOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ELISA; standard curve; immunoglobulin G; diagnosis; assay development; antigen efficacy ID TAENIA-SOLIUM; SYNTHETIC 8-KD; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; SERODIAGNOSIS; OPTIMIZATION; PEROXIDASE; ANTIBODIES AB Internal standard reference curves are used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates to control for inter- and intra- assay variance. To compare the diagnostic potential of multiple T. solium antigens on an unbiased, universal scale, we have created a standard curve using normal, human immunoglobulin G (hIgG). The hIgG curve is inexpensive and simple to prepare, and remains stable at 5 degrees C for at least one year, with a coefficient of variance of less than 10%. The hIgG standard curve has proven a critical tool for the comparison of several diagnostic antigens slated for assay development. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Vale Itajai, Fac Pharm, Itajai, SC, Brazil. Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Sch Vet Med, Lima 14, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Pathol, Lima, Peru. Inst Nacl Ciencias Neurol, Dept Transmissible Dis, Lima, Peru. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Ctr Dis Control, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM zsr3@cdc.gov NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1532-1819 EI 1532-4230 J9 J IMMUNOASS IMMUNOCH JI J. Immunoass. Immunoch. PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 2 BP 173 EP 181 DI 10.1080/15321810600573028 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology; Medical Laboratory Technology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology; Medical Laboratory Technology GA 039IV UT WOS:000237300100005 PM 16711254 ER PT J AU Perry, ND Hanson, B Hobgood, W Lopez, RL Okraska, CR Karem, K Damon, IK Carroll, DS AF Perry, ND Hanson, B Hobgood, W Lopez, RL Okraska, CR Karem, K Damon, IK Carroll, DS TI New invasive species in Southern Florida: Gambian rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Cricetomys; Florida keys; gambian rat; invasive species; zoonoses ID MONKEYPOX; OUTBREAK; ISLANDS AB On 17 August 2004, 5 Gambian rats (Cricetomys gambianus; 2 males and 3 females) were collected on Grassy Key, Florida. Evidence obtained from this collection confirms the existence of the 1st North American established and reproducing Cricetomys population. This invasive rodent population could represent a new series of ecological threats to the native and endemic flora and fauna of southern Florida. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth, Southeastern Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, S Florida Ecol Serv Off, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. RP Carroll, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dcarroll@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 13 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD APR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 2 BP 262 EP 264 DI 10.1644/05-MAMM-A-132RR.1 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 037DB UT WOS:000237125800008 ER PT J AU Hunsperger, EA Roehrig, JT AF Hunsperger, EA Roehrig, JT TI Temporal analyses of the neuropathogenesis of a West Nile virus infection in mice SO JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE central nervous system; flavivirus; immunohistochemistry; neuron; mouse; peripheral nervous system; West Nile virus ID ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; UNITED-STATES; BRAIN; CELLS; NEUROPATHOLOGY; POLIOMYELITIS; ANTIBODY; NEURONS; SERUM AB A West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans can produce neurological symptoms including acute flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, meningitis and myelitis. To investigate the pathogenesis of WNV in the peripheral and the central nervous system (PNS and CNS), the authors used a murine footpad inoculation model of WNV infection. Survival curves of virus-infected animals of ages 4- to 6-weeks-old demonstrated age-dependent mortality where older animals (6-weeks-old) had a higher mortality rate compared to younger animals (4- and 5-weeks-old). The mice that survived the virus infection formed WNV-reactive antibodies, confirming viral infection and clearance. The localization of viral RNA (vRNA) and antigen in infected murine tissues was investigated using TaqMan and immunohistochemistry (IHC) respectively. During a nine day infection, vRNA levels in the spinal cord and brainstem fluctuated, suggesting early viral clearance from these tissues by days 3-4 p.i. with later re-introduction. Viral antigens detected using IHC were primarily observed in three main regions of the brain: cortex, hippocampus and brainstem. Additionally, the dorsal root ganglion neurons of the PNS stained positive for viral antigens. These data are consistent with multiple routes of neuroinvasion following a peripheral inoculation of virus and do not preclude the previous observation that virus-infected peripheral neurons can introduce virus into the CNS by a retrograde transport mechanism. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Hunsperger, EA (reprint author), 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, PR 00920 USA. EM enh4@cdc.gov OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 29 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1355-0284 J9 J NEUROVIROL JI J. Neurovirol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 2 BP 129 EP 139 DI 10.1080/13550280600758341 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Virology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Virology GA 057AJ UT WOS:000238566500006 PM 16798674 ER PT J AU Martin, SB Beamer, BR Moyer, ES AF Martin, SB Beamer, BR Moyer, ES TI Evaluation of a high-efficiency, filter-bank system SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE aerosol; anthrax; bioterrorism; HEPA; high-efficiency filter; optical particle counter AB National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) investigators evaluated filtration efficiencies at three U.S. Postal Set-vice (USPS) facilities. Ventilation and filtration systems (VFSs) had been installed after the 2001 bioterrorist attacks when the USPS unknowingly, processed letters laden with B. anthracis spores. The new VFS units included high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and were required by, USPS contract specifications to provide an overall filtration efficiency of at least 99.97% for particles between 0.3 mu m and 3.0 mu m. The USPS evaluation involved a modification of methodology used to test total filtration system efficiency in agricultural tractor cab enclosures. The modified sampling strategy, not only proved effective for monitoring the total filtration system component of VFS performance but also distinguished between filtration systems performing to the high USPS performance criteria and those needing repair or replacement. The results clearly, showed the importance of choosing a pair of optical particle counters that have been closely, matched immediately prior to testing. The modified methodology is readily adaptable to any workplace wishing to evaluate air filtration systems, including high-efficiency systems. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Safety & Risk Control Program, Menomonie, WI 54751 USA. NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Beamer, BR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Safety & Risk Control Program, POB 790, Menomonie, WI 54751 USA. EM beamerb@uwstout.edu NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 4 BP 204 EP 213 DI 10.1080/15459620600584378 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 030FG UT WOS:000236619000007 PM 16531293 ER PT J AU Henneberger, PK Goe, SK Miller, WE Doney, B Groce, DW AF Henneberger, PK Goe, SK Miller, WE Doney, B Groce, DW TI Prevention of beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Letter ID WORKERS; EXPOSURE; PLANT C1 NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Henneberger, PK (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 4 BP D42 EP D43 DI 10.1080/15459620600574668 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 030FG UT WOS:000236619000002 PM 16507518 ER PT J AU Methner, MM Delaney, LJ AF Methner, MM Delaney, LJ TI Air contaminant exposures among transportation security administration (TSA) "checked baggage" screeners at four international airports SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID DIESEL EXHAUST; EMISSIONS C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Altanta Field Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Methner, MM (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PD APR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 4 BP D36 EP D41 DI 10.1080/15459620600580103 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 030FG UT WOS:000236619000001 ER PT J AU Reeves, WK Szumlas, DE Moriarity, JR Loftis, AD Abbassy, MM Helmy, IM Dasch, GA AF Reeves, WK Szumlas, DE Moriarity, JR Loftis, AD Abbassy, MM Helmy, IM Dasch, GA TI Louse-borne bacterial pathogens in lice (Phthiraptera) of rodents and cattle from Egypt SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; EPIDEMIC TYPHUS; RELAPSING FEVER; BARTONELLA; IDENTIFICATION; ECTOPARASITES; RATS; PCR; INFECTION; ANIMALS AB We collected 1,023 lice, representing 5 species, from rats and domestic cattle throughout 13 governorates ill Egypt and tested these lice for Anaplasma marginale, Bartonella spp., Brucella spp., Borrelia recurrentis, Coxiella burnetii. Francisella tularensis, and Rickettsia spp. by PCR amplification and sequencing. Five different louse-borne bacterial agents were detected in lice from rodents or cattle, including "Bartonella rattimassiliensis", "B. phoceensis", and Bartonella sp. near Bartonella tribocorum. Coxiella burnetii, and Rickettsia typhi. More lice from governorates bordering the Mediterranean and Red Seas contained pathogens. Our data indicate that lice of urban and domestic animals harbor pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacterial agents throughout Egypt. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reeves, WK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM wreeves@alumni.clemson.edu NR 52 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 92 IS 2 BP 313 EP 318 DI 10.1645/GE-717R.1 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 039TG UT WOS:000237329400015 PM 16729688 ER PT J AU Bovet, P Viswanathan, B Faeh, D Warren, W AF Bovet, P Viswanathan, B Faeh, D Warren, W TI Comparison of smoking, drinking, and marijuana use between students present or absent on the day of a school-based survey SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; NON-RESPONSE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; INDIAN-OCEAN; MAIL SURVEY; NONRESPONSE; RESPONDENTS; BIAS; HEALTH; ADOLESCENTS AB Tire aim of this population-based survey, was to compare the prevalence of selected risk behaviors between students present or absent oil the day of a school-based sun,e) The study population was a representative sample of all students of secondary schools in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean). Students absent on the day of the survey were, traced and requested to complete the same self-administered questionnaire (is did present students. Self-reported consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana were measured. Of the sample of 1453 eligible students aged 11 to 17 Years, 1321 "present students" completed the survey (90.9% participation), 11 refused to answer all questions, and 121 were not present at school. We could trace 105 of the 121 students riot present at school oil the survey day ("absent students"), and all of them completed the questionnaire over the next 4 weeks. The prevalence of risk behaviors was signficantly higher in absent than present students for current smoking and drinking. Inclusion of data from the absent students resulted in a relative increase in the prevalence of the considered behaviors by 3% to 8% as compared to data based on present students only. In conclusion, the prevalence of risk behaviors was higher in absent than present students. Adjusting for data of absent students increased the prevalence estimates in tire base population. C1 Inst Univ Med Sociale & Prevent, Unit Prevent & Control & Cardiovasc Dis, Minist Hlth, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. Minist Hlth, Victoria, Seychelles. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Bovet, P (reprint author), Inst Univ Med Sociale & Prevent, Unit Prevent & Control & Cardiovasc Dis, Minist Hlth, POB 52, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. EM pbovet@seychelles.net; vbharathyy@hotmail.com; David.Faeh@unil.ch; wcwl@cdc.gov RI Bovet, Pascal/F-4477-2011 OI Bovet, Pascal/0000-0002-0242-4259 NR 28 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 76 IS 4 BP 133 EP 137 DI 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00081.x PG 5 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 028YZ UT WOS:000236526000003 PM 16536852 ER PT J AU Jones, SE Saraiya, M AF Jones, SE Saraiya, M TI Sunscreen use among US high school students, 1999-2003 SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SUN EXPOSURE; SKIN-CANCER; PREVALENCE; BEHAVIORS; SUNBURN; YOUTH AB The purpose of this paper was to examine sunscreen use among US high school students. Data were derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1999, 2001, and 2003 notional Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. which are cross-sectional surveys of health risk behaviors among high school students in the United States. In 2003, 1 in 7 (14.2%) high school students reported routine sunscreen or sunblock use, and this behavior varied by sex, race/ethnicity, grade in school, and geographic region. The use of sunscreen or sunblock with a sun protection factor of 15 or higher when outside for more than 1 hour oil a sunny day did not change from 1999 to 2003. Parent and child education about the importance of skin cancer prevention practices, including sunscreen use, and a school environment supportive of sun-safe practices are necessary to help reduce risk for skin cancer. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Jones, SE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM severettjones@cdc.gov; msaraiya@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 76 IS 4 BP 150 EP 153 DI 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00085.x PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 028YZ UT WOS:000236526000006 PM 16536855 ER PT J AU Mims, AD Winston, C Leatherwood, K Blue, M AF Mims, AD Winston, C Leatherwood, K Blue, M TI Impact of a telephone intervention to increase pneumococcal vaccination rate in a managed care population. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the American-Geriatrics-Society CY MAY 03-07, 2006 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Geriatr Soc C1 Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 4 SU S BP S17 EP S17 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 036KF UT WOS:000237069300046 ER PT J AU Tannor, BB Ross, L AF Tannor, BB Ross, L TI Physician-patient discussions about prostate-specific antigen test use among African-American men SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE physician-patient discussions; PSA test; prostate cancer; men's health ID PRIMARY-CARE PHYSICIANS; SCREENING PRACTICES; CANCER; KNOWLEDGE; BELIEFS; ATTITUDES; BEHAVIOR AB Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between physician-patient discussions, demographic and health-related variables, and PSA test use. Of the previous studies that examined physic ion-patient discussions about PSA test use, none focused on African-American men. Method Using a sample of African-American men (N=739) aged >= 40 years who had participated in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2000, we assessed demographic, health status and other variables related to two PSA test use outcomes: 1) had a PSA test within the past year, and 2) had >= 3 PSA tests within the post five years. Results: More than three-fourths (76.6%) of our sample reported that their doctors had discussed with them the advantages and disadvantages of the PSA test before administering it. The bivariate analysis showed a number of variables positively associcted with PSA test use including men aged >= 50, having health insurance coverage and having participated in physician-patient discussions about the test. Discussion: Despite the high percentage of men who had discussions with their doctor, there was a large number of men who had neither heard of nor undergone a PSA test. More efforts should be made by the healthcare community to promote prostate cancer screening education and physician-patient discussions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Tannor, BB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,NE k-55, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM bernice1116@yahoo.com; lor3@cdc.gov NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL MED ASSOC PI WASHINGON PA 1012 10TH ST, N W, WASHINGON, DC 20001 USA SN 0027-9684 J9 J NATL MED ASSOC JI J. Natl. Med. Assoc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 98 IS 4 BP 532 EP 538 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 028YG UT WOS:000236524100006 PM 16623065 ER PT J AU Mejia, R Miewer, W Williams, L AF Mejia, R Miewer, W Williams, L TI Domestic violence exposure in Colombian adolescents: Pathways to violent and prosocial behavior SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS LA English DT Article ID NO SAFE HAVEN; COMMUNITY VIOLENCE; SUBSTANCE-ABUSE; RISK-FACTORS; MALTREATED CHILDREN; PHYSICAL ABUSE; RESILIENCE; IMPACT; BOYS; ADJUSTMENT AB Associations between domestic violence exposure and violent and prosocial behavior were tested in a sample of Colombian adolescents, with attention to impulsivity and substance use problems as mediators of these associations. A representative sample of 1,152 school youths and a convenience group of 148 juvenile offenders aged 11-19 years participated. Results using structural equation modeling showed indirect effects of impulsivity and substance use problems between family violence (i.e., exposure to interparental violence) and violent behavior. Maltreatment (i.e., harsh parenting) was directly associated with violent behavior though impulsivity and substance use problems also mediated this relation. Maltreatment directly and inversely contributed to prosocial behavior but there was no evidence of mediation. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive and behavioral factors that explain violent and prosocial behavior among Colombian youths. Limitations and implications for prevention are described. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. RP Mejia, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM biu9@cdc.gov NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0894-9867 J9 J TRAUMA STRESS JI J. Trauma Stress PD APR PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 257 EP 267 DI 10.1002/jts.20116 PG 11 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 038KB UT WOS:000237217300009 PM 16612821 ER PT J AU Burns, CC Shaw, J Campagnoli, R Jorba, J Vincent, A Quay, J Kew, O AF Burns, CC Shaw, J Campagnoli, R Jorba, J Vincent, A Quay, J Kew, O TI Modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness in HeLa cells by deoptimization of synonymous codon usage in the capsid region SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TRANSFER-RNA; IMMUNODEFICIENT PATIENT; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TRANSLATIONAL SELECTION; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; EXPRESSION SYSTEMS AB We replaced degenerate codons for nine amino acids within the capsid region of the Sabin type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine strain with corresponding nonpreferred synonymous codons. Codon replacements were introduced into four contiguous intervals spanning 97% of the capsid region. In the capsid region of the most highly modified virus construct, the effective number of codons used (N-C) fell from 56.2 to 29.8, the number of CG dinucleotides rose from 97 to 302, and the G+C content increased from 48.4% to 56.4%. Replicative fitness in HeLa cells, measured by plaque areas and virus yields in single-step growth experiments, decreased in proportion to the number of replacement codons. Plaque areas decreased over an similar to 10-fold range, and virus yields decreased over an similar to 65-fold range. Perhaps unexpectedly, the synthesis and processing of viral proteins appeared to be largely unaltered by the restriction in codon usage. In contrast, total yields of viral RNA in infected cells were reduced similar to 3-fold and specific infectivities of purified virions (measured by particle/PFU ratios) decreased similar to 18-fold in the most highly modified virus. The replicative fitness of both codon replacement viruses and unmodified viruses increased with the passage number in HeLa cells. After 25 serial passages (similar to 50 replication cycles), most codon replacements were retained, and the relative fitness of the modified viruses remained well below that of the unmodified virus. The increased replicative fitness of high-passage modified virus was associated with the elimination of several CG dinucleotides. Potential applications for the systematic modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness by deoptimization of codon usage are discussed. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, G-10,1600 Clifton Rd,NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cburns@cdc.gov NR 81 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 80 IS 7 BP 3259 EP 3272 DI 10.1128/JVI.80.7.3259-3272.2006 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 025ZB UT WOS:000236305200013 PM 16537593 ER PT J AU Reeves, WK Nelder, MP Cobb, KD Dasch, GA AF Reeves, Will K. Nelder, Mark P. Cobb, Kristin D. Dasch, Gregory A. TI Bartonella spp. in deer keds, Lipoptena mazamae (Diptera : Hippoboscidae), from Georgia and South Carolina, USA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE deer ked dermatitis; ectoparasite; Odocoileus virginianus; vector; zoonoses ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; DOMESTIC RUMINANTS; CAT FLEA; HENSELAE; ACARI; WILD; ECTOPARASITES; CALIFORNIA; INFECTION; BORRELIA AB Deer keds, Lipoptena mazamae (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), were collected from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and humans in Georgia and South Carolina, USA (I October 2001-6 January 2005) and screened for the presence of DNA from Bartonella spp. Forty deer keds were screened for Bartonella spp. by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific to the riboflavin synthase gene (ribC) of Bartonella. Bartonella species closely related to Bartonella schoenbuchensis and to the etiologic agent of cat-scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) were detected in 10 keds and one ked, respectively. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol Soils & Plant Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Reeves, WK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM wreeves@alumni.clemson.ed NR 29 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2006 VL 42 IS 2 BP 391 EP 396 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 071EC UT WOS:000239580000020 PM 16870863 ER PT J AU Ross, DS Dollard, SC Victor, M Sumartojo, E Cannon, MJ AF Ross, DS Dollard, SC Victor, M Sumartojo, E Cannon, MJ TI The epidemiology and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and disease: Activities of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Workgroup SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DAY-CARE-CENTER; YOUNG-CHILDREN; TRANSMISSION; WORKERS; ACQUISITION; PREGNANCY; IMMUNITY; HEARING; INFANTS; MOTHERS AB Each year in the United States, thousands of children and their families are affected by congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. More children may be affected by congenital CMV than by other, better known childhood conditions, such as Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and spina bifida. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has formed a Workgroup on Congenital CMV, led by the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities and the National Center on Infectious Diseases. This report provides background on congenital CMV infection and describes the goals and activities of the workgroup for reducing the burden of sequelae of congenital CMV infection. C1 NCBDDD, DHDD, CoCHP, EHD1, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Coordinating Ctr Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Coordinating Ctr Hlth Promot, Off Director, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ross, DS (reprint author), NCBDDD, DHDD, CoCHP, EHD1, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,E-88, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Dross3@cdc.gov RI Cannon, Michael/E-5894-2011 OI Cannon, Michael/0000-0001-5776-5010 NR 31 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1540-9996 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3 BP 224 EP 229 DI 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.224 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 045PP UT WOS:000237754400001 PM 16620180 ER PT J AU Nollen, N Kaur, H Pulvers, K Choi, W Fitzgibbon, M Li, CY Nazir, N Ahluwalia, JS AF Nollen, N Kaur, H Pulvers, K Choi, W Fitzgibbon, M Li, CY Nazir, N Ahluwalia, JS TI Correlates of ideal body size among black and white adolescents SO JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE LA English DT Article DE ideal body size; cultural differences; black and white adolescents ID WEIGHT CONCERNS; EXERCISE BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL SUPPORT; GIRLS; PERCEPTIONS; IMAGE; RISK; DEPRESSION; VALIDITY; FEMALES AB Cultural differences have been found in body image perceptions among Black and White adolescents, however little is known about the factors associated with perceptions of an ideal body size (IBS). This study examined differences in correlates of IBS among 265 Black (116 girls and 62 boys) and White (63 girls and 24 boys) adolescents. IBS for White girls and boys was related to perceptions of how their parents wanted them to look, while IBS for Black girls was related to perception of how peers look and would like to look. IBS for Black boys was significantly related to perceptions of their current size, how peers would like to look, how parents think they look, and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest cultural differences in the factors related to body image perceptions and have implications for educational programs promoting healthy body image development among Black and White adolescents. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, MPH Program, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Pediat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Chicago, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Univ Med, Dept Med, Sect Hlth Promot Res, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Med, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Off Clin Res, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Nollen, N (reprint author), 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. EM nnollen@kumc.edu NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0047-2891 J9 J YOUTH ADOLESCENCE JI J. Youth Adolesc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 2 BP 293 EP 301 DI 10.1007/s10964-005-9024-3 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 049MX UT WOS:000238021800013 ER PT J AU Shahangian, S AF Shahangian, S TI Laboratory-based health screening: Perception of effectiveness, biases, utility, and informed/shared decision making SO LABMEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; CANCER-SOCIETY GUIDELINES; PRIMARY-CARE PHYSICIANS; CERVICAL-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; PREVENTIVE SERVICES; CONTROLLED-TRIAL; BREAST-CANCER; MAMMOGRAPHY; PROGRAMS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shahangian, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 50 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0007-5027 J9 LABMEDICINE JI Labmedicine PD APR PY 2006 VL 37 IS 4 BP 210 EP 216 DI 10.1309/KHAG13KEDDVQMRKX PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 026SH UT WOS:000236362000013 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS AF Kahn, HS TI Obesity and risk of myocardial infarction: the INTERHEART study SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM hkahn@cdc.gov OI Kahn, Henry/0000-0003-2533-1562 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9516 BP 1053 EP 1054 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68464-X PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 030ZF UT WOS:000236673200021 PM 16581396 ER PT J AU Shone, C Ferreira, J Boyer, A Cirino, N Egan, C Evans, E Kools, J Sharma, S AF Shone, C Ferreira, J Boyer, A Cirino, N Egan, C Evans, E Kools, J Sharma, S TI The 5th International Conference on Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins. Workshop review: Assay's and detection SO NEUROTOXICITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum and Tetanus Toxins CY JUN 23-25, 2005 CL Denver, CO SP Allergan Inc DE botulinum; neurotoxin; assay; detection; endopeptidase; PCR ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GENE CLUSTERS; B NEUROTOXIN; TOXIN; MOUSE; PCR; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION AB The development of diagnostic tests for the botulinum neurotoxins is complicated by their extremely high potencies and the considerable diversity observed within the neurotoxin family. Current approaches for the detection of the toxins and the organism include amplified immunoassays and PCR techniques. Assays which exploit the biological activities within the botulinum toxins are also in development. These are based on both antibody and mass spectrometric techniques which measure the endopeptidase activities of the neurotoxins. This overview of the Assays and Detection Workshop of the 5th International Conference on Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins discusses recent progress in the development of these assay systems and the issues that need to be overcome prior to their implementation. C1 Hlth Protect Agcy, Ctr Emergency Preparedness & Response, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wilts, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Botulism Publ Hlth Res & Preparedness Lab, Natl Botulism Surveillance & Reference Unit, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12208 USA. US FDA, CFSAN, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Shone, C (reprint author), Hlth Protect Agcy, Ctr Emergency Preparedness & Response, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wilts, England. EM Cliff.Shone@hpa.org.uk FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI055578] NR 28 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU F P GRAHAM PUBLISHING CO PI MOUNTAIN HOME PA PO BOX 370, MOUNTAIN HOME, TN 37684 USA SN 1029-8428 J9 NEUROTOX RES JI Neurotox. Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2-3 BP 205 EP 216 PG 12 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 056QV UT WOS:000238541100018 PM 16785119 ER PT J AU Sutton, MY Sternberg, M Kouman, E McQuuillan, G Berman, S Markowitz, L AF Sutton, Madeline Y. Sternberg, Maya Kouman, Emelia McQuuillan, Geraldine Berman, Stuart Markowitz, Lauri TI The prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in the united states, 2001-2002 SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 54th Annual Clinical Meeting of the American-College-of-Obstetricians-and-Gynecologists CY MAY 06-10, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Coll Obstetricians & Gynecologists C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 107 IS 4 SU S BP 8S EP 8S DI 10.1097/00006250-200604001-00017 PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 095UN UT WOS:000241333900018 ER PT J AU Henderson, ZT Irwin, K Jain, N Montano, D Kasprzyk, D Carlin, L AF Henderson, Zsakeba T. Irwin, Kathleen Jain, Nidhi Montano, Daniel Kasprzyk, Danuta Carlin, Linda TI Human papillomavirus prevention opinions among US obstetrician-gynecologists SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 54th Annual Clinical Meeting of the American-College-of-Obstetricians-and-Gynecologists CY MAY 06-10, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Coll Obstetricians & Gynecologists C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 107 IS 4 SU S BP 106S EP 106S DI 10.1097/00006250-200604001-00254 PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 095UN UT WOS:000241333900255 ER PT J AU Luman, ET Ching, PLYH Jumaan, AO Seward, JF AF Luman, ET Ching, PLYH Jumaan, AO Seward, JF TI Uptake of varicella vaccination among young children in the United States: A success story in eliminating racial and ethnic disparities SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE varicella vaccine; racial disparities; vaccination coverage; immunization ID NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SURVEY; HISPANIC ANCESTRY; COVERAGE; HOSPITALIZATIONS; ATTITUDES; MORTALITY; DECLINE; AREAS AB OBJECTIVE. To examine uptake of varicella vaccine, a live attenuated vaccine licensed in 1995 and recommended in 1996 for routine vaccination of US children 12 to 18 months of age. METHODS. Data were for 178 616 children ( 19 - 35 months of age) and were collected in the 1997 to 2004 National Immunization Survey. The main outcome measures were estimated varicella vaccine coverage from 1997 to 2004, coverage among susceptible children (ie, those without a history of varicella disease), racial/ethnic disparities, risk factors for nonvaccination, missed opportunities to vaccinate simultaneously with other recommended vaccines, and projected increases in coverage after elimination of missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination. RESULTS. Varicella vaccine coverage rates increased from 26% in 1997 to 87% in 2004. State-specific coverage rates increased 44 to 80 percentage points and were > 80% in 42 states and > 90% in 13 states by 2004. Coverage among susceptible children increased from 62% in 1999 to 88% in 2004. From 1998 onward, no statistically significant differences in coverage were found between white and black children, whereas Hispanic children had higher coverage rates than white children in 1998 to 2001 and 2004. Risk factors for undervaccination included living in the Midwest region, living in a household with > 1 child, living in nonmetropolitan areas, living below the poverty level, having a mother who did not have a college degree, and having public providers. If missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination had been eliminated, then coverage rates would have increased from 58% to 94% in 1999 and from 87% to 96% in 2004. CONCLUSIONS. Uptake of varicella vaccine has been steady and is an example of successful elimination of racial and ethnic disparities. Additional focus should be placed on reducing missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination, improving coverage in rural areas and the Midwest region, and closing remaining gaps related to maternal education, provider type, and multiple-children households. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Luman, ET (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E62, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ELC7@cdc.gov NR 37 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 4 BP 999 EP 1008 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-1201 PG 10 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 029EA UT WOS:000236540500029 PM 16585293 ER PT J AU Lawrence, JM Standiford, DA Loots, B Klingensmith, GJ Williams, DE Ruggiero, A Liese, AD Bell, RA Waitzfelder, BE McKeown, RE AF Lawrence, JM Standiford, DA Loots, B Klingensmith, GJ Williams, DE Ruggiero, A Liese, AD Bell, RA Waitzfelder, BE McKeown, RE CA SEARCH Diabet Youth Study TI Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE adolescent depression; diabetes type 1; diabetes type 2; health service utilization ID ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION; YOUNG ADOLESCENTS; CES-D; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; ANGLO ADOLESCENTS; METABOLIC-CONTROL; MAJOR DEPRESSION; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; CHILDREN; MELLITUS AB OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine if depressed mood among youth with diabetes was associated with type and duration of diabetes, mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, and the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hypoglycemic episodes, hospitalizations, and emergency department (ED) visits. METHODS. A total of 2672 youth ( aged 10 - 21 years) who had diabetes for a mean duration of 5 years completed a SEARCH study visit, in which their HbA1c was measured and information about their demographic characteristics, diabetes type and duration, and episodes of DKA, hypoglycemia, hospitalizations, and ED visits over the previous 6 months was collected. Their level of depressed mood was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). RESULTS. Among these youth, 14% had mildly (CES-D 16 - 23) and 8.6% had moderately or severely (CES-D >= 24) depressed mood. Females had a higher mean CES-D score than males. After adjusting for demographic factors, and duration of diabetes, we found the prevalence of depressed mood to be higher among males with type 2 diabetes than those with type 1 diabetes and to be higher among females with comorbidities than those without comorbidities. Higher mean HbA1c and frequency of ED visits were associated with depressed mood. The prevalence of depressed mood among youth with diabetes was similar to that of published estimates of depressed mood among youth without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS. Physicians and other health care professionals should consider screening youth with diabetes for depressed mood in clinical settings, particularly youth with poor glycemic control, those with a history of frequent ED visits, males with type 2 diabetes, and females with comorbidities. C1 Kaiser Permanente So Calif, Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. Childrens Hosp Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. Childrens Hosp & Reg Med Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Barbara Davis Ctr Childhood Diabet, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Wake Forest Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Winston Salem, NC USA. Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Pacific Hlth Res Inst, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Lawrence, JM (reprint author), Kaiser Permanente So Calif, Res & Evaluat, 100 S Los Robles,2nd Floor, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM jean.m.lawrence@kp.org OI McKeown, Robert/0000-0002-8829-5784 NR 47 TC 120 Z9 122 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 4 BP 1348 EP 1358 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-1398 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 029EA UT WOS:000236540500069 PM 16585333 ER PT J AU Lenhardt, RO Catrambone, CD McDermott, MF Walter, J Williams, SG Weiss, KB AF Lenhardt, RO Catrambone, CD McDermott, MF Walter, J Williams, SG Weiss, KB TI Improving pediatric asthma care through surveillance: The Illinois Emergency Department Asthma Collaborative SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Enhancing the Role of the Emergency Department in the Identification and Management of Childhood Asthma CY JAN 21-23, 2005 CL Atlanta, GA DE asthma surveillance; emergency department; children ID PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER; CHILDHOOD ASTHMA; CHILDREN; RELAPSE; MORTALITY; OUTCOMES; VISITS; HOSPITALIZATION; MANAGEMENT; SEVERITY AB OBJECTIVES. To better understand and improve the care of asthma patients who require emergency department (ED) care, the Illinois Emergency Department Asthma Collaborative (IEDAC) was created to develop, test, and disseminate an ED-based surveillance system. This report describes the development and testing of the pediatric IEDAC surveillance instruments and demonstrates how these instruments can be used to describe the health status, healthcare delivery, and outcome of children using ED services. METHODS. A convenience sample of 128 children presenting to 5 EDs in Illinois for asthma care was the study base. Data were collected on monthly samples of children aged 2 through 17 years who presented to these EDs from May to November 2003. Three instruments were used to collect data regarding the children's pre-ED, ED, and post- ED experience. RESULTS. At the ED visit, 73.4% of children met national guideline criteria for persistent-level asthma symptoms. Among this group, 53.2% were using inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) medications. At 1 month follow-up, 66.6% of the children met the criteria for persistent-level asthma symptoms, which was statistically unchanged from the ED visit. Among the latter group, 64.2% were using ICS medications, again statistically unchanged compared with the ED visit. At follow-up, 24.5% of children were reported to have returned to an ED or were subsequently hospitalized. The majority of children were noted at follow-up to have limitation of at least some activity. CONCLUSIONS. Children who presented to IEDAC EDs were found to have a high level of asthma burden that continued at follow-up despite treatment. Moreover, a substantial proportion of children had returned to an ED or were subsequently hospitalized. Encouraging trends in medication use were observed, although suboptimal medication use was also observed. C1 Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Dept Internal Med, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Coll Nursing, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. John H Stroger Jr Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Chicago, Sect Emergency Med, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Inst Healthcare Studies, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Midwest Ctr Hlth Serv & Policy Res, Hines, IL USA. Vet Affairs Edward Hines Jr Hosp, Hines, IL USA. RP Lenhardt, RO (reprint author), Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Dept Internal Med, 1653 W Congress Pkwy,Jelke 297, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. EM richard_lenhardt@rush.edu FU PHS HHS [U59-CCU520891-01] NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 4 SU S BP S96 EP S105 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-2000G PG 10 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 029EB UT WOS:000236540600006 PM 16777837 ER PT J AU Reeves, MJ Lyon-Callo, S Brown, MD Rosenman, K Wasilevich, E Williams, SG AF Reeves, MJ Lyon-Callo, S Brown, MD Rosenman, K Wasilevich, E Williams, SG TI Using billing data to describe patterns in asthma-related emergency department visits in children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Enhancing the Role of the Emergency Department in the Identification and Management of Childhood Asthma CY JAN 21-23, 2005 CL Atlanta, GA DE pediatric asthma; emergency department utilization; public health surveillance; billing data ID CHILDHOOD ASTHMA; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; SEASONAL PATTERNS; UNITED-STATES; INNER-CITY; CARE; SURVEILLANCE; ACCESS; TRENDS AB OBJECTIVES. To describe the development and evaluation of a pilot emergency department (ED) - based asthma surveillance system for childhood asthma visits based on billing data and to illustrate how the data can be used to document trends and patterns in ED visits for asthma in children. METHODS. During 2001 and 2002, aggregate reports based on ED billing data from 3 hospitals in western Michigan were obtained from a single physician billing company. Data were tabulated and graphed to show trends in the monthly number of ED visits for asthma in children. Comparisons were made by age, gender, and site. We evaluated the system by using established guidelines. RESULTS. The data illustrated strong seasonal trends, as well as marked differences in ED use according to age and gender. The total numbers of asthma ED visits were remarkably similar between the 2 years evaluated; however, the timing and duration of the seasonal peaks differed. Our evaluation of the system found that it met many of the characteristics that define successful surveillance systems, including simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity and positive predictive value, timeliness, and stability. However, the surveillance system's representativeness was limited by the inability to calculate valid population-based ED-visit rates. Despite this limitation, the data provided useful information by documenting the burden and demographic profile of children who use the ED for asthma care and in identifying seasonal and time-related trends. CONCLUSIONS. We were able to successfully implement a pilot ED-based surveillance system for childhood asthma visits by using billing data. This system promotes the understanding of the burden of asthma among children visiting the ED. The development of an ED-based surveillance system for childhood asthma visits using billing data is recommended, particularly when there is a desire to understand the characteristics of children with asthma who use the ED and/or a need to understand the impact of local asthma quality-improvement programs. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Human Med, Dept Epidemiol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Human Med, Dept Med, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. Michigan State Univ, Program Emergency Med, Grand Rapids Med Educ & Res, Grand Rapids, MI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Reeves, MJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Human Med, Dept Epidemiol, B 601 W Fee Hall, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM reevesm@msu.edu FU PHS HHS [U59/CCU519422-01] NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 4 SU S BP S106 EP S117 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-2000H PG 12 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 029EB UT WOS:000236540600007 PM 16777826 ER PT J AU Davis, RL Khoury, MJ AF Davis, RL Khoury, MJ TI A public health approach to pharmacogenomics and gene-based diagnostic tests SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE clinical effectiveness; diagnostic tests; evidence-based medicine; observational studies; networks; pharmacogenomics; randomized clinical trials ID HUMAN GENOME EPIDEMIOLOGY; CARE RESEARCH; TRIALS; INTERVENTIONS; COVERAGE; QUALITY; SOCIETY; DISEASE; AGENCY; DRUGS AB While the human genome project is likely to lead to fundamental changes in our understanding of disease causation and our ability to screen for disease predisposition and treatment responsiveness, the current healthcare system is not properly aligned to ensure the proper use of these advances. As the pace of genetic technology development increases and new pharmacogenetic drugs and gene-based diagnostic tests increasingly impact providers, patients, health plans, payers and employers, it will be crucial to develop an evidence-based framework by which to evaluate these new tests and treatments. in order to increase the level of evidence available and allow for informed decisions in the face of strong marketing and advocacy forces, the authors suggest the development of one (or more) large clinical networks with the purpose of systematically evaluating the clinical effectiveness of new genomic applications, including pharmaceuticals and gene-based diagnostic tests, in 'real world' settings. C1 Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Davis, RL (reprint author), Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 331 EP 337 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.331 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900009 PM 16610943 ER PT J AU Vernon, SD Reeves, WC AF Vernon, SD Reeves, WC TI The challenge of integrating disparate high-content data: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data collected during an in-hospital study of chronic fatigue syndrome SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Review DE CFS; chronic fatigue syndrome; clinical study; data integration; disparate data ID DAYTIME SLEEPINESS; SCALE; HEALTH; MSLT AB Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating illness characterized by multiple unexplained symptoms including fatigue, cognitive impairment and pain. People with CFS have no characteristic physical signs or diagnostic laboratory abnormalities, and the etiology and pathophysiology remain unknown. CFS represents a complex illness that includes alterations in homeostatic systems, involves multiple body systems and results from the combined action of many genes, environmental factors and risk-conferring behavior. in order to achieve understanding of complex illnesses, such as CFS, studies must collect relevant epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data and then integrate, analyze and interpret the information so as to obtain meaningful clinical and biological insight. This issue of Pharmacogenomics represents such an approach to CFS. Data was collected during a 2-day in-hospital study of persons with CFS, other medically and psychiatrically unexplained fatiguing illnesses and nonfatigued controls identified from the general population of Wichita, KS, USA. While in the hospital, the participants' psychiatric status, sleep characteristics and cognitive functioning was evaluated, and biological samples were collected to measure neuroendocrine status, autonomic nervous system function, systemic cytokines and peripheral blood gene expression. The data generated from these assessments was made available to a multidisciplinary group of 20 investigators from around the world who were challenged with revealing new insight and algorithms for integration of this complex, high-content data and, if possible, identifying molecular markers and elucidating pathophysiology of chronic fatigue. The group was divided into four teams with representation from the disciplines of medicine, mathematics, biology, engineering and computer science. The papers in this issue are the culmination of this 6-month challenge, and demonstrate that data integration and multidisciplinary collaboration can indeed yield novel approaches for handling large, complex datasets, and reveal new insight and relevance to a complex illness such as CFS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vernon, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sdv2@cdc.gov; wcr1@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 4 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 345 EP 354 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3,345 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900011 PM 16610945 ER PT J AU Vollmer-Conna, U Aslakson, E White, PD AF Vollmer-Conna, U Aslakson, E White, PD TI An empirical delineation of the heterogeneity of chronic unexplained fatigue in women SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue syndrome; heterogeneity; latent class analysis; medically unexplained fatigue; nosology; principal component analysis ID ACUTE SICKNESS BEHAVIOR; GLANDULAR FEVER; INFECTIOUS-MONONUCLEOSIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; CASE-DEFINITION; SYMPTOMS; OBESITY; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION; DISORDERS AB Objectives: To test the hypothesis that medically unexplained chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are heterogeneous conditions, and to define the different conditions using both symptom and laboratory data. Methods: We studied 159 women from KS, USA. A total of 51 of these suffered from fatigue consistent with established criteria for CFS, 55 had chronic fatigue of insufficient symptoms/severity for a CFS diagnosis and 53 were healthy controls matched by age and body mass index (BMI) against those with CFS. We used principal components analyses to define factors that best described the variable space and to reduce the number of variables. The 38 most explanatory variables were then used in latent class analyses to define discrete subject groups. Results: Principal components analyses defined six discrete factors that explained 40% of the variance. Latent class analyses provided several interpretable solutions with four, five and six classes. The four-class solution was statistically most convincing, but the six-class solution was more interpretable. Class 1 defined 41 (26%) subjects with obesity and relative sleep hypnoea. Class 2 were 38 (24%) healthy subjects. Class 3 captured 24 (15%) obese relatively hypnoeic subjects, but with low heart rate variability and cortisol. Class 4 were 23 (14%) sleep-disturbed and myalgic subjects without obesity or significant depression. The two remaining classes with 22 (14%) and 11 (7%) subjects consisted of the most symptomatic and depressed, but without obesity or hypnoea. Class 5 had normal sleep indices. Class 6 was characterized by disturbed sleep, with low sleep heart rate variability, cortisol, and sex hormones. Conclusion: Chronic medically unexplained fatigue is heterogeneous. The putative syndromes were differentiated by obesity, sleep hypnoea, depression, physiological stress response, sleep disturbance, interoception and menopausal status. If these syndromes are externally validated and replicated, they may prove useful in determining the causes, pathophysiology and treatments of CFS. C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ London, Dept Psychol Med, Barts London & Queen Mary Sch Med & Dent, London, England. RP Vollmer-Conna, U (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, 30 Bot St, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. EM ute@unsw.edu.au OI White, Peter/0000-0002-8193-5355 NR 39 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 5 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 355 EP 364 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.355 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900012 PM 16610946 ER PT J AU Aslakson, E Vollmer-Conna, U White, PD AF Aslakson, E Vollmer-Conna, U White, PD TI The validity of an empirical delineation of heterogeneity in chronic unexplained fatigue SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue syndrome; classification; diagnosis; heterogeneity; medically unexplained fatigue; nosology; validity ID CASE-DEFINITION; SUBTYPES; SAMPLE AB Objectives: To validate a latent class structure derived empirically from a clinical data set obtained from persons with chronic medically unexplained fatigue. Methods: The strategies utilized in this validation study included: recalculating latent class analysis (LCA) results varying random seeds and the number of initial random starting sets; recalculating LCA results by substituting alternate variables to demonstrate a robust solution; determining the statistical significance of between-class differences on disability, fatigue and demographic measures omitted from the data set used for LCA; cross-classifying class membership using established Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) research criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) to compare the relative proportions of subjects designated CFS, chronic fatigue (not CFS) or healthy controls captured by the latent classes. Results: Recalculation of results and substitution of variables for low-loading variables demonstrated a robust LCA result. Highly significant between-class differences were confirmed between Class 2 (well) and those interpreted as ill/fatigued. Analysis of between-class differences for the fatigue groups revealed significant differences for all disability and fatigue variables, but with equivalent levels of reported activity and reduction in motivation. Cross-classification against established CDC criteria demonstrated that 89% of subjects constituting Class 2 (well) were indeed nonfatigued controls. A general tendency for grouping CFS cases in the multiple symptomatic classes was noted. Conclusion: This study established reasonably good validity for an empirically-derived latent class solution reflecting considerable heterogeneity among subjects with medically unexplained chronic fatigue. This work strengthens the growing understanding of CFS as a heterogeneous entity comprised of several conditions with different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ London, Dept Psychol Med, Barts London & Queen Mary Sch Med & Dent, London, England. RP Aslakson, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM EAslakson@cdc.gov OI White, Peter/0000-0002-8193-5355 NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 365 EP 373 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.365 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900013 PM 16610947 ER PT J AU Carmel, L Efroni, S White, PD Aslakson, E Vollmer-Conna, U Rajeevan, MS AF Carmel, L Efroni, S White, PD Aslakson, E Vollmer-Conna, U Rajeevan, MS TI Gene expression profile of empirically delineated classes of unexplained chronic fatigue SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue syndrome; Fisher quotient and discriminatory genes; gene expression and gene scores; interoception; latent class analysis; principal component analysis ID BIOMARKER DISCOVERY; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; MICROARRAY DATA; IDENTIFICATION; MULTICLASS; MODEL; CLASSIFICATION; ROLES AB Objectives: To identify the underlying gene expression profiles of unexplained chronic fatigue subjects classified into five or six class solutions by principal component (PCA) and latent class analyses (LCA). Methods: Microarray expression data were available for 15,315 genes and 111 female subjects enrolled from a population-based study on chronic fatigue syndrome. Algorithms were developed to assign gene scores and threshold values that signified the contribution of each gene to discriminate the multiclasses in each LCA solution. Unsupervised dimensionality reduction was first used to remove noise or otherwise uninformative gene combinations, followed by supervised dimensionality reduction to isolate gene combinations that best separate the classes. Results: The authors' gene score and threshold algorithms identified 32 and 26 genes capable of discriminating the five and six multiclass solutions, respectively. Pair-wise comparisons suggested that some genes (zinc finger protein 350 [ZNF350], solute carrier family 1, member 6 [SLC1A6], F-box protein 7 [FBX07] and vacuole 14 protein homolog [VAC14]) distinguished most classes of fatigued subjects from healthy subjects, whereas others (patched homolog 2 [PTCH2] and T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [TCL1A]) differentiated specific fatigue classes. Conclusion: A computational approach was developed for general use to identify discriminatory genes in any multiclass problem. Using this approach, differences in gene expression were found to discriminate some classes of unexplained chronic fatigue, particularly one termed interoception. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, Ctr Bioinformat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ London, Dept Psychol Med, Barts London & Queen Mary Sch Med & Dent, London, England. Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Rajeevan, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG 41, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mor4@cdc.gov RI Carmel, Liran/A-9681-2008; Efroni, Sol/I-6752-2012; OI Efroni, Sol/0000-0001-7927-6349; White, Peter/0000-0002-8193-5355 NR 33 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 375 EP 386 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.375 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900014 PM 16610948 ER PT J AU Smith, AK White, PD Aslakson, E Vollmer-Conna, U Rajeevan, MS AF Smith, AK White, PD Aslakson, E Vollmer-Conna, U Rajeevan, MS TI Polymorphisms in genes regulating the HPA axis associated with empirically delineated classes of unexplained chronic fatigue SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue syndrome; heterogeneity; HPA axis; latent class analysis; MAOA; neurotransmitter systems; NR3C1; polymorphisms; TPH2 ID PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RESEARCH CASE-DEFINITION; MONOAMINE-OXIDASE; FUNCTIONAL POLYMORPHISM; RECOMMENDATIONS; IDENTIFICATION; AMBIGUITIES; RESOLUTION AB Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by persistent or relapsing fatigue that is not alleviated by rest, causes substantial reduction in activities and is accompanied by a variety of symptoms. Its unknown etiology may reflect that CFS is heterogeneous. Latent class analyses of symptoms and physiological systems were used to delineate subgroups within a population-based sample of fatigued and nonfatigued subjects Ill. This study examined whether genetic differences underlie the individual subgroups of the latent class solution. Polymorphisms in 11 candidate genes related to both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and mood-related neurotransmitter systems were evaluated by comparing each of the five ill classes (Class 1, n = 33; Class 3, n = 22; Class 4, n = 22; Class 5, n = 17; Class 6, n = 11) of fatigued subjects with subjects defined as well (Class 2, n = 35). Of the five classes of subjects with unexplained fatigue, three classes were distinguished by gene polymorphsims involved in either HPA axis function or neurotransmitter systems, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC), nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), monoamine oxidse A (MAOA), monoamine oxidse B (MAOB), and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2). These data support the hypothesis that medically unexplained chronic fatigue is heterogeneous and presents preliminary evidence of the genetic mechanisms underlying some of the putative conditions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ London, Dept Psychol Med, Barts London & Queen Mary Sch Med & Dent, London, England. Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Rajeevan, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG41, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mor4@cdc.gov OI White, Peter/0000-0002-8193-5355 NR 27 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 387 EP 394 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.387 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900015 PM 16610949 ER PT J AU Whistler, T Taylor, R Craddock, RC Broderick, G Klimas, N Unger, ER AF Whistler, T Taylor, R Craddock, RC Broderick, G Klimas, N Unger, ER TI Gene expression correlates of unexplained fatigue SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE CFS; fatigue; gene expression; MR; quantitative trait analysis AB Quantitative trait analysis (QTA) can be used to test whether the expression of a particular gene significantly correlates with some ordinal variable. To limit the number of false discoveries in the gene list, a multivariate permutation test can also be performed. The purpose of this study is to identify peripheral blood gene expression correlates of fatigue using quantitative trait analysis on gene expression data from 20,000 genes and fatigue traits measured using the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI). A total of 839 genes were statistically associated with fatigue measures. These mapped to biological pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and several signal transduction pathways. However, more than 50% are not functionally annotated or associated with identified pathways. There is some overlap with genes implicated in other studies using differential gene expression. However, QTA allows detection of alterations that may not reach statistical significance in class comparison analyses, but which could contribute to disease pathophysiology. This study supports the use of phenotypic measures of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and QTA as important for additional studies of this complex illness. Gene expression correlates of other phenotypic measures in the CFS Computational Challenge (C3) data set could be useful. Future studies of CFS should include as many precise measures of disease phenotype as is practical. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Occupat Therapy, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Alberta, Inst Biomol Design, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada. Miami Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Miami, FL 33125 USA. RP Whistler, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM taw6@cdc.gov; rtaylor@uic.edu; gordon.broderick@ualberta.ca; Nancy.klimas@va.gov RI Whistler, Toni/A-6709-2009; Craddock, Cameron/P-1980-2014; OI Craddock, Cameron/0000-0002-4950-1303; Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 395 EP 405 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.395 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900016 PM 16610950 ER PT J AU Broderick, G Craddock, RC Whistler, T Taylor, R Klimas, N Unger, ER AF Broderick, G Craddock, RC Whistler, T Taylor, R Klimas, N Unger, ER TI Identifying illness parameters in fatiguing syndromes using classical projection methods SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE CD74; CFS; fatigue; free T4; gene expression; HRV; immune response; IRF5; MAPK; MFI; mTOR; partial least squares; PLS; potassium; projection methods; SESN1; Wnt ID CROSS-VALIDATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; DISCOVERY; STRESS; BLOOD; CELL AB Objectives: To examine the potential of multivariate projection methods in identifying common patterns of change in clinical and gene expression data that capture the illness state of subjects with unexplained fatigue and nonfatigued control participants. Methods: Data for 111 female subjects was examined. A total of 59 indicators, including multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI), medical outcome Short Form 36 (SF-36), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) symptom inventory and cognitive response described illness. Partial least squares (PLS) was used to construct two feature spaces: one describing the symptom space from gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and one based on 117 clinical variables. Multiplicative scatter correction followed by quantile normalization was applied for trend removal and range adjustment of microarray data. Microarray quality was assessed using mean Pearson correlation between samples. Benjamini-Hochberg multiple testing criteria served to identify significantly expressed probes. Results: A single common trend in 59 symptom constructs isolates of nonfatigued subjects from the overall group. This segregation is supported by two co-regulation patterns representing 10% of the overall microarray variation. Of the 39 principal contributors, the 17 probes annotated related to basic cellular processes involved in cell signaling, ion transport and immune system function. The single most influential gene was sestrin 1 (SESN1), supporting recent evidence of oxidative stress involvement in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Dominant variables in the clinical feature space described heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep. Potassium and free thyroxine (T4) also figure prominently. Conclusion: Combining multiple symptom, gene or clinical variables into composite features provides better discrimination of the illness state than even the most influential variable used alone. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, results suggest a common link between oxidative stress, immune system dysfunction and potassium imbalance in CFS patients leading to impaired sympatho-vagal balance strongly reflected in abnormal HRV. C1 Univ Alberta, Inst Biomol Design, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Illes Balears, Dept Occupat Therapy, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Miami, Miami Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Miami, FL 33125 USA. RP Broderick, G (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Inst Biomol Design, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada. EM gordon.broderick@ualberta.ca RI Whistler, Toni/A-6709-2009; Craddock, Cameron/P-1980-2014; OI Craddock, Cameron/0000-0002-4950-1303; Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 407 EP 419 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.407 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900017 PM 16610951 ER PT J AU Craddock, RC Taylor, R Broderick, G Whistler, T Klimas, N Unger, ER AF Craddock, RC Taylor, R Broderick, G Whistler, T Klimas, N Unger, ER TI Exploration of statistical dependence between illness parameters using the entropy correlation coefficient SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE CFS; entropy correlation coefficient; fatigue; MFI; mutual information ID CHRONIC-FATIGUE-SYNDROME AB The entropy correlation coefficient (ECC) is a useful tool for measuring statistical dependence between variables. We employed this tool to search for pairs of variables that correlated in the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Computational Challenge dataset. Highly related variables are candidates for data reduction, and novel relationships could lead to hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of CFS. Methods: Data for 130 female participants in the Wichita (KS, USA) clinical study [1] was coded into numerical values. Metric data was grouped using Gaussian mixture models; the number of groups was chosen using Bayesian information content. The pair-wise correlation between all variables was computed using the ECC. Significance was estimated from 1000 iterations of a permutation test and a threshold of 0.01 was used to identify significantly correlated variables. Results: The five dimensions of multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) were all highly correlated with each other. Seven Short Form (SF)-36 measures, four CFS case-defining symptoms and the Zung self-rating depression scale all correlated with all MFI dimensions. No physiological variables correlate with more than one MFI dimension. MFI, SF-36, CDC symptom inventory, the Zung self-rating depression scale and three Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) measures are highly correlated with CFS disease status. Discussion: Correlations between the five dimensions of MFI are expected since they are measured from the same instrument. The relationship between MFI and Zung depression index has been previously reported. MFI, SF-36, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) symptom inventory are used to classify CFS; it is not surprising that they are correlated with disease status. Only one of the three CANTAB measures that correlate with disease status has been previously found, indicating the ECC identifies relationships not found with other statistical tools. Conclusion: The ECC is a useful tool for measuring statistical dependence between variables in clinical and laboratory datasets. The ECC needs to be further studied to gain a better understanding of its meaning for clinical data. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Illes Balears, Dept Occupat Therapy, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Alberta, Inst Biomol Design, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada. Univ Miami, Miami Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Miami, FL 33125 USA. RP Craddock, RC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cmi5@cdc.gov; rtaylor@uic.edu; gordon.broderick@ualberta.ca; Nancy.klimas@va.gov RI Whistler, Toni/A-6709-2009; OI Craddock, Cameron/0000-0002-4950-1303; Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 421 EP 428 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.421 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900018 PM 16610952 ER PT J AU Fang, H Xie, Q Boneva, R Fostel, J Perkins, R Tong, WD AF Fang, H Xie, Q Boneva, R Fostel, J Perkins, R Tong, WD TI Gene expression profile exploration of a large dataset on chronic fatigue syndrome SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE ArrayTrack; bioinformatics; chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS); correspondence analysis; DNA microarray; gene expression patterns; multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI); pathway analysis; Wichita CFS Surveillance Study; Zung self-rating depression scale ID RATING DEPRESSION SCALE; BREAST-CANCER; IDENTIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION; DEFINITION; PREVALENCE; DISCOVERY; INFECTION; SEQUENCES; SYMPTOMS AB Objective: To gain understanding of the molecular basis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) through gene expression analysis using a large microarray data set in conjunction with clinically administrated questionnaires. Method: Data from the Wichita (KS, USA) CFS Surveillance Study was used, comprising 167 participants with two self-report questionnaires (multidimensional fatigue inventory [MFI] and Zung depression scale [Zung]), microarray data, empiric classification, and others. Microarray data was analyzed using bioinformatics tools from ArrayTrack. Results: Correspondence analysis was applied to the MFI questionnaire to select the 23 samples having either the most or the least fatigue, and to the Zung questionnaire to select the 26 samples having either the most or least depression; ten samples were common, resulting in a total of 39 samples. The MFI and Zung-based CFS/non-CFS (NF) classifications on the 39 samples were consistent with the empiric classification. Two differentially-expressed gene lists were determined, 188 fatigue-related genes and 164 depression-related genes, which shared 24 common genes and involved 11 common pathways. Principal component analysis based on 24 genes clearly separates 39 samples with respect to their likelihood to be CFS. Most of the 24 genes are not previously reported for CFS, yet their functions are consistent with the prevailing model of CFS, such as immune response, apoptosis, ion channel activity, signal transduction, cell-cell signaling, regulation of cell growth and neuronal activity. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed based on 24 genes to classify 128 (=167-39) unassigned samples. Several of the 11 identified common pathways are supported by earlier findings for CFS, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Importantly, most of the 11 common pathways are interrelated, suggesting complex biological mechanisms associated with CFS. Conclusion: Bioinformatics is critical in this study to select definitive sample groups, analyze gene expression data and gain insight into biological mechanisms. The 24 identified common genes and 11 common pathways could be important in future studies of CFS at the molecular level. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Ctr Toxicoinformat, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Z Tech Corp, Div Bioinformat, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Alpha Gamma Technol Inc, Raleigh, NC 27609 USA. RP Tong, WD (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Ctr Toxicoinformat, HFT-020,3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. EM wtong@nctr.fda.gov NR 63 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 429 EP 440 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.429 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900019 PM 16610953 ER PT J AU Fostel, J Boneva, R Lloyd, A AF Fostel, J Boneva, R Lloyd, A TI Exploration of the gene expression correlates of chronic unexplained fatigue using factor analysis SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue; factor analysis; molecular expression; surrogate biomarker ID HEALTH SURVEY SF-36; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; BIOMARKER DISCOVERY; CASE-DEFINITION; SYMPTOMS; DEPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; PREVALENCE; INVENTORY AB Objective: To identify biomarkers of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and related disorders through analysis of microarray data, pathology test results and self-report symptom profiles. Method: To empirically derive the symptom domains of the illnesses, factor analysis was performed on responses to self-report questionnaires (multidimensional fatigue inventory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) symptom inventory and Zung depression scale) before validation with independent datasets. Gene expression patterns that distinguished subjects across each factor dimension were then sought. Results: A four-factor solution was favored, featuring 'fatigue' and 'mood disturbance' factors. Scores on these factors correlated with measures of disability on the Short Form (SF)-36. A total of 57 genes that distinguished subjects along each factor dimension were identified, although the separation was significant only for subjects beyond the extreme (15th and 85th) percentiles of severity. Clustering of laboratory parameters with expression of these genes revealed associations with serum measurements of pH, electrolytes, glucose, urea, creatinine, and liver enzymes (aspartate amino transferase [AST] and alanine amino transferase [AST]); as well as hematocrit and white cell count. Conclusion: CFS is a complex syndrome that cannot simply be associated with changes in individual laboratory tests or expression levels of individual genes. No clear association with gene expression and individual symptom domains was found. However, analysis of such multifacetted datasets is likely to be an important means to elucidate the pathogenesis of CFS. C1 NIEHS, Natl Ctr Toxicogenom, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ New S Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Fostel, J (reprint author), NIEHS, Natl Ctr Toxicogenom, MD F1-05,111 Alexander Dr,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM fostel@niehs.nih.gov NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 441 EP 454 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.441 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900020 PM 16610954 ER PT J AU Gurbaxani, BM Jones, JF Goertzel, BN Maloney, EM AF Gurbaxani, BM Jones, JF Goertzel, BN Maloney, EM TI Linear data mining the Wichita clinical matrix suggests sleep and allostatic load involvement in chronic fatigue syndrome SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE allostatic load; chronic fatigue syndrome; data mining; feature selection ID FEATURE-SELECTION AB Objectives: To provide a mathematical introduction to the Wichita (KS, USA) clinical dataset, which is all of the nongenetic data (no microarray or single nucleotide polymorphism data) from the 2-day clinical evaluation, and show the preliminary findings and limitations, of popular, matrix algebra-based data mining techniques. Methods: An initial matrix of 440 variables by 227 human subjects was reduced to 183 variables by 164 subjects. Variables were excluded that strongly correlated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) case classification by design (for example, the multidimensional fatigue inventory [MFI] data), that were otherwise self reporting in nature and also tended to correlate strongly with CFS classification, or were sparse or nonvarying between case and control. Subjects were excluded if they did not clearly fall into well-defined CFS classifications, had comorbid depression with melancholic features, or other medical or psychiatric exclusions. The popular data mining techniques, principle components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were used to determine how well the data separated into groups. Two different feature selection methods helped identify the most discriminating parameters. Results: Although purely biological features (variables) were found to separate CFS cases from controls, including many allostatic load and sleep-related variables, most parameters were not statistically significant individually. However, biological correlates of CFS, such as heart rate and heart rate variability, require further investigation. Conclusions: Feature selection of a limited number of variables from the purely biological dataset produced better separation between groups than a PCA of the entire dataset. Feature selection highlighted the importance of many of the allostatic load variables studied in more detail by Maloney and colleagues in this issue [1], as well as some sleep-related variables. Nonetheless, matrix linear algebra-based data mining approaches appeared to be of limited utility when compared with more sophisticated nonlinear analyses on richer data types, such as those found in Maloney and colleagues [1] and Goertzel and colleagues [2] in this issue. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Biomind LLC, Rockville, MD USA. RP Gurbaxani, BM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 600 Clifton Rd,MS A-15, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bww8@cdc.gov; ben@goertzel.org NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 455 EP 465 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.455 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900021 PM 16610955 ER PT J AU Maloney, EM Gurbaxani, BM Jones, JF Coelho, LD Pennachin, C Goertzel, BN AF Maloney, EM Gurbaxani, BM Jones, JF Coelho, LD Pennachin, C Goertzel, BN TI Chronic fatigue syndrome and high allostatic load SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE allostasis; allostatic load; case-control study; chronic fatigue syndrome ID MACARTHUR; DISEASE; RISK; MECHANISMS; MORTALITY; STRESS; BRAIN; WOMEN; ACID; MEN AB Study population: We examined the relationship between chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and allostatic load in a population-based, case-control study of 43 CFS patients and 60 nonfatigued, healthy controls from Wichita, KS, USA. Methods: An allostatic load index was computed for all study participants using available laboratory and clinical data, according to a standard algorithm for allostatic load. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) as estimates of relative risk in models that included adjustment for matching factors and education; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to estimate the precision of the ORs. Results: CFS patients were 1.9-times more likely to have a high allostatic load index than controls (95% CI = 0.75, 4.75) after adjusting for educatiqn level, in addition to matching factors. The strength of this association increased in a linear trend across categories of low, medium and high levels of allostatic load (p = 0.06). Conclusion: CFS was associated with a high level of allostatic load. The three allostatic load components that best discriminated cases from controls were waist:hip ratio, aldosterone and urinary cortisol. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Biomind LLC, Rockville, MD USA. Maryland & Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA USA. RP Maloney, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS A-15, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM evm3@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 467 EP 473 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.467 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900022 PM 16610956 ER PT J AU Goertzel, BN Pennachin, C Coelho, LD Gurbaxani, B Maloney, EM Jones, JF AF Goertzel, BN Pennachin, C Coelho, LD Gurbaxani, B Maloney, EM Jones, JF TI Combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in neuroendocrine effector and receptor genes predict chronic fatigue syndrome SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue syndrome; single nucleotide polymorphism; supervised machine learning AB Objective: This paper asks whether the presence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can be more accurately predicted from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles than would occur by chance. Methods: Specifically, given SNP profiles for 43 US patients, together with 58 controls, we used an enumerative search to identify an ensemble of conjunctive rules that predict whether a patient has CFS. Results: The accuracy of the rules reached 76.3%, with the highest accuracy rules yielding 49 true negatives, 15 false negatives, 28 true positives and nine false positives (odds ratio [OR] 8.94, p < 0.0001). Analysis of the SNPs used most frequently in the overall ensemble of rules gave rise to a list of 'most important SNPs', which was not identical to the list of 'most differentiating SNPs' that one would calculate via studying each SNP independently. The top three genes containing the SNPS accounting for the highest accumulated importances were neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1). Conclusion: The fact that only 28 out of several million possible SNPs predict whether a person has US with 76% accuracy indicates that CFS has a genetic component that may help to explain some aspects of the illness. C1 Virginia Tech, Natl Capital Reg, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Biomind LLC, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Goertzel, BN (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Natl Capital Reg, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. EM ben@goertzel.org NR 14 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 475 EP 483 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.475 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900023 PM 16610957 ER PT J AU Goertzel, BN Pennachin, C Coelho, LD Maloney, EM Jones, JF Gurbaxani, B AF Goertzel, BN Pennachin, C Coelho, LD Maloney, EM Jones, JF Gurbaxani, B TI Allostatic load is associated with symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome patients SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Article DE allostatic load; bodily pain; chronic fatigue syndrome; genetic programming; machine learning; nonlinear regression ID STRESS; MACARTHUR; MARKER; HEALTH AB Objectives: To further explore the relationship between chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and allostatic load (AL), we conducted a computational analysis involving 43 patients with CFS and 60 nonfatigued, healthy controls (NF) enrolled in a population-based case-control study in Wichita (KS, USA). We used traditional biostatistical methods to measure the association of high AL to standardized measures of physical and mental functioning, disability, fatigue and general symptom severity. We also used nonlinear regression technology embedded in machine learning algorithms to learn equations predicting various CFS symptoms based on the individual components of the allostatic load index (ALI). Methods: An ALI was computed for all study participants using available laboratory and clinical data on metabolic, cardiovascular and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis factors. Physical and mental functioning/impairment was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36); current fatigue was measured using the 20-item multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI); frequency and intensity of symptoms was measured using the 19-item symptom inventory (SI). Genetic programming, a nonlinear regression technique, was used to learn an ensemble of different predictive equations rather just than a single one. Statistical analysis was based on the calculation of the percentage of equations in the ensemble that utilized each input variable, producing a measure of the 'utility' of the variable for the predictive problem at hand. Traditional biostatistics methods include the median and Wilcoxon tests for comparing the median levels of subscale scores obtained on the SF-36, the MFI and the 51 summary score. Results: Among CFS patients, but not controls, a high level of AL was significantly associated with lower median values (indicating worse health) of bodily pain, physical functioning and general symptom frequency/intensity. Using genetic programming, the ALI was determined to be a better predictor of these three health measures than any subcombination of ALI components among cases, but not controls. C1 Virginia Tech, Natl Capital Reg, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Biomind LLC, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Goertzel, BN (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Natl Capital Reg, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. EM ben@goertzel.org NR 15 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 3 BP 485 EP 494 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.3.485 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 036LF UT WOS:000237071900024 PM 16610958 ER PT J AU Slaven, JE Andrew, ME Violanti, JM Burchfiel, CM Vila, BJ AF Slaven, JE Andrew, ME Violanti, JM Burchfiel, CM Vila, BJ TI A statistical test to determine the quality of accelerometer data SO PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE actigraphy; quality control; sleep quality; statistical test ID SLEEP; ADOLESCENTS; ACTIGRAPHY AB Accelerometer data quality can be inadequate due to data corruption or to non-compliance of the subject with regard to study protocols. We propose a simple statistical test to determine if accelerometer data are of good quality and can be used for analysis or if the data are of poor quality and should be discarded. We tested several data evaluation methods using a group of 105 subjects who wore Motionlogger actigraphs (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc.) over a 15 day period to assess sleep quality in a study of health outcomes associated with stress among police officers. Using leave-one-out cross-validation and calibration-testing methods of discrimination statistics, error rates for the methods ranged from 0.0167 to 0.4046. We found that the best method was to use the overall average distance between consecutive time points and the overall average mean amplitude of consecutive time points. These values gave us a classification error rate of 0.0167. The average distance between points is a measure of smoothness in the data, and the average mean amplitude between points gave an average reading. Both of these values were then normed to determine a final statistic, K, which was then compared to a cut-off value, KC, to determine data quality. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat & Epidemiol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV USA. SUNY Buffalo, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Profess, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Washington State Univ, Criminal Justice Program, Spokane, WA USA. Washington State Univ, Sleep & Performance Res Ctr, Spokane, WA USA. RP Slaven, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat & Epidemiol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV USA. EM cto8@cdc.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0967-3334 J9 PHYSIOL MEAS JI Physiol. Meas. PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 4 BP 413 EP 423 DI 10.1088/0967-3334/27/4/007 PG 11 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Physiology SC Biophysics; Engineering; Physiology GA 038OM UT WOS:000237232200007 PM 16537982 ER PT J AU Sasser, SM Sattin, RW Hunt, RC Krohmer, J AF Sasser, Scott M. Sattin, Richard W. Hunt, Richard C. Krohmer, Jon TI Blast lung injury SO PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE LA English DT Article DE blast injury; explosions; terrorism; acute lung injury ID TERRORIST BOMBINGS; OVERPRESSURE INJURY; CIVILIAN BUS; EXPLOSION; MANAGEMENT; CASUALTIES; SURVIVORS; TRAUMA; BEIRUT; MODEL AB Current trends in global terrorism mandate that emergency medical services, emergency medicine and other acute care clinicians have a basic understanding of the physics of explosions, the types of injuries that can result from an explosion, and current management for patients injured by explosions. High-order explosive detonations result in near instantaneous transformation of the explosive material into a highly pressurized gas, releasing energy at supersonic speeds. This results in the formation of a blast wave that travels out from the epicenter of the blast. Primary blast injuries are characterized by anatomical and physiological changes from the force generated by the blast wave impacting the body's surface, and affect primarily gas-containing structures ( lungs, gastrointestinal tract, ears). "Blast lung" is a clinical diagnosis and is characterized as respiratory difficulty and hypoxia without obvious external injury to the chest. It may be complicated by pneumothoraces and air emboli and may be associated with multiple other injuries. Patients may present with a variety of symptoms, including dyspnea, chest pain, cough, and hemoptysis. Physical examination may reveal tachypnea, hypoxia, cyanosis, and decreased breath sounds. Chest radiography, computerized tomography, and arterial blood gases may assist with diagnosis and management; however, they should not delay diagnosis and emergency interventions in the patient exposed to a blast. High flow oxygen, airway management, tube thoracostomy in the setting of pneumothoraces, mechanical ventilation ( when required) with permissive hypercapnia, and judicious fluid administration are essential components in the management of blast lung injury. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. SUNY Upstate Med Univ, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Injury Response, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Syracuse, NY USA. SUNY Upstate Med Univ, Dept Emergency Med, Syracuse, NY USA. Spectrum Hlth, Dept Emergency Med, Grand Rapids, MI USA. RP Sasser, SM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, 531 Asbury Circle,Annex Suite N340, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM ssasser@emory.edu NR 47 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1090-3127 J9 PREHOSP EMERG CARE JI Prehosp. Emerg. Care PD APR-JUN PY 2006 VL 10 IS 2 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1080/10903120500540912 PG 8 WC Emergency Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Emergency Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 110RP UT WOS:000242396600001 PM 16531371 ER PT J AU Heitzler, CD Martin, SL Duke, J Huhman, M AF Heitzler, CD Martin, SL Duke, J Huhman, M TI Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of children aged 9-13 years SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE physical activity; beliefs; correlates; children; youth ID DETERMINANTS; ADOLESCENTS; BEHAVIOR; YOUTH; PREDICTORS; AMERICAN AB Background. Physical activity (PA) is critical for children's normal growth and development. The purpose of this study was to assess potential correlates of physical activity in a US national sample of youth aged 9-13 years. Methods. A nationally representative telephone survey of parent-child pairs was conducted from April through June 2002. The questions assessed organized and free-time physical activity behavior and psychosocial and environmental variables that are potentially related to youth physical activity. Results. Children's positive outcome expectations or beliefs about the benefits of participating in physical activity and parent's beliefs that participating in physical activity is important were related to participation in both organized and free-time physical activity. Children's perception of parental support and parent's reports of direct support were strongly related to organized physical activity. Feeling safe, having lots of places to be active, and parental participation with their child were strongly related to free-time physical activity. Conclusions. Messages and interventions aiming to increase children and adolescent's participation in organized and free-time physical activity should continue to focus on promoting the benefits that are associated with being active, the importance of parental support, and the provision of safe and enjoyable opportunities to be active. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Amer Legacy Fdn, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Heitzler, CD (reprint author), Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, 4770 Buford Hwy,NE,MS-K46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM cheitzler@cdc.gov RI Loureiro, Nuno/I-6400-2012 OI Loureiro, Nuno/0000-0002-1166-3219 NR 28 TC 113 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD APR PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 254 EP 260 DI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.01.010 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 037MO UT WOS:000237151200002 PM 16490241 ER PT J AU Daniels, RD Lodwick, CJ Schubauer-Berigan, MK Spitz, HB AF Daniels, RD Lodwick, CJ Schubauer-Berigan, MK Spitz, HB TI Assessment of plutonium exposures for an epidemiological study of US nuclear workers SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZING-RADIATION; MAYAK WORKERS; MORTALITY; CANCER; ENERGY; COHORT; PLANT AB An ongoing case-control study evaluating the association between workplace external radiation exposures and leukaemia mortality required an assessment of internal plutonium exposures as a potential confounder. Of the study participants, 1092 were employed at four Department of Energy sites where plutonium-bearing materials were processed or stored. Exposures were assessed by first categorising exposure potentials based on available bioassay data, then estimating doses for workers in the highest categories using recent recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Given the aetiology of leukaemia, equivalent dose to active bone marrow was chosen as the exposure variable. There were 556 workers each with at least one plutonium bioassay result, assigned to one of three evaluation categories. Dose estimates were made for 115 workers resulting in a collective equivalent dose of 2.1 person-Sv for 2822 exposure-years, compared with 29.8 person-Sv estimated from photon exposures. Modelling uncertainties were examined by comparison of results from independent analyses and by Monte Carlo simulation. C1 NIOSH, DSHEFS, Cincinnati, OH 45213 USA. Westat Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Daniels, RD (reprint author), NIOSH, DSHEFS, 5555 Ridge Ave,R-44, Cincinnati, OH 45213 USA. EM RTD2@CDC.gov RI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/B-3149-2009 OI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/0000-0002-5175-924X NR 50 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD APR PY 2006 VL 118 IS 1 BP 43 EP 55 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci330 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 039QM UT WOS:000237321300008 PM 16081492 ER PT J AU Glass, RI AF Glass, RI TI New hope for defeating rotavirus SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LA English DT Article ID EFFICACY; VACCINE; SAFETY AB Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide and a frequent killer of young children in developing nations. Now, after 30 years of investigation, vaccines that may well conquer it are ready for market. Several rotavirus vaccines have now proved to be safe and effective. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 4 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCI AMERICAN INC PI NEW YORK PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0036-8733 J9 SCI AM JI Sci.Am. PD APR PY 2006 VL 294 IS 4 BP 46 EP + PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 021UN UT WOS:000236011500027 PM 16596879 ER PT J AU Evatt, B AF Evatt, B TI Infectious disease in the blood supply and the public health response SO SEMINARS IN HEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; HEMOPHILIA-A; FACTOR-VIII; TRANSFUSION; PRODUCTS; RISK; SAFETY; MALES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. RP Evatt, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 2094 Valiant Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. EM ble2@mindspring.com NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0037-1963 J9 SEMIN HEMATOL JI Semin. Hematol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SU 3 BP S4 EP S9 DI 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.02.001 PG 6 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 037DV UT WOS:000237127800002 PM 16631825 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Tomashek, KM Kotelchuck, M Barfield, W Weiss, J Evans, S AF Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Tomashek, KM Kotelchuck, M Barfield, W Weiss, J Evans, S TI Risk factors for neonatal morbidity and mortality among "Healthy," late preterm newborns SO SEMINARS IN PERINATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Optimizing Care and Outcome of the Near-Term Pregnancy and the Near-Term Newborn Infant CY JUL 18-19, 2005 CL Bethesda, MD DE neonatal; late preterm; morbidity; newborn; risk factors ID GESTATIONAL-AGE; DISCHARGE; INFANTS; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; REHOSPITALIZATION; PREVENTION; JAUNDICE; OUTCOMES; QUALITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Mater & Infant Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Bur Family & Community Hlth, Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. RP Shapiro-Mendoza, CK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Mater & Infant Hlth Branch, Mailstop K-23,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM ayn9@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 94 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0146-0005 J9 SEMIN PERINATOL JI Semin. Perinatol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 54 EP 60 DI 10.1053/j.semperi.2006.02.002 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 053TC UT WOS:000238327000002 PM 16731277 ER PT J AU Tomashek, KM Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Weiss, J Kotelchuck, M Barfield, W Evans, S Naninni, A Declercq, E AF Tomashek, KM Shapiro-Mendoza, CK Weiss, J Kotelchuck, M Barfield, W Evans, S Naninni, A Declercq, E TI Early discharge among late preterm and term newborns and risk of neonatal morbidity SO SEMINARS IN PERINATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Optimizing Care and Outcome of the Near-Term Pregnancy and the Near-Term Newborn Infant CY JUL 18-19, 2005 CL Bethesda, MD DE late preterm; jaundice; neonatal morbidity; hospital readmission; early discharge ID EARLY POSTPARTUM DISCHARGE; 1ST 2 WEEKS; GESTATIONAL-AGE; FOLLOW-UP; FULL-TERM; INFANTS; READMISSION; PATTERNS; JAUNDICE; REHOSPITALIZATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Maternal & Infant Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Bur Family & Community Hlth, Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. RP Tomashek, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Maternal & Infant Hlth Branch, Mailstop K-23,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM kct9@cdc.gov OI Declercq, Eugene/0000-0001-5411-3033 NR 37 TC 99 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0146-0005 J9 SEMIN PERINATOL JI Semin. Perinatol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 61 EP 68 DI 10.1053/j.semperi.2006.02.003 PG 8 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 053TC UT WOS:000238327000003 PM 16731278 ER PT J AU Foxman, B Newman, M Percha, B Holmes, KK Aral, SO AF Foxman, B Newman, M Percha, B Holmes, KK Aral, SO TI Measures of sexual partnerships: Lengths, gaps, overlaps, and sexually transmitted infection SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HIV; TRANSMISSION; CONTACTS; SPREAD AB Goal: The length of time between partnerships ("gap") is an important determinant of the overall transmission system of sexually transmitted infections. We describe the distributions of gaps, lengths, and overlaps among participants in a random-digit dialing survey conducted among 1194 Seattle residents during 2003-2004. Methods: Survey participants were restricted to those 18 to 39 years of age with fluency in the English language. We limited our analysis to the 1051 (88%) participants who reported ever engaging in vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse and reported information on gaps, lengths, and overlaps. Results: Most (59%) observed gaps between partnerships were of length <= 56 months; therefore, the majority of 18- to 39-year-olds seeking new partners find a new partner well within the infectious period of chlamydia infection, gonorrhea, and syphilis (if no treatment is received) and herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections. This was generally true independent of gender, race, income, or education. Gap length, however, correlated with age. Conclusions: The observed shorter gap lengths among younger individuals reinforce the need to focus interventions on adolescents and young adults, particularly those with the potential to mix with infected individuals. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & STD, Sch Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Sch Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Foxman, B (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, 109 Observ St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM bfoxman@umich.edu OI Foxman, Betsy/0000-0001-6682-238X NR 11 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 209 EP 214 DI 10.1097/01.olq.0000191318.95873.8a PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027XY UT WOS:000236450800002 PM 16434884 ER PT J AU Tun, W Stiffman, M Magid, D Lyons, E Irwin, K AF Tun, W Stiffman, M Magid, D Lyons, E Irwin, K TI Evaluation of clinician-reported adherence to centers for disease control and prevention guidelines for the treatment of chlamydia trachomatis in two US health plans SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; ILLICIT DRUG-USE; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; MANAGED CARE; INFECTION; ADULTS; AGE AB Objective: The objective of this study was to assess clinician adherence to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended treatments for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in two health plans. Study Design: Using hypothetical scenarios, a 1999-2000 mail survey questioned clinicians about how they would treat a cervicitis patient (CT and gonorrhea treatment recommended) and two patients with laboratory-confirmed CT: an injection drug user (single-dose azithromycin promotes adherence) and a pregnant patient (nonteratogenic drugs recommended). Results: Seven hundred forty-three (82%) of the 907 nonretired clinicians receiving the survey completed it. Eighty-one percent (N = 599) reported providing recent CT care. Of these, 70.1 % reported they would presumptively treat patients with cervicitis for CT and gonorrhea, 17.1 % for CT only, and 11.7 % for neither pathogen. Of the 580 clinicians addressing drug injectors, 61.7% reported they would prescribe azithromycin. Most (88.8 %) of the 343 clinicians seeing pregnant patients reported they would prescribe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-reconimended antibiotics. Reported adherence varied by clinician specialty and sources of treatment guidance. Conclusions: Most clinicians reported treatment consistent with CDC guidelines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. HealthPartners Res Fdn, Minneapolis, MN USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biometr, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Emergency Med, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Tun, W (reprint author), Family Hlth Int, 201 Wilson Blvd,Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22201 USA. EM wtun@fhi.org NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 235 EP 243 DI 10.1097/01.olq.0000204915.23842.9a PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027XY UT WOS:000236450800006 PM 16565644 ER PT J AU Bollen, LJM Chuachoowong, R Kilmarx, PH Mock, PA Culnane, M Skunodom, N Chaowanachan, T Jetswang, B Neeyapun, K Asavapiriyanont, S Roongpisuthipong, A Wright, TC Tappero, JW AF Bollen, LJM Chuachoowong, R Kilmarx, PH Mock, PA Culnane, M Skunodom, N Chaowanachan, T Jetswang, B Neeyapun, K Asavapiriyanont, S Roongpisuthipong, A Wright, TC Tappero, JW TI Human papillomavirus (HPV) detection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant Thai women: Implications for future HPV immunization SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International AIDS Conference CY JUL 11-17, 2004 CL Bangkok, THAILAND ID SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESIONS; GENITAL HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES; INVASIVE CERVICAL-CANCER; RISK-FACTORS; YOUNG-WOMEN; PREVALENCE; TRANSMISSION; AMPLIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ZIDOVUDINE AB Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are at increased risk for developing cervical cancer and for infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Prophylactic vaccines targeting HPV types 16 and 18 are being evaluated for efficacy among young women. Goal: The goal was to assess the prevalence of HPV among HIV-infected pregnant women in Bangkok and to evaluate the need for prophylactic HPV vaccines studies in this population. Study Design: The study population consisted of 256 HIV-infected pregnant women who participated in a mother-to-child HIV transmission trial. Stored cervicovaginal lavage samples were tested for the presence of HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction with PGMY09/11 primers and reverse line-blot hybridization for determination of anogenital HPV types. Results: HPV prevalence was 35.5% (91/256); high-risk HPV prevalence was 23.4% (60/256). HPV type 16 or 18 was present in 8.2% (21/256). Almost half of all infections were multiple. Furthermore, overall HPV detection was associated with abnormal cervical cytology (P < 0.001) and higher HIV-plasma viral load (P = 0.007). Conclusions: Only one-quarter of HIV-infected pregnant women in Bangkok had high-risk HPV types; less than 10% had HPV types 16 or 18. As the HPV prevalence is expected to increase during HIV disease, prophylactic vaccines targeting HPV types 16 and 18 should be studied among HIV-infected women not yet infected with these HPV types and not previously exposed. C1 Thailand MOPH US CDC Collaborat, Minist Publ Hlth, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Rajavithi Hosp, Bangkok, Thailand. Siriraj Hosp, Bangkok, Thailand. Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. RP Bollen, LJM (reprint author), Thailand MOPH US CDC Collaborat, Minist Publ Hlth, Soi 4,POB 139, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. EM Lbollen@tuc.or.th NR 36 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 259 EP 264 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027XY UT WOS:000236450800010 PM 16452834 ER PT J AU Celentano, DD Valleroy, LA Sifakis, F MacKellar, DA Hylton, J Thiede, H McFarland, W Shehan, DA Stoyanoff, SR Lalota, M Koblin, BA Katz, MH Torian, LV AF Celentano, DD Valleroy, LA Sifakis, F MacKellar, DA Hylton, J Thiede, H McFarland, W Shehan, DA Stoyanoff, SR Lalota, M Koblin, BA Katz, MH Torian, LV CA Young Mens Survey Study Grp TI Associations between substance use and sexual risk among very young men who have sex with men SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HIV-POSITIVE MEN; NEW-YORK-CITY; DRUG-USE; GAY MEN; BISEXUAL MEN; BEHAVIOR; METHAMPHETAMINE; ALCOHOL; HEALTH; SEROPREVALENCE AB Objective: To determine if an association exists in young men who have sex with men (MSM) between being under the influence of alcohol or drugs during sex and participation in sexual behaviors which increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Study Design: A total of 3492 young MSM were interviewed through the Young Men's Survey, an anonymous, cross-sectional, multisite, venue-based survey conducted from 1994 through 1998 at 194 public venues frequented by MSM aged 15 to 22 years in 7 US cities. Results: The majority of young MSM reported both receptive and insertive anal intercourse, and of these, approximately half reported not using condoms. Report of unprotected receptive anal intercourse at least once in the prior 6 months was associated with being under the influence of alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-1.8), cocaine (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.2), amphetamines (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.0) or marijuana during sex (AOR = 13; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Report of unprotected insertive anal intercourse at least once in the prior 6 months was associated with being under the influence of alcohol (AOR = 1.2: 95% CI = 1.0-1.5), cocaine (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.0) or amphetamines (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.4-2.6). Conclusions: HIV prevention strategies for young MSM need to incorporate substance use risk reduction. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, Seattle, WA USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. New York Blood Ctr, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. RP Celentano, DD (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, 615 N Wolfe St,E-6008, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM dcelenta@jhsph.edu FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU906255, U62/CCU906253-11, U62/CCU606237, 062/CCU20608-07, U62/CCU206208, U62/CCU0006260, U62/CCU406219] NR 39 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 265 EP 271 DI 10.1097/01.olq.0000187207.10992.4e PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027XY UT WOS:000236450800011 PM 16434886 ER PT J AU Lansky, A MacKellar, D Gallagher, KM Lin, LS Sullivan, PS Onorato, IM AF Lansky, A MacKellar, D Gallagher, KM Lin, LS Sullivan, PS Onorato, IM TI Untitled SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID MEN; SEX C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lansky, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 272 EP 273 DI 10.1097/01.olq.0000215745.61542.d4 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027XY UT WOS:000236450800012 PM 16565646 ER PT J AU Mansergh, G Shouse, RL Marks, G Guzman, R Rader, M Buchbinder, S Colfax, GN AF Mansergh, G Shouse, RL Marks, G Guzman, R Rader, M Buchbinder, S Colfax, GN TI Methamphetamine and sildenafil (Viagra) use are linked to unprotected receptive and insertive anal sex, respectively, in a sample of men who have sex with men SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article ID BISEXUAL MEN; RISK BEHAVIOR; SAN-FRANCISCO; SUBSTANCE USE; DRUG-USE; GAY MEN; HIV; TRANSMISSION; COHORT AB Objectives: There is evidence that methamphetamine and sildenafil ( Viagra) use are associated with sexual risk behaviour among men who have sex with men (MSM). We investigated the association of methamphetamine, sildenafil, and other substance use with unprotected receptive and insertive anal sex among MSM by conducting an encounter specific analysis. Methods: Data were from a cross sectional, community based survey of MSM in San Francisco regarding behaviour during their most recent anal sex encounter. Mulitvariate regression analysed independent associations of specific substance use and demographic variables with unprotected anal sex behaviours. Results: The sample (n = 388) was diverse in race/ethnicity, age, income, education, HIV status, and homosexual/ bisexual identification. More than half (53%) reported unprotected anal sex, including insertive (29%) and receptive (37%) during their most recent anal sex encounter; 12% reported unprotected insertive and 17% reported unprotected receptive anal sex with an HIV discordant or unknown partner. Methamphetamine was used by 15% and sildenafil was used by 6% of the men before or during the encounter; 2% used both drugs. In multivariate analysis controlling for demographic factors and other substance use, methamphetamine use was associated with unprotected receptive ( odds ratio ( OR), 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09 to 3.76) and sildenafil use was associated with unprotected insertive ( OR, 6.51; CI, 2.46 to 17.24) anal sex. Effects were stronger with HIV discordant or unknown sex partners specifically. Conclusion: Encounter specific associations of methamphetamine and sildenafil use with unprotected receptive and insertive anal sex, respectively, indicate the importance of assessment specificity and tailoring risk reduction efforts to address certain drugs and sexual behavioural roles among MSM. C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. State Georgia, HIV STD Epidemiol Sect, Div Publ Hlth, Dept Human Resources, Atlanta, GA USA. Dept Publ Hlth, HIV Res Sect, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Mansergh, G (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM gcm2@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 6 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 82 IS 2 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1136/sti.2005.017129 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 031TT UT WOS:000236727700011 PM 16581738 ER PT J AU Berman, SM Johnson, RE AF Berman, SM Johnson, RE TI Chlamydia trachomatis infections in multi-ethnic urban youth: a pilot combining STI health education and outreach testing in Rotterdam, Netherlands - Commentary SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHAIN-REACTION; URINE; SETTINGS; PROGRAM; FIELD C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Berman, SM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM smb1@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 82 IS 2 BP 152 EP 153 DI 10.1136/sti.2006.017905 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 031TT UT WOS:000236727700017 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, SL Zimet, GD Leichliter, JS Stanberry, LR Fife, KH Tu, W Bernstein, DI AF Rosenthal, SL Zimet, GD Leichliter, JS Stanberry, LR Fife, KH Tu, W Bernstein, DI TI The psychosocial impact of serological diagnosis of asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 infection SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; GENITAL HERPES; TRANSMISSION; ADOLESCENTS; QUALITY AB Objectives: To evaluate the impact of a positive herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) serological test on psychosocial functioning among people with no known history of genital herpes. Methods: Individuals ( age 14 - 30 years) without a history of genital herpes were recruited from an urban university setting and sexually transmitted diseases ( STD), primary care, and adolescent clinics. Participants completed a questionnaire addressing psychological functioning, psychosocial adjustment, and perceived quality of sex and were offered free HSV-2 antibody testing. 33 HSV-2 positive people and 60 HSV-2 negative people demographically matched from the same source of recruitment were reevaluated at a 3 month follow up visit. HSV-2 positive participants also completed a genital herpes quality of life (GHQOL) measure. Results: Of the 33 who were HSV-2 seropositive, four did not recall their diagnosis. In comparing those who were HSV-2 positive with those who were negative, repeated measures analysis of variance indicated there were no significant differences over time on any of the measures. None the less, many HSV-2 positive individuals indicated that the diagnosis had a notable impact on their quality of life. Also, among the HSV-2 positive people, lower GHQOL at the 3 month follow up was predicted by higher interpersonal sensitivity ( r = -0.44, p< 0.05), lower social support ( r = 0.40, p< 0.05), and quality of sex ( r = 0.62, p< 0.01) at baseline. Conclusions: A diagnosis of asymptomatic HSV-2 infection does not appear to cause significant lasting psychological difficulties. Those for whom the diagnosis had the greatest impact were interpersonally vulnerable before the diagnosis. These results suggest that assessment of interpersonal distress may be important to include as part of pretest and post-test counselling. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pediat, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Rosenthal, SL (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pediat, 301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. EM slrosent@utmb.edu OI Zimet, Gregory/0000-0003-3835-937X FU PHS HHS [UR6/CCU517826] NR 24 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 7 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 82 IS 2 BP 154 EP 157 DI 10.1136/sti.2005.016311 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 031TT UT WOS:000236727700018 PM 16581745 ER PT J AU Bello, GA Chipeta, J Aberle-Grasse, J AF Bello, GA Chipeta, J Aberle-Grasse, J TI Assessment of trends in biological and behavioural surveillance data: is there any evidence of declining HIV prevalence or incidence in Malawi? SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article AB Objectives: In 2003 an estimated 87 000 AIDS deaths and approximately 110 000 new infections occurred in Malawi. This paper aimed to analyse and review HIV prevalence trends in conjunction with other second generation surveillance data including behavioural data and, therefore, to describe trends in HIV prevalence and behaviours related to HIV transmission. Methods: In order to determine the extent of the problem, HIV prevalence in Malawi has been monitored through testing women attending antenatal clinics in 19 sentinel sites consistently since 1994. These sites are classified as urban, semi-urban, and rural. Results: The overall HIV prevalence for all 19 ANC sentinel sites in 2003 was 19.8% (95% CI 19.0% to 20.7%). The central region urban/semi-urban sites showed a decline in prevalence from 1999 to 2003. Since 1997, overall national incidence estimates remained stable. This stable incidence estimate is supported by the proxy of fairly stable prevalence in ANC attendees aged 15 - 24 years. HIV sentinel surveillance data for Lilongwe city showed a significant linear decline in prevalence ( p< 0.00001) over the last seven years for both all ANC attendees and those aged 15 - 24 years suggesting that incidence has declined over the time period. Conclusion: The available epidemiological and behavioural surveillance data show that HIV prevalence has declined in several urban and semi-urban areas, specifically in the central region with Lilongwe ( capital of Malawi) showing exceptionally strong evidence of decline. In some rural areas, particularly in the northern region there is some evidence of an increasing trend in HIV prevalence. C1 Malawi Minst Hlth, Lilongwe, Malawi. Malawi Natl AIDS Commiss, Lilongwe, Malawi. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chipeta, J (reprint author), Natl AIDS Commiss, POB 30622, Lilongwe 3, Malawi. EM ChipetaJ@aidsmalawi.org.mw NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 82 SU 1 BP I9 EP I13 DI 10.1136/sti.2005.016030 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027HR UT WOS:000236406500002 PM 16581763 ER PT J AU Ghys, PD Kufa, E George, MV AF Ghys, PD Kufa, E George, MV CA UNAIDS Reference Grp Estimates Mod TI Measuring trends in prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in countries with generalised epidemics SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article ID RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED COUNTRIES; TO-CHILD-TRANSMISSION; PROJECTION PACKAGE; RURAL-POPULATION; PREVENTION; UGANDA; SURVEILLANCE; HIV/AIDS; PROGRAM; AFRICA AB Objective: Review of recent data and practice to derive guidance on questions relating to the measurement and analysis of trends in HIV prevalence and incidence. Results: HIV prevalence among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANCs) remains the principal data source to inform trends in the epidemic. Other data sources are: less available, representative of a small section of the population ( sex workers, occupational groups), subject to additional bias ( for example, voluntary counselling and testing service statistics), or are not yet available for multiple years ( national surveys). Validity of HIV prevalence results may change over time due to improvements in HIV tests per se and implementation of laboratory quality assurance systems. The newer laboratory tests for recent infections require further validation and development of methodology to derive estimates of HIV incidence. Conclusions: Issues to consider during statistical analyses of trends among ANC attendees are: inclusion of consistent sites only, use of confidence intervals, stratification by site when performing a statistical test for trend, the need for at least three observations in a surveillance system with data collection every one to two years, and sound judgement. Trends in HIV prevalence among pregnant 15 - 24 year olds attending ANCs can be used to approximate trends in incidence. Indepth small area research studies are useful to inform the interpretation of surveillance data and provide directly measured trends in prevalence and incidence. Modelling can assess changes over time in prevalence, incidence, and mortality at the same time. Modelling tools need to be further developed to allow incorporation of estimates of HIV incidence and mortality, as these data are likely to become available in the future. To increase their explanatory power, models should also be extended to incorporate programmatic inputs. C1 Joint UN Programme AIDS, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO, Reg Off Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ghys, PD (reprint author), UNAIDS, Ave Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. EM ghysp@unaids.org NR 43 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 82 SU 1 BP I52 EP I56 DI 10.1136/sti.2005.016428 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027HR UT WOS:000236406500010 PM 16581761 ER PT J AU Mahomva, A Greby, S Dube, S Mugurungi, O Hargrove, J Rosen, D Dehne, KL Gregson, S St Louis, M Hader, S AF Mahomva, A Greby, S Dube, S Mugurungi, O Hargrove, J Rosen, D Dehne, KL Gregson, S St Louis, M Hader, S TI HIV prevalence and trends from data in Zimbabwe, 1997-2004 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article AB Background: This paper brings together data from a variety of reports to provide a basis for assessing future steps for responding to and monitoring the HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe. Method: Data reported from four antenatal clinic (ANC) surveys conducted between 2000 and 2004, two small local studies in Zimbabwe conducted from 1997 through 2003, four general population surveys from 1999 through 2003, and service statistics covering 1990 through 2004 were used to describe recent trends in HIV prevalence and incidence, behaviour change, and programme provision. Results: HIV prevalence among pregnant women attending ANCs declined substantially from 32.1% in 2000 to 23.9% in 2004. The local studies confirmed the decline in prevalence. However, prevalence continued to be high. Sexual behaviour data from surveys suggests a reduction in sexual experience before age 15 years among both males and females age 15 - 19 years, and in the proportions of males and females aged 15 - 29 years reporting non-regular sexual partners in the past 12 months. Reported condom use with non-regular partners has been high since 1999. Condom distribution and HIV counseling and testing increased from 2000 to 2004. Discussion: On the basis of examination of data from a variety of sources, the recent decrease in HIV prevalence may be related to recent reductions in early-age sexual activity and non-regular sexual partnerships and increases in condom use. Comparison of data from sentinel surveillance systems, population based serosurveys, local studies, and service statistics provide increased confidence that a decline in HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe is actually happening in the population. C1 Minist Hlth & Child Welf, Harare, Zimbabwe. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Harare, Zimbabwe. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, London, England. ZVITAMBO, Harare, Zimbabwe. Biomed Res & Training Inst, Harare, Zimbabwe. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Greby, S (reprint author), CDC Zimbabwe, 2180 Harare Pl, Washington, DC 20521 USA. EM grebys@zimcdc.co.zw NR 19 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 82 SU 1 BP I42 EP I47 DI 10.1136/sti.2005.019174 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 027HR UT WOS:000236406500008 PM 16581759 ER PT J AU Brown, DW Dueker, N Jamieson, DJ Cole, JW Wozniak, MA Stern, BJ Giles, WH Kittner, SJ AF Brown, DW Dueker, N Jamieson, DJ Cole, JW Wozniak, MA Stern, BJ Giles, WH Kittner, SJ TI Preeclampsia and the risk of ischemic stroke among young women - Results from the stroke prevention in young women study SO STROKE LA English DT Article DE case control studies; cerebrovascular accident; preeclampsia; women's health ID PREGNANCY; HYPERTENSION; COHORT AB Background and Purpose - Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific systemic syndrome of unknown cause that affects 3% to 8% of pregnancies in the United States. Although preeclampsia is known to be an important risk factor for pregnancy-associated stroke, few data exist with regard to its association with stroke not occurring during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Methods - Using data from the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study (SPYW), a population-based case-control study of risk factors for ischemic stroke in women aged 15 to 44 years ( recruitment period: 1992 to 1996, SPYW-1; 2001 to 2003, SPYW-2), we examined the independent association between a history of preeclampsia and the likelihood of ischemic stroke. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated using logistic regression. Cases ( n = 261) were women with stroke in the greater Baltimore- Washington area, and controls ( n = 421) were women free of a history of stroke identified by random digit dialing. Women who were pregnant at the time of stroke, those whose stroke occurred within 42 days postpartum, and nulligravida women were excluded from the analysis. Results - The prevalence of preeclampsia among cases and controls was 15% (SPYW-1: 16%; SPYW-2: 15%) and 10% (SPYW-1: 10%; SPYW-2: 11%), respectively. Preeclampsia was associated with an increased likelihood of ischemic stroke ( crude OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.52). After multivariable adjustment for age, race, education, and number of pregnancies, women with a history of preeclampsia were 60% more likely to have a nonpregnancy-related ischemic stroke than those without a history of preeclampsia ( OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.62). Similar patterns were observed for women who reported symptoms of preeclampsia ( elevated blood pressure and proteinuria). Conclusion - These results suggest an association between a history of preeclampsia and ischemic stroke remote from pregnancy. If these results are confirmed in other studies, evaluation of the importance of targeting women with preeclampsia for close risk factor monitoring and control beyond the postpartum period may be warranted. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Baltimore Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Brown, DW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Hwy NE MS K67, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM dbrown6@cdc.gov FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR 165001]; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS45012]; PHS HHS [P60 12583] NR 13 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD APR PY 2006 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1059 DI 10.1161/01.STR.0000206284.96739.ee PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 025UJ UT WOS:000236292100029 PM 16484606 ER PT J AU Sood, A Ford, ES Camargo, CA AF Sood, A Ford, ES Camargo, CA TI Association between leptin and asthma in adults SO THORAX LA English DT Article ID BODY-MASS INDEX; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; NEWLY-DIAGNOSED ASTHMA; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; CHILDHOOD ASTHMA; NATIONAL-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; ONSET ASTHMA; OBESITY AB Background: Leptin, a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by adipose tissue, has previously been shown to be associated with asthma in children. We hypothesised that high serum leptin concentrations would also be associated with asthma in adults. Methods: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is a cross sectional study that included fasting serum leptin concentrations and self-report of doctor diagnosed asthma. Data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Of 5876 participants, those with current asthma had a higher mean unadjusted leptin concentration than those who had never had asthma ( geometric mean ( SE) 9.2 (0.6) mu g/l v 7.6 (0.2) mu g/l; p = 0.02). After adjustment for triceps skinfold thickness and other covariates, the association between leptin and asthma appeared stronger in women than in men, and in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women. Body mass index (BMI) was also associated with current asthma in women, but this association was not significantly affected by adjustment for leptin concentrations. Conclusions: The results of this large population based study support the hypothesis that leptin is associated with asthma in women. In addition, while BMI also is related to asthma in women, this study does not support the suggestion that leptin contributes significantly to this association. C1 So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Springfield, IL 62794 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Boston, MA USA. RP Sood, A (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, 701 N 1st St,Room D434,POB 19636, Springfield, IL 62794 USA. EM asood2@siumed.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-52338] NR 56 TC 123 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 1 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0040-6376 J9 THORAX JI Thorax PD APR PY 2006 VL 61 IS 4 BP 300 EP 305 DI 10.1136/thx.2004.031468 PG 6 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 025GT UT WOS:000236254100007 PM 16540481 ER PT J AU Smith, DC Spooner, RA Watson, PD Murray, JL Hodge, TW Amessou, M Johannes, L Lord, JM Roberts, LM AF Smith, DC Spooner, RA Watson, PD Murray, JL Hodge, TW Amessou, M Johannes, L Lord, JM Roberts, LM TI Internalized pseudomonas exotoxin A can exploit multiple pathways to reach the endoplasmic reticulum SO TRAFFIC LA English DT Article DE COPI-dependent; endoplasmic reticulum; Pseudomonas exotoxin; Rab6; Rab9; retrograde pathways ID TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK; TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEFECT; RECEPTOR-RELATED PROTEIN; CHOLERA-TOXIN; RETROGRADE TRANSPORT; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; LIPID RAFTS; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; KDEL RECEPTOR; SHIGA TOXIN AB Receptor-mediated internalization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequent retro-translocation to the cytosol are essential sequential processes required for the intoxication of mammalian cells by Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PEx). The toxin binds the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Here, we show that in HeLa cells, PEx recruits a proportion of this receptor to detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs). Uptake of receptor-bound PEx involves transport steps both directly from early endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) independently of Rab9 function and from late endosomes to the TGN in a Rab9-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatments that simultaneously perturb both Arf1-dependent and Rab6-dependent retrograde pathways show that PEx can use multiple routes to reach the ER. The Rab6-dependent route has only been described previously for cargo with lipid-sorting signals. These findings suggest that partial localization of PEx within DRM permits a choice of trafficking routes consistent with a model that DRM-associated toxins reach the ER on a lipid-dependent sorting pathway whilst non-DRM-associated PEx exploits the previously characterized KDEL receptor-mediated uptake pathway. Thus, unexpectedly, an ER-directed toxin with a proteinaceous receptor shows promiscuity in its intracellular trafficking pathways, exploiting routes controlled by both lipid- and protein-sorting signals. C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Mol Cell Biol Grp, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CNRS, UMR144, Traff & Signaling Lab, F-75248 Paris, France. RP Roberts, LM (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Mol Cell Biol Grp, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. EM lynne.roberts@warwick.ac.uk RI Spooner, Robert/A-9870-2010; Watson, Peter/A-4477-2010 OI Spooner, Robert/0000-0001-9593-0195; Watson, Peter/0000-0003-0250-7852 FU PHS HHS [1U01AL065869]; Wellcome Trust [063058/Z/00/Z] NR 80 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1398-9219 J9 TRAFFIC JI Traffic PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 4 BP 379 EP 393 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00391.x\ PG 15 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 021MR UT WOS:000235987800001 PM 16536737 ER PT J AU Silva, MA Gregory, KR Carr-Greer, MA Holmberg, JA Kuehnert, MJ Brecher, ME AF Silva, MA Gregory, KR Carr-Greer, MA Holmberg, JA Kuehnert, MJ Brecher, ME TI Summary of the AABB interorganizational task force on bacterial contamination of platelets: Fall 2004 impact survey SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; BLOOD COMPONENTS; TRANSFUSION; COLLECTION AB BACKGROUND: New voluntary standards in the United States regarding bacterial contamination of platelets (PLTs) led to the formation of the AABB Interorganizational Task Force on Bacterial Contamination of Platelets. This article summarizes a survey conducted by the Task Force to assess the impact of bacterial detection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An Internet-based survey of AABB member institutions was conducted from September 17, 2004, to October 1, 2004. The survey was designed principally to assess PLT usage, supply, and outdating and the currently used bacteria detection methods. RESULTS: Of 900 facilities surveyed, 350 responded (38%). These facilities collected approximately 43.3 and 65.9 percent and transfused approximately 19.1 and 22.2 percent of the whole blood-derived PLT concentrates (WBPCs) and apheresis PLTs in the United States, respectively. Most facilities (64-91%) indicated that their ability to provide PLTs for transfusion had not been affected. Approximately half (50-57.1%) indicated no changes in their PLT inventory. Two-thirds (66-68%) indicated no increased PLT outdating. More than 90 percent of apheresis PLTs are tested with a culture-based method, whereas WBPCs are tested with a variety of methods (mostly non-culture-based) resulting in a 4.6-fold decrease in the confirmed positive detection rate compared with apheresis PLTs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: After the implementation of AABB Standard 5.1.5.1, the majority of facilities responding to this survey experienced no (or modest) impact on PLT availability or outdating. Nevertheless, a substantial portion of facilities experienced both increased outdating and decreased availability. Some facilities were greatly impacted. Based on the data gathered, it is impossible to conclude whether such shortages resulted from production or distribution problems or were due to decreased shelf life and increased outdates. C1 Univ N Carolina, Transfus Med Serv, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. AABB, Bethesda, MD USA. Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Brecher, ME (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Transfus Med Serv, CB 7600,101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. EM brecher@med.unc.edu NR 10 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD APR PY 2006 VL 46 IS 4 BP 636 EP 641 DI 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00768.x PG 6 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 026HD UT WOS:000236329100021 PM 16584441 ER PT J AU Kachur, SP Schulden, J Goodman, CA Kassala, H Elling, BF Khatib, RA Causer, LM Mkikima, S Abdulla, S Bloland, PB AF Kachur, SP Schulden, J Goodman, CA Kassala, H Elling, BF Khatib, RA Causer, LM Mkikima, S Abdulla, S Bloland, PB TI Prevalence of malaria parasitemia among clients seeking treatment for fever or malaria at drug stores in rural Tanzania 2004 SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE malaria; treatment seeking behaviour; drug stores ID HOME-BASED MANAGEMENT; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT; ANTIMALARIAL-DRUGS; CHILDHOOD ILLNESS; COMBINATION TREATMENT; CLINICAL ALGORITHMS; FEBRILE ILLNESS; CARE; DIAGNOSIS AB OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of malaria parasitemia and other common illnesses among drug store clients in one rural community, with a view to the potential role of specialist drug stores in expanding coverage of effective malaria treatment to households in highly endemic areas. METHOD Follow-back study of 2466 client visits selected from all 10 drug stores operating in the town of Ikwiriri between May 30 and August 31 2004. Of these, 521 (21.2%) were made by or on behalf of persons ill with fever or malaria. Two hundred and ninety three were eligible as residents of the surrounding nine villages and all agreed to participate in the study. Each patient was evaluated by a clinical officer and provided a blood sample for malaria on the day of the shop visit, either at the shop or at home. RESULTS Only 50 (17.1%) visits by or on behalf of febrile patients resulted in the purchase of an antimalarial drug, while an antipyretic medication was obtained at 226 visits (77.1%). Clinicians diagnosed malaria in 63.8% of patients. Malaria parasites were identified in blood film samples from 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6, 29.5). This is double the parasite prevalence rate of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.6, 13.1) obtained from a household survey of 1004 healthy individuals selected from these villages at the same time. It is not significantly lower than the prevalence observed among 880 clients presenting with fever at health facilities in the district: 29.7% (95% CI: 23.0, 37.3). The prevalence of malaria parasitemia among children younger than 5 years whose families sought fever treatment from drug stores (42.1%; 95% CI: 31.4, 53.5) was equal to that of children presenting with fever at health facilities (42.5%; 95% CI: 25.0, 62.2). CONCLUSIONS Currently, drug store clients do not obtain malaria-specific treatment in the majority of cases where it might be warranted. Parasitological findings indicate that drug store clients, especially children, are as likely to be infected with malaria as patients seeking care for similar illnesses at health facilities. Drug stores may be attractive partners for policy makers eager to engage the private retail sector in expanding coverage of malaria treatment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & Tuberculosis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. Rufiji Dist Council Hlth Management Team, Utete, Tanzania. RP Kachur, SP (reprint author), CDC, Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, POB 78373, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. EM skachur@cdc.gov NR 37 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 4 BP 441 EP 451 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01588.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 024TY UT WOS:000236220300007 ER PT J AU Mulligan, JA Mandike, R Palmer, N Williams, H Abdulla, S Bloland, P Mills, A AF Mulligan, JA Mandike, R Palmer, N Williams, H Abdulla, S Bloland, P Mills, A TI The costs of changing national policy: lessons from malaria treatment policy guidelines in Tanzania SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE malaria; costs; national guidelines ID DRUG-RESISTANCE AB OBJECTIVE To document the cost incurred by the Tanzanian government by changing the policy on first-line treatment of malaria, from chloroquine to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. METHODS Costs were analysed from the perspective of the Ministry of Health and included all sources of funding. Costs external to the public health sector (e.g. private and community costs) were not included. The base case analysis adopted an incremental rather than a full cost approach, assuming that an organizational infrastructure was already in place. However, specific attention was paid to the burden placed on National Malaria Control Program staff. We also costed activities planned but not implemented to estimate the total expense for an 'ideal' process. RESULTS Total costs were Tsh 795 million (USD 813 743), with the largest proportion accounted for by training. Costs of the policy change process were equivalent to about 4% of annual government and donor expenditure on malaria and to about 1% of overall public expenditure on health. A number of planned activities were not implemented; including these would bring the total cost to Ts 880 million (USD 896 130). CONCLUSION On top of extra costs for the drugs themselves, a change in treatment policy requires time, resources and substantial management capacity at national and local level. A better understanding of these issues and the costs involved benefits countries planning and implementing policy change. C1 London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Publ Hlth & Policy, London WC1 7HT, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mulligan, JA (reprint author), London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Publ Hlth & Policy, Keppel St, London WC1 7HT, England. EM jo.mulligan@lshtm.ac.uk OI Mills, Anne/0000-0001-9863-9950 NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 4 BP 452 EP 461 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01590.x PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 024TY UT WOS:000236220300008 PM 16553928 ER PT J AU Newman, RD Moran, AC Kayentao, K Benga-De, E Yameogo, M Gaye, O Faye, O Lo, Y Moreira, PM Doumbo, O Parise, ME Steketee, RW AF Newman, RD Moran, AC Kayentao, K Benga-De, E Yameogo, M Gaye, O Faye, O Lo, Y Moreira, PM Doumbo, O Parise, ME Steketee, RW TI Prevention of malaria during pregnancy in West Africa: policy change and the power of subregional action SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE malaria; Western Africa; pregnancy; health policy; prevention; preventive therapy ID CHLOROQUINE CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE; EFFICACY; WOMEN; INFECTION; LESSONS; BURDEN; ANEMIA; MALAWI; TRIAL AB BACKGROUND Despite a broadening consensus about the effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) in preventing the adverse outcomes of malaria during pregnancy, policy change to IPTp was initially limited to East Africa. In West Africa, where the policy change process for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy started much later, IPTp has been taken up swiftly. OBJECTIVE To describe the factors that contributed to the rapid adoption of policies to prevent malaria during pregnancy in West Africa. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Several factors appear to have accelerated the process: (1) recognition of the extent of the problem of malaria during pregnancy and its adverse consequences; (2) a clear, evidence-based program strategy strongly articulated by an important multilateral organization (World Health Organization); (3) subregionally generated evidence to support the proposed strategy; (4) a subregional forum for dissemination of data and discussion regarding the proposed policy changes; (5) widespread availability of the proposed intervention drug (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine); (6) technical support from reputable and respected institutions in drafting new policies and planning for implementation; (7) donor support for pilot experiences in integrating proposed policy change into a package of preventive services; and (8) financial support for scaling up the proposed interventions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. JHPIEGO Corp, Maternal & Neonatal Hlth Program, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Bamako, Dept Epidemiol & Parasit Dis, Fac Med & Dent, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Malibu, CA USA. US Agcy Int Dev Mission Senegal, Dakar, Senegal. Sante Maternelle & Neonatale, Koupela, Burkina Faso. Univ Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dept Parasitol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal. Senegal Maternal Hlth & Family Planning Proj, Dakar, Senegal. RP Newman, RD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop F-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM rnewman@cdc.gov NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 4 BP 462 EP 469 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01593.x PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 024TY UT WOS:000236220300009 PM 16553929 ER PT J AU Luby, SP Agboatwalla, M Painter, J Altaf, A Billhimer, W Keswick, B Hoekstra, RM AF Luby, SP Agboatwalla, M Painter, J Altaf, A Billhimer, W Keswick, B Hoekstra, RM TI Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE diarrhoea; water; soaps; disinfection; sodium hypochlorite; randomised controlled trial ID FLOCCULANT-DISINFECTANT; CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA; INTERVENTIONS; COUNTRIES; PAKISTAN; KARACHI; RISK AB OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of point of use water treatment with flocculent-disinfectant on reducing diarrhoea and the additional benefit of promoting hand washing with soap. METHODS The study was conducted in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan, where diarrhoea is a leading cause of childhood death. Interventions were randomly assigned to 47 neighbourhoods. Households in 10 neighbourhoods received diluted bleach and a water vessel; nine neighbourhoods received soap and were encouraged to wash hands; nine neighbourhoods received flocculent-disinfectant water treatment and a water vessel; 10 neighbourhoods received disinfectant-disinfectant water treatment and soap and were encouraged to wash hands; and nine neighbourhoods were followed as controls. Field workers visited households at least once a week from April to December 2003 to promote use of the interventions and to collect data on diarrhoea. RESULTS Study participants in control neighbourhoods had diarrhoea on 5.2% of days. Compared to controls, participants living in intervention neighbourhoods had a lower prevalence of diarrhoea: 55% (95% CI 17%, 80%) lower in bleach and water vessel neighbourhoods, 51% (95% CI 12%, 76%) lower in hand washing promotion with soap neighbourhoods, 64% lower (95% CI 29%, 90%) in disinfectant-disinfectant neighbourhoods, and 55% (95% CI 18%, 80%) lower in disinfectant-disinfectant plus hand washing with soap neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS With an intense community-based intervention and supplies provided free of cost, each of the home-based interventions significantly reduced diarrhoea. There was no benefit by combining hand washing promotion with water treatment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Hlth Oriented Prevent Educ, Karachi, Pakistan. Aga Khan Univ, Karachi, Pakistan. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Luby, SP (reprint author), ICDDRB, Ctr Hlth & Populat Res, Programme Infect Dis & Vaccine Sci, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. EM sluby@icddrb.org NR 17 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 4 BP 479 EP 489 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01592.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 024TY UT WOS:000236220300011 PM 16553931 ER PT J AU Rowe, AK AF Rowe, AK TI Analysis of deaths with an unknown cause in epidemiologic analyses of mortality burden SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE cause of death; autopsy; data collection; classification; malaria; methods ID CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; MALARIA; FAILURE AB OBJECTIVE To describe options for analysing deaths with an unknown cause, which often occur in community-based studies that are used to estimate disease-specific mortality burden and trends in low-income countries. METHODS Mathematical formulae were derived that accommodate deaths with an unknown cause for the disease-specific mortality rate, proportion of deaths attributable to the disease and all-cause mortality rate. Seven specific options are presented, including example calculations from a study of childhood malaria mortality in The Gambia. An algorithm is proposed to help make decisions on analysing deaths with an unknown cause. RESULTS In the Gambian study, 25.2% of deaths had an unknown cause. Three options would result in 23.6% (minimum), 48.8% (maximum) and 28.7% (probably the best estimate) of deaths attributed to malaria. The best analysis option depends on the disease of interest: diseases for which the diagnostic method has high sensitivity and specificity (e.g., measles, neonatal tetanus) are best analysed assuming that deaths with an unknown cause never have this cause, while diseases for which specificity and/or sensitivity is low (e.g., malaria) are likely to account for some proportion of deaths with an unknown cause. CONCLUSIONS The most important aspects of analysing deaths with unknown cause are choosing appropriate assumptions, describing them explicitly and performing a sensitivity analysis. Studies of causes of death should report several key pieces of information on deaths with unknown cause to aid interpretation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Rowe, AK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM axr9@cdc.gov NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 4 BP 540 EP 550 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01581.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 024TY UT WOS:000236220300018 PM 16553938 ER PT J AU Kachur, SP Black, C Abdulla, S Goodman, C AF Kachur, SP Black, C Abdulla, S Goodman, C TI Putting the genie back in the bottle? Availability and presentation of oral artemisinin compounds at retail pharmacies in urban Dar-es-Salaam SO MALARIA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HOME-BASED MANAGEMENT; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; COMBINATION TREATMENT; RURAL TANZANIA; MALARIA; ARTESUNATE; PREVALENCE AB Background: Recently global health advocates have called for the introduction of artemisinin-containing antimalarial combination therapies to help curb the impact of drug-resistant malaria in Africa. Retail trade in artemisinin monotherapies could undermine efforts to restrict this class of medicines to more theoretically sound combination treatments. Methods: This paper describes a systematic search for artemisinin-containing products at a random sample of licensed pharmacies in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania in July 2005. Results: Nineteen different artemisinin-containing oral pharmaceutical products, including one coformulated product, one co-packaged product, and 17 monotherapies were identified. All but one of the products were legally registered and samples of each product were obtained without a prescription. Packaging and labeling of the products seldom included local language or illustrated instructions for low-literate clients. Packaging and inserts compared reasonably well with standards recommended by the national regulatory authority with some important exceptions. Dosing instructions were inconsistent, and most recommended inadequate doses based on international standards. None of the monotherapy products mentioned potential benefits of combining the treatment with another antimalarial drug. Conclusion: The findings confirm the widespread availability of artemisinin monotherapies that led the World Health Organization to call for the voluntary withdrawal of these drugs in malaria-endemic countries. As the global public health community gathers resources to deploy artemisinin-containing combination therapies in Africa, planners should be mindful that these drugs will coexist with artemisinin monotherapies in an already well-established market place. In particular, regulatory authorities should be incorporated urgently into the process of planning for rational deployment of artemisinin-containing antimalarial combination therapies. C1 Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. US PHS, Commissioned Corps, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Hlth Econ & Financing Programme, Hlth Policy Unit, London WC1, England. RP Kachur, SP (reprint author), Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, POB 78373, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. EM skachur@cdc.gov; black1@umbc.edu; salim.abdulla@gmail.com; catherine.goodman@lshtm.ac.uk NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 1 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1475-2875 J9 MALARIA J JI Malar. J. PD MAR 29 PY 2006 VL 5 AR 25 DI 10.1186/1475-2875-5-25 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Infectious Diseases; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 035AC UT WOS:000236971000001 PM 16569252 ER PT J AU Otvos, JD Collins, D Freedman, DS Shalaurova, I Schaefer, EJ McNamara, JR Bloomfield, HE Robins, SJ AF Otvos, JD Collins, D Freedman, DS Shalaurova, I Schaefer, EJ McNamara, JR Bloomfield, HE Robins, SJ TI Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the veterans affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE coronary disease; drugs; lipoproteins; risk factors; spectroscopy ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; ARTERY-DISEASE; HEART-DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS INTERVENTION; REFERENCE INTERVALS; HDL CHOLESTEROL; LIPID-LEVELS; BASE-LINE AB Background - Changes in conventional lipid risk factors with gemfibrozil treatment only partially explain the reductions in coronary heart disease (CHD) events experienced by men in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT). We examined whether measurement of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle subclasses provides additional information relative to CHD risk reduction. Methods and Results - This is a prospective nested case-control study of 364 men with a new CHD event ( nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death) during a 5.1-year ( median) follow-up and 697 age-matched controls. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to quantify levels of LDL and HDL particle subclasses and mean particle sizes in plasma obtained at baseline and after 7 months of treatment with gemfibrozil or placebo. Odds ratios for a 1-SD increment of each lipoprotein variable were calculated with adjusted logistic regression models. Gemfibrozil treatment increased LDL size and lowered numbers of LDL particles ( - 5%) while raising numbers of HDL particles (10%) and small HDL subclass particles (21%). Concentrations of these LDL and HDL particles achieved with gemfibrozil were significant, independent predictors of new CHD events. For total LDL and HDL particles, odds ratios predicting CHD benefit were 1.28 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.47) and 0.71 ( 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.81), respectively. Mean LDL and HDL particle sizes were not associated with CHD events. Conclusions - The effects of gemfibrozil on NMR-measured LDL and HDL particle subclasses, which are not reflected by conventional lipoprotein cholesterol measures, help to explain the demonstrated benefit of this therapy in patients with low HDL cholesterol. C1 Liposci Inc, Raleigh, NC USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Cooperat Studies Program Coordinating Ctr, West Haven, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr, Atlanta, GA USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Lipid Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Ctr Chron Dis Outcomes Res, Minneapolis, MN USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Robins, SJ (reprint author), Framingham Heart Dis Epidemiol Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham, MA 01702 USA. EM sjrobins@bu.edu OI bloomfield, hanna/0000-0002-0756-7064 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R03 HL069111] NR 30 TC 338 Z9 348 U1 2 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD MAR 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 12 BP 1556 EP 1563 DI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.565135 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 025UO UT WOS:000236292600006 PM 16534013 ER PT J AU Boyer, AE Barr, JR Quinn, CP AF Boyer, Anne E. Barr, John R. Quinn, Conrad P. TI New insights into anthrax toxemia: Mass spectrometric detection of serum lethal factor and lethal toxin complex in inhalation infections SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDC, Microbial Pathogenesis & Immune Response Lab, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM aboyer@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 44-ANYL PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900151 ER PT J AU Ding, YS Ashley, DL Watson, CH Hearn, B AF Ding, Yan S. Ashley, David L. Watson, Clifford H. Hearn, Bryan TI Determination of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream cigarette smoke by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM yding@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 95-ANYL PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900202 ER PT J AU Gaunce, JA Griffith, B Connell, C Hill, RH AF Gaunce, Jean A. Griffith, Brian Connell, Cheryl Hill, Robert H., Jr. TI Development of new chemical hazard management systems SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Hlth & Safety, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jgaunce@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 23-CHAS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900867 ER PT J AU Jones, RL Caldwell, KL Gonzales, ER Peterson, DS Walter, PJ AF Jones, Robert L. Caldwell, Kathleen L. Gonzales, Edward R. Peterson, Dominic S. Walter, Peter J. TI Automated separation of ultra-trace actinides from urine by ion chromatography ICP-MS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Inorgan Toxicol & Radionuclide Labs, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM rljones@cdc.gov RI Caldwell, Kathleen/B-1595-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 276-IEC PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904861 ER PT J AU Kalb, SR Moura, H Boyer, AE McWilliams, LG Woolfitt, AR Barr, JR AF Kalb, Suzanne R. Moura, Hercules Boyer, Anne E. McWilliams, Lisa G. Woolfitt, Adrian R. Barr, John R. TI Detection of botulinum neurotoxin in biological samples SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Battelle Mem Inst, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM skalb@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 262-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900369 ER PT J AU Kiefer, M AF Kiefer, Max TI Carbon monoxide poisoning after use of explosives SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM MKiefer@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 25-CHAS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900869 ER PT J AU Kobelski, RJ Holt, P Paschal, DC Parry, R Mawhinney, DB Hamelin, E Trinidad, M Glenn, S Donohue, JP Smith, KA AF Kobelski, Robert J. Holt, Philip Paschal, Daniel C. Parry, Richard Mawhinney, Douglas B. Hamelin, Elizabeth Trinidad, Michael Glenn, Steven Donohue, Jeffrey P. Smith, Kimberly A. TI Teaching analytical chemistry for terrorism response SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCEH, DLS, ERAT, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 1374-CHED PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902693 ER PT J AU Lentz, TJ AF Lentz, Thomas J. TI Applying a control-focused risk management toolkit for chemical exposures SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIOSH, CDC, Educ & Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM TLentz@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 2-CHAS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900846 ER PT J AU Moura, H Woolfitt, AR Carvalho, MG Pavlopoulos, AJ Teixeira, LM Facklam, R Satten, G Barr, JR AF Moura, Hercules Woolfitt, Adrian R. Carvalho, Maria G. Pavlopoulos, Antonis J. Teixeira, Lucia M. Facklam, Richard Satten, Glen Barr, John R. TI Detection and identification of protein fingerprints of Streptococcus pyogenes whole cells by MALDI-TOF MS and proteome database search as a tool for strain differentiation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Battelle Mem Inst, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Microbiol, BR-21941 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. EM HMoura@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 41-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900148 ER PT J AU Pierce, CL Woolfitt, AR Moura, H Shaw, EI Thompson, HA Pavlopoulos, AJ Fernandez, FM Barr, JR AF Pierce, Carrie L. Woolfitt, Adrian R. Moura, Hercules Shaw, Edward I. Thompson, Herbert A. Pavlopoulos, Antonis J. Fernandez, Facundo M. Barr, John R. TI Bacillus anthracis and Coxiella burnetii classification on biomarker latent variables via MALDI MS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Battelle Mem Inst, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM CYoung@cdc.gov RI Fernandez, Facundo/B-7015-2008 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 43-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900150 ER PT J AU Preau, JL Silva, MJ Reidy, JA Needham, L Calafat, AM AF Preau, James L., Jr. Silva, Manori J. Reidy, John A. Needham, Larry Calafat, Antonia M. TI Variability of phthalate metabolite concentrations in adult urine collections over the course of a regular work day SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCEH, DLS, OAT, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM NZP4@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 410-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900517 ER PT J AU Samandar, E Silva, MJ Reidy, JA Needham, LL Calafat, AM AF Samandar, Ella Silva, Manori J. Reidy, John A. Needham, Larry L. Calafat, Antonia M. TI Stability of the glucuronide urinary conjugates of phthalate metabolites in humans SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCEH, DLS, OAT, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM evs9@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 184-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900291 ER PT J AU Silva, MJ Preau, JL Samandar, E Reidy, JA Needham, LL Calafat, AM AF Silva, Manori J. Preau, James L., Jr. Samandar, Ella Reidy, John A. Needham, Larry L. Calafat, Antonia M. TI Urinary biomarkers of di-n-butyl phthalate SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM zca2@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 201-ENVR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904200 ER PT J AU Vesper, HW Mi, LC Ospina, M Barr, JR Myers, GL AF Vesper, Hubert W. Mi, Luchuan Ospina, Maria Barr, John R. Myers, Gary L. TI Measurement of glycated hemoglobin A1c by HPLC/MS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 CDC, NCEH, DLS, CCB, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. EM HVesper@cdc.gov RI Ospina, Maria/C-5111-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 263-ANYL PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900370 ER PT J AU Voorhees, KJ Luna, LG Bearden, SW AF Voorhees, Kent J. Luna, Leah G. Bearden, Scott W. TI Bacteriophage amplification with immunochromatographic detection of Yersinia pestis SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Diagnost & Reference Lab, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. EM kvoorhee@mines.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 259-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900366 ER PT J AU Weyant, RS AF Weyant, Robbin S. TI Lessons for chemists from biological incidents SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Hlth & Safety, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rsw2@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 24-CHAS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900868 ER PT J AU Woolfitt, AR Moura, H De, BK Wilkins, PP Thompson, HA Shaw, EI Pavlopoulos, AJ Pierce, CL Solano, MI Barr, JR AF Woolfitt, Adrian R. Moura, Hercules De, Barun K. Wilkins, Patricia P. Thompson, Herbert A. Shaw, Edward I. Pavlopoulos, Antonis J. Pierce, Carrie L. Solano, Maria I. Barr, John R. TI Identification of Bacillus anthracis and Coxiella burnetii by MALDI-TOF MS protein fingerprinting and LC-ESI/MS/MS proteomic approaches SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Battelle Mem Inst, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM AWoolfitt@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 42-ANYL PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900149 ER PT J AU Papania, M Rodewald, L AF Papania, M Rodewald, L TI For better immunisation coverage, measure coverage better SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID VACCINATION COVERAGE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Off, Off Chief Sci Officer, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Papania, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Off, Off Chief Sci Officer, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mpapania@cdc.gov NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 25 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9515 BP 965 EP 966 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68403-1 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 028GE UT WOS:000236474200006 PM 16564344 ER PT J AU Warny, M Pepin, J Fang, AQ Killgore, G McDonald, LC AF Warny, M Pepin, J Fang, AQ Killgore, G McDonald, LC TI Measurement of toxin production by Clostridium difficile - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Acambis, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Warny, M (reprint author), Acambis, 38 Sidney St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM michel.warny@acambis.com NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 25 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9515 BP 983 EP 984 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68418-3 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 028GE UT WOS:000236474200019 ER PT J AU Bhat, N Shay, DK Uyeki, TM AF Bhat, N Shay, DK Uyeki, TM TI Influenza-associated deaths among children - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID HOSPITALIZATIONS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bhat, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM nbhat@cdc.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 23 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 12 BP 1318 EP 1318 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 023ZH UT WOS:000236164200017 ER PT J AU Varela-Flores, R Vazquez-Rivera, H Menacker, F Ahmed, Y Grant, AM Jamieson, DJ Whiteman, MK Farr, SL AF Varela-Flores, R Vazquez-Rivera, H Menacker, F Ahmed, Y Grant, AM Jamieson, DJ Whiteman, MK Farr, SL TI Rates of cesarean delivery among Puerto Rican women - Puerto Rico and the US mainland, 1992-2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 68-71, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID RISK C1 Puerto Rico Dept Hlth, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Varela-Flores, R (reprint author), Puerto Rico Dept Hlth, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 22 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 12 BP 1369 EP 1371 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 023WU UT WOS:000236157700010 ER PT J AU Brooks, S Apostol, M Nadle, J Wymore, K Haubert, N Burnite, S Daniels, A Hadler, JL Farley, MM Martell-Cleary, P Harrison, LH Sanza, LT Morin, C Lynfield, R Albanese, B Bareta, J Anderson, B Cieslak, P Stefonek, K Barnes, B Craig, AS Schrag, SJ Zell, E Phares, CR AF Brooks, S Apostol, M Nadle, J Wymore, K Haubert, N Burnite, S Daniels, A Hadler, JL Farley, MM Martell-Cleary, P Harrison, LH Sanza, LT Morin, C Lynfield, R Albanese, B Bareta, J Anderson, B Cieslak, P Stefonek, K Barnes, B Craig, AS Schrag, SJ Zell, E Phares, CR TI Early-onset and late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease - United States, 1996-2004 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 54, pg 1205, 2005) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Calif Emerging Infect Program, Oakland, CA USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Denver, CO 80246 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Hartford, CT USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Georgia Emerging Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Maryland Emerging Infect Program, Baltimore, MD USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. New Mexico Dept Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Santa Fe, NM USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Salem, OR 97310 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Brooks, S (reprint author), Calif Emerging Infect Program, Oakland, CA USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 22 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 12 BP 1371 EP 1372 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 023WU UT WOS:000236157700011 ER PT J AU Demma, LJ Vanderford, TH Logsdon, JM Feinberg, MB Staprans, SI AF Demma, L. J. Vanderford, T. H. Logsdon, J. M., Jr. Feinberg, M. B. Staprans, S. I. TI Evolution of the uniquely adaptable lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host SO RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; AFRICAN-GREEN MONKEYS; INFLUENZA-A VIRUSES; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION; SOOTY MANGABEYS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; IN-VIVO; NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTIONS; GENETIC-VARIABILITY AB Background: The ability of emerging pathogens to infect new species is likely related to the diversity of pathogen variants present in existing reservoirs and their degree of genomic plasticity, which determines their ability to adapt to new environments. Certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz, SIVsm) have demonstrated tremendous success in infecting new species, including humans, resulting in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics. Although SIV diversification has been studied on a population level, the essential substrates for cross-species transmission, namely SIV sequence diversity and the types and extent of viral diversification present in individual reservoir animals have not been elucidated. To characterize this intra-host SIV diversity, we performed sequence analyses of clonal viral envelope (env) V1V2 and gag p27 variants present in individual SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys over time. Results: SIVsm demonstrated extensive intra-animal V1V2 length variation and amino acid diversity (le38%), and continual variation in V1V2 N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence frequency and location. Positive selection was the predominant evolutionary force. Temporal sequence shifts suggested continual selection, likely due to evolving antibody responses. In contrast, gag p27 was predominantly under purifying selection. SIVsm V1V2 sequence diversification is at least as great as that in HIV-1 infected humans, indicating that extensive viral diversification in and of itself does not inevitably lead to AIDS. Conclusion: Positive diversifying selection in this natural reservoir host is the engine that has driven the evolution of the uniquely adaptable SIV/HIV envelope protein. These studies emphasize the importance of retroviral diversification within individual host reservoir animals as a critical substrate in facilitating cross-species transmission. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med & Microbiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Program Populat Biol Evolut & Ecol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Merck Vaccine Div, West Point, PA 19486 USA. RP Staprans, SI (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med & Microbiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM lqd1@cdc.gov; thvande@emory.edu; john-logsdon@uiowa.edu; mark_feinberg@merck.com; sstapr2@sph.emory.edu RI Logsdon, John/B-7812-2009 FU NCRR NIH HHS [P51 RR000165, RR00165]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI4915502, T32 AI007442, T32-AI07442] NR 96 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1742-4690 J9 RETROVIROLOGY JI Retrovirology PD MAR 20 PY 2006 VL 3 AR 19 DI 10.1186/1742-4690-3-19 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 067OM UT WOS:000239312500001 PM 16549011 ER PT J AU Tumpey, TM Basler, CF Aguilar, PV Zeng, H Solorzano, A Swayne, DE Cox, NJ Katz, JM Taubenberger, JK Palese, P Garcia-Sastre, A AF Tumpey, TM Basler, CF Aguilar, PV Zeng, H Solorzano, A Swayne, DE Cox, NJ Katz, JM Taubenberger, JK Palese, P Garcia-Sastre, A TI Vaccine against Spanish flu - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10029 USA. USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Agr Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Mol Pathol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Tumpey, TM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 17 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5767 BP 1552 EP 1552 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 022BK UT WOS:000236029500018 ER PT J AU Schieve, LA AF Schieve, LA TI The promise of single-embryo transfer SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID IN-VITRO-FERTILIZATION; BLASTOCYST TRANSFER; PREGNANCY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schieve, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 16 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 11 BP 1190 EP 1193 DI 10.1056/NEJMe058321 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 021KI UT WOS:000235981700016 PM 16540622 ER PT J AU McDonald, LC Gerding, DN AF McDonald, LC Gerding, DN TI Epidemic Clostridium difficile - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hines Vet Affairs Hosp, Hines, IL 60141 USA. RP McDonald, LC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cmcdonald1@cdc.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 16 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 11 BP 1202 EP 1202 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 021KI UT WOS:000235981700025 ER PT J AU Ajani, UA Ford, ES AF Ajani, UA Ford, ES TI Two approaches of coronary risk assessment - Do they work? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The risk assessment method reported by the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel I If, is used as a guide to define low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals and cutpoints for intervention. Two approaches of this method are described by National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and were used to compute coronary heart disease risk among participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2002. In conclusion, the low-density lipoprotein goals were not clear for a sizable proportion of participants, especially using the second approach, and may lead to less intensive intervention. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ajani, UA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM uajani@cdc.gov NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 650 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9149 J9 AM J CARDIOL JI Am. J. Cardiol. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 6 BP 765 EP 767 DI 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.09.125 PG 3 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 024PP UT WOS:000236208700001 PM 16516571 ER PT J AU Dayan, GH Shaw, KM Baughman, AL Orellana, LC Forlenza, R Ellis, A Chaui, J Kaplan, S Strebel, P AF Dayan, GH Shaw, KM Baughman, AL Orellana, LC Forlenza, R Ellis, A Chaui, J Kaplan, S Strebel, P TI Assessment of delay in age-appropriate vaccination using survival analysis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE health surveys; immunization; preventive health services; survival analysis ID IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE; UNITED-STATES; CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATIONS; 2-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN; RISK-FACTORS; INFANTS; RATES; TIMELINESS; PERTUSSIS AB Assessment of delay in age-appropriate vaccination provides more information about timeliness of vaccination than up-to-date vaccination coverage. The authors applied survival analysis methods to data from a vaccination coverage survey among children aged 13-59 months conducted in Argentina in 2002. By age 19 months, 43% of children (95% confidence interval (CI): 40, 46) were vaccinated with the fourth dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP4). By age 13 months, 55% of children (95% CI: 52, 57) were vaccinated with measles-containing vaccine. By age 7 months, 33% of children (95% CI: 27, 40) were vaccinated with the third dose of hepatitis B. Compared with firstborn children, third children were more likely to be delayed for DTP4 (relative risk (RR) = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.62), measles-containing vaccine (RR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.78), and the third dose of hepatitis B (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.67). Children whose caregivers had completed secondary school were less likely to be delayed for DTP4 (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.90) compared with those whose caregivers had not completed primary school. Survival analysis methods were helpful in measuring vaccine uptake and should be considered in future surveys when assessing delay in age-appropriate vaccination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Immunizat Serv Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Sch Nat & Exact Sci, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Secretariat Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Global Immunizat Div, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dayan, GH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM gdayan@cdc.gov RI Orellana, Liliana/S-3302-2016 OI Orellana, Liliana/0000-0003-3736-4337 NR 35 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 6 BP 561 EP 570 DI 10.1093/aje/kwj074 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 018NE UT WOS:000235770400009 PM 16421238 ER PT J AU Link, MW Ahluwalia, IB Euler, GL Bridges, CB Chu, SY Wortley, PM AF Link, MW Ahluwalia, IB Euler, GL Bridges, CB Chu, SY Wortley, PM TI Racial and ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among adults during the 2004-2005 season SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; continental population groups; ethnic groups; immunization; influenza, human; public health ID RACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES; UNITED-STATES; ASTHMA; OLDER AB During the 2004-2005 influenza season, the supply of vaccine to the United States was significantly reduced. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices issued interim recommendations for prioritizing vaccination. Given trends in racial/ethnic disparities in vaccination for influenza, the authors assessed the impact of the shortage on those historically less likely to be vaccinated. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, they considered vaccination coverage among those non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics who had priority for being vaccinated during the 2004-2005 influenza season. The vaccine shortage had a significant negative effect on coverage among adults aged 65 years or older across the three racial/ethnic groups. Yet, the magnitude of the disparities in coverage did not change significantly from previous seasons. This finding may imply similar patterns of vaccine-seeking behavior during shortage and nonshortage years. No racial/ethnic differences were seen among adults aged 18-64 years, which likely reflects the higher percentage of health-care workers in this age group. Yearly monitoring of influenza vaccine coverage is important to assess the long-term impact of shortages on overall coverage and gaps in coverage between racial/ethnic groups. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Link, MW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,K-66, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM MLink@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 6 BP 571 EP 578 DI 10.1093/aje/kwj086 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 018NE UT WOS:000235770400010 PM 16443801 ER PT J AU Nolan, CM Taylor, Z Blumberg, HM AF Nolan, CM Taylor, Z Blumberg, HM TI Failure to mention fixed-dose drug combinations in the ATS/CDC/IDSA tuberculosis control statement SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 173 IS 6 BP 684 EP 685 PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 024FY UT WOS:000236182100019 ER PT J AU Dewan, PK Grinsdale, J Liska, S Wong, E Fallstad, R Kawamura, LM AF Dewan, PK Grinsdale, J Liska, S Wong, E Fallstad, R Kawamura, LM TI Feasibility, acceptability, and cost of tuberculosis testing by whole-blood interferon-gamma assay SO BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; DRUG USERS; SKIN-TEST; INFECTION; PROGRAM AB Background: The whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is recommended in some settings as an alternative to the tuberculin skin test (TST). Outcomes from field implementation of the IGRA for routine tuberculosis ( TB) testing have not been reported. We evaluated feasibility, acceptability, and costs after 1.5 years of IGRA use in San Francisco under routine program conditions. Methods: Patients seen at six community clinics serving homeless, immigrant, or injection-drug user (IDU) populations were routinely offered IGRA (Quantiferon-TB). Per guidelines, we excluded patients who were < 17 years old, HIV-infected, immunocompromised, or pregnant. We reviewed medical records for IGRA results and completion of medical evaluation for TB, and at two clinics reviewed TB screening logs for instances of IGRA refusal or phlebotomy failure. Results: Between November 1, 2003 and February 28, 2005, 4143 persons were evaluated by IGRA. 225(5%) specimens were not tested, and 89 (2%) were IGRA-indeterminate. Positive or negative IGRA results were available for 3829 (92%). Of 819 patients with positive IGRA results, 524 (64%) completed diagnostic evaluation within 30 days of their IGRA test date. Among 503 patients eligible for IGRA testing at two clinics, phlebotomy was refused by 33 (7%) and failed in 40 (8%). Including phlebotomy, laboratory, and personnel costs, IGRA use cost $33.67 per patient tested. Conclusion: IGRA implementation in a routine TB control program setting was feasible and acceptable among homeless, IDU, and immigrant patients in San Francisco, with results more frequently available than the historically described performance of TST. Laboratory-based diagnosis and surveillance for M. tuberculosis infection is now possible. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Dewan, PK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM phd8@cdc.gov; jennifer.grinsdale@sfdph.org; sally.liska@sfdph.org; ernest.h.wong@sfdph.org; robert.fallstad@sfdph.org; masae.kawamura@sfdph.org NR 16 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 7 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2334 J9 BMC INFECT DIS JI BMC Infect. Dis. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 6 AR 47 DI 10.1186/1471-2334-6-47 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 032ES UT WOS:000236757300002 PM 16539718 ER PT J AU Dechet, AM Scallan, E Gensheimer, K Hoekstra, R Gunderman-King, J Lockett, J Wrigley, D Chege, W Sobel, J AF Dechet, AM Scallan, E Gensheimer, K Hoekstra, R Gunderman-King, J Lockett, J Wrigley, D Chege, W Sobel, J CA Multistate Working Grp TI Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 infection linked to commercial ground beef, northeastern United States, 2003-2004 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RAW-MILK CHEESE; DT104 INFECTIONS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; NONTYPHOIDAL SALMONELLA; FOOD ANIMALS; AVOPARCIN; ENTEROCOCCI; HUMANS; BURDEN; AGENTS AB Background. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 (DT104) emerged in the 1990s and is associated with greater clinical severity than pansusceptible S. Typhimurium. Although infection with DT104 is common in the United States, it is rarely associated with outbreaks. From October to December 2003, a cluster of DT104 infections with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns was identified in the northeastern United States. Methods. A case-control study that assessed exposures compared case patients to age- and geography-matched control subjects. Information on consumer purchasing and grocery store suppliers was used to trace the implicated food to its source. Results. We identified 58 case patients in 9 states by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Representative isolates were phage type DT104 and were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (R-type ACSSuT). Of 27 patients interviewed for the case-control study, 41% were hospitalized (median duration of hospitalization, 4 days). Compared with 71 healthy control subjects, case patients had more medical comorbidities (matched odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-12.7). Illness was associated with consuming store-bought ground beef prepared as hamburgers at home (matched odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-15.3) and with eating raw ground beef (P <=.001). Seven case patients (27%), but no control subjects, ate raw ground beef. Product traceback linked cases to a single large ground beef manufacturer previously implicated in a multistate outbreak of highly drug-resistant Salmonella enterica Newport infections in 2002. Conclusions. This first multistate outbreak of highly drug-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 infection associated with ground beef highlights the need for enhanced animal health surveillance and infection control, prudent use of antimicrobials for animals, improved pathogen reduction during processing, and better product tracking and consumer education. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne Dis Act Surveillance Network Foodnet, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Marine Bur Hlth, Augusta, GA USA. RP Scallan, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne Dis Act Surveillance Network Foodnet, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSD63, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM escallan@cdc.gov NR 37 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 6 BP 747 EP 752 DI 10.1086/500320 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 012HW UT WOS:000235330200002 PM 16477547 ER PT J AU Duerr, A Paramsothy, P Jamieson, DJ Heilig, CM Klein, RS Cu-Uvin, S Schuman, P Anderson, JR AF Duerr, A Paramsothy, P Jamieson, DJ Heilig, CM Klein, RS Cu-Uvin, S Schuman, P Anderson, JR CA HIV Epidemiology Res Study TI Effect of HIV infection on atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; BETHESDA SYSTEM; CYTOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES; INTRAEPITHELIAL LESIONS; WOMEN; DIAGNOSES; RISK; MANAGEMENT C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Contracept Res & Dev, Arlington, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Brown Med Sch, Providence, RI USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Detroit, MI USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Duerr, A (reprint author), 1100 Fairview Ave N,LE-500,POB 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. EM aduerr@fhcrc.org RI Heilig, Charles/C-2753-2008 OI Heilig, Charles/0000-0003-1075-1310 FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U64/CCU106795, U64/CCU206798, U64/CCU306802, U64/CCU506831] NR 16 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 6 BP 855 EP 861 DI 10.1086/500404 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 012HW UT WOS:000235330200021 PM 16477565 ER PT J AU McElroy, PD Ijaz, K Navin, TR AF McElroy, PD Ijaz, K Navin, TR TI Rifampin and pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection - Reply to Cook SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; HEPATOTOXICITY; PREVENTION; THERAPY; RATES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McElroy, PD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, E-45,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM pgm9@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 6 BP 892 EP 893 DI 10.1086/500462 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 012HW UT WOS:000235330200032 ER PT J AU Widyastuti, E Silaen, G Pricesca, A Handoko, A Blanton, C Handzel, T Brennan, M AF Widyastuti, E Silaen, G Pricesca, A Handoko, A Blanton, C Handzel, T Brennan, M TI Assessment of health-related needs after tsunami and earthquake - Three districts, Aceh Province, Indonesia, July-August 2005 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 93-97, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 11 BP 1240 EP 1244 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 021GV UT WOS:000235972600008 ER PT J AU LaPorte, T Gonidi, G Heisey-Grove, D Gadam, P Soliva, S Neves, P DeMaria, A Fico, N Trujillo, S Njapau, H Warner, CR Canas, BJ Eppley, RM Garber, EAE Stack, ME Tournas, VH Park, DL Rogers, HS Patel, M Osterloh, J Calafat, AM Fry, A Bowen, A DuBois, A AF LaPorte, T Gonidi, G Heisey-Grove, D Gadam, P Soliva, S Neves, P DeMaria, A Fico, N Trujillo, S Njapau, H Warner, CR Canas, BJ Eppley, RM Garber, EAE Stack, ME Tournas, VH Park, DL Rogers, HS Patel, M Osterloh, J Calafat, AM Fry, A Bowen, A DuBois, A TI Multiple outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness among school children associated with consumption of flour tortillas - Massachusetts, 2003-2004 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 8-11, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Joint Inst Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP LaPorte, T (reprint author), Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 11 BP 1244 EP 1246 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 021GV UT WOS:000235972600009 ER PT J AU De Santis, AC Raghavan, M Caldanaro, RJ Glickman, NW Moore, GE Lewis, HB Schantz, PM Glickman, LT AF De Santis, AC Raghavan, M Caldanaro, RJ Glickman, NW Moore, GE Lewis, HB Schantz, PM Glickman, LT TI Estimated prevalence of nematode parasitism among pet cats in the United States SO JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INFECTIONS; DOGS AB Objective-To estimate prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections in pet cats in the United States and identify risk factors for parasitism. Design-Retrospective period prevalence survey. Study Population-356,086 cats examined at 359 private veterinary hospitals during 2003. Procedure-Electronic medical records were searched to identify cats for which fecal flotation tests had been performed and to determine proportions of test results positive for roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms. Potential risk factors for roundworm and hookworm infection were identified by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results-A total of 80,278 tests were performed on fecal samples from 66,819 cats. Calculated prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infection were 2.92%, 0.63%, and 0.031%, respectively. Age, reproductive status, breed, and season were significant risk factors for roundworm infection, with cats < 4 years old; sexually intact cats; mixed-breed cats; and cats examined during the summer, fall, or winter more likely to be infected. Age, reproductive status, and season were significant risk factors for hookworm infection, with cats < 1 year old, sexually intact cats, and cats examined during the summer more likely to be infected. Regional differences in prevalences of roundworm and hookworm infection were found. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that prevalences of nematode infections among pet cats in the United States may be lower than previously suspected on the basis of prevalences reported among cats in humane shelters and those reported in more geographically focused studies. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Pet Hosp, Portland, OR 97220 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP De Santis, AC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. FU NCPDCID CDC HHS [R01 CI 000093] NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 JAVMA-J AM VET MED A JI JAVMA-J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 228 IS 6 BP 885 EP 892 DI 10.2460/javma.228.6.885 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 021IQ UT WOS:000235977300022 PM 16536699 ER PT J AU Goudsmit, J Marissen, WE Weldon, WC Niezgoda, M Hanlon, CA Rice, AB de Kruif, J Dietzschold, B Bakker, ABH Rupprecht, CE AF Goudsmit, J Marissen, WE Weldon, WC Niezgoda, M Hanlon, CA Rice, AB de Kruif, J Dietzschold, B Bakker, ABH Rupprecht, CE TI Comparison of an anti-rabies human monoclonal antibody combination with human polyclonal anti-rabies immune globulin SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NON-EXPOSED PERSONS; RABIES VIRUS; POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS; VACCINE INOCULATIONS; DIFFERENT SCHEDULES; PREVENTION; SERUM AB The World Health Organization estimates human mortality from endemic canine rabies to be 55,000 deaths/year. Limited supply hampers the accessibility of appropriate lifesaving treatment, particularly in areas where rabies is endemic. Anti-rabies antibodies are key to protection against lethal rabies. Currently, only human and equine polyclonal anti-rabies immune globulin (HRIG and ERIG) is available. Replacement of HRIG and ERIG with a safer and more widely available product is recommended. We have recently identified a combination of 2 human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), CR57 and CR4098, that has high potential. We here describe a head-to-head comparison between an CR57/CR4098 MAb cocktail and HRIG. The MAb cocktail neutralized all viruses from a panel of 26 representative street rabies virus isolates. In combination with vaccine, the MAb cocktail protected Syrian hamsters against lethal rabies when administered 24 h after exposure, comparable with the results obtained with HRIG. Furthermore, the MAb cocktail did not interfere with rabies vaccine differently from HRIG. These results demonstrate that the human MAb cocktail of CR57 and CR4098 is a safe and efficacious alternative to RIG in rabies postexposure prophylaxis. C1 Crucell Holland BV, NL-2301 CA Leiden, Netherlands. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Rabies Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Goudsmit, J (reprint author), Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4,POB 2048, NL-2301 CA Leiden, Netherlands. EM j.goudsmit@crucell.com OI Papaneri, Amy/0000-0003-2144-2441 NR 23 TC 53 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 193 IS 6 BP 796 EP 801 DI 10.1086/500470 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 015FB UT WOS:000235536200010 PM 16479514 ER PT J AU Schaeffer, DJ Dellinger, JA Needham, LL Hansen, LG AF Schaeffer, DJ Dellinger, JA Needham, LL Hansen, LG TI Serum PCB profiles in Native Americans from Wisconsin based on region, diet, age, and gender: Implications for epidemiology studies SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE body burden; diet; fish; epidemiology; gender; lipid; polychlorinated biphenyls ID GREAT-LAKES REGION; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; PREPUBERTAL FEMALE RATS; YUSHO PATIENTS; EXPOSURE; CONTAMINATION; POPULATION; INDUCTION; MIXTURES; BLOOD AB Background: Different PCB congeners and different mixtures of congeners have been demonstrated to have different biological actions. More complete characterization of congener profiles in exposure sources may assist in predicting health outcomes. Methods: Thirty-six (36) polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured by gas chromatography isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) in 314 serum samples from Native Americans in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. Five dietary groups were established based on the quantity and species of fish consumed and the waters from which the fish were caught. Multivariate statistical methods were able to resolve gender and dietary differences in PCB homologue and PCB congener patterns. Results: Females had higher proportions of lower chlorinated homologues, including a consistently higher proportion of pentaCB 118. The relative presence of the very labile and volatile PCB 18, above 1% of the total PCB in females from the minimal fish consumption and "other" groups, suggests possible exposure to PCBs in the atmosphere. The dietary group consuming predatory fishes from Lakes Michigan and Superior had the highest serum concentrations of total PCB (mean of 3.1 ng/ml) and the most distinct congener profile. The two dietary groups least dependent on fishing or fishing mostly from inland lakes (non-Great Lakes) had the lowest total PCB concentrations, both with means of 1.4 ng/ml. Conclusions: These serum PCB concentrations were less than those found in earlier studies of fish consumers in the Great Lakes region and may reflect the decrease in PCBs in these lakes. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hlth Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Schaeffer, DJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. EM dschaeff@uiuc.edu RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 FU PHS HHS [H75/ATH570080] NR 62 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 357 IS 1-3 BP 74 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.030 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 024JD UT WOS:000236190400006 PM 15935445 ER PT J AU Arnold, SM Zarnke, RL Lynn, TV Chimonas, MAR Frank, A AF Arnold, SM Zarnke, RL Lynn, TV Chimonas, MAR Frank, A TI Public health evaluation of cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney of moose (Alces alces) from four areas of Alaska SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE moose; cadmium; liver; kidney; Alaska; public health evaluation; biomonitoring ID NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; BLOOD CADMIUM; TRADITIONAL FOOD; DIETARY-CADMIUM; ABSORPTION; CANADA; POPULATION; CONTAMINANTS; CONSUMPTION; DEFICIENCY AB Liver and/or kidney samples were collected from 139 hunter-killed moose from four areas of Alaska during 1986. The concentration of cadmium in organ tissue was determined by direct-current plasma atomic emission spectrometry. All results are reported as mu g/g wet weight. Concentrations of cadmium in liver ranged from 0.06 mu g/g to 9.0 mu g/g; in the kidney cortex they ranged from 0.10 mu g/g to 65.7 mu g/g. Cadmium levels were significantly associated with location and age. The highest geometric mean liver (2.11 mu g/g) and kidney cortex (20.2 mu g/g) cadmium concentrations were detected in moose harvested near Galena, Alaska. Limited dietary information from Alaska and Canada indicates that the intake of moose liver or kidney does not exceed, in most individuals, the World Health Organization recommendations for weekly cadmium consumption of 400 mu g to 500 mu g. Additionally, human biomonitoring data from Canada and Alaska indicate exposure to cadmium is low except for individuals who smoke cigarettes. Given the nutritional and cultural value of subsistence foods, the Alaska Division of Public Health continues to support the consumption of moose liver and kidney as part of a well-balanced diet. Hut-nail biomonitoring studies are needed in Alaska to determine actual cadmium exposure in populations with a lifelong history of moose liver and kidney consumption. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Epidemiol Sect, Anchorage, AK 99524 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Workforce & Career Dev, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Fac Vet Med & Anim Sci, Dept Clin Chem, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Arnold, SM (reprint author), Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Epidemiol Sect, 3601 C St,Suite 540,POB 240249, Anchorage, AK 99524 USA. EM scott_arnold@health.state.ak.us NR 49 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 357 IS 1-3 BP 103 EP 111 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.040 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 024JD UT WOS:000236190400009 PM 15890387 ER PT J AU Zheng, DP Ando, T Fankhauser, RL Beard, RS Glass, RI Monroe, SS AF Zheng, DP Ando, T Fankhauser, RL Beard, RS Glass, RI Monroe, SS TI Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE nonoviruses; Norwalk-like viruses; classification; nomenclature; phylogenetic analysis ID NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; INFECTIOUS NONBACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS; IMMUNE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; BOVINE ENTERIC CALICIVIRUSES; CAPSID SEQUENCE DIVERSITY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; UNITED-STATES; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AB Without a virus culture system, genetic analysis becomes the principal method to classify noroviruis (NoV) strains. Currently, classification of NoV strains beneath the species level has been based on sequences from different regions of the viral genome. As a result, the phylogenetic insights of some virus were not appropriately interpreted, and no consensus has been reached to establish a uniform classification scheme. To provide a consistent and reliable scientific basis for classifying NoVs, we analyzed the amino acid sequences for the major capsid protein of 164 NoV strains by first using an alignment based on the predicted 3D structures. A Bayesian tree was generated, and the maximum likelihood pairwise distances of the aligned sequences were used to evaluate the results from the uncorrected pairwise distance method. Analyses of the pairwise distances demonstrated three clearly resolved peaks, suggesting that NoV strains beneath the species level can be classified at three levels: strain (S), cluster (C), and genogroup (G). The uncorrected pairwise distance ranges for S, C, and G were 0-14.1%, 14.3-43.8%, and 44.9-61.4%, respectively. A scheme with 29 genetic clusters [8 in genogroup 1 (G1), 17 in G2, 2 in G3, and 1 each in G4 and G5] was defined on the basis of the tree topology with the standards provided and was supported by the distance analysis. Of these, five clusters in G2 and one in G1 are newly described. This analysis can serve as the basis for a standardized nomenclature to genetically describe NoV strains. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Zheng, DP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G04, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dzheng@cdc.gov OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 57 TC 674 Z9 739 U1 9 U2 95 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 346 IS 2 BP 312 EP 323 DI 10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.015 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 024JR UT WOS:000236191800007 PM 16343580 ER PT J AU Yang, QH Botto, LD Erickson, JD Berry, RJ Sambell, C Johansen, H Friedman, JM AF Yang, QH Botto, LD Erickson, JD Berry, RJ Sambell, C Johansen, H Friedman, JM TI Improvement in stroke mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002 SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE mortality; nutrition; population; prevention; stroke ID FOLIC-ACID FORTIFICATION; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; ISCHEMIC-STROKE; VITAMIN INTERVENTION; FOOD FORTIFICATION AB Background - In the United States and Canada, folic acid fortification of enriched grain products was fully implemented by 1998. The resulting population-wide reduction in blood homocysteine concentrations might be expected to reduce stroke mortality if high homocysteine levels are an independent risk factor for stroke. Methods and Results - In this population-based cohort study with quasi-experimental intervention, we used segmented log-linear regression to evaluate trends in stroke-related mortality before and after folic acid fortification in the United States and Canada and, as a comparison, during the same period in England and Wales, where fortification is not required. Average blood folate concentrations increased and homocysteine concentrations decreased in the United States after fortification. The ongoing decline in stroke mortality observed in the United States between 1990 and 1997 accelerated in 1998 to 2002 in nearly all population strata, with an overall change from -0.3% (95% CI, -0.7 to 0.08) to -2.9 (95% CI, -3.5 to -2.3) per year (P = 0.0005). Sensitivity analyses indicate that changes in other major recognized risk factors are unlikely to account for the reduced number of stroke-related deaths in the United States. The fall in stroke mortality in Canada averaged -1.0% ( 95% CI, -1.4 to -0.6) per year from 1990 to 1997 and accelerated to -5.4% (95% CI, -6.0 to -4.7) per year in 1998 to 2002 (P <= 0.0001). In contrast, the decline in stroke mortality in England and Wales did not change significantly between 1990 and 2002. Conclusions - The improvement in stroke mortality observed after folic acid fortification in the United States and Canada but not in England and Wales is consistent with the hypothesis that folic acid fortification helps to reduce deaths from stroke. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Pediat, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Stat Canada, Hlth Div, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Yang, QH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E86, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM qayO@cdc.gov OI Berry, Robert/0000-0002-7162-5046 NR 56 TC 213 Z9 238 U1 0 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD MAR 14 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 10 BP 1335 EP 1343 DI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570846 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 021GL UT WOS:000235971600012 PM 16534029 ER PT J AU Dewan, PK Lal, SS Lonnroth, K Wares, F Uplekar, M Sahu, S Granich, R Chauhan, LS AF Dewan, PK Lal, SS Lonnroth, K Wares, F Uplekar, M Sahu, S Granich, R Chauhan, LS TI Improving tuberculosis control through public-private collaboration in India: literature review SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review ID PARTNERSHIP; MIX; DOCTORS; DOTS AB Objective To review the characteristics of public-private mix projects in India and their effect on case notification and treatment outcomes for tuberculosis. Design Literature review. Data sources Review of surveillance records from Indian tuberculosis programme project, evaluation reports, and medical literature for public-private mix projects in India. Data extraction Project characteristics, tuberculosis case notification of new patients with sputum smear results positive for acid fast bacilli, and treatment outcome. Data synthesis Of 24 identified public-private mix projects, data were available from 14 (58% involving private practitioners, corporations, and non-governmental organisations. In all reviewed projects, the public sector tuberculosis programme provided training and supervision of private providers. Among the five projects with available data on historical controls, case notification rates were higher after implementation of a public-private mix project. Among seven projects involving private practitioners, 2796 of 12 147 (23%) new, patients positive for acid fast bacilli were attributed to private providers. Corporate based and non-governmental organisations served as the main source for tuberculosis programme services in seven project areas, detecting 9967 new patients positive for acid fast bacilli. In nine of 12 projects with data on treatment outcomes, private providers exceeded the programme target of 85% treatment success for new patients positive for acid fast bacilli. Conclusions Public-private mix activities were associated with increased case notification, while maintaining acceptable treatment outcomes. Collaborations between public and private providers of health care hold considerable potential to improve tuberculosis control in India. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Res & Programs Branch, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Off World Hlth Org Representat India, New Delhi, India. WHO, TB Strategy & Operat, Stop TB Dept, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Minist Hlth & Family Welf, Cent TB Div, Directorate Gen Hlth Serv, Publ Private Mix Subgrp, New Delhi, India. RP Dewan, PK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Res & Programs Branch, Div TB Eliminat, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM phd8@cdc.gov RI Lonnroth, Knut/L-2339-2014 OI Lonnroth, Knut/0000-0001-5054-8240 NR 26 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 3 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8146 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD MAR 11 PY 2006 VL 332 IS 7541 BP 574 EP 577 DI 10.1136/bmj.38738.473252.7C PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 026CN UT WOS:000236314400014 PM 16467347 ER PT J AU Coletta, M Dewey, L White-Russell, M Powell, T Toney, D Cheek, J Wong, D Young, P Melius, E Sandhu, S AF Coletta, M Dewey, L White-Russell, M Powell, T Toney, D Cheek, J Wong, D Young, P Melius, E Sandhu, S CA CDC TI Surveillance for early detection of disease outbreaks at an outdoor mass gathering - Virginia, 2005 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 71-74, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Virginia Dept Hlth, Richmond, VA 23218 USA. Virginia Div Consolidated Lab Serv, Richmond, VA USA. Indian Hlth Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Coletta, M (reprint author), Virginia Dept Hlth, Richmond, VA 23218 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 8 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 10 BP 1115 EP + PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 019GB UT WOS:000235822500008 ER PT J AU Straif-Bourgeois, S Sokol, T Thomas, A Ratard, R Greene, KD Mintz, E Yu, P Vranken, P AF Straif-Bourgeois, S Sokol, T Thomas, A Ratard, R Greene, KD Mintz, E Yu, P Vranken, P CA CDC TI Two cases of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 infection after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita - Louisiana, October 2005 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 31-32, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID CHOLERA C1 Louisiana Off Publ Hlth, Baton Rouge, LA USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 8 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 10 BP 1118 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 019GB UT WOS:000235822500009 ER PT J AU Bi, YY Lin, GX Millecchia, L Ma, Q AF Bi, YY Lin, GX Millecchia, L Ma, Q TI Induction of transcription by occupational heavy metals through the metal-activated transcription factor 1 is regulated by a labile repressor. Superinduction of metallothionein I by cyclohexmide. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Wuhan Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A1341 EP A1341 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326204394 ER PT J AU Forna, FM Fitzpatrick, L AF Forna, FM Fitzpatrick, L TI HIV transmission among black women - North Carolina, 2004 SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 CDC, NCHSTP, DHAP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A852 EP A853 PN 2 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326200165 ER PT J AU Gillespie, C Donehoo, R Blanck, H AF Gillespie, C Donehoo, R Blanck, H TI Intraindividual variation in serum markers of liver function by referent group selection in NHANES III SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A1269 EP A1269 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326204064 ER PT J AU Kimmons, JE Blanck, HM Seymour, J Tohill, BC Zhang, J AF Kimmons, JE Blanck, HM Seymour, J Tohill, BC Zhang, J TI HbA1C levels by frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and BMI from NHANES III SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A1313 EP A1313 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326204267 ER PT J AU Metallinos-Katsaras, ES Sherry, B Kallio, J AF Metallinos-Katsaras, ES Sherry, B Kallio, J TI Food insecurity/insufficiency and overweight in children < 5 years SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Simmons Coll, Boston, MA 02115 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. MA Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02108 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A1004 EP A1004 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326201363 ER PT J AU Phuong, N Khan, N Mai, L Tam, N Khoi, H Bern, C Flores, R Martorell, R AF Phuong, N Khan, N Mai, L Tam, N Khoi, H Bern, C Flores, R Martorell, R TI Risk factors of nutritional anemia in Vietnam SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. Natl Inst Nutr, Hanoi, Vietnam. RI Martorell, Reynaldo /I-2539-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A1051 EP A1051 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326202058 ER PT J AU Steinau, M Rajeevan, MS Lee, DR Vernon, SD Ruffin, MT Horowitz, IR Flowers, LC Tagros, TS Birdsong, G Husain, M Unger, ER AF Steinau, M Rajeevan, MS Lee, DR Vernon, SD Ruffin, MT Horowitz, IR Flowers, LC Tagros, TS Birdsong, G Husain, M Unger, ER TI Validation of gene expression biomarkers for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 CDC, Human Papillomavirus Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Family Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Pathol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A1326 EP A1326 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326204326 ER PT J AU Whistler, T Taylor, R Craddock, C Broderick, G Klimas, N Unger, E AF Whistler, T Taylor, R Craddock, C Broderick, G Klimas, N Unger, E TI Gene expression correlates of unexplained fatigue SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Occupat Therapy, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Inst Biomed Design, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Miami, FL 33125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A1103 EP A1104 PN 2 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326202290 ER PT J AU Blount, BC Kobelski, RJ McElprang, DO Ashley, DL Morrow, JC Chambers, DM Cardinali, FL AF Blount, BC Kobelski, RJ McElprang, DO Ashley, DL Morrow, JC Chambers, DM Cardinali, FL TI Quantification of 31 volatile organic compounds in whole blood using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compound; VOC; solid-phase microextraction; mass spectrometry; human; whole blood ID PER-TRILLION LEVEL; TERT-BUTYL ETHER; ASSESSING EXPOSURE; BREATH; WATER; POPULATION; HUMANS; SAMPLE AB The prevalence of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has raised concern about possible health effects resulting from chronic human exposure. To support studies exploring the relation between VOC exposure and health effects, we developed an automated analytical method using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), capillary gas chromatography (GC), and quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS). This method quantifies trace levels (low parts per trillion) of 14 halogenated alkanes, 5 halogenated alkenes, 10 aromatic compounds, and 2 other VCCs in human blood. Detection limits for the SPME-GC-MS method range from 0.005 to 0.12 mu g/L, with linear calibration curves spanning three orders of magnitude. The improved throughput of this method will enable us to expand biomonitoring efforts to assess nonoccupational VOC exposure in large epidemiological studies. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Blount, BC (reprint author), 4770 Buford Hwy MSF47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM BBlount@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0232 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 832 IS 2 BP 292 EP 301 DI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.01.019 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 025UG UT WOS:000236291800020 PM 16495163 ER PT J AU Ashfaq, S Abramson, JL Jones, DP Rhodes, SD Weintraub, WS Hooper, WC Vaccarino, V Harrison, DG Quyyumi, AA AF Ashfaq, S Abramson, JL Jones, DP Rhodes, SD Weintraub, WS Hooper, WC Vaccarino, V Harrison, DG Quyyumi, AA TI The relationship between plasma levels of oxidized and reduced thiols and early atherosclerosis in healthy adults SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; THIOL/DISULFIDE REDOX STATE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; ARTERY-DISEASE; FREE-RADICALS; RISK-FACTORS AB OBJECTIVES The study investigated the relationship between biomarkers of oxidative stress and early atherosclerosis. BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is an important etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. We hypothesized that oxidative stress would predict early atherosclerosis in a relatively healthy population. METHODS One hundred fourteen healthy non-smokers, without known clinical atherosclerosis, had carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measured using ultrasound. Oxidative stress was estimated by measuring plasma levels of. 1) glutathione (GSH), an important intracellular antioxidant thiol, its oxidized disulfide form (GSSG), and their redox state (E-h GSH/GSSG), and 2) cysteine (Cys), an important extracellular antioxidant thiol, its oxidized disulfide form cystine (CySS), and their redox state (E(h)Cys/CySS). RESULTS The univariate predictors of IMT were age, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and Framingham risk score. Intima-media thickness was also higher in males and hypertensive subjects. Among the oxidative stress markers, GSH (r = -0.39, p < 0.0001), CySS (r = 0.18, p = 0.049), and E-h GSH/GSSG (r = 0.34, p < 0.0002) correlated with IMT. After adjusting for traditional risk factors and hs-CRP, only E-h GSH/GSSG remained an independent predictor of IMT. Eh GSH/GSSG predicted IMT in a manner that was both independent of and additive to Framingham risk score. CONCLUSIONS Glutathione redox state (E-h GSH/GSSG), an in vivo measure of intracellular oxidative stress, is an independent predictor for the presence of early atherosclerosis in an otherwise healthy population. This finding supports a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of premature atherosclerosis, and its measurement may help in the early identification of asymptomatic subjects at risk of atherosclerotic disease. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Cardiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Div Cardiol, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biochem, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Quyyumi, AA (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Cardiol, 1364 Clifton Rd NE,Suite F606, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM aquyyum@emory.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00039] NR 52 TC 125 Z9 128 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0735-1097 J9 J AM COLL CARDIOL JI J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1005 EP 1011 DI 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.063 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 018TN UT WOS:000235787800014 PM 16516085 ER PT J AU Castleman, WL Crawford, PC Gibbs, EPJ Dubovi, EJ Donis, RO Powe, JR AF Castleman, WL Crawford, PC Gibbs, EPJ Dubovi, EJ Donis, RO Powe, JR TI Pathologic findings in dogs infected with newly emerged canine H3N8 influenza virus SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP A214 EP A214 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 024OW UT WOS:000236206501446 ER PT J AU Cusick, S Cogswell, M Mei, Z AF Cusick, S Cogswell, M Mei, Z TI Anemia incidence and persistence in low-income US preschool children SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP A563 EP A564 PN 1 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 024OW UT WOS:000236206504463 ER PT J AU Kim, I AF Kim, I TI Healthy people 2010 midcourse review: Progress towards objectives on nutrition and overweight SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 CDC, NCHS, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP A562 EP A563 PN 1 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 024OW UT WOS:000236206504458 ER PT J AU Wright, JD Stevens, J Flegal, KM AF Wright, JD Stevens, J Flegal, KM TI Effect of zero end digit preference in blood pressure measurement on prevalence of hypertension in NHANES 1976-80 and 1999-02 SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Nutr, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP A576 EP A576 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 024OW UT WOS:000236206504521 ER PT J AU Warren, CW Jones, NR Eriksen, MP Asma, S AF Warren, CW Jones, NR Eriksen, MP Asma, S CA GTSS Collaborative Grp TI Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID YOUTH AB Background Tobacco use is a leading preventable risk factor for many chronic disorders, which are expected to account for an increasing share of the global disease burden. As part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), we aimed to assess the effect of tobacco use by young people on global mortality. Methods GYTS is a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years. The survey was undertaken at 395 sites in 131 countries and the Gaza Strip and West Bank. We questioned students about current tobacco use, susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers, and exposure to secondhand smoke at home and in public places. Findings The difference in current cigarette smoking between boys and girls is narrower than expected in many regions of the world. Use of tobacco products other than cigarettes by students is as high as cigarette smoking in many regions. Almost one in five never-smokers reported they were susceptible to smoking in the next year. Student exposure to secondhand smoke was high both at home (more than four in ten) and in public places (more than five in ten). Never-smokers were significantly less likely than current smokers to be exposed to secondhand smoke at home (prevalence 39.1% [95% CI 36.6-41.6] vs 72.8% [64.0-81.6]) and in public places (49.5% [46.7-52.3] vs 81.2% [74.2-88.2]). Interpretation Our findings are troubling for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality. Reduction of tobacco consumption will require a redoubling of efforts to prevent initiation and promote cessation among the large proportion of young people who currently use tobacco. High exposure to secondhand smoke suggests a need for countries to pass strong and effective smoke-free policies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia State Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Warren, CW (reprint author), 4770 Buford Hwy,ME MS-K50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM wcw1@cdc.gov NR 24 TC 218 Z9 232 U1 2 U2 13 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 4 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9512 BP 749 EP 753 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68192-0 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 020JX UT WOS:000235906000029 PM 16517275 ER PT J AU Marston, CK Gee, JE Popovic, T Hoffmaster, AR AF Marston, CK Gee, JE Popovic, T Hoffmaster, AR TI Molecular approaches to identify and differentiate Bacillus anthracis from phenotypically similar Bacillus species isolates SO BMC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE CONSERVATION; CEREUS GROUP; IDENTIFICATION; PLASMID; THURINGIENSIS; REVEALS; EVOLUTION; VIRULENCE; BACTERIA; INSIGHTS AB Background: Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus can usually be distinguished by standard microbiological methods ( e. g., motility, hemolysis, penicillin susceptibility and susceptibility to gamma phage) and PCR. However, we have identified 23 Bacillus spp. isolates that gave discrepant results when assayed by standard microbiological methods and PCR. We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), multiple-locus sequence typing (MLST), and phenotypic analysis to characterize these isolates, determine if they cluster phylogenetically and establish whether standard microbiological identification or PCR were associated with false positive/negative results. Results: Six isolates were LRN real-time PCR-positive but resistant to gamma phage; MLVA data supported the identification of these isolates as gamma phage-resistant B. anthracis. Seventeen isolates were LRN real-time PCR-negative but susceptible to gamma phage lysis; these isolates appear to be a group of unusual gamma phage-susceptible B. cereus isolates that are closely related to each other and to B. anthracis. All six B. anthracis MLVA chromosomal loci were amplified from one unusual gamma phage-susceptible, motile, B. cereus isolate ( although the amplicons were atypical sizes), and when analyzed phylogenetically, clustered with B. anthracis by MLST. Conclusion: MLVA and MLST aided in the identification of these isolates when standard microbiological methods and PCR could not definitely identify or rule out B. anthracis. This study emphasized the need to perform multiple tests when attempting to identify B. anthracis since relying on a single assay remains problematic due to the diverse nature of bacteria. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Marston, CK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cdk5@cdc.gov; xzg4@cdc.gov; txp1@cdc.gov; amh9@cdc.gov NR 22 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2180 J9 BMC MICROBIOL JI BMC Microbiol. PD MAR 3 PY 2006 VL 6 AR 22 DI 10.1186/1471-2180-6-22 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 025NN UT WOS:000236273200001 PM 16515693 ER PT J AU Crawford, PC Dubovi, EJ Castleman, WL Stephenson, I Gibbs, EPJ Chen, LM Smith, C Hill, RC Ferro, P Pompey, J Bright, RA Medina, MJ Johnson, CM Olsen, CW Cox, NJ Klimov, AI Katz, JM Donis, RO AF Crawford, PC Dubovi, EJ Castleman, WL Stephenson, I Gibbs, EPJ Chen, LM Smith, C Hill, RC Ferro, P Pompey, J Bright, RA Medina, MJ Johnson, CM Olsen, CW Cox, NJ Klimov, AI Katz, JM Donis, RO TI Influenza mutation from equine to canine - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ithaca, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Crawford, PC (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 3 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5765 BP 1241 EP 1242 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 019XB UT WOS:000235870400018 ER PT J AU Gessler, D Dye, C Farmer, P Murray, M Navin, T Reves, R Shinnick, T Small, PM Yates, T Simpson, G AF Gessler, D Dye, C Farmer, P Murray, M Navin, T Reves, R Shinnick, T Small, PM Yates, T Simpson, G TI A national tuberculosis archive SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID NEW-YORK-CITY; RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; DISEASE; SPREAD; STRAIN C1 Natl Ctr Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. WHO, Stop TB, Geneva 27, Switzerland. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Social Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Dept HHS, Washington, DC 20201 USA. Denver Hlth & Hosp Author, Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO 80204 USA. Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. Bill & Melinda Gates Fdn, Global Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98102 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. New Mexico Dept Hlth, Santa Fe, NM 87502 USA. RP Gessler, D (reprint author), Natl Ctr Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. EM ddg@ncgr.org NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 3 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5765 BP 1245 EP 1246 DI 10.1126/science.1125762 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 019XB UT WOS:000235870400025 PM 16513968 ER PT J AU Hammond, WR Whitaker, DJ Lutzker, JR Mercy, J Chin, PA AF Hammond, WR Whitaker, DJ Lutzker, JR Mercy, J Chin, PA TI Setting a violence prevention agenda at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE violence; public health; prevention ID ADULTS; HEALTH; ABUSE AB Historically, public health has affected quality of life through the application of scientific methods to solve health problems and broad implementation of the answers to those problems. The public health approach is multidisciplinary and scientific, and is explicitly directed toward identifying effective approaches to prevention. This article provides an overview of the public health approach in the areas of violence prevention. In particular, we describe the unique role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in violence prevention and control, and CDC efforts in terms of our current mission, organizational structure, research, and programs. We also describe the application of the public health approach to specific areas of violence prevention. Examples include CDC activities in priority areas including family and intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment, youth violence, and suicide prevention. Emerging research priorities and trends in those areas are also discussed. Issues related to the implementation and dissemination of effective programs and policies are addressed, as well as prospects and challenges to the full realization of public health objectives. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lutzker, JR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM jlutzker@cdc.gov NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-1789 J9 AGGRESS VIOLENT BEH JI Aggress. Violent Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 2 BP 112 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.003 PG 8 WC Criminology & Penology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Criminology & Penology; Psychology GA 018FY UT WOS:000235750800002 ER PT J AU Whitaker, DJ Morrison, S Lindquist, C Hawkins, SR O'Neil, JA Nesius, AM Mathew, A Reese, L AF Whitaker, DJ Morrison, S Lindquist, C Hawkins, SR O'Neil, JA Nesius, AM Mathew, A Reese, L TI A critical review of interventions for the primary prevention of perpetration of partner violence SO AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Review DE partner violence; primary prevention; intervention; dating violence ID HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS; SAFE DATES PROGRAM; DATING VIOLENCE; COURTSHIP AGGRESSION; PHYSICAL AGGRESSION; SEXUAL COERCION; EARLY MARRIAGE; SUBSTANCE USE; HEALTH; ABUSE AB There is growing consensus that preventing partner violence requires interventions that begin before partner violence begins. In recent years, a number of evaluations of primary prevention programs targeting partner violence have been published. This article presents a systematic review of recent interventions for primary prevention of partner violence. A total of 11 programs met inclusion criteria for the review. All 11 studies used some combination of feminist theory and social learning theory as a basis for the intervention. All targeted middle- or high-school aged students, and all but one were set in a school setting and were universal interventions (i.e... were not targeted to an at risk group). Interventions tended to be brief, with only two using interventions totaling more than 5 h in duration. Although a majority of studies were randomized trials, study quality was generally poor due to relatively short follow-up periods, high attrition rates, and poor measurement. Of the four studies that measured behavior, two found a positive intervention impact. Those two studies had the most comprehensive interventions, using both individual-level curricula and other community-based interventions. Both also employed rigorous designs. Conclusions about the overall efficacy of dating violence interventions are premature, but such programs are promising. We discuss recommendations regarding the content and evaluation of dating violence prevention programs. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Whitaker, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM Dwhitaker@cdc.gov RI Whitaker, Daniel/C-1956-2009 NR 65 TC 93 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-1789 J9 AGGRESS VIOLENT BEH JI Aggress. Violent Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 2 BP 151 EP 166 DI 10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.007 PG 16 WC Criminology & Penology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Criminology & Penology; Psychology GA 018FY UT WOS:000235750800005 ER PT J AU Lubell, KM Vetter, JB AF Lubell, KM Vetter, JB TI Suicide and youth violence prevention: The promise of an integrated approach SO AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE suicide; youth violence; integrated violence prevention approach ID HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS; RISK-FACTORS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; UNITED-STATES; ADOLESCENTS; BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN; CURRICULUM; IDEATION; STRESS AB Tragic events across the United States in recent years have highlighted the important relationship between suicidal impulses and violent attacks on others. Research suggests that suicide and interpersonal violence share a number of important risk and protective factors across multiple domains of influence. These include problem-solving and coping skills, characteristics of school and community environments such as bullying, intolerance, and prejudice. Taken together, this evidence suggests that prevention approaches can integrate suicide and violence prevention by focusing on shared influences, in particular, strategies that promote good general coping skills and family functioning have potential to increase both the effectiveness and efficiency of prevention efforts. While several programs have demonstrated evidence of reductions in suicidality or in youth interpersonal violence, there have been few attempts to achieve the benefits that could come from an integrated violence prevention approach. A major obstacle is that program outcomes tend to be narrowly defined and discipline-specific, hindering the development of productive partnerships across problem areas. We argue that such partnerships are needed to bridge the gap between suicide and violence prevention. Increasing collaboration across fields can help facilitate future research and program development in concrete ways by beginning to evaluate whether current programs can simultaneously decrease both self- and other-directed violence. Programs meeting such a standard should be widely disseminated and implemented. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Program Implementat & Disseminat Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Wellesley Coll, Wellesley Ctr Women, Open Circle Program, Wellesley, MA 02181 USA. RP Lubell, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Program Implementat & Disseminat Branch, 4770 Buford Highway,NE,Mailstop K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM klubell@cdc.gov NR 55 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-1789 J9 AGGRESS VIOLENT BEH JI Aggress. Violent Behav. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 2 BP 167 EP 175 DI 10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.006 PG 9 WC Criminology & Penology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Criminology & Penology; Psychology GA 018FY UT WOS:000235750800006 ER PT J AU Grosse, SD Hopkins, DP Mulinare, J Llanos, A Hertrampf, E AF Grosse, SD Hopkins, DP Mulinare, J Llanos, A Hertrampf, E TI Folic acid fortification and birth defects prevention: lessons from the Americas SO AGRO FOOD INDUSTRY HI-TECH LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; FOOD FORTIFICATION; UNITED-STATES; PREVALENCE; VITAMIN; REDUCTION; CHILE; GRAIN AB Mandatory fortification of enriched foods, notably wheat flour and other cereal grain products, has been adopted in several countries in the Americas. The purpose is to increase intake of folic acid in the population so that women will be more likely to have an adequate folic acid intake prior to pregnancy and less likely to have a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect (NTD). Evidence from the United States, Canada, Costa Rica, and Chile shows that fortification has been successful in reducing the rate of occurrence of spina bifida and anencephaly by approximately 25 percent to 50 percent. Economic analyses report that economic benefits substantially exceed fortification costs. C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Chile, INTA, Santiago, Chile. RP Grosse, SD (reprint author), US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEKNOSCIENZE PUBL PI MILAN PA VIA AURELIO SAFFI 23, 20123 MILAN, ITALY SN 1722-6996 J9 AGRO FOOD IND HI TEC JI Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 17 IS 2 BP 50 EP 52 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 058JK UT WOS:000238661100044 ER PT J AU Potula, V Kaye, W AF Potula, V Kaye, W TI The impact of menopause and lifestyle factors on blood and bone lead levels among female former smelter workers: The Bunker Hill study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE lead; bone; women; menopause; hormone replacement therapy; smelter occupation; lifestyle factors; epidemiology; X-ray fluorescence ID X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; OSTEOPOROSIS; POPULATION; ESTROGEN; EXPOSURE; SMOKING AB Objective The Bunker Hill mine in Idaho operated from 1886 to 1981. In the 60's and 70's it provided approximately 25% of the primary lead in the United States. Women first began working on the production and maintenance lines in 1972. This study examines the impact of menopause and several occupational and lifestyle factors as determinants of blood and bone lead levels among 73 female former smelter workers. Methods Blood lead levels were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Cd-109 K X-rayfluorescence system was used to measure calcaneus and tibia bone lead content. Information was obtained on reproductive history, alcohol and cigarette consumption, education, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Results Postmenopausal women (n = 47) had significantly (P < 0.002) higher blood lead levels (3.48 mu g/dl) than did premenopausal women (n = 26) (2.19 mu g/dl). The best predictors of blood lead levels were smoking (> 10 or <= 10 cigarettes/day), natural menopause, technical or community college education, manager or technical worker and past or present use of HRT The best predictors of calcaneus bone lead levels (P < 0.2) were technical workers, such as miner; natural menopause; and smoking > 10 cigarettes/day; level of education; 1-2 pregnancies; and age (> 60 years). Conclusions Lead exposure results in higher blood lead levels especially during menopause. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Potula, V (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd E31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Vbp6@cdc.gov NR 42 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 49 IS 3 BP 143 EP 152 DI 10.1002/ajim.20262 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 022RH UT WOS:000236072900001 PM 16470548 ER PT J AU Tsan, L Hojlo, C Kearns, MA Davis, C Langberg, R Claggett, M Coughlin, N Miller, M Gaynes, R Gibert, C Montgomery, O Richards, C Danko, L Roselle, G AF Tsan, L Hojlo, C Kearns, MA Davis, C Langberg, R Claggett, M Coughlin, N Miller, M Gaynes, R Gibert, C Montgomery, O Richards, C Danko, L Roselle, G TI Infection surveillance and control programs in the Department of Veterans Affairs nursing home care units: A preliminary assessment SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; FACILITIES; DEFINITIONS AB A survey was conducted to assess the capacity and current practices of the infection surveillance and control programs at the Department of Veterans Affairs' 130 nursing home care units (VA NHCUs) covering a total of 15,006 beds in 2003. All 130 VA NHCUs responded to the survey, although not all NHCUs answered every question. The majority of the VA NHCUs provided specialized services that might pose increased risks of infection. For every 8 to 10 VA NHCU beds, there was I regular-pressure or negative-pressure infection control room available. Each VA NHCU had an active ongoing infection surveillance and control program managed by highly educated infection control personnel (ICP), of which 96% had a minimum of a bachelor degree. A median of 12 hours per week of these ICP efforts was devoted to the infection surveillance and control activities. The most frequently used surveillance methods were targeted surveillance for specific infections and for specific organisms. Most VA NHCUs conducted surveillance for antibiotic-resistant organisms. However, VA NHCUs did not use a uniform set of definitions for nosocomial infections for their infection surveillance and control purposes. We conclude that VA NHCUs have a considerable infrastructure and capacity for infection surveillance and control. This information can be used to develop a nationwide VA NHCU nosocomial infection surveillance system. C1 Dept Vet Affairs Cent Off, Washington, DC USA. Vet Integrated Serv Network 1, Bedford, MA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20422 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Amarillo, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Tsan, L (reprint author), Dept Vet Affairs, Off Med Inspector 10MI, 810 Vermont Ave, Washington, DC 20420 USA. EM Linda.Tsan@va.gov NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD MAR PY 2006 VL 34 IS 2 BP 80 EP 83 DI 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.10.001 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 020OL UT WOS:000235919100006 PM 16490611 ER PT J AU Winston, CA Lindley, MC Wortley, PM AF Winston, CA Lindley, MC Wortley, PM TI Lessons learned from inpatient vaccination in Michigan SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL QUALITY LA English DT Article DE hospitals; influenza vaccines; pneumococcal vaccines; Medicare; preventive services ID PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION; INFLUENZA; RATES; PROGRAM; IMMUNIZATION AB This study was a retrospective, preintervention and postintervention evaluation of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among hospitalized patients eligible for vaccination. The authors abstracted 1476 randomly sampled patient charts to compare vaccination before (2002) or after (2003) implementation of vaccination policies in 4 Michigan hospitals. In addition, they assessed completeness of vaccine assessment forms, evaluated reasons for nonvaccination, and conducted interviews with hospital staff. Vaccination increased at 3 of 4 hospitals after implementation of vaccination policies, yet rates remained low (< 10% overall; range, 3.4%-12.4%). Vaccine assessment forms were found in most of the charts in 2003, but almost a third were incomplete. Challenges to implementing inpatient vaccination included support and training of hospital staff, interpretation of vaccination recommendations, lack of systematic prompts for vaccinations, and cost reimbursement. These findings underscore the need for continuous quality improvement and process monitoring to determine strategies for overcoming challenges to inpatient vaccination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Winston, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cwinston@cdc.gov FU PHS HHS [US5/CCU387111] NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1062-8606 J9 AM J MED QUAL JI Am. J. Med. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 2 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1177/1062860605284361 PG 9 WC Health Care Sciences & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 027GZ UT WOS:000236404400006 PM 16533904 ER PT J AU Kyaw, MH Holmes, EM Toolis, F Wayne, B Chalmers, J Jones, IG Campbell, H AF Kyaw, MH Holmes, EM Toolis, F Wayne, B Chalmers, J Jones, IG Campbell, H TI Evaluation of severe infection and survival after splenectomy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE splenectomy; survival; severe infection ID OVERWHELMING POSTSPLENECTOMY INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; SEPSIS; PROPHYLAXIS; MORTALITY; VACCINES; ADULTS AB PURPOSE: Splenectomized patients are known to be at risk of severe infection, but the extent of risk is unclear. We evaluated the incidence of severe infection and survival in 1648 splenectomized patients. METHODS: Patients who underwent splenectomy between 1988 and 1999 in Scotland were identified through the Scottish hospital discharge records (SMR01) and then linked to the death certificate data recorded by the General Register Office in Scotland to obtain clinical and demographical information. RESULTS: The overall rate of first severe infection was 7.0 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 6.30-7.78). The overall rate for a second infection per 100 person-years was 44.9 and 109.3 for a third infection after the first episode of infection. Among the repeated episodes of severe infection, 42% to 76% and 61% to 84% of total episodes of second and third severe infection, respectively, occurred within 6 months after the first severe infection. The susceptibility to severe infection was greatest in older age groups (5.5 per 100 person-years in those aged > 50 years) and in patients splenectomized for hematologic malignancy (9.2), and iatrogenic splenectomy for malignancy disease (7.4). Between 50% and 80% of all severe infections or deaths occurred within 1 to 3 years after splenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of severe infection is an important health problem in splenectomized patients, especially in those who underwent surgery for malignancies. Antibiotic prophylaxis could offer the most benefits in the first 3 years postsplenectomy or the first 6 months after the occurrence of a first severe infection. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. Scottish Ctr Infect & Environm Hlth, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Strathclyde, Dept Stat & Modelling Sci, Glasgow G1 1XQ, Lanark, Scotland. Dumfries & Galloway Royal Infirm, Dept Haematol, Dumfries, Scotland. Common Serv Agcy, Informat & Stat Div, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Kyaw, MH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-C23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM MKyaw@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 650 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 119 IS 3 DI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.044 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 014VW UT WOS:000235509600018 ER PT J AU Franks, AL Simoes, EJ Singh, R Gray, BS AF Franks, AL Simoes, EJ Singh, R Gray, BS TI Assessing prevention research impact - A bibliometric analysis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID JOURNALS; CITATIONS AB Background: This study was undertaken to explore a bibliometric approach to assessing the impact of selected prevention research center (PRC) peer-reviewed publications. Methods: The 25 eligible PRCs were asked to submit 15 papers that they considered the most important to be published in the decade 1994-2004. journal articles (n =227) were verified in 2004 and categorized: 73% were research reports, 10% discussion articles, 9% dissemination articles, and 7% review articles. Results: Only 189 articles (83%) were searchable via the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), Web of Science databases for citation tracking in 2004. These 189 articles were published in 76 distinct journals and subsequently, cited 4628 times (range 0 to 1523) in 1013 journals. Articles published before 2001 were cited a median of 14 times each. Publishing journals had a median ISI impact factor of 2.6, and ISI half-life of 7.2. No suitable benchmarks were available for comparison. The PRC influence factor (number of PRCs that considered a journal highly influential) was only weakly correlated with the ISI impact factor and was not correlated with half-life. Conclusions: Conventional bibliometric analysis to assess the scientific impact of public health prevention research is feasible, but of limited utility because of omissions from ISI's databases, and because citation benchmarks for prevention research have not been established: these problems can and should be addressed. Assessment of impact on public health practice, policy, or on the health of populations, will require more than a bibliometric approach. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Prevent Res Ctr Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Off Workforce & Career Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Franks, AL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, MS K-45,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM afranks@cdc.gov OI Simoes, Eduardo/0000-0003-4371-4305 NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.025 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 016YN UT WOS:000235660700004 PM 16476636 ER PT J AU Lopez, AS Lett, SM Yih, WK Northrup, J Jumaan, AO Seward, JF AF Lopez, AS Lett, SM Yih, WK Northrup, J Jumaan, AO Seward, JF TI Increasing evidence of immunity to varicella among children in Massachusetts, 1999-2003 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION; VACCINE COVERAGE; DAY-CARE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIONS; DISEASE; ZOSTER; SYSTEM; LAWS AB Background: Experiences with vaccine-preventable diseases have demonstrated the success of school-entry requirements in increasing vaccination coverage and decreasing disease incidence. This study examines the effect of early implementation of daycare and school-entry requirements for varicella vaccination on recorded varicella immunity of preschool and school-aged children in Massachusetts. Methods: Immunization surveys were conducted in licensed child care centers and schools with kindergarten and/or 7th grades. Evidence of immunity to varicella was defined as having physician verified records of varicella vaccination or disease history from the 1999-2000 through 2003-2004 school years. Results: During the 5-year study period, physician-certified reliable history of varicella disease decreased in each grade level while vaccination coverage increased. The increase in the number of children in each grade level receiving varicella vaccine led to an increase in the overall percentage of children with evidence of immunity to varicella: 85% to 97% for children aged 2 years or more in child care, 93% to 98% for children in kindergarten, and 88% to 92% for children in 7th grade. Conclusions: The implementation of daycare and school-entry requirements for varicella vaccination within 4 years of the start of the varicella vaccination program in Massachusetts was associated with high levels of vaccination coverage in the cohorts of children targeted by the requirements. Although evidence of immunity from varicella disease decreased during the study period, the increase in varicella vaccination coverage compensated for the decline in disease history, resulting in a higher proportion of young children with evidence of immunity to varicella. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Immunizat, Jamaica Plain, MA USA. RP Lopez, AS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM alopez@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 232 EP 236 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.022 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 016YN UT WOS:000235660700007 PM 16476639 ER PT J AU Cramer, EH Blanton, CJ Blanton, LH Vaughan, GH Bopp, CA Forney, DL AF Cramer, EH Blanton, CJ Blanton, LH Vaughan, GH Bopp, CA Forney, DL CA Vessel Sanitation Program Environm TI Epidemiology of gastroenteritis on cruise ships, 2001-2004 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ROUND STRUCTURED VIRUSES; DIARRHEAL DISEASE; RISK-MANAGEMENT; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAKS; NOROVIRUS AB Background: The incidence of diarrheal disease among cruise ship passengers declined from 29.2 cases per 100,000 passenger days in 1990 to 16.3 per 100,000 passenger days in 2000. In 2002, the Vessel Sanitation Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 29 outbreaks (3% or more passengers ill) of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships, an increase from 3 the previous year. This analysis of gastroenteritis on cruise ships, conducted in 2005, details the increase in outbreak incidence rates during 2001 through 2004. Methods: Using Gastrointestinal Illness Surveillance System data, investigators evaluated incidence rates of gastroenteritis on cruise ships calling on U.S. ports, carrying 13 or more passengers, by cruise length and reporting region during the study period. The investigators also evaluated the association between inspection scores, and gastroenteritis incidence and the frequency of outbreaks in 2001 through 2004. Results: During the study period, the background and outbreak-associated incidence rates of passengers with acute gastroenteritis per cruise were 25.6 and 85, respectively. Acute gastroenteritis outbreaks per 1000 cruises increased overall from 0.65 in 2001 to 5.46 in 2004; outbreaks increased from 2 in 2001 to a median of 15 per year in 2002-2004. Median ship inspection scores remained relatively constant during the study period (median 95 on a 100-point scale), and were not significantly associated with either gastroenteritis incidence rates (risk ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.02) or outbreak frequency (Spearman's coefficient, 0.01, p =0.84). Conclusions: Despite good performance on environment health sanitation inspections by cruise ships, the expectation of passenger cases of gastroenteritis on an average 7-day cruise increased from two cases during 1990-2000 to three cases during the study period. This increase, likely attributable to noroviruses, highlights the inability of environmental programs to fully predict and prevent risk factors common to person-to-person and fomite spread of disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vessel Sanitat Program, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Decatur, GA USA. RP Cramer, EH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vessel Sanitat Program, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop F23, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM ecramer@telus.net NR 24 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 252 EP 257 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.027 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 016YN UT WOS:000235660700010 PM 16476642 ER PT J AU Wortley, PM Schwartz, B Levy, PS Quick, LM Evans, B Burke, B AF Wortley, PM Schwartz, B Levy, PS Quick, LM Evans, B Burke, B TI Healthcare workers who elected not to receive smallpox vaccination SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; COMPLICATIONS AB Background: The goal of the National Smallpox Vaccination Program was to vaccinate a cadre of healthcare workers and first responders who could care for smallpox patients in the event of an attack. Methods: Using a convenience sample of health departments (n = 49) and hospitals (n = 60) in five states, we conducted a telephone interview between July 2003 and April 2004 of healthcare workers and first responders who chose not to receive smallpox vaccination. (Data were analyzed in 2004 and 2005.) Results: The response rate was 63%. Of 1895 respondents, 723 (38.2%) reported having a contraindication, 280 (14.8%) reported being contraindicated because of a household member's condition, and 892 (47.0%) reported having no contraindication to smallpox vaccination. Among respondents with no contraindication, the leading reasons for nonvaccination were concerns about side effects (20.6%) and not feeling that the risk of outbreak was high enough (19.5%). More than half (54.8%) were somewhat or very concerned about having an adverse reaction to the vaccine; Hispanics, blacks, and Asians were significantly more likely than whites to be somewhat or very concerned about side effects. Less than one fifth (17.9%) reported that there was a policy to financially compensate employees who developed side effects from vaccination, and 40.7% reported that there was a policy to provide liability coverage to employees who transmitted vaccinia to a patient. Conclusions: Many people who chose not to receive smallpox vaccine perceived their personal risk-benefit balance as not favoring vaccination. The success of future smallpox vaccination efforts or vaccination against other bioterrorist health threats depends on addressing potential barriers to participation including compensation and liability issues, in addition to clearly communicating risks and benefits. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RTI Int, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Wortley, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM pmw1@cdc.gov NR 19 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 258 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.005 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 016YN UT WOS:000235660700011 PM 16476643 ER PT J AU Curry, CW De, AK Ikeda, RM Thacker, SB AF Curry, CW De, AK Ikeda, RM Thacker, SB TI Health burden and funding at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID UNITED-STATES AB Background: The relationship between domestic funding for selected conditions to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the burden of disease and disability in the United States was assessed systematically. Methods: Using mortality, years of potential life lost (YPLLs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), hospital days, hospital discharges, and direct medical costs of conditions, 34 high-burden conditions addressed by CDC programs were identified, and information was collected about the funds spent on each by CDC during fiscal year (FY) 2003. The 34 conditions were grouped into 15 categorical areas, and the relationship between budget and burden was anahzed using correlation and regression methods for each of the categorical areas and for each measure of burden. Results: Of CDC's total FY 2003 budget of $6.9 billion, 62% ($4.3 billion) of funding was allocated to one of the 34 conditions studied. A positive relationship between budget and burden was identified for all measures of burden, although the correlations varied for the different conditions. Conclusions: Although examination of the relationship of CDC's budget to burden measures provides insight into the agency's portfolio of investments, this exercise also highlights a number of limitations with this approach and the currently available burden measures. Assessment of key public health functions such as emergency preparedness and the collection of vital statistics require development of metrics different from the burden measures used in this analysis. Investment in the development of such metrics warrants consideration. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Curry, CW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS D-15, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ccurry@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 3 BP 269 EP 276 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.028 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 016YN UT WOS:000235660700013 PM 16476645 ER PT J AU Flegal, KM Williamson, DF Graubard, BL AF Flegal, KM Williamson, DF Graubard, BL TI Using adjusted relative risks to calculate attributable fractions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Letter ID COMMON OUTCOMES; OBESITY; COHORT C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Canc Inst, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Flegal, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 4311, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM kmf2@cdc.gov RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 398 EP 398 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079731 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017KA UT WOS:000235691300001 PM 16449574 ER PT J AU Leischow, SJ Milstein, B AF Leischow, SJ Milstein, B TI Systems thinking and modeling for public health practice SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Arizona, Arizona Canc Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Family & Community Med, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Leischow, SJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Arizona Canc Ctr, 1515 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. EM sleischow@azcc.arizona.edu NR 8 TC 106 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 403 EP 405 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.082842 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017KA UT WOS:000235691300008 PM 16449572 ER PT J AU Lenaway, D Halverson, P Sotnikov, S Tilson, H Corso, L Millington, W AF Lenaway, D Halverson, P Sotnikov, S Tilson, H Corso, L Millington, W TI Public health systems research: Setting a national agenda SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID LOCAL HEALTH; CORE FUNCTIONS; COLLABORATION; AGENCIES AB The Institute of Medicine has recommended that policy decisions about improvement of national public health systems be guided by sound scientific evidence. However, to date there is no national research agenda to help guide public health systems. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was called upon to lead a collaborative consensus-based process to define key research questions and establish a framework to create opportunities to better coordinate, leverage, and identify public health resources, which are increasingly scarce. The public health systems research agenda that emerged from this process has 14 overarching priority research themes. This national agenda should stimulate and guide research to meet the urgent need to improve the nation's public health systems. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Chief Publ Hlth Practice, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Coll Publ Hlth, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Lenaway, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Chief Publ Hlth Practice, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop D-30, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dlenaway@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 410 EP 413 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2004.046037 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017KA UT WOS:000235691300010 PM 16449601 ER PT J AU Jones, AP Homer, JB Murphy, DL Essien, JDK Milstein, B Seville, DA AF Jones, AP Homer, JB Murphy, DL Essien, JDK Milstein, B Seville, DA TI Understanding diabetes population dynamics through simulation modeling and experimentation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MELLITUS AB Health planners in the Division of Diabetes Translation and others from the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention used system dynamics simulation modeling to gain a better understanding of diabetes population dynamics and to explore implications for public health strategy. A model was developed to explain the growth of diabetes since 1980 and portray possible futures through 2050. The model simulations suggest characteristic dynamics of the diabetes population, including unintended increases in diabetes prevalence due to diabetes control, the inability of diabetes control efforts alone to reduce diabetes-related deaths in the long term, and significant delays between primary prevention efforts and downstream improvements in diabetes outcomes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Publ Hlth Partnerships, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Publ Hlth Practice, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Homer Consulting, Voorhees, NJ USA. Sustainabil Inst, Asheville, NC USA. RP Murphy, DL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Mail Stop K-10,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM dlm1@cdc.gov NR 11 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 488 EP 494 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063529 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017KA UT WOS:000235691300021 PM 16449587 ER PT J AU Mays, GP McHugh, MC Shim, K Perry, N Lenaway, D Halverson, PK Moonesinghe, R AF Mays, GP McHugh, MC Shim, K Perry, N Lenaway, D Halverson, PK Moonesinghe, R TI Institutional and economic determinants of public health system performance SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LOCAL HEALTH; EXPENDITURES; STANDARDS; VALIDITY; NATIONS AB Objectives. Although a growing body of evidence demonstrates that availability and quality of essential public health services vary widely across communities, relatively little is known about the factors that give rise to these variations. We examined the association of institutional, financial, and community characteristics of local public health delivery systems and the performance of essential services. Methods. Performance measures were collected from local public health systems in 7 states and combined with secondary data sources. Multivariate, linear, and nonlinear regression models were used to estimate associations between system characteristics and the performance of essential services. Results. Performance varied significantly with the size, financial resources, and organizational structure of local public health systems, with some public health services appearing more sensitive to these characteristics than others. Staffing levels and community characteristics also appeared to be related to the performance of selected services. Conclusions. Reconfiguring the organization and financing of public health systems in some communities-such as through consolidation and enhanced intergovernmental coordination-may hold promise for improving the performance of essential services. C1 Math Policy Res, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mays, GP (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Fay W Boozman Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, 4301 W Markham St 820, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. EM gpmays@uams.edu NR 38 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 523 EP 531 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064253 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017KA UT WOS:000235691300026 PM 16449584 ER PT J AU Trochim, WM Cabrera, DA Milstein, B Gallagher, RS Leischow, SJ AF Trochim, WM Cabrera, DA Milstein, B Gallagher, RS Leischow, SJ TI Practical challenges of systems thinking and modeling in public health SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review ID ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME; COMPLEXITY SCIENCE; CHAOS THEORY; DYNAMICS; MORTALITY; DISEASE; VARIABILITY; MANAGEMENT; PREDICTOR; FRACTALS AB Objectives. Awareness of and support for systems thinking-and modeling in the public health field are growing, yet there are many practical challenges to implementation. We sought to identify and describe these challenges from the perspectives of practicing public health professionals. Methods. A systems-based methodology, concept mapping, was used in a study of 133 participants from 2 systems-based public health initiatives (the Initiative for the Study and Implementation of Systems and the Syndemics Prevention Network). This method identified 100 key challenges to implementation of systems thinking and modeling in public health work. Results. The project resulted in a map identifying 8 categories of challenges and the dynamic interactions among them. Conclusions. Implementation by public health professionals of the 8 simple rules we derived from the clusters in the map identified here will help to address challenges and improve the organization of systems that protect the public's health. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Policy Anal & Management, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Educ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Gallagher & Assoc, Ithaca, NY USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Trochim, WM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Policy Anal & Management, 249 MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM wmt1@cornell.edu RI Trochim, William/A-1250-2007 OI Trochim, William/0000-0003-0369-2922 NR 126 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 538 EP 546 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066001 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017KA UT WOS:000235691300028 PM 16449581 ER PT J AU Marx, MA Rodriguez, CV Greenko, J Das, D Heffernan, R Karpati, AM Mostashari, F Balter, S Layton, M Weiss, D AF Marx, MA Rodriguez, CV Greenko, J Das, D Heffernan, R Karpati, AM Mostashari, F Balter, S Layton, M Weiss, D TI Diarrheal illness detected through syndromic surveillance after a massive power outage: New York City, August 2003 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID EARLY WARNING SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; FOODBORNE DISEASES; CLUSTERS; OUTBREAK AB Objectives. We investigated increases in diarrheal illness detected through syndromic surveillance after a power outage in New York City on August 14, 2003. Methods. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene uses emergency department, pharmacy, and absentee data to conduct syndromic surveillance for diarrhea. We conducted a case-control investigation among patients presenting during August 16 to 18, 2003, to emergency departments that participated in syndromic surveillance. We compared risk factors for diarrheal illness ascertained through structured telephone interviews for case patients presenting with diarrheal symptoms and control patients selected from a stratified random sample of nondiarrheal patients. Results. Increases in diarrhea were detected in all data streams. Of 758 patients selected for the investigation, 301 (40%) received the full interview. Among patients 13 years and older, consumption of meat (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 6.1) and seafood (OR = 4.8; 95% CI = 1.6,14) between the power outage and symptom onset was associated with diarrheal illness. Conclusions. Diarrhea may have resulted from consumption of meat or seafood that spoiled after the power outage. Syndromic surveillance enabled prompt detection and systematic investigation of citywide illness that would otherwise have gone undetected. C1 New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Bur Communicable Dis, Dis Control Program, New York, NY 10013 USA. New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Div Hlth Promot & Dis Prevent, New York, NY 10013 USA. New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Workforce & Career Dev, Epidemiol Intelligence Serv Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Marx, MA (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Bur Communicable Dis, Dis Control Program, 125 Worth St,Room 219,Box 22A, New York, NY 10013 USA. EM mmarx@health.nyc.gov NR 26 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 BP 547 EP 553 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061358 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017KA UT WOS:000235691300029 PM 16380562 ER PT J AU Collins, WE Sullivan, JS Williams, A Nace, D Williams, T Galland, GG Barnwell, JW AF Collins, WE Sullivan, JS Williams, A Nace, D Williams, T Galland, GG Barnwell, JW TI Aotus nancymaae as a potential model for the testing of anti-sporozoite and liver stage vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SAIMIRI-SCIUREUS-BOLIVIENSIS; SALVADOR I-STRAIN; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; VIVAX; TRANSMISSION; IMMUNIZATION AB The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum was transmitted to Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, A. azarae boliviensis, A. vociferans, and A. nancymaae monkeys by bite and by intravenous inoculation of sporozoites dissected from Anopheles freeborni, An. stephensi, An. gambiae, An. albimanus, and An. maculatus mosquitoes. The data obtained from these infections indicate that A. nancymaae can be considered a suitable host model when combined with falciparum for the testing of candidate anti-sporozoite and liver stage vaccines. the Santa Lucia strain of falciparum for the testing of candidate anti-sporozoite and liver stage vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anim Resources Branch, Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Collins, WE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Mailstop F-36,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM wec1@cdc.gov NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 BP 422 EP 424 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 020PY UT WOS:000235923300012 PM 16525100 ER PT J AU Terranella, A Eigiege, A Gontor, I Dagwa, P Damishi, S Miri, E Blackburn, B McFarland, D Zingeser, J Jinadu, MY Richards, FO AF Terranella, A Eigiege, A Gontor, I Dagwa, P Damishi, S Miri, E Blackburn, B McFarland, D Zingeser, J Jinadu, MY Richards, FO TI Urban lymphatic filariasis in central Nigeria SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WUCHERERIA-BANCROFTI INFECTION; MASS TREATMENT; DISEASE; ELIMINATION; PREVALENCE; DIAGNOSIS; GHANA AB Wuchereria bancrofti and the other mosquito-borne parasites that cause human lymphatic filariasis (LF) infect over 120 million people world-wide. Global efforts are underway to stop transmission of the parasites, using annual, single-dose mass drug administrations (MDA) to all at-risk populations. Although most MDA to date have been in rural settings, they are also recommended in urban areas of transmission. It remains unclear whether there is significant urban transmission in West Africa, however, and the need for urban MDA in this region therefore remains a matter of debate. Clinic-based surveillance, for the clinical manifestations of LF, has now been used to identify areas of urban transmission of W. bancrofti in Jos, the major urban population centre of Plateau state, Nigeria. The eight clinics investigated were all located in slum areas, close to vector breeding sites, and were therefore considered to serve at-risk populations. Over a 1-month period, selected providers in these clinics sought hydrocele, lymphoedema, elephantiasis, or acute adenolymphangitis among the patients seeking treatment. The consenting patients who were suspected clinical cases of LF, and a cohort of patients suspected to be cases of onchocerciasis, were tested for W. bancrofti antigenaemia. All the patients were asked a series of questions in an attempt to determine if those found antigenaemic could only have been infected in an urban area. During the study, 30 suspected clinical cases of LF were detected and 18 of these (including two patients who were found to be antigenaemic) lived in urban areas. Of the 98 patients with exclusively urban exposure who were tested for filarial antigenaemia, six (6.1%) were found antigenaemic. Clinic-based surveillance appears to be a useful tool for determining if there is W. bancrofti transmission in an urban setting. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Global Hlth, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Nigeria Natl Off, Carter Ctr, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Plateau State Minist Hlth, Epidemiol Unit, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Carter Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. Dept Publ Hlth, Fed Minist Hlth, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria. RP Terranella, A (reprint author), Albert Einstein Coll Med, Jacobi Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1400 Pelham Pkwy S, Bronx, NY 10451 USA. EM ajterra10@hotmail.com NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA HUDSON RD, LEEDS LS9 7DL, ENGLAND SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 100 IS 2 BP 163 EP 172 DI 10.1179/136485906X86266 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 022CB UT WOS:000236031200008 PM 16492364 ER PT J AU Pletz, MWR McGee, L Van Beneden, CA Petit, S Bardsley, M Barlow, M Klugman, KP AF Pletz, MWR McGee, L Van Beneden, CA Petit, S Bardsley, M Barlow, M Klugman, KP TI Fluoroquinolone resistance in invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates due to spontaneous mutation and horizontal gene transfer SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID CHAIN MONTE-CARLO; PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE; UNITED-STATES; GROUP-A; POINT MUTATIONS; CLONAL SPREAD; PNEUMONIAE; RECOMBINATION; PREVALENCE; PARC AB Fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes has been described only anecdotally. In this study we describe two invasive ciprofloxacin-resistant S. pyogenes isolates (ciprofloxacin MICs, 8 mg/liter), one of which shows evidence of interspecies recombination. The quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC were sequenced. In both isolates, there was no evidence for an efflux pump and no mutation in gyrA. Both isolates had an S79F mutation in parC that is known to confer fluoroquinolone resistance. In addition, a D91N mutation in parC, which is not related to fluoroquinolone resistance but is a feature of the parC sequence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, was found in one isolate. The parC nucleotide sequence of that isolate showed greater diversity than that of S. pyogenes. A GenBank search and phylogenetic analysis suggest that this isolate acquired resistance by horizontal gene transfer from S. dysgalactiae. Statistical testing for recombination confirmed interspecies recombination of a 90-bp sequence containing the S79F mutation from S. dysgalactiae. For the other isolate, we could confirm that it acquired resistance by spontaneous mutation by identifying the susceptible ancestor in an outbreak setting. C1 Hannover Med Sch, Dept Resp Med, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Emory Univ, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Global Hlth, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth,Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Emerging Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. RP Pletz, MWR (reprint author), Hannover Med Sch, Dept Resp Med, Carl Neuberg Str 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. EM pletz.mathias@mh-hannover.de RI Pletz, Mathias/C-6848-2009; OI Pletz, Mathias/0000-0001-8157-2753 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 50 IS 3 BP 943 EP 948 DI 10.1128/AAC.50.3.943-948.2006 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 018SY UT WOS:000235786300017 PM 16495255 ER PT J AU Glanz, K Halpern, AC Saraiya, M AF Glanz, K Halpern, AC Saraiya, M TI Behavioral and community interventions to prevent skin cancer - What works? SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUN PROTECTION BEHAVIORS; PEDIATRICIANS; PHYSICIANS; EXPOSURE; MELANOMA; DERMATOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; SUNSCREEN; SERVICES C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Glanz, K (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM kglanz@sph.emory.edu NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 142 IS 3 BP 356 EP 360 DI 10.1001/archderm.142.3.356 PG 5 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 023KF UT WOS:000236124900013 PM 16549713 ER PT J AU Paz-Bailey, G Koumans, E Markowitz, LE AF Paz-Bailey, G Koumans, E Markowitz, LE TI Perfect condom use in a less than perfect world - In reply SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Unit 3321, Miami, FL 34024 USA. RP Paz-Bailey, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Unit 3321, APO AA, Miami, FL 34024 USA. EM gpbz@cdc.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 160 IS 3 BP 322 EP 322 DI 10.1001/archpedi.160.3.322 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 019XK UT WOS:000235871300017 ER PT J AU Price-Green, P AF Price-Green, P TI Damaged angels: An adoptive mother discovers the tragic toll of alcohol in pregnancy SO BIRTH-ISSUES IN PERINATAL CARE LA English DT Book Review C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Prevent Team, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Price-Green, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Prevent Team, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-86, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0730-7659 J9 BIRTH-ISS PERINAT C JI Birth-Issue Perinat. Care PD MAR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1 BP 83 EP 84 PG 2 WC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 034MO UT WOS:000236933300013 ER PT J AU Johansson, LA Pavilion, G Anderson, R Glenn, D Griffiths, C Hoyert, D Jackson, G Notzon, FS Rooney, C Rosenberg, HM Walker, S Weber, S AF Johansson, LA Pavilion, G Anderson, R Glenn, D Griffiths, C Hoyert, D Jackson, G Notzon, FS Rooney, C Rosenberg, HM Walker, S Weber, S TI Counting the dead and what they died of SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Epidemiol Causes Med Deces, Le Vesinet, France. Board Hlth & Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCHS, Mortal Stat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCHS, Mortal Med Classificat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Off Natl Stat, London, England. Natl Ctr Classificat Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Deutsch Inst Med Dokumentat & Informat, Cologne, Germany. RP Pavilion, G (reprint author), Ctr Epidemiol Causes Med Deces, 44 Chemin Ronde, Le Vesinet, France. EM pavillon@vesinet.inserm.fr NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 84 IS 3 BP 254 EP 254 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 018IJ UT WOS:000235757400021 PM 16583088 ER PT J AU Jemal, A Siegel, R Ward, E Murray, T Xu, JQ Smigal, C Thun, MJ AF Jemal, A Siegel, R Ward, E Murray, T Xu, JQ Smigal, C Thun, MJ TI Cancer statistics, 2006 SO CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL; WHITES; TRENDS; US AB Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,399,790 new cancer cases and 564,830 deaths from cancer are expected in the United States in 2006. When deaths are aggregated by age, cancer has surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of death for those younger than age 85 since 1999. Delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates stabilized in men from 1995 through 2002, but continued to increase by 0.3% per year from 1987 through 2002 in women. Between 2002 and 2003, the actual number of recorded cancer deaths decreased by 778 in men, but increased by 409 in women, resulting in a net decrease of 369, the first decrease in the total number of cancer deaths since national mortality record keeping was instituted in 1930. The death rate from all cancers combined has decreased by 1.5% per year since 1993 among men and by 0.8% per year since 1992 among women. The mortality rate has also continued to decrease for the three most common cancer sites in men (lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, and prostate) and for breast and colon and rectum cancers in women. Lung cancer mortality among women continues to increase slightly. In analyses by race and ethnicity, African American men and women have 40% and 18% higher death rates from all cancers combined than White men and women, respectively. Cancer incidence and death rates are lower in other racial and ethnic groups than in Whites and African Americans for all sites combined and for the four major cancer sites. However, these groups generally have higher rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers than Whites. Furthermore, minority populations are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease than are Whites. Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population. C1 Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Surveillance Informat Serv, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Surveillance Data Syst, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vital Stat, Mortal Stat Branch, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Jemal, A (reprint author), Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Surveillance Informat Serv, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RI Xie, Huiding/M-5077-2015; Tang, Amy/L-3226-2016 OI Tang, Amy/0000-0002-5772-2878 NR 16 TC 4051 Z9 4330 U1 10 U2 145 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0007-9235 J9 CA-CANCER J CLIN JI CA-Cancer J. Clin. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 56 IS 2 BP 106 EP 130 PG 25 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 027VG UT WOS:000236443200007 PM 16514137 ER PT J AU Dietz, WH AF Dietz, WH TI Canada on the move - A novel effort to increase physical activity among Canadians SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. RP Dietz, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS K-24, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. EM wcd4@cdc.gov NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 1565 CARLING AVE, SUITE 400, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 8R1, CANADA SN 0008-4263 J9 CAN J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Can. J. Public Health-Rev. Can. Sante Publ. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 97 SU 1 BP S3 EP S4 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 039DN UT WOS:000237281500001 PM 16676831 ER PT J AU Jennes, W Evertse, D Borget, MY Vuylsteke, B Maurice, C Nkengasong, JN Kestens, L AF Jennes, W Evertse, D Borget, MY Vuylsteke, B Maurice, C Nkengasong, JN Kestens, L TI Suppressed cellular alloimmune responses in HIV-exposed seronegative female sex workers SO CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activation; cytokines; HIV; MHC/HLA; disease susceptibility/resistance/polymorphisms ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; RECURRENT SPONTANEOUS-ABORTIONS; PATERNAL LYMPHOCYTE IMMUNIZATION; ANTI-HLA ALLOANTIBODY; COTE-DIVOIRE; T-CELLS; CLASS-I; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; RESISTANCE AB Particular human leucocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms have been associated with a reduced risk of HIV transmission. However, protective alloimmune responses expected to result from such a genetic predisposition have not been demonstrated. To this end, we analysed and compared cellular and humoral alloimmune responses in a cohort of female sex workers who remained human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative despite more than 3 years of high-risk sexual activity (ESN FSWs) with those of low-risk HIV-seronegative female blood donors in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. ESN FSWs showed significantly lower allostimulated CD69 expression and secretion of interferon-gamma, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 beta and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) by lymphocytes than controls. In contrast, ESN FSWs showed significantly higher mitogen-stimulated CD69 expression and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and MIP-1 beta than controls. Suppression of cellular alloimmune responses among ESN FSWs was associated with a higher self-reported frequency of unprotected sex. Levels of anti-HLA class I alloantibodies in plasma were not significantly different between ESN FSWs and controls. These findings indicate that frequent sexual exposure to multiple partners results in suppression rather than activation of cellular alloimmune responses. Our data support the hypothesis that suppressed cellular alloimmune responses may play a role in protection against HIV infection. C1 Inst Trop Med, Dept Microbiol, Immunol Lab, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jennes, W (reprint author), Inst Trop Med, Dept Microbiol, Immunol Lab, Natl Str 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. EM wjennes@itg.be RI Jennes, Wim/M-2523-2013 OI Jennes, Wim/0000-0002-3125-6389 NR 45 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0009-9104 J9 CLIN EXP IMMUNOL JI Clin. Exp. Immunol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 143 IS 3 BP 435 EP 444 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03017.x PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 012VY UT WOS:000235370200007 PM 16487242 ER PT J AU Penn, RG Guarner, J Sejvar, JJ Hartman, H McComb, RD Nevins, DL Bhatnagar, J Zaki, SR AF Penn, RG Guarner, J Sejvar, JJ Hartman, H McComb, RD Nevins, DL Bhatnagar, J Zaki, SR TI Persistent neuroinvasive West Nile Virus infection in an immunocompromised patient SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ENCEPHALITIS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; ASSAY AB A 57-year-old man who had received treatment for B cell lymphoma presented with West Nile virus (WNV) meningoencephalitis. During his 99-day hospitalization, no WNV-specific antibodies were detected. In postmortem central nervous system samples obtained at autopsy, WNV RNA and WNV antigens were detected. This patient's case raises important issues related to the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and possible treatment of persistent WNV infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Epidemiol, Methodist Hosp, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Methodist Hosp, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Methodist Hosp, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS G32,1600 Clifton Rd,NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jguarner@cdc.gov RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 14 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 5 BP 680 EP 683 DI 10.1086/500216 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 008SE UT WOS:000235060200016 PM 16447115 ER PT J AU Lane, KS Chu, SY Santoli, JM AF Lane, KS Chu, SY Santoli, JM TI The United States pediatric vaccine stockpile program SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB The initial goal of the national vaccine stockpile program was to establish a 6-month supply of all recommended childhood vaccines, to meet national demands if a manufacturing process was interrupted. When the first vaccine stockpiles were created in 1983, the childhood immunization schedule was much less complicated than it is today, and the first stockpiles included only measles-mumps-rubella, poliovirus, and pertussis vaccines, as well as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. However, today's vaccine needs are much greater, and current stockpiles do not include all recommended childhood vaccines, partially because inclusion of vaccines that are universally recommended, fully implemented, and produced by a single manufacturer has been made a priority. Future planning must also consider substantially higher vaccine costs, the development of new combination vaccines, a wide range of production times, and changes in immunization recommendations. Expansion and strengthening of the national vaccine stockpile program are critical to protect against future disruptions in vaccine supply. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinating Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lane, KS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinating Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-75, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM KSB1@cdc.gov NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 42 SU 3 BP S125 EP S129 DI 10.1086/499591 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 008TJ UT WOS:000235063300007 PM 16447134 ER PT J AU Rodewald, LE Orenstein, WA Mason, DD Cochi, SL AF Rodewald, LE Orenstein, WA Mason, DD Cochi, SL TI Vaccine supply problems: A perspective of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN AB Although immunization is one of the great public health achievements, continued success depends on an available supply of the vaccines that are recommended for routine use. Beginning in 2000, the United States experienced vaccine supply disruptions of unprecedented scope and magnitude. Although most of the supply disruptions have been resolved, it appears that a fragile vaccine supply will be part of the immunization environment in the United States for the foreseeable future. Here, we describe the perspective of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the recent supply disruptions and the methods used to manage vaccine shortages. The present article focuses on routine pediatric vaccines, including influenza virus vaccine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Immunizat Serv Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Emory Program Vaccine Policy & Dev, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Albert E Sabin Vaccine Inst, New Canaan, CT USA. RP Rodewald, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Immunizat Serv Div, Mailstop E-52,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM LRodewald@cdc.gov NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 42 SU 3 BP S104 EP S110 DI 10.1086/499587 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 008TJ UT WOS:000235063300003 PM 16447130 ER PT J AU Fang, J Alderman, MH AF Fang, J Alderman, MH TI Impact of the increasign burden of diabetes on acute myocardial infarction in New York City - 1990-2000 SO DIABETES LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; SECULAR TRENDS; US ADULTS; MORTALITY; OBESITY; DECLINE; PREVALENCE AB Worldwide increases in obesity and diabetes have aroused concern that increased morbidity and mortality will follow. The objective here is to determine the trend of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality in New York, New York. Using New York death certificate data for 1989-1991 and 1999-2001 and hospital discharge data for 1988-2002, we measured all-cause and cause-specific mortality in 1990 and 2000, as well as annual hospitalization rates for diabetes and its complications among patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and/or diabetes. During this decade, all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates declined, with the striking exception of diabetes, which increased 61 and 52% for men and women, respectively, as did hospitalization rates for diabetes and its complications. The percentage of all acute myocardial infarctions occurring in patients with diabetes increased from 21 to 36%, and the absolute number doubled from 2,951 to 6,048. Although hospital days due to acute myocardial infarction fell overall, for those with diabetes, they increased 51% (from 34,188 to 51,566). These data document a marked upsurge in diabetes-related mortality and morbidity in New York City, including a sharp increase in diabetic patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction. If continued, this threatens the long-established nationwide trend to reduced coronary artery disease events. C1 Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. RP Fang, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Heart Dis & Stroke Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jfang@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1701 N BEAUREGARD ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0012-1797 J9 DIABETES JI Diabetes PD MAR PY 2006 VL 55 IS 3 BP 768 EP 773 DI 10.2337/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1196 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 018IL UT WOS:000235757600025 PM 16505241 ER PT J AU Zielinski-Gutierrez, EC Hayden, MH AF Zielinski-Gutierrez, EC Hayden, MH TI A model for defining West Nile virus risk perception based on ecology and proximity SO ECOHEALTH LA English DT Article DE West Nile virus; ecology; risk perception; vector-borne disease ID HEALTH-PROMOTION; 21ST-CENTURY; FRAMEWORK; PROGRAMS AB West Nile virus (WNV) has made considerable impact as an emerging infectious disease, spreading from coast to coast across North America since 1999. The disease has exhibited great spatial variability in North America, making an ecosystems approach to understanding the local human and vector ecology critical to prevention and control. This study underscores the importance of employing both personal prevention and community participatory approaches to create messages that have been adapted to the local ecology and are designed to reduce the risk of human infection with this mosquito-borne virus. As the virus spreads into new areas, underlying attitudes toward mosquitoes and the local perception of environment/ecology can affect the success of control and prevention measures. This work presents results from focus group discussions conducted in two Colorado counties in 2003, a year of significant WNV activity in the state. Issues addressed include residents' assessment of risk and how this perception varied by age group and location, use or nonuse of repellents, and community attitudes toward mosquito control in areas with different ecologies and histories of mosquito-borne disease. The need to address individual components of personal prevention, to target prevention to specific audiences, and to disseminate prevention messages through local channels is discussed. The authors propose including aspects of ecology and disease proximity in understanding risk perception and addressing emerging diseases with a prominent ecological component. C1 Univ Colorado, Trauma Ctr NISSC, Colorado Springs, CO 80933 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hayden, MH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Trauma Ctr NISSC, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy,POB 7150, Colorado Springs, CO 80933 USA. EM mhayden@uccs.edu NR 28 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-9202 J9 ECOHEALTH JI EcoHealth PD MAR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 DI 10.1007/s10393-005-0001-9 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 051SJ UT WOS:000238180800004 ER PT J AU Zohrabian, A Hayes, EB Petersen, LR AF Zohrabian, A Hayes, EB Petersen, LR TI Cost-effectiveness of West Nile virus vaccination SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; INFECTION; ENCEPHALITIS; EPIDEMIC AB West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in the Western Hemisphere in 1999 in New York City. From 1999 through 2004, > 16,600 cases of WNV-related illnesses were reported in the United States, of which > 7,000 were neuroinvasive disease and > 600 were fatal. Several approaches are under way to develop a human vaccine. Through simulations and sensitivity analysis that incorporated uncertainties regarding future transmission patterns of WNV and costs of health outcomes, we estimated that the range of values for the cost per case of WNV illness prevented by vaccination was US $20,000-59,000 (mean $36,000). Cost-effectiveness was most sensitive to changes in the risk for infection, probability of symptomatic illness, and vaccination cost. Analysis indicated that universal vaccination against WNV disease would be unlikely to result in societal monetary savings unless disease incidence increases substantially over what has been seen in the past 6 years. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Zohrabian, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K67, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM abz8@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 375 EP 380 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300002 PM 16704772 ER PT J AU Galanis, E Wong, DMALF Patrick, ME Binsztein, N Cieslik, A Chalermchaikit, T Aidara-Kane, A Ellis, A Angulo, FJ Wegener, HC WHO Global Salm Surv AF Galanis, E Wong, DMALF Patrick, ME Binsztein, N Cieslik, A Chalermchaikit, T Aidara-Kane, A Ellis, A Angulo, FJ Wegener, HC WHO Global Salm Surv TI Web-based surveillance and global Salmonella distribution, 2000-2002 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTIONS; BURDEN AB Salmonellae are a common cause of foodborne disease worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) supports international foodborne disease surveillance through WHO Global Salm-Surv and other activities. WHO Global Salm-Surv members annually report the 15 most frequently isolated Salmonella serotypes to a Web-based country databank. We describe the global distribution of reported Salmonella serotypes from human and nonhuman sources from 2000 to 2002. Among human isolates, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was the most common serotype, accounting for 65% of all isolates. Among nonhuman isolates, although no serotype predominated, S. Typhimurium was reported most frequently. Several serotypes were reported from only I region of the world. The WHO Global Salm-Surv country databank is a valuable public health resource; it is a publicly accessible, Web-based tool that can be used by health professionals to explore hypotheses related to the sources and distribution of salmonellae worldwide. C1 Danish Inst Food & Vet Res, Soborg, Denmark. Inst Nacl Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS Carlos G, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Natl Inst Hyg, PL-00791 Warsaw, Poland. Chulalongkorn Univ, Bangkok, Thailand. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Inst Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal. Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Galanis, E (reprint author), British Columbia Ctr Dis Control, Epidemiol Serv, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada. EM eleni.galanis@bccdc.ca OI Wegener, Henrik Caspar/0000-0002-6888-2121 NR 26 TC 195 Z9 202 U1 1 U2 12 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 381 EP 388 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300003 PM 16704773 ER PT J AU Busch, MP Wright, DJ Custer, B Tobler, LH Stramer, SL Kleinman, SH Prince, HE Bianco, C Foster, G Petersen, LR Nemo, G Glynn, SA AF Busch, MP Wright, DJ Custer, B Tobler, LH Stramer, SL Kleinman, SH Prince, HE Bianco, C Foster, G Petersen, LR Nemo, G Glynn, SA TI West Nile virus infections projected from blood donor screening data, United States, 2003 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOGLOBULIN-M IGM; NEW-YORK; ENCEPHALITIS; EPIDEMIC; TRANSFUSION; PERSISTENCE; DIAGNOSIS; ANTIBODY; RNA AB National blood donor screening for West Nile virus (WNV) RNA using minipool nucleic acid amplification testing (MP-NAT) was implemented in the United States in July 2003. We compiled national NAT yield data and performed WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing in 1 WNV-epidemic region (North Dakota). State-specific MP-NAT yield, antibody seroprevalence, and the average time RNA is detectable by MP-NAT were used to estimate incident infections in 2003. WNV donor screening yielded 944 confirmed viremic donors. MP-NAT yield peaked in August with > 0.5% of donations positive for WNV RNA in 4 states. Peak IgM seroprevalence for North Dakota was 5.2% in late September. The average time viremia is detectable by MP-NAT was 6.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-10.7). An estimated 735,000 (95% Cl 322,000-1,147,000) infections occurred in 2003, with 256 (95% Cl 112-401) infections per neuroinvasive case. In addition to preventing transfusion-transmitted WNV infection, donor screening can serve as a tool to monitor seasonal incidence in the general population. C1 Blood Syst Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. WESTAT Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Amer Red Cross, Natl Testing & Reference Labs, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Focus Diagnost, Cypress, CA USA. Amer Blood Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. NHLBI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Busch, MP (reprint author), Blood Syst Res Inst, 270 Mason Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. EM mbusch@bloodsystems.org FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HB-47114, N01-HB-97078, N01-HB-97079, N01-HB-97080, N01-HB-97081, N01-HB-97082] NR 31 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 395 EP 402 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300005 PM 16704775 ER PT J AU McDonald, LC Owings, M Jernigan, DB AF McDonald, LC Owings, M Jernigan, DB TI Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Healthcare-Epidemiology-of-America CY APR 18-20, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA SP Soc Healthcare Epidemiol Amer ID UNITED-STATES; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT; RISK-FACTOR; DIARRHEA; COLITIS; DISEASE; STRAIN; TOXIN; COLONIZATION AB US hospital discharges for which Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) was listed as any diagnosis doubled from 82,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 71,000-94,000) or 31/100,000 population in 1996 to 178,000 (95% Cl 151,000-205,000) or 61/100,000 in 2003; this increase was significant between 2000 and 2003 (slope of linear trend 9.48; 95% Cl 6.16-12.80, p = 0.01). The overall rate during this period was severalfold higher in persons > 65 years of age (228/100,000) than in the age group with the next highest rate, 45-64 years (40/100,000; p < 0.001). CDAD appears to be increasing rapidly in the United States and is disproportionately affecting older persons. Clinicians should be aware of the increasing risk for CDAD and make efforts to control transmission of C. difficile and prevent disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McDonald, LC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop A35, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM CMcDonald1@cdc.gov NR 38 TC 490 Z9 508 U1 3 U2 11 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 409 EP 415 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300007 PM 16704777 ER PT J AU Duprey, ZH Steurer, FJ Rooney, JA Kirchhoff, LV Jackson, JE Rowton, ED Schantz, PM AF Duprey, ZH Steurer, FJ Rooney, JA Kirchhoff, LV Jackson, JE Rowton, ED Schantz, PM TI Canine visceral leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000-2003 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; SAND FLIES; TRANSMISSION; DOGS; SPECIFICITY; SENSITIVITY; INFANTUM; ANTIBODY; BLOOD; AREA AB Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania donovani complex, is a vectorborne zoonotic infection that infects humans, dogs, and other mammals. In 2000, this infection was implicated as causing high rates of illness and death among foxhounds in a kennel,in New York. A serosurvey of > 12,000 foxhounds and other canids and 185 persons in 35 states and 4 Canadian provinces was performed to determine geographic extent, prevalence, host range, and modes of transmission within foxhounds, other dogs, and wild canids and to assess possible infections in humans. Foxhounds infected with Leishmania spp. were found in 18 states and 2 Canadian provinces. No evidence of infection was found in humans. The infection in North America appears to be widespread in foxhounds and limited to clog-to-dog mechanisms of transmission; however, if the organism becomes adapted for vector transmission by indigenous phlebotomines, the probability of human exposure will be greatly increased. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, CCID, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA. RP Schantz, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, CCID, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM pschantz@cdc.gov RI Rowton, Edgar/A-1975-2011; Rowton, Edgar/A-4474-2012 OI Rowton, Edgar/0000-0002-1979-1485; NR 20 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 5 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 440 EP 446 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300012 PM 16704782 ER PT J AU Begier, EM Asiki, G Anywaine, Z Yockey, B Schriefer, ME Aleti, P Ogen-Odoi, A Staples, JE Sexton, C Bearden, SW Kool, JL AF Begier, EM Asiki, G Anywaine, Z Yockey, B Schriefer, ME Aleti, P Ogen-Odoi, A Staples, JE Sexton, C Bearden, SW Kool, JL TI Pneumonic plague cluster, Uganda, 2004 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CAT AB The public and clinicians have long-held beliefs that pneumonic plague is highly contagious; inappropriate alarm and panic have occurred during outbreaks. We investigated communicability in a naturally occurring pneumonic plague cluster. We defined a probable pneumonic plague case as an acute-onset respiratory illness with bloody sputum during December 2004 in Kango Subcounty, Uganda. A definite case was a probable case with laboratory evidence of Yersinia pestis infection. The cluster (1 definite and 3 probable cases) consisted of 2 concurrent index patient-caregiver pairs. Direct fluorescent antibody microscopy and polymerase chain reaction testing on the only surviving patient's sputum verified plague infection. Both index patients transmitted pneumonic plague to only 1 caregiver each, despite 23 additional untreated close contacts (attack rate 8%). Person-to-person transmission was compatible with transmission by respiratory droplets, rather than aerosols, and only a few close contacts, all within droplet range, became ill. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, Uganda. RP Begier, EM (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Bur HIV AIDS Prevent & Control, 346 Broadway,Room 701-707, New York, NY 10013 USA. EM ebegier@health.nyc.gov NR 33 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 460 EP 467 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300015 PM 16704785 ER PT J AU Kuzmin, IV Niezgoda, M Carroll, DS Keeler, N Hossain, MJ Breiman, RF Ksiazek, TG Rupprecht, CE AF Kuzmin, IV Niezgoda, M Carroll, DS Keeler, N Hossain, MJ Breiman, RF Ksiazek, TG Rupprecht, CE TI Lyssavirus surveillance in bats, Bangladesh SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE; RABIES VIRUS; INFECTION AB Lyssavirus surveillance in bats was performed in Bangladesh during 2003 and 2004. No virus isolates were obtained. Three serum samples (all from Pteropus giganteus, n = 127) of 288 total serum samples, obtained from bats in 9 different taxa, neutralized lyssaviruses Aravan and Khujand. The infection occurs in bats in Bangladesh, but virus prevalence appears low. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Int Ctr Diarrheal Dis & Res, Ctr Hlth & Populat Res, Dhaka, Bangladesh. RP Kuzmin, IV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G33, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM IBK3@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 486 EP 488 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300019 PM 16704789 ER PT J AU Markotter, W Randles, J Rupprecht, CE Sabeta, CT Taylor, PJ Wandeler, AI Nel, LH AF Markotter, W Randles, J Rupprecht, CE Sabeta, CT Taylor, PJ Wandeler, AI Nel, LH TI Lagos bat virus, South Africa SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RABIES VIRUS; MOKOLA AB Three more isolates of Lagos bat virus were recently recovered from fruit bats in South Africa after an apparent absence of this virus for 13 years. The sporadic occurrence of cases is likely due to inadequate surveillance programs for lyssavirus infections among bat populations in Africa. C1 Univ Pretoria, Fac Nat & Agr Sci, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. Allerton Vet Lab, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Onderstepoort Vet Res Inst, Pretoria, South Africa. Museum Nat Sci, Durban, South Africa. Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Nepean, ON, Canada. RP Nel, LH (reprint author), Univ Pretoria, Fac Nat & Agr Sci, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. EM louis.nel@up.ac.za RI Nel, Louis/F-1001-2012; Taylor, Peter/E-8655-2011; OI Taylor, Peter/0000-0001-9048-7366; Markotter, Wanda/0000-0002-7550-0080 NR 15 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 504 EP 506 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300025 PM 16704795 ER PT J AU Sejvar, JJ Bode, AV Marfin, AA Campbell, GL Pape, J Biggerstaff, BJ Petersen, LR AF Sejvar, JJ Bode, AV Marfin, AA Campbell, GL Pape, J Biggerstaff, BJ Petersen, LR TI West Nile virus-associated flaccid paralysis outcome SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB We report 1-year follow-up data from a longitudinal prospective cohort study of patients with West Nile virus-associated paralysis. As in the 4-month follow-up, a variety of recovery patterns were observed, but persistent weakness was frequent. Respiratory involvement was associated with considerable illness and death. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado Dept Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. RP Sejvar, JJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop A39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM JSejvar@cdc.gov NR 6 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 514 EP 516 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300028 PM 16704798 ER PT J AU Potter, P AF Potter, P TI Different strokes for different folks in search of truth SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Potter, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM PMP1@cdc.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3 BP 537 EP 538 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 020PP UT WOS:000235922300041 ER PT J AU Manassaram, DM Backer, LC Moll, DM AF Manassaram, DM Backer, LC Moll, DM TI A review of nitrates in drinking water: Maternal exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE developmental outcomes; drinking water; groundwater; maternal exposure; nitrate; nitrite; private wells; reproductive health ID RURAL SOUTH-AUSTRALIA; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS; INFANTILE METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS; DIETARY NITRITES; SODIUM-NITRITE; BIRTH-DEFECTS; WELL-WATER; GROUNDWATER AB In this review we present an update on maternal exposure to nitrates in drinking water in relation to possible adverse reproductive and developmental effects, and also discuss nitrates in drinking water in the United States. The current standard for nitrates in drinking water is based on retrospective studies and approximates a level that protects infants from methemoglobinemia, but no safety factor is built into the standard. The current standard applies only to public water systems. Drinking water source was related to nitrate exposure (i.e., private systems water was more likely than community system water to have nitrate levels above the maximum contaminant limit). Animal studies have found adverse reproductive effects resulting from higher doses of nitrate or nitrite. The epidemiologic evidence of a direct exposure-response relationship between drinking water nitrate level and adverse reproductive effect is still not clear. However, some reports have suggested an association between exposure to nitrates in drinking water and spontaneous abortions, intrauterine growth restriction, and various birth defects. Uncertainties in epidemiologic studies include the lack of individual exposure assessment that would rule out confounding of the exposure with some other cause. Nitrates may be just one of the contaminants in drinking water contributing to adverse outcomes. We conclude that the current literature does not provide sufficient evidence of a causal relationship between exposure to nitrates in drinking water and adverse reproductive effects. Future studies incorporating individual exposure assessment about users of private wells-the population most at risk-should be considered. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Hlth Studies Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Manassaram, DM (reprint author), CDC, NCEH, EHHE, Hlth Studies Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM dmanassaram@cdc.gov NR 68 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 7 U2 42 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 3 BP 320 EP 327 DI 10.1289/ehp.8407 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 018NK UT WOS:000235771000026 PM 16507452 ER PT J AU Ferguson, C Deere, D Sinclair, M Chalmers, RM Elwin, K Hadfield, S Xiao, LH Ryan, U Gasser, R El-Osta, YA Stevens, M AF Ferguson, C Deere, D Sinclair, M Chalmers, RM Elwin, K Hadfield, S Xiao, LH Ryan, U Gasser, R El-Osta, YA Stevens, M TI Meeting report: Application of genotyping methods to assess risks from cryptosporidium in watersheds SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; drinking water; genotyping; watersheds ID HEALTHY-ADULTS; WASTE-WATER; PARVUM; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; INFECTIVITY; MILWAUKEE; OUTBREAK; OOCYSTS; SAMPLES AB A workshop titled "Application of Genotyping Methods to Assess Pathogen Risks from Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water Catchments" was held at the International Water Association biennial conference, Marrakech, Morocco, 23 September 2004. The workshop presented and discussed the findings of an interlaboratory trial that compared methods for genotyping Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from feces. The primary goal of the trial and workshop was to assess the utility of current Cryptosporidium genotyping methods for determining the public health significance of oocysts isolated from feces in potable-water-supply watersheds. An expert panel of 16 watershed managers, public health practitioners, and molecular parasitologists was assembled for the workshop. A subordinate goal of the workshop was to educate watershed management and public health practitioners. An open invitation was extended to all conference delegates to attend the workshop, which drew approximately 50 interested delegates. In this report we summarize the peer consensus emerging from the workshop. Recommendations on the use of current methods by watershed managers and public health practitioners were proposed. Importantly, all the methods that were reported in the trial were mutually supporting and found to be valuable and worthy of further utility and development. Where there were choices as to which method to apply, the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene was considered to be the optimum genetic locus to target. The single-strand conformational polymorphism method was considered potentially the most valuable for discriminating to the subtype level and where a large number of samples were to be analyzed. A research agenda for protozoan geneticists was proposed to improve the utility of methods into the future. Standardization of methods and nomenclature was promoted. C1 Ecowise Environm, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Water Qual & Treatment, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Univ New S Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Sydney Catchment Author, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Monash Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. Natl Publ Hlth Serv England & Wales, Swansea, W Glam, Wales. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Murdoch Univ, Perth, WA, Australia. Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Ferguson, C (reprint author), Ecowise Environm, Fyshwick, ACT 2609, Australia. EM cferguson@ecowise.com.au RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 32 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 3 BP 430 EP 434 DI 10.1289/ehp.8240 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 018NK UT WOS:000235771000041 PM 16507467 ER PT J AU Lawson, CC Grajewski, B Daston, GP Frazier, LM Lynch, D McDiarmid, M Murono, E Perreault, SD Robbins, WA Ryan, MAK Shelby, M Whelan, EA AF Lawson, CC Grajewski, B Daston, GP Frazier, LM Lynch, D McDiarmid, M Murono, E Perreault, SD Robbins, WA Ryan, MAK Shelby, M Whelan, EA TI Workgroup report: Implementing a National Occupational Reproductive Research Agenda - Decade one and beyond SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE communication; environmental exposure; occupational exposure; reproduction; research design; risk factors ID GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILE; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR LIGANDS; ALPHA BINDING-AFFINITY; 17-ALPHA-ETHYNYL ESTRADIOL; IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; BREAST-CANCER; HUMAN GENOME; IN-VITRO AB The initial goal of occupational reproductive health research is to effectively study the many toxicants, physical agents, and biomechanical and psychosocial stressors that may constitute reproductive hazards in the workplace. Although the main objective of occupational reproductive researchers and clinicians is to prevent recognized adverse reproductive outcomes, research has expanded to include a broader spectrum of chronic health outcomes potentially affected by reproductive toxicants. To aid in achieving these goals, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, along with its university, federal, industry, and labor colleagues, formed the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) in 1996. NORA resulted in 21 research teams, including the Reproductive Health Research Team (RHRT). In this report, we describe progress made in the last decade by, the RHRT and by others in this field, including prioritizing reproductive toxicants for further study; facilitating collaboration among epidemiologists, biologists, and toxicologists; promoting quality exposure assessment in field studies and surveillance; and encouraging the design and conduct of priority occupational reproductive studies. We also describe new tools for screening reproductive toxicants and for analyzing mode of action. We recommend considering outcomes such as menopause and latent adverse effects for further study, as well as including exposures such as shift work and nanomaterials. We describe a broad domain of scholarship activities where a cohesive system of organized and aligned work activities integrates 10 years of team efforts and provides guidance for future research. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, Wichita, KS USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Obstet Gynecol, Wichita, KS USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Occupat Hlth Program, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NIOSH, Morgantown, WV USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. Dept Def Ctr Deployment Hlth Res, San Diego, CA USA. NIEHS, NIH, US Dept HHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Lawson, CC (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM clawson@cdc.gov NR 85 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 3 BP 435 EP 441 DI 10.1289/ehp.8458 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 018NK UT WOS:000235771000042 PM 16507468 ER PT J AU Sexton, K Adgate, JL Fredrickson, AL Ryan, AD Needham, LL Ashley, DL AF Sexton, K Adgate, JL Fredrickson, AL Ryan, AD Needham, LL Ashley, DL TI Using biologic markers in blood to assess exposure to multiple environmental chemicals for inner-city children 3-6 years of age SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; children; cumulative exposure; environmental justice; metals; PCBs; pesticides; volatile organic compounds ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; PESTICIDE EXPOSURE; US POPULATION; HEALTH; COMMUNITY; LEAD; SPECTROMETRY; PROBABILITY; RECRUITMENT AB We assessed concurrent exposure to a mixture of >50 environmental chemicals by measuring the chemicals or their metabolites in the blood of 43 ethnically diverse children (3-6 years of age) from a socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhood in Minneapolis. Over a 2-year period, additional samples were collected every 6-12 months from as many children as possible. We analyzed blood samples for 11 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 2 heavy metals (lead and mercury, 11 organochlorine (OC) pesticides or related compounds, and 30 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The evidence suggests that numerous VOCs originated from common sources, as did many PCBs. Longitudinal measurements indicate that between-child variance was greater than within-child variance for two VOCs (benzene, toluene), for both heavy metals (Pb, Hg), for all detectable OC pesticides, and for 15 of the measured PCB congeners (74, 99, 101, 118, 138-158, 146, 153, 156, 170, 178, 180, 187, 189, 194, 195). Despite the relatively small sample size, highest measured blood levels of 1,4-dichlorobenzene, styrene, m-/p-xylene, Pb, Hg, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (p,p'-DDE), trans-nonachlor, and PCB congeners 74, 99, 105, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 170, and 180 were comparable with or higher than 95th percentile measurements of older children and adults from national surveys. Results demonstrate that cumulative exposures to multiple environmental carcinogens and neurotoxins can be comparatively high for children from a poor inner-city neighborhood. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sexton, K (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Brownsville Reg Campus,80 Ft Brown,RAHC Bldg, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. EM ken.sexton@utb.edu RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 51 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 114 IS 3 BP 453 EP 459 DI 10.1289/ehp.8324 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 018NK UT WOS:000235771000045 PM 16507471 ER PT J AU Grainger, J Huang, WL Patterson, DG Turner, WE Pirkle, J Caudill, SP Wang, RY Needham, LL Sampson, EJ AF Grainger, J Huang, WL Patterson, DG Turner, WE Pirkle, J Caudill, SP Wang, RY Needham, LL Sampson, EJ TI Reference range levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the US population by measurement of urinary monohydroxy metabolites SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE US reference range; PAH monohydroxy metabolites; PAH biomarkers; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; isotope-dilution mass spectrometry; PAH human exposure study ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COKE PLANT WORKERS; HEMOGLOBIN ADDUCTS; EXPOSED WORKERS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; OCCUPATIONAL-EXPOSURE; PYRENE METABOLITES; INTERNAL EXPOSURE AB We developed a gas chromatography isotope-dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/ID-HRMS) method for measuring 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites representing seven parent PAHs in 3 mL of urine at low parts-per-trillion levels. PAH levels were determined in urine samples collected in 1999 and 2000 from approximately 2400 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and, for the first time, reference range values were calculated for these metabolites in the US population. Using this GC/ID-HRMS method, we found detectable concentrations for monohydroxy metabolite isomers of fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, and benz[a]anthracene. Some monohydroxy metabolite isomers of benzo[c]phenanthrene, chrysene, and benz[a]anthracene exhibited low detection frequencies that did not allow for geometric mean calculations. Our study results enabled us to establish a reference range for the targeted PAHs in the general US population. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Grainger, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway F17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jag2@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 88 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 100 IS 3 BP 394 EP 423 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2005.06.004 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 017OH UT WOS:000235702400010 PM 16225859 ER PT J AU Dietz, PM Callaghan, WM Cogswell, ME Morrow, B Ferre, C Schieve, LA AF Dietz, PM Callaghan, WM Cogswell, ME Morrow, B Ferre, C Schieve, LA TI Combined effects of prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy on the risk of preterm delivery SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIRTH; POPULATION; PATTERN; GROWTH; WOMEN AB Background: The association between excessive gestational weight gain and preterm delivery is unclear, as is the association between low gestational weight gain and preterm delivery among overweight and obese women. Methods: Using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System in 21 states, we estimated the risk of very (20-31 weeks) and moderately (32-36 weeks) preterm delivery associated with a combination of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain among 113,019 women who delivered a singleton infant during 1996-2001. We categorized average weight gain (kilograms per week) as very low (< 0.12), low (0.12-0.22), moderate (0.23-0.68), high (0.69-0.79), or very high (> 0.79). We categorized prepregnancy BMI (kg/m(2)) as underweight (< 19.8), normal (19.8-26.0), overweight (26.1-28.9), obese (29.0-34.9), or very obese (>= 35.0). We examined associations for all women and for all women with no complications adjusting for covariates. Results: There was a strong association between very low weight gain and very preterm delivery that varied by prepregnancy BMI, with the strongest association among under-weight women (adjusted odds ratio = 9.8; 95% confidence interval = 7.0-13.8) and the weakest among very obese women (2.3; 1.8-3.1). Very low weight gain was not associated with moderately preterm delivery for overweight or obese women. Women with very high weight gain had approximately twice the odds of very preterm delivery, regardless of prepregnancy BMI. Conclusions: This study supports concerns about very low weight gain during pregnancy, even among overweight and obese women, and also suggests that high weight gain, regardless of prepregnancy BMI, deserves further investigation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dietz, PM (reprint author), CDC, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM pad8@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 99 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAR PY 2006 VL 17 IS 2 BP 170 EP 177 DI 10.1097/01.ede.0000198470.26932.9a PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 015OX UT WOS:000235561800011 PM 16477257 ER PT J AU Chowdhury, PP Balluz, L Okoro, C Strine, T AF Chowdhury, PP Balluz, L Okoro, C Strine, T TI Leading health indicators: A comparison of Hispanics with non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks, United States 2003 SO ETHNICITY & DISEASE LA English DT Article DE BRFSS; ethnicity; healthy people 2010; Hispanics ID RISK-FACTORS; LATINOS; ADULTS AB Objective: One of the goals of Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities among racial/ethnic groups. This study compared Hispanics with non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks on six leading health indicators (LHls) by demographics characteristics, access to medical care, and general health status. Setting: Data were gathered from 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a state based random-digit-dialed telephone survey. Participants: Respondents were non-institutionalized adults age >= 18 years. Methods: Respondents were compared by physical activity, smoking, binge drinking, obesity, health insurance coverage, specific source of ongoing care, influenza vaccination within last 12 months, and any pneurnococcal vaccination. Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in LHls after adjusting for confounding variables. Results: Responses from 235,784 participants were analyzed (Hispanic=18,929, non-Hispanic White=202,035, non-Hispanic Black= 14,820). Hispanics did not meet the target of any LHIs. Regardless of educational attainment, and after adjusting for confounders, Hispanics were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to be moderately physically active, to have healthcare coverage or a specific source of ongoing care, and to have received a pneumococcal vaccination. They were less likely to smoke but equally as likely to have received a flu shot. Hispanics with more than a high school education were equally likely to binge drink but more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic Whites after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions: To eliminate the health disparities of Hispanics by 2010, culturally appropriate health education and accessible preventive services are needed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Surveillance Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Chowdhury, PP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Surveillance Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-66, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM pchowdhury@cdc.gov NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT SOC HYPERTENSION BLACKS-ISHIB PI ATLANTA PA 100 AUBURN AVE NE STE 401, ATLANTA, GA 30303-2527 USA SN 1049-510X J9 ETHNIC DIS JI Ethn. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 16 IS 2 BP 534 EP 541 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 039YU UT WOS:000237345700030 PM 17682283 ER PT J AU Das, S Brown, TM Kellar, KL Holloway, BP Morrison, CJ AF Das, S Brown, TM Kellar, KL Holloway, BP Morrison, CJ TI DNA probes for the rapid identification of medically important Candida species using a multianalyte profiling system SO FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PCR; ribosomal DNA; DNA probes; Candida; flow cytometry ID UNITED-STATES; HYBRIDIZATION; AGENTS AB Recently, a new flow cytometric technology to detect multiple DNA target sequences in a single microtiter well plate was developed [multianalyte profiling (MAP) System, Luminex Corp., Austin, TX]. DNA probes, directed to the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of ribosomal DNA, were therefore designed to detect and differentiate PCR amplicons from six medically important Candida species using this system. Each probe was covalently linked to one of 100 available microsphere (bead) sets. Biotinylated PCR amplicons were then hybridized to the complementary probe on each bead set. Bound amplicons were detected fluorometrically using a streptavidin-linked reporter dye, R-phycoerythrin. Specific hybridization was noted for all six Candida species probes (mean sample-to-background ratio +/- standard error: Candida albicans, 58.7 +/- 1.2; Candida tropicalis, 53.2 +/- 3.8; Candida glabrata, 46.9 +/- 2.1; Candida parapsilosis, 59.9 +/- 1.6; Candida krusei, 54.7 +/- 3.7 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.03 for all heterologous Candida species DNA targets and vs. 1.0 +/- 0.1 for samples containing water instead of DNA; P < 0.001). The limit of test sensitivity was 0.5 pg of DNA. A sample could be processed and analyzed within 1 h post-PCR amplification. Therefore, the multianalyte profiling system was rapid, sensitive and specific for the detection and differentiation of the most medically important species of Candida. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morrison, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mailstop D-72, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cjm3@cdc.gov NR 12 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0928-8244 J9 FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC JI FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 46 IS 2 BP 244 EP 250 DI 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2005.00031.x PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 012IH UT WOS:000235331300012 PM 16487306 ER PT J AU Raina, A Gelman, D Huber, C Spencer, N AF Raina, A Gelman, D Huber, C Spencer, N TI Laboratory rearing procedures for two lepidopteran weed biocontrol agents SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Editorial Material ID PTEROLONCHE-INSPERSA LEP; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; ZOEGANA L LEPIDOPTERA; CENTAUREA-DIFFUSA; SPOTTED KNAPWEED; UNITED-STATES; MACULOSA; MANAGEMENT; COCHYLIDAE; RELEASE C1 USDA ARS, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Raina, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM araina@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 89 IS 1 BP 95 EP 97 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2006)89[95:LRPFTL]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 025GC UT WOS:000236252300018 ER PT J AU Swaminathan, B Gerner-Smidt, P Barrett, T AF Swaminathan, B Gerner-Smidt, P Barrett, T TI Foodborne disease trends and reports SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PLASMID-MEDIATED RESISTANCE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Swaminathan, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.1 PG 2 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200001 ER PT J AU Tauxe, RV AF Tauxe, RV TI Molecular subtyping and the transformation of public health SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; FOOD HANDLER; OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SURVEILLANCE; CONTAMINATION; SALMONELLA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tauxe, RV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rvt1@cdc.gov NR 16 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 4 EP 8 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.4 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200003 PM 16602974 ER PT J AU Gerner-Smidt, P Hise, K Kincaid, J Hunter, S Rolando, S Hyytia-Trees, E Ribot, EM Swaminathan, B AF Gerner-Smidt, P Hise, K Kincaid, J Hunter, S Rolando, S Hyytia-Trees, E Ribot, EM Swaminathan, B CA PulseNet Taskforce TI PulseNet USA: A five-year update SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; UNITED-STATES; PHAGE TYPES; FOOD; POLYMORPHISMS; SURVEILLANCE; ILLNESS; STRAINS AB PulseNet USA is the molecular surveillance network for foodborne infections in the United States. Since its inception in 1996, it has been instrumental in detection, investigation and control of numerous outbreaks caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:[H7] (STEC O157), Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella spp., and Campylobacter. This paper describes the current status of the network, including the methodologies used and its future possibilities. The currently preferred subtyping method in the network is pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), a proven highly discriminatory molecular subtyping method. New simpler sequence-based subtyping methods are under development and validation to complement and eventually replace PFGE. PulseNet is essentially a cluster detection network, but the data in the system will now also be used in attribution analyses of sporadic infections. The PulseNet platform will also be used as a primary tool in preparedness and response to acts of food bioterrorism. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Assoc Publ Hlth Labs, Washington, DC USA. RP Gerner-Smidt, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM plg5@cdc.gov NR 17 TC 200 Z9 214 U1 3 U2 13 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.9 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200004 PM 16602975 ER PT J AU Barrett, TJ Gerner-Smidt, P Swaminathan, B AF Barrett, TJ Gerner-Smidt, P Swaminathan, B TI Interpretation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns in foodborne disease investigations and surveillance SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; WATERBORNE OUTBREAK; PLASMID PROFILES; UNITED-STATES; STRAINS; DNA AB Since the establishment of the well-known Tenover criteria in 1995 (Tenover et al., 1995), relatively few papers have been published about the interpretation of subtyping data generated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). This paper describes the approach that has been used in the PulseNet network during the past 10 years. PFGE data must always be interpreted in the proper epidemiological context and PFGE data can not alone prove an epidemiological connection. The Tenover criteria are not generally applicable to the interpretation of PFGE subtyping data of foodborne pathogens. The reproducibility of the method with a particular organism, the quality of the PFGE gel, the variability of the organism being subtyped, and the prevalence of the pattern in question must always be considered. Only isolates displaying indistinguishable patterns should be included in the detection of clusters of infections or the initial case definition in a point-source outbreak. More variability (patterns differing from each other in two to three band positions) may be accepted if the outbreak has been going on for some time or if person-person spread is a prominent feature. If epidemiological information is sufficiently strong, isolates with markedly different PFGE patterns may be included in an outbreak. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Barrett, TJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM tbarrett@cdc.gov NR 36 TC 103 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 20 EP 31 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.20 PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200005 PM 16602976 ER PT J AU Swaminathan, B Gerner-Smidt, P Ng, LK Lukinmaa, S Kam, KM Rolando, S Gutierrez, EP Binsztein, N AF Swaminathan, B Gerner-Smidt, P Ng, LK Lukinmaa, S Kam, KM Rolando, S Gutierrez, EP Binsztein, N CA Five PulseNet Networks TI Building PulseNet International: An interconnected system of laboratory networks to facilitate timely public health recognition and response to foodborne disease outbreaks and emerging foodborne diseases SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SHIGELLA-SONNEI; PHAGE TYPE; ENTER-NET; SALMONELLA; SURVEILLANCE; INFECTIONS; PARSLEY AB PulseNet USA, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, began functioning in the United States in 1996 and soon established itself as a critical early warning system for foodborne disease outbreaks, particularly those in which cases may be geographically dispersed. The PulseNet network is now being replicated in different ways in Canada, Europe, the Asia Pacific region, and Latin America. These independent networks work together in PulseNet International allowing public health officials and laboratorians to share molecular epidemiologic information in real-time and enabling rapid recognition and investigation of multi-national foodborne disease outbreaks. Routine communication between the various international PulseNet networks will provide early warning on foodborne disease outbreaks to participating public health institutions and countries. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Coordinating Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Natl Microbiol Lab, Bacteriol & Enter Dis Program, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Statens Serum Inst, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. Dept Hlth, Ctr Hlth Protect, Publ Hlth Lab Serv Branch, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Assoc Publ Hlth Labs, Washington, DC USA. INPPAZ, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Minist Salud, ANLIS Dr Carlos G Malbran, Inst Nacl Enfermedades Infecc, Dept Bacteriol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Swaminathan, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Coordinating Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bas5@cdc.gov RI Kam, Kai Man/K-4546-2012 OI Kam, Kai Man/0000-0003-0579-0307 NR 35 TC 121 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 36 EP 50 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.36 PG 15 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200007 PM 16602978 ER PT J AU Cooper, KLF Luey, CKY Bird, M Terajima, J Nair, GB Kam, KM Arakawa, E Safa, A Cheung, DT Law, CP Watanabe, H Kubota, K Swaminathan, B Ribot, EM AF Cooper, KLF Luey, CKY Bird, M Terajima, J Nair, GB Kam, KM Arakawa, E Safa, A Cheung, DT Law, CP Watanabe, H Kubota, K Swaminathan, B Ribot, EM TI Development and validation of a PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; O1; EPIDEMIOLOGY; STRAINS; ECOLOGY AB PulseNet is a network that utilizes standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols with the purpose of conducting laboratory-based surveillance of foodborne pathogens. PulseNet standardized PFGE protocols are subject to rigorous testing during the developmental phase and careful evaluation during a validation process assessing its robustness and reproducibility in different laboratories. Here we describe the development and validation of a rapid PFGE protocol for subtyping Vibrio cholerae for use in PulseNet International activities. While the protocol was derived from the existing PulseNet protocol for Escherichia coli O157, various aspects of this protocol were optimized for use with V. cholerae, most notably a change of the primary and secondary restriction enzyme to SfiI and NotI, respectively, and the use of a two-block electrophoresis program. External validation of this protocol was undertaken through a collaboration between three PulseNet Asia Pacific laboratories (Public Health Laboratory Centre, Hong Kong, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan, and International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research-Bangladesh) and PulseNet USA. Comparison of PFGE patterns generated by each of the participating laboratories demonstrated that the protocol is robust and reproducible. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Publ Hlth Lab Ctr, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan. Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Ribot, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM eyr4@cdc.gov RI Kam, Kai Man/K-4546-2012 OI Kam, Kai Man/0000-0003-0579-0307 NR 13 TC 113 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 51 EP 58 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.51 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200008 PM 16602979 ER PT J AU Ribot, EM Fair, MA Gautom, R Cameron, DN Hunter, SB Swaminathan, B Barrett, TJ AF Ribot, EM Fair, MA Gautom, R Cameron, DN Hunter, SB Swaminathan, B Barrett, TJ TI Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; ORGANISMS AB Standardized rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella serotypes, and Shigella species are described. These protocols are used by laboratories in PulseNet, a network of state and local health departments, and other public health laboratories that perform real-time PFGE subtyping of these bacterial foodborne pathogens for surveillance and outbreak investigations. Development and standardization of these protocols consisted of a thorough optimization of reagents and reaction conditions to ensure that the protocols yielded consistent results and high-quality PFGE pattern data in all the PulseNet participating laboratories. These rapid PFGE protocols are based on the original 3-4-day standardized procedure developed at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that was validated in 1996 and 1997 by eight independent laboratories. By using these rapid standardized PFGE protocols, PulseNet laboratories are able to subtype foodborne pathogens in approximately 24 h, allowing for the early detection of foodborne disease case clusters and often aiding in the identification of the source responsible for the infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Publ Hlth Labs, Shoreline, WA USA. RP Ribot, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM eyr4@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 907 Z9 942 U1 8 U2 46 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 59 EP 67 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.59 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200009 PM 16602980 ER PT J AU Gerner-Smidt, P Scheutz, F AF Gerner-Smidt, P Scheutz, F CA Study Participants TI Standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: The PulseNet Europe feasibility study SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB PulseNet USA, the American molecular subtyping network for foodborne infections, has since 1996 been highly successful combating infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, Salmonella, Listeria, and Shigella spp. The PulseNet Europe feasibility study was initiated to ascertain the interest of public health and veterinary reference laboratories to establish a similar network, and to determine if it was possible to perform standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of Salmonella, Listeria, and STEC on a large scale in Europe. The results of the STEC part of that study are presented here. Twenty-seven veterinary and public health laboratories participated in the study. The participants subtyped eight E. coli strains by PFGE using the restriction enzyme X-baI according to the PulseNet or a similar protocol, with strict adherence to the electrophoretic conditions stated in the former and submitted an image of their gel for centralized anonymous analysis. The quality of the gels was first graded visually as "good," "intermediate," and "unsatisfactory." The number of gels graded this way was 11, 14, and 2, respectively. All "good" and "intermediate" gels were also analysed and compared by computerized analysis to a reference gel. For gels graded "good," on average 5.6, 7.4, and 8 patterns out of 8 per gel were identified with a similarity of 100%, >95%, and >90%, respectively. The corresponding numbers for gels graded "intermediate" were 1.7, 4.9, and 7.4, respectively. The problems causing the grading to be "intermediate" was overloaded lanes, overexposed images, not optimally focused images and incomplete digestion, all problems that led to misinterpretation of the number of restriction fragments in the gel. These problems may be corrected by simple adjustments to the subtyping procedure. Thus, there seems to be little need for training of the participants in PulseNet Europe. C1 Statens Serum Inst, Dept Bacteriol Mycol & Parasitol, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Gerner-Smidt, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM plg5@cdc.gov OI Scheutz, Flemming/0000-0002-3931-4846 NR 7 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 74 EP 80 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.74 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200011 PM 16602982 ER PT J AU Rivas, M Miliwebsky, E Chinen, I Roldan, CD Balbi, L Garcia, B Fiorilli, G Sosa-Estani, S Kincaid, J Rangel, J Griffin, PM AF Rivas, M. Miliwebsky, E. Chinen, I. Roldan, C. D. Balbi, L. Garcia, B. Fiorilli, G. Sosa-Estani, S. Kincaid, J. Rangel, J. Griffin, P. M. CA Case-Control Study Grp TI Characterization and epidemiologic subtyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea cases in Argentina SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PHAGE-TYPING SCHEME; O157-H7 INFECTION; BLOODY DIARRHEA; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; VEROTOXIN; ASSOCIATION; CATTLE; GENES AB Argentina has a high incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); 12.2 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years old were reported in 2002. Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the primary etiologic agent of HUS, and STEC O157 is the predominant serogroup isolated. The main objective of the present work was to establish the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the STEC strains in general isolated from Argentine children during a prospective study and the clonal relatedness of STEC O157:H7 strains using subtyping techniques. One hundred and three STEC strains isolated from 99 children were included. The phenotypic and genotypic features were established, and a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed to determine stx2 variants. The clonal relatedness of E. coli O157 isolates was established by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The 103 STEC strains belonged to 18 different serotypes, and 59% were of serotype O157:H7. Stx2 was identified in 90.3%, and stxl in 9.7%. Among the 61 STEC O157 strains, 93.4% harbored the stx2/stx2vh-a genes; PT4 (39.3%) and PT2 (29.5%) were the predominant phage types. Using PFGE with the enzyme XbaI, a total of 41 patterns with at least 80% similarity were identified, and seven clusters with identical profiles were established. Some of the clusters were further split by PFGE using BlnI as the second enzyme. Isolates with indistinguishable PFGE patterns were with one exception also indistinguishable by phage typing and stx genotyping. These findings confirmed that some isolates were genetically related. However, no epidemiological linkages were identified. STEC strains with different genotypes and belonging to diverse serotypes were isolated in Argentina. Some STEC O157 strains could not be distinguished by applying subtyping techniques such as PFGE and phage typing. C1 ANLIS Dr Carlos G Malbran, INEI, Serv Fisiopatogenia, RA-1281 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Hosp Nacl Pediat Prof Dr Juan P Garrahan, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Hosp Pediat Dr Humberto Notti, Mendoza, Argentina. ANLIS Dr Carlos G Malbran, CeNDIE, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rivas, M (reprint author), ANLIS Dr Carlos G Malbran, INEI, Serv Fisiopatogenia, Av Velez Sarsfield 563, RA-1281 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. EM mrivas@anlis.gov.ar NR 48 TC 100 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 EI 1556-7125 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 88 EP 96 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.88 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200013 PM 16602984 ER PT J AU Zhao, S McDermott, PF Friedman, S Abbott, J Ayers, S Glenn, A Hall-Robinson, E Hubert, SK Harbottle, H Walker, RD Chiller, TM White, DG AF Zhao, S McDermott, PF Friedman, S Abbott, J Ayers, S Glenn, A Hall-Robinson, E Hubert, SK Harbottle, H Walker, RD Chiller, TM White, DG TI Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin: NARMS retail meat surveillance SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID MONITORING PROGRAMS; HEALTH CONSEQUENCES; UNITED-STATES; SOUTH-AFRICA; BACTERIA; ENTERICA; HUMANS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTIONS; PULSENET AB Salmonella isolates were recovered from a monthly sampling of chicken breasts, ground turkey, ground beef, and pork chops purchased from selected grocery stores in six participating FoodNet sites (Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Oregon, and Tennessee) in 2002 and an additional two sites in 2003 (California and New York). In 2002 and 2003, a total of 6,046 retail meats were examined, including 1,513 chicken breasts, 1,499 ground turkey samples, 1,522 ground beef samples, and 1,502 pork chops. Retail meat samples tested increased to 3,533 in 2003 as compared to 2,513 in 2002. Overall, six percent of 6,046 retail meat samples (n = 365) were contaminated with Salmonella, the bulk recovered from either ground turkey (52%) or chicken breast (39%). Salmonella isolates were serotyped and susceptibility tested using a panel of 16 antimicrobial agents. S. Heidelberg was the predominant serotype identified (23%), followed by S. Saintpaul (12%), S. Typhimurium (11%), and S. Kentucky (10%). Overall, resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (40%), streptomycin (37%), ampicillin (26%), and sulfamethoxazole (25%). Twelve percent of isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and ceftiofur, though only one isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin and ciprofloxacin; however, 3% of isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and were almost exclusive to ground turkey samples (n = 11/12). All Salmonella isolates were analyzed for genetic relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns generated by digestion with Xba1 or Xba1 plus Bln1. PFGE fingerprinting profiles showed that Salmonella, in general, were genetically diverse with a total of 175 Xba1 PFGE profiles generated from the 365 isolates. PFGE profiles showed good correlation with serotypes and in some instances, antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results demonstrated a varied spectrum of antimicrobial resistance and PFGE patterns, including several multidrug resistant clonal groups among Salmonella isolates, and signify the importance of sustained surveillance of foodborne pathogens in retail meats. C1 US FDA, Div Anim & Food Microbiol, Res Off, CVM, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP White, DG (reprint author), US FDA, Div Anim & Food Microbiol, Res Off, CVM, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM dwhite@cvm.fda.gov NR 39 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 10 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 106 EP 117 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.106 PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200015 PM 16602986 ER PT J AU Hyytia-Trees, E Smole, SC Fields, PA Swaminathan, B Ribot, EM AF Hyytia-Trees, E Smole, SC Fields, PA Swaminathan, B Ribot, EM TI Second generation subtyping: A proposed PulseNet protocol for multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) SO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; BACILLUS-ANTHRACIS; GENOME SEQUENCE; UNITED-STATES; IDENTIFICATION; VIRULENCE; OUTBREAK; REVEALS; DNA AB Most bacterial genomes contain tandem duplications of short DNA sequences, termed "variable-number tandem repeats" (VNTR). A subtyping method targeting these repeats, multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA), has emerged as a powerful tool for characterization of clonal organisms such as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157). We modified and optimized a recently published MLVA scheme targeting 29 polymorphic VNTR regions of STEC O157 to render it suitable for routine use by public health laboratories that participate in PulseNet, the national and international molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. Nine VNTR loci were included in the final protocol. They were amplified in three PCR reactions, after which the PCR products were sized using capillary electrophoresis. Two hundred geographically diverse, sporadic and outbreak-related STEC O157 isolates were characterized by MLVA and the results were compared with data obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using XbaI macrorestriction of genomic DNA. A total of 139 unique XbaI PFGE patterns and 162 MLVA types were identified. A subset of 100 isolates characterized by both Xbal and BlnI macrorestriction had 62 unique PFGE and MLVA types. Although the clustering of isolates by the two subtyping systems was generally in agreement, some discrepancies were observed. Importantly, MLVA was able to discriminate among some epidemiologically unrelated isolates which were indistinguishable by PFGE. However, among strains from three of the eight outbreaks included in the study, two single locus MLVA variants and one double locus variant were detected among epidemiologically implicated isolates that were indistinguishable by PFGE. Conversely, in three other outbreaks, isolates that were indistinguishable by MLVA displayed multiple PFGE types. An additional more extensive multi-laboratory validation of the MLVA protocol is in progress in order to address critical issues such as establishing epidemiologically relevant interpretation guidelines for the MLVA data. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, State Lab Inst, Jamaica Plain, MA USA. RP Hyytia-Trees, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM eih9@cdc.gov NR 22 TC 107 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 10 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1535-3141 J9 FOODBORNE PATHOG DIS JI Foodborne Pathog. Dis. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 118 EP 131 DI 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.118 PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 052RV UT WOS:000238252200016 PM 16602987 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Jones, K Grosse, SD AF Khoury, MJ Jones, K Grosse, SD TI Quantifying the health benefits of genetic tests: The importance of a population perspective SO GENETICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID HEART-DISEASE MORTALITY; FAMILY-HISTORY; RISK; PHARMACOGENOMICS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MEDICINE; GENOMICS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Coordinat Ctr Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Publ Private Partnerships, Natl Ctr Hlth Mkt, Coordinat Ctr Hlth Informat Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinat Ctr Hlth Promot, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Coordinat Ctr Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop K89, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1098-3600 J9 GENET MED JI Genet. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 8 IS 3 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1097/01.gim.0000206278.37405.25 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 026DM UT WOS:000236316900009 PM 16540755 ER PT J AU Blendon, RJ DesRoches, CM Cetron, MS Benson, JM Melnhardt, T Pollard, W AF Blendon, RJ DesRoches, CM Cetron, MS Benson, JM Melnhardt, T Pollard, W TI Attitudes toward the use of quarantine in a public health emergency in four countries SO HEALTH AFFAIRS LA English DT Article ID AMERICANS; TORONTO AB Countries worldwide face the threat of emerging infectious diseases. To understand the public's reaction to the use of widespread quarantine should such an outbreak occur, the Harvard School of Public Health, with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, undertook a survey of residents of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and the United States. A sizable proportion of the public in each country opposed compulsory quarantine. Respondents were concerned about overcrowding, infection, and inability to communicate with family members while in quarantine. Officials will need specific plans to deal with the public's concerns about compulsory quarantine policies. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Global Migrat & Quanrantine, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Blendon, RJ (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM rblendon@hsph.harvard.edu NR 18 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU PROJECT HOPE PI BETHESDA PA 7500 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, STE 600, BETHESDA, MD 20814-6133 USA SN 0278-2715 J9 HEALTH AFFAIR JI Health Aff. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 2 BP W15 EP W25 DI 10.1377/blthaff.25w15 PG 11 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 022ZK UT WOS:000236094500059 PM 16434437 ER PT J AU Reynolds, MA Schieve, LA AF Reynolds, MA Schieve, LA TI Trends in embryo transfer practices and multiple gestation for IVF procedures in the USA, 1996-2002 SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE embryo transfer; IVF; multiple gestation ID ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY; IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; TWIN PREGNANCIES; RELEVANT STANDARD; BIRTH; RISK; SINGLETON; IVF/ICSI; SUCCESS AB BACKGROUND: Increasing use of IVF in the USA has been a major contributor to the rising national multiple birth rate. Many have advocated that reducing the number of embryos transferred is essential for addressing the IVF-associated multiple birth problem. METHODS: A population-based sample of 506 072 IVF transfers performed in the USA in 1996-2002 was used to investigate trends in embryo transfer practices and to determine whether any changes in practice patterns have impacted the multiple gestation risk associated with IVF. RESULTS: The proportion of procedures in which >= 3 embryos were transferred declined significantly for most patient groups between 1996 and 2002. However, declines for some groups were not sizeable (from 79 to 73% and from 76 to 71% for fresh, non-donor procedures among women aged 38-40 and 41-42 years respectively) and transferring >= 3 embryos remained the norm for all groups. As of 2002, single embryo transfer had not increased for most groups and remained uncommon. Some declines in overall multiple gestation rates were observed, although multiple gestation risk associated with 2 embryos transferred increased significantly for all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite changes in embryo transfer practices, multiple gestation risk remains high, in part due to increased multiple gestation rates associated with the transfer of two embryos. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Reynolds, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, CDC Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. EM mtr6@cdc.gov NR 31 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 694 EP 700 DI 10.1093/humrep/dei363 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 016FF UT WOS:000235605400017 PM 16253972 ER PT J AU Kissin, DM Schieve, LA Reynolds, MA Macaluso, M AF Kissin, DM Schieve, LA Reynolds, MA Macaluso, M TI Reply to: 'Multiple-birth risk associated with IVF and extended embryo culture: USA, 2001' SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Letter ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Womens Hlth & Fertil Branch, NCCDPHP, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. RP Kissin, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Womens Hlth & Fertil Branch, NCCDPHP, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-34, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. EM Dtk3@cdc.gov RI Macaluso, Maurizio/J-2076-2015 OI Macaluso, Maurizio/0000-0002-2977-9690 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 838 EP 839 PG 3 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 016FF UT WOS:000235605400041 ER PT J AU Howell, MD Gallo, RL Boguniewicz, M Jones, JF Wong, C Streib, JE Leung, DYM AF Howell, MD Gallo, RL Boguniewicz, M Jones, JF Wong, C Streib, JE Leung, DYM TI Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis skin subverts the innate immune response to vaccinia virus SO IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID SMALLPOX VACCINATION; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; EXPRESSION; BIOTERRORISM; LL-37; IL-4 AB Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with eczema vaccinatum (EV), a disseminated viral skin infection that follows inoculation with vaccinia virus (VV). This study examined whether AD skin can control VV replication, and the role of IL-4 and IL-13 in modulating the human cathelicidin LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide that kills VV. AD skin exhibited increased VV replication and decreased LL-37 expression compared to normal or psoriasis skin. IL-4/IL-13 enhanced VV replication while downregulating LL-37 in VV-stimulated keratinocytes. Neutralizing IL-4/IL-13 in AD skin augmented LL-37 and inhibited VV replication. Cathelicidins were induced via toll-like receptor-3 and were inhibited by IL-4/IL-13 through STAT-6. Skin from cathelicidin-deficient mice exhibited reduced ability to control VV replication. Exogenous LL-37 controlled vaccinia viral replication in infected keratinocytes and AD skin explants. The current study demonstrates that Th2 cytokines enhance VV replication in AD skin by subverting the innate immune response against VV in a STAT-6-dependent manner. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Div Allergy & Immunol, Denver, CO 80206 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, VA San Diego Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med & Pediat, Div Dermatol, San Diego, CA 92161 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Leung, DYM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Div Allergy & Immunol, 4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80206 USA. EM leungd@njc.org RI Gallo, Richard/A-8931-2009 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR00051]; NIAID NIH HHS [N01 AI40029, AI052453, N01 AI40030, T32 AI07365]; NIAMS NIH HHS [5R21AR051634, AR41256, AR45676] NR 28 TC 174 Z9 179 U1 1 U2 1 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 1074-7613 J9 IMMUNITY JI Immunity PD MAR PY 2006 VL 24 IS 3 BP 341 EP 348 DI 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.006 PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 028QY UT WOS:000236504500014 PM 16546102 ER PT J AU Bern, C Chowdhury, R AF Bern, C Chowdhury, R TI The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control SO INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE epidemiology; PKDL; vector control; visceral leishmaniasis ID DIRECT AGGLUTINATION-TEST; AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS; KALA-AZAR; URINE SAMPLES; DIPSTICK TEST; DIAGNOSIS; INDIA; NEPAL; CONSEQUENCES; COMMUNITY AB The parasitic disease kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis, VL) was first described in 1824 in Jessore district, Bengal (now Bangladesh). Epidemic peaks were recorded in Bengal in the 1820s, 1860s,, 1920s, and 1940s. After achieving good control of the disease during the intensive vector control efforts for malaria in the 1950s-1960s, Bangladesh experienced a VL resurgence that has lasted to the present. Surveillance data show an increasing trend in incidence since 1995. Research in recent years has demonstrated the utility of non-invasive diagnostic modalities such as the direct agglutination test and rapid tests based on the immune response to the rK39 antigen. In common with its neighbours India and Nepal, VL in Bangladesh is anthroponotic. Living in proximity to a kala-azar case is the strongest risk factor for disease, while consistent use of bed nets in the summer months and the presence of cattle are protective. Shortages of first-line antileishmanial drugs and insecticide for indoor spraying programmes have hindered VL treatment and vector control efforts. Effective control of VL will require activities to improve availability and access to diagnostic testing and antileishmanial drugs, enhanced surveillance for kala-azar, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and VL treatment failures, and increased coverage and efficacy of vector control programmes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis MS F22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Chowdhury, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis MS F22, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM CBern@cdc.gov NR 49 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU INDIAN COUNCIL MEDICAL RES PI NEW DELHI PA PO BOX 4911 ANSARI NAGAR, NEW DELHI 110029, INDIA SN 0971-5916 J9 INDIAN J MED RES JI Indian J. Med. Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 123 IS 3 BP 275 EP 288 PG 14 WC Immunology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 052OR UT WOS:000238243500009 PM 16778310 ER PT J AU Walker, FJ Singleton, JA Lu, P Wooten, KG Strikas, RA AF Walker, Frances J. Singleton, James A. Lu, Pengjun Wooten, Karen G. Strikas, Raymond A. TI Influenza vaccination of Healthcare workers in the United States, 1989-2002 SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM-CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; NOSOCOMIAL INFLUENZA; ELDERLY OUTPATIENTS; SELF-REPORT; MORTALITY; OUTBREAK; IMMUNIZATION; ACCEPTANCE; EPIDEMIC AB Objectives. We sought to estimate influenza vaccination coverage among healthcare workers ( HCWs) in the United States during 19892002 and to identify factors associated with vaccination in this group. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP) recommends annual influenza vaccination for HCWs to reduce transmission of influenza to patients at high risk for serious complications of influenza. Design. Analysis of cross-sectional data from 1989-2002 surveys conducted by the National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS). The outcome measure was self-reported influenza vaccination in the past 12 months. Bivariate and multivariate analysis of 2002 NHIS data. Setting. Household interviews conducted during 1989-2002, weighted to reflect the noninstitutionalized, civilian US population. Participants. Adults aged 18 years or older participated in the study. A total of 2,089 were employed in healthcare occupations or settings in 2002, and 17,160 were employed in nonhealthcare occupations or settings. Results. The influenza vaccination rate among US HCWs increased from 10.0% in 1989 to 38.4% in 2002, with no significant change since 1997. In a multivariate model that included data from the 2002 NHIS, factors associated with a higher rate of influenza vaccination among HCWs aged 18-64 years included age of 50 years or older ( odds ratio [ OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [ CI], 1.1-2.1), hospital employee status ( OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9), 1 or more visits to the office of a healthcare professional in the past 12 months ( OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2), receipt of employer-provided health insurance ( OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1), a history of pneumococcal vaccination ( OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.5-6.1), and history of hepatitis B vaccination ( OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.4). Non-Hispanic black persons were less likely to be vaccinated ( OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9) than non-Hispanic white persons. There were no significant differences in vaccination levels according to HCW occupation category. Conclusions. Influenza immunization among HCWs reached a plateau during 1997-2002. New strategies are needed to encourage US HCWs to receive influenza vaccination to prevent influenza illness in themselves and transmission of influenza to vulnerable patients. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Walker, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM fwalker@cdc.gov NR 64 TC 82 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 3 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1086/501538 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 204HY UT WOS:000249035800007 PM 16532413 ER PT J AU Hellinger, WC Hasan, SA Bacalis, LP Thornblom, DM Beckmann, SC Blackmore, C Forster, TS Tirey, JF Ross, MJ Nilson, CD Mamalis, N Crook, JE Bendel, RE Shetty, R Stewart, MW Bolling, JP Edelhauser, HF AF Hellinger, Walter C. Hasan, Saiyid A. Bacalis, Laura P. Thornblom, Deborah M. Beckmann, Susan C. Blackmore, Carina Forster, Terri S. Tirey, Jason F. Ross, Mary J. Nilson, Christian D. Mamalis, Nick Crook, Julia E. Bendel, Rick E. Shetty, Rajesh Stewart, Michael W. Bolling, James P. Edelhauser, Henry F. TI Outbreak of toxic anterior segment syndrome following cataract surgery associated with impurities in autoclave steam moisture SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Background. Toxic anterior segment syndrome ( TASS), a complication of cataract surgery, is a sterile inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye. An outbreak of TASS was recognized at an outpatient surgical center and its affiliated hospital in December 2002. Methods. Medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery during the outbreak were reviewed, and surgical team members who participated in the operations were interviewed. Potential causes of TASS were identified and eliminated. Feedwater from autoclave steam generators and steam condensates were analyzed by use of spectroscopy and ion chromatography. Results. During the outbreak, 8 ( 38%) of 21 cataract operations were complicated by TASS, compared with 2 ( 0.07%) of 2,713 operations performed from January 1996 through November 2002. Results of an initial investigation suggested that cataract surgical equipment may have been contaminated by suboptimal equipment reprocessing or as a result of personnel changes. The frequency of TASS decreased ( 1 of 44 cataract operations) after reassignment of personnel and revision of equipment reprocessing procedures. Further investigation identified the presence of impurities ( eg, sulfates, copper, zinc, nickel, and silica) in autoclave steam moisture, which was attributed to improper maintenance of the autoclave steam generator in the outpatient surgical center. When impurities in autoclave steam moisture were eliminated, no cases of TASS were observed after more than 1,000 cataract operations. Conclusion. Suboptimal reprocessing of cataract surgical equipment may evolve over time in busy, multidisciplinary surgical centers. Clinically significant contamination of surgical equipment may result from inappropriate maintenance of steam sterilization systems. Standardization of protocols for reprocessing of cataract surgical equipment may prevent outbreaks of TASS and may be of assistance during outbreak investigations. C1 Mayo Clin, Div Infect Dis, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. Mayo Clin, Dept Ophthalmol, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. Mayo Clin, Outpatient Surg Ctr, Div Biostat, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. Florida Dept Hlth & Epidemiol, Jacksonville, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Water Qual Lab, Environm & Appl Microbiol Sect,Epidemiol & Lab B, Atlanta, GA USA. Steris Corp, St Louis, MO USA. RP Hellinger, WC (reprint author), Mayo Clin, Div Infect Dis, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. EM hellinger.walter@mayo.edu NR 10 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 3 BP 294 EP 298 DI 10.1086/501540 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 204HY UT WOS:000249035800012 PM 16532418 ER PT J AU Stricof, RL Lillquist, PP Thomas, N Belay, ED Schonberger, LB Morse, DL AF Stricof, Rachel L. Lillquist, Patricia P. Thomas, Nadia Belay, Ermias D. Schonberger, Lawrence B. Morse, Dale L. TI An investigation of potential neurosurgical transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Challenges and lessons learned SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERSON TRANSMISSION AB In 2001, New York State health officials were notified about 2 patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease who had undergone neurosurgical procedures at the same hospital within 43 days of each other. One patient had Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease at the time of surgery; the other patient developed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 6.5 years later. This investigation highlights the difficulties in assessing possible transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Stricof, RL (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Room 859 Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237 USA. EM rls01@health.state.ny.us RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU213698] NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 3 BP 302 EP 304 DI 10.1086/503017 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 204HY UT WOS:000249035800014 PM 16532420 ER PT J AU Berkowitz, Z Price-Green, P Bove, FJ Kaye, WE AF Berkowitz, Z Price-Green, P Bove, FJ Kaye, WE TI Lead exposure and birth outcomes in five communities in Shoshone County, Idaho SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE birth outcomes; term low birthweight; small for gestational age; term mean birthweight; preterm birth; lead exposure ID MATERNAL BONE-LEAD; PREGNANCY; WEIGHT AB Introduction: This study examined birth outcomes in five towns in Shoshone County, Idaho.. where residents were exposed to high levels of lead in air emissions during a 6-month period after a fire had damaged the main baghouse (pollution-control device) of a local lead smelter plant in September 1973. Methods: We studied birth certificate data of 169,878 live singleton infants born to mothers who resided in Idaho at the time of delivery. The outcomes evaluated were preterm infants, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, low birthweight among term infants (TLBW), and mean birthweight among term infants (TMBW). The study compared births in the five towns in Shoshone County (exposed group) to births in the rest of Idaho during three exposure periods: "pre-fire," January 1, 1970-August 31, 1973; "high exposure," September 1, 1973-December 31, 1974; and "post-fire," January 1, 1975-December 31, 1981. Results: During the high-exposure period, the exposed group had an increased prevalence of TLBW (OR = 2.4; 90% CI: 1.6-3.6) and SGA (OR = 1.9; 90% Cl: 1.3-2.8) compared with the rest of Idaho. During the pre- and post-fire periods, the ORs for TLBW were 0.8 and 1.3, respectively, and for SGA, 1.0, and 1.3, respectively. During the high-exposure period, TMBW for the exposed group was 71 g lower than in the comparison group. The TMBW in the exposed group was 8 g lower in the pre-fire period and 26 g lower in the post-fire period than in the comparison group. The study found no increased risk for preterm birth in the exposed group. Conclusions: Maternal exposures to airborne lead emissions appeared to be associated with increased risks for SGA, TLBW, and reduced TMBW. (C) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Berkowitz, Z (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM zab3@cdc.gov NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 209 IS 2 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.11.001 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 028CO UT WOS:000236463900002 PM 16376613 ER PT J AU Javadi, M Subhannachart, P Levine, S Vijitsanguan, C Tungsagunwattana, S Dowell, SF Olsen, SJ AF Javadi, M Subhannachart, P Levine, S Vijitsanguan, C Tungsagunwattana, S Dowell, SF Olsen, SJ TI Diagnosing pneumonia in rural Thailand: Digital cameras versus film digitizers for chest radiograph teleradiology SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Asian Conference on Diarrhoeal Diseases and Nutrition CY DEC 07-09, 2003 CL Dhaka, BANGLADESH DE pneumonia; radiology; digital radiography; surveillance ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE; INFLUENZAE TYPE-B; REQUIRING HOSPITALIZATION; LOW-COST; CHILDREN; IMAGES; SARS; PHOTOGRAPHY; PERFORMANCE AB Background: Accurate surveillance for pneumonia requires standardized classification of chest radiographs. Digital imaging permits rapid electronic transfer of data to radiologists, and recent improvements in digital camera technology present high quality, yet cheaper, options. Methods: We evaluated the comparative utility of digital camera versus film digitizer in capturing chest radiographs in a pneumonia surveillance system in rural Thailand using a panel of radiologists; the gold standard was the hard-copy radiograph. We calculated sensitivity and specificity and conducted a receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis. Results: Of the 192 radiographs from patients with clinical pneumonia, 166 (86%) were classified as pneumonia on the hard copies. Sensitivity and specificity for identifying pneumonia were 89% and 73% for the camera and 90% and 65% for the digitizer. In the ROC analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in the area under the curve (camera, 0.86; film digitizer, 0.91, p = 0.29). The digital camera set cost $965 compared to $3000 for the film digitizer. Conclusion: Detection of pneumonia was not measurably compromised by using digital cameras compared with film digitizers. The 3-fold lower cost of the digital camera makes this technology an affordable and widely accessible alternative for surveillance systems, vaccine trials, and perhaps clinical use. (c) 2005 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, US CDC Collaborat, Thai MOPH, Int Emerging Infect Program, Muang Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Bangkok Chest Hosp, Muang Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. RP Olsen, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emerging Infect Program, CDC, Box 68,Amer Embassy, APO, AP 96546 USA. EM sco2@cdc.gov NR 40 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1201-9712 J9 INT J INFECT DIS JI Int. J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 10 IS 2 BP 129 EP 135 DI 10.1016/j.ijd.2005.01.007 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 023FR UT WOS:000236111800010 PM 16243559 ER PT J AU Levett, PN Morey, RE Galloway, RL Steigerwalt, AG AF Levett, PN Morey, RE Galloway, RL Steigerwalt, AG TI Leptospira broomii sp nov., isolated from humans with leptospirosis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAINEI SEROVAR HURSTBRIDGE; FAMILY LEPTOSPIRACEAE; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; RELATEDNESS; SEROGROUPS; AUSTRALIA AB Isolates of Leptospira from two human cases of leptospirosis in Denmark and France were studied using DNA-DNA relatedness, G+C content, 16S rRNA gene sequence data and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. These isolates differed from previously described species of Leptospira and are defined as Leptospira broomii sp. nov. The type strain is 53991(T) (=ATCC BAA-1107(T)= KIT 5399(T)). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levett, PN (reprint author), Saskatchewan Hlth, Prov Lab, 3211 Albert St, Regina, SK S4S 5W6, Canada. EM plevett@health.gov.sk.ca NR 18 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 56 BP 671 EP 673 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.63783-0 PN 3 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 028WP UT WOS:000236519800031 PM 16514048 ER PT J AU Green, G Schnurr, D Knoll, D Griffith, R Austin, C Clark, M Smith, P Sullivan-Frohm, A Ragsdale, J Coronado, F Reynolds, M Damon, IK Li, Y Olson, V AF Green, G Schnurr, D Knoll, D Griffith, R Austin, C Clark, M Smith, P Sullivan-Frohm, A Ragsdale, J Coronado, F Reynolds, M Damon, IK Li, Y Olson, V CA CDC TI Orf virus infection in humans - New York, Illinois, California, and Tennessee, 2004-2005 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 65-68, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Kaiser Permanente, Dept Infect Dis, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Madison Cty Hlth Dept, Wood River, IL USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Chautauqua Cty Dept Hlth, Mayville, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Old Harding Pediat Hosp, Nashville, TN USA. CDC, Off Workforce & Career Dev, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Poxvirus Program, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Green, G (reprint author), Kaiser Permanente, Dept Infect Dis, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 9 BP 992 EP 993 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 016XJ UT WOS:000235656600006 ER PT J AU Fasula, AM Miller, KS AF Fasula, AM Miller, KS TI African-American and Hispanic adolescents' intentions to delay first intercourse: parental communication as a buffer for sexually active peers SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE adolescent; parental communication; peers; sexual delay ID RISK-FACTOR; CONDOM USE; BEHAVIOR; INTERNALIZATION; DISCUSSIONS; PATTERNS; IMPACT; YOUTH; SEX AB Purpose: Parents and peers often create conflicting influences on adolescent sexual delay. This study examines the moderating effects of mothers' responsiveness during sex discussions on the negative relationship between sexually active peers and sexual delay among African-American and Hispanic adolescents. Methods: Interview data from 530 African-American and Hispanic non-sexually active high school students were used to examine the effects of mother-adolescent sex discussions and peer norms on intentions to delay or initiate intercourse within the next year. Logistic regression was performed to test the moderating effects of adolescents' reports of mothers' responsiveness (openness, comfort, and understanding during sex discussions) on the relationship between perceived peer sexual activity and adolescent sexual delay. Results: The relationship between mothers' responsiveness during sex discussions, peer sexual activity, and their effects on adolescent sexual delay is complex. Mother's responsiveness had a buffering effect on the negative effects of sexually active peers. Among adolescents who perceived a high percentage of their peers to be sexually active, those who reported that their mothers had above-average responsiveness were 1.6 times more likely to plan to delay intercourse than were adolescents who reported that their mothers had average responsiveness. Conclusions: Parents and peers are mutually contingent influences in the dynamic social context of adolescents' lives. Although sexually active peers have a negative effect on adolescent sexual delay, responsive parent-adolescent sex discussions can buffer these effects. Intervention efforts can help parents develop the knowledge and communication skills they need to discuss sexual topics with their children effectively. (c) 2006 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Sociol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fasula, AM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Sociol, 1555 Pierce Dr,Tarbutton Hall, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM afasula@emory.edu NR 34 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 38 IS 3 BP 193 EP 200 DI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.12.009 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 019EA UT WOS:000235817200006 PM 16488815 ER PT J AU Ethier, KA Kershaw, TS Lewis, JB Milan, S Niccolai, LM Ickovics, JR AF Ethier, KA Kershaw, TS Lewis, JB Milan, S Niccolai, LM Ickovics, JR TI Self-esteem, emotional distress and sexual behavior among adolescent females: Inter-relationships and temporal effects SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE self-esteem; emotional distress; sexual behavior; adolescents; sexually transmitted diseases ID HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS; ALCOHOL AB Purpose: The current analyses attempt to clarify the relationship between psychological factors and sexual behavior. We test a model examining relationships between sexual history (e.g., age at initiation, partner history) and self-esteem and emotional distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, hostility) and their impact on future sexual risk behavior (e.g., unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners). Methods: The current analyses included 155 sexually active adolescent females, aged 14-19 years, who participated in the first two waves of a longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted disease (STD) and pregnancy risk. The Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and three subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory (depression, anxiety, hostility) and a variety of self-report measures of sexual history and sexual behavior were administered. Structural equation modeling using LISREL 8.51 was used to assess the proposed model. Results: Our model exhibited adequate fit and demonstrated that sexual history reported retrospectively at baseline was related to self-esteem and emotional distress also measured at baseline. These variables predicted sexual risk behavior measured 6 months later. Adolescents who had lower self-esteem at baseline reported initiating sex earlier and having had risky partners. Alternatively, adolescents with more emotional distress at baseline were less likely to have had a previous STD, had more partners per year of sexual activity and a history of risky partners. Self-esteem influenced subsequent unprotected sex and emotional distress influenced subsequent multiple partners. Conclusions: This model suggests that self-esteem and emotional distress have contrasting relationships with sexual behavior and demonstrates the importance of the temporal nature of these variables. Implications for intervention are discussed. (c) 2006 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res AIDS, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Ethier, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. EM kethier@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 5 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 38 IS 3 BP 268 EP 274 DI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.12.010 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 019EA UT WOS:000235817200016 PM 16488825 ER PT J AU Middleman, AB Rosenthal, SL Rickert, VI Neinstein, L Fishbein, DB D'Angelo, L AF Middleman, AB Rosenthal, SL Rickert, VI Neinstein, L Fishbein, DB D'Angelo, L TI Adolescent immunizations: A position paper of the society for adolescent medicine SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; UNITED-STATES; VACCINE; PERTUSSIS; ADULTS; CHILDREN; ACCEPTABILITY; STRATEGIES; ACCEPTANCE AB New vaccines are being targeted to help protect the adolescent population from disease. The Society for Adolescent Medicine strongly urges compliance with adolescent vaccination recommendations provided by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. These vaccines will significantly impact the health and well-being of the adolescent population. To enhance vaccination compliance and access to prevention health care and promotion, the Society supports linking vaccination to the three distinct comprehensive preventive health care visits already recommended by multiple organizations during early, middle, and late adolescence. In addition, multiple provider strategies should be used to increase vaccination rates among adolescents. (c) 2006 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20010 USA. RP Middleman, AB (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 33 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1054-139X EI 1879-1972 J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 38 IS 3 BP 321 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.01.002 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 019EA UT WOS:000235817200025 PM 16521332 ER PT J AU Jeffay, SC Strader, LF Buus, RM Evenson, DP Olshan, AF Herring, AH Bradley, LE Smith, JC Perreault, SD AF Jeffay, SC Strader, LF Buus, RM Evenson, DP Olshan, AF Herring, AH Bradley, LE Smith, JC Perreault, SD TI Relationships among semen endpoints usedas indicators of sperm nuclear integrity. SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 31st Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Andrology CY APR 08-11, 2006 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Soc Androl C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 SU S MA 48 BP 55 EP 55 PG 1 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 017IV UT WOS:000235688200051 ER PT J AU Turner, TW Schrader, SM AF Turner, TW Schrader, SM TI Sperm migration assay as measure of recently ejaculated sperm motility in specimens shipped overnight SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 31st Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Andrology CY APR 08-11, 2006 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Soc Androl C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 SU S MA 56 BP 58 EP 58 PG 1 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 017IV UT WOS:000235688200059 ER PT J AU Swaminathan, B Barrett, TJ Fields, P AF Swaminathan, B Barrett, TJ Fields, P TI Surveillance for human Salmonella infections in the United States SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID NONTYPHOIDAL SALMONELLA; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; HOSPITALIZATIONS; CHALLENGE; FOODNET AB Surveillance for human Salmonella infections plays a critical role in understanding and controlling foodborne illness due to Salmonella. Along with its public health partners, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has several surveillance systems that collect information on Salmonella infections in the United States. The National Salmonella Surveillance System, begun in 1962, receives reports of laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infections through state public health laboratories. Salmonella outbreaks are reported by state and local health departments through the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Reporting System, which became a Web-based, electronic system (eFORS) in 2001. PulseNet facilitates the detection of clusters of Salmonella infections through standardized molecular subtyping (DNA "fingerprinting") of isolates and maintenance of "fingerprint" databases. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS) monitors antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella by susceptibility testing of every 20th Salmonella isolate received by state and local public health laboratories. FootNet is an active surveillance system that monitors Salmonella infections in sentinel areas, providing population-based estimates of infection rates. Efforts are underway to electronically link all of the Salmonella surveillance systems at CDC to facilitate optimum use of available data and minimize duplication. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Coordinating Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Swaminathan, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Coordinating Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bas5@cdc.gov NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 89 IS 2 BP 553 EP 559 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 029UX UT WOS:000236591000031 PM 16640306 ER PT J AU Wood, JJ Malek, MA Frassica, FJ Power, JA Mohan, AK Bloom, ET Braun, MM Cote, TR AF Wood, JJ Malek, MA Frassica, FJ Power, JA Mohan, AK Bloom, ET Braun, MM Cote, TR TI Autologous cultured chondrocytes: Adverse events reported to the united states food and drug administration SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY-AMERICAN VOLUME LA English DT Article ID ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE DEFECTS; REPAIR; KNEE; TRANSPLANTATION; IMPLANTATION; TRIAL; CELLS AB Background: Carticel is an autologous cultured chondrocyte product that has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the repair of symptomatic cartilaginous defects of the femoral condyle that are caused by acute or repetitive trauma in patients who have been previously managed with arthroscopy or other surgical procedures. The present report describes the adverse events following Carticel implantation as reported to the Food and Drug Administration from 1996 to 2003. Methods: We reviewed adverse event reports that had been submitted to the Food and Drug Administration's Med-Watch system for information on demographic characteristics, adverse events, and surgical revisions. Adverse events were categorized into sixteen non-mutually exclusive groups. Five categories were used to classify reoperations. Food and Drug Administration regulations require manufacturers to report adverse events; however, reporting by clinicians and others is voluntary. Therefore, adverse event reporting is likely to underestimate the number of event occurrences. Adverse events may be either causally or coincidentally related to the product. Results: A total of 497 adverse events among 294 patients receiving Carticel were reported. The median interval from Carticel implantation to the diagnosis of an adverse event was 240 days (range, one to 2105 days). The median age of the patients was thirty-eight years, and 63% of the patients were male. Of the 270 events for which the anatomic site was noted, 258 (96%) involved the femoral condyles. More than one adverse event was reported for 135 patients (46%). The most commonly reported events were graft failure (seventy-three patients; 25%), delamination (sixty-five patients; 22%), and tissue hypertrophy (fifty-two patients; 18%). In addition, eighteen surgical site infections were reported, including eleven joint and seven soft-tissue infections. Surgical revision subsequent to Carticel implantation was mentioned in the records for 273 patients (93%). The reasons for the 389 revision procedures included graft-related problems (187 procedures; 48.1%), periarticular soft-tissue problems (ninety-seven procedures; 24.9%), and intra-articular problems (sixty-three procedures; 16.2%). Eight patients had a total knee replacement. Based on the manufacturer's reported distribution of 7500 Carticel lots between 1995 and 2002, 285 patients (3.8%) had an adverse event that was reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Conclusions: The most common adverse events reported in association with the Carticel technique involved graft failure, delamination, and tissue hypertrophy. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. RP Wood, JJ (reprint author), 11631 SW 2nd St, Pembroke Pines, FL 33025 USA. EM braunm@cber.fda.gov NR 25 TC 111 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 10 PU JOURNAL BONE JOINT SURGERY INC PI NEEDHAM PA 20 PICKERING ST, NEEDHAM, MA 02192 USA SN 0021-9355 J9 J BONE JOINT SURG AM JI J. Bone Joint Surg.-Am. Vol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 88A IS 3 BP 503 EP 507 DI 10.2106/JBJS.E.00103 PG 5 WC Orthopedics; Surgery SC Orthopedics; Surgery GA 021IU UT WOS:000235977700006 PM 16510814 ER PT J AU Lasker, BA Butler, G Lott, TJ AF Lasker, BA Butler, G Lott, TJ TI Molecular genotyping of Candida parapsilosis group I clinical isolates by analysis of polymorphic microsatellite markers SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; RANDOM AMPLIFICATION; ALBICANS STRAINS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EVOLUTION; OUTBREAK AB Candida parapsilosis, a pathogenic yeast, is composed of three newly designated genomic species that are physiologically and morphologically indistinguishable. Nosocomial infections caused by group I C parapsilosis are often associated with the breakdown of infection control practices and the contamination of medical devices, solutions, and indwelling catheters. Due to the low levels of nucleotide sequence variation that are observed, an investigation of the size polymorphisms in loci harboring microsatellite repeat sequences was applied for the typing of C parapsilosis group I isolates. PCR primer sets that flank the microsatellite repeats for seven loci were designed. Following amplification by PCR, the size of each amplification product was determined automatically by capillary electrophoresis. A total of 42 C. parapsilosis group I isolates were typed by microsatellite analysis, and their profiles were compared to the hybridization profiles obtained by use of the Cp3-13 DNA probe. A high degree of discrimination (discriminatory power = 0.971) was observed by microsatellite analysis. The number of different alleles per locus ranged from 14 for locus B to 5 for locus C. Microsatellite analysis detected 30 different microsatellite genotypes, with 24 genotypes represented by a single isolate. Comparison of the genotypes obtained by microsatellite analysis and those obtained by analysis of the Cp3-13 hybridization profiles showed that they were similar, and these methods were able to identify related and unrelated isolates. Some discrepancies were observed between the methods and may be due to higher mutation rates and/or homoplasy by microsatellite markers. Identical results were observed between microsatellite analysis and Cp3-13 DNA hybridization profile analysis for C. parapsilosis isolates obtained from two patients, demonstrating the reproducibilities of the methods in vivo. Identical microsatellite profiles were observed for isolates displaying different phenotypic switching morphologies. Indistinguishable Cp3-13 DNA hybridization profiles were observed for six epidemiologically related isolates; however, only three of six primary isolates had identical microsatellite profiles. Size variation at a single locus was observed for three of six isolates obtained either after the outbreak period or from a different body site, suggesting the potential of the method to detect microevolutionary events. Interestingly, for most loci a single allele per strain was observed; in contrast, two alleles per locus were observed for some strains, and consistent with the findings for natural isolates, some isolates may be aneuploid. Due to the potential for high throughput, reproducibility, and discrimination, microsatellite analysis may provide a robust and efficient method for the genotyping of large numbers of C. parapsilosis group I isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Coll Dublin, Dept Biochem, Conway Inst Biomol & Biomed Res, Dublin 4, Ireland. RP Lasker, BA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM blasker@cdc.gov OI Butler, Geraldine/0000-0002-1770-5301 NR 56 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 750 EP 759 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.3.750-759.2006 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 022ZP UT WOS:000236095000012 PM 16517850 ER PT J AU Pfaller, MA Diekema, DJ Rex, JH Espinel-Ingroff, A Johnson, EM Andes, D Chaturvedi, V Ghannoum, MA Odds, FC Rinaldi, MG Sheehan, DJ Troke, P Walsh, TJ Warnock, DW AF Pfaller, MA Diekema, DJ Rex, JH Espinel-Ingroff, A Johnson, EM Andes, D Chaturvedi, V Ghannoum, MA Odds, FC Rinaldi, MG Sheehan, DJ Troke, P Walsh, TJ Warnock, DW TI Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against voriconazole: Analysis and proposal for interpretive breakpoints SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL ANTIFUNGAL SURVEILLANCE; IN-VITRO ACTIVITIES; DISK DIFFUSION; FLUCONAZOLE SUSCEPTIBILITY; AMPHOTERICIN-B; BROTH MICRODILUTION; INVASIVE MYCOSES; TRIAZOLE; PROGRAM; PHARMACOKINETICS AB Developing interpretive breakpoints for any given organism-drug combination requires integration of the MIC distribution, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, and the relationship between the in vitro activity and outcome from both in vivo and clinical studies. Using data generated by standardized broth microdilution and disk diffusion test methods, the Antifungal Susceptibility Subcommittee of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute has now proposed interpretive breakpoints for voriconazole and Candida species. The MIC distribution for voriconazole was determined using a collection of 8,702 clinical isolates. The overall MIC90 was 0.25 mu g/ml and 99% of the isolates were inhibited at <= 1 mu g/ml of voriconazole. Similar results were obtained for 1,681 Candida isolates (16 species) from the phase III clinical trials. Analysis of the available data for 249 patients from six phase III voriconazole clinical trials demonstrated a statistically significant correlation (P = 0.021) between MIC and investigator end-of-treatment assessment of outcome. Consistent with parallel pharmacodynamic analyses, these data support the following MIC breakpoints for voriconazole and Candida species: susceptible (S), <= 1 mu g/ml; susceptible dose dependent (SDD), 2 mu g/ml; and resistant (R), >= 4 mu g/ml. The corresponding disk test breakpoints are as follows: S, >= 17 mm; SDD, 14 to 16 mm; and R, <= 13 mm. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Div Med Microbiol, Dept Pathol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. VCU Med Ctr, Richmond, VA USA. HPA Ctr Infect, Bristol, Avon, England. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA. Pfizer Inc, New York, NY USA. Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Sandwich, Kent, England. Natl Canc Inst, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pfaller, MA (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Div Med Microbiol, Dept Pathol, C606 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM michael-pfaller@uiowa.edu OI Diekema, Daniel/0000-0003-1273-0724 NR 43 TC 193 Z9 204 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 819 EP 826 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.3.819-826.2006 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 022ZP UT WOS:000236095000022 PM 16517860 ER PT J AU O'Hara, CM AF O'Hara, CM TI Evaluation of the Phoenix 100 ID/AST system and NID panel for identification of Enterobacteriaceae, Vibfionaceae, and commonly isolated nonenteric gram-negative bacilli SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BD-PHOENIX; AUTOMATED IDENTIFICATION AB The Phoenix 100 ID/AST system (Becton Dickinson Co., Sparks, Md.) is an automated system for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates. This system with its negative identification (NID) panel was evaluated for its accuracy in the identification of 507 isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae, 57 other nonenteric gram-negative isolates that are commonly isolated in clinical microbiology laboratories, and 138 isolates of the family Vibrionaceae. All of the isolates had been characterized by using approximately 48 conventional tube biochemicals. Of the 507 isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae, 456 (89.9%) were correctly identified to the genus and species levels. The five isolates of Proteus penneri required an off-line indole test, as suggested by the system to differentiate them from Proteus vulgaris. The identifications of 20 (3.9%) isolates were correct to the genus level but incorrect at the species level. Two (0.4%) isolates were reported as "no identification." Misidentifications to the genus and species levels occurred for 29 (5.7%) isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae. These incorrect identifications were spread over 14 different genera. The most common error was the misidentification of Salmonella species. The shortest time for a correct identification was 2 h 8 min. The longest time was 12 h 27 min, for the identification of a Serratia marcescens isolate. Of the 57 isolates of nonenteric gram-negative bacilli (Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Plesiomonas, Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas spp.), 48 (84.2%) were correctly identified to the genus and species levels and 7 (12.3%) were correctly identified to the genus level but not to the species level. The average time for a correct identification was 5 h 11 min. Of the Vibrionaceae spp., 123 (89.1%) were correctly identified at the end of the initial incubation period, which averaged 4 h. Based on the findings of this study, the Phoenix 100 ID/AST system NID panel falls short of being an acceptable new method for the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, and gram-negative nonenteric isolates that are commonly encountered in many hospital microbiology laboratories. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Hara, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Mailstop C16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cmo1@cdc.gov NR 11 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 928 EP 933 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.3.928-933.2006 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 022ZP UT WOS:000236095000040 PM 16517878 ER PT J AU Beall, B McEllistrem, MC Gertz, RE Wedel, S Boxrud, DJ Gonzalez, AL Medina, MJ Pai, R Thompson, TA Harrison, LH McGee, L Whitney, CG AF Beall, B McEllistrem, MC Gertz, RE Wedel, S Boxrud, DJ Gonzalez, AL Medina, MJ Pai, R Thompson, TA Harrison, LH McGee, L Whitney, CG CA Active Bacterial Core Surveillance TI Pre- and postvaccination clonal compositions of invasive pneumococcal serotypes for isolates collected in the United States in 1999, 2001, and 2002 SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; CONJUGATE VACCINE; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; RESISTANT; CHILDREN; DISEASE; EMERGENCE; POLYSACCHARIDE; MENINGITIS AB Monitoring of serotypes and their clonal associations is critical as pneumococci adapt to the selective pressures exerted by the pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7). We genotyped 1,476 invasive isolates from the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (705 [89.8%] of the isolates were obtained from children < 5 years of age, and 771 [18.4%] of the isolates were obtained from individuals > 5 years of age) in 2001 and 2002 (after the introduction of PCV7). The data were compared to the results for 1,168 invasive isolates (855 [83.9%] of the isolates were from children < 5 years of age) collected in 1999. Among children < 5 years of age, the incidence of invasive disease due to non-PCV7 serogroups together with serogroup 19A increased (P < 0.001). Eighty-three clonal sets, representing 177 multilocus sequence types (STs), were compiled from the 3-year isolate set. Among the non-PCV7 serogroups, newly emerging clones were uncommon; and a significant expansion of already established clones occurred for serotypes 3 (ST180), 7F (ST191), 15BCF (ST199), 19A (ST199), 22F (ST433), 33F (ST662), and 38 (ST393). However, additional minor clonal types within serotypes 1, 6A, 6B, 7C, 9N, 10A, 12F, 14, 15B/C, 17F, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, and 33F that were absent in 1999 were found during 2001 and 2002. Although 23 clonal sets exhibited multiple serotypes, for most serotypes there were either no changes or modest changes in clonal compositions since the introduction of PCV7. The only example of an identical ST shared between non-PCV7 and PCV7 or PCV7-related serotypes was ST199; however, ST199 was prevalent within serotypes 15B/C and 19A before and after PCV7 introduction. Continued genotypic surveillance is warranted, since certain clones not targeted by PCV7 are expanding, and their emergence as significant pathogens could occur with maintained vaccine pressure. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Beall, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM BBEALL@CDC.GOV FU NIAID NIH HHS [K24 AI052788] NR 30 TC 149 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 999 EP 1017 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.3.999-1017.2006 PG 19 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 022ZP UT WOS:000236095000051 PM 16517889 ER PT J AU Tatti, KM Wu, KH Sanden, GN Greer, P Sumner, J Guarner, J Paddock, CD Zaki, SR AF Tatti, KM Wu, KH Sanden, GN Greer, P Sumner, J Guarner, J Paddock, CD Zaki, SR TI Molecular diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infection by evaluation of formalin-fixed tissue specimens SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REAL-TIME PCR; WHOOPING-COUGH; HOLMESII; DISCRIMINATION; PARAPERTUSSIS; POLYMERASE; SEPTICEMIA; DEATHS; ASSAY AB Formalin-fixed lung or trachea tissue specimens from four infants and one adolescent who died of respiratory illness were tested for Bordetella pertussis by conventional and real-time PCR assays. B. pertussis was confirmed in all cases. PCR can be an invaluable retrospective diagnostic tool for evaluating archival tissues from patients with suspected fatal pertussis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis Infect Dis Pathol Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Epidemiol Invest Lab, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tatti, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis Infect Dis Pathol Act, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G30, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ket2@cdc.gov RI Tatti, Kathleen/H-5912-2012; Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 OI Tatti, Kathleen/0000-0001-9414-7887; NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 1074 EP 1076 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.3.1074-1076.2006 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 022ZP UT WOS:000236095000058 PM 16517896 ER PT J AU Johnston, SP Pieniazek, NJ Xayavong, MV Slemenda, SB Wilkins, PP da Silva, AJ AF Johnston, SP Pieniazek, NJ Xayavong, MV Slemenda, SB Wilkins, PP da Silva, AJ TI PCR as a confirmatory technique for laboratory diagnosis of malaria SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REAL-TIME PCR; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; PLASMODIUM; BLOOD; ASSAY AB We compared a nested PCR assay and microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. in blood specimens. PCR was more sensitive than microscopy and capable of identifying malaria parasites at the species level when microscopy was equivocal. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Georgia & Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Johnston, SP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, MS F-36,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM sjohnston@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 76 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 1087 EP 1089 DI 10.1128/JCM.44.3.1087-1089.2006 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 022ZP UT WOS:000236095000062 PM 16517900 ER PT J AU Garrard, J Choudary, V Groom, H Dieperink, E Willenbring, ML Durfee, JM Ho, SB AF Garrard, J Choudary, V Groom, H Dieperink, E Willenbring, ML Durfee, JM Ho, SB TI Organizational change in management of hepatitis C: Evaluation of a CME program SO JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS LA English DT Article DE organizational change; integrated care model; hepatitis C; multispecialty education; qualitative evaluation; continuing education; medical ID UNITED-STATES VETERANS; VIRUS-INFECTION; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; PLUS RIBAVIRIN; MEDICAL-CARE; HEALTH-CARE; PREVALENCE; BEHAVIOR; THERAPY; IMPACT AB Introduction: Effective treatment regimens exist for the hepatitis C virus (HCV): however clinicians are often resistant to evaluation or treatment of patients with alcohol or substance abuse problems. We describe a continuing medical education (CME) program for clinicians in a nationwide health care system, with emphasis on current treatment practices, multispecialty collaboration, and organizational change. Methods: Quantitative measures were used to assess changes in knowledge and treatment confidence, and site-specific organizational changes were qualitatively evaluated. The CME program included a preassessment of current HCV knowledge and care; a 2-day preceptor-ship; and follow-up with coaching calls at 1, 3, and 6 months. Program attendees included 54 medical and mental health providers from 28 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Results: Knowledge following the CME program increased significantly. In 93% of the sites, there were organizational changes such as HCV support group-initiated group education, in-service training, improvement in patient notification or scheduling processes, hiring of new, clinical staff, development of a business plans, and discussions about changes with administration. Of all sites, 15 (54%) changed existing antiviral treatment protocols, 18 (64%) established collaborative relationships, and almost half(13/28) established regular use of depression and alcohol use screening tools. Major barriers to change included lack of admininistration support or resources (or both) and difficulty collaborating with mental health colleagues. Discussion: This multifaceted CME program with follow-up coaching calls significantly increased individual knowledge and confidence scores and resulted in improved clinic processes and structures. Organizational change was facilitated by the development of an action plan. The major change agent was a nurse: the primary deterrent was an administrator. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Hlth Serv Res & Policy, Acad Affairs & Res, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Minneapolis Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Hepatitis C Resource Ctr, Minneapolis, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Hlth Serv Res, Minneapolis, MN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Minneapolis VA Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Minneapolis, MN USA. NIAAA, Div Treatment & Recovery Res, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Minneapolis VA Med Ctr, Dept Med, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Garrard, J (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Hlth Serv Res & Policy, Acad Affairs & Res, MMC 729,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM jgarrard@umn.edu OI Groom, Holly/0000-0003-2866-9788 NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0894-1912 J9 J CONTIN EDUC HEALTH JI J. Contin. Educ. Health Prof. PD SPR PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 145 EP 160 DI 10.1002/chp.63 PG 16 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services GA 058WP UT WOS:000238695600008 PM 16802308 ER PT J AU Wethington, H Bartlett, P AF Wethington, H Bartlett, P TI Usage and data collection patterns for a novel web-based foodborne-disease surveillance system SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ILLNESS AB This paper discusses the traditional system of foodborne-illness surveillance and provides a justification for increased syndromic surveillance of foodborne illness. A new Internet-based method for reporting foodborne disease is explained, and data entered by 7,500 visitors to the pilot Web site are described with respect to completeness and basic demographic factors. Data entry patterns show that visitors are willing to report a suspected case of foodborne illness online and do so in greater detail than is commonly obtained from traditional reports made over the telephone. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Wethington, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway,Koger Williams Room 4718,MS K, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM eyk5@cdc.gov NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 68 IS 7 BP 25 EP 29 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 039TT UT WOS:000237330800002 PM 16583551 ER PT J AU Sarisky, J AF Sarisky, J TI Developing environmental public health leadership SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Environm Hlth Serv Branch, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sarisky, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Environm Hlth Serv Branch, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jsarisky@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 68 IS 7 BP 46 EP 47 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 039TT UT WOS:000237330800005 PM 16583554 ER PT J AU Schuster, FL Guglielmo, BJ Visvesvara, GS AF Schuster, FL Guglielmo, BJ Visvesvara, GS TI In-vitro activity of miltefosine and voriconazole on clinical isolates of free-living amebas: Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acanthamoeba spp; amebic encephalitis; amebic keratitis; Balamuthia mandrillaris; hexadecylphosphocholine; miltefosine; Naegleria fowleri; triazoles; voriconazole ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; OPPORTUNISTIC AMEBAS; STEROL BIOSYNTHESIS; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; AGENT; HEXADECYLPHOSPHOCHOLINE; ALKYLPHOSPHOCHOLINES; PHARMACOKINETICS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; IDENTIFICATION AB The anticancer agent miltefosine and the antifungal drug voriconazole were tested in vitro against Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri. All three amebas are etiologic agents of chronic (Balamuthia, Acanthamoeba) or fulminant (Naegleria) encephalitides in humans and animals and, in the case of Acanthamoeba, amebic keratitis. Balamuthia exposed to < 40 mu m concentrations of miltefosine survived, while concentrations of >= 40 mu M were generally amebacidal, with variation in sensitivity between strains. At amebastatic drug concentrations, recovery from drug effects could take as long as 2 weeks. Acanthamoeba spp. recovered from exposure to 40 mu M, but not 80 mu M miltefosin. Attempts to define more narrowly the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal amebacidal concentrations (MAC) for Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba were difficult due to persistence of non-proliferating trophic amebas in the medium. For N. fowleri, 40 and 55 mu M were the MIC and MAC, respectively, with no trophic amebas seen at the MAC. Voriconazole had little or no inhibitory effect on Balamuthia at concentrations up to 40 mu g/ml, but had a strong inhibitory effect upon Acanthamoeba spp. and N. fowleri at all drug concentrations through 40 mu g/ml. Following transfer to drug-free medium, Acanthamoeba polyphaga recovered within a period of 2 weeks; N. fowleri amebas recovered from exposure to 1 mu g/ml, but not from higher concentrations. All testing was done on trophic amebas; drug sensitivities of cysts were not examined. Miltefosine and voriconazole are potentially useful drugs for treatment of free-living amebic infections, though sensitivities differ between genera, species, and strains. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Sci, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Pharm, Dept Clin Pharm, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasitol, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Schuster, FL (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Sci, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. EM fschuste@dhs.ca.gov NR 33 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 53 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00082.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 019MU UT WOS:000235841700007 PM 16579814 ER PT J AU Lu, L Nakano, T Li, CH Fu, YS Miller, S Kuiken, C Robertson, BH Hagedorn, CH AF Lu, L Nakano, T Li, CH Fu, YS Miller, S Kuiken, C Robertson, BH Hagedorn, CH TI Hepatitis C virus complete genome sequences identified from China representing subtypes 6k and 6n and a novel, as yet unassigned subtype within genotype 6 SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-DONORS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; GENETIC GROUPS; CHIANG-MAI; HCV; NOMENCLATURE; VARIANTS; THAILAND; CLASSIFICATION AB Here, the complete genome sequences for three hepatitis C virus (HCV) variants identified from China and belonging to genotype 6 are reported: km41, km42 and gz52557. Their entire genome lengths were 9430, 9441 and 9448 nt, respectively; the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) contained 341, 342 and 339 nt, followed by single open reading frames of 9045, 9045 and 9057 nt, respectively; the 3' UTRs, up to the poly(U) tracts, were 41, 51 and 52 nt, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that km41 is classified into subtype 6k and km42 into subtype 6n. Although gz52557 clustered distantly with subtype 6g, it appeared to belong to a distinct subtype. Analysis with 53 and 105 partial core and NS5B region sequences, respectively, representing 17 subtypes from 6a to 6q and three unassigned isolates of genotype 6 in co-analyses demonstrated that gz52557 was equidistant from all of these isolates, indicating that it belongs to a novel subtype. However, based on a recent consensus that three or more examples are required for a new HCV subtype designation, it is suggested that gz52557 remains unassigned to any subtype. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Ichinomiya Nishi Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Aichi, Japan. Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Zool, Kunming, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing, Peoples R China. Guangzhou Blood Ctr, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lu, L (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, 4035 Delp,MS 1023, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. EM llu@kumc.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-063064]; NCRR NIH HHS [5 P 20 RR016443-04] NR 22 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 87 BP 629 EP 634 DI 10.1099/vir.0.81400-0 PN 3 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 018DM UT WOS:000235744000016 PM 16476984 ER PT J AU Perz, JF Alter, MJ AF Perz, JF Alter, MJ TI The coming wave of HCV-related liver disease: Dilemmas and challenges SO JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; EGYPT; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SPREAD; RISK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Div Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Perz, JF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Div Viral Hepatitis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jperz@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-8278 J9 J HEPATOL JI J. Hepatol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 441 EP 443 DI 10.1016/j.hep.2005.12.007 PG 3 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 019RJ UT WOS:000235854100001 PM 16426700 ER PT J AU Raghunathan, PL Jones, JD Tiendrebeogo, SRM Sanou, I Sangare, L Kouanda, S Dabal, M Lingani, C Elie, CM Johnson, S Ari, M Martinez, J Chatt, J Sidibe, K Schmink, S Mayer, LW Konde, MK Djingarey, MH Popovic, T Plikaytis, BD Carlone, GM Rosenstein, N Soriano-Gabarro, M AF Raghunathan, PL Jones, JD Tiendrebeogo, SRM Sanou, I Sangare, L Kouanda, S Dabal, M Lingani, C Elie, CM Johnson, S Ari, M Martinez, J Chatt, J Sidibe, K Schmink, S Mayer, LW Konde, MK Djingarey, MH Popovic, T Plikaytis, BD Carlone, GM Rosenstein, N Soriano-Gabarro, M TI Predictors of immunity after a major serogroup W-135 meningococcal disease epidemic, Burkina Faso, 2002 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference CY SEP 05-10, 2004 CL Milwaukee, WI ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; GROUP-A; ANTIBODY CONCENTRATIONS; BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; NATURAL IMMUNITY; NORTHERN NIGERIA; ET-37 COMPLEX; HAJJ PILGRIMS; CARRIER STATE AB Background. The African meningitis belt undergoes recurrent epidemics caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. During 2002, Burkina Faso documented the first large serogroup W-135 (NmW-135) meningococcal disease epidemic. To understand the emergence of NmW-135, we investigated meningococcal carriage and immunity. Methods. Immediately after Burkina Faso's epidemic, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of meningococcal carriage and seroprevalence in an epidemic and a nonepidemic district. We identified predictors of elevated NmW-135 serum bactericidal activity (SBA), a functional correlate of protection, using multivariate logistic regression. Results. The NmW-135 carriage rate was 25.2% in the epidemic district and 3.4% in the nonepidemic district (P < 0.001). Compared with residents of the nonepidemic district, those of the epidemic district had higher geometric mean titers of NmW-135 SBA (P < 0.001). NmW-135 SBA titers >= 1:8, an estimated protective threshold, were observed in 60.4% and 34.0% of residents of the epidemic and nonepidemic district, respectively (P = .0002). In a multivariate model, current NmW-135 carriage, age, and residence in the epidemic district were independent predictors of having an NmW-135 SBA titer >= 1:8. Conclusions. Extensive NmW-135 carriage and transmission in the epidemic area caused residents to acquire natural immunity. Serial carriage and seroprevalence surveys could establish the duration of immunity in the population. The persistent circulation of NmW-135 underscores the potential for periodic NmW-135 epidemics in Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Reg Off Africa, Multidis Surveillance Ctr, Ouagadougou, Bulgaria. RP Raghunathan, PL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM pgr4@cdc.gov NR 53 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 193 IS 5 BP 607 EP 616 DI 10.1086/499822 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 015EU UT WOS:000235535500001 PM 16453255 ER PT J AU Roberts, A Thomas, WD Guarner, J Lamirande, EW Babcock, GJ Greenough, TC Vogel, L Hayes, N Sullivan, JL Zaki, S Subbarao, K Ambrosino, DM AF Roberts, A Thomas, WD Guarner, J Lamirande, EW Babcock, GJ Greenough, TC Vogel, L Hayes, N Sullivan, JL Zaki, S Subbarao, K Ambrosino, DM TI Therapy with a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity and viral burden in golden Syrian hamsters SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Nidovirus Symposium CY JUN 25-30, 2005 CL Colorado Springs, CO ID FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; SARS CORONAVIRUS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; CLINICAL PROGRESSION; SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; AFRICAN-GREEN; SPIKE PROTEIN; MICE; IMMUNIZATION; MONKEYS AB Background. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) offers safe interventions for the prevention of infection in patients after organ transplantation and for the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases. MAb 201 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-specific MAb that prevents establishment of viral replication in vitro and prevents viral replication in vivo when administered prophylactically. The efficacy of MAb 201 in the treatment of SARS was evaluated in golden Syrian hamsters, an animal model that supports SARS-CoV replication to high levels and displays severe pathological changes associated with infection, including pneumonitis and pulmonary consolidation. Methods. Golden Syrian hamsters that were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV were treated with various doses of MAb 201 or an irrelevant MAb 24 h after inoculation. Two to 7 days after infection, the hamsters were killed, and their lungs were collected for evaluation of viral titers and pathological findings. Results. Postexposure treatment with MAb 201 can alleviate the viral burden and associated pathological findings in a golden Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV infection. After a hamster is treated with MAb 201, its viral burden is reduced by 10(2.4)-10(3.9) 50% tissue-culture infectious doses per gram of tissue, and the severity of associated pathological findings, including interstitial pneumonitis and consolidation, is also remarkably reduced. Conclusions. The demonstration of successful postexposure MAb 201 therapy in an animal model that demonstrates viral replication and associated pulmonary pathological findings suggests that MAb 201 may be useful in the arsenal of tools to combat SARS. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Biol Labs, Sch Med, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 USA. NIAID, Infect Dis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Worcester, MA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Med, Worcester, MA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ambrosino, DM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Biol Labs, Sch Med, 305 South St, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 USA. EM donna.ambrosino@umassmed.edu RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI65315] NR 30 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 193 IS 5 BP 685 EP 692 DI 10.1086/500143 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 015EU UT WOS:000235535500010 PM 16453264 ER PT J AU Laras, L Figueroa, V Camacho, D AF Laras, L Figueroa, V Camacho, D TI Profile of women survivors of domestic and sexual violence in a national center of excellence in a women's health clinic SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Combined Annual Meeting of the Central-Society-for-Clinical-Research/Midwestern-Section-of the American-Federation-for-Medical-Research CY APR 28, 2006 CL Chicago, IL SP Central Soc Clin Res, Amer Fed Med Res, Midwestern Sec C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 2 MA 45 BP S381 EP S381 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 021QS UT WOS:000235999400142 ER PT J AU Lindblade, KA Gimnig, JE Kamau, L Hawley, WA Odhiambo, F Olang, G Ter Kuile, FO Vulule, JM Slutsker, L AF Lindblade, KA Gimnig, JE Kamau, L Hawley, WA Odhiambo, F Olang, G Ter Kuile, FO Vulule, JM Slutsker, L TI Impact of sustained use of insecticide-treated bednets on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Africa; insecticide-treated bednets; malaria ID WESTERN KENYA; BED NETS; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS; IMPREGNATED BEDNETS; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; CHILD-MORTALITY; TRANSMISSION; AREA; FILARIASIS AB Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) significantly reduce malaria vector populations. Susceptibility to ITNs differs by vector species, and culicine mosquitoes have not been shown to be significantly affected by the use of ITNs. We examined the impact of 2-4 yr of ITN use on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes. Routine entomological surveillance was conducted in adjacent areas with and without ITNs from November 1999 to January 2002. Use of ITNs reduced the proportion of Anopheles gambiae Giles relative to Anopheles arabiensis Giles. The number of culicines per house was significantly lower in the ITN area than in the neighboring area. Changes in the An. gambiae sibling species distribution may help to explain apparent mosquito behavioral changes attributed to ITNs. Reductions in culicines by ITNs may have implications for community perceptions of ITN effectiveness and for control of other diseases such as lymphatic filariasis. C1 CDC HHS, AE Guatemala Unit 3321, APO, AA 34024 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Biotechnol Res & Dev, Nairobi, Kenya. Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Vector Biol & Control Res, Kisumu, Kenya. Univ Liverpool Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. RP Lindblade, KA (reprint author), CDC HHS, AE Guatemala Unit 3321, APO, AA 34024 USA. NR 26 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMERICA PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 BP 428 EP 432 DI 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0428:IOSUOI]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 024GX UT WOS:000236184600040 PM 16619629 ER PT J AU Methner, MM Achutan, C AF Methner, MM Achutan, C TI Airborne hexamethylene diisocyanate and particulate matter exposures during fire/rescue vehicle ladder finishing operations SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Methner, MM (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 520 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1545-9624 EI 1545-9632 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON HYG JI J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 3 IS 3 BP D28 EP D32 DI 10.1080/15459620500513295 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 019YK UT WOS:000235874400002 ER PT J AU Schulte, PA AF Schulte, PA TI Reply: Characterizing the burden of occupational injury and disease SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Schulte, PA (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 48 IS 3 BP 233 EP 234 DI 10.1097/01.jom.0000204045.95809.56 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 023ZY UT WOS:000236165900002 ER PT J AU Schumacher, P AF Schumacher, P TI Responding to the changing needs of public health assessment in the information age: The evolution of a program SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE LA English DT Editorial Material DE CDC Assessment Initiative; public health assessment; web-based data query systems (WDQS) C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Schumacher, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop K-10,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM Prs5@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3261 USA SN 1078-4659 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH MAN JI J. Public Health Manag. Pract. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 2 BP 109 EP 112 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 012MT UT WOS:000235344000002 PM 16479223 ER PT J AU Simoes, EJ Land, G Metzger, R Mokdad, A AF Simoes, EJ Land, G Metzger, R Mokdad, A TI Prioritization MICA: A Web-based application to prioritize public health resources SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article DE policy; priority; public health; resources ID DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; DISEASE; INFORMATION; EXPERIENCE; UTILITY; BURDEN; POLICY AB Although setting priorities is an important step in making public health policy, the benefit of using epidemiology to prioritize scarce public health resources has not been fully recognized, This situation is mostly due to the complexity of proposed models for setting priorities. We describe a public health priority setting model, Missouri Information for Community Assessment Priority Setting Model (Priority MICA), which uses epidemiologic measures available in most surveillance systems across the United States. Priority MICA uses data from birth and death certificates, hospital discharges, emergency departments, risk factors from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System, and eight epidemiologic measures to construct six priority criteria: size (the number of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths), severity (number of deaths of people younger than 65), urgency (trends in deaths and hospital morbidity), preventability (evidence-based score), community support (score of social support for preventive action), and racial-disparity (race comparison through death and morbidity rate ratio). Priority MICA is part of a Web-based interactive tool that makes available data from a wide variety of surveillance systems (hftp://www.dhss.mo.gov/MICA). The top 10 priority diseases determined by Priority MICA were compared to a more traditional method of ranking diseases by mortality rates. Using the additional criteria in Priority MICA identified four more priority diseases than were identified using just mortality while the ranking of the other six priority diseases differed between methods. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Res Ctr Program, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Missouri Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Ctr Hlth Informat Management & Evaluat, Jefferson City, MO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Simoes, EJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Res Ctr Program, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 4770 Buford Hwy,NE,MS-K45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM esimoes@cdc.gov OI Simoes, Eduardo/0000-0003-4371-4305 FU PHS HHS [U82/CCU722381-03] NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3261 USA SN 1078-4659 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH MAN JI J. Public Health Manag. Pract. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 2 BP 161 EP 169 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 012MT UT WOS:000235344000009 PM 16479230 ER PT J AU Nandram, B Choi, JW AF Nandram, B Choi, JW TI Bayesian analysis of a two-way categorical table incorporating intraclass correlation SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL COMPUTATION AND SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE Bayes factor; clustered data; Gibbs sampler; multinomial-Dirichlet ID CHI-SQUARED TESTS; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; INDEPENDENCE; GOODNESS; FIT; SAMPLES AB It is straightforward to analyze data from a single multinomial table. Specifically, for the analysis of a two-way categorical table, the common chi-squared test of independence between the two variables and maximum likelihood estimators of the cell probabilities are readily available. When the counts in the two-way categorical table are formed from familial data (clusters of correlated data), the common chi-squared test no longer applies. We note that there are several approximate adjustments to the common chi-squared test. For example, Choi and McHugh (Choi, J.W. and McHugh, R.B., 1989, A reduction factor in goodness-of-fit and independence tests for clustered and weighted observations. Biometrics , 45, 979-996.) showed how to adjust the chi-squared statistic for clustered and weighted data. However, our main contribution is the construction and analysis of a Bayesian model which removes all analytical approximations. This is an extension of a standard multinomial-Dirichlet model to include the intraclass correlation associated with the individuals within a cluster. We have used a key formula described by Altham (Altham, P.M., 1976, Discrete variable analysis for individuals grouped into families. Biometrika , 63, 263-269.) to incorporate the intraclass correlation. This intraclass correlation varies with the size of the cluster, but we assume that it is the same for all clusters of the same size for the same variable. We use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to fit our model, and to make posterior inference about the intraclass correlations and the cell probabilities. Also, using Monte Carlo integration with a binomial importance function, we obtain the Bayes factor for a test of no association. To demonstrate the performance of the alternative test and estimation procedure, we have used data on activity limitation status and age from the National Health Interview Survey and a simulation study. C1 Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Math Sci, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. CDC, Off Res & Methodol, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Nandram, B (reprint author), Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Math Sci, Stratton Hall,100 Inst Rd, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. EM balnan@wpi.edu NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0094-9655 J9 J STAT COMPUT SIM JI J. Stat. Comput. Simul. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 76 IS 3 BP 233 EP 249 DI 10.1080/10629360500108962 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 002TO UT WOS:000234634600004 ER PT J AU Long, T Bowen, A Ma, HL Ou, JM AF Long, T Bowen, A Ma, HL Ou, JM TI Effect of a soap hand washing promotion program in Chinese primary schools SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 64th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Dermatology CY MAR 03-07, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Acad Dermatol C1 Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. China Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China. Fujian Prov Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Fuzhou, Peoples R China. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0190-9622 J9 J AM ACAD DERMATOL JI J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 3 SU S BP AB184 EP AB184 PG 1 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 017VI UT WOS:000235721001250 ER PT J AU Miller, CS King, CP Langub, C Kryscio, RJ Thomas, MV AF Miller, CS King, CP Langub, C Kryscio, RJ Thomas, MV TI Salivary biomarkers of existing periodontal disease - A cross-sectional study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE periodontal disease; saliva; biomarkers; interleukin-1 beta; matrix metalloproteinase ID GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; SUBANTIMICROBIAL DOSE DOXYCYCLINE; FLOW-RATE; ADULT PERIODONTITIS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; TISSUE DESTRUCTION; BONE-RESORPTION; FACTOR-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-1 AB Background. The authors conducted a study to determine if salivary biomarkers specific for three aspects of periodontitis-inflammation, collagen degradation and bone turnover-correlate with clinical features of periodontal disease. Methods. The relationship between periodontal disease and the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in whole saliva of 57 adults (28 "case" subjects with moderate-to-severe periodontal disease and 29 healthy control subjects) was examined in a case-control trial. Results. Mean levels of IL-1 beta and MMP-8 in saliva were significantly higher in case subjects than in controls. Both analytes correlated with periodontal indexes, whereas, after adjustment for confounders, OPG did not. Elevated salivary levels of MMP-8 or IL-1 beta (more than two standard deviations above the mean of the controls) significantly increased the risk of periodontal disease (odds ratios in the 11.3-15.4 range). Combined elevated salivary levels of MMP-8 and II-1 beta increased the risk of experiencing periodontal disease 45-fold, and elevations in all three biomarkers correlated with individual clinical parameters indicative of periodontal disease. Conclusion. Salivary levels of MMP-8 and IL-1 beta appear to serve as biomarkers of periodontitis. Clinical Implications. Qualitative changes in the composition of salivary biomarkers could have significance in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease. C1 Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Dept Oral Hlth Practice, Oral Med Sect, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Publ Hlth Res, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Kentucky, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Kentucky, Coll Arts & Sci, Dept Stat, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Miller, CS (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Dept Oral Hlth Practice, Oral Med Sect, 800 Rose St,MN 324, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. EM cmiller@uky.edu FU NIDCR NIH HHS [UO1 DE15017] NR 66 TC 131 Z9 138 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 137 IS 3 BP 322 EP 329 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 022UO UT WOS:000236081800023 PM 16570465 ER PT J AU Joskow, R Barr, DB Barr, JR Calafat, AM Needham, LL Rubin, C AF Joskow, R Barr, DB Barr, JR Calafat, AM Needham, LL Rubin, C TI Exposure to bisphenol A from bis-glycidyl dimethacrylate-based dental sealants SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bisphenol A; dental sealants; mass spectrometry; urine; saliva ID RESIN-BASED COMPOSITES; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEACHABLE COMPONENTS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; HUMAN URINE; ESTROGENICITY; PLASMA; SALIVARY; RATS AB Background. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common component of composites and dental sealants. The potential exists for human-exposure after sealant placement. Methods. The authors prospectively enrolled 15 men in an exposure assessment study; 14 completed the study. After placement of clinically appropriate amounts of one of two sealants, the authors measured BPA in saliva and urine samples collected at prescribed intervals after the sealants were placed. They used selective and sensitive isotope-dilution mass-spectrometry-based methods for BPA measurements, thus providing the most reliable results. Results. Helioseal F (Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, N.Y.) leached negligible amounts of BPA. Urinary and salivary BPA levels in subjects who received these sealants were similar to baseline levels. Delton Light Cure (LC) Opaque pit-and-fissure sealant (Dentsply/Ash, York, Pa.) leached more BPA, resulting in low-level BPA exposures similar to those used in laboratory animal testing. BPA exposure after Delton LC sealant placement was significantly higher than exposure after placement of Helioseal F. Patients treated with Delton LC had significantly higher doses of BPA (110 mu g) than did those treated with Helioseal F (5.5 mu g) (P < .0001). Conclusions. Placement of clinically relevant amounts of Delton LC sealant resulted in low-level BPA exposure; however, exposure was negligible after placement of Helioseal F. Saliva collection after sealant placement likely reduced systemic absorption of BPA from dental sealants. Sealants should remain a useful part of routine preventive dental practice, especially those that leach negligible amounts of BPA. Clinical Implications. Dental sealants may be a point source for low-level BPA exposure at levels that show health effects in rodents. Further research is required to determine whether human exposure to BPA at these levels causes adverse effects. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Pesticide Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US Dept HHS, US Publ Hlth Serv, Off Force Readiness & Deployment, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. US Dept HHS, US Publ Hlth Serv, Off Surgeon Gen, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. US Dept HHS, US Publ Hlth Serv, Off Secretary, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biol Mass Spect Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Personal Care Prod Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Organ Analyt Toxicol Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Studies Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth & Hazard Evaluat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Joskow, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Pesticide Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop F17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM dbarr@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 60 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 137 IS 3 BP 353 EP 362 PG 10 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 022UO UT WOS:000236081800027 PM 16570469 ER PT J AU Colton, L Nasci, RS AF Colton, L Nasci, RS TI Quantification of West Nile virus in the saliva of Culex species collected from the southern United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE vector competence; West Nile virus; transmission; Culex; saliva ID LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES; VECTOR COMPETENCE; EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; TRANSMISSION RATES; TARSALIS DIPTERA; MOSQUITOS; CALIFORNIA; CULICIDAE; INFECTION; FLORIDA AB Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. restuans, Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. nigripalpus were collected as larvae or e.-g rafts from the Southern USA. Adult female mosquitoes were intrathoracically inoculated with similar to 1,000 plaque-forming units of West Nile virus (WNV) and saliva was collected from them 5 days later. The amount of infectious WNV in the saliva samples was quantified by plaque assay and WNV RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). More than 90% of the mosquitoes had either infectious virus or viral RNA in their saliva. The RT-PCR assay detected a greater percent of samples with WNV RNA than the plaque assay detected infectious Virus. Pairwise comparisons revealed 6 significant differences between the 7 groups surveyed. The Cx. nigripalpus secreted lower mean amounts of WNV than 3 other groups, and a difference was found between early- and late-season Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in Louisiana. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Colton, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, PO 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI EATONTOWN PA P O BOX 234, EATONTOWN, NJ 07724-0234 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 57 EP 63 DI 10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[57:QOWNVI]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 027PS UT WOS:000236428100011 PM 16646323 ER PT J AU Burkhalter, KL Lindsay, R Anderson, R Dibernardo, A Fong, W Nasci, RS AF Burkhalter, KL Lindsay, R Anderson, R Dibernardo, A Fong, W Nasci, RS TI Evaluation of commercial assays for detecting West Nile virus antigen SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE West Nile virus; VecTest (TM); RAMP (R) test; rapid detection; enzyme immunoassay; mosquito ID FIELD-COLLECTED MOSQUITOS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; RAPID DETECTION; SPECIMENS; VECTEST; RNA AB Two commercially available West Nile virus (WNV) detection assays (RAMP (R) WNV test, Response Biomedical Corp., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; and VecTest (TM) WNV antigen assay, Medical Analysis Systems, Inc., Camarillo, CA) were compared for sensitivity, specificity, and ability to detect WNV in field-collected mosquito pools. Serially diluted stock seed WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) were used to determine sensitivity and specificity. The RAMP WNV test detected WNV at concentrations as low as 3.17 log(10) plaque-forming units per milliliter (PFU/ml), whereas the VecTest assay detected WNV at concentrations as low as 5.17 log(10) PFU/ml. Neither test cross-reacted with SLEV. A WNV-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to identify positives among field-collected mosquito pools. The RAMP WNV test detected 94% of positive pools and the VecTest assay detected 65% of the positive field-collected pools. Despite these differences, both assays have characteristics that make them useful in WNV surveillance programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Natl Microbiol Lab, Winnipeg, MB R3E 2R2, Canada. Univ Winnipeg, Dept Biol, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada. Response Biomed Corp, Burnaby, BC V5A 1W9, Canada. RP Burkhalter, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, PO 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI EATONTOWN PA P O BOX 234, EATONTOWN, NJ 07724-0234 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 DI 10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[64:EOCAFD]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 027PS UT WOS:000236428100012 PM 16646324 ER PT J AU Satten, GA Allen, AS Epstein, MR AF Satten, GA Allen, AS Epstein, MR TI Likelihood-based inference on haplotype effects in genetic association studies - Comment SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biostat & Bioinformat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Duke Clin Res Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Human Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM GSatten@cdc.gov OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 101 IS 473 BP 107 EP 108 DI 10.1198/016214505000000826 PG 2 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 021BU UT WOS:000235958400011 ER PT J AU Hummel, KB Lowe, L Bellini, WJ Rota, PA AF Hummel, KB Lowe, L Bellini, WJ Rota, PA TI Development of quantitative gene-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of measles virus in clinical specimens SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE measles; real-time RT-PCR; TaqMan; viral RNA detection; viral RNA quantitation; diagnostics ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; UNITED-STATES; RNA; DIAGNOSIS; SAMPLES; NUMBER AB Real-time RT-PCR assays targeting sequences in the measles virus (MV) nucleoprotein (N), fusion (F), and hemagglutinin (H) genes were developed for the detection of MV RNA in clinical specimens. Four primer and probe sets each for the N, F, and H genes were evaluated and reaction conditions optimized. Using dilution series of synthetic RNAs, the limits of detection were determined to be approximately 10 copies for each target RNA/reaction. The relationship between C, values and RNA concentration was linear within a range of 10-10(6) RNA copies/reaction, and intra- and inter-assay variability was low. The N gene-specific real-time assay detected MV RNA in 100% of clinical samples from confirmed measles cases compared to 41% by standard RT-PCR. The MV H and F gene-specific real-time assays detected MV RNA in 93% and 82% of these specimens, respectively. Real-time assays could detect RNA from strains representing each active genotype of MV and were also highly specific, as no false positives were identified when samples known to contain other respiratory viruses were tested. Real-time RT-PCR assays will be available to support routine measles laboratory surveillance, to facilitate research projects on pathogenesis that require sensitive and quantitative detection of MV RNA, and to aid in the investigation of serious disease sequelae resulting from natural measles infection or vaccination with measles-containing vaccines. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hummel, KB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM kbh2@cdc.gov NR 33 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD MAR PY 2006 VL 132 IS 1-2 BP 166 EP 173 DI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.10.006 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 019RP UT WOS:000235854700022 PM 16274752 ER PT J AU Bukreyev, A Bukreyev, A Yang, LJ Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ Rollin, PE Murphy, BR Collins, PL Sanchez, A AF Bukreyev, A Bukreyev, A Yang, LJ Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ Rollin, PE Murphy, BR Collins, PL Sanchez, A TI A single intranasal inoculation with a paramyxovirus-vectored vaccine protects guinea pigs against a lethal-dose Ebola virus challenge SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; NONHUMAN-PRIMATES; DENDRITIC CELLS; MARBURG VIRUSES; MESSENGER-RNA; M2-2 PROTEIN; INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS AB To determine whether intranasal inoculation with a paramyxovirus-vectored vaccine can induce protective immunity against Ebola virus (EV), recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) was modified to express either the EV structural glycoprotein (GP) by itself (HPIV3/EboGP) or together with the EV nucleoprotein (NP) (HPIV3/EboGP-NP). Expression of EV GP by these recombinant viruses resulted in its efficient incorporation into virus particles and increased cytopathic effect in Vero cells. HPIV3/EboGP was 100-fold more efficiently neutralized by antibodies to EV than by antibodies to HPIV3. Guinea pigs infected with a single intranasal inoculation of 10(5.3) PFU of HPIV3/EboGP or HPIV3/EboGP-NP showed no apparent signs of disease yet developed a strong Immoral response specific to the EV proteins. When these animals were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of 10(3) PFU of EV, there were no outward signs of disease, no viremia or detectable EV antigen in the blood, and no evidence of infection in the spleen, liver, and lungs. In contrast, all of the control animals died or developed severe EV disease following challenge. The highly effective immunity achieved with a single vaccine dose suggests that intranasal immunization with live vectored vaccines based on recombinant respiratory viruses may be an advantageous approach to inducing protective responses against severe systemic infections, such as those caused by hemorrhagic fever agents. C1 NIAID, NIH, LID, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bukreyev, A (reprint author), NIAID, NIH, LID, 50 S Dr,Rm 6505, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM abukreyev@niaid.nih.gov FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 56 TC 59 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 80 IS 5 BP 2267 EP 2279 DI 10.1128/JVI.80.5.2267-2279.2006 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 013CY UT WOS:000235388400020 PM 16474134 ER PT J AU Steele, CB Richmond-Reese, V Lomax, S AF Steele, CB Richmond-Reese, V Lomax, S TI Racial and ethnic disparities in HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis among women SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Article ID FEMALE AB Disparities in health status and health outcomes exist among subpopulations of women; these disparities may be related to socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, and country of birth. In this paper, we use surveillance data from 2003 and earlier to examine racial and ethnic differences among women in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and tuberculosis. We also describe prevention programs the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed to address the disparities. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Hlth Dispar, Off Director, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent,Coordinating Ctr In, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Steele, CB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Hlth Dispar, Off Director, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent,Coordinating Ctr In, Mailstop E-07,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM BSteele1@cdc.gov NR 32 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1540-9996 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 15 IS 2 BP 116 EP 122 DI 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.116 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 029TW UT WOS:000236588300001 PM 16536674 ER PT J AU Mead, P AF Mead, P TI Lyme disease testing SO LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID LABORATORY EVALUATION; DIAGNOSIS; BORRELIOSIS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Mead, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM pmead@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1473-3099 J9 LANCET INFECT DIS JI Lancet Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 122 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70389-9 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 016EK UT WOS:000235603300004 PM 16500589 ER PT J AU Sunderam, S Schieve, LA Cohen, B Zhang, Z Jeng, G Reynolds, M Wright, V Johnson, C Macaluso, M AF Sunderam, S Schieve, LA Cohen, B Zhang, Z Jeng, G Reynolds, M Wright, V Johnson, C Macaluso, M CA Massachusetts Consortium Assisted TI Linking birth and infant death records with assisted reproductive technology data: Massachusetts, 1997-1998 SO MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE birth certificates; data linkage; death certificates; reproductive technology; assisted ID UNITED-STATES; PREGNANCIES; RISK AB Objectives: To link data from the US assisted reproductive technology (ART) registry with the Massachusetts birth-infant death file to create a comprehensive dataset on the circumstances surrounding conception and maternal and infant outcomes for a population of ART-conceived infants. Methods: The authors sought to link data for 3704 ART-conceived live-born infants from 2703 deliveries in 1997-1998 involving Massachusetts resident mothers who gave birth in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, or Connecticut to their corresponding Massachusetts birth record using a two-stage algorithm. Maternal and infant dates of birth served as the primary linkage variables. Maternal names for a subset of the ART-conceived infants were obtained and used in the second stage of the algorithm to confirm a sample of records that matched in Stage 1, to resolve duplicate matches, and to link unmatched records. Results: In Stage 1, 78% of ART deliveries matched with only one Massachusetts record, 2% matched with two records, and 20% remained unmatched. Overall, the complete algorithm using maternal name data for a portion of records yielded an 89% linkage rate. Nearly all of the records that matched during Stage I that were evaluated with maternal name data in Stage 11 were confirmed as correctly linked. Conclusions: This project confirms that high-yield data linkage can be achieved in the absence of specific identifiers (e.g., name and social security number). Nonetheless, additional matches were achieved when name data were obtained. This linkage creates the first population-based file in the US capturing detailed information on ART births. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. RP Schieve, LA (reprint author), CDC, Mailstop E-86, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM lschieve@cdc.gov RI Macaluso, Maurizio/J-2076-2015 OI Macaluso, Maurizio/0000-0002-2977-9690 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1092-7875 J9 MATERN CHILD HLTH J JI Matern. Child Health J. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 10 IS 2 BP 115 EP 125 DI 10.1007/S10995-005-0013-7 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 043EK UT WOS:000237582400001 PM 16328709 ER PT J AU Mobley, LR Hoerger, TJ Wittenborn, JS Galuska, DA Rao, JK AF Mobley, LR Hoerger, TJ Wittenborn, JS Galuska, DA Rao, JK TI Cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis screening and treatment with hormone replacement therapy, raloxifene, or alendronate SO MEDICAL DECISION MAKING LA English DT Article DE osteoporosis; hormone replacement therapy; raloxifene; alendronate ID FRACTURE INTERVENTION TRIAL; RANDOMIZED CLINICAL-TRIAL; POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS; BONE-DENSITY; VERTEBRAL FRACTURES; ORAL ALENDRONATE; RISK REDUCTION; WOMEN; POPULATION; PREVENTION AB Recent information about osteoporosis treatments and their nonfracture side effects suggests the need for a new cost-effectiveness analysis. The authors estimate the cost-effectiveness of screening women for osteoporosis at age 65 and treating those who screen positive with hormone replacement therapy (HRT), raloxifene, or alendronate. A Markov model of osteoporosis disease progression simulates costs and Outcomes of women aged 65 years. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of screen-and-treat strategies are calculated relative to a no-screen, no-treat (NST) strategy Disease progression parameters are derived from clinical trials; cost and quality-of-life parameters one based on review of cost databases and cost-effectiveness studies. Women are screened using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and women screening positive are treated with HRT raloxifene, or alendronate. Screening and treatment with HRT increase costs and lower quality-adjusted life years (QALYs; relative to the NST strategy). The only scenario (of several) in the sensitivity analysis in which HRT increases QALYs is when it is assumed that there are no drug-related (nonfracture) health effects. Raloxifene increases costs and QALYs; its cost-effectiveness ratio is $447,559 per QALY When prescribed for the shortest duration modeled, raloxifene's cost-effectiveness ratio approached $133,000 per QALY Alendronate is the most cost-effective strategy, its cost-effectiveness ratio is $72,877 per QALY Alendronates cost-effectiveness ratio approaches $55,000 per QALY when treatment effects last for 5 years or the discount rate is set to zero. The authors conclude that screening and treating with alendronate are more cost-effective than screening and treating with raloxifene or HRT Relative to an NST strategy, alendronate has a fairly good cost-effectiveness ratio. C1 RTI Int, Res Triangel Inst, Div Hlth Serv & Social Policy Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mobley, LR (reprint author), RTI Int, Res Triangel Inst, Div Hlth Serv & Social Policy Res, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM lmobley@rti.org NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0272-989X J9 MED DECIS MAKING JI Med. Decis. Mak. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 194 EP 206 DI 10.1177/0272989X06286478 PG 13 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medical Informatics SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medical Informatics GA 029JB UT WOS:000236557400011 PM 16525173 ER PT J AU Povoa, MM de Souza, RTL Lacerda, RND Rosa, ES Galiza, D de Souza, JR Wirtz, RA Schlichting, CD Conn, JE AF Povoa, MM de Souza, RTL Lacerda, RND Rosa, ES Galiza, D de Souza, JR Wirtz, RA Schlichting, CD Conn, JE TI The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article DE anopheles albitarsis E; Anopheles darlingi; malaria; Roraima; Brazil ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; NYSSORHYNCHUS ALBITARSIS; PLASMODIUM-VIVAX; COMPARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ELISA DEVELOPMENT; ENDEMIC AREAS; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; AMAZON AB In several districts of Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil we found Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis E to be the primary, vector of human malaria parasites, and during 2001-2002 it was significantly more abundant than An. darlingi(p < 0.001). Other species sampled were An. (Nys.) braziliensis, An. (Ano.) peryassui, An. (Nys.) nuneztovari, An. (Nys.) oswaldois.L, and An. (Nys.) triannulatus. As determined by the ELISA technique An. darlingi had a higher overall infection rate (2.1%) compared with An. albitarsis E (1.2%). However a marginally higher proportion of An. albitarsis E was infected with Plasmodium vivax compared with An. darlingi, and the An. albitarsis E biting index was also much higher These results suggest the importance of An. albitarsis E in malaria transmission in a savannah ecoregion of northern Amazonian Brazil, and reconfirm the importance of An. darlingi even if at lower abundance. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Griffin Lab, Wadsworth Ctr, Slingerlands, NY 12159 USA. Secretaria Municipal Saude, Dept Epidemiol, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil. Inst Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Enteroviruses, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Conn, JE (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Griffin Lab, Wadsworth Ctr, Slingerlands, NY 12159 USA. EM jconn@wadsworth.org RI Schlichting, Carl/A-1389-2010 FU FIC NIH HHS [TW009951]; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI054139, R01 AI54139] NR 34 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD MAR PY 2006 VL 101 IS 2 BP 163 EP 168 DI 10.1590/S0074-02762006000200008 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 038DF UT WOS:000237198000008 PM 16830709 ER PT J AU Henrich, JB Hughes, JP Kaufman, SC Brody, DJ Curtin, LR AF Henrich, JB Hughes, JP Kaufman, SC Brody, DJ Curtin, LR TI Limitations of follicle-stimulating hormone in assessing menopause status: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2000) SO MENOPAUSE-THE JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MENOPAUSE SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-General-Internal-Medicine CY MAY 12-15, 2004 CL Chicago, IL SP Soc Gen Internal Med DE gonadotropins; follicle-stimulating hormone; menopause; reproductive stage ID TRANSITION; WOMEN; PERIMENOPAUSAL; POPULATION; ESTRADIOL; GONADOTROPINS; DETERMINANTS; PREVALENCE; ETHNICITY; SMOKING AB Objective: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2000) to: establish new population-based estimates for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH); identify factors associated with FSH; and assess its efficacy in distinguishing among women in the reproductive, menopause transition, and postmenopausal stages. Design: Nationally representative sample of 576 women aged 35 to 60 years examined during NHANES 1999-2000. Results: Levels of FSH and LH increased significantly with reproductive stage. (Geometric mean FSH levels for successive stages: reproductive, 7.0 mIU/mL, SE 0.4; menopause transition, 21.9 mIU/mL, SE 3.7; and postmenopause, 45.7 mIU/mL, SE 4.3.) There was considerable overlap, however, among distributions of FSH by stage. Only age and reproductive stage were significantly associated with FSH in multivariable analysis. FSH cutoff points between the reproductive and menopause transition stages [FSH = 13 mIU/mL, sensitivity 67.4% (95% Cl 50.0-81.1), specificity 88.1% (95% Cl 81.1-92.8)] and between the menopause transition and postmenopause stages [FSH = 45 mIU/mL, sensitivity 73.6% (95% Cl 60.1-83.7), specificity 70.6% (95% Cl 52.4-84.0)] were neither sensitive nor very specific. Conclusions: Age and reproductive stage are the most important determinants of FSH levels in US women; however, FSH by itself has limited utility in distinguishing among women in different reproductive stages. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Orkand Corp, Falls Church, VA USA. NICHHD, Contracept & Reprod Hlth Branch, Populat Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth & Nutr Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Henrich, JB (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, POB 208025, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM janet.henrich@yale.edu NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1072-3714 J9 MENOPAUSE JI Menopause-J. N. Am. Menopause Soc. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 13 IS 2 BP 171 EP 177 DI 10.1097/01.gme.0000198489.49618.96 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 031NQ UT WOS:000236711700006 PM 16645530 ER PT J AU Millman, K Black, CM Stamm, WE Jones, RB Hook, EW Martin, DH Bolan, G Tavare, S Dean, D AF Millman, K Black, CM Stamm, WE Jones, RB Hook, EW Martin, DH Bolan, G Tavare, S Dean, D TI Population-based genetic epidemiologic analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes and lack of association between ompA polymorphisms and clinical phenotypes SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Article DE Chlamydia trachomatis; molecular epidemiology; population-based; genotype; phenotype; genetic polymorphism ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; LYMPHOGRANULOMA-VENEREUM; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TISSUE TROPISM; SEROVAR; INFECTION; MANIFESTATIONS; WOMEN; MEN; IDENTIFICATION AB Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Urogenital strains are classified into serotypes and genotypes based on the major outer membrane protein and its gene, ompA, respectively. Studies of the association of serotypes with clinical signs and symptoms have produced conflicting results while no studies have evaluated associations with ompA polymorphisms. We designed a population-based cross-sectional study of 344 men and women with urogenital chlamydial infections (excluding co-pathogen infections) presenting to clinics serving five U.S. cities from 1995 to 1997. Signs, symptoms and sequelae of chlamydial infection (mucopurulent cervicitis, vaginal or urethral discharge; dysuria; lower abdominal pain; abnormal vaginal bleeding; and pelvic inflammatory disease) were analyzed for associations with serotype and ompA polymorphisms. One hundred and fifty-three (44.5%) of 344 patients had symptoms consistent with urogenital chlamydial infection. Gender, reason for visit and city were significant independent predictors of symptom status. Men were 2.2 times more likely than women to report any symptoms (P = 0.03) and 2.8 times more likely to report a urethral discharge than women were to report a vaginal discharge in adjusted analyses (P = 0.007). Differences in serotype or ompA were not predictive except for an association between serotype F and pelvic inflammatory disease (P = 0.046); however, the number of these cases was small. While there was no clinically prognostic value associated with serotype or ompA polymorphism for urogenital chlamydial infections except for serotype F, future studies might utilize multilocus genomic typing to identify chlamydial strains associated with clinical phenotypes. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Childrens Hosp, Oakland Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Washington, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Univ Alabama, Div Infect Dis, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sexually Transmitted Dis Control, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Dean, D (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Oakland Res Inst, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. EM ddean@chori.org FU NHLBI NIH HHS [P0HC96000762]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI39499, EY/AI12219] NR 38 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 8 IS 3 BP 604 EP 611 DI 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.08.012 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 045PL UT WOS:000237754000003 PM 16527508 ER PT J AU Gurbaxani, BM Morrison, SL AF Gurbaxani, BM Morrison, SL TI Development of new models for the analysis of Fc-FcRn interactions SO MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE FcRn; kinetic models; surface plasmon resonance; half-life; antibody ID I-RELATED RECEPTOR; MURINE IGG1 MOLECULE; AMINO-ACID-RESIDUES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CATABOLISM; BINDING; SITE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; PERSISTENCE; MUTAGENESIS AB An important question remains as to which FcRn binding parameters, if any, correlate with the serum half-life of antibodies. In the present study, we used a BIACore surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device to study kinetic properties of antibody binding to FcRn at different pHs and under different binding reaction conditions. The ability of many different models to fit the data was tested. The previous models could not adequately explain all of the data collected. We now present models that have intuitive appeal and fit a broader range of data than previous models. Specifically, the model assumes that there are two forms of FcRn on the BIAcore chip and that, in addition to monomeric IgG, there is sonic aggregated IgG that can function as ligand. Although this model represents an improvement over previous models, it is still not globally valid for the entire range of data that was collected. Even with these limitations, the model provides a powerful new tool to analyze not only FcRn-IgG interactions but also other complex protein-protein interactions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA. RP Gurbaxani, BM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Bldg 6,MS A15, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM buw8@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI029470, AI039187, AI051451] NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0161-5890 J9 MOL IMMUNOL JI Mol. Immunol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 9 BP 1379 EP 1389 DI 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.08.002 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 022JT UT WOS:000236052500010 PM 16183124 ER PT J AU Gurbaxani, B Dela Cruz, LL Chintalacharuvu, K Morrison, SL AF Gurbaxani, B Dela Cruz, LL Chintalacharuvu, K Morrison, SL TI Analysis of a family of antibodies with different half-lives in mice fails to find a correlation between affinity for FcRn and serum half-life SO MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE FcRn; receptor kinetics; surface plasmon resonance; antibody; serum half-life ID I-RELATED RECEPTOR; HUMAN-IMMUNOGLOBULIN-G; MURINE IGG1 MOLECULE; GAMMA-GLOBULIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CONSTANT-REGION; HUMAN PLACENTA; CATABOLISM; TRANSPORT; BINDING AB In this study we analyzed mouse FcRn binding to different recombinant chimeric antibodies with human constant regions. This system has the advantage that in vivo half-life in animals expressing the receptor can be directly correlated with receptor binding kinetics. The goal was to determine which FcRn binding parameters, if any, correlate with the serum half-life of antibodies. We used a BIAcore surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device to study kinetic properties at different pHs and concentrations. The data were analyzed using a new model, the dual bivalent analyte model (DBVA), which postulates that there are two types of FcRn bound to the chip, one low affinity and one high affinity. In addition, it takes into consideration the possibility that the ligand, immunoglobulin G (IgG), can exist as both monomer and as higher molecular forms. While some antibodies bind to FcRn with different kinetics, including antibodies that differ only by containing the kappa or lambda light chain - a result which itself is unexpected - we cannot identify a single FcRn binding parameter that directly correlates with Ab half-life. Importantly, we demonstrate that some IgGs with higher affinity for FcRn do not have extended in vivo half-lives. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Dept Microbiol Mol Genet & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA. RP Gurbaxani, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Bldg 6,MS A15, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM buw8@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI029470, AI039187, AI051451] NR 46 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0161-5890 J9 MOL IMMUNOL JI Mol. Immunol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 9 BP 1462 EP 1473 DI 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.032 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 022JT UT WOS:000236052500019 PM 16139891 ER PT J AU MacKay, AR Berg, CJ King, JC Duran, C Chang, JN AF MacKay, Andrea R. Berg, Cynthia J. King, Jeffrey C. Duran, Catherine Chang, Jeani TI Pregnancy-related mortality among women with multifetal pregnancies SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; TRIPLET; RISK; GESTATIONS; OUTCOMES; BIRTH; TWINS AB OBJECTIVE: To examine the relative risk of pregnancy-related mortality between multifetal pregnancies and singleton pregnancies. METHODS: We used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System to examine singleton and multifetal pregnancy-related deaths among women with a live birth or fetal death from 1979-2000. The plurality-specific (singleton or multifetal) pregnancy-based mortality ratio was defined as the number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 pregnancies with a live birth. We analyzed the risk of death due to pregnancy for singleton and multifetal pregnancies by age, race, education, marital status, and cause of death. RESULTS: Of 4,992 pregnancy-related deaths in 1979-2000, 4.2% (209 deaths) were among women with multifetal pregnancies. The risk of pregnancy death among women with twin and higher-order pregnancies was 3.6 times that of women with singleton pregnancies (20.8 compared with 5.8). The leading causes of death were similar for women with singleton pregnancies and women with multifetal pregnancies: embolism, hypertensive complications of pregnancy, hemorrhage, and infection. CONCLUSION: Women with multifetal pregnancies have a significantly higher risk of pregnancy-related death than their counterparts with singleton pregnancies; this holds true for all women regardless of age, race, marital status, and level of education. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Anal & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. New York Med Coll, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, New York, NY USA. RP MacKay, AR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Anal & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 6121, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM anm3@cdc.gov NR 24 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 107 IS 3 BP 563 EP 568 DI 10.1097/01.AOG.0000200045.91015.c6 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 095GJ UT WOS:000241295900005 PM 16507925 ER PT J AU Clayton, HB Schieve, LA Peterson, HB Jamieson, DJ Reynolds, MA Wright, VC AF Clayton, Heather B. Schieve, Laura A. Peterson, Herbert B. Jamieson, Denise J. Reynolds, Meredith A. Wright, Victoria C. TI Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; EMBRYO-TRANSFER; INVITRO FERTILIZATION; MANAGEMENT AB OBJECTIVE: To assess the ectopic pregnancy risk among women who conceived with assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures. METHODS: The ectopic rate for ART pregnancies was calculated from population-based data of pregnancies conceived with ART in U.S. clinics in 1999-2001. Variation in ectopic risk by patient and ART treatment factors was assessed by using bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 94,118 ART pregnancies, 2,009 (2.1%) were ectopic. Variation was observed by procedure type. In comparison with the ectopic rate (2.2%) among pregnancies conceived with in vitro fertilization and transcervical transfer of freshly fertilized embryos from the patient's oocytes (fresh, nondonor IVF-ET), the ectopic rate was significantly increased when zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) was used (3.6%) and significantly decreased when donor oocytes were used (1.4%) or when a gestational surrogate carried the pregnancy (0.9%). Among fresh nondonor IVF-ET procedures, the risk for ectopic pregnancy was increased among women with tubal factor infertility (odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-2.4; referent group = ART for male factor), endometriosis (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.6), and other nontubal female factors of infertility (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.6) and decreased among women with a previous live birth (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.7). Transfer of embryos with an indication of high implantation potential was associated with a decreased ectopic risk when 2 or fewer embryos were transferred (OR 0.7, 95% Cl 0.5-0.9), but not when 3 or more embryos were transferred. CONCLUSION: Ectopic risk among ART pregnancies varied according to ART procedure type, reproductive health characteristics of the woman carrying the pregnancy, and estimated embryo implantation potential. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Schieve, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, MS E-86, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM LSchieve@cdc.gov NR 19 TC 88 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 107 IS 3 BP 595 EP 604 DI 10.1097/01.AOG.0000196503.78126.62 PG 10 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 095GJ UT WOS:000241295900010 PM 16507930 ER PT J AU Calzone, K Jenkins, J Badzek, L Constantin, C Debisette, A Feetham, S Geolot, D Hagan, P Hess, M Lea, D Lewis, J Nesseler, K Potempa, K Prows, C Thomson, E Tinkle, M Williams, J AF Calzone, K Jenkins, J Badzek, L Constantin, C Debisette, A Feetham, S Geolot, D Hagan, P Hess, M Lea, D Lewis, J Nesseler, K Potempa, K Prows, C Thomson, E Tinkle, M Williams, J TI Establishing essential nursing competencies and curricula guidelines for genetics and genomics. SO ONCOLOGY NURSING FORUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCI, CCR, Genet Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHGRI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Amer Nurses Assoc, Silver Spring, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Portland, OR USA. Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. NINR, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ONCOLOGY NURSING SOCIETY PI PITTSBURGH PA 125 ENTERPRISE DR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15275 USA SN 0190-535X J9 ONCOL NURS FORUM JI Oncol. Nurs. Forum PD MAR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 2 MA 88 BP 419 EP 419 PG 1 WC Oncology; Nursing SC Oncology; Nursing GA 031II UT WOS:000236697600110 ER PT J AU Dunlop, AL Reichrtova, E Palcovicova, L Ciznar, P Adamcakova-Dodd, A Smith, SJ McNabb, SJN AF Dunlop, AL Reichrtova, E Palcovicova, L Ciznar, P Adamcakova-Dodd, A Smith, SJ McNabb, SJN TI Environmental and dietary risk factors for infantile atopic eczema among a Slovak birth cohort SO PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE asthma; atopic eczema; diet; environment; risk factors; primary prevention ID EUROPEAN TASK-FORCE; AGE 7 YEARS; ALLERGIC DISORDERS; CONSENSUS REPORT; SCHOOL-CHILDREN; SCORAD INDEX; EARLY-LIFE; FOLLOW-UP; DERMATITIS; ASTHMA AB Infantile atopic eczema (AE) is a risk marker for future asthma. This study assesses the contribution of modifiable exposures to infantile AE. If modifiable exposures contribute substantially to infantile AE, its prevention might be a sensible approach to asthma prevention. Pregnant women (n = 1978) were systematically recruited from maternity hospitals of the Slovak Republic; their birthed cohort of 1990 children were prospectively followed for 1 yr. Children's exposures to selected environmental and dietary factors were assessed via maternal questionnaires administered at delivery and 1 yr of age. A child was considered to have AE, based on physical examination (SCORAD index > 2) or mother's report of a previous physician diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and percent total regression scores (TRS) for each variable. At 1 yr of age 1326 (67%) of the children remained in the cohort and 207 (15.6%) developed AE. Various modifiable environmental and dietary exposures increased the likelihood of AE (ownership of cats; consumption of infant formula, eggs, and fish) while others decreased the likelihood of AE (ownership of livestock; exclusive breast feeding for >= 4 months). Overall, modifiable exposures contributed less to the TRS than did non-modifiable exposures (38% vs. 62%, respectively). The modifiable exposure category that contributed most to the TRS was infant feeding practices (27.5% TRS). Modifiable exposures - especially those related to infant feeding practices - significantly contribute to infantile AE, although modifiable factors contribute less overall than do non-modifiable exposures. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Inst Prevent & Clin Med, Bratislava, Slovakia. Slovak Postgrad Acad Med, Childrens Clin, Bratislava, Slovakia. Univ Iowa, Dept Occupat & Environm Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dunlop, AL (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, 735 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM amlang@emory.edu NR 76 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0905-6157 J9 PEDIATR ALLERGY IMMU JI Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 17 IS 2 BP 103 EP 111 DI 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00372.x PG 9 WC Allergy; Immunology; Pediatrics SC Allergy; Immunology; Pediatrics GA 024UR UT WOS:000236222200004 PM 16618359 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, D Almirante, B Park, BJ Cuenca-Estrella, M Planes, AM Sanchez, F Gene, A Xercavins, M Fontanals, D Rodriguez-Tudela, JL Warnock, DW Pahissa, A AF Rodriguez, D Almirante, B Park, BJ Cuenca-Estrella, M Planes, AM Sanchez, F Gene, A Xercavins, M Fontanals, D Rodriguez-Tudela, JL Warnock, DW Pahissa, A CA BCP Study Grp TI Candidemia in neonatal intensive care units - Barcelona, Spain SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY OCT 30-NOV 02, 2004 CL Washington, DC DE candidemia; neonatal intensive care unit; epidemiology; risk factors for candidemia; azole resistance ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; LATE-ONSET SEPSIS; NOSOCOMIAL FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS; BLOOD-STREAM INFECTION; RISK-FACTORS; SYSTEMIC CANDIDIASIS; CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS; PARAPSILOSIS FUNGEMIA; NATIONAL-SURVEY AB Background: Candida spp. are increasingly important hospital-acquired pathogens in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and cause considerable mortality in preterm infants. Most studies have been limited to a single institution. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of candidemia in all Barcelona NICUs. Methods: We conducted prospective population-based surveillance for candidemia in Barcelona, Spain, during 2002-2003. This report focuses on the results from 5 participating hospitals with NICUs. Results: We detected 24 cases, resulting in an annual incidence of 32.6 cases per 100,000 live births and 1.1 cases per 100 NICU discharges. Median gestational age was 27.5 weeks (range, 24-40.5), and there were 21 cases among very low birth weight infants. Among the 20 (83%) cases evaluated for the presence of end organ infection, endophthalmitis occurred in 2 cases, and endocarditis, meningitis and peritonitis occurred in I case each. Candida. parapsilosis was the most frequent species isolated (67%). All isolates were fluconazole-susceptible. Crude mortality was 21%. Conclusions: The preponderance of C. parapsilosis candidemias observed in Barcelona NICUs is similar to reports from the literature. Morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal candidemia remain high. C1 Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Hosp Univ Valle Hebron, Dept Med, Dept Infect Dis, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Inst Salud Carlos III, Mycol Reference Lab, Madrid, Spain. Hosp Univ Vall Hebron, Dept Microbiol, Barcelona, Spain. Hosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Microbiol, Barcelona, Spain. Hosp St Joan de Deu, Dept Microbiol, Barcelona, Spain. Hosp Mutua Terrassa, Dept Microbiol, Barcelona, Spain. Hosp Parc Tauli Sabadell, Dept Microbiol, Barcelona, Spain. RP Rodriguez, D (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Hosp Univ Valle Hebron, Dept Med, Dept Infect Dis, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. EM dolorodriguez@vhebron.net RI Ferrandos, Montserrat/H-7889-2012; Rodriguez-Pardo, Dolors/F-7978-2012; OI Rodriguez-Pardo, Dolors/0000-0001-6781-5405; Almirante, Benito/0000-0002-1189-2361 NR 44 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 3 BP 224 EP 229 DI 10.1097/01.inf.0000202127.43695.06 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 019XT UT WOS:000235872400009 PM 16511384 ER PT J AU Belay, ED Maddox, RA Holman, RC Curns, AT Ballah, K Schonberger, LB AF Belay, ED Maddox, RA Holman, RC Curns, AT Ballah, K Schonberger, LB TI Kawasaki syndrome and risk factors for coronary artery abnormalities - United States, 1994-2003 SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Kawasaki disease; Kawasaki syndrome; surveillance; epidemiology; complications; children ID DISEASE; HOSPITALIZATIONS AB Background: Kawasaki syndrome (KS) causes significant morbidity among children in the United States and other countries and can result in a range of cardiac and noncardiac complications. Methods: To describe the occurrence of KS in the United States and risk factors for the development of coronary artery abnormalities (CAA), national KS surveillance data were analyzed for patients with KS onset during 1994-2003. The surveillance is a passive system, and information is collected on a standardized case report form. Results: During 1994 through 2003, 3115 patients who met the KS case definition were reported to the national KS surveillance system. The median age of KS patients was 32 months; the male-female ratio was 1.5:1. Nearly one-third (31.8%) of the cumulative number of KS cases occurred during January through March. During the study period, 362 (12.9%) of 2798 KS patients had CAA. The proportion of patients with CAA increased from 10.0% in 1994 to 17.8% in 2003. Age younger than 1 year and 9-17 years, male sex, Asian and Pacific Islander race and Hispanic ethnicity (a previously unidentified risk factor) were significantly associated with the development of CAA. Conclusions: The increase in CAA was attributed to widespread use of the criteria of de Zorzi et al, resulting in increased recognition of coronary artery dilatations. The factors contributing to a higher risk of CAA, such as delayed treatment, particularly among Hispanics, need to be investigated. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Belay, ED (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 21 TC 56 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 3 BP 245 EP 249 DI 10.1097/01.inf.0000202068.30956.16 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 019XT UT WOS:000235872400014 PM 16511388 ER PT J AU Paisley, JE Hinckley, AF O'Leary, DR Kramer, WC Lanciotti, RS Campbell, GL Hayes, EB AF Paisley, JE Hinckley, AF O'Leary, DR Kramer, WC Lanciotti, RS Campbell, GL Hayes, EB TI West Nile Virus infection among pregnant women in a Northern Colorado community, 2003 to 2004 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE West Nile virus; pregnancy; seroprevalence; congenital infection; perinatal transmission; breastfeeding; epidemiology ID JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS; DIAGNOSIS; EPIDEMIC; MICE AB OBJECTIVE. Since West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in New York in 1999, it has spread across North America and become a major public health concern. In 2002, the first documented case of intrauterine WNV infection was reported, involving an infant with severe brain abnormalities. To determine the frequencies of WNV infections during pregnancy and of intrauterine WNV infections, we measured WNV-specific antibodies in cord blood from infant deliveries after a community-wide epidemic of WNV disease. METHODS. Five hundred sixty-six pregnant women who presented to Poudre Valley Hospital (Fort Collins, CO) for delivery between September 2003 and May 2004 provided demographic and health history data through self-administered questionnaires and hospital admission records. Umbilical cord blood was collected from 549 infants and screened for WNV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, with confirmation by plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Newborn growth parameters, Apgar scores, and hearing test results were recorded. RESULTS. Four percent (95% confidence interval: 2.4-5.7%) of cord blood samples tested positive for WNV-specific IgG antibodies. No cord blood samples were positive for WNV-specific IgM antibodies. There were no significant differences between infants of seropositive and seronegative mothers with respect to any of the growth parameters or outcomes measured. CONCLUSIONS. Intrauterine WNV infections seemed to be infrequent. In our study, WNV infection during pregnancy did not seem to affect adversely infant health at birth. Larger prospective studies are necessary to measure more completely the effects of maternal WNV infection on pregnancy and infant health outcomes. C1 Poudre Valley Hosp, Dept Pediat & Neonatol, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat & Neonatol, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arboviral Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Paisley, JE (reprint author), Poudre Valley Hosp, Dept Pediat & Neonatol, 1024 S Lemay, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. EM pais@pvhs.org NR 28 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP 814 EP 820 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-1187 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000053 PM 16510662 ER PT J AU Dewan, PK Banouvong, H Abernethy, N Hoynes, T Diaz, L Woldemariam, M Ampie, T Grinsdale, J Kawamura, LM AF Dewan, PK Banouvong, H Abernethy, N Hoynes, T Diaz, L Woldemariam, M Ampie, T Grinsdale, J Kawamura, LM TI A tuberculosis outbreak in a private-home family child care center in San Francisco, 2002 to 2004 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE child care; tuberculosis; outbreak; pediatric; day care ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; TRANSMISSION; SCHOOL; RECOMMENDATIONS AB BACKGROUND. Child care facilities are well known as sites of infectious disease transmission, and California child care facility licensure requirements include annual tuberculosis (TB) screening for on-site adults. In April 2004, we detected an adult with TB living in a private- home family child care center (child care center A). METHODS. We reviewed patient medical records and conducted a contact investigation. The investigation included all persons at the child care center, the workplace and leisure contacts of the adult patient with TB, and the household contacts of secondary case patients. Contact names were obtained through patient interviews. A positive tuberculin skin test result was defined as induration of >= 5 mm. DNA fingerprints of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were analyzed. Outbreak cases were those that had matching DNA fingerprint patterns or were linked epidemiologically, if DNA fingerprint results were not available. RESULTS. Between August 2002 and July 2004, we detected 11 outbreak cases, including 9 (82%) among children (18 years of age). All 11 outbreak patients lived or were cared for at child care center A. The 9 pediatric TB patients were young (< 7 years of age), United States-born children of foreign-born parents, and 4 (44%) had positive cultures for M tuberculosis. Including isolates recovered from the 2 adult patients, all 6 M tuberculosis isolates shared identical, 7-band, DNA fingerprint patterns. The contact investigation identified 3 (33%) of the 9 pediatric cases; 2 (22%) presented with illness and 4 (44%) were detected by primary care providers during routine TB screening. Excluding case subjects, 36 (54%) of 67 named contacts had latent TB infection. CONCLUSIONS. Provider adherence to locally adapted pediatric TB screening recommendations proved critical to outbreak control. TB screening compliance by the child care center and more aggressive source-case investigation by the TB program might have prevented or abated this large pediatric TB outbreak. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, Tuberculosis Control Sect, San Francisco, CA USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Dewan, PK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM phd8@cdc.gov NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP 863 EP 869 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-1380 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000059 PM 16510668 ER PT J AU Grosse, SD Boyle, CA Kenneson, A Khoury, MJ Wilfond, BS AF Grosse, SD Boyle, CA Kenneson, A Khoury, MJ Wilfond, BS TI From public health emergency to public health service: The implications of evolving criteria for newborn screening panels SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; PREVENTIVE-SERVICES; UNITED-STATES; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; DIAGNOSIS; LESSONS; PROGRAM; MALNUTRITION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NHGRI, Social & Behav Res Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Warren Grant Magnuson Clin Ctr, Dept Clin Bioeth, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Grosse, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sgrosse@cdc.gov NR 62 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP 923 EP 929 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-0553 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000066 PM 16510675 ER PT J AU Meissner, HC Reef, SE Cochi, S AF Meissner, HC Reef, SE Cochi, S TI Elimination of rubella from the United States: A milestone on the road to global elimination SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID VACCINATION; MEASLES C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Pediat Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Meissner, HC (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Pediat Infect Dis, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM cmeissner@tufts-nemc.org NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP 933 EP 935 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-1760 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000068 PM 16510677 ER PT J AU Baggett, HC Parkinson, AJ Muth, PT Gold, BD Gessner, BD AF Baggett, HC Parkinson, AJ Muth, PT Gold, BD Gessner, BD TI Endemic iron deficiency associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among school-aged children in Alaska SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE Helicobacter pylori; children; iron deficiency; infection; Alaska ID UNITED-STATES; NATIVE POPULATION; MEDICAL PROGRESS; ANEMIA; PREVALENCE; WATER; ADOLESCENTS; DIAGNOSIS; GASTRITIS; DISEASE AB OBJECTIVES. Rural Alaska Natives have a high prevalence of iron deficiency and Helicobacter pylori infection. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, and active H pylori infection among school-aged children in rural Alaska. METHODS. We enrolled 68% (688) of the 7- to 11-year-old children from 10 predominantly Alaska Native villages in southwestern Alaska. We collected venous blood samples to assess iron deficiency and anemia. Each child was tested for active H pylori infection by C-13-urea breath test (UBT). Evaluated risk factors included age, gender, village of residence, number of household members, number of household members who were younger than 5 years, recent antibiotic use, and household water source. RESULTS. Of 688 enrolled children, iron deficiency was present in 38%, iron-deficiency anemia was present in 7.8%, and H pylori infection by UBT was present in 86%. Iron deficiency was independently associated with living in a household with > 6 people and village of residence. H pylori infection by UBT was independently associated with child's age >= 10 years and village of residence. Ninety-one percent of children with iron deficiency had H pylori infection by UBT, and children with active H pylori infection were more likely to be iron deficient than uninfected children. Children with H pylori infection by UBT were also more likely to have iron-deficiency anemia than uninfected children. CONCLUSIONS. In this study of nearly 700 children in 10 different villages in Alaska, we confirmed that the high prevalence of iron deficiency persists among school-aged children. We found that active H pylori infection was independently associated with iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia among children in this region. H pylori infection may account for a portion of the iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in rural Alaska and other areas with high prevalences of both conditions. Innovative approaches are critically needed to address the iron deficiency in high prevalence areas such as rural Alaska and most of the developing world. C1 Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Anchorage, AK USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Anchorage, AK USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Baggett, HC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, DGMQ MS E-03,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM hbaggett@cdc.gov NR 46 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP E396 EP E404 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-1129 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000005 PM 16452320 ER PT J AU Demerath, EW Schubert, CM Maynard, LM Sun, SS Chumlea, WC Pickoff, A Czerwinski, SA Towne, B Siervogel, RM AF Demerath, EW Schubert, CM Maynard, LM Sun, SS Chumlea, WC Pickoff, A Czerwinski, SA Towne, B Siervogel, RM TI Do changes in body mass index percentile reflect changes in body composition in children? data from the Fels Longitudinal Study SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE BMI; fat-free mass; body composition; total body fat; obesity; percentage of body fat; longitudinal study; childhood; adolescence; gender differences ID FAT-FREE MASS; X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FOR-DISEASE-CONTROL; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; GROWTH CHARTS; SERIAL CHANGES; UNITED-STATES; US CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; OVERWEIGHT AB OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to examine the degree to which changes in BMI percentile reflect changes in body fat and lean body mass during childhood and how age and gender affect these relationships. METHODS. This analysis used serial data on 494 white boys and girls who were aged 8 to 18 years and participating in the Fels Longitudinal Study (total 2319 observations). Total body fat (TBF), total body fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage of body fat (% BF) were determined by hydrodensitometry, and then BMI was partitioned into its fat and fat-free components: fat mass index (FMI) and FFM index (FFMI). We calculated predicted changes (Delta) in FMI, FFMI, and % BF for each 10-unit increase in BMI percentile using mixed-effects models. RESULTS. FFMI had a linear relationship with BMI percentile, whereas FMI and % BF tended to increase dramatically only at higher BMI percentiles. Gender and age had significant effects on the relationship between BMI percentile and FFMI, FMI, and % BF. Predicted Delta% BF for boys 13 to 18 years of age was negative, suggesting loss of relative fatness for each 10-unit increase in BMI percentile. CONCLUSIONS. In this longitudinal study of white children, FFMI consistently increased with BMI percentile, whereas FMI and % BF had more complicated relationships with BMI percentile depending on gender, age, and whether BMI percentile was high or low. Our results suggest that BMI percentile changes may not accurately reflect changes in adiposity in children over time, particularly among male adolescents and children of lower BMI. C1 Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Lifespan Hlth Res Ctr, Dayton, OH 45420 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Childrens Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Dayton, OH USA. RP Demerath, EW (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Lifespan Hlth Res Ctr, 3171 Res Blvd, Dayton, OH 45420 USA. EM ellen.demerath@wright.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-12252, HD-36342, HD-38356, R01 HD012252] NR 52 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP E487 EP E495 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-0572 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000015 PM 16510627 ER PT J AU Grandjean, P Harari, R Barr, DB Debes, F AF Grandjean, P Harari, R Barr, DB Debes, F TI Pesticide exposure and stunting as independent predictors of neurobehavioral deficits in Ecuadorian school children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE blood pressure; maternal exposure; neuropsychological tests; neurotoxicity syndromes; organophosphorus compounds; prenatal exposure; delayed effects ID DIALKYL PHOSPHATE METABOLITES; BLOOD-PRESSURE; FOLLOW-UP; DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; METHYLMERCURY NEUROTOXICITY; GROWTH-RETARDATION; CHILDHOOD; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; HEALTH; MALNUTRITION AB OBJECTIVES. To examine possible effects on blood pressure, neurological function, and neurobehavioral tests in school-aged children with and without prenatal pesticide exposure in an area where stunting is common. METHODS. In a community of Northern Ecuador with intensive floriculture and a high female employment rate, we invited 79 children attending the 2 lowest grades of a public school for clinical examinations. In addition to a thorough physical examination, we administered simple reaction time, Santa Ana dexterity test, Stanford-Binet copying, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Digit Spans forward. Maternal interview included detailed assessment of occupational history to determine pesticide exposure during pregnancy. Recent and current pesticide exposure was assessed by erythrocyte acetylcholine esterase activity and urinary excretion of organophosphate metabolites. RESULTS. All eligible children participated in the study, but 7 children were excluded from data analysis due to other disease or age > 9 years. A total of 31 of the remaining 72 children were classified as stunted based on their height for age. Maternal occupational history revealed that 37 children had been exposed to pesticides during development. After confounder adjustment, prenatal pesticide exposure was associated with a higher systolic blood pressure than in the controls. On neurological examination, 14 exposed children and 9 controls showed >= 1 abnormalities. Of 5 neurobehavioral tests, the Stanford-Binet copying test showed a lower drawing score for copying designs in exposed children than in controls. Stunting was associated with a lower score on this test only, and both risk factors remained statistically significant in a multiple regression analysis with adjustment for demographic and social confounders. Increased excretion of dimethyl and diethyl metabolites of organophosphates was associated with increased reaction time and no other outcomes. CONCLUSION. Prenatal pesticide exposure may cause lasting neurotoxic damage and add to the adverse effects of malnutrition in developing countries. The effects differ from those due to acute pesticide exposure. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Landmark Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ So Denmark, Inst Publ Hlth, Odense, Denmark. Corp Desarrollo Prod & Med Ambiente Laboral, Quito, Ecuador. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Grandjean, P (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Landmark Ctr, 3E-110,401 Pk Dr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM pgrand@hsph.harvard.edu RI Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Harari, Raul/E-1241-2015; OI Harari, Raul/0000-0002-1829-5316; Grandjean, Philippe/0000-0003-4046-9658 NR 54 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP E546 EP E556 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-1781 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000022 PM 16510633 ER PT J AU Grant, AM Jamieson, DJ Elam-Evans, LD Beck-Sague, C Duerr, A Henderson, SL AF Grant, AM Jamieson, DJ Elam-Evans, LD Beck-Sague, C Duerr, A Henderson, SL TI Reasons for testing and clinical and demographic profile of adolescents with non-perinatally acquired HIV infection SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE human immunodeficiency virus type-1; adolescents; sexually transmitted infection ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; PREGNANCY RATES; TYPE-1 INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; WOMEN; PARTNERS; CARE; DIAGNOSIS; BEHAVIOR AB OBJECTIVES. We sought to examine the demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics; reasons for HIV testing; and factors that contribute to delays in entry into specialized HIV care after diagnosis of HIV infection among adolescents in an urban clinic in Georgia. METHODS. All of the data for this study were obtained solely by medical chart review. Demographic, clinical, behavioral, and HIV testing data were abstracted from medical charts of 59 non-perinatally HIV-infected adolescents who were aged 13 to 18 years and entered care at the pediatric and adolescent HIV clinic of a Georgia hospital during 1999-2002. HIV-infected adolescents were compared by demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics as well as by circumstances surrounding HIV testing. Recent seroconversion was defined as having a documented negative or indeterminate HIV antibody test (confirmed) or a self-reported negative HIV test (probable) <= 6 months before HIV diagnosis. RESULTS. Of 59 HIV-infected adolescents, 35 (59%) were female and 56 (95%) were black/African American. Fifteen (25%) had >= 1 sexually transmitted infection when they entered care. All female (vs 38% male) adolescents were infected through heterosexual sexual intercourse; 9 ( 26%) were pregnant at the time of HIV diagnosis. Adolescents whose HIV was diagnosed at non - health care facilities entered HIV care much later than adolescents whose HIV was diagnosed at health care facilities ( median: 108 vs 25 days). Approximately one half of adolescents had CD4(+) T-cell counts < 350 cells per mu L and/or HIV-1 viral loads > 55 000 copies per mL at entry into care. Twenty-seven (46%) adolescents had a previous negative HIV test; 7 had confirmed recent seroconversion, and 3 had probable recent seroconversion. Among adolescents with a documented reason for testing, routine medical screening was the most frequent reason for HIV testing; few adolescents were documented as having self-initiated HIV testing. CONCLUSIONS. Strategies are needed to implement timely linkage to medical services of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of HIV infection at non-health care facilities and to increase HIV testing, prevention efforts, and recognition of recent HIV infection among sexually active adolescents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Grant, AM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy,MS K23, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM agrant@cdc.gov NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP E468 EP E475 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-0142 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000013 PM 16510625 ER PT J AU O'Leary, DR Kuhn, S Kniss, KL Hinckley, AF Rasmussen, SA Pape, WJ Kightlinger, LK Beecham, BD Miller, TK Neitzel, DF Michaels, SR Campbell, GL Lanciotti, RS Hayes, EB AF O'Leary, DR Kuhn, S Kniss, KL Hinckley, AF Rasmussen, SA Pape, WJ Kightlinger, LK Beecham, BD Miller, TK Neitzel, DF Michaels, SR Campbell, GL Lanciotti, RS Hayes, EB TI Birth outcomes following West Nile virus infection of pregnant women in the United States: 2003-2004 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE West Nile virus; congenital infection; birth outcomes; pregnancy; development; growth; pediatrics; birth defects; microcephaly ID JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-M; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE; TRANSMISSION; MICE; PREVENTION; EPIDEMIC AB BACKGROUND. Congenital West Nile virus (WNV) infection was first described in a single case in 2002. The proportion of maternal WNV infections resulting in congenital infection and clinical consequences of such infections are unknown. METHODS. In 2003 and 2004, women in the United States who acquired WNV infection during pregnancy were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by state health departments. Data on pregnancy outcomes were collected. One of the maternal WNV infections was identified retrospectively after the infant was born. Maternal sera, placenta, umbilical cord tissue, and cord serum were tested for WNV infection by using serologic assays and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Infant health was assessed at delivery and through 12 months of age. RESULTS. Seventy-seven women infected with WNV during pregnancy were clinically followed in 16 states. A total of 71 women delivered 72 live infants; 4 women had miscarriages, and 2 had elective abortions. Of the 72 live infants, 67 were born at term, and 4 were preterm; gestational age was unknown for 1. Of 55 live infants from whom cord serum was available, 54 tested negative for anti-WNV IgM. One infant born with umbilical hernia and skin tags had anti-WNV IgM in cord serum but not in peripheral serum at age 1 month. An infant who had no anti-WNV IgM in cord blood, but whose mother had WNV illness 6 days prepartum, developed WNV meningitis at age 10 days. Another infant, whose mother had acute WNV illness at delivery, was born with a rash and coarctation of the aorta and had anti-WNV IgM in serum at 1 month of age; cord serum was not available. A fourth infant, whose mother had onset of WNV illness 3 weeks prepartum that was not diagnosed until after delivery, had WNV encephalitis and underlying lissencephaly detected at age 17 days and subsequently died; cord serum was not available. The following major malformations were noted among live-born infants: aortic coarctation (n = 1); cleft palate (n = 1); Down syndrome (n = 1); lissencephaly (n = 1); microcephaly (n = 2); and polydactyly (n = 1). One infant had glycogen storage disease type 1. Abnormal growth was noted in 8 infants. CONCLUSIONS. Of 72 infants followed to date in 2003 and 2004, almost all seemed normal, and none had conclusive laboratory evidence of congenital WNV infection. Three infants had WNV infection that could have been congenitally acquired. Seven infants had major malformations, but only 3 of these had defects that could have been caused by maternal WNV infection based on the timing of the infections and the sensitive developmental period for the specific malformations, and none had any conclusive evidence of WNV etiology. However, the sensitivity and specificity of IgM testing of cord blood to detect congenital WNV infection are currently unknown, and congenital WNV infection among newborns with IgM-negative serology cannot be ruled out. Prospective studies comparing pregnancy outcomes of WNV-infected and -uninfected women are needed to better define the outcomes of WNV infection during pregnancy. C1 US PHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA USA. S Dakota Dept Hlth, Pierre, SD USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. Nebraska Hlth & Human Serv Syst, Lincoln, NE USA. N Dakota Dept Hlth, Bismarck, ND USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, St Paul, MN USA. Louisiana Dept Hlth & Hosp, New Orleans, LA USA. RP O'Leary, DR (reprint author), US PHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM doleary@cdc.gov NR 47 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 117 IS 3 BP E537 EP E545 DI 10.1542/peds.2005-2024 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 017QV UT WOS:000235709000021 PM 16510632 ER PT J AU Vernon, SD Whistler, T Aslakson, E Rajeevan, M Reeves, WC AF Vernon, SD Whistler, T Aslakson, E Rajeevan, M Reeves, WC TI Challenges for molecular profiling of chronic fatigue syndrome SO PHARMACOGENOMICS LA English DT Review DE biomarker discovery; chronic fatigue syndrome; complex illness; data integration; pharmacogenomics ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; GENE-EXPRESSION; BIOMARKER DISCOVERY; DISABLING FATIGUE; POLYMORPHISM; ASSOCIATION; TWIN; IDENTIFICATION; DEFINITION AB Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is prevalent, disabling and costly. Despite extensive literature describing the epidemiology and clinical aspects of CFS, it has been recalcitrant to diagnostic biomarker discovery and therapeutic intervention. This is due to the fact that CFS is a complex illness defined by self-reported symptoms and diagnosed by the exclusion of medical and psychiatric diseases that may explain the symptoms. Studies attempting to dissect the pathophysiology are challenging to design as CFS affects multiple body systems, making the choice of which system to study dependant on an investigators area of expertise. However, the peripheral blood appears to be facilitating the molecular profiling of several diseases, such as CFS, that involve bodywide perturbations that are mediated by the CNS. Successful molecular profiling of CFS will require the integration of genetic, genomic and proteomic data with environmental and behavioral data to define the heterogeneity in order to optimize intervention. C1 Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vernon, SD (reprint author), Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM svernon@cdc.gov; taw6@cdc.gov; easlakson@cdc.gov; mor4@cdc.gov; wcr1@cdc.gov RI Whistler, Toni/A-6709-2009 NR 59 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 5 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1462-2416 J9 PHARMACOGENOMICS JI Pharmacogenomics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 2 BP 211 EP 218 DI 10.2217/14622416.7.2.211 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 018GO UT WOS:000235752500013 PM 16515400 ER PT J AU Operario, D Choi, KH Chu, PL McFarland, W Secura, GM Behel, S MacKellar, D Valleroy, L AF Operario, D Choi, KH Chu, PL McFarland, W Secura, GM Behel, S MacKellar, D Valleroy, L TI Prevalence and correlates of substance use among young Asian pacific islander men who have sex with men SO PREVENTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE substance use; Asian Pacific Islander; gay and bisexual men ID CIRCUIT PARTY ATTENDANCE; DRUG-USE; SAN-FRANCISCO; BISEXUAL MEN; CLUB DRUGS; HIV RISK; GAY; HEALTH; PREVENTION; AMERICAN AB We examined patterns of substance use among young Asian Pacific Islander (API) men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants (N = 496) were recruited from sampled venues and were interviewed on substance use, sexual behaviors, and attendance at MSM social venues. Substance use prevalence was highest for alcohol (94% lifetime, 89% past 6 months), marijuana (61% lifetime, 44% past 6 months), and methylenedioxymethamphetamine or ecstasy (58% lifetime, 47% past 6 months). During the past 6 months, 24% used an illicit substance weekly or more often, 51% used club drugs, and 44% used 3 or more illicit substances. Multivariate models identified common and unique correlates of frequent drug use, club drug use, and polydrug use. Associations between substance use and sexual risk behaviors also emerged. These findings suggest a need to improve substance use and HIV prevention intervention efforts for young API MSM. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Social Policy & Social Work, Oxford OX1 2ER, England. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Operario, D (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Social Policy & Social Work, 32 Wellington Sq, Oxford OX1 2ER, England. EM don.operario@socres.ox.ac.uk FU PHS HHS [U26/CCU906255] NR 41 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 5 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1389-4986 J9 PREV SCI JI Prev. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1007/s11121-005-0018-x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 038VB UT WOS:000237256500002 PM 16435077 ER PT J AU Henry, DB Miller-Johnson, S Simon, TR Schoeny, ME AF Henry, DB Miller-Johnson, S Simon, TR Schoeny, ME CA Multi-site Violence Prevention Pro TI Validity of teacher ratings in selecting influential aggressive adolescents for a targeted preventive intervention SO PREVENTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE selective interventions; teacher ratings; halo effects; ecological risk ID ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL-CHILDREN; CONDUCT DISORDER; RISK; BEHAVIOR; PROGRAM AB This study describes a method for using teacher nominations and ratings to identify socially influential, aggressive middle school students for participation in a targeted violence prevention intervention. The teacher nomination method is compared with peer nominations of aggression and influence to obtain validity evidence. Participants were urban, predominantly African American and Latino sixth-grade students who were involved in a pilot study for a large multi-site violence prevention project. Convergent validity was suggested by the high correlation of teacher ratings of peer influence and peer nominations of social influence. The teacher ratings of influence demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity when predicting peer nominations of influence among the most aggressive children. Results are discussed in terms of the application of teacher nominations and ratings in large trials and full implementation of targeted prevention programs. C1 Univ Illinois, Inst Juvenile Res, Dept Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60608 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Multi Site Violence Prevent Project, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Henry, DB (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Inst Juvenile Res, Dept Psychiat, Room 155 WROB,M-C 747,1747 W Roosevelt Rd, Chicago, IL 60608 USA. EM dhenry@uic.edu FU NIDA NIH HHS [K05 DA015226, K05 DA015226-01]; PHS HHS [99067] NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1389-4986 J9 PREV SCI JI Prev. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 DI 10.1007/s11121-005-0004-3 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 038VB UT WOS:000237256500003 PM 16378226 ER PT J AU Biron, DG Loxdale, HD Ponton, F Moura, H Marche, L Brugidou, C Thomas, F AF Biron, DG Loxdale, HD Ponton, F Moura, H Marche, L Brugidou, C Thomas, F TI Population proteomics: An emerging discipline to study metapopulation ecology SO PROTEOMICS LA English DT Article DE metapopulation; population; population proteomics ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; MULTIPLE ALLELES; HARDY-WEINBERG; PROTEINS; MAIZE AB Proteomics research has developed until recently in a relative isolation from other fast-moving disciplines such as ecology and evolution. This is unfortunate since applying proteomics to these disciplines has apparently the potential to open new perspectives. The huge majority of species indeed exhibit over their entire geographic range a metapopulation structure, occupying habitats that are fragmented and heterogeneous in space and/or through time. Traditionally, population genetics is the main tool used to studying metatopulations, as it describes the spatial structure of populations and the level of gene flow between them. In this Viewpoint, we present the reasons why we think that proteomics, because of the level of integration it promotes, has the potential to resolve interesting issues specific to metapopulation biology and adaptive processes. C1 CNRS, IRD, GEMI, UMR 2724,Equipe Evolut Syst Symbiot, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France. Rothamsted Res, Plant & Invertebrate Ecol Div, Harpenden, Herts, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. INRA, UMR Bio3P, La Rheu, France. UP, IRD, CNRS, UMR 5096,Ctr IRD 911, Montpellier, France. RP Biron, DG (reprint author), CNRS, IRD, GEMI, UMR 2724,Equipe Evolut Syst Symbiot, 911 Ave Agropolis,BP 65401, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France. EM biron@mpl.ird.fr RI PONTON, FLEUR/A-5516-2011; marche, laurent/J-6360-2012; OI Marche, Laurent/0000-0003-4666-5027 NR 18 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1615-9853 J9 PROTEOMICS JI Proteomics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 6 IS 6 BP 1712 EP 1715 DI 10.1002/pmic.200500423 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 027MV UT WOS:000236420600002 PM 16429464 ER PT J AU Lackner, JM Gudleski, GD Zack, MM Katz, LA Powell, C Krasner, S Holmes, E Dorscheimer, K AF Lackner, JM Gudleski, GD Zack, MM Katz, LA Powell, C Krasner, S Holmes, E Dorscheimer, K TI Measuring health-related quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Can less be more? SO PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE generic health status; quality of life; irritable bowel syndrome; anxiety; somatization ID FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS; FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; OUTCOME MEASURES; OLDER-ADULTS; PAIN; IMPACT; POPULATION; ANXIETY; CARE; QUESTIONNAIRE AB Objective: This study assessed the ability of a brief, well-validated generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measure to characterize the symptom burden of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with reference to a large survey of U.S. community-living adults. Methods: One hundred four Rome II diagnosed patients with IBS completed measures of pain, psychological dysfunction (neuroticism, somatization, distress, abuse), and HRQOL (SF-36, IBS-QOL, CDC HRQOL-4) during baseline assessment of a National Institutes of Health-funded clinical trial. The four-item CDC HRQOL-4 assesses global health and the number of days in the past 30 days resulting from poor physical health, poor mental health, and activity limitation. Results: Patients with IBS averaged 15 of 30 days with poor physical or mental health. These average overall unhealthy days exceeded those of respondents with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease/stroke, cancer, and class III obesity (body mass index >= 40 kg/m(2)) from the U.S. survey. Fifteen percent of patients identified musculoskeletal disorders, not IBS symptoms, as the major cause of their activity limitation. Overall unhealthy days among patients with IBS varied directly with IBS symptom severity, abuse, pain, and psychological distress. Controlling for personality variables that influence perception and reporting HRQOL did not diminish the statistical significance of associations between the CDC HRQOL-4 and other study measures. Conclusions: The CDC HRQOL-4 is a psychometrically sound, rapid, and efficient instrument whose HRQOL profile reflects the symptom burden of moderate-to-severe IBS, is sensitive to treatment effects associated with cognitive behavior therapy, and is not a proxy for personality variables identified as potential confounders of HRQOL. HRQOL is related to but not redundant with psychological distress. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Div Gastroenterol, Dept Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Anesthesiol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Sch Med & Biomed Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lackner, JM (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Sch Med, Dept Med, Behav Med Clin,ECMC, 462 Grider St, Buffalo, NY 14215 USA. EM lackner@buffalo.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R03 DK067878, DK-54211, DK-67878] NR 58 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 8 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0033-3174 J9 PSYCHOSOM MED JI Psychosom. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 68 IS 2 BP 312 EP 320 DI 10.1097/01.psy.0000204897.25745.7c PG 9 WC Psychiatry; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA 029VB UT WOS:000236591400020 PM 16554399 ER PT J AU Lobato, MN Wang, YC Becerra, JE Simone, PM Castro, KG AF Lobato, MN Wang, YC Becerra, JE Simone, PM Castro, KG TI Improved program activities are associated with decreasing tuberculosis incidence in the United States SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; NEW-YORK-CITY; TRANSMISSION; CONTACTS; TRENDS AB Objective. This study was conducted to determine whether improvements in tuberculosis (TB) program activities correlate with incident TB cases. Methods. National TB surveillance data and program data from patients with pulmonary and laryngeal TB and their contacts were collected. These data were analyzed using regression models to assess the association between changes in incident TB cases and indicators of program performance (a time series of percent changes in program indices). Results. A total of 1,361,113 contacts exposed to 150,668 TB patients were identified through contact investigations. From 1987 to 1992 (the period of TB resurgence and antedating increased funding), there was a decline in several measures used by TB programs for outcomes of contact investigations. From 1993 to 1998 (the period after increases in TB funds), there was an observable improvement in the program indices. Four program indices for contacts and two for TB cases (directly observed therapy and completion of therapy) were statistically associated (p <= 0.01) with the decline in TB incident cases. Conclusions. These analyses suggest that expanded TB program activities resulted in the reduction in national TB cases and underscore the importance of treatment completion for TB disease and latent TB infection. Based on these results, we propose that further improvements in these activities will accelerate the decline of TB in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Off Biostat, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Global Migrat & Quarantine, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lobato, MN (reprint author), CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mn10@cdc.gov RI Becerra, Jose/C-4071-2014 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 121 IS 2 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 020IA UT WOS:000235900900002 PM 16528941 ER PT J AU Ayadi, MF Adams, EK Melvin, CL Rivera, CC Gaffney, CA Pike, J Rabius, V Ferguson, JN AF Ayadi, MF Adams, EK Melvin, CL Rivera, CC Gaffney, CA Pike, J Rabius, V Ferguson, JN TI Costs of a smoking cessation counseling intervention for pregnant women: Comparison of three settings. SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID NEONATAL HEALTH-CARE; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; BENEFIT; EDUCATION; PROGRAMS; OUTCOMES; SMOKERS; HMO AB Objective. Although the rate of smoking among women giving birth in the United States has declined steadily from 19.5% in 1989 to 11.4% in 2002, it still far exceeds the Healthy People 2010 goal of 1%. The objective of this study was to estimate the costs of a recommended five-step smoking cessation counseling intervention for pregnant women. Methods. Costs were compared across three settings: a clinical trial, a quit line, and a rural managed care organization. Cost data were collected from August 2002 to September 2003. Intervention costs were compared with potential neonatal cost savings from averted adverse outcomes using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Maternal and Child Health Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economics Costs software. Results. The costs of implementing the intervention ranged from $24 to $34 per pregnant smoker counseled across the three settings. Potential neonatal cost savings that could be accrued from women who quit smoking during pregnancy were estimated at $881 per maternal smoker. Assuming a 30% to 70% increase over baseline quit rates, interventions could net savings up to $8 million within the range of costs per pregnant smoker. Conclusions. Costs may vary depending on the intensity and nature of the intervention; however, this analysis found a surprisingly narrow range across three disparate settings. Cost estimates presented here are shown to be low compared with potential cost savings that could be accrued across the quit rates that could be achieved through use of the 5A's smoking cessation counseling intervention. C1 Univ Houston Clear Lake, Sch Business, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Pub Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ N Carolina, Cecil G Sheps Ctr Hlth Serv Res, Smoke Families Natl Disseminat Off, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Community & Family Med, Lebanon, NH USA. Amer Canc Soc, Austin, TX USA. Rocky Mt Hlth Plans, Grand Junction, CO USA. RP Ayadi, MF (reprint author), Univ Houston Clear Lake, Sch Business, 2700 Bay Ares Blvd,MC 73, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM AyadiM@uhcl.edu NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 121 IS 2 BP 120 EP 126 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 020IA UT WOS:000235900900004 PM 16528943 ER PT J AU Mansergh, G Purcell, DW Stall, R McFarlane, M Semaan, S Valentine, J Valdiserri, R AF Mansergh, G Purcell, DW Stall, R McFarlane, M Semaan, S Valentine, J Valdiserri, R TI CDC consultation on methamphetamine use and sexual risk behavior for HIV/STD infection: Summary and suggestions SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID BISEXUAL MEN; GAY; ABUSERS; REGULATIONS; ASSOCIATION; METABOLISM; PARTNERS; IMPACTS AB In January 2005, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hosted a national consultation of scientists, public health officials, and community service providers to address growing concerns about the association of methamphetamine use and sexual risk behavior for HIV/STD infection, which is well documented among men who have sex with men. The purpose of the consultation was to review a representation of the current state of the science and practice on the topic in order to reduce the situational link of methamphetamine use and sexual risk. A set of suggestions for future research and programs were developed by the participants. This article provides a summary of content and recommendations from the consultation, and not an exhaustive review of the literature. C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mansergh, G (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM gcm2@cdc.gov OI Purcell, David/0000-0001-8125-5168 NR 26 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 121 IS 2 BP 127 EP 132 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 020IA UT WOS:000235900900005 PM 16528944 ER PT J AU Ramirez, E Bulim, ID Kraus, JM Morita, J AF Ramirez, E Bulim, ID Kraus, JM Morita, J TI Use of public school immunization data to determine community-level immunization coverage SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; VACCINE; TIMELINESS; CHICAGO; MEASLES; RATES; NEED AB Objectives. To evaluate whether immunization data collected on a child's entry into kindergarten, i.e., Chicago Public School Immunization Data (PSID), was comparable to coverage levels determined by the National Immunization Survey (NIS) and to use these data to identify community areas with consistently low immunization coverage. Methods. The Chicago Department of Public Health obtained four years of PSID (2000-2003); these data included demographic information, home address, and immunization records. Coverage levels were determined in two ways: (1) one dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and (2) four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, three doses of poliovirus vaccine, and one dose of measles-containing vaccine (the 4:3:1 series), stratified by racial/ethnic group; these levels were compared to NIS estimates for the respective time periods. We used geographic information system software to illustrate variations in coverage levels between distinct community areas within Chicago. Results. Year 2000 MCV coverage levels determined from PSID closely approximated NIS estimates (84.6% vs. 87.2% +/- 4.6%, respectively). MCV coverage levels determined by race/ethnicity from PSID were within the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all racial categories (white, 89.5% vs. 92.2% +/- 6.4%; black, 79.0% vs. 83.5% +/- 9.4%; Hispanic, 89.5% vs. 87.5% +/- 5.8%). Comparison of PSID and NIS 4:3:1 coverage levels revealed similar findings. For each study year, PSID identified 12 community areas with consistently low MCV coverage levels, i.e., < 80%. Conclusions. PSID closely approximated NIS coverage estimates for MCV and 4:31 immunization. These methods can be used by state and city health departments to identify and direct resources to communities at greatest need. C1 Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, Immunizat Program, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Off Informat Serv & Technol, Atlanta, GA USA. Chicago Publ Sch, Off Technol Serv, Chicago, IL USA. RP Ramirez, E (reprint author), Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, Immunizat Program, 2160 W Ogden Ave, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. EM ramirez_enrique@cdph.org NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 121 IS 2 BP 189 EP 196 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 020IA UT WOS:000235900900014 PM 16528953 ER PT J AU O'Bell, SA McQuiston, J Bell, LJ Ferguson, SC Williams, LA AF O'Bell, SA McQuiston, J Bell, LJ Ferguson, SC Williams, LA TI Human rabies exposures and postexposure prophylaxis in South Carolina, 1993-2002 SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PUBLIC-HEALTH; SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Objectives. South Carolina mandates reporting of animal bites and manages distribution of biologics for rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of potential human rabies exposures and preventive treatment in South Carolina from 1993 through 2002 were examined to help assess the burden of PEP in the state and determine if the incidence of rabies exposures has changed over time. Methods. Data on animal exposure investigations and PEP administration at the state and county level were examined, and the annual incidences of potential rabies exposures and human PEP courses were calculated. Results. The incidence of animal exposures for which investigations were initiated was 297.9 per 100,000 population per year, and the incidence of PEP was 10.6 per 100,000 population per year. At the county level, the incidence of PEP appeared inversely correlated with the population density. Most courses of PEP were administered following exposures to domestic species, although these animals accounted for only a small proportion of rabid animals in the state. The annual PEP incidence was similar throughout the study period, but it was markedly higher than estimates from 1981 (< 5/1 00,000 population per year). Conclusions. The incidence of PEP in South Carolina is higher than previously thought, and these findings suggest that incidence extrapolations for other states and at the national level may be underestimated. An accurate estimation of the incidence of PEP and an understanding of rabies epidemiology is important at the state level to allow for better public health planning. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Angell Anim Med Ctr, Boston, MA USA. S Carolina Dept Hlth & Environm Control, Hlth Serv, Columbia, SC USA. RP McQuiston, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM fzh7@cdc.gov NR 19 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 121 IS 2 BP 197 EP 202 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 020IA UT WOS:000235900900015 PM 16528954 ER PT J AU Lee, S AF Lee, S TI Youth physical activity recommendations SO RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM SKeupLee@cdc.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ALLIANCE HEALTH PHYS EDUC REC & DANCE PI RESTON PA 1900 ASSOCIATION DRIVE, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0270-1367 J9 RES Q EXERCISE SPORT JI Res. Q. Exerc. Sport PD MAR PY 2006 VL 77 IS 1 SU S BP A5 EP A5 PG 1 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Psychology, Applied; Psychology; Sport Sciences SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Psychology; Sport Sciences GA 035FL UT WOS:000236985900019 ER PT J AU Sabin, M Sabin, K Kim, HY Vergara, M Varese, L AF Sabin, M Sabin, K Kim, HY Vergara, M Varese, L TI The mental health status of Mayan refugees after repatriation to Guatemala SO REVISTA PANAMERICANA DE SALUD PUBLICA-PAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE refugees; emigration and immigration; mental health; stress disorders, post-traumatic; Guatemala ID FUNCTIONAL HEALTH; BORDER CAMPS; TRAUMA; INSTRUMENT; CHILDREN; EXILE; WAR AB Objective: Only one previous study had examined the epidemiology of mental health in Guatemalan refugees. The objective of this new study was to estimate the prevalence of mental illness and to assess factors associated with poor mental health among Guatemalan Mayan refugees who had been repatriated to Guatemala after spending 12-18 years in refugee camps in Mexico, and to compare the results for the repatriated Guatemalans with those for Guatemalan refugees who were continuing to live in Mexico. Methods: In 2001 a cross-sectional survey of adults (>= 16 years) was conducted with random household sampling proportional to the population size in each of the five repatriation villages surveyed. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression were measured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Results: Together, the five repatriation villages had 565 households. Of the 565 households, 203 of them were approached to solicit study participation. A total of 179 households (one adult per household) agreed to participate, representing an overall participation rate of 88%, and one-third of all the households in the five communities. The respondents had personally experienced a mean of 5.5 trauma events and had witnessed a mean of 7.3 other trauma events. Of the respondents, 8.9% met the symptom criteria for PTSD, 17.3% for anxiety, and 47.8% for depression. PTSD was associated with being seriously wounded and with having relatives or friends mutilated. Logistic regression analyses indicated that anxiety was associated with being sexually assaulted, being female, having friends or family mutilated, being seriously wounded, and having 6-12 children (vs. having 1-5 children). Depression was associated with having 6-12 children. Anxiety was significantly more prevalent among the refugees remaining in Mexico (54.4%) than it was among the repatriated refugees (17.3%). The difference in the prevalence rates was not significant for PTSD (11.8% for refugees remaining in Mexico vs. 8.9% for those repatriated) or for depression (38.8% for refugees remaining in Mexico vs. 47.8% for those repatriated). Conclusions: Psychiatric morbidity was common among the repatriated Mayans. The repatriation of refugees involves moving an already vulnerable, often traumatized population back to a place of distressing memories and still-unsettled conditions. There is a need to consider and plan for adequate mental health services for repatriating refugees. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Georgia, Sch Social Work, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Educ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. UN High Commissioner Refuges, Chiapas, Mexico. RP Sabin, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop E-04,1600 Clifton Rd,NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM msabin@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 13 PU PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI WASHINGTON PA 525 23RD ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20037 USA SN 1020-4989 J9 REV PANAM SALUD PUBL JI Rev. Panam. Salud Publica PD MAR PY 2006 VL 19 IS 3 BP 163 EP 171 DI 10.1590/S1020-49892006000300004 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 037XO UT WOS:000237181400005 PM 16640845 ER PT J AU Foxman, B Aral, SO Holmes, KK AF Foxman, B Aral, SO Holmes, KK TI Common use in the general population of sexual enrichment aids and drugs to enhance sexual experience SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID AFRICAN-AMERICAN; SUBSTANCE USE; MEN; MARIJUANA; COHORT; WOMEN AB Background: We describe the prevalence of ever and current use of sexual enrichment aids and of using drugs to enhance the sexual experience, and correlates of that usage. Study Population: Participants in a random-digit dial survey conducted in the Seattle area between 2003 and 2004 among residents age 18 to 39 years of age with fluency in the English language. Results: Use of sexual enrichment aids and drugs to enhance sexual experience during a typical 4-week period were reported by 27% and 13%, respectively, of participants. Among those reporting using a drug to enhance their sexual experience, the most commonly used drugs were alcohol (83.7%), marijuana (34.7%), ecstasy or "sextasy" (ecstasy combined with sildenafil) (8.2%), and sildenafil (7.5%). Persons reporting use of sexual enrichment aids and drugs to enhance sexual experience were more likely to engage in sexual behaviors associated with a higher risk of acquiring and transmitting a sexually transmitted infection (STI),such as having nonmonogamous partnerships and multiple partners in the previous 12 months and sexual repertoire. Conclusion: Whether use of sexual enrichment aids and drugs to enhance sexual experience is causally associated with STI risk or merely an additional marker of high-risk behavior or sensation seeking cannot be discerned from a single cross-sectional survey. However, these behaviors occurred frequently, and usage was common across all age, gender, ethnic, sexual, and income groups. Further studies in STI and other populations are required. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & STD, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Foxman, B (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, 109 Observ St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM bfoxman@umich.edu OI Foxman, Betsy/0000-0001-6682-238X NR 19 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 BP 156 EP 162 DI 10.1097/01.olq.0000187210.53010.10 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 021AR UT WOS:000235955300007 PM 16505734 ER PT J AU Margolis, AD MacGowan, RJ Grinstead, O Sosman, J Kashif, I Flanigan, TP AF Margolis, AD MacGowan, RJ Grinstead, O Sosman, J Kashif, I Flanigan, TP CA Project Start Study Grp TI Unprotected sex with multiple partners: Implications for HIV prevention among young men with a history of incarceration SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; CORRECTIONAL HEALTH-CARE; RISK BEHAVIORS; MALE PRISONERS; OPPORTUNITY; PREVALENCE; PREDICTORS; INFECTION; COMMUNITY; USERS AB Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe preincarceration risk behaviors of young men and identify correlates of unprotected sex with multiple partners during the 3 months before incarceration. Study: Data on preincarceration risk behaviors were obtained from 550 men, aged 18 to 29 years, in state prisons in California, Mississippi, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Correlates of unprotected sex with multiple partners were determined by logistic regression. Results: Of 550 participants, 71 % had multiple sex partners, 65.1% had sex with a partner they perceived as risky, and 45.3% engaged in unprotected sex with multiple partners. Men who drank heavily (odds ratio [OR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.112.54) or who had a risky partner (OR, 3.90; 95% CI, 2.60-5.85) were more likely to report unprotected sex with multiple partners. Men who attended religious gatherings (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96) or lived in stable housing (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48-1.00) were less likely to report unprotected sex with multiple partners. Conclusions: Most participants engaged in behaviors that could result in a sexually transmitted disease, including HIV. Prevention programs should address the relationship between heavy alcohol use and risky sexual behavior. Discharge planning should address housing needs. Faith-based community organizations may play an important role for some young men in their transition to the community. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Med, Madison, WI USA. Miriam Hosp, Dept Med, Providence, RI 02906 USA. Brown Med Sch, Providence, RI USA. RP Margolis, AD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM AMargolis@cdc.gov NR 34 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1097/01.olq.0000187232.49111.48 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 021AR UT WOS:000235955300010 PM 16505732 ER PT J AU MacKellar, DA Valleroy, LA Anderson, JE Behel, S Secura, GM Bingham, T Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Lalota, M Shehan, D Thiede, H Torian, LV Janssen, RS AF MacKellar, DA Valleroy, LA Anderson, JE Behel, S Secura, GM Bingham, T Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Lalota, M Shehan, D Thiede, H Torian, LV Janssen, RS TI Recent HIV testing among young men who have sex with men: Correlates, contexts, and HIV seroconversion SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; AT-RISK POPULATIONS; SMALLER US CITIES; UNITED-STATES; BISEXUAL MEN; GAY MEN; SEROSTATUS DISCLOSURE; MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; PARTNER NOTIFICATION AB Objectives: We evaluated the correlates and contexts of HIV testing within the past year, subsequent risk reduction, and HIV seroconversion among young men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Young men aged 23 to 29 years were approached, interviewed, counseled, and tested for HIV at 181 randomly sampled MSM-identified venues in six U.S. cities from 1998 through 2000. Analyses were restricted to 2,797 MSM who reported never testing HIV-positive. Results: Of the 2,797 MSM, 1,281 (46%) either never previously tested or had not tested in the past year (never/remote testers); 1,516 (54%) had tested in the past year (recent testers); and 271 (10%) tested HIV-positive as part of the study. Of 1,885 recent sex partners reported by HIV-infected participants, 68% were partners of never/remote testers. Of recent testers, 50 % tested anonymously, 51 % tested because of specific risks, 59% were counseled, 47% reported reducing their risks after testing, and 8% tested HIV-positive (percent HIV-infected by race: blacks, 24 %; Hispanics, 6 %; whites, 4 %; Asians, 1 %). Conclusion: Nearly half of young MSM participants had not tested in the past year and HIV-infected never/remote testers accounted for approximately two thirds of recent partners potentially exposed to HIV. Of those who had tested recently, many MSM, especially those who are black, had already acquired HIV. To reduce HIV transmission and facilitate early diagnosis and entry into care, increased HIV testing among young at-risk MSM in the United States, especially those who are black, is needed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. New York Blood Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, Seattle, WA USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. RP MacKellar, DA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dym4@cdc.gov NR 90 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.1097/01.olq.0000204507.21902.b3 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 021AR UT WOS:000235955300012 PM 16508526 ER PT J AU Bradley, RD Hanson, JD Amman, BR Baxter, BD Carroll, DS Durish, ND Haynie, ML Kageyama, M Longhofer, LK Mendez-Harclerode, FM Reeder, SA Suchecki, JR Ruthven, DC Cajimat, MNB Milazzo, C Milazzo, ML Fulhorst, CF AF Bradley, RD Hanson, JD Amman, BR Baxter, BD Carroll, DS Durish, ND Haynie, ML Kageyama, M Longhofer, LK Mendez-Harclerode, FM Reeder, SA Suchecki, JR Ruthven, DC Cajimat, MNB Milazzo, C Milazzo, ML Fulhorst, CF TI Rapid recovery of rodent populations following severe drought SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; SOUTHERN TEXAS; DYNAMICS; VEGETATION; CONSUMERS; RAINFALL; PLAINS AB Below normal precipitation during June 2001 through June 2002 was recorded at Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, near Catarina, Texas. This drought was followed by a 13-mo period (July 2002 through July 2003) of above average precipitation, providing an opportunity to examine the response of 5 species of rodents to drought conditions. Comparison of the number of unique individuals captured during the drought to the post-drought revealed a significant increase in the total number of individuals (approximately 500%) and in the number of individuals per species. A 3-mo lag time was observed between the end of the drought and the onset of population recovery. Although an increase in population size was anticipated as precipitation patterns returned to normal, the magnitude and rapidity of the recovery exceeded predictions and documented the resilience of rodents to adverse climatic conditions. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ Museum, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Pox Virus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mammal, New York, NY 10024 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Ctr Dis Ecol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Matador Wildlife Management Area, Paducah, TX 79248 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RP Bradley, RD (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM robert.bradley@ttu.edu NR 15 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 51 IS 1 BP 87 EP 93 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[87:RRORPF]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 028LR UT WOS:000236489500013 ER PT J AU McGruder, HF Croft, JB Zheng, ZJ AF McGruder, HF Croft, JB Zheng, ZJ TI Characteristics of an "ill-defined" diagnosis for stroke - Opportunities for improvement SO STROKE LA English DT Article DE ethnicity; hospitalization; Medicare; race; stroke ID AMERICAN-HEART-ASSOCIATION; ACUTE ISCHEMIC-STROKE; HEALTH-CARE PROFESSIONALS; SPECIAL WRITING GROUP; CARDIOVASCULAR RADIOLOGY; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS; SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT; UNITED-STATES; GUIDELINES; COUNCIL AB Background and Purpose-Rapid and accurate evaluation of stroke subtypes is crucial for optimal treatment and outcomes. This study assessed factors associated with the likelihood of an "ill-defined" diagnosis for stroke hospitalizations. Methods-We examined all hospital claims for stroke among Medicare beneficiaries aged >= 65 years in 2000. Stroke subtypes included hemorrhagic (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 430 to 432), ischemic ( 433 to 434), ill-defined ( 436 to 437), and late effects of cerebrovascular disease ( 438). Results-Among 445 452 hospital claims for stroke, 65.3% were ischemic, 20.9% were ill defined, 11.9% were hemorrhagic, and 1.9% were late effects of cerebrovascular disease. After controlling for age, women (odds ratio [OR], 1.30; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.32), blacks (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.33), and Hispanics (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.34) were more likely to receive a discharge diagnosis of ill defined compared with men and whites, respectively. Differences in age, sex, emergency room presentation, and evidence of diagnostic procedures accounted for some but not all racial disparities. In 14 states, ill-defined strokes constituted >= 25% of all stroke diagnoses. Conclusion-The high proportion of stroke patients who receive an ill-defined diagnosis on discharge suggests a continued need for improvements in early response and prompt evaluation of strokes. Findings of geographic, gender, and racial disparities in ill-defined stroke diagnosis warrant further investigation. Reimbursement practices and public health efforts that promote hospital stroke policies are critical to improve disease reporting as well as clinical outcomes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP McGruder, HF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM hdd8@cdc.gov NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD MAR PY 2006 VL 37 IS 3 BP 781 EP 789 DI 10.1161/01.STR.0000202593.88022.b6 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016LA UT WOS:000235620500019 PM 16424372 ER PT J AU Elkind, MSV Tondella, MLC Feikin, DR Fields, BS Homma, S Di Tullio, MR AF Elkind, MSV Tondella, MLC Feikin, DR Fields, BS Homma, S Di Tullio, MR TI Seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with risk of first ischemic stroke SO STROKE LA English DT Article DE cerebrovascular disorders; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; risk factors; stroke, ischemic ID NORTHERN MANHATTAN STROKE; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; IGA ANTIBODIES; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR-DISEASE; PERIODONTAL-DISEASE; ARTERY DISEASE; INFECTION AB Background and Purpose-Serologic evidence of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with cardiovascular disease, but its relationship with stroke risk remains uncertain. The objective of this study is to determine whether serological evidence of C pneumoniae infection is associated with risk of ischemic stroke. Methods-A population-based case-control study was performed in an urban, multiethnic population. Cases (n = 246) had first ischemic stroke, and controls (n = 474) matched for age, sex, and race-ethnicity were derived through random- digit dialing. Titers of C pneumoniae-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were measured using microimmunofluorescence, and positive titers were prospectively defined. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs adjusting for medical, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors. Results-Mean age among cases was 72.3 +/- 9.7 years; 50.8% were women. Elevated C pneumoniae IgA titers were associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke after adjusting for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, current cigarette use, atrial fibrillation, and levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.2). Elevated IgG titers were not associated with stroke risk (adjusted OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.8). There was a trend toward an association of elevated IgA titers with atherosclerotic and lacunar stroke but less so cardioembolic or cryptogenic subtypes. Conclusions-Serologic evidence of C pneumoniae infection is associated with ischemic stroke risk. IgA titers may be a better marker of risk than IgG. This association is independent of other stroke risk factors and is present for atherosclerotic, lacunar, and cardioembolic subypes. Further studies of the effect of C pneumoniae on stroke risk are warranted. C1 Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA. Columbia Univ, Med Ctr, New York Presbyterian Hosp, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Elkind, MSV (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurol, 710 W 168Th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. EM mse13@columbia.edu FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS36286, R01 NS29993]; PHS HHS [U50/CCU216543] NR 48 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD MAR PY 2006 VL 37 IS 3 BP 790 EP 795 DI 10.1161/01.STR.0000202624.89869.e9 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016LA UT WOS:000235620500020 PM 16424371 ER PT J AU Fisher, JW Campbell, J Muralidhara, S Bruckner, JV Ferguson, D Mumtaz, M Harmon, B Hedge, JM Crofton, KM Kim, H Almekinder, TL AF Fisher, JW Campbell, J Muralidhara, S Bruckner, JV Ferguson, D Mumtaz, M Harmon, B Hedge, JM Crofton, KM Kim, H Almekinder, TL TI Effect of PCB 126 on hepatic metabolism of thyroxine and perturbations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in the rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE PCB 126; thyroid hormones; P450; EROD; rat; TSH; UDPGT ID MICROSOMAL-ENZYME INDUCERS; SERUM-FREE-THYROXINE; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; LONG-EVANS RATS; EQUILIBRIUM DIALYSIS; TOXIC POTENCY; INDUCTION; RECEPTOR; HORMONES; BINDING AB The objective of this research was to examine the time- and dose-dependent disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid ( HPT) axis of adult male rats administered a potent coplanar ( non-ortho) PCB, 3,3', 4,4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl ( PCB 126). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single oral bolus dose of 0, 7.5, 75, or 275 mu g PCB 126/ kg bw dissolved in corn oil. The rats were sacrificed periodically over 22 days. The 7.5-mu g/kg dose induced hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation EROD activity, but no changes were observed in hepatic uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferases ( UDPGTs) activity or serum TSH, T-4, or fT(4) concentrations. The two highest doses caused a modest decline in weight gain, induced hepatic EROD and UDPGT activities, increased serum TSH concentrations, and decreased serum T-4 and fT(4) concentrations. The amount of thyroxine glucuronide formed daily ( pM/mg protein) increased linearly with the area-under-the-concentration-curve ( AUCC) for PCB 126 in liver ( mu g/kg/day) and then slowed at the 275-mu g/kg PCB 126 dose. Perturbations in the HPT axis were nonlinear with respect to PCB 126 dosing. As expected, an inverse relationship between the AUCC for serum T-4 ( mu g/dl/day) and the AUCC for serum TSH ( ng/dl/day) was observed; however, the relationship was highly nonlinear. These data support a mode of action for PCB 126 involving induction of hepatic UDPGTs by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR. However, the dose-response characteristics of the HPT axis are nonlinear and complex, requiring sophisticated tools, such as PBPK models, to characterize dose response. C1 Univ Georgia, Environm Hlth Sci Dept 206, Interdisciplinary Toxicol Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, ATSDR, DT, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Univ Georgia, Environm Hlth Sci Dept 206, Interdisciplinary Toxicol Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM jwfisher@uga.edu RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 42 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 90 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfj069 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 013SJ UT WOS:000235429400009 PM 16339789 ER PT J AU Reed, MD Blair, LF Burling, K Daly, I Gigliotti, AP Gudi, R Mercieca, MD McDonald, JD O'Callaghan, JP Seilkop, SK Ronsko, NL Wagner, VO Kraska, R AF Reed, MD Blair, LF Burling, K Daly, I Gigliotti, AP Gudi, R Mercieca, MD McDonald, JD O'Callaghan, JP Seilkop, SK Ronsko, NL Wagner, VO Kraska, R TI Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water-methanol emulsion emission SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE diesel; emulsion; health assessment; Tier II ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; ENGINE EXHAUST; PULMONARY CARCINOGEN; INHALATION EXPOSURE; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; CORNEAL-DYSTROPHY; FISCHER-344 RATS; CARBON-BLACK; F344 RATS; MORTALITY AB The US Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulate matter ( PM) require urban non-attainment areas to implement pollution-reduction strategies for anthropogenic source emissions. The type of fuel shown to decrease combustion emissions components versus traditional diesel fuel, is the diesel emulsion. The Lubrizol Corporation, in conjunction with Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and several subcontracting laboratories, recently conducted a health assessment of the combustion emissions of PuriNO(x)(TM) diesel fuel emulsion ( diesel-water-methanol) in rodents. Combustion emissions from either of two, 2002 model Cummins 5.9L ISB engines, were diluted with charcoal-filtered air to exposure concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 mu g total PM/m(3). The engines were operated on a continuous, repeating, heavy-duty certification cycle ( US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter I) using Rotella-T (R) 15W-40 engine oil. Nitrogen oxide ( NO) and PM were reduced when engines were operated on PuriNO(x)(TM) versus California Air Resources Board diesel fuel under these conditions. Male and female F344 rats were housed in Hazleton H2000 exposure chambers and exposed to exhaust atmospheres 6 h/day, five days/week for the first 11 weeks and seven days/week thereafter. Exposures ranged from 61 to 73 days depending on the treatment group. Indicators of general toxicity ( body weight, organ weight, clinical pathology and histopathology), neurotoxicity ( glial fibrillary acidic protein assay), genotoxicity ( Ames assay, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange), and reproduction and development were measured. Overall, effects observed were mild. Emulsion combustion emissions were not associated with neurotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, or in vivo genotoxicity. Small decreases in serum cholesterol in the 500-mu g/m(3) exposure group were observed. PM accumulation within alveolar macrophages was evident in all exposure groups. The latter findings are consistent with normal physiological responses to particle inhalation. Other statistically significant effects were present in some measured parameters of other exposed groups, but were not clearly attributed to emissions exposure. Positive mutagenic responses in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium were observed subsequent to treatment with emulsion emissions subfractions. Based on the cholesterol results, it can be concluded that the 250-mu g/m(3) exposure level was the no observed effect level. In general, biological findings in exposed rats and bacteria were consistent with exposure to petroleum diesel exhaust in the F344 rat and Ames assays. C1 Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. Anim Eye Specialists San Jose, San Jose, CA USA. Regulat Tech Associates, Allendale, NJ USA. BioReliance Corp, Rockville, MD USA. Pathol Associates Inc, Frederick, MD USA. CDC, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV USA. SKS Consulting Serv, Siler, NC USA. Lubrizol Corp, Wickliffe, OH USA. RP Reed, MD (reprint author), Lovelace Resp Res Inst, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. EM mreed@LRRI.org RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 52 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU HODDER ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 22 IS 2 BP 65 EP 85 DI 10.1191/0748233706th244oa PG 21 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 032HG UT WOS:000236764800002 PM 16716037 ER PT J AU Njau, JD Goodman, C Kachur, SP Palmer, N Khatib, RA Abdulla, S Mills, A Bloland, P AF Njau, JD Goodman, C Kachur, SP Palmer, N Khatib, RA Abdulla, S Mills, A Bloland, P TI Fever treatment and household wealth: the challenge posed for rolling out combination therapy for malaria SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE antimalarials; combination therapy; equity; household; malaria; socio-economic status ID IMPREGNATED BED NETS; TANZANIA; KNOWLEDGE; SERVICES; DISTRICT; IMPACT; COST; AREA AB To investigate the variation in malaria parasitaemia, reported fever, care seeking, antimalarials obtained and household expenditure by socio-economic status (SES), and to assess the implications for ensuring equitable and appropriate use of antimalarial combination therapy. A total of 2500 households were surveyed in three rural districts in southern Tanzania in mid-2001. Blood samples and data on SES were collected from all households. Half the households completed a detailed questionnaire on care seeking and treatment costs. Households were categorised into SES thirds based on an index of household wealth derived using principal components analysis. Of individuals completing the detailed survey, 16% reported a fever episode in the previous 2 weeks. People from the better-off stratum were significantly less likely to be parasitaemic, and significantly more likely to obtain antimalarials than those in the middle or poor stratum. The better treatment obtained by the better off led them to spend two to three times more than the middle and poor third spent. This reflected greater use of non-governmental organisation (NGO) facilities, which were the most expensive source of care, and higher expenditure at NGO facilities and drug stores. The coverage of appropriate malaria treatment was low in all SES groups, but the two poorer groups were particularly disadvantaged. As countries switch to antimalarial combination therapy, distribution must be targeted to ensure that the poorest groups fully benefit from these new and highly effective medicines. C1 Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Programme Tanzania, Ifakara, Tanzania. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Njau, JD (reprint author), Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, POB 78373, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. EM joseph.don@gmail.com OI Mills, Anne/0000-0001-9863-9950 FU Wellcome Trust [060184] NR 32 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 3 BP 299 EP 313 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01569.x PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 019NG UT WOS:000235843200007 PM 16553910 ER PT J AU Valles, X Flannery, B Roca, A Mandomando, I Sigauque, B Sanz, S Schuchat, A Levine, M Soriano-Gabarro, M Alonso, P AF Valles, X Flannery, B Roca, A Mandomando, I Sigauque, B Sanz, S Schuchat, A Levine, M Soriano-Gabarro, M Alonso, P TI Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive and nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in rural Mozambique SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus pneumoniae; invasive disease; vaccines; antimicrobial resistance; Africa; nasopharyngeal carriage ID PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE; SOUTH-AFRICA; DISEASE; RESISTANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTION; BACTEREMIA; CARRIAGE; TRIAL; HIV AB To describe and compare serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive and nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children in rural Mozambique. From August 2002 to July 2003, we prospectively obtained invasive pneumococcal isolates from children < 15 years of age admitted to the paediatric ward of Manhica District Hospital. During a cross-sectional study of children < 5 years of age with mild illnesses, attending the outpatient department of the hospital in March and April 2003, we collected nasopharyngeal isolates. Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined using standardized methods. The two most common pneumococcal serotypes among invasive isolates were types 1 (40% of 88 isolates serotyped) and 5 (10%), but these types were rare among nasopharyngeal isolates. Compared with invasive isolates, nasopharyngeal isolates were more likely to be serotypes in the licensed seven-valent conjugate vaccine (49%vs. 20%, P < 0.01), to have intermediate-level penicillin resistance (52%vs. 14%, P < 0.01) and to be non-susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61%vs. 45%, P < 0.01). Recent receipt of antibiotics or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine were associated with carriage of antibiotic non-susceptible isolates. These data indicate that a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine containing serotypes 1 and 5 could substantially reduce pneumococcal invasive disease among young children in rural Mozambique. Carriage surveys can overestimate potential coverage of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in settings where serotypes 1 and 5 predominate. C1 Hosp Clin Barcelona, CSI, IDIBAPS, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. Ctr Invest Saude Manhica, Maputo, Mozambique. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Roca, A (reprint author), Hosp Clin Barcelona, CSI, IDIBAPS, C Rossello 132 2n 2A, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. EM anna.roca@ub.edu NR 28 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD MAR PY 2006 VL 11 IS 3 BP 358 EP 366 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01565.x PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 019NG UT WOS:000235843200013 PM 16553916 ER PT J AU Warren, RC AF Warren, Rueben C. TI Vital dimensions: An inquiry into the ultimate foundations of optimal health SO ULTIMATE REALITY AND MEANING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2005 URAM Biennial Meeting CY 2005 CL Univ Toronto, Toronto, CANADA HO Univ Toronto ID STRESS REDUCTION; ATTENDANCE; MORTALITY; MEDICINE; SCIENCE; DISEASE; GENOME C1 ATSDR, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Warren, RC (reprint author), ATSDR, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 54 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU INST U R A M PI PICKERING PA PO BOX 38, PICKERING, ONTARIO L1V 2R2, CANADA SN 0709-549X J9 ULTIMATE REAL MEAN JI Ultim. Real. Mean. PD MAR-JUN PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 78 EP 96 PG 19 WC Philosophy SC Philosophy GA 132QB UT WOS:000243956200006 ER PT J AU Yoo, BK Frick, KD AF Yoo, BK Frick, KD TI The instrumental variable method to study self-selection mechanism: A case of influenza vaccination SO VALUE IN HEALTH LA English DT Article DE bivariate probit model; influenza vaccination; instrumental variable method; self-selection bias; vaccine effectiveness ID ELDERLY PERSONS; PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION; MORTALITY; SERVICES; HEALTH; IMPACT; OUTPATIENTS; POPULATION; COMMUNITY; BENEFITS AB Objective: To assess whether estimates of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in reducing rates of hospitalizations and all-cause mortality derived from cross-sectional data could be improved by applying the instrumental variable (IV) method to data representing the community-dwelling elderly population in the United States in order to adjust for selfselection bias. Methods: Secondary data analysis, using the 1996-97 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data. First, using single-equation probit regressions this study analyzed influenza-related hospitalization and death due to all causes predicted by vaccination status, which was measured by claims or survey data. Second, to adjust for potential self-selection of the vaccine receipt, for example, higher vaccination rates among high-risk individuals, bivariate probit (BVP) models and two-stage least squares (2SLS) models were employed. The IV was having either arthritis or gout. Results: In single-equation probit models, vaccination appeared to be ineffective or even to increase the probability of adverse outcomes. Based on BVP and 2SLS models, vaccination was demonstrated to be effective in reducing influenza-related hospitalization by at least 31%. The BVP model results implied significant self-selection in the single-equation probit models. Conclusions: Adjusting for self-selection, BVP analyses yielded vaccine effectiveness estimates for a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of the community-dwelling elderly population that are consistent with previous estimates based on randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and meta-analyses. This result suggests that analyses with 2SLS and BVP in particular may be useful for the analysis of observational data regarding prevention in which self-selection is an important potential source of bias. C1 Stanford Univ, Ctr Hlth Policy, Stanford, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Yoo, BK (reprint author), NCBDDD, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-87, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ddz7@cdc.gov NR 38 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1098-3015 J9 VALUE HEALTH JI Value Health PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP 114 EP 122 DI 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2006.00089.x PG 9 WC Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Business & Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services GA 027BH UT WOS:000236388200007 PM 16626415 ER PT J AU Mansfield, KL Racloz, V McElhinney, LM Marston, DA Johnson, N Ronsholt, L Christensen, LS Neuvonen, E Botvinicin, AD Rupprecht, CE Fooks, AR AF Mansfield, KL Racloz, V McElhinney, LM Marston, DA Johnson, N Ronsholt, L Christensen, LS Neuvonen, E Botvinicin, AD Rupprecht, CE Fooks, AR TI Molecular epidemiological study of Arctic rabies virus isolates from Greenland and comparison with isolates from throughout the Arctic and Baltic regions SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rabics; Greenland; fox; Arctic; Baltic; zoonosis; wildlife ID RED FOXES; VARIANTS; ANTIBODY; ONTARIO; CANADA; VACCINATION; LYSSAVIRUS; WILDLIFE; SVALBARD; FINLAND AB We report a Molecular epidemiological study of rabies in Arctic Countries by comparing a panel of novel Greenland isolates to a larger cohort of viral sequences from both Arctic and Baltic regions. Rabies Virus isolates originating from wildlife (Arctic/red foxes, raccoon-dogs and reindeer), from domestic animals (dogs/cats) and from two human cases were investigated. The resulting 400 bp N-gene sequences were compared with isolates representing neighbouring Arctic or Baltic Countries from North America, the former Soviet Union and Europe. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated similarities between sequences from the Arctic and Arctic-like viruses, which were distinct from rabies isolates originating ill the Baltic region of Europe, the Steppes in Russia and from North America. The Arctic-like group consist of isolates from India, Pakistan, southeast Siberia and Japan. The Arctic group Was differentiated into two lineages, Arctic 1 and Arctic 2, with good bootstrap Support. Arctic I is mainly comprised of Canadian isolates with a single fox isolate front Maine in the USA. Arctic 2 was further divided into sub-lineages: 2a/2b. Arctic 2a comprises isolates from the Arctic regions of Yakutia in northeast Siberia and Alaska. Arctic 2b isolates represent a biotype, which is dispersed throughout the Arctic region. The broad distribution of rabies in the Arctic regions including Greenland, Canada and Alaska provides evidence for the movement of rabies across borders. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 WHO, Collaborating Ctr Charactisat Rabies Related Viru, Vet Lab Agcy, Rabies Res & Diagnost Grp, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. Univ London Royal Vet Coll, London, England. Danish Inst Food & Vet Res, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark. Natl Vet & Food Res Inst, Dept Virol, FIN-00581 Helsinki, Finland. Irkutsk State Univ, Irkutsk 664003, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fooks, AR (reprint author), WHO, Collaborating Ctr Charactisat Rabies Related Viru, Vet Lab Agcy, Rabies Res & Diagnost Grp, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. EM t.fooks@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk RI Marston, Denise/D-7993-2011; Mansfield, Karen/D-8399-2011; Racloz, Vanessa/C-2890-2012; McElhinney, Lorraine/C-7997-2011; APHA, Staff publications/E-6082-2010; Johnson, Nicholas/B-4654-2011; Fooks, Anthony/F-5418-2010 OI Marston, Denise/0000-0001-9215-088X; McElhinney, Lorraine/0000-0002-6022-348X; Johnson, Nicholas/0000-0002-6106-9373; NR 56 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.007 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 019VI UT WOS:000235864400001 PM 16198016 ER PT J AU Gil, LHVG van Olphen, AL Mittal, SK Donis, RO AF Gil, LHVG van Olphen, AL Mittal, SK Donis, RO TI Modulation of PKR activity in cells infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bovine viral diarrhea virus; persistent infection; innate immunity; double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase; PKR; NF-kappa B ID DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; NF-KAPPA-B; HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION; POLIOVIRUS INFECTION; PERSISTENT INFECTION; ANTIVIRAL ACTIONS; MUCOSAL DISEASE AB Bovine viral diarrhea Virus is all important animal pathogen. The cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of the virus are associated with distinct pathologic entities. A striking difference between the two biotypes is viral RNA accumulation in infected cells. Viral dsRNA is thought to activate protein kinase PKR; an important mediator of innate immunity. In this Study, we investigated PKR activation and its consequences in BVDV-infected cells. Infection with cp BVDV was found to induce PKR activation, eIF2 alpha phosphorylation, translation inhibition and NF-kappa B activation. In contrast, PKR activity and eIF2 alpha phosphorylation were not induced during infection with the ncp BVDV. In addition, cells infected with ncp BVDV showed no PKR phosphorylation in response to infection with the unrelated poliovirus Whereas uninfected ncp BVDV cells when infected with poliovirus showed high levels of phosphorylated PKR. Cells infected with ncp BVDV failed to respond to synthetic dsRNA (poly I:C) treatment with NF-kappa B activation. However, the NF-kappa B response to bacterial lipopolysaccarides (LPS) was normal in these cells, suggesting a specific Suppression of antiviral response signaling in ncp BVDV infected cells. These results indicate that ncp BVDV has evolved specific mechanisims to prevent activation of PKR and its antiviral effectors, most likely to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Donis, RO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, Mail Stop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM laura@cpqam.fiocruz.br; rdonis@cdc.gov NR 73 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.011 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 019VI UT WOS:000235864400008 PM 16194578 ER PT J AU Espeland, MA Regensteiner, JG Hiatt, WR Wagenknecht, LE Bahnson, J Chiu, KC Gregg, E Haffner, S Hill, J Jaramillo, SA Knowler, W AF Espeland, MA Regensteiner, JG Hiatt, WR Wagenknecht, LE Bahnson, J Chiu, KC Gregg, E Haffner, S Hill, J Jaramillo, SA Knowler, W TI A model-based approach to analyzing ankle-brachial index: Results from the action for health in diabetes study group SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Winston Salem, NC USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. NIDDK, Diabet Epidemiol & Clin Res Sect, Phoenix, AZ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA P229 BP E357 EP E357 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100283 ER PT J AU Fang, J Mensah, GA Croft, JB AF Fang, J Mensah, GA Croft, JB TI Heart failure hospitalization in the United States, 1979-2003 SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA P98 BP E331 EP E331 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100159 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Li, CY Criqui, MH AF Ford, ES Li, CY Criqui, MH TI Trends in bypass procedures for peripheral arterial disease among US adults SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA P334 BP E378 EP E378 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100385 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Li, CY McGuire, LC Mokdad, AH Liu, SM AF Ford, ES Li, CY McGuire, LC Mokdad, AH Liu, SM TI Dietary magnesium intake and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA P173 BP E345 EP E345 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100230 ER PT J AU Glover, MJ Ayala, C Shoob, H AF Glover, MJ Ayala, C Shoob, H TI Differences among hypertensives in the prevalence of hypertension control, clinician recommendation, and patient actions for blood pressure control: National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES), 1999-2002 SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, OD, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, DACH, CVH, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA P38 BP E318 EP E318 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100100 ER PT J AU Li, CY Ford, ES McGuire, LC Mokdad, AH AF Li, CY Ford, ES McGuire, LC Mokdad, AH TI The association of self-reported congestive heart failure with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA P172 BP E345 EP E345 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100229 ER PT J AU Rifas-Shiman, SL Taveras, EM Scanlon, KS Grummer-Strawn, LM Sherry, B Gillman, MW AF Rifas-Shiman, SL Taveras, EM Scanlon, KS Grummer-Strawn, LM Sherry, B Gillman, MW TI Is the protective effect of breastfeeding on overweight explained by decreased maternal feeding restriction? SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Harvard Pilgrim Hlth Care, Boston, MA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA 22 BP E306 EP E306 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100047 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, BL Bell, RA Dabelea, D Daniels, SR Imperatore, G Kershnar, A Liese, AD Liu, LL Mayer-Davis, EJ Palla, SL Urbina, EM Waitzfelder, B Fujimoto, WY AF Rodriguez, BL Bell, RA Dabelea, D Daniels, SR Imperatore, G Kershnar, A Liese, AD Liu, LL Mayer-Davis, EJ Palla, SL Urbina, EM Waitzfelder, B Fujimoto, WY TI Prevalence of hypertension among youth with diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Pacific Hlth Res Inst, Honolulu, HI USA. Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Winston Salem, NC USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kaiser Permanente So Calif, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA 33 BP E309 EP E309 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100058 ER PT J AU Wyatt, SB Wofford, MR Akylbekova, M Keahy, W Walker, ER Andrew, ME Taylor, HA Jones, DW AF Wyatt, SB Wofford, MR Akylbekova, M Keahy, W Walker, ER Andrew, ME Taylor, HA Jones, DW TI Prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension at baseline in the Jackson Heart Study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. Jackson State Univ, Jackson, MS USA. NHLBI, Jackson, MS USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA 34 BP E309 EP E309 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100059 ER PT J AU Xie, JP Zheng, ZJ Mensah, GA Ayala, C Croft, JB Greenland, K Labarthe, DR AF Xie, JP Zheng, ZJ Mensah, GA Ayala, C Croft, JB Greenland, K Labarthe, DR TI Emergency department visits due to chest pain in the United States SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Northrop Grumman, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA P99 BP E331 EP E331 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100160 ER PT J AU Xie, JP Wu, EQ Cremieux, P Castor, A Zheng, ZJ Croft, JB Greenland, K Mensah, GA Labarthe, DR AF Xie, JP Wu, EQ Cremieux, P Castor, A Zheng, ZJ Croft, JB Greenland, K Mensah, GA Labarthe, DR TI Health-related quality of life of patients with cardiovascular conditions in the United States SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 02-05, 2006 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Heart Assoc, Natl Heart, Lung & Blood Inst C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Northrop Grumman, Atlanta, GA USA. Anal Grp Inc, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 8 MA 17 BP E305 EP E305 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 016KW UT WOS:000235620100042 ER PT J AU Baier-Anderson, C Blount, BC LaKind, JS Naiman, DQ Wilbur, SB Tan, S AF Baier-Anderson, C Blount, BC LaKind, JS Naiman, DQ Wilbur, SB Tan, S TI Estimates of exposures to perchlorate from consumption of human milk, dairy milk, and water, and comparison to current reference dose SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID SODIUM-IODIDE SYMPORTER; DEVELOPING DEER MICE; FETAL-RAT BRAIN; THYROID-HORMONE; AMMONIUM-PERCHLORATE; POSTNATAL DAY-21; GENE-EXPRESSION; NATIONAL-HEALTH; URINARY IODINE; UNITED-STATES AB To develop an enforceable drinking water standard from a health-based reference dose, sources of exposure and relevant exposure factors across the U. S. population must be considered. Human exposures, expressed as an estimated daily exposure, can be used to evaluate the health protectiveness of a range of potential regulatory values, thus providing a scientific foundation on which decisions can be based. Recent evidence points to detectable levels of perchlorate in milk and other foods. The purpose of this article is to estimate human exposure to perchlorate from ingestion of drinking water, human milk, and dairy milk. Drinking-water exposure was based on a range of possible regulatory values, derived from the recently established reference dose. Exposure to perchlorate from the consumption of milk was based on exploratory Food and Drug Administration dairy milk data, and on additional published perchlorate concentrations in dairy and human milk samples. This effort is exploratory in nature due to the limited data available at this time. However, it is anticipated that these exposure estimates and comparison with the current reference dose will stimulate dialogue and research that will advance the risk assessment for perchlorate. C1 Univ Maryland, Div Environm Epidemiol & Toxicol, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. LaKind Associates LLC Catonsville, Catonsville, MD USA. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, Atlanta, GA USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Reprod Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Baier-Anderson, C (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Div Environm Epidemiol & Toxicol, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, 685 W Baltimore St,MSTF 7-36, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM cbaie001@umaryland.edu NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD FEB 27 PY 2006 VL 69 IS 4 BP 319 EP 330 DI 10.1080/15287390500323420 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 017QQ UT WOS:000235708500005 PM 16407090 ER PT J AU Devasia, RA Jones, TF Kainer, MA Halford, S Sheeler, LL Swift, J Schaffner, W AF Devasia, RA Jones, TF Kainer, MA Halford, S Sheeler, LL Swift, J Schaffner, W TI Two community hepatitis B outbreaks: An argument for vaccinating incarcerated persons SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B; vaccination; correctional facility ID HIGH-RISK ADULTS; UNITED-STATES; TENNESSEE PRISONERS; VIRUS INFECTION; NATIONAL-HEALTH AB Current recommendations have not resulted in routine vaccination of correctional facility inmates for hepatitis B. We investigated two hepatitis B outbreaks. Outbreak I involved 4 cases epidemiologically linked to persons who had been in jail. Outbreak 2 involved 48 Community cases-, 69% had a history of incarceration. Two-thirds of the cases in these outbreaks might have been prevented by a program of routine vaccination of local jail inmates. Priority should be given to developing and supporting practical programs to vaccinate the high-risk populations in correctional facilities against hepatitis B. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tennessee Dept Hlth, Communicable & Environm Serv, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Workforce & Career Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. E Tennesse Reg Hlth Off, Knoxville, TN USA. NE Tennessee Reg Hlth Off, Johnson City, TN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. RP Jones, TF (reprint author), Tennessee Dept Hlth, Communicable & Environm Serv, 4th Floor,Cordell Hull Bldg,425 5th Ave, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. EM Tim.F.Jones@state.tn.us NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 27 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 9 BP 1354 EP 1358 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.023 PG 5 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 019VG UT WOS:000235864200016 PM 16297510 ER PT J AU Riddle, MS Smoak, BL Thornton, SA Bresee, JS Faix, DJ Putnam, SD AF Riddle, MS Smoak, BL Thornton, SA Bresee, JS Faix, DJ Putnam, SD TI Epidemic infectious gastrointestinal illness aboard US Navy ships deployed to the Middle East during peacetime operations - 2000-2001 SO BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORWALK-LIKE-VIRUS; CRUISE SHIPS; ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; UNITED-STATES; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; DIARRHEAL DISEASE; NOROVIRUS; OUTBREAKS; TRANSMISSION AB Background: Infectious gastrointestinal illness (IGI) outbreaks have been reported in U. S. Navy ships and could potentially have an adverse mission impact. Studies to date have been anecdotal. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of weekly reported disease and non-battle injury health data collected in 2000 - 2001 from 44 U. S. Navy ships while sailing in the 5th Fleet ( Persian Gulf and nearby seas). Results: During this period, 11 possible IGI outbreaks were identified. Overall, we found 3.3 outbreaks per 100 ship-weeks, a mean outbreak duration of 4.4 weeks, and a mean cumulative ship population attack rate of 3.6%. Morbidity, represented by days lost due to personnel being placed on sick-in-quarters status, was higher during outbreak weeks compared to non-outbreak weeks ( p = 0.002). No clear seasonal distribution was identified. Conclusion: Explosive outbreaks due to viruses and bacteria with the potential of incapacitating large proportions of the crew raise serious concerns of mission impact and military readiness. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Prevent Med, Silver Spring, MD USA. Navy Environm & Prevent Med Unit 6, Honolulu, HI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Navy Environm & Prevent Med Unit 5, San Diego, CA USA. USN, Med Res Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia. RP Riddle, MS (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. EM mriddle@usuhs.mil; bonnie.smoak@us.army.mil; thornton@nepmu6.med.navy.mil; jsb6@cdc.gov; dfaix@med.navy.mil; shan8299@hotmail.com RI Riddle, Mark/A-8029-2011; Valle, Ruben/A-7512-2013 NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-230X J9 BMC GASTROENTEROL JI BMC Gastroenterol. PD FEB 25 PY 2006 VL 6 AR 9 DI 10.1186/1471-230X-6-9 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 038YI UT WOS:000237265200001 PM 16504135 ER PT J AU Thoen, C LoBue, P de Kantor, I AF Thoen, C LoBue, P de Kantor, I TI The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium Bovis CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Dublin, IRELAND SP CVERA DE zoonotic tuberculosis; Mycobacterium bovis; bovine tuberculosis ID SOUTHEAST ENGLAND; SAN-DIEGO; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; INFECTION; STRAINS; OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE; CALIFORNIA; DIAGNOSIS AB Mycobacterium bovis and closely associated acid-fast bacilli cause disease in humans. Epidermologic investigations reveal that the organism may be ingested or inhaled. Extra pulmonary lesions may occur associated to the consumption of infected milk, even though with the practice of boiling milk, and the growth of milk pasteurization plants all over the world, the digestive route of infection became less important. On the other hand, airborne infection continues to occur among meat industry and slaughterhouse workers, in regions where the infection is still prevalent in cattle. Evidence of person to person transmission is rare. Main causes of concern related to M. bovis in industrialized countries are: epizootics in domesticated and wild mammals and latent infection in immigrants. Although multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of M. bovis have been identified, case reports reveal that anti-tuberculosis drugs routinely used to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected patients are effective when properly administered. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. WHO, RA-1429 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Thoen, C (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM cthoen@iastate.edu NR 67 TC 112 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD FEB 25 PY 2006 VL 112 IS 2-4 SI SI BP 339 EP 345 DI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 013GI UT WOS:000235397400027 PM 16387455 ER PT J AU Nunnery, J Angulo, FJ Tollefson, L AF Nunnery, J Angulo, FJ Tollefson, L TI Public health and policy SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE antimicrobial agents; monitoring; surveillance; public health AB Antimicrobial agent usage data are essential for focusing efforts to reduce misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in food producing animals because these practices may select for resistance in bacteria of animals. Transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans can lead to human infection caused by resistant pathogens. Resistant infections can lead to treatment failures, resulting in prolonged or more severe illness. Multiple World Health Organization (WHO) reports have concluded that both antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage should be monitored on the national level. The system for collecting antimicrobial usage data should be clear and transparent to facilitate trend analysis and comparison within and among countries. Therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion use should be recorded, along with route of administration and animal species and/ or production class treated. The usage data should be compared to resistance data, and the comparison should be made available in a timely manner. In the United States, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria is performed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria, however, the United States still lacks a mechanism for collecting antimicrobial usage data. Combined with antimicrobial resistance information from NARMS, antimicrobial usage data will help to direct education efforts and policy decisions, minimizing the risk that people will develop antimicrobial resistant infections as a result of eating food of animal origin. Ultimately mitigation strategies guided by usage data will be more effective in maintaining antimicrobial drugs for appropriate veterinary use and in protecting human health. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM fja0@cdc.gov NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD FEB 24 PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2-3 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.09.014 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 022FE UT WOS:000236039700009 PM 16269192 ER PT J AU Bright, RA Shay, D Bresee, J Klimov, A Cox, N Ortiz, J AF Bright, RA Shay, D Bresee, J Klimov, A Cox, N Ortiz, J CA WHO Collaborating Ctr CDC TI High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents - United States, 2005-06 influenza season (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 44-46, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Collaborating Ctr Surveillance Epidemiol & Contro, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bright, RA (reprint author), WHO, Collaborating Ctr Surveillance Epidemiol & Contro, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 22 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 8 BP 881 EP 882 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 014DO UT WOS:000235459200009 ER PT J AU Burt, A Annest, JL Ballesteros, MF Budnitz, DS AF Burt, A Annest, JL Ballesteros, MF Budnitz, DS CA CDC TI Nonfatal, unintentional medication exposures among young children - United States, 2001-2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 55, pg 1-5, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; INGESTION C1 CDC, Off Stat & Programming, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Burt, A (reprint author), CDC, Off Stat & Programming, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 22 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 8 BP 882 EP 884 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 014DO UT WOS:000235459200010 ER PT J AU Bright, RA Shay, DK Shu, B Cox, NJ Klimov, AI AF Bright, RA Shay, DK Shu, B Cox, NJ Klimov, AI TI Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 influenza season in the United States SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS; H3N2 VIRUSES; AMANTADINE; RIMANTADINE; INFECTION; EMERGENCE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TRANSMISSION; PROPHYLAXIS; FAMILIES AB Context The adamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, have been used as first-choice antiviral drugs against community outbreaks of influenza A viruses for many years. Rates of viruses resistant to these drugs have been increasing globally. Rapid surveillance for the emergence and spread of resistant viruses has become critical for appropriate treatment of patients. Objective To investigate the frequency of adamantane-resistant influenza A viruses circulating in the United States during the initial months of the 2005-2006 influenza season. Design and Setting Influenza isolates collected from 26 states from October 1 through December 31, 2005, and submitted to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were tested for drug resistance as part of ongoing surveillance. Isolates were submitted from World Health Organization collaborating laboratories and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System laboratories. Main Outcome Measures Using pyrosequencing and confirmatory assays, we identified viruses containing mutations within the M2 gene that are known to confer resistance to both amantadine and rimantadine. Results A total of 209 influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated from patients in 26 states were screened, of which 193 (92.3%) contained a change at amino acid 31 (serine to asparagine [S31N]) in the M2 gene known to be correlated with adamantane resistance. Two of 8 influenza A(H1N1) viruses contained the same mutation. Drug-resistant viruses were distributed across the United States. Conclusions The high proportion of influenza A viruses currently circulating in the United States demonstrating adamantane resistance highlights the clinical importance of rapid surveillance for antiviral resistance. Our results indicate that these drugs should not be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza in the United States until susceptibility to adamantanes has been reestablished among circulating influenza A isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bright, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Influenza Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 NR 27 TC 417 Z9 456 U1 6 U2 27 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 22 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 8 BP 891 EP 894 DI 10.1001/jama.295.8.joc60020 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 014DO UT WOS:000235459200021 PM 16456087 ER PT J AU Shoob, HD Croft, JB Ayala, C Mensah, GA AF Shoob, HD Croft, JB Ayala, C Mensah, GA TI Valvular Heart Disease surveillance in the United States, 1980-2000 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 55th Annual Scientific Session of the American-College-of-Cardiology CY MAR 11-14, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Coll Cardiol C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0735-1097 J9 J AM COLL CARDIOL JI J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 4 SU A BP 276A EP 276A PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 015CV UT WOS:000235530401500 ER PT J AU Schmechel, D Simpson, JP Beezhold, D Lewis, DM AF Schmechel, D Simpson, JP Beezhold, D Lewis, DM TI The development of species-specific immunodiagnostics for Stachybotrys chartarum: The role of cross-reactivity SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE monoclonal antibodies; Stachybotrys chartarum; fungi; immunological cross-reactivity; ELISA ID DOUBLE-IMMUNOSTAINING TECHNIQUE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; FUNGI; PENICILLIUM; MOLD; ASPERGILLUS; INFANTS; CONIDIA; IMMUNOASSAYS; ENVIRONMENTS AB Mold contamination and exposure to fungi in indoor environments has been associated with various adverse health effects but little is known about the significance of individual fungal species in the initiation or exacerbation of such effects. Using Stachybotrys chartarum as a model fungus we sought to demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can provide species-specific diagnostic reagents and also be used to investigate immunological cross-reactivity patterns among fungi. Mice were immunized with S. chartarum spore walls and monoclonal antibodies were screened against 60 fungal species and 24 different isolates of S. chartarum using an indirect ELISA. One species-specific mAb (IgG(1)) reacted only with spore preparations but not mycelium of S. chartarum or propagules of any other fungus. Five cross-reactive mAbs (IgM) documented extensive cross-reactivity among nine related Stachybotrys species and several non-related genera including several species of Cladosporium, Memnoniella, Myrothecium and Trichoderma. We also found that the ELISA reactivity for cross-reactive antigens and different isolates of S.. chartarum differed considerably for normalized total amounts of mycelial antigen. We demonstrate that mAbs and immunoassays have the potential to detect S. chartarum species-specifically. The observed reactivity patterns with cross-reactive mAbs suggest that several fungi may share common antigens and that the majority of antigens are expressed by spores and mycelia. The observed cross-reactivity patterns need to be considered for accurate interpretations of environmental and serological analyses. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Schmechel, D (reprint author), US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Hlth Effects Lab Div, 1095 Willowdale Rd,MS L-4020, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM dschmechel@cdc.gov NR 40 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD FEB 20 PY 2006 VL 309 IS 1-2 BP 150 EP 159 DI 10.1016/j.jim.2005.12.001 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 016RM UT WOS:000235637600016 PM 16436280 ER PT J AU Rein, DB Fiore, AE Bell, BP AF Rein, DB Fiore, AE Bell, BP TI What's next for the hepatitis A vaccine? SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID INTERMEDIATE ENDEMICITY; IMMUNIZATION; AREA C1 RTI Int, Publ Hlth Econ, Atlanta, GA 30306 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rein, DB (reprint author), RTI Int, Publ Hlth Econ, Atlanta, GA 30306 USA. EM drein@rti.org NR 13 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 18 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9510 BP 546 EP 548 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68196-8 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 013GM UT WOS:000235397800005 PM 16488780 ER PT J AU Qvarnstrom, Y Swedberg, G AF Qvarnstrom, Y Swedberg, G TI Variations in gene organization and DNA uptake signal sequence in the folP region between commensal and pathogenic Neisseria species SO BMC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFONAMIDE RESISTANCE; INTERSPECIES RECOMBINATION; DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE; SEROGROUP-B; MENINGITIDIS; GONORRHOEAE; TRANSFORMATION; GENOME; STRAIN; INSERTION AB Background: Horizontal gene transfer is an important source of genetic variation among Neisseria species and has contributed to the spread of resistance to penicillin and sulfonamide drugs in the pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. Sulfonamide resistance in Neisseria meningitidis is mediated by altered chromosomal folP genes. At least some folP alleles conferring resistance have been horizontally acquired from other species, presumably from commensal Neisseriae. In this work, the DNA sequence surrounding folP in commensal Neisseria species was determined and compared to corresponding regions in pathogenic Neisseriae, in order to elucidate the potential for inter-species DNA transfer within this region. Results: The upstream region of folP displayed differences in gene order between species, including an insertion of a complete Correia element in Neisseria lactamica and an inversion of a larger genomic segment in Neisseria sicca, Neisseria subflava and Neisseria mucosa. The latter species also had DNA uptake signal sequences (DUS) in this region that were one base different from the DUS in pathogenic Neisseriae. Another interesting finding was evidence of a horizontal transfer event from Neisseria lactamica or Neisseria cinerea that introduced a novel folP allele to the meningococcal population. Conclusion: Genetic recombination events immediately upstream of folP and horizontal transfer have resulted in sequence differences in the folP region between the Neisseria species. This variability could be a consequence of the selective pressure on this region exerted by the use of sulfonamide drugs. C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Qvarnstrom, Y (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, POB 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. EM bvp2@cdc.gov; Gote.Swedberg@imbim.uu.se NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2180 J9 BMC MICROBIOL JI BMC Microbiol. PD FEB 17 PY 2006 VL 6 AR 11 DI 10.1186/1471-2180-6-11 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 029SC UT WOS:000236583700001 PM 16503987 ER PT J AU Xie, ZL O'Rourke, KI Dong, ZQ Jenny, AL Langenberg, JA Belay, ED Schonberger, LB Petersen, RB Zou, WQ Kong, QZ Gambetti, P Chen, SG AF Xie, ZL O'Rourke, KI Dong, ZQ Jenny, AL Langenberg, JA Belay, ED Schonberger, LB Petersen, RB Zou, WQ Kong, QZ Gambetti, P Chen, SG TI Chronic wasting disease of elk and deer and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Comparative analysis of the scrapie prion protein SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CAPTIVE MULE DEER; BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; VARIANT CJD; TRANSMISSION; HUMANS; NEUROPATHOLOGY; CLASSIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; PATTERNS AB Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a transmissible prion disease that affects elk and deer, poses new challenges to animal and human health. Although the transmission of CWD to humans has not been proven, it remains a possibility. If this were to occur, it is important to know whether the "acquired" human prion disease would show a phenotype including the scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) features that differ from those associated with human sporadic prion disease. In this study, we have compared the pathological profiles and PrPSc characteristics in brains of CWD-affected elk and deer with those in subjects with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), as well as CJD-affected subjects who might have been exposed to CWD, using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, conformation stability assay, and N-terminal protein sequencing. Spongiform changes and intense PrPSc staining were present in several brain regions of CWD-affected animals. Immunoblotting revealed three proteinase K (PK)-resistant bands in CWD, representing different glycoforms of PrPSc. The unglycosylated PK-resistant PrPSc of CWD migrated at 21 kDa with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of type 1 human PrPSc present in sporadic CJD affecting subjects homozygous for methionine at codon 129 (sCJDMM1). N-terminal sequencing showed that the PK cleavage site of PrPSc in CWD occurred at residues 82 and 78, similar to that of PrPSc in sCJDMM1. Conformation stability assay also showed no significant difference between elk CWD PrPSc and the PrPSc species associated with sCJDMM1. However, there was a major difference in glycoform ratio of PrPSc between CWD and sCJDMM1 affecting both subjects potentially exposed to CWD and non-exposed subjects. Moreover, PrPSc of CWD exhibited a distinct constellation of glycoforms distinguishable from that of sCJDMM1 in two-dimensional immunoblots. These findings underline the importance of detailed PrPSc characterization in trying to detect novel forms of acquired prion disease. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Natl Pr Dis Pathol Surveillance Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Wildlife Hlth Program, Bur Wildlife Management, Madison, WI 53707 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Chen, SG (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM shu.chen@case.edu RI Petersen, Robert/B-5075-2011; Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013; Chen, Shu/O-4750-2014 OI Petersen, Robert/0000-0002-3154-0072; Chen, Shu/0000-0001-7180-3001 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-14359, P01 AG014359]; PHS HHS [UR8/CCU515004-01] NR 40 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD FEB 17 PY 2006 VL 281 IS 7 BP 4199 EP 4206 DI 10.1074/jbc.M509052200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 011NN UT WOS:000235275300052 PM 16338930 ER PT J AU Lopes, PEM Murashov, V Tazi, M Demchuk, E MacKerell, AD AF Lopes, PEM Murashov, V Tazi, M Demchuk, E MacKerell, AD TI Development of an empirical force field for silica. Application to the quartz-water interface SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES; SUPERCOOLED WATER; POROUS-GLASS; VYCOR GLASS; DIFFRACTION; MACROPHAGES AB Interactions of pulverized crystalline silica with biological systems, including the lungs, cause cell damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. To allow computational atomistic modeling of these pathogenic processes, including interactions between silica surfaces and biological molecules, new parameters for quartz, compatible with the CHARMM empirical force field were developed. Parameters were optimized to reproduce the experimental geometry of cc-quartz, ab initio vibrational spectra, and interactions between model compounds and water. The newly developed force field was used to study interactions of water with two singular surfaces of cc-quartz, (011) and (100). Properties monitored and analyzed include the variation of the density of water molecules in the plane perpendicular to the surface, disruption of the water H-bond network upon adsorption, and space-time correlations of water oxygen atoms in terms of Van Hove self-correlation functions. The vibrational density of states spectra of water in confined compartments were also computed and compared with experimental neutron-scattering results. Both the attenuation and shifting to higher frequencies of the hindered translational peaks upon confinement are clearly reproduced by the model. However, an upshift of librational peaks under the conditions of model confinement still remains underrepresented at the current empirical level. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. CDC, Div Toxicol & Environm Med, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. W Virginia Univ, Sch Pharm, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP MacKerell, AD (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM amackere@rx.umaryland.edu RI Murashov, Vladimir/K-5481-2012; Marques Lopes, pedro/A-8547-2009; OI Marques Lopes, pedro/0000-0002-7383-7886; MacKerell, Alex/0000-0001-8287-6804 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM051501, GM51501, R01 GM051501-11, R29 GM051501]; PHS HHS [200-2000-08026] NR 54 TC 128 Z9 129 U1 7 U2 66 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD FEB 16 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 6 BP 2782 EP 2792 DI 10.1021/jp055341j PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 012XE UT WOS:000235373400048 PM 16471886 ER PT J AU Trikalinos, TA Salanti, G Khoury, MJ Ioannidis, JPA AF Trikalinos, TA Salanti, G Khoury, MJ Ioannidis, JPA TI Impact of violations and deviations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium on postulated gene-disease associations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE association; bias (epidemiology); genes; genetics; meta-analysis ID METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE; RECEPTOR-IIA POLYMORPHISM; LUNG-CANCER RISK; PROSTATE-CANCER; GENOTYPE DISTRIBUTIONS; MOLECULAR ASSOCIATION; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; C677T POLYMORPHISM; PUBLISHED RESEARCH AB The authors evaluated whether statistically significant violations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) or the magnitude of deviations from HWE may contribute to the problem of replicating postulated gene-disease associations across different studies. Forty-two gene-disease associations assessed in meta-analyses of 591 studies were examined. Studies with disease-free controls in which HWE was violated gave significantly different results from HWE-conforming studies in five instances. Exclusion of the former studies resulted in loss of statistical significance of the overall meta-analysis in three instances and more than a 10% change in the summary odds ratio in six. Exclusion of HWE-violating studies changed the formal significance of the estimated between-study heterogeneity in three instances. After adjustment for the magnitude of the deviation from HWE for the controls, formal significance was lost in another three instances. Studies adjusted for the magnitude of deviation from HWE tended to become more heterogeneous among themselves, and, for seven gene-disease associations, between-study heterogeneity became significant, while it was not so in the unadjusted analyses. Gene-disease association studies and meta-analyses thereof should routinely scrutinize the potential impact of HWE violations as well as nonsignificant deviations from the exact frequencies expected under HWE. Postulated genetic associations with modest-sized odds ratios and borderline statistical significance may not be robust in such sensitivity analyses. C1 Univ Ioannina, Sch Med, Dept Hyg & Epidemiol, Clin & Mol Epidemiol Unit, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Biomed Res Inst, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. MRC, Biostat Unit, Cambridge, England. Cambridge Genet Knowledge Pk, Cambridge, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ioannidis, JPA (reprint author), Univ Ioannina, Sch Med, Dept Hyg & Epidemiol, Clin & Mol Epidemiol Unit, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. EM jioannid@cc.uoi.gr RI Trikalinos, Thomas/A-1217-2009; Ioannidis, John/G-9836-2011 NR 68 TC 188 Z9 190 U1 0 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 4 BP 300 EP 309 DI 10.1093/aje/kwj046 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 011OA UT WOS:000235276600001 PM 16410351 ER PT J AU Greene, SK Ionides, EL Wilson, ML AF Greene, SK Ionides, EL Wilson, ML TI Patterns of influenza-associated mortality among US elderly by geographic region and virus subtype, 1968-1998 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate; communicable diseases; environment and public health; influenza; mortality; National Center for Health Statistics (US); space-time clustering ID UNITED-STATES; AIR-POLLUTION; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA; TRAVELING-WAVES; GLOBAL SPREAD; IMPACT; PNEUMONIA; DEATHS; TIME AB The regular seasonality of influenza in temperate countries is recognized, but regional differences in patterns of influenza-related mortality are poorly understood. Identifying patterns could improve epidemic prediction and prevention. The authors analyzed the monthly percentage of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza among people aged 65 or more years in the contiguous United States, 1968-1998. The local Moran's I test for spatial autocorrelation and correlograms assessing space-time synchrony within each influenza season were applied to detect and to characterize mortality patterns. Western US regions experienced epidemics of greater magnitude than did eastern regions. Positive spatial autocorrelation (two-sided p = 0.001) revealed the similarity in influenza mortality of neighboring states, with several western states forming a focus of high mortality. In transmission seasons dominated by virus subtype A(H3N2), mortality was correlated at a high and consistent level across the United States (mean correlation = 0.56, standard deviation = 0.134). However, when subtype A(H1N1) or type B dominated, the average synchrony was lower (mean correlation = 0.23, standard deviation = 0.058). These novel analyses suggest that causes of spatial heterogeneity (e.g., large-scale environmental drivers and population movement) have impacted influenza-associated mortality. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Stat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Greene, SK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodbone & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop A-38, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. EM SGreene1@cdc.gov NR 55 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 4 BP 316 EP 326 DI 10.1093/aje/kwj040 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 011OA UT WOS:000235276600003 PM 16394205 ER PT J AU Agrawal, A Zhang, CY Byassee, T Tripp, RA Nie, SM AF Agrawal, A Zhang, CY Byassee, T Tripp, RA Nie, SM TI Counting single native biomolecules and intact viruses with color-coded nanoparticles SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; CONFOCAL FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; REAL-TIME DETECTION; HAND-OVER-HAND; QUANTUM DOTS; BIOLOGICAL DETECTION; MOLECULE DETECTION; LIVE CELLS; SPECTROSCOPY; IMMUNOASSAY AB Nanometer-sized particles such as semiconductor quantum dots and energy-transfer nanoparticles have novel optical properties such as tunable light emission, signal brightness, and multicolor excitation that are not available from traditional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. Here we report the use of color-coded nanoparticles and dual-color fluorescence coincidence for real-time detection of single native biomolecules and viruses in a microfluidic channel. Using green and red nanoparticles to simultaneously recognize two binding sites on a single target, we demonstrate that individual molecules of genes, proteins, and intact viruses can be detected and identified in complex mixtures without target amplification or probe/target separation. Real-time coincidence analysis of single-photon events allows rapid detection of bound targets and efficient discrimination of excess unbound probes. Quantitative studies indicate that the counting results are remarkably precise when the total numbers of counted molecules are more than 10. The use of bioconjugated nanoparticle probes for single-molecule detection is expected to have important applications in ultrasensitive molecular diagnostics, bioterrorism agent detection, and real-time imaging and tracking of single-molecule processes inside living cells. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Infect Dis, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Nie, SM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 101 Woodruff Circle,Suite 2001, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM snie@emory.edu RI Nie, Shuming/E-4843-2011; OI Tripp, Ralph/0000-0002-2924-9956 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA 108468-01, R01 CA108468, U54 CA119338]; NHLBI NIH HHS [U01 HL 080711]; NIGMS NIH HHS [P20 GM 072069, P20 GM072069, R01 GM 60562] NR 45 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 6 U2 59 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1070 DI 10.1021/ac051801t PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 015TQ UT WOS:000235574300011 PM 16478096 ER PT J AU Clark, SJ Cowan, AE Bartlett, DL AF Clark, SJ Cowan, AE Bartlett, DL TI Private provider participation in statewide immunization registries SO BMC PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Background: Population-based registries have been promoted as an effective method to improve childhood immunization rates, yet rates of registry participation in the private sector are low. We sought to describe, through a national overview, the perspectives of childhood immunization providers in private practice regarding factors associated with participation or non-participation in immunization registries. Methods: Two mailed surveys, one for 264 private practices identified as registry non-participants and the other for 971 identified as registry participants, from 15 of the 31 states with population-based statewide immunization registries. Frequency distributions were calculated separately for non-participants and participants regarding the physician-reported factors that influenced decisions related to registry participation. Pearson chi-square tests of independence were used to assess associations among categorical variables. Results: Overall response rate was 62% (N = 756). Among non-participants, easy access to records of vaccines provided at other sites (N = 101, 68%) and printable immunization records (N = 82, 55%) were most often cited as "very important" potential benefits of a registry, while the most commonly cited barriers to participation were too much cost/staff time (N = 36, 38%) and that the practice has its own system for recording and monitoring immunizations (N = 35, 37%). Among registry participants, most reported using the registry to input data on vaccines administered (N = 326, 87%) and to review immunization records of individual patients (N = 302, 81%). A minority reported using it to assess their practice's immunization coverage (N = 110, 29%) or generate reminder/recall notices (N = 54, 14%). Few participants reported experiencing "significant" problems with the registry; the most often cited was cost/staff time to use the registry (N = 71, 20%). Conclusion: Most registry participants report active participation with few problems. The problems they report are generally consistent with the barriers anticipated by non-participants, but did not impede participation. Recruitment efforts should focus on demonstrating the benefits of the registry to providers. In addition, many participants are not utilizing the full range of registry features; further study is needed to determine how best to increase use of these features. C1 Univ Michigan, Div Gen Pediat, Child Hlth Evaluat & Res Unit, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Clark, SJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Div Gen Pediat, Child Hlth Evaluat & Res Unit, 300 N Ingalls Rm 6E06, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM saclark@med.umich.edu; cowana@med.umich.edu; dbartlett@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2458 J9 BMC PUBLIC HEALTH JI BMC Public Health PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 6 AR 33 DI 10.1186/1471-2458-6-33 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 020BL UT WOS:000235882800002 PM 16480494 ER PT J AU Shulman, ST Stollerman, G Beall, B Dale, JB Tanz, RR AF Shulman, ST Stollerman, G Beall, B Dale, JB Tanz, RR TI Temporal changes in streptococcal M protein types and the near-disappearance of acute rheumatic fever in the United States SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCUS; PEDIATRIC POPULATION; INTERMOUNTAIN AREA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; MEMORIAL LECTURE; STRAINS; PYOGENES; PHARYNGITIS; INFECTIONS; RESURGENCE AB Background. The explanation for the very substantial decrease in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever in the United States, particularly over the past 50 years, is unclear. It has been proposed that certain M types of group A streptococci ( GAS) include strains that are particularly rheumatogenic and that others are nonrheumatogenic. Methods. We compared the M type distribution of GAS recovered from children from Chicago, Illinois, with acute pharyngitis during 1961 - 1968 to that of GAS recovered from Chicago children and children from across the United States in 2000 - 2004, with attention to changes in M types that previously were associated with rheumatogenic strains. Results. The rheumatogenic types 3, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, and 29 comprised 49.7% of 468 pharyngeal isolates during 1961 - 1968 but only 10.6% of 450 Chicago isolates during 2000 - 2004 (P<.001) and 17.9% of 3969 isolates nationwide during 2000 - 2004 (P<.001). Significant decreases in types 3, 5, and 6 and virtual disappearance of P types 14, 18, 19, and 29 occurred between the 2 study periods. No change in the proportion of type 1 isolates, a highly heterogeneous group that includes some rheumatogenic strains, was observed. The nonrheumatogenic GAS types 2, 4, 22, and 28 increased from 4.9% to similar to 28% of pharyngeal isolates in Chicago and nationwide between the 2 study periods (P<.001). Conclusions. These data support the concept of rheumatogenic strains of GAS and indicate that the marked decrease in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever in the United States over the past 4 decades is correlated with the replacement of rheumatogenic types by nonrheumatogenic types in cases of acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. The reasons underlying the observed change in distribution of M types remain to be elucidated. C1 Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Childrens Mem Hosp, Div Gen Acad Pediat, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Memphis, TN USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Memphis, TN 38163 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Shulman, ST (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, 2300 Childrens Plaza,Box 20, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. EM sshulman@northwestern.edu NR 49 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 441 EP 447 DI 10.1086/499812 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 004HO UT WOS:000234742800001 PM 16421785 ER PT J AU Anderson, JR Paramsothy, P Heilig, C Jamieson, DJ Shah, K Duerr, A AF Anderson, JR Paramsothy, P Heilig, C Jamieson, DJ Shah, K Duerr, A CA HIV HER Study Grp TI Accuracy of Papanicolaou test among HIV-infected women SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; SEROPOSITIVE WOMEN; COLPOSCOPY; SMEARS; PREVALENCE; ADEQUACY; CYTOLOGY AB Objective. We examined the accuracy of the Papanicolaou ( Pap) test among women with and women at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods. Pap test results and colposcopy findings were compared for 189 HIV-infected women and 95 HIV-uninfected women from the Baltimore HIV Epidemiology Research ( HER) study site who were followed up semiannually from 1993 through 1999. Correlations were examined using data from individual visits that were analyzed using generalized estimating equation methods. Results. Among women with normal results of Pap tests who underwent biopsy, the likelihood of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was significantly greater for HIV-infected women (14.3%) than for HIV-uninfected women (1.2%) (P<.01). The specificity and negative predictive value of Pap testing were higher among HIV-uninfected women, regardless of whether detection of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance was considered to be abnormal. Independent predictors of discordant cytologic and histologic findings included detection of human papillomavirus ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [ CI], 1.0 - 9.8) and a CD4 cell count of <500 cells/mu L (adjusted OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.5 - 29.2). Of the 19 HIV-infected women with normal cytologic findings and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 18 had abnormal Pap test findings ( most often atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) within 1 year of discordant cytologic and histologic findings. Conclusion. In this well-described cohort of women with and women at high risk for HIV infection, agreement between cytologic findings and colposcopic and histologic findings was high. A small number of HIV-infected women had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, despite having normal cytologic findings; 95% of these women would have had cytologic abnormalities detected within 1 year of the discordant results by use of current guidelines for Pap test screening. These data fail to support the need for routine colposcopy in all HIV-infected women. C1 Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD USA. CONRAD Program, Arlington, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Anderson, JR (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ Hosp, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, Harvey 319,600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. EM janders@jhmi.edu RI Heilig, Charles/C-2753-2008 OI Heilig, Charles/0000-0003-1075-1310 FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U64/CCU306802] NR 14 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 562 EP 568 DI 10.1086/499357 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 004HO UT WOS:000234742800019 PM 16421802 ER PT J AU Crawford, C Ahmed, F Friedman, C Jernigan, DB Archibald, LK AF Crawford, C Ahmed, F Friedman, C Jernigan, DB Archibald, LK TI Safety of aseptically processed allograft tissue - Reply SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID INFECTIONS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Florida, Hlth Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. Regenerat Technol, Alachua, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Archibald, LK (reprint author), 11621 Res Circle,POB 2650, Alachua, FL 32616 USA. EM Larchibald@rtix.com NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 576 EP 577 DI 10.1086/499540 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 004HO UT WOS:000234742800023 ER PT J AU Gaynes, R AF Gaynes, R TI Gram-negative bacterial surgical site infection and intensive care unit patients - Reply SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gaynes, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop A07, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rpg1@cdc.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 578 EP 578 DI 10.1086/500020 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 004HO UT WOS:000234742800025 ER PT J AU Ding, YS Yan, XZJ Jain, RB Lopp, E Tavakoli, A Polzin, GM Stanfill, SB Ashley, DL Watson, CH AF Ding, YS Yan, XZJ Jain, RB Lopp, E Tavakoli, A Polzin, GM Stanfill, SB Ashley, DL Watson, CH TI Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from US brand and non-US brand cigarettes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO-SPECIFIC NITROSAMINES AB Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemical compounds, including many carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To determine the concentration ranges of PAHs in tobacco smoke and to understand what factors alter their levels, we quantitatively measured 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from a transnational U.S. brand Marlboro) and from locally popular brand cigarettes from 14 countries. We used standardized machine smoking conditions (35mL puff volume, 60-s puff interval, and 2-s puff duration), extraction of total particulate matter from the Cambridge filters, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detection. Deliveries of total PAHs in mainstream smoke of local brands were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than Marlboros in seven countries. In four countries, Marlboro cigarettes had mainstream smoke total PAH levels that were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than local brands. Inthe remaining three countries, the differences in PAH levels were not statistically significant. Under standard machine smoking conditions, PAH levels were negatively correlated with cigarette filter ventilation levels. We found that several local brands containing primarily fluecured tobacco filler had relatively high mainstream smoke PAH deliveries, in agreement with findings by previous researchers that flue-cured tobacco typically delivers more PAHs than other tobacco types. We also observed that PAHs were inversely correlated with total carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nitrate content, but these correlations were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. The findings suggest that tobacco blend and nitrate levels may influence PAH deliveries, but other factors may confound this relation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Emergency Response & Air Toxicants Branch, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Watson, CH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Emergency Response & Air Toxicants Branch, Div Sci Lab, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM cwatson@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1133 EP 1138 DI 10.1021/es0517320 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 014KK UT WOS:000235478700011 PM 16572766 ER PT J AU Maurice, E Trosclair, A Merritt, R Caraballo, R Malarcher, A Husten, C Pechacek, T AF Maurice, E Trosclair, A Merritt, R Caraballo, R Malarcher, A Husten, C Pechacek, T TI Cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 2004 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 54, pg 1121-1124, 2005) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID REDUCTION C1 CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 7 BP 749 EP 751 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 011YZ UT WOS:000235306700009 ER PT J AU Szczypka, G Wakefield, M Emery, S Flay, B Chaloupka, F Slater, S Terry-McElrath, Y Saffer, H Nelson, D AF Szczypka, G Wakefield, M Emery, S Flay, B Chaloupka, F Slater, S Terry-McElrath, Y Saffer, H Nelson, D TI Estimated exposure of adolescents to state-funded anti-tobacco television advertisements - 37 states and the District of Columbia, 1999-2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 54, pg 1077-1080, 2005) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. Natl Bur Econ Res, New York, NY 10003 USA. CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Szczypka, G (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. RI Flay, Brian/A-8517-2008; Wakefield, Melanie/E-5019-2012 OI Flay, Brian/0000-0002-5209-2766; NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 7 BP 751 EP 752 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 011YZ UT WOS:000235306700010 ER PT J AU Palaniappan, R Singh, S Singh, UP Singh, R Ades, EW Briles, DE Hollingshead, SK Royal, W Sampson, JS Stiles, JK Taub, DD Lillard, JW AF Palaniappan, R Singh, S Singh, UP Singh, R Ades, EW Briles, DE Hollingshead, SK Royal, W Sampson, JS Stiles, JK Taub, DD Lillard, JW TI CCL5 modulates pneumococcal immunity and carriage SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; SURFACE PROTEIN-A; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; T-LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; B-CELLS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; PULMONARY INFECTION AB Understanding the requirements for protection against pneumococcal carriage and pneumonia will greatly benefit efforts in controlling these diseases. Recently, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms can result in diminished expression of CCL5, which results in increased susceptibility to and progression of infectious diseases. We show that CCL5, together with Th cytokine mRNA expression, is temporally up-regulated during pneumococcal carriage. To determine the contribution of CCL5 to pneumococcal surface antigen A-specific Immoral and cellular pneumococcal immunity, mice were treated with anti-CCL5 or control Abs before and during Streptococcus pneumoniae strain EF3030-challenge for the initiation of carriage. CCL5 blockade resulted in a decrease of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as CD11b(+) cells in the spleen, cervical lymph node, lung, and nasopharyngeal associated lymphoid tissue during the recognition phase of the pneumococcal adaptive immune response. CCL5 blockade significantly reduced the Ag-specific IgG2a and IgG1 Abs in serum and IgA Ab levels in nasal washes. These decreases also corresponded to reductions in Ag-specific T cell (mucosal and systemic) responses. CCL5 inhibition resulted in decreasing the quantity of IL-4- and IFN-gamma-secreting CD4(+) T cells and increasing the number of Ag-specific IL-10-producing CD4(+) T cells; these changes combined also corresponded with the transition from pneumococcal carriage to lethal pneumonia. These data suggest that CCL5 is an essential factor for the induction and maintenance of protective pneumococcal immunity. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 176: 2346-2356. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Biochem & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Mercer Univ, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP Lillard, JW (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Biochem & Immunol, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. EM lillard@msm.edu RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR03034]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI057808] NR 63 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 176 IS 4 BP 2346 EP 2356 PG 11 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 010II UT WOS:000235180900037 PM 16455992 ER PT J AU Silva, MJ Samandar, E Preau, JL Needham, LL Calafat, AM AF Silva, MJ Samandar, E Preau, JL Needham, LL Calafat, AM TI Urinary oxidative metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in humans SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP; oxidative metabolism; phthalates; biomonitoring; plasticizers ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; QUANTITATIVE DETECTION; INTERNAL EXPOSURE; AMNIOTIC-FLUID; MALE-RAT; DEHP; POPULATION; IDENTIFICATION; ABSORPTION AB Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics used widely in medical devices and toys to impart flexibility and durability. DEHP produces reproductive and development toxicities in rodents. Initial metabolism of DEHP in animals and humans results in mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), which subsequently metabolizes to a wide range of oxidative metabolites before being excreted in urine and feces. We investigated the metabolism of DEHP in humans by identifying urinary oxidative metabolites of DEHP from individuals with urinary MEHP concentrations about 100 times higher than the median concentration in the general US population. In addition to the previously identified DEHP metabolites MEHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), and mono(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate (MCMHP), we also identified for the first time in humans three additional oxidative metabolites, mono(2-ethyl-3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MECPrP), mono(2-ethyl-4-carboxybutyl) phthalate (MECBP), and mono(2-(1-oxoethyl)hexyl) phthalate (MOEHP) based on their chromatographic behavior and mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns. We also tentatively identified metabolites with two functional groups in the side alkyl chain as isomers of mono(2-hydroxyethyl-4-carboxybutyl) phthalate (MHECBP), mono(2-ethyl-4-oxo-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MEOCPP), and mono(2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MEHCPP). We report the presence of urinary DEHP metabolites in humans that have fewer than eight carbons in the alkyl chain. These metabolites were previously identified in rodents. Although quantitative information is not available, our findings suggest that, despite potential differences among species, the oxidative metabolism of DEHP in humans and rodents results in similar urinary metabolic products. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Silva, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Mailstop F17,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM zca2@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 34 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 219 IS 1-3 BP 22 EP 32 DI 10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.018 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 011WQ UT WOS:000235299700003 PM 16332407 ER PT J AU Nowicki, MJ Chinchilla, C Corado, L Matsuoka, L Selby, R Steurer, F Mone, T Mendez, R Aswad, S AF Nowicki, MJ Chinchilla, C Corado, L Matsuoka, L Selby, R Steurer, F Mone, T Mendez, R Aswad, S TI Prevalence of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi among solid organ donors in Southern California: A population at risk SO TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article DE organ transplantation; Chagas' disease; Trypanosoma cruzi ID 4 TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS; CHAGAS-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; KIDNEY-TRANSPLANTATION; BLOOD-DONORS; TRANSFUSION; TRANSMISSION; VIRUS AB Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite that causes Chagas' disease, is endemic in parts of Mexico, South America, and Central America. Transmission of T. cruzi infection by solid organ transplantation has been reported in Latin America and recently in the United States. To determine the prevalence of T. cruzi antibodies in Southern California organ donors, 404 samples from deceased organ donors between May 2002 to April 2004 were screened using a qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) and confirmed with an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) available through the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Six donors were initially reactive by EIA. Three donors were repeatedly reactive after repeat testing and were sent to the CDC for confirmation. One donor (0.25%) had an IFA-confirmed reactivity to anti-T. cruzi antibodies. In areas where there is a high number of immigrants from T. cruzi endemic countries, screening for anti-T. cruzi donor antibodies may be beneficial. C1 Natl Inst Transplantat, Los Angeles, CA 90057 USA. Univ So Calif, Hepatobiliary Surg & Abdominal Organ Transplantat, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Biol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. OneLegacy Transplant Donor Network, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Aswad, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Transplantat, 2200 W 3rd St,Suite 100, Los Angeles, CA 90057 USA. EM saswad@transplantation.com NR 17 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3261 USA SN 0041-1337 J9 TRANSPLANTATION JI Transplantation PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 81 IS 3 BP 477 EP 479 DI 10.1097/01.tp.0000195778.08411.b8 PG 3 WC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation SC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation GA 012YW UT WOS:000235377800029 PM 16477238 ER PT J AU Maddox, RA Holman, RC Belay, ED Cheek, JE Yorita, KL Schonberger, LB AF Maddox, RA Holman, RC Belay, ED Cheek, JE Yorita, KL Schonberger, LB TI Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among American Indians and Alaska natives in the United States SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article AB The occurrence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States was evaluated using national multiple cause-of-death data and medical information obtained from state health departments. Twelve CJD deaths were identified for 1981 through 2002, and the average annual age-adjusted death rate was 0.47 per million population. This rate was significantly lower than that for whites and similar to the rate for African Americans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, IHS Headquarters, Div Epidemiol, Off Publ Hlth, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Maddox, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rmaddox@cdc.gov RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3261 USA SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD FEB 14 PY 2006 VL 66 IS 3 BP 439 EP 441 DI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000196473.46805.61 PG 3 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 012ON UT WOS:000235348600031 PM 16476950 ER PT J AU Lee, KN Hutson, CL Kline, R Curns, AT Dougherty, C Allen, C Damon, I Regnery, R AF Lee, KN Hutson, CL Kline, R Curns, AT Dougherty, C Allen, C Damon, I Regnery, R TI Smallpox vaccine stability after maintenance at temperatures not recommended for shipping SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE smallpox vaccine; vaccinia; temperature; stability ID RESPONSES AB Two distinct smallpox vaccine formulations were exposed to temperatures beyond the ranges specified by the manufacturers for vaccine maintenance and shipping. Under the conditions investigated, titers of both Dryvax smallpox vaccine and Aventis Pasteur smallpox vaccine remained at or above the titers recommended for successful vaccination. From these data it can be inferred that vaccine efficacy would not be expected to be adversely affected by unintended fluctuations of temperature, within the ranges studied. for a 4-day period. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Poxvirus Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sci Resources Program, Drug Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Regnery, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Poxvirus Program, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rur1@cdc.gov NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 13 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 7 BP 884 EP 886 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.079 PG 3 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 017CT UT WOS:000235672400005 PM 16183175 ER PT J AU Barzilay, EJ O'Brien, KL Kwok, YS Hoekstra, RM Zell, ER Reid, R Santosham, M Whitney, CG Feikin, DR AF Barzilay, EJ O'Brien, KL Kwok, YS Hoekstra, RM Zell, ER Reid, R Santosham, M Whitney, CG Feikin, DR TI Could a single dose of pneurnococcal conjugate vaccine in children be effective? Modeling the optimal age of vaccination SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; Markov model; reduced dose vaccination model ID INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; AMERICAN CHILDREN; GAMBIAN INFANTS; IMMUNOGENICITY; SAFETY; DIPHTHERIA; INFECTION AB Using incidence rates from CDC's Active Bacterial Core surveillance and immunogenicity data from the Navajo/Apache trial of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), we used Markov modeling to predict the optimal age to give a single dose of PCV. Antibody concentration thresholds of 0.35 and 1.0 mcg/ml were considered protective. Our outcome was vaccine serotype-specific invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence at 24 months. The models predicted the optimal age to vaccinate is 5-7 months with vaccine-induced immunologic memory and 8-10 months without memory. IPD reduction ranged from 15 to 62%, depending on model parameters. A single PCV dose in infants could prevent substantial IPD. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Amer Indian Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat Informat Managment Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Whitney, CG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE Mailstop C23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cwhitney@cdc.gov NR 44 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 13 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 7 BP 904 EP 913 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.092 PG 10 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 017CT UT WOS:000235672400008 PM 16203059 ER PT J AU Hoelscher, MA Garg, S Bangari, DS Belser, JA Lu, XH Stephenson, I Bright, RA Katz, JM Mittal, SK Sambhara, S AF Hoelscher, MA Garg, S Bangari, DS Belser, JA Lu, XH Stephenson, I Bright, RA Katz, JM Mittal, SK Sambhara, S TI Development of adenoviral-vector-based pandemic influenza vaccine against antigenically distinct human H5N1 strains in mice SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; AVIAN INFLUENZA; A H5N1; REVERSE GENETICS; MF59-ADJUVANTED INFLUENZA; RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRUS; MOUSE MODEL; IMMUNOGENICITY; VIRUS; SAFETY AB Introduction Avian H5N1 influenza viruses currently circulating in southeast Asia could potentially cause the next pandemic. However, currently licensed human vaccines are subtype-specific and do not protect against these H5N1 viruses. We aimed to develop art influenza vaccine and assessed its immunogenicity and efficacy to confer protection in BALB/c mice. Methods We developed an egg-independent strategy to combat the avian influenza virus, because the virus is highly lethal to chickens and the maintenance of a constant supply of embryonated eggs would be difficult in a pandemic. We used a replication-incompetent, human adenoviral-vector-based, haemagglutinin subtype 5 influenza vaccine (HAd-H5HA), which induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from people. Findings Immunisation of mice with HAd-H5HA provided effective protection from H5N1 disease, death, and primary viral replication (p<0.0001) against antigenically distinct strains of H5N1 influenza viruses. Unlike the recombinant H5HA vaccine, which is based on a traditional subunit vaccine approach, HAd-H5HA vaccine induced a three-fold to eight-fold increase in HA-518-epitope-specific interferon-gamma-secreting CD8 T cells (p=0.01). Interpretation Our findings highlight the potential of an Ad-vector-based delivery system, which is both egg-independent and adjuvant-independent and offers stockpiling options for the development of a pandemic influenza vaccine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Sambhara, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ssambhara@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI059374, R01 AI059374, R01 AI059374-03] NR 38 TC 132 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 7 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 11 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9509 BP 475 EP 481 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68076-8 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 013FF UT WOS:000235394500028 PM 16473124 ER PT J AU Peterson, HB Curtis, KM AF Peterson, HB Curtis, KM TI Long-acting methods of contraception - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Peterson, HB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM herbert_peterson@unc.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 9 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 6 BP 645 EP 646 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 010HF UT WOS:000235177500032 ER PT J AU Canfield, MA Ramadhani, TA Yuskiv, N Davidoff, MJ Petrini, JR Hobbs, CA Kirby, RS Romitti, PA Collins, JS Devine, O Honein, MA Mai, CT Edmonds, LD Correa, A AF Canfield, MA Ramadhani, TA Yuskiv, N Davidoff, MJ Petrini, JR Hobbs, CA Kirby, RS Romitti, PA Collins, JS Devine, O Honein, MA Mai, CT Edmonds, LD Correa, A TI Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects - United States, 1999-2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 54, pg 1301-1305, 2006) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Texas Dept State Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, White Plains, NY USA. Arkansas Reprod Hlth Monitoring Syst, Little Rock, AR USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Iowa Registry Congenital & Inherited Disorders, Iowa City, IA USA. Greenwood Genet Ctr, Greenwood, SC USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Canfield, MA (reprint author), Texas Dept State Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 8 PY 2006 VL 295 IS 6 BP 618 EP 620 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 010DX UT WOS:000235168200010 ER PT J AU DiMiceli, L Pool, V Kelso, JM Shadomy, SV Iskander, J AF DiMiceli, L Pool, V Kelso, JM Shadomy, SV Iskander, J CA VAERS Team TI Vaccination of yeast sensitive individuals: review of safety data in the US vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) SO VACCINE LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-B VACCINES; BAKERS ASTHMA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ADOLESCENTS; ANTIBODIES; CHILDREN; IGE AB The preparation of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines involves using cellular cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, otherwise known as baker's yeast. Prior to vaccine licensure, clinical trials were performed to address whether residual yeast proteins in the vaccines Could induce anaphylaxis, including testing for IgE anti-yeast antibody levels. 1-2% of subjects had anti-yeast IgE antibodies before immunization, but demonstrated no significant rise in IgE after HBV. We searched reports in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) for those that mentioned a history of allergy to yeast and then reviewed the adverse events described in these reports for potential anaphylactic reactions. Probable anaphylaxis was defined as the presence of one or more dermatologic symptoms and one or more respiratory, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular symptoms with onset within 4 h of Hepatitis B vaccination. Possible anaphylaxis was defined in one of two ways: (1) cases that described dermatologic or respiratory symptoms (but not both) Occurring within 4 h of vaccination; or (2) cases that described one or more dermatologic and/or respiratory symptoms occurring 4-12 It post vaccination. Among the 107 reports of pre-existing "yeast allergies," 11 reports described probable or possible anaphylaxis after HBV. Four additional cases were described after other vaccines. The majority of' vaccinees who met the case definitions and had a history of yeast allergies were female, ages ranged from 10 to 64, and symptom onset ranged from 15 min to 5 h after vaccination. No deaths were reported. The small number of reports to VAERS may be partly due to health care professionals observing current contraindications by not vaccinating yeast sensitive individuals. Nevertheless, yeast associated anaphylaxis after HBV in sensitized patients appears to be a rare event. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control, NIP, Immunizat Safety Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USN, Med Ctr, Div Allergy, San Diego, CA 92134 USA. RP DiMiceli, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, NIP, Immunizat Safety Branch, Mail Stop E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bqw6@cdc.gov NR 32 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 6 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 6 BP 703 EP 707 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.069 PG 5 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 016VC UT WOS:000235647800003 PM 16154669 ER PT J AU Huhn, GD Brown, J Perea, W Berthe, A Otero, H LiBeau, G Maksha, N Sankoh, M Montgomery, S Marfin, A Admassu, M AF Huhn, GD Brown, J Perea, W Berthe, A Otero, H LiBeau, G Maksha, N Sankoh, M Montgomery, S Marfin, A Admassu, M TI Vaccination coverage survey versus administrative data in the assessment of mass yellow fever immunization in internally displaced persons - Liberia, 2004 SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE yellow fever; vaccination; internally displaced persons; epidemic; Liberia ID EXPANDED PROGRAM; MEASLES CONTROL; CAMPAIGNS; QUALITY; FAILURE AB Yellow fever (YF) is a mosquito-borne vaccine-preventable disease with high mortality. In West Africa, low population immunity increases the risk of epidemic transmission. A cluster survey was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a mass immunization campaign using 17D YF vaccine in internally displaced person (IDP) camps following a reported outbreak of YF in Liberia in February 2004. Administrative data of vaccination coverage were reviewed. A cluster sample size was determined among 17,384 shelters using an 80% vaccination coverage threshold. A questionnaire eliciting demographic information, household size, and vaccination status was distributed to randomly selected IDPs. Data were analyzed to compare vaccination coverage rates of administrative versus survey data. Among 87,000 persons estimated living in IDP camps, administrative data recorded 49,395 (57%) YF vaccinated persons. A total of 237 IDPs were surveyed. Of Survey respondents, 215 (91.9%, 95% CI 88.4-95.4) reported being vaccinated during the campaign and 196 (83.5% 95% CI 78.6-88.5) possessed a valid campaign vaccination card. The median number of IDPs living in a shelter was 4 (range, 1-8) and 69,536 persons overall were estimated to be living in IDP camps. Coverage rates from a rapid survey exceeded 90% by self-report and 80% by evidence of a vaccination card, indicating that the YF immunization campaign was effective. Survey results suggested that administrative data overestimated the camp population by at least 20%. An emergency, mop-up vaccination campaign was avoided. Coverage surveys can be vital in the evaluation of emergency vaccination campaigns by influencing both imminent and future immunization strategies. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. WHO, Monrovia, Liberia. Med Sans Frontieres France, Monrovia, Liberia. UNICEF, Monrovia, Liberia. Govt Liberia, Minist Hlth, Monrovia, Liberia. RP Huhn, GD (reprint author), Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, 600 S Paulina St,Suite 140 AC FAC, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. EM Gregory_Huhn@rush.edu NR 39 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 6 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 6 BP 730 EP 737 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.077 PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 016VC UT WOS:000235647800006 PM 16182416 ER PT J AU Fishbein, DB Fontanesi, J Kopald, D Stevenson, J Bennett, NM Stryker, DW Long, C Coleman, MS Shefer, AM AF Fishbein, DB Fontanesi, J Kopald, D Stevenson, J Bennett, NM Stryker, DW Long, C Coleman, MS Shefer, AM TI Why do not patients receive influenza vaccine in December and January? SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE influenza; vaccination seasonality; adult; ambulatory care; immunization; influenza vaccination ID ADULT IMMUNIZATION; RISK AB Background: Influenza vaccination levels in older patients have changed little since the mid-1990s. Despite frequent health care visits by a majority of older persons, many missed opportunities continue to occur. Methods: Patients were eligible for the study if they were age 50 and older, had not received influenza vaccine during the current season and were making a scheduled visit to one of the 13 Study sites in California, New York, or New Mexico for purposes other than vaccination. Through direct observation, we determined if office staff inquired about vaccination status, discussed vaccination, or both. We defined missed opportunities as failure to administer influenza vaccine to patients for whom it was indicated. Results: Missed opportunities increased steadily from October to January (P < 0.0001), and were more common when there was no inquiry or discussion (P < 0.00001), among patients aged 50-64 (P < 0.0001) and in California and New Mexico (P=0.001). A classification tree analysis revealed that lack of inquiry and week of visit contributed most to missed opportunities. Discussion: Early in the vaccination season, missed opportunities were uncommon and specific inquiries into or discussion of vaccination did not appear necessary. In December and January, patients tended to be vaccinated only when vaccination was addressed during the visit. Efforts to remind patients about vaccination later in the vaccination season may be essential to achieving higher coverage in the U.S. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Div Community Pediat, San Diego, CA USA. Presbyterian Hosp Syst, Albuquerque, NM USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Rochester, NY USA. RP Fishbein, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, MS E-52,Room 4128,Bldg 12,Corp Sq, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dbf1@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 6 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 6 BP 798 EP 802 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.005 PG 5 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 016VC UT WOS:000235647800014 PM 16451814 ER PT J AU Fishbein, DB Willis, BC Cassidy, WM Marioneaux, D Bachino, C Waddington, T Wortley, P AF Fishbein, DB Willis, BC Cassidy, WM Marioneaux, D Bachino, C Waddington, T Wortley, P TI Determining indications for adult vaccination: Patient self- assessment, medical record, or both? SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE vaccination; immunization; influenza vaccine; pneumococcal vaccines measles; mumps; rubella vaccine; tetanus-diphteria vaccine; hepatitis A vaccine; hepatitis B vaccine; self-assessment; chart review; vaccine indications ID INFLUENZA VACCINATION; COMPUTER REMINDERS; PREVENTIVE CARE; RATES; PHYSICIANS; INCREASE; SYSTEM; AUDIT AB Context: Eight or more vaccines may be indicated for adults in the United States. Determining if any vaccines are needed requires integrating information on the patient's demographic and behavioral risk factors and health status, the health status of the patient's close contacts, and the patient's immunization history. This process can be time consuming for providers and their staff. We used patient self-assessment as a method of determining which vaccines are indicated for a patient and whether indicated vaccines had been received. Design, setting, and participants: Cross-sectional convenience sample of 300 adults in three family practice settings. Participants completed a self-assessment tool to determine if influenza, pneumococcal, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), tetanus, hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines were indicated and previously received. A chart audit was then performed to obtain similar information. Main outcome measures: Agreement (kappa statistic [< 0.00: poor agreement; 0.00-0.20: slight; 0.21-0.40: fair; 0.41-0.60: moderate; 0.61-0.80: substantial; 0.81-1.00: almost perfect]) between the self-assessment tool and the audit for (I) indicated vaccines and (2) previous receipt of indicated vaccines indicated according to both the assessment form and the audit. Results: Agreement between the self-assessment tool and chart review was Substantial or better only for pneumococcal and MMR vaccines (kappa=0.65 and 0.85, respectively). For influenza vaccine, agreement improved (from kappa=0.56 to kappa=0.74) when indications attributable to health conditions of family members were excluded. Agreement regarding receipt of vaccines was highest for influenza vaccine (kappa=0.70). Only 57% of patients correctly recalled tetanus Vaccination that were documented in the medical record (kappa = -0.04). Kappa statistics were unreliable for hepatitis A and B vaccines because so few vaccinations had been received. Conclusions: Discrepancies in agreement regarding indications for vaccines appeared to result from absence of information in the medical record regarding high risk behaviors and family contacts. Lack of agreement regarding vaccines that had been previously been received appeared due to both poor recall and lack of documentation. Combining medical record audit with self-assessment may be the most complete assessment of vaccination status of adults, but requires reconciling disagreements. Electronic medical records and registries that contain information about risk factors and previously administered vaccines may be necessary to overcome some these problems. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Fishbein, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, MS E-52,Room 4128,Bldg 12,Corp Sq, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dbf1@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB 6 PY 2006 VL 24 IS 6 BP 803 EP 818 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.093 PG 16 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 016VC UT WOS:000235647800015 PM 16455167 ER PT J AU Moore, ZS Seward, JF Lane, JM AF Moore, ZS Seward, JF Lane, JM TI Smallpox SO LANCET LA English DT Review ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; VACCINIA VIRUS CHALLENGE; GENOME DNA-SEQUENCES; REAL-TIME PCR; VARIOLA-VIRUS; PROTECTS MICE; INTRAFAMILIAL TRANSMISSION; POSTEXPOSURE VACCINATION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; POXVIRUS INFECTIONS AB The WHO declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. However, concern over its potential use by terrorists or in biowarfare has led to striking growth in research related to this much-feared disease. Modern molecular techniques and new animal models are advancing our understanding of smallpox and its interaction with the host immune system. Rapid progress is likewise being made in smallpox laboratory diagnostics, smallpox vaccines, and antiviral medications. WHO and several nations are developing stockpiles of smallpox vaccine for use in the event the disease is reintroduced. National and international public-health agencies have also drawn up plans to help with early detection of and response to a smallpox outbreak. These plans hinge on physicians' ability to recognise the clinical features of smallpox and to distinguish it from other illnesses characterised by rashes. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Pediat Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Vaccine Prevent Dis Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Smallpox Eradicat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Moore, ZS (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Pediat Infect Dis, 2015 Uppergate Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM zack_moore@oz.ped.emory.edu NR 131 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 17 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 4 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 9508 BP 425 EP 435 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68143-9 PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 009UR UT WOS:000235139400034 PM 16458769 ER PT J AU Ye, XY Kuklenyik, Z Needham, LL Calafat, AM AF Ye, XY Kuklenyik, Z Needham, LL Calafat, AM TI Measuring environmental phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals in breast milk using automated on-line column-switching-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; BISPHENOL-A; IN-VITRO; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; VIVO; 4-NONYLPHENOL; URINE; HPLC AB Breast milk is one possible route of exposure to environmental chemicals, including phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals for breast-fed infants. We developed a highly sensitive method of analyzing breast milk for triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide) and eight phenolic compounds: bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), ortho-phenylphenol (OPP), 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2-hydroxy-4-metoxybenzophenone (BP-3). The method includes adding a solution containing a stable isotope of each chemical, enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated chemicals in the milk, and on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. It can also be used to measure the free (unconjugated) species by omitting the enzymatic deconjugation step. The method, validated using pooled breast milk samples, has inter-day coefficient of variations ranging from 4.8 to 18.9% for most analytes, and spiked recoveries generally about 100%. Detection limits for most analytes are below 1 ng/mL in 100 mu L of breast milk. We tested the usefulness of the method by measuring concentrations of these nine compounds in 20 breast milk samples. BPA, OPP, and BP-3 were detected in more than 60% of the samples tested. The free species of these compounds appear to be most prevalent in milk. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Calafat, AM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop F17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM Acalafat@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 18 TC 122 Z9 130 U1 5 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0232 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD FEB 2 PY 2006 VL 831 IS 1-2 BP 110 EP 115 DI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.050 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 011JG UT WOS:000235263800017 PM 16377264 ER PT J AU Arnon, SS Schechter, R Maslanka, SE Jewell, NP Hatheway, CL AF Arnon, SS Schechter, R Maslanka, SE Jewell, NP Hatheway, CL TI Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CLOSTRIDIUM-DIFFICILE COLITIS; ANTITOXIN; TOXIN; MANAGEMENT; CALIFORNIA; DEATH AB BACKGROUND: We created the orphan drug Human Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) (BIG-IV), which neutralizes botulinum toxin, and evaluated its safety and efficacy in treating infant botulism, the intestinal-toxemia form of human botulism. METHODS: We performed a five-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial statewide, in California, of BIG-IV in 122 infants with suspected (and subsequently laboratory-confirmed) infant botulism (75 caused by type A Clostridium botulinum toxin, and 47 by type B toxin); treatment was given within three days after hospital admission. We subsequently performed a 6-year nationwide, open-label study of 382 laboratory-confirmed cases of infant botulism treated within 18 days after hospital admission. RESULTS: As compared with the control group in the randomized trial, infants treated with BIG-IV had a reduction in the mean length of the hospital stay, the primary efficacy outcome measure, from 5.7 weeks to 2.6 weeks (P<0.001). BIG-IV treatment also reduced the mean duration of intensive care by 3.2 weeks (P<0.001), the mean duration of mechanical ventilation by 2.6 weeks (P=0.01), the mean duration of tube or intravenous feeding by 6.4 weeks (P<0.001), and the mean hospital charges per patient by $88,600 (in 2004 U.S. dollars; P<0.001). There were no serious adverse events attributable to BIG-IV. In the open-label study, infants treated with BIG-IV within seven days of admission had a mean length of hospital stay of 2.2 weeks, and early treatment with BIG-IV shortened the mean length of stay significantly more than did later treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt treatment of infant botulism type A or type B with BIG-IV was safe and effective in shortening the length and cost of the hospital stay and the severity of illness. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Infant Botulism Treatment & Prevent Program, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Botulism Surveillance & Reference Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biostat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Arnon, SS (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Infant Botulism Treatment & Prevent Program, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy,Rm E-361, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. EM sarnon@dhs.ca.gov NR 27 TC 146 Z9 152 U1 0 U2 6 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 2 PY 2006 VL 354 IS 5 BP 462 EP 471 DI 10.1056/NEJMoa051926 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 008DC UT WOS:000235019400006 PM 16452558 ER PT J AU Courtenay-Quirk, C Wolitski, RJ Parsons, JT Gomez, CA AF Courtenay-Quirk, C Wolitski, RJ Parsons, JT Gomez, CA CA Seropositive Urban Mens Study Team TI Is HIV/AIDS stigma dividing the gay community? Perceptions of HIV-positive men who have sex with men SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID RISK BEHAVIOR; SEROPOSITIVE MEN; SAN-FRANCISCO; DRUG-USERS; AIDS; PREVENTION; ATTITUDES; PEOPLE; RESPONSIBILITY; TRANSMISSION AB Stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS has existed since the beginning of the epidemic, but little is known about HIV/AIDS stigma within the gay community and how it affects men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. A better understanding of the effects of stigma on this population is needed to reduce it and its harmful effects. Our study used quantitative data from 206 HIV-positive MSM and qualitative data from 250 to document beliefs about HIV/AIDS stigma within the gay community and to measure its effects on sexual risk behaviors, substance use behaviors, serostatus disclosure, and mental health. Stigma was associated with increased levels of anxiety, loneliness, depressive symptoms, engaging in avoidant coping strategies, and history of suicidal ideation. HIV/AIDS stigma exists within the gay community and has a negative effect on the mental health of people living with HIV. HIV/AIDS stigma should be monitored closely so that we may better understand how to address it. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Courtenay-Quirk, C (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ccourtenay-quirk@cdc.gov RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008; OI Parsons, Jeffrey/0000-0002-6875-7566 FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU913557, U62/CCU213605] NR 45 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 7 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 18 IS 1 BP 56 EP 67 DI 10.1521/aeap.2006.18.1.56 PG 12 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 018FF UT WOS:000235748800005 PM 16539576 ER PT J AU Victor, JC Surdina, TY Suleimenova, SZ Favorov, MO Bell, BP Monto, AS AF Victor, JC Surdina, TY Suleimenova, SZ Favorov, MO Bell, BP Monto, AS TI Person-to-person transmission of hepatitis A virus in an urban area of intermediate endemicity: Implications for vaccination strategies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE communicable disease control; disease transmission; hepatitis A; hepatitis A vaccines; immunization; vaccination ID COMMUNITY-WIDE OUTBREAK; INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS; PROPHYLAXIS; GLOBULIN; EPIDEMIC; CHILDREN AB Developing countries with an increasing hepatitis A disease burden may target vaccination to specific groups, such as young children, as an initial control strategy. To better understand transmission of hepatitis A virus in such countries, the authors prospectively studied household and day-care/school contacts of cases in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Overall, by the time of identification of symptomatic index cases, half of transmission had already occurred, having been detected retrospectively. The odds of household contacts' becoming infected were 35.4 times those for day-care/school contacts (95% confidence interval (CI): 17.5, 71.7). Within households, younger age of either index cases or susceptible contacts elevated the odds of secondary infection among susceptible contacts: The presence of a case under 6 years of age raised the odds 4.7 times (95% CI: 1.2, 18.7); and compared with contacts aged 14 years or older, the odds of infection were increased to 7.7 (95% CI: 1.5, 40.3) and 7.0 (95% CI: 1.4, 34.3) among contacts aged 0-6 years and 7-13 years, respectively. Young children are appropriate targets for sustainable hepatitis A vaccination programs in areas undergoing hepatitis A epidemiologic transition. If vaccine is determined to be highly effective postexposure and if it is feasible, vaccinating household contacts could be a useful additional control strategy. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Kazakhstan Minist Hlth, Republican Sanitary Epidemiol Stn, Dept Epidemiol, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan Minist Hlth, Republican Sanitary Epidemiol Stn, Virol Reference Lab, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Coordinating Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Monto, AS (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 109 Observ St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM asmonto@umich.edu OI Victor, John/0000-0002-7970-6588 NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 3 BP 204 EP 210 DI 10.1093/aje/kwj029 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 004UH UT WOS:000234777300002 PM 16339053 ER PT J AU van Griensven, F Naorat, S Kilmarx, PH Jeeyapant, S Manopaiboon, C Chaikummao, S Jenkins, RA Uthaivoravit, W Wasinrapee, P Mock, PA Tappero, JW AF van Griensven, F Naorat, S Kilmarx, PH Jeeyapant, S Manopaiboon, C Chaikummao, S Jenkins, RA Uthaivoravit, W Wasinrapee, P Mock, PA Tappero, JW TI Palmtop-assisted self-interviewing for the collection of sensitive behavioral data: Randomized trial with drug use urine testing SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adolescent; computers, handheld; data collection; HIV; sexual behavior; substance abuse detection; substance-related disorders; Thailand ID JUVENILE ARRESTEES; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; HIV; ACCEPTABILITY; URINALYSIS; VALIDITY; SAMPLE AB Palmtop-assisted self-interviewing (PASI) may provide a cheaper and more mobile alternative to audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) for collecting sensitive behavioral data. To evaluate PASI, in late 2002 the authors enrolled 1,283 Thai students aged 15-21 years in a randomized trial. Data collection used PASI, ACASI, self-administered questionnaire, and face-to-face interview in combination with drug-use urine testing. By use of reported levels of behaviors and agreement between self-reports of smoking and urine test results, PASI and ACASI (alpha = 0.05) were compared for noninferiority, and PASI and interview were compared for superiority (alpha = 0.05). Noninferiority of PASI was demonstrated by use of self-reports of the most sensitive areas of sexual behavior (e.g., oral sex, sexual intercourse, commercial sex, history of genital ulcers, pregnancy), as well as self-reports of less sensitive behaviors (e.g., alcohol use, dietary behaviors, symptoms of depression). Data generally showed noninferiority of PASI, ACASI, and self-administered questionnaires when compared with each other and superiority of PASI, ACASI, and self-administered questionnaires when compared with interviews. PASI agreements between self-reports of tobacco smoking and presence of nicotine metabolites in urine were noninferior to ACASI and superior to interviews. The establishment of PASI noninferiority and superiority using behavioral and biologic measures suggests that PASI is a scientifically acceptable alternative for collecting sensitive behavioral data. C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Collaborat, Thailand MOPH, Minist Publ Hlth, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Chiang Rai Publ Hlth Off, Chiang Rai, Thailand. RP van Griensven, F (reprint author), US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Collaborat, Thailand MOPH, Minist Publ Hlth, DDC 7 Bldg,Soi Publ Hlth 4, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. EM fav1@cdc.gov RI van Griensven, Frits/G-4719-2013; OI van Griensven, Frits/0000-0002-0971-2843; Kilmarx, Peter/0000-0001-6464-3345 NR 19 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 EI 1476-6256 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 3 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.1093/aje/kwj038 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 004UH UT WOS:000234777300011 PM 16357109 ER PT J AU King, BS Page, EH Mueller, CA Dollberg, DD Gomez, KE Warren, AM AF King, BS Page, EH Mueller, CA Dollberg, DD Gomez, KE Warren, AM TI Eye and respiratory symptoms in poultry processing workers exposed to chlorine by-products SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE poultry processing; chlorine; chloramines; trichlorantines; eye irritation; respiratory irritation ID CHLORAMINES AB Background CDC/NIOSH responded to a request to investigate complaints of eye and respirator), irritation among workers in a poultry processing facility's evisceration department. Methods Investigators administered symptom questionnaires and sampled for chlorine and chloramines. Spirometry was performed on workers before and after their work shaft. Results Symptoms were significantly more prevalent in evisceration workers than in dark meat workers (a control group). Air concentrations of chloramine compounds (i.e., trichloramine and 'soluble chlorine') were significantly higher in the evisceration area than the dark meat area. Exposure levels were significantly higher for employees reporting various symptoms compared to employees not reporting those symptoms. Mean trichloramine exposure concentrations were significantly higher ill. workers with significant cross-shift declines in lung function; air concentrations of 'soluble chlorine' were higher as well, however not significantly so. Conclusions Results of this evaluation suggest a health hazard may exist from exposure to chloramines. C1 NIOSH, CDC, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, CDC, Div Appl Res & Technol, Analyt Chem Sect, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP King, BS (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, 4676 columbia Pkwy,Mailstop R-11, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM bking1@cdc.gov NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 49 IS 2 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1002/ajim.20259 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 009NQ UT WOS:000235119300007 PM 16419092 ER PT J AU Durbin, J Hansen, MM Sinkowitz-Cochran, R Cardo, D AF Durbin, J Hansen, MM Sinkowitz-Cochran, R Cardo, D TI Patient safety perceptions: A survey of Iowa physicians, pharmacists, and nurses SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS; MEDICAL ERRORS; CARE; QUALITY AB Background: Patient safety is of concern to consumers, health professionals, policymakers, insurers, and researchers. Objective: Assess the perceptions of health care providers regarding the impact of parts of the health care system on patient safety, barriers to patient safety, and strategies to improve patient safety Methods: Statewide survey mailed in May 2001. Participants rated the impact of 10 parts of the health care system on patient safety, selected barriers to patient safety that they thought should be priorities, and selected the best strategies for improving patient safety. Results: Of random samples of 1310 physicians, 1310 pharmacists, and 2620 nurses licensed by the state of Iowa, 5075 providers were eligible and 2388 responded (47%). Provider education, norms and values, patient and family characteristics, and continuity of care were rated as having a major impact on patient safety by at least 70% of each provider group. A general lack of consensus exists among providers about which barriers to patient safety should be priorities and which strategies would best improve the system. However. a majority of providers agreed that educating patients about their role in health care and sharing information between providers and across settings of care are important strategies for improving patient safety. Conclusion: In areas in which providers agree on the best strategies, broader, system-wide interventions that include physicians, pharmacists. and nurses in multiple settings may be implemented to improve patient safety. Health care organizations and providers must get patients more involved in their care by asking them to help define roles, design educational materials, and develop useful methods of sharing information across settings. C1 Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent & Evaluat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Durbin, J (reprint author), Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Lucas State Off Bldg, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. EM jdurbin@idph.state.ia.us FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U36/CC300430-20] NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 4 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD FEB PY 2006 VL 34 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.08.008 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 009VA UT WOS:000235140300005 PM 16443089 ER PT J AU Siega-Riz, AM Hartzema, AG Turnbull, C Thorp, J McDonald, T Cogswell, ME AF Siega-Riz, AM Hartzema, AG Turnbull, C Thorp, J McDonald, T Cogswell, ME TI The effects of prophylactic iron given in prenatal supplements on iron status and birth outcomes: A randomized controlled trial SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE iron supplementation; pregnancy; birth outcome; anemia; iron deficiency ID WEIGHT; PREGNANCY; GROWTH; ANEMIA AB Objective: The hypothesis that daily use of a prenatal supplement with iron from enrollment to third trimester to initially iron-replete, nonanemic pregnant women would reduce third-trimester anemia and improve birth outcomes was tested. Study design: Eight hundred sixty-seven women in Raleigh, North Carolina, who were at < 20 weeks of gestation were enrolled; 429 of these women had hemoglobin levels of >= 110 g/L and ferritin levels of >= 40 mu g/L and were assigned randomly to receive prenatal supplements with 30 mg of iron as ferrous sulfate (n = 218 women) or 0 mg of iron (n = 211 women) until 26 to 29 weeks of gestation. Intent-to-treat analysis was used for the outcomes of third-trimester iron status, birth weight, preterm birth, and small-for-gestational age. Results: Mean birth weight was higher by 108 g (P = .03), and the incidence of preterm delivery was lower (8% vs 14%; P = .05) in the 30-mg group compared with the control group, respectively. Iron supplementation did not affect the prevalence of small-for-gestational age infants or third-trimester iron status. Conclusion: Prophylactic iron supplementation that is begun early in pregnancy among low income women in the United States may have benefits beyond the reduction of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. (c) 2006 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Florida, Coll Pharm, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Wake Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Raleigh, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Siega-Riz, AM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD05798]; PHS HHS [S0454] NR 15 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 6 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 194 IS 2 BP 512 EP 519 DI 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.011 PG 8 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 011CX UT WOS:000235246500035 PM 16458655 ER PT J AU Lawrence, JM Watkins, ML Chiu, V Erickson, JD Petitti, DB AF Lawrence, JM Watkins, ML Chiu, V Erickson, JD Petitti, DB TI Do racial and ethnic differences in serum folate values exist after food fortification with folic acid? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Pediatric-and-Perinatal-Epidemiologic-Research/37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Epidemiologic-Research CY JUN 15-18, 2004 CL Salt Lake City, UT SP Soc Pediatr & Perinatal Epidemiol Res, Soc Epidemiol Res DE folic acid; fortification; neural tube defect; serum folate ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; BODY-MASS INDEX; AFFECTED PREGNANCIES; MATERNAL OBESITY; RISK; WOMEN; PREVENTION; PREVALENCE; CALIFORNIA; VITAMIN AB Objective: The United States food supply has been fortified with folic acid since 1998. Information about folate levels early in pregnancy before the fortification is limited. This study examined the associations between serum folate at first prenatal visit and maternal race/ethnicity, age, vitamin use, and body mass index. Study design: This cross-sectional study assessed serum folate levels among 9421 women who entered prenatal care in 1999 and 2000 in southern California. Information on race/ethnicity, vitamin use, weight, height, and age was obtained from surveys and birth certificates. Results: After adjustment for vitamin use, the strongest predictor of serum folate level, being in the lowest folate quartile (<= 16 ng/mL) was related independently to being of black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity, being younger age, and being overweight or obese. Conclusion: After food fortification with folic acid, differences in serum folate values in pregnant women by maternal race/ethnicity, age, and body mass index persisted. (c) 2006 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Kaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA. Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Ctr Dis Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lawrence, JM (reprint author), Kaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA. FU PHS HHS [200-95-0957] NR 29 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 194 IS 2 BP 520 EP 526 DI 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.027 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 011CX UT WOS:000235246500036 PM 16458656 ER PT J AU Rickert, D Santoli, J Shefer, A Myrick, A Yusuf, H AF Rickert, D Santoli, J Shefer, A Myrick, A Yusuf, H TI Influenza vaccination of high-risk children - What the providers say SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL INERTIA; ASTHMA; IMMUNIZATION; GUIDELINES; ADHERENCE; DISEASE; RATES AB Background: Despite a longstanding national recommendation to administer influenza vaccine to children at high risk for disease complications, physicians' adherence remains low. This study evaluated physicians' perspectives on previously documented and persistent underutilization of influenza vaccine for high-risk children. Methods: A cross-sectional survey mailed in 2001-2002 to a nationally representative sample of 1460 U.S. physicians in four key medical specialties. The primary outcome was whether the physician provided annual influenza vaccine to children with asthma or other cardiopulmonary diseases. The hypothesis was that factors predicting reported use would fall into four categories: (1) physician knowledge, (2) physician endorsement of recommendation, (3) perceived barriers, and (4) practice patterns. Results: The overall response rate was 55% (n = 600), but differed by specialty. Most physicians were knowledgeable about the recommendation, but collectively tended to overestimate their own achievements in immunizing high-risk children. Adherence varied by physician specialty, endorsement of recommendation, perceived barriers (including difficulty identifying subpopulations of high-risk children and confusion about who should vaccinate those receiving care from multiple providers), and under-utilization of strategies known to improve vaccination rates. Conclusions: Better communication strategies are needed to resolve confusion about providing influenza vaccine to high-risk children in subspecialty settings. Because of the difficulties in selectively identifying high-risk patient subgroups, research is needed to assist in putting support strategies into practice. Findings from research in promising areas of practice-based quality improvement may be particularly applicable. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rickert, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM drickert@cdc.gov NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.016 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 013AG UT WOS:000235381400003 PM 16459208 ER PT J AU Bloom, SA Trepka, MJ Nobles, RE Becerra, MA Reef, S Zhang, GY AF Bloom, SA Trepka, MJ Nobles, RE Becerra, MA Reef, S Zhang, GY TI Low postpartum rubella vaccination rates in high-risk women, Miami, Florida, 2001 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CONGENITAL-RUBELLA; UNITED-STATES; CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTION; IMMUNIZATION; HOSPITALS AB Objective: To evaluate adherence to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' recommendations on postpartum rubella vaccination in hospitals with a high proportion of foreign-born Latina mothers, the highest risk group for congenital rubella syndrome. Methods: In four large hospitals in Miami-Dade County, maternal medical records for births in 2001 were randomly selected. Using demographic information from birth certificates, vaccination information from medical records, and policy information from a hospital survey, postpartum rubella vaccination rates were characterized among women eligible for vaccination (non-immune and not screened) through univariate and multivariable analyses. Data collection was performed in 2002-2003 and the analysis was completed in 2004-2005. Results: Among 1991 women, 1209 (61%) were foreign born. Overall, 410 (21%) were eligible for vaccination, and of these 44 (11%) were vaccinated. Vaccination rates were not associated with maternal race/ethnicity or the existence of institutional standing-order vaccination policies. A vaccination order was recorded for 59% (240/410), but even in the presence of an order, only 17% (31/240) of those women were vaccinated. Conclusions: Despite policies and standing orders to vaccinate, postpartum rubella vaccination rates were very low among all racial/ethnic subgroups in a sample of hospitals caring for high-risk, foreign-born women. These findings suggest that additional system-level interventions, such as comprehensive operational guidelines, must accompany standing orders to vaccinate rubella non-immune women postpartum. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Miami Dade Cty Hlth Dept, Miami, FL USA. Florida Int Univ, Robert R Stempel Sch Publ Hlth, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Houston, TX USA. San Juan City Hosp, San Juan, PR USA. RP Bloom, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Global AIDS Program Namibia, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Blooms@nacop.net NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.013 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 013AG UT WOS:000235381400004 PM 16459209 ER PT J AU Roberts, CA Lobato, MN Bazerman, LB Kling, R Reichard, AA Hammett, TM AF Roberts, CA Lobato, MN Bazerman, LB Kling, R Reichard, AA Hammett, TM TI Tuberculosis prevention and control in large jails - A challenge to tuberculosis elimination SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES; OPPORTUNITY; INFECTION; COMMUNITY; OUTBREAK; IMPACT AB Background: This study assessed the extent to which 20 large jail systems have implemented national recommendations for tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control in correctional facilities. Methods: Data were collected through questionnaires to jail medical directors and TB control directors, observation at the jails, and abstraction of medical records of inmates with TB disease and latent TB infection. Results: Twenty percent of jail systems (4/20) had conducted an assessment of risk for TB transmission in their facilities, and 55% (11/20) monitored tuberculin skin test conversions of inmates and staff. Sixty-five percent (13/20) of jails had an aggregate record-keeping system for tracking TB status and treatment, which was usually paper based. Forty-five percent of jails (9/20) had policies to offer HIV counseling and testing to tuberculin skin test-positive patients, and 75% (15/20) screen HIV-infected inmates with chest radiographs. Three quarters of jails (15/20) had policies to always isolate patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB in an airborne infection isolation room. Half of jails with airborne infection isolation rooms (6/12) conformed to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for monitoring negative pressure. Conclusions: Improvements are needed in conducting TB risk assessments and evaluations to determine priorities and reduce risk of transmission. Inadequate medical information systems are impeding TB control and evaluation efforts. Although HIV infection is the greatest cofactor for development of TB disease,jails have inadequate information on patients' HIV status to make informed decisions in screening and management of TB and latent TB infection. jails need to improve the use of environmental controls. C1 ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Roberts, CA (reprint author), Crime & Justice Inst, 355 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02116 USA. EM croberts@crjustice.org NR 22 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.018 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 013AG UT WOS:000235381400005 PM 16459210 ER PT J AU Dannenberg, AL Bhatia, R Cole, BL Dora, C Fielding, JE Kraft, K McClymont-Peace, D Mindell, J Onyekere, C Roberts, JA Ross, CL Rutt, CD Scott-Samuel, A Tilson, HH AF Dannenberg, AL Bhatia, R Cole, BL Dora, C Fielding, JE Kraft, K McClymont-Peace, D Mindell, J Onyekere, C Roberts, JA Ross, CL Rutt, CD Scott-Samuel, A Tilson, HH TI Growing the field of health impact assessment in the United States: An agenda for research and practice SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LIVING WAGE ORDINANCE; PUBLIC-HEALTH; PARTICIPATION; POLICY; DESIGN AB Health impact assessment (HIA) methods are used to evaluate the impact on health of policies and projects in community design, transportation planning, and other areas outside traditional public health concerns. At an October 2004 workshop, domestic and international experts explored issues associated with advancing the use of HIA methods by local health departments, planning commissions, and other decisionmakers in the United States. Workshop participants recommended conducting pilot tests of existing HIA tools, developing a database of health impacts of common projects and policies, developing resources for HIA use, building workforce capacity to conduct HIAs, and evaluating HIAs. HIA methods can influence decisionmakers to adjust policies and projects to maximize benefits and minimize harm to the public's health. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. WHO, Hlth Impact Assessment Programme, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Los Angeles Ctr Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. London Hlth Observ, London, England. Georgia Inst Technol, Coll Architecture, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Publ Hlth Observ, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Dannenberg, AL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, CDC, 4770 Buford Highway,Mail Stop F-30, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM acd7@cdc.gov RI Mindell, Jennifer/G-2241-2011 OI Mindell, Jennifer/0000-0002-7604-6131 NR 75 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 2006 VL 96 IS 2 BP 262 EP 270 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069880 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 007TA UT WOS:000234991400015 PM 16380558 ER PT J AU Liu, JH Rosenberg, KD Sandoval, AP AF Liu, JH Rosenberg, KD Sandoval, AP TI Breastfeeding duration and perinatal cigarette smoking in a population-based cohort SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MATERNAL-SMOKING; REDUCED DURATION; WEIGHT-GAIN; PREGNANCY; MILK; POSTPARTUM; RELAPSE; WOMEN; RISK; ASSOCIATION AB Objectives. We examined the association between breastfeeding duration and maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy. Methods. Data from the 2000-2001 Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used. Early weaning was defined as not breastfeeding at 10 weeks postpartum. Results. At 10 weeks after pregnancy, 25.7% of mothers who initiated breastfeeding no longer breastfed. After controlling for confounders, quitters (mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy and maintained quit status after pregnancy) and postpartum relapsers (mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy and resumed smoking after delivery) did not have significantly higher risk for early weaning than nonsmokers. However, persistent smokers (mothers who smoked before, during, and after pregnancy) were 2.18 times more likely not to breastfeed at 10 weeks (95% confidence interval = 1.52, 2.97). Women who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day postpartum (i.e., heavy postpartum relapsers and heavy persistent smokers) were 2.3-2.4 times more likely to wean their infants before 10 weeks than were nonsmokers. Conclusions. Maternal smoking is associated with early weaning. Stopping smoking during pregnancy and decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked postpartum may increase breastfeeding duration. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Oregon Off Family Hlth, Portland, OR USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Liu, JH (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, 800 Sumter St,HESC 208C, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM jliu@gwm.sc.edu NR 34 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 2006 VL 96 IS 2 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060798 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 007TA UT WOS:000234991400022 PM 16380564 ER PT J AU Burman, W Benator, D Vernon, A Khan, A Jones, B Silva, C Lahart, C Weis, S King, B Mangura, B Weiner, M El-Sadr, W AF Burman, W Benator, D Vernon, A Khan, A Jones, B Silva, C Lahart, C Weis, S King, B Mangura, B Weiner, M El-Sadr, W CA Tuberculosis Trials Consortium TI Acquired rifamycin resistance with twice-weekly treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE antiretroviral therapy; HIV; rifabutin; rifamycin resistance; tuberculosis ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; DIAGNOSED PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; INFECTED PATIENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; RIFABUTIN; RELAPSE; RIFAMPICIN; MORTALITY; MORBIDITY AB Rationale. Rifabutin was recommended in place of rifampin during treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis (TB) to facilitate concomitant potent antiretroviral therapy, but this approach has not been evaluated in a prospective study. Objective: To evaluate the activity of intermittent rifabutin-based therapy. Methods: Patients with culture-confirmed TB were treated under direct supervision with 2 mo of rifabutin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (given daily, thrice-weekly, or twice-weekly per the local tuberculosis control program), followed by 4 mo of twice-weekly rifabutin plus isoniazid. Measurements: Culture-positive treatment failure or relapse. Main Results: A total of 169 eligible patients were enrolled. Most had advanced HIV disease; the median CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA level were 90 cells/mm(3) (interquartile range, 35-175) and 5.3 log(10) copies/ml (interquartile range, 4.8-5.7), respectively. Nine (5.3%) patients had culture-positive treatment failure (n = 3) or relapse (n = 6). Eight of these nine (89%) cases had isolates with acquired rifamycin resistance. Treatment failure or relapse was associated with baseline CD4 lymphocyte count, being 12.3% (9/73; 95% confidence interval, 6.5-22.0%) among patients with CD4 < 100 cells/mm(3) versus 0% (0/65; 95% confidence interval, 0.0-4.5%) among those with higher CD4 lymphocyte counts (p < 0.01). One hundred thirty-seven (81%) patients received antiretroviral therapy during TB treatment. Adverse events were common, but only two patients (1%) permanently discontinued study drugs. Conclusions: Intermittent rifabutin-based therapy for HIV-related TB; was well tolerated, but there was a high risk of treatment failure or relapse with acquired rifamycin resistance among patients with low CD4 lymphocyte counts. C1 Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO 80204 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20422 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ So Calif, Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA USA. Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ N Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Ft Worth, TX USA. Tarrant Cty Publ Hlth Dept, Ft Worth, TX USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA. S Texas Vet Hlth Care Syst, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Natl TB Ctr, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Harlem Hosp Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA. RP Burman, W (reprint author), Denver Publ Hlth, 605 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204 USA. EM bburman@dhha.org NR 35 TC 96 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 173 IS 3 BP 350 EP 356 DI 10.1164/rccm.200503-417OC PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 007IJ UT WOS:000234962000016 PM 16109981 ER PT J AU Collins, WE Barnwell, JW Sullivan, JS Nace, DL Williams, T Bounngaseng, A Roberts, J Strobert, E Mcclure, H Saul, A Long, CA AF Collins, WE Barnwell, JW Sullivan, JS Nace, DL Williams, T Bounngaseng, A Roberts, J Strobert, E Mcclure, H Saul, A Long, CA TI Assessment of transmission-blocking activity of candidate Pvs25 vaccine using gametocytes from chimpanzees SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-VIVAX; OOKINETE SURFACE; MALARIA; ANTIBODIES; PROTEINS AB Macaca mulatta monkeys were immunized with the candidate transmission-blocking vaccine against Plas-modium vivax, Pvs25, combined with alum or Montanide ISA 720. Efficacy was measured by combining post-immunization sera with gametocytes obtained from infections induced in chimpanzees using membrane-feeding techniques. The results indicate that immunization of M. mulatta monkeys with Pvs25 and Montanide ISA 720 was more effective than with alum in efficacy and resulted in the maintenance of a lasting transmission-blocking immunity to P. vivax. This was evident two weeks after the Second immunization, and more strongly demonstrable 62 and 152 days after the second immunization. This transmission-blocking activity was strongly reinforced by a third immunization given 181 days after the primary immunization, LIS measured three weeks later by indirect membrane feeding. The use of gametocytes of P. vivax derived from infections induced in chimpanzees can contribute to the selection of appropriate constructs, formulations, and immunization regimens for the development of effective transmission-blocking vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NIAID, Malaria Vaccine Dev Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. RP Collins, WE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Malaria Branch, Mailstop F-36,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM wec1@cdc.gov RI Saul, Allan/I-6968-2013 OI Saul, Allan/0000-0003-0665-4091 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 74 IS 2 BP 215 EP 221 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 012OX UT WOS:000235349600007 PM 16474073 ER PT J AU Armstrong, GL Williams, IT Maga, UAA Viali, S Kuhnert, WL McGarvey, ST AF Armstrong, GL Williams, IT Maga, UAA Viali, S Kuhnert, WL McGarvey, ST TI Short report: Hepatitis C virus infection in Samoa and American Samoa SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL BURDEN; PREVALENCE AB Little is known about the prevalence of hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Pacific islands. In this study, serum specimens collected in 1985 and 2002 among the general populations of Samoa and American Samoa were tested for antibody to HCV by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay and a recombinant immunoblot assay. Of the 3,466 specimens tested, 8 (0.2%; 95% confidence interval = 0.07-0.4%) were positive for antibody to HCV. Prevalence did not vary by location or demographic characteristic. Thus, HCV is present in the Samoas but at a low prevalence. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. Govt Amer Samoa, Dept Hlth, Pago Pago, AS USA. Tupua Tamasese Meaole Hosp, Minist Hlth, Apia, AS USA. Brown Univ, Int Hlth Inst, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Armstrong, GL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-37,1600 Clifton Rd,NE, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. EM garmstrong@cdc.gov RI McGarvey, Stephen/I-1788-2014 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 74 IS 2 BP 261 EP 262 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 012OX UT WOS:000235349600015 PM 16474081 ER PT J AU Barrera, R Amador, M Clark, GG AF Barrera, R Amador, M Clark, GG TI Use of the pupal survey technique for measuring Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae) productivity in Puerto Rico SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SURVEILLANCE; DENGUE AB The hypothesis tested was that most Pupae of Aedes aegypti are produced in a few types of containers so that vector control efforts could concentrate on eliminating the most productive ones and thus prevent dengue outbreaks. Pupal surveys were conducted twice in 2004 in an urban area in southern Puerto Rico. A total 35,030 immature mosquitoes (III and IV instars, pupae) was counted in 1,367 containers found with water in 624 premises during the first survey. Only pupae were counted in the second survey in 829 premises, 257 of which had containers with water, and 124 contained Ae. aegypti pupae (15%, 22% in the first survey). We found fewer (583) containers with water than in the first survey, but 202 had pupae (35%; 18.5% in first survey). Containers yielded 3,189 Ae. aegypti pupae, which was slightly fewer. than those found in the first Survey (3,388 pupae). The hypothesis was supported by the data, showing that 7 of 18 types of containers contained 80% of all female Pupae. The most productive containers generally were also common. We used several criteria (i.e., container use, two-step Cluster analysis based on environmental variables of containers and premises) to classify the containers and premises and to evaluate pupal distribution at various spatial scales (container, premise, and residences versus public areas). Most pupae were in 4 of 10 types of container usage categories. The cluster technique showed that most pupae were in unattended, rain-filled containers in the yards, particularly in receptacles in the shade of trees that received rainfall through foliage and had lower water temperatures. Pupal counts were adjusted to a negative binomial distribution, confirming their highly aggregated dispersal pattern. Cluster analysis showed that 61.3% of female pupae were in 40 (6.4%) of 624 premises that had in common their larger yards, number of trees, and container water volume. Using number of Ae. aegypti larvae, Breteau Index, or the presence of immature forms as indicators of pupal productivity is not as efficient in identifying the most productive types of containers as direct pupal counts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00920 USA. RP Barrera, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, PR 00920 USA. EM rbarrera@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 EI 1476-1645 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 74 IS 2 BP 290 EP 302 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 012OX UT WOS:000235349600020 PM 16474086 ER PT J AU Wolkin, AF Patel, M Watson, W Belson, M Rubin, C Schier, J Kilbourne, EM Crawford, CG Wattigney, W Litovitz, T AF Wolkin, AF Patel, M Watson, W Belson, M Rubin, C Schier, J Kilbourne, EM Crawford, CG Wattigney, W Litovitz, T TI Early detection of illness associated with poisonings of public health significance SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SURVEILLANCE; OUTBREAK AB Since September 11, 2001, concern about potential terrorist attacks has increased in the United States. To reduce morbidity and mortality from outbreaks of illness from the intentional release of chemical agents, we examine data from the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS). TESS, a national system for timely collection of reports from US poison control centers, can facilitate early recognition of outbreaks of illness from chemical exposures. TESS data can serve as proxy markers for a diagnosis and may provide early alerts to potential outbreaks of covert events. We use 3 categories of information from TESS to detect potential outbreaks, including call volume, clinical effect, and substance-specific data. Analysis of the data identifies aberrations by comparing the observed number of events with a threshold based on historical data. Using TESS, we have identified several events of potential public health significance, including an arsenic poisoning at a local church gathering in Maine, the TOPOFF 2 national preparedness exercise, and contaminated food and water during the northeastern US blackout. Integration of poison control centers into the public health network will enhance the detection and response to emerging chemical threats. Traditionally, emergency physicians and other health care providers have used poison control centers for management information; their reporting to these centers is crucial in poisoning surveillance efforts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Studies Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Amer Assoc Poison Control Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Wolkin, AF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Studies Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Mailstop F46,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM awolkin@cdc.gov RI Schier, Joshua/F-9861-2013; OI Litovitz, Toby/0000-0003-0262-5509 NR 17 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 47 IS 2 BP 170 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.09.016 PG 7 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 008BN UT WOS:000235015300010 PM 16431230 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Loucks, EB Berkman, LF AF Ford, ES Loucks, EB Berkman, LF TI Social integration and concentrations of C-reactive protein among US adults SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C-reactive protein; epidemiology; inflammation; social integration; social networks ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; ACUTE MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE-AGED MEN; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; PLASMA-FIBRINOGEN; ALAMEDA COUNTY; HEALTH; MORTALITY; WOMEN AB PURPOSE: This study tests whether social integration is associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) level, a biologic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: Using data from 14,818 participants aged >= 20 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994), we created a social network index using marital status; number of contacts with family, friends, and neighbors; frequency of religious service attendance; and participation in voluntary organizations. Serum CRP concentration was measured by means of latex-enhanced nephelometry, a low-sensitivity assay, and dichotomized into 3 mg/L or less and greater than 3 mg/L. RESULTS: After adjustment for multiple potential confounders, men aged >= 60 years with the fewest ties were more likely to have an elevated CRP concentration than men with the most ties (odds ratio = 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.92). This occurred in a dose-response manner, with each decrease in number of ties associated with an increase in the proportion of men with elevated CRP levels. The association between social networks and CRP level after multivariate adjustment was not significant in women or younger men. CONCLUSION: In this nationally representative cohort, CRP level was associated with social integration in older men, but not women or younger men. There may be sex- and age-related differences in biologic processes influenced by social integration, C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Soc Human Dev & Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K66, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM eford@cdc.gov RI Loucks, Eric/I-1272-2014 OI Loucks, Eric/0000-0002-9962-0386 NR 36 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 16 IS 2 BP 78 EP 84 DI 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.08.005 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 015LR UT WOS:000235553400002 PM 16271297 ER PT J AU Violanti, JM Burchfiel, CM Miller, DB Andrew, ME Dorn, J Wactawski-Wende, J Beighley, CM Pierino, K Joseph, PN Vena, JE Sharp, DS Trevisan, M AF Violanti, JM Burchfiel, CM Miller, DB Andrew, ME Dorn, J Wactawski-Wende, J Beighley, CM Pierino, K Joseph, PN Vena, JE Sharp, DS Trevisan, M TI The Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) pilot study: Methods and participant characteristics SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE police; stress; cardiovascular disease; cortisol; risk factors; psychosocial factors ID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; CAROTID-ARTERY INTIMA; B-MODE ULTRASOUND; RISK-FACTORS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK; SALIVARY CORTISOL; ABDOMINAL OBESITY; BRACHIAL-ARTERY; WALL THICKNESS AB PURPOSE: The Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) study is one of the first population-based studies to integrate psychological, physiological, and subclinical measures of stress, disease, and mental dysfunction. This pilot study was undertaken to establish a methodology and descriptive results for a larger police study. METHODS: A stratified sample of 100 officers was randomly selected from the Buffalo, NY Police Department. Salivary cortisol served as a stress biomarker. Flow mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were performed with ultrasound. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and anthropometric measures assessed body composition. Self-report measures of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were obtained. RESULTS: Recruitment attained for the study was 100%. Seventy-five percent showed a cortisol increase upon awakening, 90% a negative diurnal slope, and 77% an increased cortisol response after a high protein lunch challenge. Dexamethasone suppression was evident. FMD showed an increase in mean brachial artery diameter of 3.2% in men and 3.9% in women, and mean IMT was lower (male = 0.67 mm; female = 0.62. mm) compared to populations of similar age. For males, the mean body-mass index (BMI) was 29.8 kg/ in 2 and total body fat 23.4%. For females, the mean BMI was 26.7 kg/m(2) and total body fat 31.5%. For all officers, 16% met criteria for depression; 36% reported elevated PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to populations of similar age, police officers had slightly lower FMD, lower carotid IMT, elevated BMI, and higher reported rates of depression and PTSD. Standardized physiological and psychological data collection and descriptive results confirmed that the methodology of the study is feasible in a working police population. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Profess, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV USA. Hilbert Coll, Dept Criminal Justice, Hamburg, NY USA. SUNY Buffalo, Off Dean, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Profess, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. RP Violanti, JM (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Profess, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. EM violanti@buffalo.edu NR 75 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 16 IS 2 BP 148 EP 156 DI 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.054 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 015LR UT WOS:000235553400011 PM 16165369 ER PT J AU Beer, BE Doncel, GF Krebs, FC Shattock, RJ Fletcher, PS Buckheit, RW Watson, K Dezzutti, CS Cummins, JE Bromley, E Richardson-Harman, N Pallansch, LA Lackman-Smith, C Osterling, C Mankowski, M Miller, SR Catalone, BJ Welsh, PA Howett, MK Wigdahl, B Turpin, JA Reichelderfer, P AF Beer, BE Doncel, GF Krebs, FC Shattock, RJ Fletcher, PS Buckheit, RW Watson, K Dezzutti, CS Cummins, JE Bromley, E Richardson-Harman, N Pallansch, LA Lackman-Smith, C Osterling, C Mankowski, M Miller, SR Catalone, BJ Welsh, PA Howett, MK Wigdahl, B Turpin, JA Reichelderfer, P TI In vitro preclinical testing of nonoxynol-9 as potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus microbicide: a retrospective analysis of results from five laboratories SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE; CELL-LINES; GENITAL INFECTIONS; VENEREAL DISEASE; CONTROLLED-TRIAL; MONKEY MODEL; HIV; TYPE-1; TRANSMISSION; C31G AB The first product to be clinically evaluated as a microbicide contained the nonionic surfactant nonoxynol-9 (nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol; N-9). Many laboratories have used N-9 as a control compound for microbicide assays. However, no published comparisons of the results among laboratories or attempts to establish standardized protocols for preclinical testing of microbicides have been performed. In this study, we compared results from 127 N-9 toxicity and 72 efficacy assays that were generated in five different laboratories over the last six years and were performed with 14 different cell lines or tissues. Intra-assay reproducibility was measured at two-, three-, and fivefold differences using standard deviations. Interassay reproducibility was assessed using general linear models, and interaction between variables was studied using step-wise regression. The intra-assay reproducibility within the same N-9 concentration, cell type, assay duration, and laboratory was consistent at the twofold level of standard deviations. For interassay reproducibility, cell line, duration of assay, and N-9 concentration were all significant sources of variability (P < 0.01). Half-maximal toxicity concentrations for N-9 were similar between laboratories for assays of similar exposure durations, but these similarities decreased with lower test concentrations of N-9. Results for both long (> 24 h) and short (< 2 h) exposures of cells to N-9 showed variability, while assays with 4 to 8 h of N-9 exposure gave results that were not significantly different. This is the first analysis to compare preclinical N-9 toxicity levels that were obtained by different laboratories using various protocols. This comparative work can be used to develop standardized microbicide testing protocols that will help advance potential microbicides to clinical trials. C1 So Res Inst, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Eastern Virginia Med Sch, CONRAD, Norfolk, VA USA. Drexel Univ, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. Drexel Univ, Coll Med, Inst Mol Med & Infect Dis, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. Univ London, London, England. Imquest BioSci Inc, Frederick, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. BioStat Solut Inc, Airy, MD USA. Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Allergy & Infect Dis, Div AIDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Natl Inst Child Hlth & Human Dev, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Beer, BE (reprint author), So Res Inst, 431 Aviat Way, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. EM beer@sri.org FU Medical Research Council [G0100137]; NIAID NIH HHS [N01AI05415, P01 AI037829, P01 AI37829]; NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-3-3350, Y1-HD-0083] NR 43 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 50 IS 2 BP 713 EP 723 DI 10.1128/AAC.50.2.713-723.2006 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 011UO UT WOS:000235294200042 PM 16436731 ER PT J AU Sharma, SK Ferreira, JL Eblen, BS Whiting, RC AF Sharma, SK Ferreira, JL Eblen, BS Whiting, RC TI Detection of type A, B, E, and F Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins in foods by using an amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with digoxigenin-labeled antibodies SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLORIMETRIC CAPTURE ELISAS; SOLUTION-PHASE COMPLEXES; CURED MEAT SYSTEM; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COAGULATION ASSAY; TETANUS TOXIN; IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION; ORAL TOXICITIES; PURE CULTURE; BINDING AB An amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Clostridium botulinum complex neurotoxins was evaluated for its ability to detect these toxins in food. The assay was found to be suitable for detecting type A, B, E, and F botulinum neurotoxins in a variety of rood matrices representing liquids, solid, and semisolid food. Specific foods included broccoli, orange juice, bottled water, cola soft drinks, vanilla extract, oregano, potato salad, apple juice, meat products, and dairy foods. The detection sensitivity of the test for these botulinum complex serotypes was found to be 60 pg/ml (1.9 50% lethal dose [LD50]) for botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), 176 pg/ml (1.58 LD50) for BoNT/B, 163 pg/ml for BoNT/E (4.5 LD50), and 117 pg/ml for BoNT/F (less than 1 LD50) in casein buffer. The test could also readily detect 2 ng/ml of neurotoxins type A, B, E, and F in a variety of food samples. For specificity studies., the assay was also used to test a large panel of type A C. botulinum, a smaller panel of proteolytic and nonproteolytic type B, E, and F neurotoxin-producing Clostridia, and nontoxigenic organisms using an overnight incubation of toxin production medium. The assay appears to be an effective tool for large-scale screening of the food supply in the event of a botulinum neurotoxin contamination event. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sharma, SK (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy,HFS-302, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM shashi.sharma@cfsan.fda.gov NR 49 TC 81 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 72 IS 2 BP 1231 EP 1238 DI 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1231-1238.2006 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 012QC UT WOS:000235353100034 PM 16461671 ER PT J AU Oliveria, SA Saraiya, M Geller, AC Heneghan, MK Jorgensen, C AF Oliveria, SA Saraiya, M Geller, AC Heneghan, MK Jorgensen, C TI Sun exposure and risk of melanoma SO ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD LA English DT Article ID CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT-MELANOMA; NONMELANOCYTIC SKIN-CANCER; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; SUNLIGHT-EXPOSURE; WESTERN AUSTRALIA; INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE; EUROPEAN CHILDREN; MELANOCYTIC NEVI; CELL CARCINOMA; SUNSCREEN USE AB Background: As skin cancer education programmes directed to children and adolescents continue to expand, an epidemiological basis for these programmes is necessary to target efforts and plan for further evaluation. Aims: To summarise the epidemiological evidence on sun exposure during childhood and adolescence and melanoma risk. Methods: A literature review was conducted using Medline ( 1966 to December 2004) to identify articles relating to sun exposure and melanoma. The review was restricted to studies that included sun exposure information on subjects 18 years of age or younger. Results: Migrant studies generally indicate an increased melanoma risk in individuals who spent childhood in sunny geographical locations, and decreasing melanoma risk with older age at arrival. Individuals who resided in geographical locations close to the equator or close to the coast during childhood and/or adolescence have an increased melanoma risk compared to those who lived at higher latitudes or never lived near the coast. The intermittent exposure hypothesis remains controversial; some studies indicate that children and adolescents who received intermittent sun exposure during vacation, recreation, or occupation are at increased melanoma risk as adults, but more recent studies suggest intermittent exposure to have a protective effect. The majority of sunburn studies suggest a positive association between early age sunburn and subsequent risk of melanoma. Conclusion: Future research efforts should focus on: ( 1) clarifying the relation between sun exposure and melanoma; ( 2) conducting prospective studies; ( 3) assessing sun exposure during different time periods of life using a reliable and quantitative method; ( 4) obtaining information on protective measures; and ( 5) examining the interrelations between ability to tan, propensity to burn, skin type, history of sunburns, timing and pattern of sun exposure, number of nevi, and other host factors in the child and adolescent populations. C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Dermatol Serv, New York, NY 10022 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA USA. RP Oliveria, SA (reprint author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Dermatol Serv, 160 E 53rd St,2nd Floor, New York, NY 10022 USA. EM oliveri1@mskcc.org NR 96 TC 107 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 10 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0003-9888 J9 ARCH DIS CHILD JI Arch. Dis. Child. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 91 IS 2 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1136/adc.2005.086918 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 004NS UT WOS:000234760100013 PM 16326797 ER PT J AU Szilagyi, PG Schaffer, S Barth, R Shone, LP Humiston, SG Ambrose, S Averhoff, F AF Szilagyi, PG Schaffer, S Barth, R Shone, LP Humiston, SG Ambrose, S Averhoff, F TI Effect of telephone reminder/recall on adolescent immunization and preventive visits - Results from a randomized clinical trial SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-B VACCINATION; HEALTH-CARE SERVICES; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; QUALITY IMPROVEMENT; INNER-CITY; CHILDREN; RATES; INTERVENTIONS; RECALL; PERTUSSIS AB Objective: To measure the effect of telephone-based reminder/ recall on immunization and well-child care(WCC) visit rates among adolescents in urban practices. Design: Randomized clinical trial of telephone-based reminder/ recall over 18 months. Setting: Four urban primary care practices. Participants: Adolescents aged 11 to 14 years. Intervention: Adolescents within practices were randomized to study (n=1496) or control groups (n=1510). The study group was sent audiotaped telephone reminders about a scheduled or needed immunization or WCC visit. Households were called weekly if there was no response; telephone numbers were updated weekly. Controls received standard care. Results: Baseline demographics and immunization and WCC visit rates were similar for study and control groups. The intervention was largely ineffective in improving immunization or WCC visit rates. Although at the end of the study, the study group had slightly higher hepatitis B coverage (3 vaccinations)(62% vs 57.8%; P=.02), WCC visits were the same (53% and 54%), and impact on other vaccinations was minimal. The effect of reminder/recall was equivalent across demographic subgroups (eg, age, race/ethnicity, insurance). The major factor limiting intervention effectiveness was inaccurate telephone numbers. Seventy-one percent of study subjects with single telephone numbers throughout the study had a WCC visit vs 25% of study subjects with multiple/changed telephone numbers and 54% of controls (P <.001). Conclusions: An intensive telephone reminder and recall system was only minimally successful in improving immunization and WCC visit rates among urban adolescents. Lack of success was largely owing to changed or inaccurate telephone numbers. C1 Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Strong Childrens Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Strong Childrens Res Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, Rochester, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Szilagyi, PG (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Strong Mem Hosp, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. EM peter_szilagyi@urmc.rochester.edu OI Schaffer, Stanley/0000-0001-7993-1374 NR 66 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610-0946 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 160 IS 2 BP 157 EP 163 DI 10.1001/archpedi.160.2.157 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 010YP UT WOS:000235234200006 PM 16461871 ER EF