FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Christian, MD Loutfy, M McDonald, C Martinez, KF Ofner, M Wong, T Wallington, T Gold, WL Mederski, B Green, K Low, DE AF Christian, MD Loutfy, M McDonald, C Martinez, KF Ofner, M Wong, T Wallington, T Gold, WL Mederski, B Green, K Low, DE CA SARS Invest Team TI Possible SARS coronavirus transmission during cardiopulmonary resuscitation SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION; HONG-KONG; OUTBREAK; VIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; VARICELLA; INFECTION; ZOSTER AB Infection of healthcare workers with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-COV) is thought to occur primarily by either contact or large respiratory droplet transmission. However , infrequent healthcare worker infections occurred despite the use of contact and droplet precautions, particularly during certain aerosol-generating medical procedures. We investigated a possible cluster of SARS-CoV infections in healthcare workers who used contact and droplet precautions during attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a SARS patient. Unlike previously reported instances of transmission during aerosol-generating procedures, the index case-patient was unresponsive, and the intubation procedure was performed quickly and without difficulty. However, before intubation, the patient was ventilated with a bag-valve-mask that may have contributed to aerosolization of SARS-CoV. On the basis of the results of this investigation and previous reports of SARS transmission during aerosol-generating procedures, a systematic approach to the problem is outlined, including the use of the following: 1) administrative controls, 2) environmental engineering controls, 3) personal protective equipment, and 4) quality control. C1 Univ Hlth Network, Immunodeficiency Clin, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. N York Gen Hosp, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Toronto Publ Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada. Mt Sinai Hosp, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. RP Christian, MD (reprint author), Univ Hlth Network, Immunodeficiency Clin, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada. EM Michael.Christian@utoronto.ca RI Low, Donald/B-1726-2012 NR 32 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 287 EP 293 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700024 PM 15030699 ER PT J AU Wu, HS Chiu, SC Tseng, TC Lin, SF Lin, JH Hsu, YF Wang, MC Lin, TL Yang, WZ Ferng, TL Huang, KH Hsu, LC Lee, LL Yang, JY Chen, HY Su, SP Yang, SY Lin, TH Su, LJ AF Wu, HS Chiu, SC Tseng, TC Lin, SF Lin, JH Hsu, YF Wang, MC Lin, TL Yang, WZ Ferng, TL Huang, KH Hsu, LC Lee, LL Yang, JY Chen, HY Su, SP Yang, SY Lin, TH Su, LJ TI Serologic and molecular biologic methods for SARS-associated coronavirus infection, Taiwan SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; RETROVIRUS; MACAQUES; ASSAY AB Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has raised a global alert since March 2003. After its causative agent, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), was confirmed, laboratory methods, including virus isolation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR), and serologic methods, have been quickly developed. In this study, we evaluated four serologic tests ( neutralization test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], immunofluorescent assay [IFA], and immunochromatographic test [ICT]) for detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV in sera of 537 probable SARS case-patients with correlation to the RT-PCR. With the neutralization test as a reference method, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 98.2%, 98.7%, 98.7%, and 98.4% for ELISA; 99.1%, 87.8%, 88.1% and 99.1% for IFA; 33.6%, 98.2%, 95.7%, and 56.1% for ICT, respectively. We also compared the recombinant-based western blot with the whole virus-based IFA and ELISA; the data showed a high correlation between these methods, with an overall agreement of >90%. Our results provide a systematic analysis of serologic and molecular methods for evaluating SARS-CoV infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Dept Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Su, LJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Dept Hlth, 6 Lin Shen S Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM suihjen@cdc.gov.tw RI Su, Ih-Jen/B-2655-2010 NR 16 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 304 EP 310 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700027 PM 15030702 ER PT J AU Emery, SL Erdman, DD Bowen, MD Newton, BR Winchell, JM Meyer, RF Tong, SX Cook, BT Holloway, BP McCaustland, KA Rota, PA Bankamp, B Lowe, LE Ksiazek, TG Bellini, WJ Anderson, LJ AF Emery, SL Erdman, DD Bowen, MD Newton, BR Winchell, JM Meyer, RF Tong, SX Cook, BT Holloway, BP McCaustland, KA Rota, PA Bankamp, B Lowe, LE Ksiazek, TG Bellini, WJ Anderson, LJ TI Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for SARS-associated coronavirus SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; PCR ASSAY; HONG-KONG; OUTBREAK; TAQMAN AB A real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to rapidly detect the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The assay, based on multiple primer and probe sets located in different regions of the SARS-CoV genome, could discriminate SARS-CoV from other human and animal coronaviruses with a potential detection limit of <10 genomic copies per reaction. The real-time RTPCR assay was more sensitive than a conventional RTPCR assay or culture isolation and proved suitable to detect SARS-CoV in clinical specimens. Application of this assay will aid in diagnosing SARS-CoV infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Emery, SL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 311 EP 316 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700028 PM 15030703 ER PT J AU Goldsmith, CS Tatti, KM Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Comer, JA Lee, WW Rota, PA Bankamp, B Bellini, WJ Zaki, SR AF Goldsmith, CS Tatti, KM Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Comer, JA Lee, WW Rota, PA Bankamp, B Bellini, WJ Zaki, SR TI Ultrastructural characterization of SARS coronavirus SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; DOUBLE-MEMBRANE VESICLES; MOUSE HEPATITIS-VIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; NIPAH VIRUS; REPLICATION; ZAIRE; CELLS; PATHOLOGY; INFECTION AB Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first described during a 2002-2003 global outbreak of severe pneumonia associated with human deaths and person-to-person disease transmission. The etiologic agent was initially identified as a coronavirus by thin-section electron microscopic examination of a virus isolate. Virions were spherical, 78 nm in mean diameter, and composed of a helical nucleocapsid within an envelope with surface projections. We show that infection with the SARS-associated coronavirus resulted in distinct ultrastructural features: double-membrane vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and large granular areas of cytoplasm. These three structures and the coronavirus particles were shown to be positive for viral proteins and RNA by using ultrastructural immunogold and in situ hybridization assays. In addition, ultrastructural examination of a bronchiolar lavage specimen from a SARS patient showed numerous coronavirus-infected cells with features similar to those in infected culture cells. Electron microscopic studies were critical in identifying the etiologic agent of the SARS outbreak and in guiding subsequent laboratory and epidemiologic investigations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Goldsmith, CS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop G30,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cgoldsmith@cdc.gov RI Tatti, Kathleen/H-5912-2012 OI Tatti, Kathleen/0000-0001-9414-7887 NR 40 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 320 EP 326 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700030 PM 15030705 ER PT J AU Jernigan, JA Low, DE Helfand, RF AF Jernigan, JA Low, DE Helfand, RF TI Combining clinical and epidemiologic features for early recognition of SARS SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE-RESPIRATORY-SYNDROME; THIN-SECTION CT; HONG-KONG; TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS; CORONAVIRUS; OUTBREAK; SINGAPORE; TORONTO; CHINA; IDENTIFICATION AB Early recognition and rapid initiation of infection control precautions are currently the most important strategies for controlling severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). No rapid diagnostic tests currently exist that can rule out SARS among patients with febrile respiratory illnesses. Clinical features alone cannot with certainty distinguish SARS from other respiratory illnesses rapidly enough to inform early management decisions. A balanced approach to screening that allows early recognition of SARS without unnecessary isolation of patients with other respiratory illnesses will require clinicians not only to look for suggestive clinical features but also to routinely seek epidemiologic clues suggestive of SARS coronavirus exposure. Key epidemiologic risk factors include 1) exposure to settings where SARS activity is suspected or documented, or 2) in the absence of such exposure, epidemiologic linkage to other persons with pneumonia (i.e., pneumonia clusters), or 3) exposure to healthcare settings. When combined with clinical findings, these epidemiologic features provide a possible strategic framework for early recognition of SARS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Jernigan, JA (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E68, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jjernigan@cdc.gov RI Low, Donald/B-1726-2012 NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 327 EP 333 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700031 PM 15030706 ER PT J AU Vu, HT Leitmeyer, KC Le, DH Miller, MJ Nguyen, QH Uyeki, TM Reynolds, MG Aagesen, J Nicholson, KG Vu, QH Bach, HA Plant, AJ AF Vu, HT Leitmeyer, KC Le, DH Miller, MJ Nguyen, QH Uyeki, TM Reynolds, MG Aagesen, J Nicholson, KG Vu, QH Bach, HA Plant, AJ TI Clinical description of a completed outbreak of SARS in Vietnam, February-May 2003 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; CORONAVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION AB We investigated the clinical manifestations and course of all probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients in the Vietnam outbreak. Probable SARS cases were defined by using the revised World Health Organization criteria. We systematically reviewed medical records and undertook descriptive statistical analyses. All 62 patients were hospitalized. On admission, the most prominent symptoms were malaise (82.3%) and fever (79.0%). Cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath were present in approximately one quarter of the patients; 79.0% had lymphopenia; 40.3% had thrombocytopenia; 19.4% had leukopenia; and 75.8% showed changes on chest radiograph. Fever developed on the first day of illness onset, and both respiratory symptoms and radiographic changes occurred on day 4. On average, maximal radiographic changes were observed on day 10, and fevers subsided by day 13. Symptoms on admission were nonspecific , although fever, malaise, and lymphopenia were common. The complications of SARS included invasive intubation and ventilation (11.3%) and death (9.7%). C1 Curtin Univ Technol, Div Hlth Sci, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. Robert Koch Inst, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Hanoi French Hosp, Hanoi, Vietnam. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Bach Mai Hosp, Hanoi, Vietnam. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Commonwealth Dept Hlth & Ageing, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, Jonkoping, Sweden. Leicester Royal Infirm, Leicester, Leics, England. Hanoi Med Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam. RP Plant, AJ (reprint author), Curtin Univ Technol, Div Hlth Sci, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. EM a.plant@curtin.edu.au NR 10 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 334 EP 338 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700032 PM 15030707 ER PT J AU Robertson, CA Lowther, SA Birch, T Tan, C Sorhage, F Stockman, L McDonald, C Lingappa, JR Bresnitz, E AF Robertson, CA Lowther, SA Birch, T Tan, C Sorhage, F Stockman, L McDonald, C Lingappa, JR Bresnitz, E TI SARS and pregnancy: A case report SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE-RESPIRATORY-SYNDROME; CORONAVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION; VIRUS AB We report a laboratory-confirmed case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a pregnant woman. Although the patient had respiratory failure, a healthy infant was subsequently delivered, and the mother is now well. There was no evidence of viral shedding at delivery. Antibodies to SARS virus were detected in cord blood and breast milk. C1 New Jersey State Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. McKing Consulting, Atlanta, GA USA. Holy Name Hosp, Teaneck, NJ USA. RP Robertson, CA (reprint author), New Jersey State Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, POB 369, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. EM ctr9@cdc.gov NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 345 EP 348 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700035 PM 15030710 ER PT J AU Misrahi, JJ Foster, JA Shaw, FE Cetron, MS AF Misrahi, JJ Foster, JA Shaw, FE Cetron, MS TI HHS/CDC legal response to SARS outbreak SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Before the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) legal authority to apprehend, detain, or conditionally release persons was limited to seven listed diseases, not including SARS, and could only be changed using a two-step process: 1) executive order of the President of the United States on recommendation by the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and 2) amendment to CDC quarantine regulations (42 CFR Parts 70 and 71). In April 2003, in response to the SARS outbreak, the federal executive branch acted rapidly to add SARS to the list of quarantinable communicable diseases. At the same time, HHS amended the regulations to streamline the process of adding future emerging infectious diseases. Since the emergence of SARS, CDC has increased legal preparedness for future public health emergencies by establishing a multistate teleconference program for public health lawyers and a Web-based clearinghouse of legal documents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Misrahi, JJ (reprint author), CDC, ATSDR Branch, Publ Hlth Div, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D53, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM JMisrahi@cdc.gov NR 2 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 353 EP 355 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700037 PM 15030712 ER PT J AU Person, B Sy, F Holton, K Govert, B Liang, A AF Person, B Sy, F Holton, K Govert, B Liang, A CA NCID SARS Community Outreach Team TI Fear and stigma: The epidemic within the SARS outbreak SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Because of their evolving nature and inherent scientific uncertainties, outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases can be associated with considerable fear in the general public or in specific communities, especially when illness and deaths are substantial. Mitigating fear and discrimination directed toward persons infected with, and affected by, infectious disease can be important in controlling transmission. Persons who are feared and stigmatized may delay seeking care and remain in the community undetected. This article outlines efforts to rapidly assess, monitor, and address fears associated with the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in the United States. Although fear, stigmatization, and discrimination were not widespread in the general public, Asian-American communities were particularly affected. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hlth Educ & Behav Sci Off Hlth Commun, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Northrop Grumman Miss Syst, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Person, B (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hlth Educ & Behav Sci Off Hlth Commun, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bperson@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 358 EP 363 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700039 PM 15030713 ER PT J AU Hopkins, RS Misegades, L Ransom, J Lipson, L Brink, EW AF Hopkins, RS Misegades, L Ransom, J Lipson, L Brink, EW TI SARS preparedness checklist for state and local health officials SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB A planning checklist for widespread severe acute respiratory syndrome, modeled on an Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) pandemic influenza planning checklist, was developed jointly by ASTHO, the National Association of County and City Health Officials, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This checklist, distributed May 2003, has been widely used. C1 CDCP, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Assoc State & Territorial Hlth Officials, Washington, DC USA. Natl Assoc Cty & City Hlth Officials, Washington, DC USA. RP Hopkins, RS (reprint author), CDCP, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Mailstop K74, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ryh8@cdc.gov NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 369 EP 372 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700041 PM 15030715 ER PT J AU Kaydos-Daniels, SC Olowokure, B Chang, HJ Barwick, RS Deng, JF Lee, ML Kuo, SHS Su, IJ Chen, KT Maloney, SA AF Kaydos-Daniels, SC Olowokure, B Chang, HJ Barwick, RS Deng, JF Lee, ML Kuo, SHS Su, IJ Chen, KT Maloney, SA CA SARS Int Field Team TI Body temperature monitoring and SARS fever hotline, Taiwan SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; HONG-KONG AB In Taiwan, a temperature-monitoring campaign and hotline for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) fever were implemented in June 2003. Among 1,966 calls, fever was recorded in 19% (n = 378); 18 persons at high risk for SARS were identified. In a cross-sectional telephone survey, 95% (n = 1,060) of households knew about the campaign and 7 households reported fever. C1 W Virginia Bur Publ Hlth, Charleston, WV 25301 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Hlth Protect Agcy, Reg Surveillance Unit W Midlands, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. Bur Natl Hlth Insurance, Taipei, Taiwan. Taipei Med Assoc, Taipei, Taiwan. Tzu Chi Univ, Hualien, Taiwan. Taipei Econ & Cultural Representat Off, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Kaydos-Daniels, SC (reprint author), W Virginia Bur Publ Hlth, 350 Capitol St,Room 125, Charleston, WV 25301 USA. EM sqk3@cdc.gov RI Su, Ih-Jen/B-2655-2010 NR 8 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 373 EP 376 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700042 PM 15030716 ER PT J AU Arguin, PM Navin, AW Steele, SF Weld, LH Kozarsky, PE AF Arguin, PM Navin, AW Steele, SF Weld, LH Kozarsky, PE TI Health communication during SARS SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, electronic media made it possible to disseminate prevention messages rapidly. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Travelers' Health Web site was frequently visited in the first half of 2003; more than 2.6 million visits were made to travel alerts, advisories, and other SARS-related documents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Arguin, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM parguin@cdc.gov NR 4 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 377 EP 380 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 772XH UT WOS:000188867700043 PM 15030717 ER PT J AU Barr, DB Bravo, R Weerasekera, G Caltabiano, LM Whitehead, RD Olsson, AO Caudill, SA Schober, SE Pirkle, JL Sampson, EJ Jackson, RJ Needham, LL AF Barr, DB Bravo, R Weerasekera, G Caltabiano, LM Whitehead, RD Olsson, AO Caudill, SA Schober, SE Pirkle, JL Sampson, EJ Jackson, RJ Needham, LL TI Concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the US population SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biologic monitoring; dialkyl phosphate; general population; organophosphate; organophosphorus; reference range; urine ID PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; ALKYL PHOSPHATE; URINARY ALKYLPHOSPHATES; AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY; MANUAL OPERATIONS; HUMAN EXPOSURE; INSECTICIDES; EXCRETION; WORKERS; HOME AB We report population-based concentrations, stratified by age, sex, and racial/ethnic groups, of dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of multiple organophosphorus pesticides. We measured dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP), and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) concentrations in 1,949 urine samples collected in U.S. residents 6-59 years of age during 1999 and 2000 as a part of the ongoing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We detected each DAP metabolite in more than 50% of the samples, with DEP being detected most frequently (71%) at a limit of detection of 0.2 mug/L. The geometric means for the metabolites detected in more than 60% of the samples were 1.85 mug/L for DMTP and 1.04 mug/L for DEP. The 95th percentiles for each metabolite were DMP, 13 mug/L; DMTP, 46 mug/L; DMDTP, 19 mug/L; DEP, 13 mug/L; DETP, 2.2 mug/L; and DEDTP, 0.87 mug/L. We determined the molar sums of the dimethyl-containing and diethyl-containing metabolites; their geometric mean concentrations were 49.4 and 10.5 nmol/L, respectively, and their 95th percentiles were 583 and 108 nmol/L, respectively. These data are also presented as creatinine-adjusted concentrations. Multivariate analyses showed concentrations of DAPs in children 6-11 years of age that were consistently significantly higher than in adults and often higher than in adolescents. Although the concentrations between sexes and among racial/ethnic groups varied, no significant differences were observed. These data will be important in evaluating the impact of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in the U.S. population and the effectiveness of regulatory actions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Barr, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM dbarr@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 53 TC 175 Z9 181 U1 3 U2 16 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP 186 EP 200 DI 10.1289/ehp.6503 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800034 PM 14754573 ER PT J AU Landrigan, PJ Kimmel, CA Correa, A Eskenazi, B AF Landrigan, PJ Kimmel, CA Correa, A Eskenazi, B TI Children's health and the environment: Public health issues and challenges for risk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE children's environmental health; developmental toxicology; risk assessment; safety factors; toxicity testing ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; BLOOD LEAD LEVELS; AMBIENT AIR-POLLUTION; INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME; WOOD-BURNING STOVES; INNER-CITY CHILDREN; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PARENTAL SMOKING AB Infants and children are not little adults. They are uniquely vulnerable to environmental toxicants. To protect infants and children against toxicants, the National Research Council in 1993 called for development of an approach to risk assessment that considers children's unique patterns of exposure and their special vulnerabilities to pesticides. Many aspects of that call were codified into federal law in the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. This report highlights the central elements needed for development of a child-protective approach to risk assessment: a) improved quantitative assessment of children's exposures at different life stages, from fetal life through adolescence, including acute and chronic exposures, exposures via multiple routes, and exposures to multiple agents; b) development of new approaches to toxicity testing of chemicals that can detect unanticipated and subtle outcomes and that evaluate experimental subjects over the entire life span from early exposure to natural death to replicate the human experience; C) development of new toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic models that account for the unique physiologic characteristics of infants and children; 4 development of new approaches to assessment of outcomes, functional, organ, cellular and Molecular, over the entire life span; these measures need to be incorporated into toxicity testing and into long-term prospective epidemiologic studies of children; and e) application of uncertainty and safety factors in risk assessment that specifically consider children's risks. Under FQPA, children are presumed more vulnerable to pesticides than adults unless evidence exists to the contrary. Uncertainty and safety factors that are protective of children must therefore be incorporated into risk assessment when data on developmental toxicity are lacking or when there is evidence of developmental toxicity. The adequate protection of children against toxic agents in the environment will require fundamental and far-reaching revisions of current approaches to toxicity testing and risk assessment. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Commun & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Landrigan, PJ (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Commun & Prevent Med, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl,Box 1057, New York, NY 10029 USA. EM phil.landrigan@mssm.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P01ES09584, P42ES07384] NR 155 TC 163 Z9 169 U1 1 U2 36 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1289/ehp.6115 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800042 PM 14754581 ER PT J AU Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B AF Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B TI Overstating the consequences: Peipins et al.'s response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID EXPOSURE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Denver, CO USA. Montana Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Helena, MT USA. Lincoln Cty Dept Environm Hlth, Libby, MT USA. RP Peipins, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM mlewin@cdc.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP A84 EP A85 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800005 ER PT J AU Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B AF Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B TI Radiographic abnormalities: Response from Peipins et al. SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID VERMICULITE; EXPOSURE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Denver, CO USA. Montana Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Helena, MT USA. Lincoln Cty Dept Environm Hlth, Libby, MT USA. RP Peipins, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM mlewin@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP A83 EP A83 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800003 ER PT J AU Pendergrass, SM AF Pendergrass, SM TI Method development for the determination of diacetyl and acetoin at a microwave popcorn plant SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHIOLITIS; WORKERS AB Separate sampling and analytical methods for the determination of diacetyl and acetoin have been developed to assess workplace exposures at a popcorn processing facility have been described. Diacetyl (NMAM 2557) is efficiently recovered from an Anasorb CMS sampler tube when the composition of methanol in the desorption solvent is 1%, and acetoin (NMAM 2558) is efficiently recovered when the concentration of methanol is increased to 5%. Desorption efficiencies for diacetyl and acetoin were acceptable, 89.9% (RSD = 0.018) and 94.9% (RSD = 0.019), respectively. Recoveries for nonanone, methyl ethyl ketone, and ethyl acetate were not optimized because they were present in very low concentrations in the popcorn processing facility and not considered to be major occupational health hazards. Samples were collected on Anasorb CMS solid sorbent tubes. All analytes were separated using a 30-m Stabilwax-DA fused silica capillary column, followed by analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. These methods were acceptable for monitoring and identifying exposures to diacetyl and acetoin present in the butter flavoring mixture used at popcorn processing facilities. For example, in the initial site visit the method was used to determine that maximum workers exposures to diacetyl (462.6 mg/m(3)), acetoin (59.1 mg/m(3)), and nonanone (0.45 mg/m(3)) occurred as the butter flavoring was added to the mixing kettle (1). When protective measures were recommended by NIOSH personnel and implemented by the popcorn processing facility, the methods were then used to determine the effectiveness of these changes, which showed that diacetyl and acetoin concentrations had been reduced significantly to 0.97 and 2.3 mg/m(3), respectively, while the concentration of nonanone fell to levels below the detection limit (LOD). C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Pendergrass, SM (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM SMP5@cdc.gov NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 3 BP 858 EP 861 DI 10.1021/es0305407 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 769NE UT WOS:000188656000040 PM 14968874 ER PT J AU Schilling, RF Fontdevila, J Fernando, D El-Bassel, N Monterroso, E AF Schilling, RF Fontdevila, J Fernando, D El-Bassel, N Monterroso, E TI Proximity to needle exchange programs and HIV-related risk behavior among injection drug users in Harlem SO EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING LA English DT Article DE AIDS; needle exchange; injection drug use; prevention; treatment; sexual risk ID NEW-YORK-CITY; VANCOUVER; PARTICIPANTS; PREVALENCE; COHORT; HEALTH; ENTRY AB The present study sought to determine whether proximity to a needle exchange program (NEP) was associated with lower levels of HIV-related risk behavior among 587 injection drug users (IDUs) in East Harlem. Three neighborhood samples were compared: IDUs recruited at a NEP; those recruited within 10 blocks ('proximal access') of the NEP site; and those recruited more than 10 blocks away ('distal access'). Most respondents were Puerto Rican or African American single men, and receiving public assistance. Levels of HIV risk behavior-both injection- and sexual-related-reported by the three comparison groups were lower than in similar samples obtained in many earlier studies. Participants recruited at the NEP were less likely to share syringes and other injection paraphernalia, and more likely to use condoms with main sex partners. After adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, education and injection frequency, analyses of covariance revealed that IDUs located at the NEP were less likely than other IDUs to inject with a syringe that someone else had squirted drugs into, use dirty needles by themselves, or share a cooker; and were more likely to use new sterile needles and use a condom with a steady partner and during vaginal sex. Although 90% of IDUs recruited within 10 blocks of the NEP were NEP attendees, this group had injection- and sexual-risk levels similar to the distal access group. However, lending support to the plausibility of NEPs as referral providers, IDUs with access to the NEP site were more likely to participate in drug abuse treatment at present and in the past six months. The substantially lower rates of risk-taking among respondents located at the NEP is consistent with existing evidence that such programs are important elements in the array of strategies to slow the spread of HIV. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Social Welf, Sch Publ Policy & Social Res, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr HIV Identificat Prevent & Treatment Serv, AIDS Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. UCSF, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Diego, CA USA. CUNY John Jay Coll Criminal Justice, New York, NY 10019 USA. Columbia Univ Sch & Social Work, Social Intervent Grp, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schilling, RF (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Social Welf, Sch Publ Policy & Social Res, Room 3250,Publ Policy Bldg, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM rfs@ucla.edu NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0149-7189 J9 EVAL PROGRAM PLANN JI Eval. Program Plan. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 27 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 DI 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2003.09.001 PG 9 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 764JM UT WOS:000188203800002 ER PT J AU McMahon, BJ Hennessey, TW Christensen, C Bruden, D Sullivan, DG Homan, C Deubner, H Bruce, MG Livingston, S Williams, J Gretch, DR AF McMahon, BJ Hennessey, TW Christensen, C Bruden, D Sullivan, DG Homan, C Deubner, H Bruce, MG Livingston, S Williams, J Gretch, DR TI Epidemiology and risk factors for hepatitis C in Alaska natives SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS-INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; NATURAL-HISTORY; CLINICAL-OUTCOMES; BLOOD-DONORS; NON-A; NON-B; TRANSFUSION; PROGRESSION; PREVALENCE AB Large cohorts of persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) that include patients with multiple risk exposures and behaviors have been rarely reported. We herein describe a population-based cohort of 759 Alaska Natives (AN) with HCV who were recruited into a long-term follow-up study. History of injection drug use (IDU) was reported by 60.1% and blood transfusion by 14.0%. The most common genotype was la (42.0%), followed by 1b (20.3%), 2b (14.7%), 3a (14.3%), and 2a (7.8%). By multivariable analysis, risk exposures (blood transfusion vs. other; P < 0.01; odds ratio [OR], 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-5.45) and year of infection (P < 0.01; OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.34-8.96) were significantly associated with HCV RNA-positivity. Having an RNA concentration greater than or equal to2 million copies/mL was associated with male gender (OR, 1.94) and genotype (P < 0.01 overall; 1 a vs. 3a: OR, 1.92; 2b vs. 3a: OR, 3.17) by multivariable analysis. In conclusion, the two principal risk exposures for AN infected with HCV (IDU and blood transfusion) are the same as the overall U.S. population. Persons with a history of blood transfusion were more likely to be HCV RNA positive than those without such history. Higher RNA levels found in males may explain the more severe disease previously reported in this group. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Alaska Nat Med Ctr, Viral Hepatitis Program, Anchorage, AK USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA USA. RP McMahon, BJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM bdm9@cdc.gov FU PHS HHS [A48214] NR 28 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 BP 325 EP 332 DI 10.1002/hep.20046 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 805OM UT WOS:000220375600011 PM 14767985 ER PT J AU Vong, S Bell, BP AF Vong, S Bell, BP TI Chronic liver disease mortality in the United States, 1990-1998 SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEATH CERTIFICATES; VIRUS-INFECTION; HEPATITIS-C; ACCURACY; ALCOHOL; EPIDEMIOLOGY; AUTOPSY; BURDEN; HEALTH AB In 1998, chronic liver disease (CLD) was the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. Alcohol and hepatitis C are thought to be important etiologies. However, traditional methods for calculating CLD mortality rates from death certificates may underestimate hepatitis C-related CLD mortality. We studied patterns of CLD deaths reported from 1990 through 1998, using an expanded definition that included death certificates where CLD, viral hepatitis, or CLD-related sequelae were reported as the underlying cause. We calculated overall age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates, and according to demographic characteristics and recorded causes, and evaluated trends using linear regression modeling. CLD mortality declined 5% overall from 1990 through 1994 (12.1 to 11.6/100,000; P = 0.002), but remained unchanged from 1995 through 1998 (P = 0.366). Decreases were similar for all causes except hepatitis C, for which rates increased 220% from 1993 to 1998 (0.57 to 1.67/100,000). Rates declined in all racial-ethnic groups except American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN), among whom rates were unchanged. Of 30,933 CLD deaths in 1998, 39% were coded as alcohol related, 15% as hepatitis C, 4% as hepatitis B, and 44% had no recorded cause. Age-adjusted rates were higher among males (47.6/100,000) than females (32.2/100,000) and among Hispanics (19.1/100,000) compared with non-Hispanics (10.8/ 100,000). Rates among AI/AN (28.7/100,000) were more than twice those of African Americans and whites (12.9/100,000 and 11.5/100,000, respectively). In conclusion, 1998 CLD deaths and the proportion attributable to viral hepatitis increased by 23% and 19%, respectively, compared with traditional methods. Mortality declines of the early 1990s were not sustained after 1994. Large disparities in CLD mortality remain, particularly among American Indians and Alaska Natives. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vong, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-37,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM svong@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 BP 476 EP 483 DI 10.1002/hep.20049 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 805OM UT WOS:000220375600027 PM 14768001 ER PT J AU Donnelly, MJ Pinto, J Girod, R Besansky, NJ Lehmann, T AF Donnelly, MJ Pinto, J Girod, R Besansky, NJ Lehmann, T TI Revisiting the role of introgression vs shared ancestral polymorphisms as key processes shaping genetic diversity in the recently separated sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE hybridisation; speciation; disease vectors; malaria; filariasis ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MALARIA VECTORS; WEST-AFRICA; PHYLOGENY RECONSTRUCTION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; EAST-AFRICA; SAO-TOME; ARABIENSIS; DIFFERENTIATION; HYBRIDIZATION AB The role of interspecific hybridisation in the evolution of pest species is poorly understood. In mosquito disease vectors this is of particular importance due to the evolution of insecticide resistance and the proposed release of transgenic strains that are refractory to the malaria parasite. In this study, we apply population genetic methods in a novel manner to determine whether mitochondrial DNA sequences have introgressed between the closely related African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis. Our results suggest that speciation was geologically recent and ancestral haplotypes at the ND5 locus are retained in both species. In addition, comparing haplotype frequencies in allopatric and sympatric populations, suggest locale specific unidirectional introgression of mitochondria from A. arabiensis into A. gambiae. C1 Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Vector Res Grp, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Malaria & Outras Doencas Trop, Inst Higiene & Med Trop, P-1349008 Lisbon, Portugal. Mission Prevent & Lutte Endemies Vectorielles, DRASS, St Denis Messageries 97408, Reunion. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Donnelly, MJ (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Vector Res Grp, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. EM mjames@liv.ac.uk RI Pinto, Joao/C-2208-2012 OI Pinto, Joao/0000-0001-8572-7708 FU PHS HHS [A140631-01] NR 46 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD FEB PY 2004 VL 92 IS 2 BP 61 EP 68 DI 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800377 PG 8 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 767GK UT WOS:000188431700002 PM 14666125 ER PT J AU Pickett, CL Lee, RB Eyigor, A Elitzur, B Fox, EM Strockbine, NA AF Pickett, CL Lee, RB Eyigor, A Elitzur, B Fox, EM Strockbine, NA TI Patterns of variations in Escherichia coli strains that produce cytolethal distending toxin SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID CELL-CYCLE ARREST; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; HAEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI; MULTIPLEX PCR; GENES; CDT; PATHOGENS; SEQUENCE; CLONING; PROTEIN AB A collection of 20 Escherichia coli strains that produce cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) were analyzed for their virulence-associated genes. All of these strains were serotyped, and multiplex PCR analysis was used to ascertain the presence of genes encoding other virulence factors, including Shiga toxin, intimin, enterohemolysin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) and CNF2, heat-stable toxin, and heat-labile toxin. These CDT-producing strains possessed various combinations of known virulence genes, some of which have not been noted before. Partial cdtB sequences were obtained from 10 of these strains, and their predicted CdtB sequences were compared to known E. coli CdtB sequences; some of the sequences were identical to known CdtB sequences, but two were not. PCR primers based on sequence differences between the known cdtB sequences were tested for their ability to detect CDT producers and to determine CDT type. Correlations between the type of CDT produced, the presence of other virulence properties, and overall strain relatedness revealed that the CDT producers studied here can be divided into three general groups, with distinct differences in CDT type and in their complement of virulence-associated genes. C1 Univ Kentucky, Albert B Chandler Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pickett, CL (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Albert B Chandler Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. EM cpicket@uky.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI41477] NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 72 IS 2 BP 684 EP 690 DI 10.1128/IAI.72.2.684-690.2004 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 771BV UT WOS:000188766400009 PM 14742509 ER PT J AU Leman, R Alvarado-Ramy, F Pocock, S Barg, N Kellum, M McAllister, S Cheek, J Kuehnert, M AF Leman, R Alvarado-Ramy, F Pocock, S Barg, N Kellum, M McAllister, S Cheek, J Kuehnert, M TI Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an American Indian population SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY; PREVALENCE; RISK AB BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although reports of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections without healthcare exposure are increasing, population-based data regarding nasal colonization are lacking. We assessed the prevalence of and risk factors for community-associated MRSA nasal carriage in patients of a rural outpatient clinic. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population survey was conducted through random sample and stratification by community of residence. Recent healthcare exposure (ie, hospitalization, dialysis, or healthcare occupation) and other risk factors for MRSA carriage were assessed. Cultures of the nares were performed. Community-associated MRSA was defined as MRSA carriage without healthcare exposure. SETTING: A predominantly American Indian community in Washington. PATIENTS: nose receiving healthcare from an Indian Health Service clinic. RESULTS: Of 1,311 individuals identified for study, 475 (36%) participated. Unsatisfactory culture specimens resulted in exclusion of 6 participants. In all, 128 (27.3%) of 469 participants had S. aureus. Nine (1.9%) of 469 had MRSA carriage; of these, 5 had community-associated MRSA (5 of 469; overall community-associated MRSA,carriage rate, 1.1%). MRSA carriage was associated with antimicrobial use in the previous year (risk ratio [RR], 7.2; P =.04) and residence in a household of more than 7 individuals (RR, 4.5; P =.03). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that 5 (55%) of, 9 MRSA carriage isolates were closely related, including 3 (60%) of 5 that were community associated. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of community-associated MRSA colonization was approximately 1% in this rural, American Indian population. Community-associated MRSA colonization was associated with recent antimicrobial use and larger household. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Indian Hlth Serv, Natl Epidemiol Program, Albuquerque, NM USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Med, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Publ Hlth, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Leman, R (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Serv, Hlth Promot & Chron Dis Prevent Program, 800 NE Oregon St,Suite 730, Portland, OR 97232 USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2 BP 121 EP 125 DI 10.1086/502361 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 775CC UT WOS:000189022300008 PM 14994936 ER PT J AU Paulozzi, LJ Mercy, J Frazier, L Annest, JL AF Paulozzi, LJ Mercy, J Frazier, L Annest, JL TI CDC's national violent death reporting system: Background and methodology SO INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID MANNER AB Objectives: This paper describes a new surveillance system called the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), initiated by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NVDRS's mission is the collection of detailed, timely information on all violent deaths. Design: NVDRS is a population based, active surveillance system designed to obtain a complete census of all resident and occurrent violent deaths. Each state collects information on its own deaths from death certificates, medical examiner/coroner files, law enforcement records, and crime laboratories. Deaths occurring in the same incident are linked. Over 270 data elements can be collected on each incident. Setting: The 13 state health departments of Alaska, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin., Subjects: Cases consist of violent deaths from suicide, homicide, undetermined intent, legal intervention, and unintentional firearm injury. Information is collected on suspects as well as victims. Interventions: None. Outcome measures: The quality of surveillance will be measured in terms of its acceptability, accuracy, sensitivity, timeliness, utility, and cost. Results: The system has just been started. There are no results as yet. Conclusions: NVDRS has achieved enough support to begin data collection efforts in selected states. This system will need to overcome the significant barriers to such a large data collection effort. Its success depends on the use of its data to inform and assess violence prevention efforts. If successful, it will open a new chapter in the use of empirical information to guide public policy around violence in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Paulozzi, LJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM lbpA@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 71 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 3 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1353-8047 J9 INJURY PREV JI Inj. Prev. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 47 EP 52 DI 10.1136/ip.2003.003434 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 778RL UT WOS:000189254500012 PM 14760027 ER PT J AU Foy, BD Myles, KM Pierro, DJ Sanchez-Vargas, I Uhlirova, M Jindra, M Beaty, BJ Olson, KE AF Foy, BD Myles, KM Pierro, DJ Sanchez-Vargas, I Uhlirova, M Jindra, M Beaty, BJ Olson, KE TI Development of a new Sindbis virus transducing system and its characterization in three Culicine mosquitoes and two Lepidopteran species SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sindbis; alphavirus; mosquito; Bombyx; Manduca; viral dissemination ID VALLEY FEVER VIRUS; INFECTIOUS RNA TRANSCRIPTS; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; MIDGUT BASAL LAMINA; PER-OS INFECTION; AEDES-AEGYPTI; MANDUCA-SEXTA; ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; CULEX-PIPIENS; PERITROPHIC MATRIX AB Alphavirus transducing systems (ATSs) are alphavirus-based tools for expressing genes in insects. Here we describe an ATS (5'dsMRE16ic) based entirely on Sindbis MRE16 virus. GFP expression was used to characterize alimentary tract infections and dissemination in three Culicine and two Lepidopteran species. Following per os infection, 5'dsMRE16ic-EGFP efficiently infected Aedes aegypti and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, but not Culex pipiens pipiens. Ae. aegypti clearly showed accumulation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the posterior midgut and foregut/midgut junction within 2-3 days postinfection. Following parenteral infection of larvae, Bombyx mori had extensive GFP expression in larvae and adults, but Manduca sexta larvae were mostly resistant. 5'dsMRE16ic should be a valuable tool for gene expression in several important insect species that are otherwise difficult to manipulate genetically. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Arthropod Borne & Infect Dis Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Univ S Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. ASCR, Inst Entomol, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. RP Foy, BD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Arthropod Borne & Infect Dis Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM brian.foy@colostate.edu RI Jindra, Marek/H-2082-2014; Foy, Brian/E-6230-2017 OI Jindra, Marek/0000-0002-2196-9924; Foy, Brian/0000-0002-9117-203X FU FIC NIH HHS [R03TWO1209-01]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI46435, AI46753, R01 AI046435, R01 AI046435-02, R01 AI046435-03, R01 AI046435-04A1] NR 51 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 89 EP 100 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00464.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 764UJ UT WOS:000188224200010 PM 14728670 ER PT J AU Beati, L Caceres, AG Lee, JA Munstermann, LE AF Beati, L Caceres, AG Lee, JA Munstermann, LE TI Systematic relationships among Lutzomyia sand flies (Diptera : Psychodidae) of Peru and Colombia based on the analysis of 12S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Australian-Society-for-Parasitology CY 2003 CL Darwin, AUSTRALIA DE Lutzomyia; phylogeny; Helcocyrthomyia; Verrucarum species group; ribosomal RNA; sand flies ID VERRUCARUM-SPECIES GROUP; PHLEBOTOMINE SANDFLIES; MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; SPECIATION; LEISHMANIA; GENE; RNA; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS AB Lutzomyia spp. are New World phlebotomine sand flies, many of which are involved in the transmission of human diseases, such as leishmaniases and bartonellosis. The systematic classification of the approximately 400 species in the genus has been based on morphological characters, but the relationships within the genus are still very much in question. We have inferred phylogenies of 32 species of phlebotomine sand flies belonging to seven sub-genera and two species groups, by using fragments of the mitochondrial small subunit (12SrRNA) and of the nuclear large subunit (28SrRNA) ribosomal gene sequences. The subgenus Helcocyrtomyia and the Verrucarum species group, prominent representatives of the Peruvian sand fly fauna, were represented by I I and 7 species, respectively. Although based on a limited number of taxa, the resulting phylogenies, based on 837 characters, provide an initial phylogenetic backbone for the progressive reconstruction of infrageneric relationships within Lutzomyia. (C) 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Inst Med Trop Daniel A Carrion, Secc Entomol, Lima 14, Peru. Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Inst Nacl Salud, Div Entomol, Lima 14, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Beati, L (reprint author), Yale Univ, 60 Coll St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM lorenzo.beati@yale.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-34521, AI-56254] NR 45 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 225 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.012 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 801FU UT WOS:000220082600010 PM 15037108 ER PT J AU Thompson, OM Ballew, C Resnicow, K Must, A Bandini, LG Cyr, H Dietz, WH AF Thompson, OM Ballew, C Resnicow, K Must, A Bandini, LG Cyr, H Dietz, WH TI Food purchased away from home as a predictor of change in BMI z-score among girls SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE children; adolescents; quick-service food; BMI; overweight ID BODY-MASS INDEX; OBESITY EPIDEMIC; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; US OBESITY; CHILDREN; PREVENTION; DIETARY; WOMEN AB OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between eating food purchased away from home (FAH) and longitudinal change in body mass index (BMI) z-score among girls, and to assess the longitudinal tracking of eating FAH from childhood through adolescence. DESIGN: Participants kept 7-day dietary records at two points in time. The records included the place and time for all foods consumed. We recorded how often participants ate FAH, calculated the percent of total energy derived from FAH, and classified foods as quick-service food, coffee-shop food, or restaurant food. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy girls (n = 101) between the ages of 8 and 12 y at baseline and 11 and 19 y at follow-up participated in a longitudinal study of growth and development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between change in BMI z-score and both the frequency of eating FAH and energy derived from eating FAH. The participants' baseline BMI z-score was a significant covariate and was controlled for in both models. We used the kappa coefficient to assess FAH tracking from childhood through adolescence. RESULTS: The frequency of eating quick-service food at baseline was positively associated with change in BMI z-score (F = 6.49, P < 0.01). Participants who ate quick-service food twice a week or more at baseline had the greatest mean increase in BMI z-score compared to those who ate quick-service food once a week or not at all. Quick-service food eating tracked slightly from childhood through adolescence (k = 0.17, P < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Adolescent girls who eat quick-service food twice a week or more are likely to increase their relative BMI over time. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Nutr Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Alaska Nat Epidemiol Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. UMASS, Sch Med, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr, Waltham, MA USA. MIT, Clin Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Thompson, OM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Nutr Sci, 305 Raitt Hall,Box 353410, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM omt@u.washington.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-00088]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46200, R01-DK50537] NR 28 TC 123 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 28 IS 2 BP 282 EP 289 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802538 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 765VH UT WOS:000188304700014 PM 14647177 ER PT J AU Anderson, SE Bandini, LG Dietz, WH Must, A AF Anderson, SE Bandini, LG Dietz, WH Must, A TI Relationship between temperament, nonresting energy expenditure, body composition, and physical activity in girls SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE child temperament; energy expenditure; nonexercise activity thermogenesis; weight ID NONEXERCISE ACTIVITY; PREMENARCHEAL GIRLS; LABELED WATER; OBESITY; ADOLESCENCE; HUMANS; COSTS; GAIN AB Objectives: To assess the extent that predilection for movement, as measured by a temperament questionnaire (activity temperament), contributes to nonresting energy expenditure and body composition in girls. Design, Setting, and Participants: Baseline data for 196 premenarcheal non-obese girls aged 8-12 y were obtained from a longitudinal study of growth and development. The association of activity temperament with nonresting energy expenditure in girls with low and high levels of physical activity was evaluated, as was the association of activity temperament with body composition. Measures: Maternal reports of child activity temperament were obtained by questionnaire. Nonresting energy expenditure was calculated as total energy expenditure (measured by doubly labeled water) minus resting energy expenditure (obtained by indirect calorimetry). Body composition was estimated by total body water. Questionnaires and activity diaries were used to assess physical activity and sedentary behavior. Results: Higher activity temperament was associated with higher nonresting energy expenditure after multivariate control for weight, vigorous activity, walking and light activity, and television viewing, although activity temperament did not account for a large percentage of the variability in nonresting energy expenditure (partial squared correlation coefficient = 0.03). In girls with physical activity levels below the median, high activity temperament was associated with a mean +/- s.d., nonresting energy expenditure of 310 +/- 138 kJ (74 +/- 33 kcal) above that of girls with a low activity temperament. Girls with a high activity temperament had less body fat than did girls with a low activity temperament (21.6 vs 24.5%, a difference of 2.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-4.4 percentage points). Conclusion: Predilection for movement, as measured by a temperament questionnaire, contributes to nonresting energy expenditure and may be useful in capturing an aspect of energy expenditure in population studies. The cross-sectional observation that girls with a high activity temperament were leaner than girls with a low activity temperament suggests that a constitutional predilection for movement may play a role in the development of obesity. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Gerald J & Dorothy R Friedman Sch Nutr Sci & Poli, Boston, MA 02111 USA. MIT, Clin Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Anderson, SE (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Sch Med, M&V 1,136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM sarah.anderson@tufts.edu RI Anderson, Sarah/A-9792-2008 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00088]; NIDDK NIH HHS [5P30 DK46200, DK-50537, R01 DK050537, T32 DK062032, T32-DK62032-11] NR 26 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 28 IS 2 BP 300 EP 306 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802543 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 765VH UT WOS:000188304700016 PM 14647179 ER PT J AU Dabis, F Newell, ML Fowler, MG Read, JS AF Dabis, F Newell, ML Fowler, MG Read, JS CA Ghent IAS Working Grp HIV Women TI Prevention of HIV transmission through breast-feeding: Strengthening the research agenda SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article AB Mother-to-child transmission of HIV through breast-feeding is the remaining challenge facing mothers in resource-poor settings with a high HIV prevalence. Nearly all infants in developing countries are initially breast-fed, and most children continue to receive some breast-feeding until at least 6 months of age but frequently into the 2nd year of life, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In December 2002, international researchers convened in Ghent, Belgium, to discuss mechanisms for, rates and risk factors of, and approaches to prevention of HIV transmission through breast-feeding. Four papers were compiled bringing together the presentation and discussions during this workshop, while the fourth paper also benefits from presentation made during an earlier workshop on vaccines in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. These papers summarize the current state of knowledge and highlight the outstanding issues that will need to be addressed in the very near future before research advances can be translated into public health practice. C1 UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Ctr Paediat Epidemiol & Biostat, London, England. Ghent Working Grp HIV Infect Women & Children, Ghent, Belgium. Univ Bordeaux 2, ISPED, INSERM, U 330, F-33076 Bordeaux, France. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NICHD, PAMA, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Newell, ML (reprint author), UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Ctr Paediat Epidemiol & Biostat, London, England. EM m.newell@ich.ucl.ac.uk RI Van de Perre, Philippe/B-9692-2008; OI Van de Perre, Philippe/0000-0002-3912-0427; Newell, Marie-Louise/0000-0002-1074-7699 NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 35 IS 2 BP 167 EP 168 DI 10.1097/00126334-200402010-00011 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 804VU UT WOS:000220327000011 PM 14722450 ER PT J AU Gaillard, P Fowler, MG Dabis, F Coovadia, H van der Horst, C van Rompay, K Ruff, A Taha, T Thomas, T de Vincenzi, I Newell, ML AF Gaillard, P Fowler, MG Dabis, F Coovadia, H van der Horst, C van Rompay, K Ruff, A Taha, T Thomas, T de Vincenzi, I Newell, ML CA Ghent IAS Working Grp HIV Women TI Use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV-1 transmission through breast-feeding: From animal studies to randomized clinical trials SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE transmission through breastfeeding; antiretroviral drugs; prevention ID MOTHER-TO-CHILD; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; MATERNAL-INFANT TRANSMISSION; PROTECT NEWBORN MACAQUES; SHORT-COURSE ZIDOVUDINE; PREGNANT-WOMEN; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; INFECTED WOMEN; NEVIRAPINE; LAMIVUDINE AB The major remaining challenge in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission is the reduction of the risk in settings where breast-feeding is common. This review gives an update on ongoing or planned antiretroviral intervention studies in resource-limited settings that are aimed at reducing the risk of mother-to-infant HIV transmission during lactation. These strategies include antiretroviral therapy given to the mother to reduce viral load in plasma and breast milk as well as antiretroviral regimens providing prophylaxis to uninfected infants during the period of breast-feeding. The rationale for the interventions based on animal models and human studies is described as well as the study designs of clinical trials. Potential risks and benefits of these interventions to mothers and infants are also highlighted. Laboratory studies nested within several of these trials will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of postnatal HIV transmission and its potential prevention using antiretroviral drugs. C1 UCL, Inst Child Hlth, London, England. Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Dis Control, Kisumu, Kenya. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Natl Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ KwaZulu Natal, Nelson Mandela Sch Med, Ctr HIV AIDS Networking, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa. Univ Bordeaux 2, INSERM U330, F-33076 Bordeaux, France. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Newell, ML (reprint author), UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Ctr Paediat Epidemiol & Biostat, Mortimer St, London, England. EM m.newell@ich.ucl.ac.uk RI Van de Perre, Philippe/B-9692-2008; OI Van de Perre, Philippe/0000-0002-3912-0427; Newell, Marie-Louise/0000-0002-1074-7699 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-98-013, AI-01-018]; NICHD NIH HHS [P30-HD37260]; ODCDC CDC HHS [U48/CCU409660-9] NR 39 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 35 IS 2 BP 178 EP 187 DI 10.1097/00126334-200402010-00013 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 804VU UT WOS:000220327000013 PM 14722452 ER PT J AU John-Stewart, G Mbori-Ngacha, D Ekpini, R Janoff, EN Nkengasong, J Read, JS Van de Perre, P Newell, ML AF John-Stewart, G Mbori-Ngacha, D Ekpini, R Janoff, EN Nkengasong, J Read, JS Van de Perre, P Newell, ML CA Ghent IAS Working Grp HIV Women TI Breast-feeding and transmission of HIV-1 SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE breastfeeding; mother-to-child transmission; postnatal transmission; risk factors; mechanisms ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MOTHER-TO-CHILD; SHORT-COURSE ZIDOVUDINE; LEUKOCYTE PROTEASE INHIBITOR; VIRAL LOAD; POSTNATAL TRANSMISSION; COTE-DIVOIRE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; TYPE-1 TRANSMISSION; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL AB Breast-feeding substantially increases the risk of HIV-1 transmission from mother to child, and although peripartum antiretroviral therapy prophylaxis significantly decreases the risk of mother-to-child transmission around the time of delivery, this approach does not affect breast-feeding transmission. Increased maternal RNA viral load in plasma and breast milk is strongly associated with increased risk of transmission through breast-feeding, as is breast health, and it has been suggested that exclusive breast-feeding could be associated with lower rates of breast-feeding transmission than mixed feeding of both breast- and other milk or feeds. Transmission through breast-feeding can take place at any point during lactation, and the cumulative probability of acquisition of infection increases with duration of breast-feeding. HIV-1 has been detected in breast milk in cell-free and cellular compartments; infant gut mucosal surfaces are the most likely site at which transmission occurs. Innate and acquired immune factors may act most effectively in combination to prevent primary HIV-1 infection by breast milk. C1 UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Ctr Paediat Epidemiol & Biostat, London, England. Univ Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France. CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Lab Bacteriol Virol, Villeneuve, France. NICHD, PAMA Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Univ Minnesota, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Minneapolis, MN USA. Univ Nairobi, Dept Paediat, Nairobi, Kenya. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Newell, ML (reprint author), UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Ctr Paediat Epidemiol & Biostat, Mortimer St, London, England. EM m.newell@ich.ucl.ac.uk RI Van de Perre, Philippe/B-9692-2008; OI Van de Perre, Philippe/0000-0002-3912-0427; Newell, Marie-Louise/0000-0002-1074-7699 FU NIAID NIH HHS [P30 AI027757-12, P30 AI027757]; NICHD NIH HHS [K24 HD054314, R01 HD041361, N01 HD 43208, HD-41361]; NIDCR NIH HHS [DE-72621] NR 53 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 35 IS 2 BP 196 EP 202 DI 10.1097/00126334-200402010-00015 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 804VU UT WOS:000220327000015 PM 14722454 ER PT J AU Santelli, JS Morrow, B Carter, M AF Santelli, JS Morrow, B Carter, M TI Trends in contraceptive use among US high school students in the 1990s SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD FEB PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 140 EP 140 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 765NN UT WOS:000188290000061 ER PT J AU Zhang, XD Fedan, JS Lewis, DM Siegel, PD AF Zhang, XD Fedan, JS Lewis, DM Siegel, PD TI Asthmalike biphasic airway responses in Brown Norway rats sensitized by dermal exposure to dry trimellitic anhydride powder SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trimellitic anhydride; dermal exposure; enhanced pause; airway challenge; late-phase airway response ID GUINEA-PIGS; HEXAHYDROPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE; RESPIRATORY ALLERGY; ACID ANHYDRIDES; HYPERSENSITIVITY; RESPONSIVENESS; INHALATION; IRRITATION; CHALLENGE; INDUCTION AB Background: Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) can induce specific IgE and occupational asthma. The significance of dermal exposure to TMA in immunologic sensitization and on subsequent airway responses is not clearly known. An animal model displaying both an early-phase airway response (EAR) and a late-phase airway response (LAR) after sensitization and subsequent inhalation challenge to a low-molecular-weight chemical has not been previously reported. Objective: The present study investigated EAR and LAR after TMA inhalation challenge in Brown Norway rats sensitized by skin exposure to TMA dry powder. Methods: Twenty milligrams of dry TMA powder was applied to the skin of each clipped rat's dorsum on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 and occluded overnight with surgical tape. Rats were challenged for 10 minutes with 0.2 to 40 mg/m(3) of TMA aerosol after day 35. Enhanced pause (an index of airway resistance) was recorded overnight in a whole-body plethysmography system. Specific IgE and pulmonary eosinophilia were also measured. Results: Concentration-dependent responses to TMA were observed: provocation with 0.2 mg/m(3) produced no response; 1 mg/m(3) induced only EAR; and 5 mg/m(3) and 40 mg/m(3) induced both EAR and LAR. Specific IgE was positive; airway eosinophilic inflammation was observed. Conclusion: TMA powder applied to the skin can lead to both immunologic sensitization and subsequent dose-dependent biphasic airway responses after TMA aerosol challenge. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Siegel, PD (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Effects Lab Div, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 113 IS 2 BP 320 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.11.047 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 773EX UT WOS:000188885700022 PM 14767449 ER PT J AU Lee, MK Williams, LE Warnock, DW Arthington-Skaggs, BA AF Lee, MK Williams, LE Warnock, DW Arthington-Skaggs, BA TI Drug resistance genes and trailing growth in Candida albicans isolates SO JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article DE C. albicans; azole drug resistance; molecular mechanisms ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; AMINO-ACID SUBSTITUTIONS; AZOLE ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; FLUCONAZOLE RESISTANCE; LANOSTEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE; MOLECULAR MECHANISMS; IN-VITRO; INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS; POSITIVE PATIENTS AB Objectives: To investigate possible molecular mechanisms of azole resistance among fluconazole-susceptible bloodstream isolates of Candida albicans that displayed the trailing growth phenomenon, and to compare these isolates with bloodstream and mucosal isolates that showed reduced susceptibilities to fluconazole. Methods: Twelve C. albicans isolates-seven trailing and five susceptible dose dependent (SDD) or resistant (R)-were screened for ERG11 mutations by DNA sequencing and quantification of ERG11, CDR1 and MDR1 expression by RT-PCR using the LightCycler high-speed PCR system. Results: SDD and R isolates possessed more homozygous ERG11 mutations than did the trailing isolates. Two of these, V404I and V509M, have not been described previously and were found exclusively in fluconazole SDD and R isolates. Quantification of ERG11 expression revealed that both trailing and SDD and R isolates were capable of ERG11 up-regulation in response to fluconazole, although the SDD and R isolates showed maximal up-regulation at higher fluconazole concentrations. Quantification of CDR1 and MDR1 revealed that all isolates, regardless of in vitro fluconazole response, were capable of CDR1 and MDR1 up-regulation following fluconazole exposure. Furthermore, the SDD and R isolates expressed higher constitutive levels of CDR1 and MDR1 or CDR1, respectively, in the absence of drug compared with trailing isolates. Conclusions: Trailing isolates, although susceptible to fluconazole, express the same molecular mechanisms as SDD and R isolates following fluconazole exposure but regulate them differently. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Arthington-Skaggs, BA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM BSkaggs@cdc.gov NR 32 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-7453 J9 J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH JI J. Antimicrob. Chemother. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 53 IS 2 BP 217 EP 224 DI 10.1093/jac/dkh040 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 772WP UT WOS:000188865300018 PM 14688046 ER PT J AU Coignard, C Hurst, SF Benjamin, LE Brandt, ME Warnock, DW Morrison, CJ AF Coignard, C Hurst, SF Benjamin, LE Brandt, ME Warnock, DW Morrison, CJ TI Resolution of discrepant results for Candida species identification by using DNA probes SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAPID IDENTIFICATION; YEAST IDENTIFICATION; API 20C; SYSTEMS; INFECTIONS AB Candida species bloodstream isolates were collected from institutions participating in an active, population-based surveillance for candidemia. Species identifications were performed locally and then confirmed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by phenotype-based methods. Discrepancies in species identification between the referring institution and the CDC were noted for 43 of 935 isolates (4.6%). A DNA probe-based species identification system (PCR-enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) was then used to resolve these discrepancies. The PCR-EIA result was identical to the CDC phenotypic identification method for 98% of the isolates tested. The most frequently misidentified species was Candida glabrata (37% of all discrepant identifications). Such misidentifications could lead to the administration of inappropriate therapy given the propensity of C. glabrata to develop resistance to azole antifungal drugs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morrison, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cjm3@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 42 IS 2 BP 858 EP + DI 10.1128/JCM.42.2.858-861.2004 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 780KC UT WOS:000189379000068 PM 14766873 ER PT J AU Conville, PS Brown, JM Steigerwalt, AG Lee, JW Byrer, DE Anderson, VL Dorman, SE Holland, SM Cahill, B Carroll, KC Witebsky, FG AF Conville, PS Brown, JM Steigerwalt, AG Lee, JW Byrer, DE Anderson, VL Dorman, SE Holland, SM Cahill, B Carroll, KC Witebsky, FG TI Nocardia veterana as a pathogen in North American patients (vol 41, pg 2560, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 NIAID, Microbiol Serv, Dept Lab Med,Warren G Magnuson Clin Ctr, NIH,US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIAID, Host Def Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Type Culture Collect, Manassas, VA USA. Univ Utah, Sch Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Pathol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Conville, PS (reprint author), NIAID, Microbiol Serv, Dept Lab Med,Warren G Magnuson Clin Ctr, NIH,US Dept HHS, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 42 IS 2 BP 939 EP + DI 10.1128/JCM.42.2.939.2004 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 780KC UT WOS:000189379000093 ER PT J AU Waters, TR AF Waters, TR TI National efforts to identify research issues related to prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND KINESIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on perspectives on Musculoskeletal Disorder Causation and Control CY MAY 21-22, 2003 CL COLUMUS, OHIO DE low back pain; upper extremity disorders; research gaps; prevention ID CARPAL-TUNNEL-SYNDROME; LOW-BACK-PAIN; SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE; DISABILITY BEGINS AB Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), including low back and upper extremity disorders, represent one of the greatest work-related health concerns facing industrialized nations. Recently, two national groups were charged with developing research agendas aimed at increasing our knowledge of the prevention of these disorders. The first agenda, developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) MSD team, was based on input from several hundred practitioners and safety and health experts representing industry, labor, and academia. The second agenda. developed by the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) National Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace, was based on input from leading researchers in the fields of medicine, information science, and ergonomics. This paper summarizes the findings of the two groups and compares the two research agendas. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Waters, TR (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1050-6411 J9 J ELECTROMYOGR KINES JI J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 7 EP 12 DI 10.1016/j.jelekin.2003.09.004 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Physiology; Rehabilitation; Sport Sciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology; Rehabilitation; Sport Sciences GA 775ZC UT WOS:000189089700002 PM 14759745 ER PT J AU Glew, RS Vanderjagt, DJ Huang, YS Chuang, LT Bosse, R Glew, RH AF Glew, RS Vanderjagt, DJ Huang, YS Chuang, LT Bosse, R Glew, RH TI Nutritional analysis of the edible pit of Sclerocarya birrea in the Republic of Niger (daniya, Hausa) SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE Sclerocarya birrea; Daniya; Niger; famine food; amino acids; fatty acids; minerals; nutrients ID CYTOCHROME-C-OXIDASE; AMINO-ACID-ANALYSIS; WILD PLANTS; COPPER; ZINC; FOODS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DERIVATIZATION; PROTEIN AB Wild plant foods in the Sahel region of West Africa play an important role in the diets of local residents. During periods of grain shortage, people in rural Niger increase their reliance on wild plant foods to supplement their diets. We report the partial nutrient content of the pit of the seed Sclerocarya birrea, a snack food eaten by children in rural Niger. The pit contained relatively large amounts of copper (24.8 mug/g dry wt), magnesium (4210 mug/g dry wt), and zinc (62.4 mug/g dry wt). The protein content of the pit was high (36.4% of dry wt); however, the protein fraction contained relatively low proportions of leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and threonine. Fatty acids accounted for 47 mg/g dry wt of the pit, two-thirds of which was due to oleic acid. The essential fatty acid linoleic acid was present (24.5 mg/g dry wt), but the other essential fatty acid, a-linolenic acid, was absent. Such data are useful for health and nutrition program planning by governmental and non-governmental organizations in Niger. The consumption of daniya pits by just children highlights the need to better understand the cultural context of how wild plant foods are used in a particular local context. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Sch Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Adv Study Int Dev, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Abbott Labs, Ross Prod Div, Columbus, OH USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Glew, RH (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Sch Med, Room 249 BMSB, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM rglew@salud.unm.edu NR 35 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 99 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00101-7 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 803YT UT WOS:000220267100007 ER PT J AU Hovi, T Lindholm, N Savolainen, C Stenvik, M Burns, C AF Hovi, T Lindholm, N Savolainen, C Stenvik, M Burns, C TI Evolution of wild-type 1 poliovirus in two healthy siblings excreting the virus over a period of 6 months SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS; IMMUNODEFICIENT PATIENT; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; ANTIGENIC VARIATION; OUTBREAK; POLIOMYELITIS; RECOMBINANT; NEUTRALIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Wild-type 1 poliovirus (wtPV1) strains were isolated from two young healthy brothers shortly after arrival in Finland from Somalia in 1993. Twelve (sibling A) and 18 (sibling B) specimens collected over a period of more than 6 months yielded wtPV1. Partial sequences obtained from the one and two earliest isolates from sibling A and 8, respectively, were nearly identical, differing from each other by only one or two nucleotides. Subsequently, the virus evolved separately in both siblings so that maximal differences between strains derived from a given subject peaked at 2(.)2% for sibling A, at 1(.)5% for sibling B and at 2(.)5% between the two siblings in the VP1-coding part of the genome. All substitutions in the 150 nt VP1-2A junction region were synonymous, whereas as many as eight of the 31 variable positions in the remaining VP1-coding region encoded amino acid replacements in at least one strain. Probable structural locations of the variable amino acid positions were mapped to the published PV1/Mahoney structural model. Most of the substitutions occurred around the fivefold axis in motifs that are known to be or suspected to be targets of neutralizing antibodies. We suggest that the striking genetic divergence observed between the strains was based on a combination of bottleneck transmission events and antigenic drift during the prolonged period of poliovirus replication. C1 Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Microbiol, Enterovirus Lab, Helsinki 00300, Finland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hovi, T (reprint author), Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Microbiol, Enterovirus Lab, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki 00300, Finland. EM tapani.hovi@ktl.fi NR 44 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 85 BP 369 EP 377 DI 10.1099/vir.0.19518-0 PN 2 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 777AU UT WOS:000189152500010 PM 14769894 ER PT J AU Van Dooren, S Shanmugam, V Bhullar, V Parekh, B Vandamme, AM Heneine, W Switzer, WM AF Van Dooren, S Shanmugam, V Bhullar, V Parekh, B Vandamme, AM Heneine, W Switzer, WM TI Identification in gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) of a distinct simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 with a broad range of Western blot reactivity SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PAPIO-HAMADRYAS; PAN-PANISCUS; LEUKEMIA; INFECTION; SUBTYPE; EVOLUTION; MONKEYS AB Antibodies to simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) were found in serum or plasma from 12 of 23 (52.2%) gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) captive in US zoos. A variety of Western blot (WB) profiles was seen in the 12 seroreactive samples, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1-like (n = 5, 41.7%), HTLV-2-like (n = 1, 8.3%), HTLV-untypable (n = 4, 33.3%) and indeterminate (n = 2, 16.6%) profiles. Phylogenetic: analysis of tax or env sequences that had been PCR amplified from peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA available from nine seropositive geladas showed that four were infected with identical STLV-1s; these sequences clustered with STLV-1 from Celebes macaques and probably represent recent cross-species infections. The tax sequences from the five remaining geladas were also identical and clustered with STLV-3. Analysis of the complete STLV-3 genome (8917 bp) from one gelada, TGE-2117, revealed that it is unique, sharing only 62% similarity with HTLV-1/ATK and HTLV-2/Mo. STLV-3/TGE-2117 was closest genetically to STLV-3 from an Eritrean baboon (STLV-3/PH969, 95.6%) but more distant from STILV-3s from red-capped mangabeys from Cameroon and Nigeria (STLV-3/CTO-604, 87.7%, and STLV-3/CTO-NG409, 87.2%, respectively) and Senegalese baboons (STLV-3/ PPA-F3, 88.4%). The genetic relatedness of STLV-3/TGE-2117 to STILV-3 was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of a concatenated gag-pol-env-tax sequence (6795 bp). An ancient origin of 73 628-109 809 years ago for STILV-3 was estimated by molecular clock analysis of third-codon positions of gag-pol-env-tax sequences. LTR sequences from five STLV-3-positive geladas were >99% identical and clustered with that from a Papio anubis x P. hamadryas hybrid Ethiopian baboon, suggesting a common source of STILV-3 in these sympatric animals. LTR sequences obtained 20 years apart from a mother-infant pair were identical, providing evidence of both mother-to-offspring transmission and a high genetic stability of STLV-3. Since STLV-3-infected primates show a range of HTLV-Iike WB profiles and have an ancient origin, further studies using STLV-3-specific testing are required to determine whether STILV-3 infects humans, especially in regions of Africa where STLV-3 is endemic. C1 CDCP, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div HIV AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Rega Inst Med Res, Louvain, Belgium. RP Switzer, WM (reprint author), CDCP, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G-19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bis3@cdc.gov RI Vandamme, Anne Mieke/I-4127-2012 OI Vandamme, Anne Mieke/0000-0002-6594-2766 NR 43 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 85 BP 507 EP 519 DI 10.1099/vir.0.19630-0 PN 2 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 777AU UT WOS:000189152500024 PM 14769908 ER PT J AU Maupin, JE Schlundt, D Warren, R Miller, S Goldzweig, I Warren, H AF Maupin, JE Schlundt, D Warren, R Miller, S Goldzweig, I Warren, H TI Reducing unintentional injuries on the nation's highways: Research and program policy to increase seat belt use SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Editorial Material DE traffic accidents; injury; disparities; participatory research; mortality ID AFRICAN-AMERICANS; HEALTH-PROMOTION; MOTOR-VEHICLE; PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS; RACIAL-DISCRIMINATION; ETHNIC DISPARITIES; COMMUNITY; SAFETY; SYSTEMS; RACE AB Death, disability, and injury from motor vehicle accidents constitute a public health crisis. The goal of this paper is to describe how Meharry Medical College's Center for Community Based Research plans to address this problem. A model of how high-risk groups are influenced to engage in behaviors that increase risk for traffic crashes is articulated. Five strategies for reducing risk for motor vehicle morbidity and mortality are identified: 1) influencing the individual at the point of decision; 2) mobilizing communities and coalitions to support individual and systems changes; 3) modifying environmental factors to modify behaviors; 4) changing laws and public policy; and 5) working towards the elimination of underlying causes. The Center for Community Based Research's promotion of seat belt use, based on each of these five strategies, is described. Addressing the public health crisis resulting from death and injury on the nation's roads and the excess risk faced by minority groups in this country will require the coordinated efforts of many groups. This work must be driven by research, the outcome of which will be a reduction in preventable injury, disability and premature death. C1 Meharry Med Coll, Ctr Community Based Res, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Off Urban Affairs, Atlanta, GA USA. Meharry Med Coll, Dept Surg, Nashville, TN USA. RP Maupin, JE (reprint author), Meharry Med Coll, Ctr Community Based Res, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. NR 76 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 4 EP 17 DI 10.1353/hpu.2004.0004 PG 14 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 800TL UT WOS:000220050500002 PM 15359970 ER PT J AU Fairbrother, G Jain, A Park, HL Massoudi, MS Haidery, A Gray, BH AF Fairbrother, G Jain, A Park, HL Massoudi, MS Haidery, A Gray, BH TI Churning in Medicaid managed care and its effect on accountability SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Article DE accountability; Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set; Medicaid managed care; churning; immunizations ID CHILDREN AB There is concern that churning in Medicaid excludes children from the accountability system for managed care because they may not meet the one-year continuous enrollment requirement. This study explores the effect of churning in measuring childhood immunization coverage rates under the current accountability system. Data were collected from administrative databases at the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services and 12 states with high Medicaid managed care penetration. On average in the 12 states only 39% of the children enrolled in one specific managed care plan met the continuous enrollment requirement. However, Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services data showed that 78% of children were enrolled in Medicaid (but not the same plan) continuously for 12 months. Both plan-specific rates and overall Medicaid rates varied greatly across. the;states. Policies that result in churning mean that many vulnerable children fall outside of the accountability structure intended to assure that they receive necessary services. C1 New York Acad Med, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fairbrother, G (reprint author), New York Acad Med, New York, NY USA. FU PHS HHS [01IPA17472] NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 30 EP 41 DI 10.1353/hpu.2004.0003 PG 12 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 800TL UT WOS:000220050500004 PM 15359972 ER PT J AU Schlundt, D Warren, R Miller, S AF Schlundt, D Warren, R Miller, S TI Reducing unintentional injuries on the nation's highways: A literature review SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Review DE safety; traffic; injury; mortality; environment; behavior; disparities ID HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; MOTOR-VEHICLE CRASHES; DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS; 16-AND 17-YEAR-OLD DRIVERS; LARGE METROPOLITAN-AREA; SPEED CAMERA PROGRAM; SAFETY BELT USE; PUBLIC-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; OLDER DRIVERS AB Death and injury on the nation's highways is a public health crisis, especially for youth and members of selected minority groups. The objective of this paper is to review the literature on behavioral and environmental factors that increase risk for traffic morbidity and mortality in populations at high risk. Each of the following is a risky traffic-related behavior: not wearing seat belts, not using child safety seats, not wearing bicycle or motorcycle helmets, driving after drinking, driving while fatigued or distracted, speeding, running red lights, and aggressive driving. Environmental factors that modify risk include urban sprawl, highway design, public policy, racism and economic inequality. High risk groups include youths, males, pickup truck drivers, urban dwellers, the elderly, African Americans, American Indians, and Alaska Natives. A comprehensive approach must be developed for reducing traffic-related risk of death and injury, especially in high risk populations. C1 Meharry Med Coll, Ctr Community Based Res, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Off Urban Affairs, Atlanta, GA USA. Meharry Med Coll, Dept Surg, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. RP Schlundt, D (reprint author), Meharry Med Coll, Ctr Community Based Res, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. NR 219 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 11 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 76 EP 98 DI 10.1353/hpu.2004.0012 PG 23 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 800TL UT WOS:000220050500008 PM 15359976 ER PT J AU Shefer, A Smith, PJ AF Shefer, A Smith, PJ TI Improving the immunization and health status of children in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Article DE immunization; vaccination; child; poverty; socioeconomic factors; Women, Infants, and Children Program ID COVERAGE; POVERTY; RISK; IMPACT; CITY AB Maintaining enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and continued exposure of these children to immunization-promoting and nutritional benefits within the program is essential to improve the health status of this vulnerable population: Logistic regression was used to determine characteristics of 2 groups of children: those who dropped out of the program despite being eligible and those who remained in the program but were underimmunized. Of over 20,000 children 19-35 months old, 49% had participated in WIC but only 50% were still enrolled. Factors most strongly associated with dropping out of the program were older age of child; white, black, or American Indian race; living in an urban or suburban area; higher socioeconomic status but still eligible for the program; having only 1 child at home; and having mothers who were unmarried or less than 30 years old (p<0.05). Among current participants, factors most strongly associated with under-vaccination included younger age of the child; black or Asian race; moving from another state since birth; mother with less than a high-school education; and having 2 or more children under 18 years old living in the household (p<0.05). Routinely collected child/family information can be used to target outreach and immunization-promoting interventions toward children most likely to drop out of the program or to be underimmunized. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Evaluat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Shefer, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Hlth Serv Res, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 127 EP 140 DI 10.1353/hpu.2004.0013 PG 14 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 800TL UT WOS:000220050500011 PM 15359979 ER PT J AU Warren, RC AF Warren, RC TI NDA II: The story of America's Second National Dental Association SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Book Review C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Warren, RC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 141 EP 141 DI 10.1353/hpu.2004.0014 PG 1 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 800TL UT WOS:000220050500012 ER PT J AU Jiang, BM McClure, HM Fankhauser, RL Monroe, SS Glass, RI AF Jiang, BM McClure, HM Fankhauser, RL Monroe, SS Glass, RI TI Prevalence of rotavirus and norovirus antibodies in non-human primates SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chimpanzee; diarrhea; monkey; Norwalk virus ID EPIDEMIC VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; ENTERIC CALICIVIRUS; UNITED-STATES; INDUCTION; OUTBREAKS; DIARRHEA; AGENT AB Rotavirus and norovirus are associated with a substantial burden of diarrheal disease in humans and some animals, but their role in acute viral gastroenteritis in non-human primates has not been established. We examined sera from five species of Old and New World monkeys and chimpanzees for antibodies to rotavirus and norovirus by enzyme immunoassays using RRV and three recombinant human norovirus capsid proteins, respectively. Most (88%) of the 3 Old World monkey species (mangabey, pigtail, and rhesus) and apes were seropositive for rotavirus. Norovirus antibody was prevalent in the three monkey species, with 53% (44/83) and 58% (48/83) seropositive for GI and GII strains, respectively. Eleven (92%) of the 12 chimpanzees tested were seropositive for GI norovirus. Given the high rate of infection with both viruses, the role of these agents in causing acute gastroenteritis in non-human primates and the value of these animals as models of infection and disease need to be assessed. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Jiang, BM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MS G04,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bjiang@cdc.gov OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 00165] NR 15 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0047-2565 J9 J MED PRIMATOL JI J. Med. Primatol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 30 EP 33 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2003.00051.x PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 800OI UT WOS:000220037200005 PM 15061730 ER PT J AU Ichinose, TY Burch, JB Noonan, CW Yost, MG Keefe, TJ Bachand, A Mandeville, R Reif, JS AF Ichinose, TY Burch, JB Noonan, CW Yost, MG Keefe, TJ Bachand, A Mandeville, R Reif, JS TI Immune markers and ornithine decarboxylase activity among electric utility workers SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HZ MAGNETIC-FIELDS; FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; 6-HYDROXYMELATONIN SULFATE EXCRETION; SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLIONECTOMY; MELATONIN METABOLITE; URINARY MELATONIN; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; NIGHT EXPOSURE; BREAST-CANCER; HUMAN-PLASMA AB The effects of a 60-Hz magnetic field (MF) exposure on white blood cell ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte phenotypes, and differential cell counts were studied among 60 electric utility workers. Personal MF exposure monitoring over 3 consecutive workdays was followed by collection of a peripheral blood sample. There were no MF-related changes in NK activity or the number of circulating neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, or T-lymphocytes (CD4, CD8, CD4:CD8 ratio). MF exposure intensity was associated with decreased ODC activity (P < 0.01) and lower NK cell counts (P = 0.04). Melatonin production, which stimulates the immune system, was quantified on the night preceding immune marker determinations. Exposure-related reductions in ODC activity, NK and B cells, and monocytes were strongest among workers with reduced melatonin production. The biological significance or long-term health consequences associated with these changes are not known. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm & Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Biophage Inc, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Burch, JB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm & Radiol Hlth Sci, Environm Hlth Bldg,Room 102,350 W Lake St, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM james.burch@colostate.edu RI Noonan, Curtis/B-2198-2015 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01ES08117] NR 66 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 46 IS 2 BP 104 EP 112 DI 10.1097/01.jom.0000111963.64211.3b PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 774BT UT WOS:000188960400003 PM 14767213 ER PT J AU Erhart, LM Rangel, MC Lu, PJ Singleton, JA AF Erhart, LM Rangel, MC Lu, PJ Singleton, JA TI Prevalence and characteristics of children at increased risk for complications from influenza, United States, 2000 SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; ASTHMA; VACCINATION; IMMUNIZATION; EFFICACY; DISEASE; VISITS; ADULTS; BURDEN; RATES AB Objectives Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for children at high risk of complications from influenza due to underlying medical conditions, but few children are vaccinated. Vaccination also is encouraged for all children aged 6 to 23 months when feasible. This study describes the prevalence and characteristics of at-risk children nationwide. Study design A descriptive analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was conducted among children in the United States aged 6 months through 17 years with identified high-risk conditions, and among all children aged 6 to 23 months. Results Approximately 5.2 to 10.0 million children aged 6 months through 17 years (7.4%-14.2%) had high-risk conditions indicated for influenza vaccination. Asthma accounted for the majority of conditions. An estimated 7.7 million children would be aged 6 to 23 months during influenza season. Most young children and older children at high-risk have access to, and frequently utilize healthcare services. Conclusions Existing doctor visits are important opportunities for vaccinating children with high-risk conditions, or for those aged 6 to 23 months. Additional efforts are needed to implement and evaluate efficient strategies for annual influenza vaccination of children aged 6 to 23 months and for older children with medical indications. C1 Assoc Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Erhart, LM (reprint author), Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, 150 N 18th Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. EM lerhart@hs.state.az.us NR 31 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 5 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 144 IS 2 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.11.007 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 773LT UT WOS:000188925800014 PM 14760260 ER PT J AU Nisenbaum, R Reyes, M Unger, ER Reeves, WC AF Nisenbaum, R Reyes, M Unger, ER Reeves, WC TI Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue - What can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome? SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE case definition; CFS; dichotomous factor analysis; population-based survey; symptoms; unexplained fatigue ID DEFINITION; CRITERIA; OVERLAP; SAMPLE AB Objective: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) case definitions agree that fatigue must be unexplained, debilitating and present for at least 6 months, but they differ over accompanying symptoms. Our objective was to compare the 1994 CFS case-defining symptoms with those identified by factor analysis. Methods: We surveyed the Wichita population and measured the occurrence of 21 symptoms in 1391 chronically fatigued subjects who did not report fatigue-associated medical or psychiatric conditions. We used factor analyses to identify symptom dimensions of fatigue and cluster analysis to assign subjects to subgroups. Results: Forty-three subjects had CFS. We confirmed three factors: musculoskeletal, infection and cognition-mood-sleep, essentially defined by CFS symptoms. Although factor scores were higher among CFS subjects, CFS and non-CFS distributions overlapped substantially. Three clusters also showed overlap between CFS and non-CFS subjects. Conclusion: CFS symptomatology is a multidimensional phenomenon overlapping with other unexplained fatiguing syndromes and this must be considered in CFS research. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exhanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nisenbaum, R (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exhanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop A-15,Bldg 6,Room 116, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ran7@cdc.gov OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 25 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3999 J9 J PSYCHOSOM RES JI J. Psychosomat. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 56 IS 2 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00039-4 PG 8 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 805LX UT WOS:000220368900003 PM 15016574 ER PT J AU Cassidy, JD Carroll, LJ Peloso, PM Borg, J von Holst, H Holm, L Kraus, J Coronado, VG AF Cassidy, JD Carroll, LJ Peloso, PM Borg, J von Holst, H Holm, L Kraus, J Coronado, VG TI Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury SO JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE mild traumatic brain injury; epidemiology; incidence; risk factors; prevention ID BICYCLE HELMET USE; PEDIATRIC HEAD-INJURY; HIGH-SCHOOL FOOTBALL; ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS; UNITED-STATES; EXTERNAL CAUSES; NECK INJURIES; NEW-ZEALAND; USE-LAW; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS AB Objective: We undertook a best-evidence synthesis on the incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury. Methods: Medline, Cinahl, PsycINFO and Embase were searched for relevant articles. After screening 38,806 abstracts, we critically reviewed 169 studies on incidence, risk and prevention, and accepted 121 (72%). Results: The accepted articles show that 70-90% of all treated brain injuries are mild, and the incidence of hospital-treated patients with mild traumatic brain injury is about 100-300/100,000 population. However, much mild traumatic brain injury is not treated at hospitals, and the true population-based rate is probably above 600/100,000. Mild traumatic brain injury is more common in males and in teenagers and young adults. Falls and motor-vehicle collisions are common causes. Conclusion: Strong evidence supports helmet use to prevent mild traumatic brain injury in motorcyclists and bicyclists. The mild traumatic brain injury literature is of varying quality, and the studies are very heterogeneous. Nevertheless, there is evidence that mild traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem, but we need more high-quality research into this area. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Alberta Ctr Injury Control & Res, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Med, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci, Sect Personal Injury Prevent, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Iowa, Ctr Hlth, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA USA. Uppsala Univ, Dept Neurosci, Uppsala, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosurg, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Cassidy, JD (reprint author), Toronto Western Hosp, Res Inst, Div Outcomes & Populat Hlth, 399 Bathurst St,MP 10-328A, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada. EM dcassidy@uhnres.utoronto.ca NR 135 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 28 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA CORT ADELERSGT 17, PO BOX 2562, SOLLI, 0202 OSLO, NORWAY SN 1650-1977 J9 J REHABIL MED JI J. Rehabil. Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 36 SU 43 BP 28 EP 60 DI 10.1080/16501960410023732 PG 33 WC Rehabilitation; Sport Sciences SC Rehabilitation; Sport Sciences GA 800QR UT WOS:000220043300007 ER PT J AU Carroll, LJ Cassidy, JD Holm, L Kraus, J Coronado, VG AF Carroll, LJ Cassidy, JD Holm, L Kraus, J Coronado, VG TI Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury SO JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE mild traumatic brain injury; epidemiology; research recommendations ID CLOSED-HEAD-INJURY; GLASGOW-COMA-SCALE; POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; BICYCLE HELMET USE; WRITTEN LANGUAGE PRODUCTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; POST-CONCUSSION SYMPTOMS; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY SCAN; MILITARY MEDICAL SYSTEM; MOTOR-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AB The WHO Collaborating Centre for Neurotrauma Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury performed a comprehensive search and critical review of the literature published between 1980 and 2002 to assemble the best evidence on the epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury. Of 743 relevant studies, 313 were accepted on scientific merit and comprise our best-evidence synthesis. The current literature on mild traumatic brain injury is of variable quality and we report the most common methodological flaws. We make recommendations for avoiding the shortcomings evident in much of the current literature and identify topic areas in urgent need of further research. This includes the need for large, well-designed studies to support evidence-based guidelines for emergency room triage of children with mild traumatic brain injury and to explore more fully the issue of prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury in the elderly population. We also advocate use of standard criteria for defining mild traumatic brain injury and propose a definition. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Alberta Ctr Injury Control & Res, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Med, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci, Sect Personal Injury Prevent, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Carroll, LJ (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Alberta Ctr Injury Control & Res, 3080 RTF,8308-114 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. EM lcarroll@ualberta.ca NR 325 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 6 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA CORT ADELERSGT 17, PO BOX 2562, SOLLI, 0202 OSLO, NORWAY SN 1650-1977 J9 J REHABIL MED JI J. Rehabil. Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 36 SU 43 BP 113 EP 125 DI 10.1080/16501960410023877 PG 13 WC Rehabilitation; Sport Sciences SC Rehabilitation; Sport Sciences GA 800QR UT WOS:000220043300012 ER PT J AU Valois, RF Zullig, KJ Huebner, ES Drane, JW AF Valois, RF Zullig, KJ Huebner, ES Drane, JW TI Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID QUALITY-OF-LIFE; SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE; HEALTH; EXERCISE; RELIABILITY; VALIDATION; CHILDREN; STRESS; SCALE AB This study explored relationships between perceived life satisfaction and physical activity behaviors in a statewide sample of adolescents in South Carolina (n = 4,758) using the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the Brief Multidimensional Student Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS). Adjusted logistic regression analyses and multivariate models constructed separately revealed significant race by gender results. Not exercising for 20 minutes over the past 7 days (sweating and hard breathing), not performing stretching exercising (past 7 days), not exercising to strengthen or tone muscles (past 7 days), spending < 20 minutes actually exercising or playing sports in PE class, not playing on sport teams run by school, and not playing on sport teams run by outside school organizations were associated (p = .05) with reduced life satisfaction for specific race/gender groups. Results suggest implications for school and community-based physical activity programs. Future research should consider measures of life satisfaction as a component of comprehensive assessments of adolescent physical activity behaviors in fieldwork, research, and program evaluation. C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Phys Educ Hlth & Sport Studies, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Psychol, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. S Carolina Dept Educ, Columbia, SC USA. RP Valois, RF (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM RFValois@gwm.sc.edu; ZulligKJ@muohio.edu; Huebner@sc.edu; Wdrane@gwm.sc.edu FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U63/CCU 802750-04] NR 48 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD FEB PY 2004 VL 74 IS 2 BP 59 EP 65 PG 7 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 807PB UT WOS:000220512300003 PM 15077500 ER PT J AU Sherry, B McDivitt, J Birch, LL Cook, FH Sanders, S Prish, JL Francis, LA Scanlon, KS AF Sherry, B McDivitt, J Birch, LL Cook, FH Sanders, S Prish, JL Francis, LA Scanlon, KS TI Attitudes, practices, and concerns about child feeding and child weight status among socioeconomically diverse white Hispanic, and African-American mothers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LOW-INCOME MOTHERS; YOUNG ADULTHOOD; FOOD-INTAKE; OVERWEIGHT; OBESITY; ADOLESCENTS; ADIPOSITY AB Parents play an important role in the development of their children's eating behaviors. We conducted 12 focus groups (three white, three African-American, and three Hispanic-American low-income groups; three white middle-income groups) of mothers (N=101) of 2- to less than 5-year-old children to explore maternal attitudes, concerns, and practices related,to child feeding and perceptions about child weight. We identified the following major themes from responses to our. standardized focus group guide: 12 groups wanted,to provide good nutrition, and most wanted children to avoid eating too many sweets and processed foods; 12 groups prepared foods their children liked, accommodated specific requests, and used bribes and rewards to accomplish their feeding goals (sweets were commonly used as bribes, rewards, or pacifiers); and 11 of 12 groups believed their children were prevaricating when they said they were full and mothers encouraged them to eat more. The common use of strategies that may not promote healthful weight suggests work is needed to develop culturally and socioeconomically effective overweight prevention programs. Further study is needed to verify racial/ethnic or income differences in attitudes, practices, and concerns about child feeding and perceptions of child weight. C1 CDCP, Maternal & Child Nutr Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Human Dev & Family Studies, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Georgia Div Publ Hlth, Nutr Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. So Illinois Univ, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Sherry, B (reprint author), CDCP, Maternal & Child Nutr Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-25,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM bsherry@cdc.gov FU PHS HHS [200-95-0957] NR 27 TC 121 Z9 128 U1 8 U2 26 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 104 IS 2 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.1016/j.jada.2003.11.012 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 773ZX UT WOS:000188956200012 PM 14760569 ER PT J AU Phelan, EA Anderson, LA LaCroix, AZ Larson, EB AF Phelan, EA Anderson, LA LaCroix, AZ Larson, EB TI Older adults' views of "successful aging" - How do they compare with researchers' definitions? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aging; successful aging; patient-centered care ID QUALITY-OF-LIFE; KAME PROJECT; KING COUNTY; PREDICTORS; EXPECTATIONS; DEMENTIA; COHORT; WOMEN AB OBJECTIVES: To determine whether older adults have thought about aging and aging successfully and to compare their perceptions of successful aging with attributes of successful aging identified in the published literature. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, mailed survey. SETTING: King County, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: Nondemented participants from two cohorts. The first cohort, referred to as Kame, which means turtle, a symbol of longevity for Japanese, enrolled 1,985 Japanese Americans aged 65 and older and was established in 1992-94. The second cohort, Adult Changes in Thought, enrolled 2,581 white men and women aged 65 and older from a health maintenance organization and was established in 1994-96. MEASUREMENTS: Respondents were asked whether they had ever thought about aging and aging successfully and whether these thoughts had changed over the previous 20 years and about how important specific attributes, originating from the published literature, were in characterizing successful aging. RESULTS: Overall, 90% had previously thought about aging and aging successfully, and approximately 60% said their thoughts had changed over the previous 20 years. The Japanese-American group rated 13 attributes as important to successful aging; the white group rated the same 13 as important and added one additional attribute, learning new things. CONCLUSION: Older adults' definition of successful aging is multidimensional, encompassing physical, functional, psychological, and social health. In contrast, none of the published work describing attributes of successful aging includes all four dimensions. Future work would benefit from an expanded definition to adequately reflect the perceptions of older adults. C1 Univ Washington, Div Gerontol & Geriatr Med, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Washington, Div Gen Internal Med, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. RP Phelan, EA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Div Gerontol & Geriatr Med, Dept Med, 325 9th Ave,Box 359755, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. EM phelane@u.washington.edu NR 34 TC 187 Z9 193 U1 8 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52056.x PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 765JR UT WOS:000188263900006 PM 14728629 ER PT J AU Eggerth, DE AF Eggerth, DE TI Applying the Bradley-Terry-Luce method to P-E fit SO JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE job satisfaction; theory of work adjustment; person-environment fit; Bradley-Terry-Luce ID PERSON-ENVIRONMENT FIT; METAANALYSIS AB This study attempted to increase the size of the correlation between person-environment (P-E) fit and job satisfaction by rescaling the instrumentation of the Theory of Work Adjustment using the Bradley-Terry-Luce method and a probability-based fit index. This approach worked as well as, but failed to outperform, the currently used correlation-based fit index. However, a probability-based fit index offers the advantage of being intuitively easier to understand than a correlation-based index. The very high correlation between the correlation-based fit index and the probability-based fit index suggests that both assess the same construct. It is argued that, considering the restriction of range common to all assessments of job satisfaction, the correlation between fit index and job satisfaction may not represent an upper limit, but rather a lower bound of the relationship between P-E fit and job satisfaction. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Eggerth, DE (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0001-8791 J9 J VOCAT BEHAV JI J. Vocat. Behav. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 64 IS 1 BP 92 EP 107 DI 10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00048-4 PG 16 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 757LU UT WOS:000187564400005 ER PT J AU Coburn, AM Nicolaysen, PH Simeonova, PP Moyers, WB Battelli, L Willard, P Hubbs, AF AF Coburn, AM Nicolaysen, PH Simeonova, PP Moyers, WB Battelli, L Willard, P Hubbs, AF TI Cachexia in a B6;129S2-Tnfsf5(tm1lmx) mouse - Pneumocystis pneumonia SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Article ID CD40 LIGAND; MAST-CELLS; MICE; BASOPHILS C1 NIOSH, CDC, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Virginia Tech, Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Hubbs, AF (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, Hlth Effects Lab Div, M-S L2015,1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM ahubbs@cdc.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 21 EP 23 DI 10.1038/laban0204-21 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 769QM UT WOS:000188661300005 PM 15235641 ER PT J AU Shehata, BM Wilson, S Mahle, WT Vincent, RN Kanter, KR Berg, AM Yount, LE Abramowsky, CR AF Shehata, BM Wilson, S Mahle, WT Vincent, RN Kanter, KR Berg, AM Yount, LE Abramowsky, CR TI Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia-like changes in cardiac allografts SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Pediatric-Pathology CY MAR 06-07, 2004 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Pediat Pathol C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Healthcare Atlanta Egleston, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 84 IS 2 MA 32 BP 275 EP 275 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 840BW UT WOS:000222833000049 ER PT J AU Shehata, BM Wilson, S Mahle, WT Vincent, RN Kanter, KR Berg, AM Yount, LE Abramowsky, CR AF Shehata, BM Wilson, S Mahle, WT Vincent, RN Kanter, KR Berg, AM Yount, LE Abramowsky, CR TI Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia-like changes in cardiac allografts SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Pediatric-Pathology CY MAR 06-07, 2004 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Pediat Pathol C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Healthcare Atlanta Egleston, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 MA 32 BP 273 EP 273 PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 856DZ UT WOS:000224027200051 ER PT J AU Rayner, JC Huber, CS Galinski, MR Barnwell, JW AF Rayner, JC Huber, CS Galinski, MR Barnwell, JW TI Rapid evolution of an erythrocyte invasion gene family: the Plasmodium reichenowi Reticulocyte Binding Like (RBL) genes SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE malaria; Plasmodium reichenowi; Plasmodium falciparum; erythrocyte invasion; reticulocyte binding like; normocyte binding proteins ID YOELII ADHESIVE PROTEINS; KDA RHOPTRY PROTEIN; DUFFY-BLOOD-GROUP; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; POPULATION-GENETICS; MEROZOITE PROTEINS; FALCIPARUM HOMOLOG; MALARIA PARASITES; VIVAX; SELECTION AB Malarial merozoites use an array of ligands, including members of the Reticulocyte Binding Like (RBL) super-family of invasion proteins, to identify and invade erythrocytes. RBL family members are large Type I membrane anchored proteins expressed at the invasive end of merozoites that share homology with the Reticulocyte Binding Proteins 1 and 2 (PvRBP1 and 2) of Plasmodium vivax. Plasmodium species vary widely both in the number and sequence of their RBL genes, with the recently completed Plasmodium falciparum genome containing five RBL genes. Of these, three encode proteins shown to be involved in erythrocyte invasion, a fourth is a pseudogene, and the role of the fifth is as yet unclear. In order to identify sequence similarities and differences that may have functional implications for erythrocyte invasion as well as to gain insights into the recent evolutionary history of the P.falciparum RBL genes, we have sequenced all five corresponding RBL genes from the chimpanzee parasite Plasmodium reichenowi, which is the closest phylogenetic relative of P. falciparum, yet is unable to invade human erythrocytes. Two of the five P. falciparum RBL genes have highly conserved complete open reading frames in both species, while the other three genes show evidence of gene conversion and rapid evolution. The RBL super-family, therefore, appears to be surprisingly dynamic and divergent, implying that it is involved in species-specific aspects of erythrocyte recognition and invasion. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Barnwell, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM wzb3@cdc.gov OI Rayner, Julian/0000-0002-9835-1014 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 24710-16] NR 36 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 133 IS 2 BP 287 EP 296 DI 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.10.017 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA 766PQ UT WOS:000188385100014 PM 14698440 ER PT J AU Mendoza, L Prasla, SH Ajello, L AF Mendoza, L Prasla, SH Ajello, L TI Orbital pythiosis: a non-fungal disease mimicking orbital mycotic infections, with a retrospective review of the literature SO MYCOSES LA English DT Review DE Pythium insidiosum; pythiosis; orbital infection; aspergillosis; penicilliosis ID PYTHIUM INSIDIOSUM KERATITIS; ASPERGILLOSIS; ZYGOMYCOSIS; MUCORMYCOSIS; THALASSEMIA; CHILD AB In the past decade there have been four well-documented cases of orbital pythiosis caused by Pythium insidiosum. All were recorded in apparently healthy children. Although pythiosis seems to be a rare infection in humans, we recently conducted a review of the medical literature to investigate misdiagnosed cases of orbital pythiosis in the past 100 years in children. To track putative cases of orbital pythiosis, we first identified orbital cases initially diagnosed as fungal infections. We were particularly interested in cases (a) involving apparently young healthy hosts, (b) the presence of hyaline, aseptate hyphal elements in the infected tissues, (c) the morphological features of the hyphal elements, (d) the presence of an eosinophilic granulomatous reaction with the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon around the mycelial elements, (e) resistance to antifungal therapy, (f) outcome after therapy, if any, and (g) cultural strategies. This study showed that indeed, there had been five other recorded cases of orbital infections, all in young children in the USA, with characteristics consistent with infections caused by P. insidiosum. The reports had described those cases of orbital-cranial-arterial diseases as patients with aspergillosis (one case), penicilliosis infection (one case), and zygomycosis (three cases). We reviewed those anomalous cases and discuss details about their clinical, pathologic, therapeutic, and etiologic evidence used to reclassify them as putative cases of orbital pythiosis. C1 Michigan State Univ, Med Technol Program, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, NCID, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mendoza, L (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Med Technol Program, 322 N Kedzie Hall, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mendoza9@msu.edu NR 41 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0933-7407 J9 MYCOSES JI Mycoses PD FEB PY 2004 VL 47 IS 1-2 BP 14 EP 23 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00950.x PG 10 WC Dermatology; Mycology SC Dermatology; Mycology GA 779WE UT WOS:000189324200002 PM 14998394 ER PT J AU Caraballo, RS Giovino, GA Pechacek, TF AF Caraballo, RS Giovino, GA Pechacek, TF TI Self-reported cigarette smoking vs. serum cotinine among US adolescents SO NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO-SMOKE; VALIDITY; NONSMOKERS; VALIDATION; CESSATION; EXPOSURE; HEALTH AB No national data have been used to compare self-reported and biochemically assessed cigarette smoking status among adolescents. We investigated discrepancies between self-reported smoking and measurement of serum cotinine concentration among adolescents aged 12-17 years in a representative sample (n=2,107) of the U.S. population. Smoking prevalence was 12.9% among teens who reported in a private interview whether they smoked during the previous 5 days (95% CI= 10.9%-14.9%) and 12.5% (95% CI= 10.3%-14.7%) according to serum cotinine concentration greater than 11.40 ng/ml (the cutpoint). Among teens who reported being a nonsmoker (i.e., that they did not smoke during the previous 5 days), 2.7% (95% CI=1.6%-3.8%) had a serum cotinine concentration of greater than 11.40 ng/ml. Discrepancies among self-reported nonsmokers were less likely among Mexican Americans than among Whites. Among self-reported smokers, 21.1% (95% CI= 13.7%-28.5%) had a serum cotinine concentration of 11.40 ng/ml or less. This discrepancy is explained primarily by the high proportion (37.0%) of teen smokers who reported smoking, on average, less than 1 cigarette per day. We believe that social stigma or fear that their parents would find out about their survey responses may be the main explanation for the 2.7% discrepancy among self-reported nonsmokers, and that smoking patterns (including the extent of nicotine dosing) and a lack of measurement of recency of cigarette smoking are the main explanations for the 21.1% discrepancy among self-reported smokers. Efforts to improve the validity of self-reported cigarette smoking will benefit tobacco-related surveillance, evaluation, and research activities for adolescents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA. RP Caraballo, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Mail Stop K-50,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM rfc8@cdc.gov NR 21 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2203 J9 NICOTINE TOB RES JI Nicotine Tob. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 19 EP + DI 10.1080/14622200310001656821 PG 8 WC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 805JW UT WOS:000220363600003 PM 14982684 ER PT J AU Ahijevych, K Garrett, BE AF Ahijevych, K Garrett, BE TI Menthol pharmacology and its potential impact on cigarette smoking behavior SO NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Menthol Cigarettes CY MAR 21-22, 2002 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA ID SERUM COTININE LEVELS; NONMENTHOL CIGARETTES; UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASES; N-GLUCURONIDATION; LIVER-MICROSOMES; NASAL RESISTANCE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; COLD RECEPTORS; COMMON COLD; WHITE WOMEN AB Menthol is the only tobacco additive promoted and advertised by the tobacco industry. Although a considerable body of research has examined the effects of menthol when it is administered alone and unburned, the effects of menthol when burned in cigarette smoke are more complex because it is administered in a matrix of more than 4,000 substances. Therefore, it is difficult to isolate potential pharmacological and toxic effects of menthol when it is administered in a smoke mixture. Menthol properties include cooling and local anesthesia, as well as effects on drug absorption and metabolism, bronchodilation and respiration changes, and electrophysiology. Subjective effects of smoothness and less harshness have been identified as reasons for menthol cigarette smoking, but findings have been inconclusive regarding the effect of menthol on carbon monoxide exposure and smoking topography parameters. Gaps in the research literature and future research areas include the following: (a) What is the role of menthol in tobacco reinforcement and addiction? (b) In the absence of nicotine, is menthol reinforcing? (c) Are the pharmacological and physiological effects of menthol mediated by a menthol-specific receptor or some other central nervous system-mediated action? (d) What are the influences of menthol and menthol metabolism on the metabolic activation and detoxification of carcinogens in tobacco smoke? and (e) Do differences exist in cigarette smoking topography in relation to the interaction of ethnicity, gender, and menthol cigarette preference? Answers to these questions will help to elucidate the function of menthol in cigarettes and its impact on smoking behavior. C1 Ohio State Univ, Coll Nursing, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Coll Med & Publ Hlth, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ahijevych, K (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Coll Nursing, 1585 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM ahijevych.1@osu.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR00034]; PHS HHS [10809] NR 78 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2203 J9 NICOTINE TOB RES JI Nicotine Tob. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 6 SU 1 BP S17 EP S28 DI 10.1080/14622200310001649469 PG 12 WC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 806IK UT WOS:000220427400004 PM 14982706 ER PT J AU Clark, PI Gardiner, PS Djordjevic, MV Leischow, SJ Robinson, RG AF Clark, PI Gardiner, PS Djordjevic, MV Leischow, SJ Robinson, RG TI Menthol cigarettes: Setting the research agenda SO NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material ID LUNG-CANCER RISK; SMOKE EXPOSURE; WHITE SMOKERS C1 Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Baltimore, MD 21209 USA. Univ Calif, Off President, Tobacco Related Dis Res Program, Oakland, CA USA. NCI, Tobacco Control Res Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. US PHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Clark, PI (reprint author), Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, 6115 Falls Rd,Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21209 USA. EM clarkp@battelle.org NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2203 J9 NICOTINE TOB RES JI Nicotine Tob. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 6 SU 1 BP S5 EP S9 DI 10.1080/14622200310001649441 PG 5 WC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 806IK UT WOS:000220427400002 PM 14982704 ER PT J AU Giovino, GA Sidney, S Gfroerer, JC O'Malley, PM Allen, JA Richter, PA Cummings, KM AF Giovino, GA Sidney, S Gfroerer, JC O'Malley, PM Allen, JA Richter, PA Cummings, KM TI Epidemiology of menthol cigarette use SO NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Menthol Cigarettes CY MAR 21-22, 2002 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA ID LUNG-CANCER RISK; ULTRA LIGHT CIGARETTES; NONMENTHOL CIGARETTES; SMOKE EXPOSURE; WHITE SMOKERS; TOBACCO USE; YOUTH; DOCUMENTS; NICOTINE; BELIEFS AB Approximately one-fourth of all cigarettes sold in the United States are mentholated. An understanding of the consequences, patterns, and correlates of menthol cigarette use can guide the development and implementation of strategies to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable morbidity and mortality. This paper summarizes the literature on the health effects of mentholated cigarettes and describes various patterns of use as indicated by consumption and survey data from the United States and other nations. The epidemiological literature on menthol cigarettes and cancer risk is inconclusive regarding whether these cigarettes confer a risk for cancer above that of nonmentholated varieties. Available data indicate that mentholated cigarettes are at least as dangerous as their nonmentholated counterparts. In addition, because mentholation improves the taste of cigarettes for a substantial segment of the smoking population and appears to mask disease symptoms, this additive may facilitate initiation or inhibit quitting. Menthol market share is high in the Philippines (60%), Cameroon (35%-40%), Hong Kong (26%), the United States (26%), and Singapore (22%). Newport has become the leading menthol brand in the United States. Surveys from four nations indicate that menthol use among adult smokers is more common among females than males. Among U.S. smokers, 68.9% of Blacks, 29.2% of Hispanics, and 22.4% of Whites reported smoking a mentholated variety. Research is needed to better explain factors that may influence menthol preference, such as marketing, risk perceptions, brand formulation, and taste preferences. Such research would guide the development of potentially more effective programs and policies. C1 Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Div Canc Prevent & Populat Sci, Tobacco Control Res Program, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA. Kaiser Permanente, Med Care Program, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Substance Abuse & Mental Hlth Serv Adm, Off Appl Studies, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Michigan, Inst Social Res, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Amer Legacy Fdn, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Giovino, GA (reprint author), Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Div Canc Prevent & Populat Sci, Tobacco Control Res Program, Elm & Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA. EM gary.giovino@roswellpark.org NR 88 TC 131 Z9 134 U1 4 U2 15 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2203 J9 NICOTINE TOB RES JI Nicotine Tob. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 6 SU 1 BP S67 EP S81 DI 10.1080/14622203710001649696 PG 15 WC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Substance Abuse; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 806IK UT WOS:000220427400008 PM 14982710 ER PT J AU Roux, L Donaldson, C AF Roux, L Donaldson, C TI Economics and obesity: Costing the problem or evaluating solutions? SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Dialogue on Healthy Body Weight Meeting CY DEC, 2001 CL Toronto, CANADA DE cost-of-illness; economic evaluation; priority setting ID HEALTH-CARE COSTS; BODY-MASS INDEX; UNITED-STATES; DECISION-MAKING; OF-ILLNESS; US ADULTS; TREATING OBESITY; NO AID; BURDEN; OVERWEIGHT AB There is no doubt that obesity is a major public health problem. However, what is the contribution of economics to solving it? In this report, we make the case that the role of economics is not in measuring the economic burden of obesity, through so-called cost-of-illness studies. Such studies merely confirm that obesity is a serious societal issue; adding a monetary figure to this does not add much. The economic foundations of such estimates can also be questioned, thus lessening their policy relevance. The real value of economics in the arena of obesity care is in evaluating, through formal economic evaluation, the use of our scarce health care resources in different strategies to prevent and treat obesity. C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Calgary, AB, Canada. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Populat & Hlth Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Business, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. RP Roux, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-24, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM lpr9@cdc.gov NR 85 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON ST, SUITE 918, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 12 IS 2 BP 173 EP 179 DI 10.1038/oby.2004.23 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 779TX UT WOS:000189318000001 PM 14981208 ER PT J AU Field, AE Manson, JE Laird, N Williamson, DF Willett, WC Colditz, GA AF Field, AE Manson, JE Laird, N Williamson, DF Willett, WC Colditz, GA TI Weight cycling and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among adult women in the United States SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE diabetes; epidemiology; weight cycling; BMI; women ID POPULATION-BASED SAMPLE; BODY-WEIGHT; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; METABOLIC-RATE; OBESE WOMEN; US ADULTS; OVERWEIGHT; VARIABILITY; MEN AB Objective: To assess the role of weight cycling independent of BMI and weight change in predicting the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Research Methods and Procedures: A six-year follow-up of 46,634 young and middle-aged women in the Nurses' Health Study 11 was conducted. Women who had intentionally lost greater than or equal to20 lbs at least three times between 1989 and 1993 were classified as severe weight cyclers. Women who had intentionally lost ! 10 lbs at least three times were classified as mild weight cyclers. The outcome was physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Results: Between 1989 and 1993, similar to20% of the women were mild weight cyclers, and 1.6% were severe weight cyclers. BMI in 1993 was positively associated with weight-cycling status (p < 0.001). During 6 years of follow-up (1993 to 1999), 418 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. BMI in 1993 had a strong association with the risk of developing diabetes. Compared with women with a BMI between 17 and 22 kg/m(2), those with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m(2) were approximately seven times more likely to develop diabetes, and those with a BMI greater than or equal to35 kg /m(2) were 63 times more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for BMI, neither mild (relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 1.37) nor severe (relative risk = 1.39, 95% confidence interval, 0.90 to 2.13) weight cycling predicted risk of diabetes. Discussion: Weight cycling was strongly associated with BMI, but it was not independently predictive of developing type 2 diabetes. C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Adolescent Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Prevent Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Field, AE (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Div Adolescent Med, Dept Med, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM Alison.Field@TCH.harvard.edu RI Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009 OI Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA50385-09]; NHLBI NIH HHS [R29 HL57871-01]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 42600]; PHS HHS [021183-02] NR 36 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 5 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON ST, SUITE 918, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 12 IS 2 BP 267 EP 274 DI 10.1038/oby.2004.34 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 779TX UT WOS:000189318000012 PM 14981219 ER PT J AU Norton, EB Archibald, LK Nwanyanwu, OC Kazembe, PN Dobbie, H Reller, LB Jarvis, WR Jason, J AF Norton, EB Archibald, LK Nwanyanwu, OC Kazembe, PN Dobbie, H Reller, LB Jarvis, WR Jason, J TI Clinical predictors of bloodstream infections and mortality in hospitalized Malawian children SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE bloodstream infections; mortality; Malawi ID EMERGENCY TRIAGE ASSESSMENT; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; VIRAL ETIOLOGY; MALNUTRITION; ANTIBIOTICS; BACTERIAL; MENINGITIS; GUIDELINES; RESISTANCE; BACTEREMIA AB Background. In sub-Saharan Africa, bloodstream infections (BSI) are a major cause of pediatric mortality. Because of limited resources and facilities in these developing countries, treatment often must be based solely on clinical observations and patient history and includes the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials, a factor in the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Methods. During July 28 through August 18, 1998 we analyzed clinical, epidemiologic and microbiologic data from a cohort of 225 hospitalized children in Malawi, Africa, to determine clinical indices associated with the presence/absence of BSI and/or mortality for use in settings with minimal microbiologic laboratory and intensive care facilities. Results. BSI (n = 35 children) were associated with malnutrition, chronic cough, lethargy by history, lethargy on examination and oral thrush; 92% of children without these symptoms were BSI-negative. Mortality (21 of 173 children with known mortality status) was associated with malnutrition, lethargy on examination, prior receipt of antimalarials and acute decreased feeding. Of those with greater than or equal to2 of these indices 69% died; of those with <2 of the indices 94% survived. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus was not significantly related to either BSI or mortality status. Conclusions. Malnutrition, but not HIV, was strongly related to both BSI and mortality. Assessment of these BSI and mortality indices at hospital admission provides rapid, cost-free indication of which children are most/least in need of empiric antimicrobial therapy or intensive observation, thereby maximizing appropriate use of antimicrobials and limited facilities while minimizing inappropriate antimicrobial usage. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv,HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv,Div Healthcare Qual & Promot, Invest & Prevent Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv, Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Lilongwe Cent Hosp, Lilongwe, Malawi. Minist Hlth & Populat, Community Hlth Sci Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi. Duke Univ, Ctr Med, Durham, NC USA. RP Norton, EB (reprint author), 3 Spanish Fort Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM enorton@tulane.edu RI Andrade, Hugo/M-6631-2013 OI Andrade, Hugo/0000-0001-6781-6125 NR 29 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.1097/01.inf.0000109258.82988.40 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 777GY UT WOS:000189169000010 PM 14872181 ER PT J AU McCoy, SI Zell, ER Besser, RE AF McCoy, SI Zell, ER Besser, RE TI Antimicrobial prescribing for otitis externa in children SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE otitis externa; antibiotics AB We describe the patterns of antimicrobial prescribing and trends in disease occurrence among children with otitis externa using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1995 to 2000. Oral antimicrobial therapy for otitis externa is more likely to contribute to antimicrobial resistance than is topical antimicrobial therapy and is rarely indicated. Thirty-nine percent of visits resulted in a prescription for topical antibiotics, and 25% of visits resulted in a prescription for oral antibiotics. Inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing for otitis externa occurs frequently. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS C09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rbesser@cdc.gov NR 14 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 181 EP 183 DI 10.1097/01.inf.0000109958.65053.4e PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 777GY UT WOS:000189169000021 PM 14872192 ER PT J AU Grummer-Strawn, LM Mei, Z AF Grummer-Strawn, LM Mei, Z TI Does Breastfeeding protect against pediatric overweight? Analysis of longitudinal data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE breastfeeding; overweight; obesity; longitudinal; preschool children; body mass index ID ENDOCRINE RESPONSES; UNITED-STATES; OBESITY; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; RISK; CHILDHOOD; INFANT; PREVALENCE; ADIPOSITY AB Objective. To examine whether increasing duration of breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of overweight in a low-income population of 4-year-olds in the United States. Methods. Visit data were linked to determine prospectively the duration of breastfeeding ( up to 2 years of age) and weight status at 4 years of age. Overweight among 4-year-old children was defined as a body mass index (BMI)-for-age at or above the 95th percentile based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Logistic regression was performed, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and birth weight. In a subset of states, links to maternal pregnancy records also permitted regression analysis controlling for mother's age, education, prepregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and postpartum smoking. Data from the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System, which extracts breastfeeding, height, and weight data from child visits to public health programs, were analyzed. In 7 states, data were linked to Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System data. A total of 177 304 children up to 60 months of age were included in our final pediatric-only analysis, and 12 587 were included in the pregnancy- pediatric linked analysis. Results. The duration of breastfeeding showed a dose-response, protective relationship with the risk of overweight only among non-Hispanic whites; no significant association was found among non-Hispanic blacks or Hispanics. Among non-Hispanic whites, the adjusted odds ratio of overweight by breastfeeding for 6 to 12 months versus never breastfeeding was 0.70 ( 95% confidence interval: 0.50 - 0.99) and for > 12 months versus never was 0.49 ( 95% confidence interval: 0.25 - 0.95). Breastfeeding for any duration was also protective against underweight (BMI-for-age below the 5th percentile). Conclusion. Prolonged breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of overweight among non-Hispanic white children. Breastfeeding longer than 6 months provides health benefits to children well beyond the period of breastfeeding. C1 CDCP, Maternal & Child Nutr Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Grummer-Strawn, LM (reprint author), CDCP, Maternal & Child Nutr Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-25,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM lgrum-mer-strawn@cdc.gov NR 40 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 113 IS 2 BP 81 EP 86 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 769AK UT WOS:000188603800002 ER PT J AU DeStefano, F Bhasin, TK Thompson, WW Yeargin-Allsopp, M Boyle, C AF DeStefano, F Bhasin, TK Thompson, WW Yeargin-Allsopp, M Boyle, C TI Age at first measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in children with autism and school-matched control subjects: A population-based study in metropolitan Atlanta SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE autism; autism spectrum disorders; MMR vaccine; immunizations; epidemiology ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; CAUSAL ASSOCIATION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; HOME VIDEOTAPES; FOLLOW-UP; PREVALENCE; RECOGNITION; REGRESSION; CHILDHOOD; CALIFORNIA AB Objective. To compare ages at first measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination between children with autism and children who did not have autism in the total population and in selected subgroups, including children with regression in development. Methods. A case-control study was conducted in metropolitan Atlanta. Case children ( N = 624) were identified from multiple sources and matched to control children ( N = 1824) on age, gender, and school. Vaccination data were abstracted from immunization forms required for school entry. Records of children who were born in Georgia were linked to Georgia birth certificates for information on maternal and birth factors. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Results. The overall distribution of ages at MMR vaccination among children with autism was similar to that of matched control children; most case (70.5%) and control children (67.5%) were vaccinated between 12 and 17 months of age. Similar proportions of case and control children had been vaccinated before 18 or before 24 months. No significant associations for either of these age cutoffs were found for specific case subgroups, including those with evidence of developmental regression. More case (93.4%) than control children (90.6%) were vaccinated before 36 months ( OR: 1.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.04 - 2.14 in the total sample; OR: 1.23; 95% confidence interval: 0.64 - 2.36 in the birth certificate sample). This association was strongest in the 3- to 5-year age group. Conclusions. Similar proportions of case and control children were vaccinated by the recommended age or shortly after (ie, before 18 months) and before the age by which atypical development is usually recognized in children with autism ( ie, 24 months). Vaccination before 36 months was more common among case children than control children, especially among children 3 to 5 years of age, likely reflecting immunization requirements for enrollment in early intervention programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP DeStefano, F (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM fxd1@cdc.gov NR 48 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 6 U2 39 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 113 IS 2 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1542/peds.113.2.259 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 769AK UT WOS:000188603800018 PM 14754936 ER PT J AU Prosser, LA Ray, T O'Brien, M Kleinman, K Santoli, J Lieu, TA AF Prosser, LA Ray, T O'Brien, M Kleinman, K Santoli, J Lieu, TA TI Preferences and willingness to pay for health states prevented by pneumococcal conjugate vaccine SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE preferences; utilities; willingness-to-pay; pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ID ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; QUALITY-OF-LIFE; TIME TRADE-OFF; CLINICAL OUTCOMES; CHILDREN; UTILITIES; PARENTS; VALUES AB Objective. To measure parents' and other adults' values for preventing disease associated with pneumococcal infection and to evaluate how including these values changes the economic appraisal of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Methods. Data on preferences and willingness to pay to reduce risk of illness were collected for 6 illnesses that are preventable by pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (simple otitis media, complex otitis media, moderate pneumonia, severe pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis) and 1 vaccine-related adverse event (fever and fussiness after vaccine). Interviews were conducted with 2 groups of respondents: 1) parents of children who had experienced 1 or more of the outcomes described in the survey (n=101) and 2) a US community sample (n=109). The 30-minute telephone interview used modified time trade-off questions and willingness-to-pay questions. Values from the interview were incorporated in an existing decision-analytic model that simulated the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in a hypothetical cohort of newborns. Results. Among parents, the median amount of time that respondents said that they would be willing to trade to avoid diseases ranged from 0 days for otitis media to 1 year for severe pneumonia and 2 years for meningitis. Among the US community sample, the median amounts of time traded were higher, ranging from 7 days for otitis media to 3 years for meningitis. Median willingness-to-pay amounts varied from $100 to prevent 1 episode of otitis media and $500 to reduce the risk of meningitis from 21 in 100 000 to 6 in 100 000 and were similar between parents and community members. Incorporating time trade-off amounts into the existing economic model for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine resulted in cost-effectiveness ratios <$10000 per quality-adjusted life year at a vaccine cost of $58 per dose. Conclusions. Both parents and community members assign relatively high values to preventing meningitis, pneumonia, and complex otitis media. When the value of preventing pneumococcal diseases is incorporated into economic analyses, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has a cost-effectiveness ratio in the range of other widely used health interventions. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ambulatory Care & Prevent, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Harvard Pilgrim Hlth Care, Ctr Child Hlth Care Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Kaiser Permanente, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Childrens Hosp, Div Gen Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Prosser, LA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ambulatory Care & Prevent, 133 Brookline Ave,6th Fl, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM lprosser@hms.harvard.edu NR 25 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 113 IS 2 BP 283 EP 290 DI 10.1542/peds.113.2.283 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 769AK UT WOS:000188603800021 PM 14754939 ER PT J AU Hillis, SD Anda, RF Dube, SR Felitti, VJ Marchbanks, PA Marks, JS AF Hillis, SD Anda, RF Dube, SR Felitti, VJ Marchbanks, PA Marks, JS TI The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE adolescent pregnancy; child abuse; domestic violence; alcoholism; children of impaired parents; drug abuse ID TEEN OUTREACH PROGRAM; YOUNG MATERNAL AGE; HOUSEHOLD DYSFUNCTION; BIRTH-WEIGHT; RISK-FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES; INFANT-MORTALITY; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; HOME VISITATION AB Objectives. Few reports address the impact of cumulative exposure to childhood abuse and family dysfunction on teen pregnancy and consequences commonly attributed to teen pregnancy. Therefore, we examined whether adolescent pregnancy increased as types of adverse childhood experiences (ACE score) increased and whether ACEs or adolescent pregnancy was the principal source of elevated risk for long-term psychosocial consequences and fetal death. Design, Setting, and Participants. A retrospective cohort study of 9159 women aged >18 years (mean 56 years) who attended a primary care clinic in San Diego, California in 1995-1997. Main Outcome Measure. Adolescent pregnancy, psychosocial consequences, and fetal death, compared by ACE score ( emotional, physical, or sexual abuse; exposure to domestic violence, substance abusing, mentally ill, or criminal household member; or separated/divorced parent). Results. Sixty-six percent (n=6015) of women reported greater than or equal to1 ACE. Teen pregnancy occurred in 16%, 21%, 26%, 29%, 32%, 40%, 43%, and 53% of those with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 to 8 ACEs. As the ACE score rose from zero to 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and greater than or equal to5, odds ratios for each adult consequence increased (family problems: 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3; financial problems: 1.0, 1.6, 2.3, 2.4; job problems: 1.0, 1.4, 2.3, 2.9; high stress: 1.0, 1.4, 1.9, 2.2; and uncontrollable anger: 1.0, 1.6, 2.8, 4.5, respectively). Adolescent pregnancy was not associated with any of these adult outcomes in the absence of childhood adversity (ACEs: 0). The ACE score was associated with increased fetal death after first pregnancy (odds ratios for 0, 1-2, 3-4, and 5-8 ACEs: 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.8, respectively); teen pregnancy was not related to fetal death. Conclusions. The relationship between ACEs and adolescent pregnancy is strong and graded. Moreover, the negative psychosocial sequelae and fetal deaths commonly attributed to adolescent pregnancy seem to result from underlying ACEs rather than adolescent pregnancy per se. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. So Calif Permanente Med Grp, Kaiser Permanente, Dept Prevent Med, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-34,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM SEH0@cdc.gov NR 72 TC 174 Z9 180 U1 5 U2 28 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 113 IS 2 BP 320 EP 327 DI 10.1542/peds.113.2.320 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 769AK UT WOS:000188603800026 PM 14754944 ER PT J AU Cooper, CP Merritt, TL Ross, LE John, LV Jorgensen, CM AF Cooper, CP Merritt, TL Ross, LE John, LV Jorgensen, CM TI To screen or not to screen, when clinical guidelines disagree: primary care physicians' use of the PSA test SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Behavioral-Medicine CY MAR 19-22, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Behavioral Med DE prostatic neoplasms; mass screening; prostate-specific antigen; primary health care; physicians; physician's practice patterns; United States ID PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; CANCER; UROLOGISTS; BELIEFS; LUNG AB Background. Clinical guidelines for using the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test as a population-based screening tool vary considerably. This study qualitatively explored primary care physicians' PSA screening practices and their understanding of the PSA screening controversy. Methods. Fourteen telephone focus groups were conducted with 75 primary care physicians practicing in 35 US states. Data were coded around three major topics: PSA screening practices, factors influencing these practices, and familiarity with clinical guidelines. Results. Two practice patterns emerged. Most participants recommended regular PSA screening beginning around age 50 for asymptomatic men with no known risk factors and at least a 10-year life expectancy. These "routine screeners" attributed their approach to experience that supported the benefit of PSA screening and to patient demand for the test. Other physicians discussed the implications of PSA screening with patients before offering the test, but neither recommended for or against it. The approach of these "nonroutine screeners" was primarily guided by the lack of scientific evidence documenting the benefit of PSA screening. Conclusions. The observed practice patterns reflect both sides of the PSA screening controversy. While routine and nonroutine screeners differ in their approach, both reported high rates of PSA screening. Published by The Institute For Cancer Prevention and Elsevier Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, St Louis, MO 63141 USA. RP Cooper, CP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM ccooper@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 182 EP 191 DI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.035 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 765YT UT WOS:000188319200008 ER PT J AU Okoro, CA Mokdad, AH Ford, ES Bowman, BA Vinicor, F Giles, WH AF Okoro, CA Mokdad, AH Ford, ES Bowman, BA Vinicor, F Giles, WH TI Are persons with diabetes practicing healthier behaviors in the year 2001? Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE diabetes; health behavior; body mass index; obesity; overweight; smoking; BRFSS ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; BLOOD-PRESSURE CONTROL; GLUCOSE CONTROL; CARE; COMPLICATIONS; US; TRANSLATION; QUALITY; BENEFITS; SCIENCE AB Background. To examine changes in modifiable health-risk behaviors of diabetic persons in the United States. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years or older, in states that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 1995 and 2001. Changes in self-reported health-risk behaviors among persons with diabetes are examined for those years (5,218 in 1995 and 13,733 in 2001 for the core instrument; 3,227 in 1995 and 9,304 in 2001 for the diabetes module). Results. From 1995 to 2001, the percentage of persons with diabetes who were obese, had ever been told their blood pressure or blood cholesterol was high, or had their blood cholesterol checked in the past year increased significantly. Significant increases were also reported among diabetic persons who were former smokers, received an annual influenza vaccination, ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, performed daily self-monitoring of blood glucose, received annual foot examination, and received annual dilated eye exam. Conclusions. Continued emphasis needs to be placed on a multirisk factor approach to prevent, delay, and reduce the complications of diabetes. (C) 2003 The Institute For Cancer Prevention and Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Okoro, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 470 Buford Highway,NE,Mailstop K66, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM Cokoro@cdc.gov NR 48 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.039 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 765YT UT WOS:000188319200011 PM 14715213 ER PT J AU Wang, GJ Macera, CA Scudder-Soucie, B Schmid, T Pratt, M Buchner, D AF Wang, GJ Macera, CA Scudder-Soucie, B Schmid, T Pratt, M Buchner, D TI Cost effectiveness of a bicycle/pedestrian trail development in health promotion SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE environmental intervention; physical activity; economics ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; INCREASE PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; LIFE-STYLE; ECONOMIC-EVALUATION; EXERCISE PROGRAM; UNITED-STATES; PREVENT FALLS; INTERVENTIONS; OBESITY; WOMEN AB Background. A persistently low population level of physical activity is a challenge for public health. Data on cost effectiveness of environmental interventions are needed to inform the development and implementing of such interventions. Objective. To conduct cost-effectiveness analysis of bicycle/pedestrian trails. Design. The costs of trail development and number of users of four trails in Lincoln, NE, were obtained. The costs were adjusted to 2003 dollars. The physical activity-related outcomes/items are number of users who were more physically active since they began using the trails, number of users who were physically active for general health, and number of users who were physically active for weight loss. Cost-effectiveness measures were derived. Sensitivity analysis was performed. Results. The annual trail development cost US$289,035, 73% of which was construction cost. Of the 3,986 trail users, 88% were active at least 3 days a week. The average annual cost for persons becoming more physically active was US$98 (range US$65-253); the cost was US$142 (range US$95-366) for persons who are active for general health, and US$884 (range US$590-2,287) for persons who are active for weight loss. Conclusion. This analysis provides basic cost-effectiveness measures of bicycle/pedestrian trails. Policymakers can use this information in making resource allocation decisions. Published by The Institute For Cancer Prevention and Elsevier Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Nebraska Hlth & Human Serv Syst, Phys Act Program, Lincoln, NE 68509 USA. RP Wang, GJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM gbw9@cdc.gov NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 237 EP 242 DI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.10.002 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 765YT UT WOS:000188319200015 PM 14715217 ER PT J AU Dietz, WH AF Dietz, WH TI The effects of physical activity on obesity SO QUEST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Kinesiology-and-Physical-Education CY 2003 CL PINE MOUNTAIN, GEORGIA SP Amer Acad Kinesiol Phys Educ ID BODY-MASS INDEX; RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE; ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; WEIGHT-LOSS; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; LONGITUDINAL CHANGES; CHILDREN AB The epidemic of obesity has resulted from an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Further weight gain of individuals and populations can be prevented if energy intake balances energy expenditure. For those who are overweight, reduction in weight can only be achieved by a negative energy balance in which energy expenditure exceeds intake. In this manuscript, we will describe the epidemic of obesity and explore the evidence that reduced energy expenditure accounts for obesity, the role that physical activity plays in weight reduction, and the steps necessary to achieve energy balance within the population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Dietz, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM wcd4@cdc.gov NR 58 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 0033-6297 J9 QUEST JI Quest PD FEB PY 2004 VL 56 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Education & Educational Research; Sport Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Sport Sciences GA 772ZH UT WOS:000188872900002 ER PT J AU Schulte, PA AF Schulte, PA TI Some implications of genetic biomarkers in occupational epidemiology and practice SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material DE epidemiology; ethics; genetics; genetic testing; genomics; molecular epidemiology; polymorphisms ID CHRONIC BERYLLIUM DISEASE; HUMAN GENOME EPIDEMIOLOGY; CARPAL-TUNNEL-SYNDROME; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFORMED CONSENT; ETHICAL-ISSUES; PUBLIC-HEALTH; POLYMORPHISMS; INFORMATION AB This paper addresses the use of genetic biomarkers in occupational epidemiology and some of the scientific, ethical, and social implications for epidemiologists and practitioners to consider, including issues involving individual risk estimation, the communication of epidermologic results, and the translation of epidermologic data into clinical or occupational health practice. Three scenarios from the occupational setting illustrate some of these issues and implications. The scenarios involve glutathione-S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) and hematopoietic cancer in hospital workers, human leukocyte antigen coding for glutamic acid in the 69th position (HLA DPBIE69) and chronic beryllium disease in beryllium workers, and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) deletion and carpal tunnel syndrome in railroad track workers. Epidermologic research involving genetic biomarkers requires the application of genetic tests and can be considered on a continuum between basic sciences and clinical and occupational and public health practice for which questions of test relevance, validity, and utility become important. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Schulte, PA (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4MS-C14,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM pas4@cdc.gov NR 83 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU SCAND J WORK ENV HEALTH PI HELSINKI PA TOPELIUKSENKATU 41A, SF-00250 HELSINKI, FINLAND SN 0355-3140 J9 SCAND J WORK ENV HEA JI Scand. J. Work Environ. Health PD FEB PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 71 EP 79 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 779CR UT WOS:000189278500009 PM 15018031 ER PT J AU McLean, CA Wang, SA Hoff, GL Dennis, LY Trees, DL Knapp, JS Markowitz, LE Levine, WC AF McLean, CA Wang, SA Hoff, GL Dennis, LY Trees, DL Knapp, JS Markowitz, LE Levine, WC TI The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in Kansas City, Missouri, 1999 to 2000 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 06-11, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID UNITED-STATES; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; UNCOMPLICATED GONORRHEA; PENICILLIN; SURVEILLANCE; MUTATIONS; STRAINS; DISEASE AB Background and Objectives: We describe the first cluster of persons with Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin (AziDS; minimum inhibitory concentration greater than or equal to1.0 mug/mL) in the United States. Goal: The goal of this study was to identify risk factors for AziDS N. gonorrhoeae and to describe isolate microbiology. Study Design: Persons with AziDS N. gonorrhoeae (cases) were identified in Kansas City, Missouri, through the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) in 1999 and expanded surveillance, January 2000 to June 2001. A case-control study using 1999 GISP participants was conducted; control subjects had azithromycin-susceptible N. gonorrhoeae. Results: Thirty-three persons with AziDS N. gonorrhoeae were identified. Case patients were older than control patients (median age, 33 years vs. 23 years; P <0.001). Fifty percent of cases and 13% of control subjects had a history of sex with a female commercial sex worker (odds ratio, 7.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-36.0); 50% of cases and 4% of control subjects met sex partners on street A (P <0.01). AziDS N. gonorrhoeae isolates were phenotypically and genotypically similar and contained an mtrR gene mutation. Conclusions: With few treatment options remaining, surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae is increasingly important, especially among persons at high risk. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Gonorrhea Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Kansas City Hlth Dept, Kansas City, MO USA. RP McLean, CA (reprint author), Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cmclean@cdc.gov NR 33 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 73 EP 78 DI 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000109514.91508.FC PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 768XB UT WOS:000188595000001 PM 14743069 ER PT J AU Salakhov, E Tikhonova, L Southwick, K Shakarishvili, A Ryan, C Hillis, S AF Salakhov, E Tikhonova, L Southwick, K Shakarishvili, A Ryan, C Hillis, S CA Congenital Syphilis Investigation TI Congenital syphilis in Russia - The value of counting epidemiologic cases and clinical cases SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS; FORMER SOVIET-UNION; EASTERN-EUROPE; FEDERATION; PREVENTION; EPIDEMICS; DISEASES; STATES; POLAND AB Background: Congenital syphilis (CS) reports in Russia increased 26-fold from 1991 to 1999. Case reports included only infants who were clinical cases, had persistent serologic changes, or confirmed syphilitic stillbirth. Although not reported, policies stipulate that infants of inadequately treated or untreated mothers receive preventive penicillin treatment. Goal: We examined whether risk factors and consequences for epidemiologic cases of CS (infants of inadequately treated mothers) resembled those of clinical cases and differed from those of noncases (infants of adequately treated mothers). Study Design: A retrospective record review from Maternity Houses in 5 sites identified 715 syphilis-infected women who gave birth. Results: Among women with maternal syphilis, 11% (n = 81) of infants were clinical cases, 56% (n = 402) were epidemiologic cases, and 33% (n = 232) were noneases of CS. Compared with noncases, maternal risk factors for epidemiologic cases included nonresidence (P <0.01), late syphilis (P <0.01), unemployment (P <0.01), no prenatal care (P <0.01), and syphilis testing at greater than or equal to28 weeks (P <0.01). Each of these was also significant for being a clinical case. Associated consequences of CS for the epidemiologic cases included increases in stillbirth (P <0.01), preterm birth (P <0.01), low birth weight (P <0.01), transfer to a pediatric hospital (P <0.01), and abandonment (P <0.05). Each of these except stillbirth was significantly elevated among clinical cases. Nearly half of the epidemiologic cases had no record of any penicillin treatment for the infant. Epidemiologic cases were significantly more likely than noncases to have no clinical or laboratory follow up. Conclusion: In Russia, maternal risk factors and perinatal consequences for epidemiologic cases of CS resembled those of clinical cases. Expanding national reporting to include epidemiologic cases would strengthen CS prevention and monitoring. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth Russian Federat, St Petersburg, Russia. New York State Dept Hlth, Metropolitan Area Reg Off, Albany, NY USA. RP Hillis, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Mailstop K34,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM seh0@cdc.gov NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000109516.47951.B8 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 768XB UT WOS:000188595000009 PM 14743077 ER PT J AU Hogben, M St Lawrence, JS Montano, DE Kasprzyk, D Leichliter, JS Phillips, WR AF Hogben, M St Lawrence, JS Montano, DE Kasprzyk, D Leichliter, JS Phillips, WR TI Physicians' opinions about partner notification methods: case reporting, patient referral, and provider referral SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; PRIMARY-CARE; HISTORY; HEALTH; CONTACT; WOMEN; SEX; HIV AB Background: The United States has relied upon partner notification strategies to help break the chain of infection and re-infection for sexually transmitted diseases ( STD). Physicians are a vital link in the system of STD control, but little is known of physician opinions about partner notification strategies. Methods: We collected opinions about partner notification from a national probability sample of physicians in specialties diagnosing STDs. Physicians responded to 17 questions about three relevant forms of STD partner notification: patient based referral, provider based referral, and case reporting. Results: Exploratory factor analyses showed that responses for each form of partner notification could be grouped into four categories: perceived practice norms, infection control, patient relationships, and time/money. Multivariate analyses of the factors showed that physicians endorsed patient based referral most favourably and provider based referral least favourably. Conclusion: Physicians' opinions about partner notification strategies appear to reflect objective reality in some areas, but not in others. Strategies that improve the fit between physicians' opinions and effective notification are needed: some are discussed here. C1 Ctr Dis Seattle, Div STD Prevent, Seattle, WA USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA. RP Hogben, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop E-44,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mhogben@cdc.gov OI Phillips, William/0000-0003-2802-4349 NR 19 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 80 IS 1 BP 30 EP 34 DI 10.1136/sti.2003.004937 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 768VM UT WOS:000188555800007 PM 14755032 ER PT J AU Prah, J Ashley, D Blount, B Case, M Leavens, T Pleil, J Cardinali, F AF Prah, J Ashley, D Blount, B Case, M Leavens, T Pleil, J Cardinali, F TI Dermal, oral, and inhalation pharmacokinetics of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in human volunteers SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE); tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA); fuel oxygenates; dermal; oral; inhalation pharmacokinetics; oxyfuels ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN BLOOD; CYTOCHROMES P450; HUMAN EXPOSURE; METABOLISM; TOXICOKINETICS; ALCOHOL; BIOTRANSFORMATION; IDENTIFICATION; MICROSOMES AB Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive used to increase octane and reduce carbon monoxide emissions and ozone precursors, has contaminated drinking water and can lead to exposure by oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. To determine its dermal, oral, and inhalation kinetics, 14 volunteers were exposed to 51.3 mug/ml MTBE dermally in tap water for 1 h, drank 2.8 mg MTBE in 250 ml Gatorade(R), and inhaled 3.1 ppm. MTBE for 1 h. Blood and exhaled breath samples were then obtained. Blood MTBE peaked between 15 and 30 min following oral exposure, at the end of inhalation exposure, and similar to5 min after dermal exposure. Elimination by each route was described well by a three-compartment model (Rsq >0.9). The Akaike Information Criterion for the three-compartment model was smaller than the two-compartment model, supporting it over the two-compartment model. One metabolite, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), measured in blood slowly increased and plateaued, but it did not return to the pre-exposure baseline at the 24-h follow-up. TBA is very water-soluble and has a blood:air partition ratio of 462, reducing elimination by exhalation. Oral exposure resulted in a significantly greater MTBE metabolism into TBA than by other routes based on a greater blood TBA:MTBE AUC ratio, implying significant first-pass metabolism. The slower TBA elimination may make it a better biomarker of MTBE exposure, though one must consider the exposure route when estimating MTBE exposure from TBA because of first-pass metabolism. Most subjects had a baseline blood TBA of 1-3 ppb. Because TBA is found in consumer products and can be used as a fuel additive, it is not a definitive marker of MTBE exposure. These data provide the risk assessment process of pharmacokinetic information relevant to the media through which most exposures occur-air and drinking water. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Prah, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD 58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM prah.james@epa.gov OI Pleil, Joachim/0000-0001-8211-0796 NR 33 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 77 IS 2 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh009 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 774ML UT WOS:000188987000004 PM 14600279 ER PT J AU Orton, SL Stramer, SL Dodd, RY Alter, MJ AF Orton, SL Stramer, SL Dodd, RY Alter, MJ TI Risk factors for HCV infection among blood donors confirmed to be positive for the presence of HCV RNA and not reactive for the presence of anti-HCV SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; NON-B HEPATITIS; UNITED-STATES; HEALTH-CARE; NON-A; DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POPULATION; IDENTIFY; VIREMIA AB BACKGROUND: In 1999, NAT of blood donations was implemented to detect "window-period" infections. Blood donors who have confirmed NAT results positive for the presence of HCV in the absence of anti-HCV are likely to have been recently infected. Of over 26.8 million donations tested between March 3, 1999, and March 31, 2003, 810 were HCV-reactive by NAT. A subset of these donors was assessed for recent exposure risk. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All anti-HCV-blood donors with reactive, unconfirmed HCV NAT results were invited to participate in a study that included an extensive demographic and risk questionnaire. Confirmed HCV+ cases were compared to HCV- (falsely positive) controls for histories of potential risk factors during the 6 months before donation. RESULTS: Recent injection drug use (IDU) was independently associated with HCV infection (29.2% vs. 0% of cases vs. controls, p < 0.001). In addition, likely sources were identified for three other cases (4.6%), including occupational exposure, sexual contact with an HCV-infected partner (who was an IDU), and perinatal exposure, none of which was known to the donors at the time of donation. Incarceration was independently associated with HCV infection among the group not reporting IDU and after removal of the three donors with likely sources of risk (14.6% vs. 1.3% of cases vs. controls, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A likely risk, primarily IDU, was found for 43 percent of HCV+ donors whose infections were identified solely by NAT. Because the maximum efficiency of the donor history questions may have been reached, NAT will continue to be an important measure to interdict recently infected blood donors. C1 Amer Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Amer Red Cross, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Orton, SL (reprint author), CBER, OBRR, Div Blood Applicat, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM Orton@cber.fda.gov NR 22 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD FEB PY 2004 VL 44 IS 2 BP 275 EP 281 DI 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.00623.x PG 7 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 775RH UT WOS:000189055900019 PM 14962320 ER PT J AU Avila, JC Villaroel, R Marquino, W Zegarra, J Mollinedo, R Ruebush, TK AF Avila, JC Villaroel, R Marquino, W Zegarra, J Mollinedo, R Ruebush, TK TI Efficacy of mefloquine and mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Amazon region of Bolivia SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE Plasmodium falciparum; antimalarial drug resistance; mefloquine; artesunate; Bolivia ID COMBINATION; RESISTANCE; BIOEQUIVALENCE; TABLET AB We assessed the efficacy of mefloquine monotherapy and mefloquine-artesunate (MQ-AS) combination therapy for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria at four sites in the Bolivian Amazon region. Patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum infections between 5 and 60 years of age were randomly assigned to be treated with either MQ (15 mg/kg in a single oral dose) or MQ (15 mg/kg) plus AS (4 mg/kg daily for 3 days). A total of 143 patients were enrolled and followed for 28 days. None of the 73 patients who received MQ alone or the 70 patients who received MQ-AS combination therapy had recurrences of parasitaemia during the 28-day follow-up period. Asexual parasite densities fell significantly more rapidly and the proportion of patients with gametocytes was significantly lower on days 7-28 in patients treated with MQ-AS than in those treated with MQ alone. All patients tolerated the medications well. After this study, the Bolivian Ministry of Public Health changed its treatment policy for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the Amazon region to combination therapy with MQ-AS to slow or prevent the development of resistance. C1 Minist Salud Publ & Previs Social, Programa Nacl Vigilancia & Control Malaria, La Paz, Bolivia. Inst Nacl Salud, Lima 11, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, USN Med Res Ctr Detachment, Lima, Peru. RP Ruebush, TK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis F22, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM juancavilam@mixmail.com; wmarquin@hotmail.com; jorgezegarra@hotmail.com; mollinedorene@yahoo.com; tkr1@cdc.gov NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD FEB PY 2004 VL 9 IS 2 BP 217 EP 221 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01184.x PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 770JZ UT WOS:000188720600005 PM 15040558 ER PT J AU Severin, A Tabei, K Tenover, F Chung, M Clarke, N Tomasz, A AF Severin, A Tabei, K Tenover, F Chung, M Clarke, N Tomasz, A TI High level oxacillin and vancomycin resistance and altered cell wall composition in Staphylococcus aureus carrying the staphylococcal mecA and the enterococcal vanA gene complex SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEIN; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT; PEPTIDOGLYCAN COMPOSITION; GLYCOPEPTIDE RESISTANCE; ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; SEQUENCE INFORMATION AB Recently, for the first time in the history of this bacterial species,methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying the enterococcal vanA gene complex and expressing high level resistance to vancomycin was identified in clinical specimens (CDC (2002) MMWR 51, 565-567). The purpose of our studies was to understand how vanA is expressed in the heterologous background of S. aureus and how it interacts with the mecA-based resistance mechanism, which is also present in these strains and is targeted on cell wall biosynthesis. The vanA-containing staphylococcal plasmid was transferred from the clinical vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) strain HIP11714 (CDC (2002) MMWR 51, 565-567) to the methicillin- resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain COL for which extensive genetic and biochemical information is available on staphylococcal cell wall biochemistry and drug resistance mechanisms. The transconjugant named COLVA showed high and homogeneous resistance to both oxacillin and vancomycin. COLVA grown in vancomycin-containing medium produced an abnormal peptidoglycan: all pentapeptides were replaced by tetrapeptides, and the peptidoglycan contained at least 22 novel muropeptide species that frequently showed a deficit or complete absence of pentaglycine branches. The UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide, the major component of the cell wall precursor pool in vancomycin-sensitive cells was replaced by UDP-MurNAc-depsipeptide and UDP-MurNAc-tetrapeptide. Transposon inactivation of the beta-lactam resistance gene mecA caused complete loss of beta-lactam resistance but had no effect on the expression of vancomycin resistance. The two major antibiotic resistance mechanisms encoded by mecA and vanA residing in the same S. aureus appear to use different sets of enzymes for the assembly of cell walls. C1 Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA. Wyeth Res, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tomasz, A (reprint author), Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. EM tomasz@mail.rockefeller.edu RI Tomasz, Alexander/B-9939-2011; OI Tomasz, Alexander/0000-0003-1520-1983 FU NIAID NIH HHS [1-R01-AI45738] NR 51 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JAN 30 PY 2004 VL 279 IS 5 BP 3398 EP 3407 DI 10.1074/jbc.M309593200 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 766MF UT WOS:000188379600033 PM 14613936 ER PT J AU Acheson, DWK Fiore, AE AF Acheson, DWK Fiore, AE TI Preventing foodborne disease - What clinicians can do SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Acheson, DWK (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 29 PY 2004 VL 350 IS 5 BP 437 EP 440 DI 10.1056/NEJMp038213 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 767QJ UT WOS:000188463900004 PM 14749450 ER PT J AU Miller, J Finelli, L Bell, B AF Miller, J Finelli, L Bell, B CA Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Svcs CDC TI Incidence of acute hepatitis B - United States, 1990-2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1252-1254, 2004) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, State Dept, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Local Hlth Dept, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Raleigh, NC 27699 USA. CDC, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Miller, J (reprint author), Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, State Dept, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 28 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 4 BP 416 EP 417 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 767EF UT WOS:000188426700009 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Song, R McKenna, MT AF Hall, HI Song, R McKenna, MT CA CDC TI Increases in HIV diagnoses - 29 states, 1999-2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1145-1148, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID SURVEILLANCE C1 CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hall, HI (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 28 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 4 BP 417 EP 419 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 767EF UT WOS:000188426700010 ER PT J AU Greenlund, KJ Zheng, ZJ Keenan, NL Giles, WH Casper, ML Mensah, GA Croft, JB AF Greenlund, KJ Zheng, ZJ Keenan, NL Giles, WH Casper, ML Mensah, GA Croft, JB TI Trends in self-reported multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in the United States, 1991-1999 SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTEROL; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; PHYSICIAN ADVICE; FACTOR PROFILE; US ADULTS; MORTALITY; POPULATION; PREVENTION AB Background: There are few national- and state-level data on multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor status and trends over time. We examined the prevalence of self-reported multiple CVD risk factors from 1991 through 1999. Methods: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a state-based telephone survey of adults 18 years or older. Surveys in 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 1999 ascertained reported high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol level, diabetes, obesity, and current smoking status. Trends in the prevalence of persons with each risk factor and of having 2 or more risk factors were calculated. Data were age standardized to the 2000 US population. Results: From 1991 to 1999, the prevalence of reported high blood pressure increased from 23.8% to 25.4%, high cholesterol levels increased from 24.9% to 27.7%, diabetes increased from 5.5% to 7.1%, obesity increased from 13.5% to 20.3%, and smoking remained at approximately 21%. The prevalence of adults with 2 or more risk factors increased from 23.6% in 1991 to 27.9% in 1999 and significantly increased for both men and women and for all race or ethnic, age, and education groups. Among states, the prevalence of multiple risk factors ranged from 15.0% to 29.9% in 1991 and from 18.7% to 37.1% in 1999. From 1991 to 1999, the prevalence of multiple risk factors increased by 10% or more in 36 states. Conclusions: The substantial proportion of persons with known multiple risk factors (25% of the population) suggests that increased CVD prevention and risk factor reduction efforts should focus on comprehensive risk reduction strategies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Greenlund, KJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM keg9@cdc.gov OI Mensah, George/0000-0002-0387-5326 NR 53 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 164 IS 2 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1001/archinte.164.2.181 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 769LY UT WOS:000188652600009 PM 14744842 ER PT J AU Bonhoeffer, J Heininger, U Kohl, K Chen, RT Duclos, P Heijbel, H Jefferson, T Loupi, E AF Bonhoeffer, J Heininger, U Kohl, K Chen, RT Duclos, P Heijbel, H Jefferson, T Loupi, E TI Standardized case definitions of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) SO VACCINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Cochrane Vaccines Field & Hlth Reviews Ltd, Rome, Italy. RP Bonhoeffer, J (reprint author), Univ Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. EM secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org RI Bonhoeffer, Jan/E-5903-2014 NR 6 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 547 EP 550 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00511-5 PG 4 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300001 PM 14741142 ER PT J AU Marcy, SM Kohl, KS Dagan, R Nalin, D Blum, M Jones, MC Hansen, J Labadie, J Lee, L Martin, BL O'Brien, K Rothstein, E Vermeer, P AF Marcy, SM Kohl, KS Dagan, R Nalin, D Blum, M Jones, MC Hansen, J Labadie, J Lee, L Martin, BL O'Brien, K Rothstein, E Vermeer, P CA Brighton Collaboration Fever Worki TI Fever as an adverse event following immunization: case definition and guidelines of data collection, analysis, and presentation SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE fever; adverse events following immunization; case definition; guidelines ID TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TEMPERATURES; INFRARED EAR THERMOMETRY; RECTAL TEMPERATURE; BODY-TEMPERATURE; NEWBORN-INFANTS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; AXILLARY; PALPATION; DIFFERENCE; ACCURACY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA USA. Soroka Med Ctr, IL-84101 Beer Sheva, Israel. Merck & Co Inc, West Point, PA USA. Wyeth Res, Collegeville, PA USA. Calif DHS Immunizat Branch, Berkeley, CA USA. Kaiser Permanente Hlth Care Program, Oakland, CA USA. Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Ctr Lareb, sHertogenbosch, Netherlands. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Pennridge Pediat Associates, Sellersville, PA USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. RP Kohl, KS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org NR 62 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X EI 1873-2518 J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.007 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300002 PM 14741143 ER PT J AU Bonhoeffer, J Menkes, J Gold, MS de Souza-Brito, G Fisher, MC Halsey, N Vermeer, P AF Bonhoeffer, J Menkes, J Gold, MS de Souza-Brito, G Fisher, MC Halsey, N Vermeer, P CA Brighton Collaboration Seizure Wor TI Generalized convulsive seizure as an adverse event following immunization: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE seizure; adverse event following immunization; case definition; guidelines C1 Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland. Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. Univ Adelaide, Dept Paediat, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Monmouth Med Ctr, Long Branch, NJ USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bonhoeffer, J (reprint author), Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland. EM secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org RI Bonhoeffer, Jan/E-5903-2014 NR 8 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 557 EP 562 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.008 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300003 PM 14741144 ER PT J AU Bonhoeffer, J Gold, MS Heijbel, H Vermeer, P Blumberg, D Braun, M de Souza-Brito, G Davis, RL Halperin, S Heininger, U Khuri-Bulos, N Menkes, J Nokleby, H AF Bonhoeffer, J Gold, MS Heijbel, H Vermeer, P Blumberg, D Braun, M de Souza-Brito, G Davis, RL Halperin, S Heininger, U Khuri-Bulos, N Menkes, J Nokleby, H CA Brighton Collaboration HHE Working TI Hypotonic-Hyporesponsive Episode (HHE) as an adverse event following immunization: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation SO VACCINE LA English DT Article ID ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINES; WHOLE-CELL; VACCINATION; CHILDREN; DIPHTHERIA; INFANTS; EXPERIENCE C1 Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. Univ Adelaide, Dept Paediat, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, Lund, Sweden. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Univ Calif Davis, Med Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. Jordan Univ Hosp, Amman, Jordan. Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bonhoeffer, J (reprint author), Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. EM secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org RI Bonhoeffer, Jan/E-5903-2014 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 563 EP 568 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.009 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300004 PM 14741145 ER PT J AU Bines, JE Kohl, KS Forster, J Zanardi, LR Davis, RL Hansen, J Murphy, TM Music, S Niu, M Varricchio, F Vermeer, P Wong, EJC AF Bines, JE Kohl, KS Forster, J Zanardi, LR Davis, RL Hansen, J Murphy, TM Music, S Niu, M Varricchio, F Vermeer, P Wong, EJC CA Brighton Collaboration Intussuscep TI Acute intussusception in infants and children as an adverse event following immunization: case definition and guidelines of data collection, analysis, and presentation SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE intussusception; adverse events following immunization; care definition; data guidelines ID VACCINE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Royal Childrens Hosp, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. St Josefs Hosp, Freiburg, Germany. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Kaiser Permanente Hlth Care Program, Oakland, CA USA. Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. RP Kohl, KS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org NR 7 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 569 EP 574 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.016 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300005 PM 14741146 ER PT J AU Rothstein, E Kohl, KS Ball, L Halperin, SA Halsey, N Hammer, SJ Heath, PT Hennig, R Kleppinger, C Labadie, J Varricchio, F Vermeer, P Walop, W AF Rothstein, E Kohl, KS Ball, L Halperin, SA Halsey, N Hammer, SJ Heath, PT Hennig, R Kleppinger, C Labadie, J Varricchio, F Vermeer, P Walop, W CA Brighton Collaboration Local React TI Nodule at injection site as an adverse event following immunization: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation SO VACCINE LA English DT Article ID ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS-VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; HEPATITIS-A VACCINE; DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS; HEALTHY-ADULTS; IMMUNOGENICITY; ALUMINUM; SAFETY; CHILDREN; GRANULOMA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Pennridge Pediatr Associates, Sellersville, PA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. St George Hosp, Sch Med, London, England. Chiron Behring GmbH & Co, Marburg, Germany. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Ctr Lareb, sHertogenbosch, Netherlands. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. RP Kohl, KS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org NR 42 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 575 EP 585 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.005 PG 11 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300006 PM 14741147 ER PT J AU Bonhoeffer, J Vermeer, P Halperin, S Kempe, A Music, S Shindman, J Walop, W AF Bonhoeffer, J Vermeer, P Halperin, S Kempe, A Music, S Shindman, J Walop, W CA Brighton Collaboration Persistent TI Persistent crying in infants and children as an adverse event following immunization: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE crying; adverse events following immunization; case definition; guidelines ID DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS; VACCINE; IMMUNOGENICITY; SAFETY; DTP; COMBINATION; CONJUGATE; TOXOIDS C1 Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. Univ Adelaide, Dept Paediat, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA USA. Aventis Pasteur Ltd, Toronto, ON, Canada. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bonhoeffer, J (reprint author), Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, POB 4005, Basel, Switzerland. EM secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org RI Bonhoeffer, Jan/E-5903-2014 NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 586 EP 591 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.006 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300007 PM 14741148 ER PT J AU Premenko-Lanier, M Rota, P Rhodes, G Bellini, W McChesney, M AF Premenko-Lanier, M Rota, P Rhodes, G Bellini, W McChesney, M TI Prior DNA vaccination does not interfere with the live-attenuated measles vaccine SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE neonatal immunization; measles; DNA vaccine ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MATERNAL ANTIBODY; RHESUS MACAQUES; CANINE DISTEMPER; IMMUNIZATION; VIRUS; HEMAGGLUTININ; PROTECTS; INFECTION; INFANTS AB The currently used live-attenuated measles vaccine is very effective although maternal antibody prevents its administration prior to 6 months of age. We are investigating the ability of a DNA vaccine encoding the measles viral hemagglutinin, fusion and nucleoprotein to protect newborn infants from measles. Here, we show that a measles DNA vaccine protects juvenile macaques from pathogenic measles virus challenge and that macaques primed and boosted with this DNA vaccine have anemnestic antibody and cell-mediated responses after vaccination with a live-attenuated canine distemper-measles vaccine. Therefore, this DNA vaccine administered to newborn infants may not hinder the subsequent use of live-attenuated measles vaccine. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Calif Natl Primate Res Ctr, Dept Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Measles Virus Sect Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McChesney, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Calif Natl Primate Res Ctr, Dept Pathol, Cty Rd 98 & Hutchison Dr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM mbmcchesney@ucdavis.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00169]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI-44481]; ODCDC CDC HHS [U50/CCU913348] NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 762 EP 765 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.020 PG 4 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300030 PM 14741170 ER PT J AU van Griensven, F Keawkungwal, J Tappero, JW Sangkum, U Pitisuttithum, P Vanichseni, S Suntharasamai, P Orelind, K Gee, C Choopanya, K AF van Griensven, F Keawkungwal, J Tappero, JW Sangkum, U Pitisuttithum, P Vanichseni, S Suntharasamai, P Orelind, K Gee, C Choopanya, K CA Bangkok Vaccine Evaluation Grp TI Lack of increased HIV risk behavior among injection drug users participating in the AIDSVAX (R) B/E HIV vaccine trial in Bangkok, Thailand SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV-1; vaccines; risk behavior; injection drug use; Thailand; Asia ID WILLINGNESS; INFECTION; EFFICACY; INCARCERATION; REDUCTION; ENROLL; MEN AB Objective: To determine whether HIV vaccine trial participation leads to increased risk behavior through beliefs about vaccine protection against infection. Methods: Changes in risk behavior were evaluated among 2545 injection drug users participating in the AIDSVAX(R)B/E vaccine trial in Bangkok, enrolled from March 1999 to August 2000. Demographic characteristics, beliefs and risk behavior were assessed at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Risk-reduction counseling was provided at every study visit. Generalized estimation -equation logistic regression analysis was used to study trends in risk behavior and associated factors. Results: Participants were 93.4% male, their median age was 26 years, and 67.2% had at least secondary education. At baseline, 61.3% were receiving methadone detoxification and 20.9% were receiving methadone maintenance. From baseline to the 12-month follow-up visit, injection drug use decreased from 93.8% to 66.5% (P<0.001) and needle sharing from 33.0% to 17.5% (P<0.001). Multivariate analyses showed earlier follow-up time (at baseline and 6 months) and believing the vaccine to be efficacious associated with more-frequent injecting; younger age and lower education associated with less-frequent injecting. Earlier follow-up time (at baseline), younger age, and injection of methamphetamine and midazolam were associated with more-frequent needle sharing; methadone treatment and injecting less than weekly were associated with less-frequent needle sharing. Conclusions: Injection drug use and needle sharing decreased during the first 12 months of the trial. No increases in risk behavior in relation to beliefs about vaccine protection against HIV infection could be identified. (C) 2004 Lippincott Williams Wilkins. C1 Thailand MOPH US CDC Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Bangkok Metropolitan Adm, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok Vaccine Evaluat Grp, Bangkok, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. VaxGen Inc, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. RP van Griensven, F (reprint author), Thailand MOPH US CDC Collaborat, DDC 7 Bldg,Soi 4, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. RI van Griensven, Frits/G-4719-2013 OI van Griensven, Frits/0000-0002-0971-2843 NR 26 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 295 EP 301 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000111387.02002.8f PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 774FB UT WOS:000188968100020 PM 15075548 ER PT J AU Vanichseni, S Tappero, JW Pitisuttithum, P Kitayaporn, D Mastro, TD Vimutisunthorn, E van Griensven, F Heyward, WL Francis, DP Choopanya, K AF Vanichseni, S Tappero, JW Pitisuttithum, P Kitayaporn, D Mastro, TD Vimutisunthorn, E van Griensven, F Heyward, WL Francis, DP Choopanya, K CA Bangkok Vaccine Evaluation Grp TI Recruitment, screening and characteristics of injection drug users participating in the AIDSVAX (R) B/E HIV vaccine trial, Bangkok, Thailand SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV; HIV vaccines; AIDS vaccines; HIV vaccine efficacy trial; gp120; vaccine; injection drug users; Bangkok; Thailand ID TYPE-1 SUBTYPE E; PROSPECTIVE COHORT; B STRAINS; INFECTION; RISK AB Objectives: To describe recruitment, screening and baseline characteristics of injection drug users (IDU) participating in a phase III HIV vaccine (AIDSVAX(R) B/E; VaxGen, USA) trial and to compare enrollment characteristics between trial participants and 1209 IDU from a 1995-1998 vaccine trial preparatory cohort for changes that might impact trial design assumptions. Methods: Enrollment for both studies was conducted at Bangkok narcotic treatment clinics, where a standardized questionnaire was administered on demographics, risk behavior and incarceration history over the previous 6 months. Results: During 1999-2000, 4943 IDU were screened for enrollment; successful sources of recruitment included clinic attendees (43.4%), an IDU referral program (20.4%) and preparatory cohort participants (14.7%). Of those screened, 1689 (34%) were HIV seropositive (HIV subtype B 23.6%; subtype E 76.4%). Of the 2545 enrolled, 93.4% were male. Compared with cohort IDU, trial IDU were younger (mean age: 28.8 versus 31.3 years), better educated (secondary level or higher: 67.2% versus 58.7%), and less likely to inject drugs daily (39.4% versus 90.4%); they were more likely to have been incarcerated (78.4% versus 65.7%), have recently injected stimulants (14.8% versus 5.8%) and tranquilizers (11.5% versus 2.3%), and obtained needles/syringes from a source other than a pharmacist (7.2% versus 3.9%) (all P less than or equal to 0.003). Conclusions: IDU at high risk for HIV have been successfully enrolled in the AIDSVAX(R)B/E efficacy trial. Only minor epidemiologic differences were found at enrollment between trial and preparatory cohort IDU. The latter has proven critical in guiding trial design; results are expected in late 2003. (C) 2004 Lippincott Williams Wilkins. C1 Thailand MOP US CDC Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Bangkok Vaccine Evaluat Grp, Bangkok, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Bangkok Metropolitan Adm, Bangkok, Thailand. VaxGen Inc, Brisbane, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Tappero, JW (reprint author), Thailand MOP US CDC Collaborat, DDC 7 Bldg,Soi 4, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. EM jwt0@tvc.or.th RI van Griensven, Frits/G-4719-2013 OI van Griensven, Frits/0000-0002-0971-2843 NR 24 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 311 EP 316 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000111386.02002.c6 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 774FB UT WOS:000188968100022 PM 15075550 ER PT J AU Angel, JB Hu, YW Kravcik, S Tsui, R Lee, KH Barbour, J Balaskas, E Branson, BM Delwart, EL Grant, RM AF Angel, JB Hu, YW Kravcik, S Tsui, R Lee, KH Barbour, J Balaskas, E Branson, BM Delwart, EL Grant, RM TI Virological evaluation of the 'Ottawa case' indicates no evidence for HIV-1 superinfection SO AIDS LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; PRIMARY INFECTION; RNA LEVELS; SEROCONVERSION; EVOLUTION; LOAD AB An HIV-1-infected man who experienced rapid disease progression and poor response to therapy after starting a new sexual relationship with an infected partner is known as the 'Ottawa super infection case'. Subsequent analysis of viral sequences of protease, reverse transcriptase, Gag p17, and Env V3 provided no evidence for the acquisition of genetically divergent viruses before disease progression or drug resistance during virological failure of combination therapy. Whether HIV-1 superinfection contributes to disease progression or the spread of drug-resistant HIV-1 remains unknown. C1 Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Hlth Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Hosp, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Canadian Blood Serv, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Blood Ctr Pacific, San Francisco, CA USA. Gladstone Inst Virol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Angel, JB (reprint author), Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Hlth Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada. OI Delwart, Eric/0000-0002-6296-4484 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 47320]; ODCDC CDC HHS [U64/CCU917889-01]; PHS HHS [P30 59037] NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 331 EP 334 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000104390.99588.60 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 774FB UT WOS:000188968100027 PM 15075555 ER PT J AU Mbopi-Keou, FX Legoff, J Piketty, C Hocini, H Malkin, JE Inoue, N Scully, CM Porter, SR Teo, CG Belec, L AF Mbopi-Keou, FX Legoff, J Piketty, C Hocini, H Malkin, JE Inoue, N Scully, CM Porter, SR Teo, CG Belec, L TI Salivary production of IgA and IgG to human herpes virus 8 latent and lytic antigens by patients in whom Kaposi's sarcoma has regressed SO AIDS LA English DT Article ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; INFECTION AB IgG and IgA antibodies with specificities to a latent and a lytic antigen of human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) were detectable in the saliva and serum of eight patients whose Kaposi's sarcoma had regressed, seven of whom were HIV-1 infected. The measurement of antibody-specific activity and secretion rate, and the detection of secretory IgA all indicate anti-HHV-8 antibody activity in saliva. The specific humoral responses possibly influence mucosal replication of HHV-8, and in turn, that of HIV. C1 UCL, Eastman Inst Oral Hlth Care Sci, Dept Oral Med, London, England. Hlth Protect Agcy, Sexually Transmitted & Blood Borne Virus Lab, London, England. Hop Europeen Georges Pompidou, Virol Lab, Paris, France. Inst Rech Biomed Cordeliers, INSERM, U430, Paris, France. Inst Pasteur, Ctr Med, Paris, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Herpesvirus Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mbopi-Keou, FX (reprint author), UCL, Eastman Inst Oral Hlth Care Sci, Dept Oral Med, London, England. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 338 EP 340 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000111437.91384.a6 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 774FB UT WOS:000188968100030 PM 15075558 ER PT J AU Hoff, CC Faigeles, B Wolitski, RJ Purcell, DW Gomez, C Parsons, JT AF Hoff, CC Faigeles, B Wolitski, RJ Purcell, DW Gomez, C Parsons, JT TI Sexual risk of HIV transmission is missed by traditional methods of data collection SO AIDS LA English DT Article ID GAY MEN; BEHAVIOR AB Brief acts of unprotected anal sex (i.e. 'dipping') have not been systematically measured in AIDS research. Eleven per cent of HIV-positive men who reported that they had not engaged in any unprotected insertive anal intercourse with an HIV-negative or unknown status partner reported that they did engage in insertive 'dipping'. Men reported 'dipping' an average of 5.1 times, representing 773 acts of insertive intercourse that would have been missed by traditional methods of sexual behavior data collection. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Hoff, CC (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008; OI Purcell, David/0000-0001-8125-5168; Parsons, Jeffrey/0000-0002-6875-7566 NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 340 EP 342 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000711438.91384.42 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 774FB UT WOS:000188968100031 PM 15075559 ER PT J AU Datta, S Satten, GA Xia, JZ Heslin, MJ Datta, S AF Datta, S Satten, GA Xia, JZ Heslin, MJ Datta, S TI An empirical bayes adjustment to increase the sensitivity of detecting differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID ADENOCARCINOMA AB Motivation: Detection of differentially expressed genes is one of the major goals of microarray experiments. Pairwise comparison for each gene is not appropriate without controlling the overall (experimentwise) type 1 error rate. Dudoit et al. have advocated use of permutation-based step-down P-value adjustments to correct the observed significance levels for the individual (i.e. for each gene) two sample t-tests. Results: In this paper, we consider an ANOVA formulation of the gene expression levels corresponding to multiple tissue types. We provide resampling-based step-down adjustments to correct the observed significance levels for the individual ANOVA t-tests for each gene and for each pair of tissue type comparisons. More importantly, we introduce a novel empirical Bayes adjustment to the t-test statistics that can be incorporated into the step-down procedure. Using simulated data, we show that the empirical Bayes adjustment improved the sensitivity of detecting differentially expressed genes up to 16%, while maintaining a high level of specificity. This adjustment also reduces the false non-discovery rate to some degree at the cost of a modest increase in the false discovery rate. We illustrate our approach using a human colon cancer dataset consisting of oligonucleotide arrays of normal, adenoma and carcinoma cells. The number of genes with differential expression level declared statistically significant was about 50 when comparing normal to adenoma cells and about five when comparing adenoma to carcinoma cells. This list includes genes previously known to be associated with colon cancer as well as some novel genes. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Surg, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Datta, S (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM datta@stat.uga.edu OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg396 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 766RQ UT WOS:000188389700014 PM 14734315 ER PT J AU Reed, KD Melski, JW Graham, MB Regnery, RL Sotir, MJ Wegner, MV Kazmierczak, JJ Stratman, EJ Li, Y Fairley, JA Swain, GR Olson, VA Sargent, EK Kehl, SC Frace, MA Kline, R Foldy, SL Davis, JP Damon, IK AF Reed, KD Melski, JW Graham, MB Regnery, RL Sotir, MJ Wegner, MV Kazmierczak, JJ Stratman, EJ Li, Y Fairley, JA Swain, GR Olson, VA Sargent, EK Kehl, SC Frace, MA Kline, R Foldy, SL Davis, JP Damon, IK TI The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS-INFECTION; ZAIRE; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; REEMERGENCE; CONGO AB BACKGROUND: During May and June 2003, an outbreak of febrile illness with vesiculopustular eruptions occurred among persons in the midwestern United States who had had contact with ill pet prairie dogs obtained through a common distributor. Zoonotic transmission of a bacterial or viral pathogen was suspected. METHODS: We reviewed medical records, conducted interviews and examinations, and collected blood and tissue samples for analysis from 11 patients and one prairie dog. Histopathological and electron-microscopical examinations, microbiologic cultures, and molecular assays were performed to identify the etiologic agent. RESULTS: The initial Wisconsin cases evaluated in this outbreak occurred in five males and six females ranging in age from 3 to 43 years. All patients reported having direct contact with ill prairie dogs before experiencing a febrile illness with skin eruptions. We found immunohistochemical or ultrastructural evidence of poxvirus infection in skin-lesion tissue from four patients. Monkeypox virus was recovered in cell cultures of seven samples from patients and from the prairie dog. The virus was identified by detection of monkeypox-specific DNA sequences in tissues or isolates from six patients and the prairie dog. Epidemiologic investigation suggested that the prairie dogs had been exposed to at least one species of rodent recently imported into the United States from West Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation documents the isolation and identification of monkeypox virus from humans in the Western Hemisphere. Infection of humans was associated with direct contact with ill prairie dogs that were being kept or sold as pets. C1 Marshfield Clin Res Fdn, Clin Res Ctr, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. Marshfield Clin Fdn Med Res & Educ, Dept Pathol, Marshfield, WI USA. Marshfield Clin Fdn Med Res & Educ, Dept Dermatol, Marshfield, WI USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Div Infect Dis, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Dermatol, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Family & Community Med, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Pathol, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. City Milwaukee Hlth Dept, Milwaukee, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Poxvirus Sect, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Wisconsin Div Publ Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis, Madison, WI USA. RP Reed, KD (reprint author), Marshfield Clin Res Fdn, Clin Res Ctr, 1000 N Oak, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. EM reed.kurt@mcrf.mfldclin.edu NR 29 TC 274 Z9 295 U1 0 U2 15 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 350 IS 4 BP 342 EP 350 DI 10.1056/NEJMoa032299 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 765EU UT WOS:000188254800006 PM 14736926 ER PT J AU Dhar, AD Werchniak, AE Li, Y Brennick, JB Goldsmith, CS Kline, R Damon, I Klaus, SN AF Dhar, AD Werchniak, AE Li, Y Brennick, JB Goldsmith, CS Kline, R Damon, I Klaus, SN TI Brief report: Tanapox infection in a college student SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; DISEASE C1 Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dept Med, Dermatol Sect, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA. Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Med, Dermatol Sect, Hanover, NH USA. Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Hanover, NH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Klaus, SN (reprint author), Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dept Med, Dermatol Sect, 1 Med Ctr Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA. NR 9 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 350 IS 4 BP 361 EP 366 DI 10.1056/NEJMoa031467 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 765EU UT WOS:000188254800008 PM 14736928 ER PT J AU Sawaya, GF Kulasingam, S Lawson, H AF Sawaya, GF Kulasingam, S Lawson, H TI Extending the interval between cervical-cancer screenings - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID CARCINOMA C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sawaya, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 350 IS 4 BP 415 EP 415 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 765EU UT WOS:000188254800021 ER PT J AU Gooch, BF Elke, PI Malvitz, DM AF Gooch, BF Elke, PI Malvitz, DM CA CDC TI Public-health and aging: Retention of natural teeth among older adults - United States, 2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1226-1229, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Oral Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gooch, BF (reprint author), CDC, Div Oral Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 21 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 3 BP 292 EP 293 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 764ZZ UT WOS:000188243100008 ER PT J AU Banull, KG Janelle, JW Driebe, WT Fauerbach, LL Archibald, L Srinivasan, A Jernigan, D AF Banull, KG Janelle, JW Driebe, WT Fauerbach, LL Archibald, L Srinivasan, A Jernigan, D CA CDC TI Clostridial endophthalmitis after cornea transplantation - Florida, 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1176-1179, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID PERFRINGENS; INFECTION; EYES C1 Shands Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Shands Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Div Epidemiol, Gainesville, FL USA. CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Banull, KG (reprint author), Shands Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 21 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 3 BP 293 EP 295 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 764ZZ UT WOS:000188243100009 ER PT J AU Nakamura, Y Watanabe, M Nagoshi, K Kitamoto, T Sato, T Yamada, M Mizusawa, H Maddox, R Sejvar, J Belay, E Schonberger, LB AF Nakamura, Y Watanabe, M Nagoshi, K Kitamoto, T Sato, T Yamada, M Mizusawa, H Maddox, R Sejvar, J Belay, E Schonberger, LB CA CDC TI Update: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with cadaveric dura mater grafts - Japan, 1979-2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1179-1181, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Jichi Med Sch, Dept Publ Hlth, Minami Kawachi, Tochigi 32904, Japan. Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neuropathol, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. Kohnodai Hosp, Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Ichikawa, Japan. Kanazawa Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Dept Neurol, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920, Japan. Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Tokyo 113, Japan. CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nakamura, Y (reprint author), Jichi Med Sch, Dept Publ Hlth, Minami Kawachi, Tochigi 32904, Japan. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 21 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 3 BP 295 EP 296 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 764ZZ UT WOS:000188243100010 ER PT J AU Saydah, SH Fradkin, J Cowie, CC AF Saydah, SH Fradkin, J Cowie, CC TI Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS; EDUCATION-PROGRAM; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; UNITED-STATES; US ADULTS; PREVALENCE; CARE; HYPERTENSION AB Context Control of blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels is proven to reduce the risk of vascular disease among individuals with diabetes mellitus; however, the current state of control of these risk factors among individuals in the United States is uncertain. Objectives To examine 1999-2000 national data on control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes and to assess trends during the past decade. Design, Setting,and Participants Review of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, conducted 1988-1994) and NHANES 1999-2000, cross-sectional surveys of a nationally representative sample of the non-institutionalized civilian US population. Participants were adults aged 20 years and older with previously diagnosed diabetes who participated in both the interview and examination in either NHANES III (n=1265) or NHANES 1999-2000 (n=441). Main Outcome Measures Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol in reference to target goals. Results Compared with NHANES III, participants with previously diagnosed diabetes in NHANES 1999-2000 were similar by age and sex, were less likely to be non-Hispanic white, were diagnosed at,an earlier age, had a higher body mass index, and were more likely to use insulin in combination with oral agents. In NHANES 19992000, only 37.0% of participants achieved the target goal of HbA(1c) level less than 7.0% and 37.2% of participants were above the recommended "take action" HbA(1c) level of greater than 8.0%; these percentages did not change significantly from NHANES III (P=.11 and P=.87, respectively). Only 35.8% of participants achieved the target of systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 80 mm Hg, and 40.4% had hypertensive blood pressure levels (SBP 140 or DBP 90 mm Hg). These percentages did not change significantly from NHANES III (P=.10 and P=.56, respectively). Over half (51.8%) of the participants in NHANES 1999-2000 had total cholesterol levels of 200 mg/dL or greater (vs 66.1% in NHANES III; P<.001). In total, only 7.3% (95% confidence interval, 2.8%-11.9%) of adults with diabetes in NHANES 1999-2000 attained recommended goals of HbA(1c) level less than 7%, blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg, and total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L). Conclusion Further public health efforts are needed to control risk factors for vascular disease among individuals with diagnosed diabetes. C1 NIDDKD, Diabet Epidemiol Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Cowie, CC (reprint author), NIDDKD, Diabet Epidemiol Program, 6707 Democracy Blvd,Room 691,MSC 5460, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM cowiec@extra.niddk.nih.gov FU NIDDK NIH HHS [N01-DK-1-2478] NR 52 TC 817 Z9 844 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 21 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 3 BP 335 EP 342 DI 10.1001/jama.291.3.335 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 764ZZ UT WOS:000188243100033 PM 14734596 ER PT J AU Allen, S Spaulding, A Riche, JD AF Allen, S Spaulding, A Riche, JD TI Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in a state correctional facility - Response SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Rhode Isl Dept Correct, Cranston, RI 02920 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Miriam Hosp, Providence, RI 02906 USA. RP Allen, S (reprint author), Rhode Isl Dept Correct, Cranston, RI 02920 USA. RI Allen, Scott/D-2403-2015 OI Allen, Scott/0000-0001-8815-4714 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JAN 20 PY 2004 VL 140 IS 2 BP 151 EP 151 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 764MY UT WOS:000188211700025 ER PT J AU Leroy, EM Rouquet, P Formenty, P Souquiere, S Kilbourne, A Froment, JM Bermejo, M Smit, S Karesh, W Swanepoel, R Zaki, SR Rollin, PE AF Leroy, EM Rouquet, P Formenty, P Souquiere, S Kilbourne, A Froment, JM Bermejo, M Smit, S Karesh, W Swanepoel, R Zaki, SR Rollin, PE TI Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; OUTBREAK; REEMERGENCE; CONGO; GABON; SUDAN AB Several human and animal Ebola outbreaks have occurred over the past 4 years in Gabon and the Republic of Congo. The human outbreaks consisted of multiple simultaneous epidemics caused by different viral strains, and each epidemic resulted from the handling of a distinct gorilla, chimpanzee, or duiker carcass. These animal populations declined markedly during human Ebola outbreaks, apparently as a result of Ebola infection. Recovered carcasses were infected by a variety of Ebola strains, suggesting that Ebola outbreaks in great apes result from multiple virus introductions from the natural host. Surveillance of animal mortality may help to predict and prevent human Ebola outbreaks. C1 Ctr Int Rech Med Franceville, UR034, Inst Rech Dev, Franceville, Gabon. WHO, Dept Communicable Dis Surveillance & Response, Global Alert & Response Team, Geneva, Switzerland. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Programme Conservat & Utilisat Rat Ecosyst Forest, Libreville, Gabon. Natl Inst Communicable Dis, Special Pathogens Unit, ZA-2131 Johannesburg, South Africa. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Leroy, EM (reprint author), Ctr Int Rech Med Franceville, UR034, Inst Rech Dev, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. EM Eric.Leroy@ird.fr RI LEROY, Eric/I-4347-2016 OI LEROY, Eric/0000-0003-0022-0890 NR 21 TC 282 Z9 305 U1 12 U2 169 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 16 PY 2004 VL 303 IS 5656 BP 387 EP 390 DI 10.1126/science.1092528 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 763QK UT WOS:000188111800048 PM 14726594 ER PT J AU Deddens, JA Petersen, MR AF Deddens, JA Petersen, MR TI Re: "Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes" SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID ODDS RATIO C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Math Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45215 USA. RP Deddens, JA (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 5 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 159 IS 2 BP 213 EP 214 DI 10.1093/aje/kwh022 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 764DY UT WOS:000188189100016 PM 14718224 ER PT J AU Brooks, JT Bergmire-Sweat, D Kennedy, M Hendricks, K Garcia, M Marengo, L Wells, J Ying, M Bibb, W Griffin, PM Hoekstra, RM Friedman, CR AF Brooks, JT Bergmire-Sweat, D Kennedy, M Hendricks, K Garcia, M Marengo, L Wells, J Ying, M Bibb, W Griffin, PM Hoekstra, RM Friedman, CR TI Outbreak of Shiga toxin - Producing Escherichia coli O111 : H8 infections among attendees of a high school cheerleading camp SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th Annual Epidemic-Intelligence-Service Conference CY APR 24-28, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Epidem Intelligence Serv ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SORBITOL-MACCONKEY AGAR; UNITED-STATES; O157-H7; DIARRHEA; NON-O157; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ANTIBODIES AB Few US clinical laboratories screen stool specimens for Shiga toxin - producing Escherichia coli ( STEC) other than E. coli O157. An outbreak of STEC O111: H8 infections indistinguishable from E. coli O157: H7 at a youth camp highlights the need to improve non-O157 STEC surveillance. Interviews of 521 (80%) of 650 attendees revealed 55 (11%) were ill; 2 developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Illness was associated with consuming salad during the camp's first lunch meal (hazard ratio [HR], 4.68; P < .01), consuming ice provided in barrels on the camp's final day (HR, 3.41; P < .01), eating cob corn (HR, 3.22; P < .01), and eating a dinner roll (HR, 2.82; P < .01). Cultures of 2 of 11 stools yielded E. coli O111: H8. Results of serologic testing and additional stool cultures demonstrated no evidence of infection with other bacterial pathogens, including E. coli O157, and supported infection with E. coli O111. Clinical laboratories should routinely screen suspect specimens for non-O157 STEC and should serotype and report Shiga-positive isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Bur Labs, Microbiol Serv Div, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Brooks, JT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 53 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 190 EP 198 DI 10.1086/380634 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 757NN UT WOS:000187568500002 PM 14699450 ER PT J AU Kamili, S Spelbring, J Carson, D Krawczynski, K AF Kamili, S Spelbring, J Carson, D Krawczynski, K TI Protective efficacy of hepatitis E virus DNA vaccine administered by gene gun in the cynomolgus macaque model of infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual Conference on Vaccine Research CY MAY 07, 2002 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND ID CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; CROSS-CHALLENGE; RABIES VIRUS; IMMUNIZATION; NEUTRALIZATION; CHIMPANZEES; ENHANCEMENT; PLASMID AB The protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine against hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was tested in cynomolgus macaques (cynos) vaccinated with a plasmid containing a full-length HEV open-reading frame 2 (ORF2) sequence (Burmese strain) and subsequently challenged with a heterologous strain of HEV (Mexican strain). Cynos administered vaccine by gene gun developed antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV), whereas cynos administered vaccine by intradermal injections and cynos administered a mock DNA construct did not develop anti-HEV. Anti-HEV-positive cynos were protected from HEV infection after challenge with an inoculum that produced infection in the anti-HEV-negative cynos. These results indicate that DNA vaccine with HEV ORF2 administered by gene gun is protective against a heterologous viral challenge. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30084 USA. RP Krawczynski, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS A-33,Bldg 6,Rm 157, Atlanta, GA 30084 USA. EM kzk1@cdc.gov NR 41 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 189 IS 2 BP 258 EP 264 DI 10.1086/380801 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 763QD UT WOS:000188097900013 PM 14722891 ER PT J AU Maguire, JH AF Maguire, JH TI Tapeworms and seizures - Treatment and prevention SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Parasit Dis Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Maguire, JH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Parasit Dis Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 350 IS 3 BP 215 EP 217 DI 10.1056/NEJMp038204 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 763HF UT WOS:000188078400003 PM 14724299 ER PT J CA Council State & Territorial Epide CDC TI Revised U.S. surveillance case definition for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and update on SARS cases - United States and worldwide, December 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1202-1206, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, SARS Investigat Team, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, SARS Investigat Team, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 2 BP 173 EP 174 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 762YZ UT WOS:000188040900008 ER PT J AU Bos, J Crutcher, JM Cote, T Greenwald, MA Polder, J Srinivasan, A Arduino, M Jernigan, DB Beall, B Elliott, JA Facklam, RR Schuchat, A Van Beneden, C Lee, E Ferguson, D AF Bos, J Crutcher, JM Cote, T Greenwald, MA Polder, J Srinivasan, A Arduino, M Jernigan, DB Beall, B Elliott, JA Facklam, RR Schuchat, A Van Beneden, C Lee, E Ferguson, D TI Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes after allograft implantation - Colorado, 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1173-1176, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID DISEASE C1 Oklahoma Dept Hlth, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO 80246 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bos, J (reprint author), Oklahoma Dept Hlth, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 2 BP 174 EP 176 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 762YZ UT WOS:000188040900009 ER PT J AU Zahran, HS Moriarty, DG Zack, MM Kobau, R AF Zahran, HS Moriarty, DG Zack, MM Kobau, R TI Public health and aging: Health-related quality of life among low-income persons aged 45-64 years - United States, 1995-2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1120-1124, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Assoc Teachers Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Zahran, HS (reprint author), Assoc Teachers Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 2 BP 176 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 762YZ UT WOS:000188040900010 ER PT J AU Schier, JG Hoffman, RS AF Schier, JG Hoffman, RS TI Treatment of sarin exposure SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New York City Poison Control Ctr, New York, NY USA. RP Schier, JG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Schier, Joshua/F-9861-2013 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 2 BP 182 EP 182 DI 10.1001/jama.291.2.182-a PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 762YZ UT WOS:000188040900017 PM 14722139 ER PT J AU Gunn, RA Peterman, TA Workowski, KA AF Gunn, RA Peterman, TA Workowski, KA TI Genital lesions of primary syphilis SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID UPDATE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gunn, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 2 BP 184 EP 184 DI 10.1001/jama.291.2.184-a PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 762YZ UT WOS:000188040900021 PM 14722141 ER PT J AU Maynard, AD Baron, PA Foley, M Shvedova, AA Kisin, ER Castranova, V AF Maynard, AD Baron, PA Foley, M Shvedova, AA Kisin, ER Castranova, V TI Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Aerosol release during the handling of unrefined single-walled carbon nanotube material SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article AB Carbon nanotubes represent a relatively recently discovered allotrope of carbon that exhibits unique properties. While commercial interest in the material is leading to the development of mass production and handling facilities, little is known of the risk associated with exposure. In a two-part study, preliminary investigations have been carried out into the potential exposure routes and toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotube material (SWCNT)-a specific form of the allotrope. The material is characterized by bundles of fibrous carbon molecules that may be a few nanometers; in diameter, but micrometers in length. The two production processes investigated use-transition metal catalysts, leading to the inclusion of nanometer-scale metallic particles within unrefined SWCNT material. A laboratory-based study was undertaken to evaluate the physical nature of the aerosol formed from SWCNT during mechanical agitation. This was complemented by a Field study in which airborne and dermal exposure to SWCNT was investigated while handling unrefined material. Although laboratory studies indicated that with sufficient agitation, unrefined SWCNT material can release fine particles into the air, concentrations generated while handling material in the field were very low. Estimates of the airborne concentration of nanotube material generated during handling suggest that concentrations were lower than 53 mug/m(3) in all cases. Clove deposits of SWCNT during handling were estimated at between 0.2 mg and 6 mg per band. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Comprehens Hlth Serv Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, HELD, Morgantown, WV USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Maynard, AD (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM amaynard@cdc.gov RI Maynard, Andrew/D-1076-2010; OI Maynard, Andrew/0000-0003-2117-5128 NR 7 TC 485 Z9 502 U1 5 U2 63 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JAN 9 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 1 BP 87 EP 107 DI 10.1080/15287390490253688 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 763HJ UT WOS:000188078700006 PM 14668113 ER PT J AU Schwartz, E Parise, M AF Schwartz, E Parise, M TI Delayed onset of malaria - Implications for chemoprophylaxis - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schwartz, E (reprint author), Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 8 PY 2004 VL 350 IS 2 BP 196 EP 197 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 760WP UT WOS:000187858500033 ER PT J AU Harper, S Uyeki, T Murray, E Brammer, L Wright, J Fukuda, K Cox, N McDonald, C Wharton, M AF Harper, S Uyeki, T Murray, E Brammer, L Wright, J Fukuda, K Cox, N McDonald, C Wharton, M TI Update: Influenza activity - United States, 2003-04 season (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1197-1202, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Harper, S (reprint author), CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 7 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 1 BP 34 EP 37 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 760LX UT WOS:000187836000005 ER PT J AU Heffelfinger, JD Weinstock, HS Berman, SM Swint, EB Samoff, E AF Heffelfinger, JD Weinstock, HS Berman, SM Swint, EB Samoff, E TI Primary and secondary syphilis - United States, 2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1117-1120, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID MEN; SEX C1 CDC, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Heffelfinger, JD (reprint author), CDC, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 7 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 1 BP 37 EP 38 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 760LX UT WOS:000187836000006 ER PT J AU Russell, CA Smith, DL Waller, LA Childs, JE Real, LA AF Russell, CA Smith, DL Waller, LA Childs, JE Real, LA TI A priori prediction of disease invasion dynamics in a novel environment SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE spatial epidemics; rabies; disease invasion; emerging infectious diseases; disease population dynamics ID RACCOON RABIES; UNITED-STATES; SURVEILLANCE AB Directly transmitted infectious diseases spread through wildlife populations as travelling waves away from the sites of original introduction. These waves often become distorted through their interaction with environmental and population heterogeneities and by long-distance translocation of infected individuals. Accurate a priori predictions of travelling waves of infection depend upon understanding and quantifying these distorting factors. We assess the effects of anisotropies arising from the orientation of rivers in relation to the direction of disease-front propagation and the damming effect of mountains on disease movement in natural populations. The model successfully predicts the local and large-scale prevaccination spread of raccoon rabies through New York State, based on a previous spatially heterogeneous model of raccoon-rabies invasion across the state of Connecticut. Use of this model provides a rare example of a priori prediction of an epidemic invasion over a naturally heterogeneous landscape. Model predictions matched to data can also be used to evaluate the most likely points of disease introduction. These results have general implications for predicting future pathogen invasions and evaluating potential containment strategies. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Ctr Dis Ecol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Russell, CA (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. EM car44@cam.ac.uk RI Russell, Colin/B-2226-2008; Childs, James/B-4002-2012; Smith, David/L-8850-2013; OI Smith, David/0000-0003-4367-3849; Russell, Colin/0000-0002-2113-162X NR 18 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 17 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD JAN 7 PY 2004 VL 271 IS 1534 BP 21 EP 25 DI 10.1098/rspb.2003.2559 PG 5 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 762NX UT WOS:000187990000004 PM 15002767 ER PT J AU Honig, JE Osborne, JC Nichol, ST AF Honig, JE Osborne, JC Nichol, ST TI The high genetic variation of viruses of the genus Nairovirus reflects the diversity of their predominant tick hosts SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nairovirus; Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever; Dugbe; Nairobi sheep disease; hazara; hard and soft tick; phylogenetic ID CONGO HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; SHEEP DISEASE VIRUS; SOFT TICKS; IXODIDA; POLYMERASE; ARGASIDAE; ACARI; SEQUENCE; SEGMENT; REGIONS AB The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) contains seven serogroups consisting of 34 predominantly tick-bome viruses, including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases [e.g., Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Nairobi sheep disease (NSD), respectively]. Before this report, no comparative genetic studies or molecular detection assays had been developed for this virus genus. To characterize at least one representative from each of the seven serogroups, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) primers targeting the L polymerase-encoding region of the RNA genome of these viruses were successfully designed based on conserved amino acid motifs present in the predicted catalytic core region. Sequence analysis showed the nairoviruses to be a highly diverse group, exhibiting up to 39.4% and 46.0% nucleotide and amino acid identity differences, respectively. Virus genetic relationships correlated well with serologic groupings and with tick host associations. Hosts of these viruses include both the hard (family Ixodidae) and soft (family Argasidae) ticks. Virus phylogenetic analysis reveals two major monophyletic groups: hard tick and soft tick-vectored viruses. In addition, viruses vectored by Ornithodoros, Carios, and Argas genera ticks also form three separate monophyletic lineages. The striking similarities between tick and nairovirus phylogenies are consistent with possible coevolution of the viruses and their tick hosts. Fossil and phylogenetic data placing the hard tick-soft tick divergence between 120 and 92 million years ago suggest an ancient origin for viruses of the genus Nairovirus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Mailstop G14,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM stn1@cdc.gov NR 21 TC 37 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 5 PY 2004 VL 318 IS 1 BP 10 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.021 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 778LL UT WOS:000189243000002 PM 14972529 ER PT J AU Bartlett, LA Purdin, S McGinn, T AF Bartlett, LA Purdin, S McGinn, T TI Forced migrants - turning rights into reproductive health SO LANCET LA English DT Article C1 CDCP, Maternal & Infant Hlth Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Heilbrunn Dept Populat & Family Hlth, New York, NY USA. RP Bartlett, LA (reprint author), CDCP, Maternal & Infant Hlth Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI McGinn, Therese/B-3280-2009 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 3 PY 2004 VL 363 IS 9402 BP 76 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15181-1 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 758YZ UT WOS:000187711300035 PM 14724006 ER PT J AU Ioannidis, JPA Tatsioni, A Abrams, EJ Bulterys, M Coombs, RW Goedert, JJ Korber, BT Mayaux, MJ Mofenson, LM Moye, J Newell, ML Shapiro, DE Teglas, JP Thompson, B Wiener, J AF Ioannidis, JPA Tatsioni, A Abrams, EJ Bulterys, M Coombs, RW Goedert, JJ Korber, BT Mayaux, MJ Mofenson, LM Moye, J Newell, ML Shapiro, DE Teglas, JP Thompson, B Wiener, J TI Maternal viral load and rate of disease progression among vertically HIV-1-infected children: an international meta-analysis SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE viral load; vertical transmission; meta-analysis; disease progression; AIDS ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; INFECTED CHILDREN; HIV-1 INFECTION; INFANTS; RISK; RNA; CCR5-DELTA-32; LIFE; ALLELES AB Objective: To evaluate whether maternal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in the serum/plasma of mothers at or close to the time of delivery affects the rate of disease progression among vertically HIV-1-infected children and whether it correlates with other parameters affecting infant disease progression. Methods: International meta-analysis of eight studies with 574 HIV-1 infected infants with available maternal HIV-1 RNA measurements at or close to delivery and clinical follow-up. The primary outcome was disease progression (stage C disease or death, n=178). Cohort-stratified Cox models were used. Results: Higher maternal HIV-1 RNA level at or close to delivery significantly increased disease progression risk [hazard ratio (HR), 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.52 per 1 log(10) increase; P=0.02) with a borderline effect on mortality (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.96-1.65; P=0.10]. The association with disease progression risk was strong in the first 6 months of life (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.28-2.45; P=0.001), but not subsequently (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.81-1.30). Maternal HIV-1 RNA, early infant HIV-1 RNA (at 30-200 days after birth) and infant CD4 were independent predictors of disease progression in the first 6 months. Maternal HIV-1 RNA at or close to delivery correlated with early infant HIV-1 RNA (r=0.26, P<0.001). Effects were independent of maternal and infant treatment. Conclusions: Higher maternal HIV-1 RNA at or close to delivery strongly predicts disease progression for HIV-1-infected infants, especially in their first 6 months of life and correlates with the early peak of viremia in the infected child. (C) 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Ioannina, Sch Med, Dept Hyg & Epidemiol, Clin & Mol Epidemiol Unit, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Biomed Res Inst, Ioannina, Greece. Tufts New England Med Ctr, Div Clin Care Res, Boston, MA USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Harlem Hosp Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mother Child Transmiss & Pediat & Adolescent Stud, Epidemiol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA USA. NCI, Viral Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. INSERM, U569, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France. NICHHD, Pediat Adolescent & Maternal AIDS Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. Inst Child Hlth, European Collaborat Study Coordinating Ctr, Ctr Paediat Epidemiol & Biostat, London, England. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Biostat AIDS Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Clin Trials & Surveys Corp, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Ioannidis, JPA (reprint author), Univ Ioannina, Sch Med, Dept Hyg & Epidemiol, Clin & Mol Epidemiol Unit, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. EM jioannid@cc.uoi.gr RI Ioannidis, John/G-9836-2011; OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808; moye, john/0000-0001-9976-8586; Newell, Marie-Louise/0000-0002-1074-7699; Korber, Bette/0000-0002-2026-5757 FU NIAID NIH HHS [U01 AI 34841, N01 AI 85339, U01 AI 34840, U01 AI 34842, U01 AI 34856, U01 AI 34858]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-8-2913, R01-1HD-25714] NR 33 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JAN 2 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 99 EP 108 DI 10.1097/01.aids.0000088200.77946.42 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 776DN UT WOS:000189101600012 PM 15090835 ER PT J AU Zhang, MY Shu, YU Rudolph, D Prabakaran, P Labrijn, AF Zwick, MB Lal, RB Dimitrov, DS AF Zhang, MY Shu, YU Rudolph, D Prabakaran, P Labrijn, AF Zwick, MB Lal, RB Dimitrov, DS TI Improved breadth and potency of an HIV-1-neutralizing human single-chain antibody by random mutagenesis and sequential antigen panning SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV; antibody; phage display; gp140; inhibitors ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; CORECEPTOR USAGE; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; HIV-1; GP120; CD4; FUSION; INHIBITORS; PHENOTYPE AB Several human monoclonal antibodies can neutralize a range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primary isolates but their potency and related ability to suppress generation of HIV-1 escape mutants is significantly lower than the activity of antiretroviral drugs currently in clinical use. Recently, a human Fab, X5, was identified and found to 2 neutralize primary isolates from different clades. Further improvement, of the potency and breadth of HIV-1 neutralization by this antibody, could be critical for its potential use in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. However, increasing potency of an antibody by selection from libraries may lead to a decrease in the breadth of neutralization. In an attempt to solve this problem, we subjected a random mutagenesis library of the scFv X5 to sequential rounds of selection on non-homologous HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) dubbed sequential antigen panning (SAP). By using SAP, we identified two scFv antibodies, m6 and m9, that were tested with a panel of 33 diverse primary HIV-1 infectious isolates in an assay based on a reporter cell-line expressing high levels of CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4. The IC50 was less than 50 mug/ml for 21 (m6) and 19 (m9) out of 29 isolates from group M (subtypes A-C, F, G and CRF-01AE) and one isolate from group N; three isolates from group 0 were not significantly inhibited at 50 mug/ml. The average IC50 values for the two antibodies were significantly (p < 0.001, n = 29) lower compared to scFv X5. Their inhibitory activity does not appear to be related to the HIV-1 subtype, coreceptor usage or the disease stage. m9 inhibited infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the primary isolates JRCSF, 89.6 and BR020 with IC90 of 4, 6 and 25 mug/ml, respectively; for a single-round infection by pseudovirus, the IC90 for JRSCF, 89.6, YU2 and HXBc2 was 15, 5, 15 and 5 mug/ml, respectively. In these two assays the IC90 for m9 was, on average, two- to threefold lower than for scFv X5. These results demonstrate that both the potency and the breadth of HIV-1 neutralization of one of the few known potent broadly cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies, scFv X5, could be improved significantly. However, only experiments in animal models and clinical trials in humans will show whether these new scFvs and the approach for their identification have potential in the development of prophylactics and therapeutics for HIV-1 infections. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NCI, Human Immunovirol & Computat Biol Grp, LECB,CCR, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. SAIC Frederick Inc, BRP, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. CDC, NCID, DASTLR, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Dimitrov, DS (reprint author), NCI, Human Immunovirol & Computat Biol Grp, LECB,CCR, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM dimitrov@ncifcrf.gov RI Ponraj, Prabakaran/D-6325-2011 FU PHS HHS [N01-C0-12400] NR 28 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD JAN 2 PY 2004 VL 335 IS 1 BP 209 EP 219 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.09.055 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 761BP UT WOS:000187879600016 PM 14659751 ER PT J AU Dayan, GH Cairns, L Sangrujee, N Mtonga, A Nguyen, V Strebel, P AF Dayan, GH Cairns, L Sangrujee, N Mtonga, A Nguyen, V Strebel, P TI Cost-effectiveness of three different vaccination strategies against measles in Zambian children SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE measles; cost; analysis ID VIRUS VACCINE; YOUNG INFANTS; CASE-FATALITY; IMMUNIZATION; BENEFITS; RUBELLA; MUMPS; REVACCINATION; INOCULATION; MORTALITY AB The vaccination program in Zambia includes one dose of measles vaccine at 9 months of age. The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of the current one-dose measles vaccination program with an immunization schedule in which a second dose is provided either through routine health services or through supplemental immunization activities (SIAs). We simulated the expected cost and impact of the vaccination strategies for an annual cohort of 400,000 children, assuming 80% vaccination coverage in both routine and SIAs and an analytic horizon of 15 years. A vaccination program which includes SIAs reaching children not previously vaccinated would prevent on additional 29,242 measles cases and 1462 deaths for each vaccinated birth cohort when compared with a one-dose program. Given the parameters established for this analysis, such a program would be cost-saving and the most cost-effective vaccination strategy for Zambia. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cent Board Hlth, Lusaka, Zambia. Agence Evaluat Technol & Modes Intervent Sante, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. RP Dayan, GH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM gdayan@cdc.gov NR 52 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 2 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 475 EP 484 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.07.007 PG 10 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 765UF UT WOS:000188301600023 PM 14670330 ER PT J AU Quinlan, KP Annest, JL Myers, B Ryan, G Hill, H AF Quinlan, KP Annest, JL Myers, B Ryan, G Hill, H TI Neck strains and sprains among motor vehicle occupants - United States, 2000 SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE accident prevention; whiplash; neck sprain; incidence ID WHIPLASH; INJURY; PAIN AB Context: Motor vehicle (MV)-related injury is a leading cause of death and emergency department visits in the US. Information has been limited regarding the magnitude and types of injuries suffered by the survivors of MV crashes. Objective: To estimate the incidence and patterns of neck strain/sprain injury among MV occupants treated in US hospital emergency departments. Design and participants: Descriptive epidemiologic analysis of persons treated at a stratified, probability sample of US hospital emergency departments from 1 July to 31 December 2000. Setting: US. Main outcome measures: Annualized national estimates of number and rate of neck strain/sprain injury among MV occupants overall and by patient's age and sex. Rates were calculated per 100,000 population as well as per billion person miles traveled. Results: In 2000, an estimated 901,442 (95% CI 699,283-1,103,601) persons with neck strain/sprain injury were treated in US hospital emergency departments. For MV occupants, neck strain/sprain was the most frequent type of injury, comprising 27.8% of all injuries to MV occupants treated in emergency departments that year. The incidence (per 100,000 population) of neck strain/sprain was significantly lower in younger children and peaked in the 20-24-year age group. The incidence (per billion person miles traveled) peaked in the 15-19-year age group. Females tended to have a higher incidence of emergency department-treated neck strain/sprain than males. Conclusions: Neck strain/sprain is the most common type of injury to MV occupants treated in US hospital emergency departments. Based on emergency department visits, these estimates suggest that the problem of neck injury may be larger than has been previously demonstrated using other surveillance tools. Further research is needed to determine contributory factors and prevention measures to reduce the risk of neck injury among MV occupants especially among those at higher risk such as females, older teenagers and young adults. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Chicago, Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Stat & Programming, Atlanta, GA USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Off Res Grants, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Quinlan, KP (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, MC 6082,5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM kquinlan@peds.bsd.uchicago.edu NR 31 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0001-4575 J9 ACCIDENT ANAL PREV JI Accid. Anal. Prev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 36 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 AR PII S0001-4575(02)00110-0 DI 10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00110-0 PG 7 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 760VM UT WOS:000187856000003 PM 14572823 ER PT J AU Kimberly, MM Myers, GL Little, RR AF Kimberly, MM Myers, GL Little, RR TI Clinical laboratory reference networks SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT CCQM Workshop on Traceability CY APR 16-17, 2003 CL SEVRES, FRANCE DE reference networks; standardization; lipids; lipoproteins; glycated hemoglobin ID EDUCATION-PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; STANDARDIZATION PROGRAM; SERUM; BLOOD AB The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, has a long history of providing traceability in clinical laboratory medicine. Early work was to develop reference methods for important clinical analytes. When the National Cholesterol Education Program issued recommendations for physicians and clinical laboratories for measurement of lipids and lipoproteins, CDC formed the Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network (CRMLN) to provide manufacturers with access to the accuracy bases. The CRMLN assists manufacturers with calibration of diagnostic products to ensure traceability to higher-order technology. A certification program for manufacturers assures the clinical laboratory community that these products are accurate and precise. The CRMLN model for traceability has been applied to other networks, notably the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Dept Child Hlth, Columbia, MO 65212 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Columbia, MO 65212 USA. RP Kimberly, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mkimberly@cdc.gov OI Little, Randie/0000-0001-6450-8012 NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 18 EP 23 DI 10.1007/s00769-003-0701-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 772NN UT WOS:000188848300004 ER PT J AU Kuno, G AF Kuno, G TI A survey of the relationships among the viruses not considered arboviruses, vertebrates, and arthropods SO ACTA VIROLOGICA LA English DT Review DE animal virus; arthropod; vertebrate; arbovirus; virus-host relationship ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; OCCURRING IGM ANTIBODIES; KAENG-KHOI-VIRUS; AEDES-ALBOPICTUS; CELL-LINES; MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS; ANIMAL VIRUSES; FLIES DIPTERA; RABIES VIRUS AB No single group of organisms demonstrates more extensive and diverse associations with animal viruses than the phylum Arthropoda. Compared with the well-recognized relationship found in arboviruses, however, most of the atypical arthropod-vertebrate relationships of the viruses normally not considered arboviruses have received much less attention. as they remain in the marginal areas of interest for most researchers in animal virology, veterinary medicine, medical entomology and invertebrate pathology. However, this comprehensive review of the information gathered from several branches of virology by profession reveals highly valuable information potentially useful in the fields of research ranging from investigations of the mode of transmission of poorly understood or emerging viral diseases to studies of the evolution of biological transmission of animal viruses by arthropod vectors. The observations and data obtained for the animal virus relationships with arthropods and vertebrates outside the boundaries of arboviruses. in cum. can be used to re-examine more closely the definition of arboviruses. With increasing number of reports challenging one of the basic tenets of the definition of arbovirus (requirement of viremia in vertebrate host) and others describing virus-host relationships that complicate the definition of arbovirus. the accumulated information clearly demonstrates the difficulty of defining the boundaries of arboviruses. C1 CDCP, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Kuno, G (reprint author), CDCP, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM gok1@cdc.gov NR 84 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI BRATISLAVA PA PO BOX 57 NAM SLOBODY 6, 810 05 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA SN 0001-723X J9 ACTA VIROL JI Acta Virol. PY 2004 VL 48 IS 3 BP 135 EP 143 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 887KZ UT WOS:000226306300001 PM 15595206 ER PT J AU Ebrahim, SH Anderson, JE Weidle, P Purcell, DW AF Ebrahim, SH Anderson, JE Weidle, P Purcell, DW TI Race/ethnic disparities in HIV testing and knowledge about treatment for HIV/AIDS: United States, 2001 SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; CARE; PREVENTION; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; SEEKING; ADULTS; RISK AB In the United States, access to HIV care has remained suboptimal for people of color. To assess racial disparities in HIV testing and knowledge about treatment for HIV/AIDS in the United States, we analyzed the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We obtained the percentage of respondents aged 18 to 64 years who: (1) were tested for HIV ever and recently (in the past 12 months) excluding for blood donations and (2) responded "true" to the statement, "There are medical treatments available that are intended to help a person who is infected with HIV to live longer." We calculated the difference in rates of HIV testing and knowledge about treatment between blacks or Latinos compared to whites. Overall, of the 162,962 respondents, 44.7% had been tested for HIV and 12.8% were tested in the past year. Overall, 86.4% answered "true" to the statement on treatment for HIV/AIDS. HIV testing rates were significantly lower among whites (ever, 42.4%; recent, 10.8%) than blacks (ever, 59.7%; recent, 23.4%) or Latinos (ever 45.6%, recent 14.8%). Compared to knowledge among whites (89.6%), knowledge level was, lower among blacks (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52, 0.64) and Latinos (OR = 0.67,95% CI = 0.59, 0.75) even after adjusting for sociodemographics and HIV testing status. The knowledge gap among blacks compared to whites decreased with increasing income and education. We conclude that knowledge about the availability of antiretroviral treatment was high overall. Compared to whites, blacks, and latinos had significantly higher HIV testing rates but significantly lower knowledge about antiretrovirals. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ebrahim, SH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop E37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Sbe@cdc.gov OI Purcell, David/0000-0001-8125-5168 NR 19 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 6 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD JAN PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1089/108729104322740893 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 767AN UT WOS:000188416500005 PM 15006192 ER PT J AU Nkengasong, JN Adje-Toure, C Weidle, PJ AF Nkengasong, JN Adje-Toure, C Weidle, PJ TI HIV antiretroviral drug resistance in Africa SO AIDS REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE drug resistance; Africa; antiretroviral therapy; HIV subtypes ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; HIGH PREVALENCE; COTE-DIVOIRE; SEQUENCE VARIATION; GENETIC DIVERSITY; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; PROTEASE GENE; THERAPY AB Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically reduced mortality and morbidity in HIV-infected persons in developed countries. Although the use of HAART remains limited in Africa, there are global efforts to make available these drugs to several million HIV-infected persons on the continent. In this review we examine the impact of HIV genetic diversity on the occurrence of drug-resistance mutations among non-B subtypes, and discuss the implication of resistant strains in programs aimed at implementing antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Africa, with respect to factors that may favor the occurrence of treatment-acquired drug-resistant viruses, ways to monitor for drug resistance, and strategies to limit its occurrence. We assert that antiretroviral drug resistance is an inevitable consequence when providing long-term treatment, and should not be seen as a limitation of providing antiretrovirals to patients in resource-poor settings, but rather a necessary challenge to be incorporated into the rational design of programs that provide ART in Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS STD, TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Nkengasong, JN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS STD, TB Lab Res, MS A 25, Atlanta, GA USA. EM jcn5@cdc.gov NR 54 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERMANYER PUBLICATIONS PI BARCELONA PA MALLORCA, 310, BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 1139-6121 J9 AIDS REV JI Aids Rev. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 4 EP 12 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 885MM UT WOS:000226161300002 PM 15168736 ER PT J AU Pan, WH Flegal, KM Chang, HY Yeh, WT Yeh, CJ Lee, WC AF Pan, WH Flegal, KM Chang, HY Yeh, WT Yeh, CJ Lee, WC TI Body mass index and obesity-related metabolic disorders in Taiwanese and US whites and blacks: implications for definitions of overweight and obesity for Asians SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE BMI; definitions; obesity; overweight; ethnicity; Asians; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; hyperuricemia; dyslipidemia ID TYPE-2 DIABETES-MELLITUS; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; LORENZ CURVE; INDIAN MEN; GINI INDEX; PREVALENCE; FAT; HYPERTENSION; CHINESE; GLUCOSE AB Background: Recommendations based on scanty data have been made to lower the body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) cutoff for obesity in Asians. Objective: The goal was to compare relations between BMI and metabolic comorbidity among Asians and US whites and blacks. Methods: We compared the prevalence rate, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and impact fraction of comorbidities at each BMI level and the BMI-comorbidity relations across ethnic groups by using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993-1996). Results: For most BMI values, the prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperuricemia were higher for Taiwanese than for US whites. In addition, increments of BMI corresponded to higher odds ratios in Taiwanese than in US whites for hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.01) and hypertension (P = 0.075). BMI-comorbidity relations were stronger in Taiwanese than in US blacks for all comorbidities studied. BMIs of 22.5, 26, and 27.5 were the cutoffs with the highest sum of positive and negative predictive value for Taiwanese, US white, and US black men, respectively. The same order was observed for women. For BMIs >27, >85% of Taiwanese. 66% of whites, and 55% of blacks had at least one of the studied comorbidities. However, a cutoff close to the median of the studied population was often found by maximizing sensitivity and specificity. Reducing BMI from >25 to <25 in persons in the United States could eliminate 13% of the obesity comorbidity studied. The corresponding cutoff in Taiwan is slightly <24. Conclusion: These data suggest a possible need to set lower BMI cutoffs for Asians, but where to draw the line is a complex issue. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Biomed Sci, Div Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Agr Chem, Div Nutr Sci, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Grad Inst Epidemiol, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Natl Hlth Res Inst, Div Hlth Policy, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Pan, WH (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Biomed Sci, Div Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. RI Chang, Hsing-Yi /E-3973-2010; Pan, Wen-Harn /F-9972-2010; Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X; Lee, Wen-Chung/0000-0003-3171-7672 NR 34 TC 208 Z9 216 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 79 IS 1 BP 31 EP 39 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 757NZ UT WOS:000187569500006 PM 14684394 ER PT J AU Wei, WQ Abnet, CC Qiao, YL Dawsey, SM Dong, ZW Sun, XD Fan, JH Gunter, EW Taylor, PR Mark, SD AF Wei, WQ Abnet, CC Qiao, YL Dawsey, SM Dong, ZW Sun, XD Fan, JH Gunter, EW Taylor, PR Mark, SD TI Prospective study of serum selenium concentrations and esophageal and gastric cardia cancer, heart disease, stroke, and total death SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE selenium; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; gastric cardia cancer; stroke; heart disease; cohort ID NUTRITION INTERVENTION TRIALS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; PREVENTION TRIAL; SUPPLEMENTATION; LINXIAN; CHINA; MORTALITY; RISK; MECHANISMS; COHORT AB Background: We previously reported an inverse association between prediagnostic serum selenium concentrations and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and gastric cardia cancer (GCC) but not gastric noncardia cancer (GNCC) in a nested study from the Nutrition Intervention Trial in Linxian, China. Objective: We examined the relation between baseline serum selenium and the subsequent risk of death from ESCC, GCC, GNCC, heart disease (HD), stroke, and total death over 15 y of follow-up (1986-2001). Design: We measured baseline serum selenium concentrations in 1103 subjects randomly selected from a larger trial cohort. We identified 516 deaths during the 15-y follow up, including 75 from ESCC, 36 from GCC, 146 from HD, and 167 from stroke. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Reported RRs estimated the change in risk conferred by a 25% increase in serum selenium relative to the population distribution. All estimates were adjusted for sex, age, smoking, drinking, and serum cholesterol. Results: We found significant inverse associations between baseline serum selenium and death from ESCC (RR: 0.83; 95% Cl: 0.71, 0.98) and GCC (0.75; 0.59, 0.95). Trends toward inverse associations were noted for death from HD (0.89; 0.78, 1.01; P = 0.07), but no association was noted for total death (0.96; 0.90, 1.02) or stroke (0.99; 0.88, 1.11). Conclusion: Population-wide selenium supplementation in the region of China with low serum selenium and high incidences of ESCC and GCC merits serious consideration. C1 NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Canc Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Chinese Acad Med Sci, Canc Inst Hosp, Dept Epidemiol, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. Peking Union Med Coll, Beijing, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Hlth & Nutr Examinat Survey Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. NCI, Biostat Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Abnet, CC (reprint author), NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Canc Res Ctr, 6116 Execut Blvd,Room 705, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Qiao, You-Lin/B-4139-2012; OI Qiao, You-Lin/0000-0001-6380-0871; Abnet, Christian/0000-0002-3008-7843 NR 33 TC 113 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 79 IS 1 BP 80 EP 85 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 757NZ UT WOS:000187569500013 PM 14684401 ER PT J AU Cushing, MM Brat, DJ Mosunjac, MI Hennigar, RA Jernigan, DB Lanciotti, R Petersen, LR Goldsmith, C Rollin, PE Shieh, WJ Guarner, J Zaki, SR AF Cushing, MM Brat, DJ Mosunjac, MI Hennigar, RA Jernigan, DB Lanciotti, R Petersen, LR Goldsmith, C Rollin, PE Shieh, WJ Guarner, J Zaki, SR TI Fatal West Nile virus encephalitis in a renal transplant recipient SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE West Nile virus; flavivirus; organ transplantation; encephalitis; immunosuppression; immunohistochemistry; pathology ID NEW-YORK; INFECTION; PATHOLOGY; OUTBREAK AB West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-transmitted single-stranded RNA flavivirus, causes human disease of variable severity. We report clinical and pathologic findings of fatal encephalitis from the transmission of WNV from an organ donor to a kidney transplant recipient. The patient developed a febrile illness 18 days after transplantation, which progressed to encephalitis. Postmortem examination demonstrated extensive viral encephalopathic changes. Imnumohistochemical studies highlighted WNV antigens within neurons, especially in the cerebellum and brainstem. Flavivirus virions were detected ultrastructurally within the cerebellum, and WNV was isolated from the brain and the brainstem. Thus, this case demonstrates the first death in the first solid organ transplant-associated transmission of WNV Immunosuppression of the transplant recipient might have been responsible for the fulminant viral effects. The pathologic diagnosis helped guide subsequent epidemiologic and laboratory studies. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Cushing, MM (reprint author), Emory Univ Hosp, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013; OI Cushing, Melissa/0000-0001-8042-1494 NR 17 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0002-9173 J9 AM J CLIN PATHOL JI Am. J. Clin. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 121 IS 1 BP 26 EP 31 DI 10.1309/G23CP54DAR1BCY8L PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 761XF UT WOS:000187940200004 PM 14750237 ER PT J AU Calvert, GM Plate, DK Das, R Rosales, R Shafey, O Thomsen, C Male, D Beckman, J Arvizu, E Lackovic, M AF Calvert, GM Plate, DK Das, R Rosales, R Shafey, O Thomsen, C Male, D Beckman, J Arvizu, E Lackovic, M TI Acute occupational pesticide-related illness in the US, 1998-1999: Surveillance findings from the SENSOR-pesticides program SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE pesticides; poisoning; agricultural workers' diseases; insecticides; herbicides; incidence; risk AB Background Concern about the adverse public health and environmental effects of pesticide use is persistent. Recognizing the importance of surveillance for acute occupational pesticide-related illness, we report on surveillance for this condition across multiple states. Methods Survey data collected between 1998 and 1999 were obtained from the seven states that conduct acute occupational pesticide-related illness surveillance aspart of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) program. Data were collected by these state programs in a standardized manner and analyzed. Acute occupational pesticide-related illness incidence rates for those employed in agriculture and those employed in non-agricultural industries were also calculated. Results Between 1998 and 1999, a total of 1,009 individuals with acute occupational pesticide-related illness were identified by states participating in the SENSOR-pesticides program. The mean age was 36 years, and incidence rates peaked among 20-24 year-old workers. The overall incidence rate was 1.17 per 100, 000 full time equivalents (FTEs). The incidence, rate among those employed in agriculture was higher (18.2/100,000 FTEs) compared to those employed in non-agricultural industries (0.53/100,000 FTEs). Most of the illnesses were of low severity (69.7%). Severity was moderate in 29.6% of the cases, and high in four cases (0.4%). Three fatalities were identified. Insecticides were responsible for 49% of all illnesses. Conclusions Surveillance is an important tool to assess acute pesticide- related illness, and to identify associated risk factors. Our findings suggest that these illnesses continue to be an important occupational health problem, especially in agriculture. As such, greater efforts are needed to prevent acute occupational pesticide- related illness. C1 CDCP, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. CDCP, Publ Hlth Prevent Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Occupat Hlth Branch, Oakland, CA USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Off Dis Prevent & Epidemiol, Portland, OR USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Bur Occupat Hlth, Troy, NY USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Louisiana Dept Hlth & Hosp, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Calvert, GM (reprint author), CDCP, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-21, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM JAC6@CDC.GOV NR 26 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 45 IS 1 BP 14 EP 23 DI 10.1002/ajim.10309 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 762AG UT WOS:000187947200002 PM 14691965 ER PT J AU Berg, GD Chattopadhyay, SK AF Berg, GD Chattopadhyay, SK TI Determinants of hospital length of stay for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer: Does managed care matter? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGED CARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference of the International-Health-Economics-Association CY JUL 22-25, 2001 CL UNIV YORK, YORK, ENGLAND SP Int Hlth Econ Assoc HO UNIV YORK ID IMPACT; MODELS AB Objective: To examine whether type of health insurance plan, among other variables, affects the length of stay for cervical cancer-related hospitalizations. Study Design, Patients, and Methods: Inpatient admission claims records for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer were selected for 1994-1997 from the MarketScan private health insurance claims database. After identifying records by stage of disease and deleting records for pregnant women, 1145 unique patient records were used in a truncated count regression model to analyze the predictors of hospital length of stay. Results: All later stages of disease were associated with a longer hospital stay. After controlling for other variables, the coefficients showed an increase in predicted length of admission ranging from 2.5 days for stage I to 6.3 days for stage IV cervical cancer compared with dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (all stages, P < .01). There was no significant statistical difference in the lengths of stay for patients covered under comprehensive fee-for-service plans vs other types of health insurance plans, including managed care. Conclusions: Managed care plans are often thought to contain healthcare costs by shortening the hospital length of stay. Our findings show no association between managed care plans and hospital length of stay for women with cervical cancer or its precursors. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chattopadhyay, SK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Mail Stop K-73,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM skc9@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER MED PUBLISHING, M W C COMPANY PI JAMESBURG PA 241 FORSGATE DR, STE 102, JAMESBURG, NJ 08831 USA SN 1088-0224 J9 AM J MANAG CARE JI Am. J. Manag. Care PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA 765BT UT WOS:000188247800005 PM 14738185 ER PT J AU Downey, L Lafferty, WE Tao, GY Irwin, KL AF Downey, L Lafferty, WE Tao, GY Irwin, KL TI Evaluating the quality of sexual health care provided to adolescents in Medicaid managed care: A comparison of two data sources SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL QUALITY LA English DT Article DE administrative data; adolescent sexual health care; data quality; data sources; health care quality evaluation methods; Medicaid managed care; medical record review ID CHLAMYDIA C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Downey, L (reprint author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ldowney@u.washington.edu FU ODCDC CDC HHS [R30/CCR014906] NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLLEGE MEDICAL QUALITY PI BETHESDA PA 4334 MONTGOMERY AVE, 2ND FL, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4402 USA SN 1062-8606 J9 AM J MED QUAL JI Am. J. Med. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 2 EP 11 DI 10.1177/106286060401900102 PG 10 WC Health Care Sciences & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 767JW UT WOS:000188437300001 PM 14977019 ER PT J AU Ikeda, RM Simon, TR Smith, EP Reese, LRE Rabiner, DL Miller-Johnson, S Winn, DM Asher, SR Dodge, KA Horne, AM Orpinas, P Quinn, WH Huberty, CJ Tolan, PH Gorman-Smith, D Henry, DB Gay, FN Farrell, AD Meyer, AL Sullivan, TN Allison, KW AF Ikeda, RM Simon, TR Smith, EP Reese, LRE Rabiner, DL Miller-Johnson, S Winn, DM Asher, SR Dodge, KA Horne, AM Orpinas, P Quinn, WH Huberty, CJ Tolan, PH Gorman-Smith, D Henry, DB Gay, FN Farrell, AD Meyer, AL Sullivan, TN Allison, KW CA Multisite Violence Prevention Proj TI The multisite violence prevention project - Background and overview SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CONDUCT PROBLEMS; REDUCING VIOLENCE; PEACE PROJECT; CHILDREN; STUDENTS; RISK; ADOLESCENTS; BEHAVIOR; PROGRAM; INTERVENTION AB This paper provides an over-view of the Multisite Violence Prevention Project, a 5-year project to compare the effects of a universal intervention (all students and teachers) and a targeted intervention (family program for high-risk children) on reducing aggression and violence among sixth graders. First, the paper describes the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in developing the project. Second, it details the background of researchers at the four participating universities (Duke University, The University of Georgia, University of Illinois at Chicago, and Virginia Commonwealth University) and examines the characteristics of the selected schools (n=37). Finally, the paper summarizes the theoretical perspectives guiding the work, the development of interventions based on promising strategies, the decision to intervene at the school level, the research questions guiding the project, the research design, and the measurement process for evaluating the results of the program. (C) 2003 American journal of Preventive Medicine. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Counseling & Human Dev Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Child & Family Policy, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Psychol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Counseling & Human Dev Serv, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Hlth Promot, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Child & Family Dev, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Educ Psychol, Chicago, IL USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Inst Juvenile Res, Dept Psychiat, Richmond, VA USA. RP Horne, AM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Counseling & Human Dev Serv, 402 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 54 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 SU S BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.017 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 761BT UT WOS:000187880000002 ER PT J AU Freed, GL Clark, SJ Hibbs, BF Santoli, JM AF Freed, GL Clark, SJ Hibbs, BF Santoli, JM TI Parental vaccine safety concerns - The experiences of pediatricians and family physicians SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES; UNDERSTAND AB Objectives: Recently several concerns regarding vaccine safety have received significant media attention. Primary care physicians are the most common interface for parents with the immunization delivery system and are likely to have the greatest opportunity for exposure and experience with parental vaccine safety concerns. Methods: Mail survey study of a national random sample of 750 pediatricians (PDs) and 750 family physicians (FPs) was conducted in 2000. Outcome variables of primary interest included the number of parental vaccine refusals in the past year, frequency of specific parent vaccine safety concerns, and actions taken by physicians when parents refused a vaccine. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the significance of the association of each outcome variable of interest with physician specialty, frequency of vaccine refusal, and the demographic variables. Multivariate analysis explored the potential for independent predictors of physicians who experienced increases in vaccine refusal. Results: The response rate was 70%. Overall, 93% of PDs and 60% of FPs reported at least one parental vaccine refusal in their practice in the past year. PDs also were more likely than FPs to report an increase in the number of vaccine refusals over the past year (18% v 8%, p = 0.01), while FPs were more likely to report a decrease in vaccine refusals over the same time period (18% v 11%; p < 0.5). PDs were more likely than FPs to provide additional information regarding vaccines to parents who refused vaccines and/or to discuss the issue at later visits. The most common concerns of parents were related to short-term reactions and pain from multiple injections. Conclusions: While almost all PDs and most FPs experienced at least one vaccine refusal from parents in the past year, far fewer physicians of both specialties observed an increase in their occurrence. Physicians must work to be consistently well informed of both the benefits of immunization as well as the issues of parental concern regarding vaccine safety. C1 Univ Michigan, Div Gen Pediat, Child Hlth Evaluat & Res Unit, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Freed, GL (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Div Gen Pediat, Child Hlth Evaluat & Res Unit, 300 NIB 6E08, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 12 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 11 EP 14 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.004 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 760DZ UT WOS:000187797500002 PM 14700706 ER PT J AU Stokley, S Santoli, JM Willis, B Kelley, V Vargas-Rosales, A Rodewald, LE AF Stokley, S Santoli, JM Willis, B Kelley, V Vargas-Rosales, A Rodewald, LE TI Impact of vaccine shortages on immunization programs and providers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID RECOMMENDATIONS AB Background: During 2001 and the first half of 2002, the United States experienced severe shortages of five of the eight universally recommended vaccines for children. Objective: To evaluate the impact of shortages of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), and tetanus and diphtheria vaccine (Td) shortages on state and urban area immunization programs and immunization providers between September 2001 and January 2002. Methods: (1) Survey of state and urban area immunization program managers. Outcome measures included changes in vaccine distribution and suspension of daycare/Head Start and school entry immunization requirements for Td, DTaP, and PCV7. (2) Inter-views with Vaccines for Children Program immunization providers scheduled to receive a routine site visit between January 21 and February 1, 2002. Outcome measures included problems experienced with vaccine orders, implementation of Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) interim recommendations for DTaP and PCV7, and length of time with no DTaP or PCV7 vaccines in stock. Results: Over 85% of immunization programs changed the way they distributed PCV7, DTaP, and Td vaccines to providers, including limiting the amount of vaccine ordered or distributing partial orders. Additionally, 76% of programs experienced problems purchasing or receiving varicella vaccine. Sixty-eight percent of programs suspended school entry requirements for Td. Immunization providers reported problems with orders of Td (56%), PCV7 (45%), DTaP (30%), and varicella (29%). Approximately 16% and 29% of providers implemented the interim ACIP recommendations for DTaP and PCV7, respectively. However, 21% of providers suspended administration of all doses of PCV7 because they ran out of vaccine before learning of the shortage. Conclusions: From suspension of school entry requirements to delaying administration of vaccine, the recent vaccine shortages affected immunization programs' and providers' ability to administer vaccines in a timely manner. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Stokley, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Rodewald, Lance/0000-0003-2593-542X NR 18 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 15 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.010 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 760DZ UT WOS:000187797500003 PM 14700707 ER PT J AU Rickert, D Deladisma, A Yusuf, H Averhoff, F Brink, E Shih, S AF Rickert, D Deladisma, A Yusuf, H Averhoff, F Brink, E Shih, S TI Adolescent immunizations - Are we ready for a new wave? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-B IMMUNIZATION; CARE PLAN PERFORMANCE; UNITED-STATES; HEALTH AB Context: Factors associated with vaccination coverage rates for the 20% of U.S. adolescents enrolled in managed care organizations (MCOs) are not known. Objectives: To examine recent trends in receipt of two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR2) and three doses of hepatitis B (Hep B3) among U.S. adolescents enrolled in managed care organizations (MCOs); to determine whether specific characteristics of MCOs are associated with higher vaccination rates; and to assess the impact of state middle school immunization requirements on these rates. Design: Longitudinal (1996-1999) and cross-sectional (1999) analyses of National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) data to estimate adolescent vaccination coverage rates for MMR2 and Hep B3. In 2002, using 1999 data only, a cross-sectional analysis examined the relationship of specific plan characteristics and state immunization laws with immunization coverage. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of 13 year olds in MCOs with documented receipt of MMR2 and Hep B3. Results: From 1996 to 1999, MMR2 rates increased from 56% to 64%, and from 1997 to 1999, Hep B3 rates increased from 23% to 38%. By 1999, higher rates for both vaccines had been achieved in larger plans (p < 0.001 and p < 0.003 for MMR2 and Hep B3, respectively), those with the highest NCQA accreditation status (p < 0.003), those in New England (p < 0.001), and those in states with middle school immunization requirements (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Despite encouraging increases, adolescent immunization rates are significantly below the Healthy People 2010 goal of 90%. State laws and accreditation incentives are effective. Research is needed to identify additional interventions to increase vaccination coverage in the adolescent population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Comm Qual Assurance, Washington, DC USA. RP Rickert, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM djr7@cdc.gov NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 EI 1873-2607 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 22 EP 28 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.001 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 760DZ UT WOS:000187797500004 PM 14700708 ER PT J AU Cortese, MM Diaz, PS Samala, U Mennone, JZ Mihalek, EF Matuck, MJ Johnson-Partlow, T Dicker, RC Paul, WS AF Cortese, MM Diaz, PS Samala, U Mennone, JZ Mihalek, EF Matuck, MJ Johnson-Partlow, T Dicker, RC Paul, WS TI Underimmunization in Chicago children who dropped out of WIC SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IMMUNIZATION; INFANTS; PROGRAM; WOMEN; COVERAGE; IMPACT AB Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) serves a large proportion of Chicago infants, but some discontinue participation before age I year. To determine if children who remained active at WIC immunization-linked sites after their first birthday were more likely to be immunized by ages 19 and 25 months than those who dropped out, a retrospective cohort study was conducted. Methods: Four Chicago WIC sites that used monthly voucher pick-up were chosen. Children born from July 1, 1997 to September 30, 1997 who attended these sites were eligible (N = 1142). The cohort was divided into two groups: (1) active group (46%), who had a WIC visit on or after their first birthday; and (2) inactive group (54%), who had their last WIC visit before their first birthday. Children were enrolled through home visits. Results: The records for 200 children were analyzed. By age 19 months, 65 (84%) of 77 active children had received one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), compared to 82 (67%) of 123 inactive children (risk ratio [RR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.5). By age 25 months, 64 (83%) active children had received four doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP), one MMR, and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib), compared with 64 (52%) inactive children (RR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.0). Conclusions: In this cohort, children active in WIC after their first birthday were more likely to be immunized by ages 19 and 25 months, compared with those who were no longer active. Chicago children who drop out of WIC may represent those at highest risk for under-immunization and may require special strategies to improve coverage. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Chicago Dept Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Chicago Women Infants & Children Program, Chicago, IL USA. RP Cortese, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 29 EP 33 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.021 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 760DZ UT WOS:000187797500005 PM 14700709 ER PT J AU Stokley, S Maurice, E Smith, PJ Klevens, RM AF Stokley, S Maurice, E Smith, PJ Klevens, RM TI Evaluation of invalid vaccine doses SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATIONS; RISK-FACTORS; MEASLES; INFANTS; AGE; COVERAGE; CHILDREN AB Background: The 2002 Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule clarified the definition of an invalid dose of vaccine as any dose administered greater than or equal to5 days before the minimum age or interval had elapsed. Any invalid dose of vaccine should be repeated. Objective: Determine the proportion of U.S. children who received an invalid dose of vaccine, evaluate the impact on vaccination coverage levels if invalid doses were not counted, and determine the vaccine purchase cost if at least one invalid dose is repeated. Methods: Provider-reported vaccination histories of children aged 19 to 35 months sampled by the 2000 National Immunization Survey were evaluated. Analyses were performed in 2002 after the 2002 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommended Immunization Schedule was released. Any vaccine dose administered :5 days before the recommended minimum age or interval was classified as invalid. Change in vaccination coverage was determined by subtracting estimated valid-dose coverage (based on number of valid doses received) from the estimated up-to-date coverage (based on number of doses received regardless of age or spacing). Results: Overall, 10.5% (+/-0.6%) of children had received at least one invalid dose of vaccine. Of the invalid doses, 51% were hepatitis B, 100% of which were the third dose; 19% were diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP/DTaP), 92% of which were the fourth dose; 12% were measles-containing vaccine (MCV); 15% were varicella vaccine; and 4% were polio vaccine, 96% of which were the first dose. Excluding invalid doses resulted in a small change in vaccination coverage: 2.2% for DTP/DTaP, 0.7% for polio, 6.5% for hepatitis B, 1.4% for MCV, and 1.7% for varicella. The vaccine purchase cost to repeat at least one invalid dose ranged from approximately $10 million (public-purchased) to approximately $18 million (private-purchased). Conclusions: Nationally about 595,000 of children aged 19 to 35 months, born between February 1997 and May 1999, received at least one invalid dose of vaccine. The cost of revaccinating these children is substantial and may have a negative impact on parents, physicians, and vaccine purchasers. Educating immunization providers regarding proper immunization timing should be conducted to reduce the administration of invalid doses of vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Stokley, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 34 EP 40 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.002 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 760DZ UT WOS:000187797500006 PM 14700710 ER PT J AU Smith, EP Gorman-Smith, D Quinn, WH Rabiner, DL Tolan, PH Winn, DM AF Smith, EP Gorman-Smith, D Quinn, WH Rabiner, DL Tolan, PH Winn, DM CA Multisite Violence Prevention Proj TI Community-based multiple family groups to prevent and reduce violent and aggressive behavior - The GREAT Families Program SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID AFRICAN-AMERICAN; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; CONDUCT PROBLEMS; SUBSTANCE USE; INTERVENTION; CONTEXT; IMPACT; SCHOOL; DELINQUENCY; ADOLESCENCE AB This paper describes the targeted intervention component of GREAT Schools and Families. The intervention-GREAT Families-is composed of 15 weekly multiple family group meetings (e.g., 4-6 families per group) and addresses parenting practices (discipline, monitoring), family relationship characteristics (communication, support, cohesion), parental involvement and investment in their child's schooling, parent and school relationship building, and planning for the future. High-risk youth and their families-students identified by teachers as aggressive and socially influential among their peers-were targeted for inclusion in the intervention. The paper describes the theoretical model and development of the intervention. Approaches to recruitment, engagement, staff training, and sociocultural sensitivity in work with families in predominantly poor and challenging settings are described. The data being collected throughout the program will aid in examining the theoretical and program processes that can potentially mediate and moderate effects on families. This work can inform us about necessary approaches and procedures to engage and support families in efforts to reduce individual and school grade-level violence and aggression. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. RP Smith, EP (reprint author), Penn State Univ, 105 White Bldg, University Pk, PA 16803 USA. OI Tolan, Patrick/0000-0001-5669-8442 FU NIDA NIH HHS [K05 DA015226, K05 DA015226-01]; ODCDC CDC HHS [U81/CCU317633, U81/CCU417759, U81/CCU417778, U81/CCU517816] NR 63 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 SU S BP 39 EP 47 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.018 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 761BT UT WOS:000187880000006 PM 14732186 ER PT J AU Miller-Johnson, S Sullivan, TN Simon, TR AF Miller-Johnson, S Sullivan, TN Simon, TR CA Multisite Violence Prevention Proj TI Evaluating the impact of interventions in the Multisite Violence Prevention Study - Samples, procedures, and measures SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID DRUG-USE; COMMUNITY VIOLENCE; SCHOOL; BEHAVIORS; PROGRAM; CHILDREN; YOUTH AB This paper discusses the procedures and measures that were developed and utilized to evaluate the impact of the GREAT (Guiding Responsibility and Expectations in Adolescents Today and Tomorrow) programs in the Multisite Violence Prevention Project (MVPP). First, we describe the three different samples used to examine the impact of the programs, and the different sources of data used to assess these samples. Next, we outline procedures used to collect and manage the data. In the last section, we summarize the final set of measures selected for use in this study. Throughout the paper, we highlight ways in which the participating institutions collaborated to develop consistent procedures for use across the four sites. Overall, the paper provides important information related to the evaluation of violence prevention efforts, particularly for working effectively in multisite collaborative studies. (C) 2003 American journal of Preventive Medicine. C1 Duke Univ, Ctr Child & Family Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Miller-Johnson, S (reprint author), Duke Univ, Ctr Child & Family Policy, Box 90545, Durham, NC 27708 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [K05 DA015226, K05 DA015226-01]; ODCDC CDC HHS [U81/CCU317633, U81/CCU417778, U81/CCU517816, U81/CCU417759] NR 42 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 SU S BP 48 EP 61 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.015 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 761BT UT WOS:000187880000007 PM 14732187 ER PT J AU Ikeda, RM Simon, TR Smith, EP Reese, LRE Rabiner, DL Miller-Johnson, S Winn, DM Asher, SR Dodge, KA Horne, AM Orpinas, P Quinn, WH Huberty, CJ Tolan, PH Gorman-Smith, D Henry, DB Gay, FN Farrell, AD Meyer, AL Sullivan, TN Allison, KW AF Ikeda, RM Simon, TR Smith, EP Reese, LRE Rabiner, DL Miller-Johnson, S Winn, DM Asher, SR Dodge, KA Horne, AM Orpinas, P Quinn, WH Huberty, CJ Tolan, PH Gorman-Smith, D Henry, DB Gay, FN Farrell, AD Meyer, AL Sullivan, TN Allison, KW CA Multisite Violence Prevention Proj TI Lessons learned in the Multisite Violence Prevention Project Collaboration - Big questions require large efforts SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID INTERVENTION TRIALS; CONDUCT PROBLEMS; INITIAL IMPACT; RISK; BEHAVIOR; PROGRAMS; CHILDREN; SCIENCE AB This paper summarizes some organizational, scientific, and policy lessons that have emerged in the formation and conducting of the collaboration of the Multisite Violence Prevention Project. We contend that these lessons are valuable for other collaborations and are important for furthering the utility of scientific efforts. A central contention is that large-scale efforts such as this collaboration are underused but are essential for efficient advancement of knowledge about preventing youth violence. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Psychiat, Inst Juvenile Res, Families & Community Res Grp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Child & Family Policy, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Psychol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Counseling & Human Dev Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hlth Promot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Child & Family Dev, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Educ Psychol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Psychol, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. RP Tolan, PH (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Psychiat, Inst Juvenile Res, Families & Community Res Grp, 840 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. OI Tolan, Patrick/0000-0001-5669-8442 NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 SU S BP 62 EP 71 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.025 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 761BT UT WOS:000187880000008 ER PT J AU Briss, P Rimer, B Reilley, B Coates, RC Lee, NC Mullen, P Corso, P Hutchinson, AB Hiatt, R Kerner, J George, P White, C Gandhi, N Saraiya, M Breslow, R Isham, G Teutsch, SM Hinman, AR Lawrence, R AF Briss, P Rimer, B Reilley, B Coates, RC Lee, NC Mullen, P Corso, P Hutchinson, AB Hiatt, R Kerner, J George, P White, C Gandhi, N Saraiya, M Breslow, R Isham, G Teutsch, SM Hinman, AR Lawrence, R CA Task Force on Community Preventive TI Promoting informed decisions about cancer screening in communities and healthcare systems SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; PROSTATE-CANCER; PREVENTIVE-SERVICES; COLORECTAL-CANCER; PATIENTS PREFERENCES; MAKING INTERVENTION; AID; PARTICIPATION; CONSENT AB Individuals are increasingly involved in decisions about their health care. Shared decision making (SDM), an intervention in the clinical setting in which patients and providers collaborate in decision making, is an important approach for informing patients and involving them in their health care. However, SDM cannot bear the entire burden for informing and involving individuals. Population-oriented interventions to promote informed decision making (IDM) should also be explored. This review provides a conceptual background for population-oriented interventions to promote informed decisions (IDM interventions), followed by a systematic review of studies of IDM interventions to promote cancer screening. This review specifically asked whether IDM interventions (1) promote understanding of cancer screening, (2) facilitate participation in decision making about cancer screening at a level that is comfortable for individuals; or (3) encourage individuals to make cancer-screening decisions that are consistent with their preferences and values. Fifteen intervention arms met the intervention definition. They used small media, counseling, small-group education, provider-oriented strategies, or combinations of these to promote IDM. The interventions were generally consistent in improving individuals' knowledge about the disease, accuracy of risk perceptions, or knowledge and beliefs about the pros and cons of screening and treatment options. However, few studies evaluated whether these interventions resulted in individuals participating in decision making at a desirable level, or whether they led to decisions that were consistent with individuals' values and preferences. More research is needed on how best to promote and facilitate individuals' participation in health care. Work is especially needed on how to facilitate participation at a level desired by individuals, how to promote decisions by patients that are consistent with their preferences and values, how to per-form effective and cost-effective IDM interventions for healthcare systems and providers and in community settings (outside of clinical settings), and how to implement these interventions in diverse populations (such as populations that are older, nonwhite, or disadvantaged). Finally, work is needed on the presence and magnitude of barriers to and harms of IDM interventions and how they might be avoided. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Community Guide Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Hlth Program Dev, Houston, TX USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. HealthPartners, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Briss, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Community Guide Branch, 4770 Buford Highway,MS-K73, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Kerner, Jon/0000-0002-8792-3830 NR 55 TC 188 Z9 188 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 67 EP 80 DI 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.012 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 760DZ UT WOS:000187797500011 PM 14700715 ER PT J AU Brown, MJ Meehan, PJ AF Brown, MJ Meehan, PJ TI Health effects of blood lead levels lower than 10 mg/dL in children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 Lead Poisoning Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Reg, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Brown, MJ (reprint author), Lead Poisoning Branch, Mail Stop F-30,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mjb5@cdc.gov NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1 BP 8 EP 9 DI 10.2105/AJPH.94.1.8-a PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 762CL UT WOS:000187952700006 PM 14713682 ER PT J AU Kumar, D Erdman, D Peret, T Keshavjee, S Singer, L Humar, A AF Kumar, D Erdman, D Peret, T Keshavjee, S Singer, L Humar, A TI A prospective study of community acquired respiratory virus infections in lung transplant recipients and their clinical impact on graft function. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT American Transplant Congress CY MAY 14-19, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Soc Transplant Surg, Amer Soc Transplantat C1 Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Virus Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 1600-6135 J9 AM J TRANSPLANT JI Am. J. Transplant. PY 2004 VL 4 SU 8 MA 410 BP 271 EP 271 PG 1 WC Surgery; Transplantation SC Surgery; Transplantation GA 819NT UT WOS:000221322500410 ER PT J AU Steinberg, EB Mendoza, CE Glass, R Arana, B Lopez, MB Mejia, M Gold, BD Priest, JW Bibb, W Monroe, SS Bern, C Bell, BP Hoekstra, RM Klein, R Mintz, ED Luby, S AF Steinberg, EB Mendoza, CE Glass, R Arana, B Lopez, MB Mejia, M Gold, BD Priest, JW Bibb, W Monroe, SS Bern, C Bell, BP Hoekstra, RM Klein, R Mintz, ED Luby, S TI Prevalence of infection with waterborne pathogens: A seroepidemiologic study in children 6-36 months old in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID HELICOBACTER-PYLORI INFECTION; AGE-SPECIFIC PREVALENCE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; ACQUISITION; ANTIBODIES; DIARRHEA; SANITATION; RESPONSES; FEATURES; COUNTRY AB Water and sanitation interventions in developing countries have historically been difficult to evaluate. We conducted a seroepidemiologic study with the following goals: 1) to determine the feasibility of using antibody markers as indicators of waterborne pathogen infection in the evaluation of water and sanitation intervention projects; 2) to characterize the epidemiology of waterborne diarrheal infections in rural Guatemala, and 3) to measure the age-specific prevalence of antibodies to waterborne pathogens. Between September and December 1999, all children 6-36 months of age in 10 study villages were invited to participate. We collected sufficient serum from 522 of 590 eligible children, and divided them into six-month age groups for analysis (6-12, 13-18, 19-24, 25-30, and 31-36 months). The prevalence of antibodies was lowest in children 6-12 months old compared with the four older age groups for the following pathogens: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (48%, 81%, 80%, 77%, and 83%), Norwalk virus (27%, 61%, 83%, 94%, and 94%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (27%, 53%, 70%, 67%, and 73%). The prevalence of total antibody to hepatitis A virus increased steadily in the three oldest age groups (40%, 28%, 46%, 60%, and 76%). In contrast, the prevalence of antibody to Helicobacter pylori was relatively constant in all five age groups (20%, 19%, 21%, 25%, and 25%). Scroloay appears to be an efficient and feasible approach for determining the prevalence of infection with selected waterborne pathogens in very young children. Such an approach may provide a suitable, sensitive, and economical alternative to the cumbersome stool collection methods that have previously been used for evaluation of water and sanitation projects. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Med Entomol Res & Training Unit Guatemala, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Steinberg, EB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Mailstop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 29 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 83 EP 88 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 768AT UT WOS:000188506600014 PM 14971703 ER PT J AU Johnson, BW Chambers, TV Crabtree, MB Guirakhoo, F Monath, TP Miller, BR AF Johnson, BW Chambers, TV Crabtree, MB Guirakhoo, F Monath, TP Miller, BR TI Analysis of the replication kinetics of the Chimerivax (TM)-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 tetravalent virus mixture in Aedes aegypti by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; WEST-NILE-VIRUS; ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT; YELLOW-FEVER; JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS; NONHUMAN-PRIMATES; VACCINE CANDIDATE; GROWTH-CHARACTERISTICS; MOSQUITOS; INFECTION AB The vector competence of mosquitoes for chimeric viruses being developed as vaccines to protect against dengue (DEN) virus infection were evaluated in a cooperative agreement with Acambis, Inc. Chimeric viruses have been constructed that contain the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of each of the wild-type (wt) DEN virus serotypes. DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4, in the yellow fever (YF) vaccine virus (strain 17D) YF-VAX backbone. It was previously shown that the replication profile of ChimeriVax(TM)-DEN2 virus in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells and in vivo in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes corresponded to that of YF-VAX virus; replication was restricted in C6/36 cells, and Ae. aegypti were poorly infected via an artificial infectious blood meal. Thus, there is very little risk of transmission by mosquitoes of ChimeriVax-DEN2 vaccine virus through the bite of a mosquito. However, because ChimeriVax(TM)-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 viruses will be administered to humans simultaneously, growth of a mixture of ChimeriVax(TM)-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 viruses was assessed in both C6/36 cells in culture and in the Ae. aegypti mosquito, which is the primary vector of both YF and DEN viruses. Mosquitoes were intrathoracically (IT) inoculated with virus or fed a virus-laden blood meal, and the replication kinetics of ChimeriVax(TM)-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 were compared with the wt DEN and YF-VAX viruses. A quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was developed as a method to detect and differentiate replication of each of the four ChimeriVax(TM)-DEN serotypes in the ChimeriVax(TM)-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 tetravalent mixture. Growth of the chimeric viruses in C6/36 cells and in IT-inoculated Ae. aegypti was lower than that of YF-VAX virus; in previous studies Ae. aegypti was shown to be refractory to infection by YF-VAX virus. The growth rate of each chimeric virus was similar whether it was a single serotype infection, or part of the tetravalent mixture, and no interference by one chimeric virus over another chimeric serotype was observed. ChimeriVaX(TM)-DEN viruses infected mosquitoes poorly via an infectious blood meal compared with wt DEN viruses. Therefore, it is unlikely that a mosquito feeding on a viremic vaccinee, would become infected with the chimeric viruses. Thus, there is very little potential for transmission by mosquitoes of the ChimeriVax-DEN vaccine viruses. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Acambis Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Johnson, BW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Rampart Rd,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM bfj9@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [1 UC 1 AI-49517-01] NR 40 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 89 EP 97 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 768AT UT WOS:000188506600015 PM 14971704 ER PT J AU McQuiston, JH Paddock, CD Singleton, J Wheeling, JT Zaki, SR Childs, JE AF McQuiston, JH Paddock, CD Singleton, J Wheeling, JT Zaki, SR Childs, JE TI Imported spotted fever rickettsioses in United States travelers returning from Africa: A summary of cases confirmed by laboratory testing at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999-2002 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TICK-BITE FEVER; EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURES; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK AB The increasing popularity of foreign travel and ecotourism places travelers at increased risk for certain tick-borne diseases. From 1999 through 2002, 31 cases of imported spotted fever-group rickettsioses (SFGR) in United States residents reporting travel to Africa were confirmed by laboratory testing at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nineteen patients (61%) reported visiting South Africa prior to illness onset. Most patients reported fever and one or more eschars; rash was reported for only 26% of the patients. Twelve patients had an initial non-reactive acute-phase serum sample obtained a median of three days after illness onset, and were confirmed by testing a second convalescent-phase serum sample obtained a median of 32 days after illness onset. Five patients were confirmed positive through immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies, including three patients with acute-phase serum samples that tested negative for SFGR. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating convalescent-phase serum specimens 28 days or more after illness onset or examining skin biopsies by immunohistochemical staining during early infection to confirm a diagnosis of imported SFGR. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McQuiston, JH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM fzh7@cdc.gov RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 98 EP 101 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 768AT UT WOS:000188506600016 PM 14971705 ER PT J AU Focant, JF Cochran, JW Dimandja, JMD DePauw, E Sjodin, A Turner, WE Patterson, DG AF Focant, JF Cochran, JW Dimandja, JMD DePauw, E Sjodin, A Turner, WE Patterson, DG TI High-throughput analysis of human serum for selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography-isotope dilution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-IDTOFMS) SO ANALYST LA English DT Article ID HIGH-SPEED GC AB A method for the high-throughput analysis of human serum for the 38 most prevalent polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) based on the use of fast gas chromatography-isotopic dilution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-IDTOFMS) is presented. The chromatographic separation time was 8 min. The separation of the congeners was carried out either chromatographically or analytically using the mass spectral deconvolution capability of the TOFMS. The instrument and the method limits of detection (LODs) were 0.5 pg muL(-1) and 20 pg muL(-1), respectively, which is not as good as the one achieved using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) but allows the detection and quantification of the prevalent PCBs present in real human serum samples. The dynamic range covered 3 orders of magnitude. The comparison with the high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) reference method (28 min) was good and some separation improvements have been observed. This method allows the analysis of 100 samples per day per instrument. C1 CDCP, NCEH, Div Sci Lab, Organ Analyt Toxicol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Liege, Mass Spectrometry Lab, Dioxin Lab, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. LECO Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Spelman Coll, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. RP Focant, JF (reprint author), CDCP, NCEH, Div Sci Lab, Organ Analyt Toxicol Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mail Stop F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Sjodin, Andreas/F-2464-2010 NR 11 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PY 2004 VL 129 IS 4 BP 331 EP 336 DI 10.1039/b313675b PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 806EJ UT WOS:000220416900010 PM 15042164 ER PT J AU Pretty, J Glaser, R Jones, J Lunsford, RA AF Pretty, J Glaser, R Jones, J Lunsford, RA TI A technique for the identification and direct analysis of hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine in metalworking fluids using electrospray-mass spectrometry SO ANALYST LA English DT Article ID FORMALDEHYDE AB Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine is a widely used biocide in metalworking fluids that resists direct quantification in many analytical methods due to instability. It can be detected in electrospray-mass spectrometry (ES-MS) due to the formation of a charged and relatively stable adduct with the sodium ion. This adduct produces a distinct ion spectrum via collision-induced fragmentation, which should promote specific detection of the analyte in complex matrices. ES-MS detection of the analyte added to, or already present in, metalworking fluid samples at mug mL(-1) levels is demonstrated. Parameters affecting the formation and detection of the sodium adduct, including choice of solvent, alkalinity, and sodium ion level are explored. Linearity of response in flow injection mode is demonstrated. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth,Div Appl Res & Te, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. RP Pretty, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth,Div Appl Res & Te, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM JPretty@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PY 2004 VL 129 IS 11 BP 1150 EP 1155 DI 10.1039/b404578e PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 865TU UT WOS:000224726800024 PM 15508047 ER PT J AU Boneva, RS Folks, TM AF Boneva, RS Folks, TM TI Xenotransplantation and risks of zoonotic infections SO ANNALS OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE human; infection; inter-species transmission; porcine endogenous retrovirus; review; xenograft; xenotransplantation; xenozoonoses; zoonoses ID PORCINE ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSION; LIVING PIG-TISSUE; HUMAN-CELLS; NONHUMAN-PRIMATES; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; IN-VIVO; LIVER-TRANSPLANTATION AB The shortage of human organs and tissues for transplantation and the advances in immunology of rejection and in genetic engineering have renewed interest in xenotransplantation - the transplantation of animal organs, tissues or cells to humans. Clinical trials have involved the use of nonhuman primate, porcine, and bovine cells/tissues/organs. In recent years, research has focused mainly on pigs as donors (especially, pigs genetically engineered to carry some human genes). One of the major concerns in xenotransplantation is the risk of transmission of animal pathogens, particularly viruses, to recipients and the possible adaptation of such pathogens for human-to-human transmission. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) have been of special concern because of their ability to infect human cells and because, at present, they cannot be removed from the source animal's genome. To date, retrospective studies of humans exposed to live porcine cells/tissues have not found evidence of infection with PERV but more extensive research is needed. This article reviews infectious disease risks associated with xenotransplantation, some measures for minimizing that risk, and microbiological diagnostic methods that may be used in the follow-up of xenotrasplant recipients. C1 CDCP, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Boneva, RS (reprint author), CDCP, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mail Stop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rboneva@cdc.gov NR 133 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1G 0AE, ENGLAND SN 0785-3890 J9 ANN MED JI Ann. Med. PY 2004 VL 36 IS 7 BP 504 EP 517 DI 10.1080/07853890410018826 PG 14 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 871AX UT WOS:000225102500003 PM 15513301 ER PT J AU Weaver, SC Ferro, C Barrera, R Boshell, J Navarro, JC AF Weaver, SC Ferro, C Barrera, R Boshell, J Navarro, JC TI Venezuelan equine encephalitis SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Review DE mosquito; vector; emergence; alphavirus; arbovirus ID CULEX MELANOCONION DIPTERA; E2 ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN; VIRUS SUBTYPE IE; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION; ENZOOTIC STRAINS; VECTOR COMPETENCE; SOUTH-AMERICA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; GEOGRAPHIC-DISTRIBUTION AB Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a naturally emerging disease threat as well as a highly developed biological weapon. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the complex ecological and viral genetic mechanisms that coincide in time and space to generate outbreaks. Enzootic, equine avirulent, serotype ID VEEV strains appear to alter their serotype to IAB or IC, and their vertebrate and mosquito host range, to mediate repeated VEE emergence via mutations in the E2 envelope glycoprotein that represent convergent evolution. Adaptation to equines results in highly efficient amplification, which results in human disease. Although epizootic VEEV strains are opportunistic in their use of mosquito vectors, the most widespread outbreaks appear to involve specific adaptation to Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, the most common vector in many coastal areas. In contrast, enzootic VEEV strains are highly specialized and appear to utilize vectors exclusively in the Spissipes section of the Culex (Melanoconion) subgenus. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Biodef & Emerging Infect Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Inst Nacl Salud, Bogota, Colombia. Cent Univ Venezuela, Lab Biol Vectores, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas, Venezuela. RP Weaver, SC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, San Juan, PR USA. EM sweaver@utmb.edu; mferro@hemagogus.ins.gov.co; jboshell@hemagogus.ins.gov.co; jnavarro@strix.ciens.ucv.ve RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011; OI Navarro, Juan-Carlos/0000-0002-7692-4248 FU FIC NIH HHS [TW5919]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI-25489, AI48807-01, AI49725-01] NR 133 TC 186 Z9 194 U1 1 U2 16 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4170 J9 ANNU REV ENTOMOL JI Annu. Rev. Entomol. PY 2004 VL 49 BP 141 EP 174 DI 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422 PG 34 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 772DX UT WOS:000188826400008 PM 14651460 ER PT J AU Raghunathan, PL Bernhardt, SA Rosenstein, NE AF Raghunathan, PL Bernhardt, SA Rosenstein, NE TI Opportunities for control of meningococcal disease in the United States SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE Neisseria meningitidis; epidemiology; chemoprophylaxis; meningoeoccal vaccines; meningococcal diagnostics ID MENINGITIDIS SEROGROUP-B; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; C POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCY STATES; SINGLE-DOSE CIPROFLOXACIN; PROTEIN CONJUGATE VACCINE; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SIAD PCR-ELISA; NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; GROUP-A AB The United States currently has relatively low rates of meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Serogroups Y, C, and B are most common. Although most cases are sporadic, a minority are associated with outbreaks. Pediatric populations have disproportionately higher rates of disease, but nearly two thirds of all cases occur in persons aged 15 years and older. The major challenge to control of domestic meningococcal disease is the absence of a vaccine to prevent sporadic cases spanning many age groups. The quadrivalent A/C/Y/W-135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine is licensed in the United States, but because of its limited efficacy in children under two years of age, it is recommended for high-risk groups and outbreak response rather than routine childhood immunization. New conjugate meningococcal vaccines have successfully reduced endemic disease in the United Kingdom, and similar vaccines promise to have a dramatic impact on the burden of meningococcal disease in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Raghunathan, PL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM pgr4@cdc.gov; afi5@cdc.gov; nar5@cdc.gov NR 138 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4219 J9 ANNU REV MED JI Annu. Rev. Med. PY 2004 VL 55 BP 333 EP 353 DI 10.1146/annurev.med.55.091092.103612 PG 21 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 827RL UT WOS:000221918000020 PM 14746525 ER PT J AU Briefel, RR Johnson, CL AF Briefel, RR Johnson, CL TI Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE food consumption; nutrients; national surveys; NHANES; supplements ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; MINERAL SUPPLEMENT USE; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; US CHILDREN; NHANES-II; AMERICAN CHILDREN; CONTINUING SURVEY; INTERVIEW SURVEY; NUTRIENT INTAKE; FOOD SOURCES AB This review focuses on dietary intake and dietary supplement use among the U.S. population age 1-74 based on four National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 1971-74, 1976-80, 1988-94, and 1999-2000. Secular trends in intake of energy, macronutrients, cholesterol, sodium, calcium, iron, folate, zinc, vitamins A and C, fruits, vegetables, and grain products are summarized. During the 30-year period, mean energy intake increased among adults, and changed little among children age 1-19, except for an increase among adolescent females. Factors contributing to increases in energy intake include increases in the percentage of the population eating away from home (particularly at fast-food restaurants), larger portion sizes of foods and beverages, increased consumption of sweetened beverages, changes in snacking habits, and improved dietary methodology. Dietary supplement use increased among adult men and women, decreased among children age 1-5, and was stable for children age 6-11 and adolescents. C1 Math Policy Res Inc, Washington, DC 20024 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Briefel, RR (reprint author), Math Policy Res Inc, 600 Maryland Ave SW,Suite 550, Washington, DC 20024 USA. EM rbriefel@mathematica-mpr.com; cljohnson@cdc.gov NR 96 TC 345 Z9 352 U1 1 U2 33 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0199-9885 J9 ANNU REV NUTR JI Annu. Rev. Nutr. PY 2004 VL 24 BP 401 EP 431 DI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073349 PG 31 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 839EM UT WOS:000222766200018 PM 15189126 ER PT J AU Briss, PA Brownson, RC Fielding, JE Zaza, S AF Briss, PA Brownson, RC Fielding, JE Zaza, S TI Developing and using the Guide to Community Preventive Services: Lessons learned about evidence-based public health SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE systematic review; population-based; recommendations; Task Force; intervention ID ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS; DISEASE PREVENTION; INTERVENTIONS; PROMOTION; INCREASE; DISSEMINATION; MANAGEMENT; DIFFUSION; ADOPTION AB The Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide) is being developed under the leadership of the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The Task Force makes recommendations for the use of public health programs and policies based on scientific evidence about what practices have worked to improve health. The Community Guide thoroughly searches scientific literature for topic-relevant studies, evaluates their quality according to established criteria, and makes recommendations based on the overall strength of the body of evidence and the size and variability of reported effects. In addition, the Community Guide identifies promising interventions that have not been adequately researched, thus helping to inform the public health research agenda. The continuously updated and expanded body of recommendations and research agenda formulated by this rigorous process have been published on the Internet and in various publications since 1999 and constitute a highly valued and objective evidence-based resource for guiding current and future public health activities. More remains to be learned, however, on how best to disseminate Community Guide findings to key target audiences and encourage their use to inform practice, policy, and additional research. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Community Hlth, St Louis, MO 63104 USA. Los Angeles Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Briss, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM PBriss@cdc.gov; brownson@slu.edu; jfielding@dhs.co.la.ca.us; SZaza@cdc.gov NR 42 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 6 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 2004 VL 25 BP 281 EP 302 DI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.050503.153933 PG 22 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 816SW UT WOS:000221130600014 PM 15015921 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC Weigel, LM Appelbaum, PC McDougal, LK Chaitram, J McAllister, S Clark, N Killgore, G O'Hara, CM Jevitt, L Patel, JB Bozdogan, B AF Tenover, FC Weigel, LM Appelbaum, PC McDougal, LK Chaitram, J McAllister, S Clark, N Killgore, G O'Hara, CM Jevitt, L Patel, JB Bozdogan, B TI Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECIUM BM4147; TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE; GLYCOPEPTIDE RESISTANCE; UNITED-STATES; CELL-WALL; INTERMEDIATE; INFECTION; GENE; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB A vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolate was obtained from a patient in Pennsylvania in September 2002. Species identification was confirmed by standard biochemical tests and analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA, gyrA, and gyrB sequences; all of the results were consistent with the S. aureus identification. The MICs of a variety of antimicrobial agents were determined by broth microdilution and macrodilution methods following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. The isolate was resistant to vancomycin (MIC=32 mug/ml), aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracycline, but it was susceptible to linezolid, minocycline, quinupristin-dalfopristin, rifampin, teicoplanin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The isolate, which was originally detected by using disk diffusion and a vancomycin agar screen plate, was vancomycin susceptible by automated susceptibility testing methods. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI-digested genomic DNA indicated that the isolate belonged to the USA100 lineage (also known as the New York/Japan clone), the most common staphylococcal PFGE type found in hospitals in the United States. The VRSA isolate contained two plasmids of 120 and 4 kb and was positive for mecA and vanA by PCR amplification. The vanA sequence was identical to the vanA sequence present in Tn1546. A DNA probe for vanA hybridized to the 120-kb plasmid. This is the second VRSA isolate reported in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent G08, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 39 TC 247 Z9 279 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 48 IS 1 BP 275 EP 280 DI 10.1128/AAC.48.1.275-280.2004 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 759FW UT WOS:000187728500039 PM 14693550 ER PT J AU Chapman, LJ Newenhouse, AC Meyer, RH Taveira, AD Karsh, BT Ehlers, JJ Palermo, T AF Chapman, LJ Newenhouse, AC Meyer, RH Taveira, AD Karsh, BT Ehlers, JJ Palermo, T TI Evaluation of an intervention to reduce musculoskeletal hazards among fresh market vegetable growers SO APPLIED ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agriculture; intervention evaluation; occupational health; safety ID HEALTH AB Objectives: We conducted an intervention to convince small, fresh market vegetable operations to adopt mesh bags and standard containers, two production practices that aid in crop handling and that are known to improve labor efficiency and reduce exposures to musculoskeletal injury hazards. Methods: The intervention disseminated information about the practices to growers through trade publications, public events, university Extension, and growers already using the practices. A mail questionnaire was administered to vegetable growers (n = 243 and 207) before and after the intervention. Strawberry growers were used as a comparison group and also received questionnaires (n = 50 and 35). Results: After the intervention, more vegetable growers reported seeing information about mesh bags in trade publications (37% vs. 59%) and information about standard containers at public events (33% vs. 49%). Levels of self-reported adoption increased for containers (38% vs. 54%) and approached significance for bags (8% vs. 17%). Aware, non-adopting grower perceptions of bag profitability improved (2.6 vs. 3.8). Strawberry grower control results were unchanged. Conclusions: Better information flow to growers may be able to increase the speed with which agricultural practices with better ergonomics are adopted, especially when the practices are more profitable. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Occupat & Environm Safety & Hlth Dept, Whitewater, WI 53190 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Ind Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Chapman, LJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM ljchapma@facstaff.wisc.edu FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U06/CCU512940] NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-6870 J9 APPL ERGON JI Appl. Ergon. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.apergo.2003.05.001 PG 10 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied SC Engineering; Psychology GA 801UF UT WOS:000220120100007 PM 14985141 ER PT J AU Hozhabri, S White, F Rahbar, MH Agboatwalla, M Luby, S AF Hozhabri, S White, F Rahbar, MH Agboatwalla, M Luby, S TI Elevated blood lead levels among children living in a fishing community, Karachi, Pakistan SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE children; drinking water; lead poisoning; Pakistan ID EXPOSURE; CHILDHOOD; HEALTH; LAKES; CITY AB Lead is a widespread environmental contaminant worldwide and is associated with adverse outcomes in children, including impaired neurobehavioral development and learning difficulties. A cross-sectional survey of 53 young children was conducted in a fishing village on an island adjacent to Karachi, Pakistan. Whole blood from each individual was tested for lead levels. Also tested were samples of cooked food, house dust, and drinking water from 36 households. Laboratory determinations were made by the Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research with quality control by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fifty-two subjects (98%) had blood lead levels above 10 mu g/dl (mean 21.60 mu g/dl), an internationally recognized threshold for potential neurotoxicity. The mean concentration was 3.90 mu g/g in cooked food, 4.02 mu g/l in drinking water, and 91.30 mu g/g in house dust. These findings indicate possible major health concerns and suggest significant environmental contamination in this community as well as the need to identify locally relevant early childhood exposures. C1 Aga Khan Univ, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Karachi, Pakistan. Hasting & Prince Edward Counties Hlth Unit, Belleville, ON, Canada. Michigan State Univ, Coll Human Med, Dept Epidemiol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Human Med, Data Coordinating Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Civil Hosp, Dept Pediat, Karachi, Pakistan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hozhabri, S (reprint author), Publ Hlth Dept Reg Municipal Niagara, 573 Glendridge Ave, St Catharines, ON L2T 4C2, Canada. EM siroos.hozhabri@regional.niagara.on.ca NR 28 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD JAN PY 2004 VL 59 IS 1 BP 37 EP 41 DI 10.3200/AEOH.59.1.37-41 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 948EN UT WOS:000230698900006 PM 16053208 ER PT J AU Childs, JE AF Childs, JE TI Zoonotic viruses of wildlife: hither from yon SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Viral Encephalitis CY APR 06-08, 2003 CL Les Pensieres, FRANCE ID WEST-NILE-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; NIPAH VIRUSES; HUMAN HEALTH; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; ENCEPHALITIS; HENDRA; RISK; BIODIVERSITY; RESERVOIRS AB The emergence of zoonotic viruses maintained by wildlife reservoir hosts is poorly understood. Recent discoveries of Hendra (HENV) and Nipah (NIPV) viruses in Australasia and the emergence of epidemic West Nile virus (WNV) in the United States have added urgency to the study of cross-species transmission. The processes by which zoonotic viruses are transmitted and infect other species are examined as four transitions. Two of these, inter-species contact and cross-species virus transmission (spillover), are essential and sufficient to cause epidemic emergence. Sustained transmission and virus adaptation within the spillover host are transitions not required for virus emergence, but determine the magnitude and scope of subsequent disease outbreaks. Ecologic, anthropogenic, and evolutionary factors modify the probability that viruses complete or move through transitions. As surveillance for wildlife diseases is rare and often outbreak-driven, targeted studies are required to elucidate the means by which important zoonotic viruses are maintained and spillover occurs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Childs, JE (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Biol, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. EM jameschilds@comcast.net RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2004 SU 18 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 814AP UT WOS:000220947900002 PM 15119758 ER PT J AU Beasley, DWC Davis, CT Whiteman, M Granwehr, B Kinney, RM Barrett, ADT AF Beasley, DWC Davis, CT Whiteman, M Granwehr, B Kinney, RM Barrett, ADT TI Molecular determinants of virulence of West Nile virus in North America SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Viral Encephalitis CY APR 06-08, 2003 CL Les Pensieres, FRANCE ID UNITED-STATES; ENCEPHALITIS; STRAINS; SEQUENCES; EUROPE AB West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that until very recently had not been found in the Americas. In 1999, there was an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in New York and surrounding areas, involving 62 human cases, including 7 fatalities. The virus has subsequently become established in the United States of America (U.S.) with 4156 human cases, including 284 deaths, in 2002. The WNV strains found in the U.S. are members of "lineage I", a genetic grouping that includes viruses from Europe, Asia and Africa. Molecular epidemiologic studies indicate that two genetic variants of WNV emerged in 2002. The major genetic variant is found in most parts of the U.S., while the minor genetic variant has been identified only on the southeast coast of Texas. Investigation of WNV in mouse and hamster models demonstrated that strains from the U.S. are highly neurovirulent and neuroinvasive in these laboratory rodents. Other strains, such as Ethiopia 76a from lineage 1, are not neuroinvasive and represent important viruses which can be used to elucidate the molecular basis of virulence and attenuation of WNV. To identify putative molecular determinants of virulence and attenuation, we have undertaken comparative nucleotide sequencing of Ethiopia 76a and strains from the U.S. The results show that the two viruses differ by 5 amino acids in the envelope (E) protein, including loss of the glycosylation site. Comparison of our panel of 27 WNV strains suggests that E protein glycosylation is a major determinant of the mouse neuroinvasive phenotype. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Vaccine Dev, Ctr Biodef & Emerging Infect dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Barrett, ADT (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, 301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. EM abarrett@utmb.edu NR 12 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2004 SU 18 BP 35 EP 41 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 814AP UT WOS:000220947900005 PM 15119761 ER PT J AU Lvov, DK Butenko, AM Gromashevsky, VL Kovtunov, AI Prilipov, AG Kinney, R Aristova, VA Dzharkenov, AF Samokhvalov, EI Savage, HM Shchelkanov, MY Galkina, IV Deryabin, PG Gubler, DJ Kulikova, LN Alkhovsky, SK Moskvina, TM Zlobina, LV Sadykova, GK Shatalov, AG Lvov, DN Usachev, VE Voronina, AG AF Lvov, DK Butenko, AM Gromashevsky, VL Kovtunov, AI Prilipov, AG Kinney, R Aristova, VA Dzharkenov, AF Samokhvalov, EI Savage, HM Shchelkanov, MY Galkina, IV Deryabin, PG Gubler, DJ Kulikova, LN Alkhovsky, SK Moskvina, TM Zlobina, LV Sadykova, GK Shatalov, AG Lvov, DN Usachev, VE Voronina, AG TI West Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emerging-reemerging situations SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Viral Encephalitis CY APR 06-08, 2003 CL Les Pensieres, FRANCE ID EPIDEMIC INTELLIGENCE SERVICE; NEW-YORK-STATE; UNITED-STATES; MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE; VECTOR COMPETENCE; DISEASE-CONTROL; STRAINS; ENCEPHALITIS; INFECTION; OUTBREAK AB Studies of the interactions of vertebrates, viruses and arthropod vectors of these viruses were monitored in terms of different ecological groups of viruses transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks in Northern Eurasia in an area encompassing more than 15 million km(2). About 90 viruses were isolated, including 24 new to science. Newly recognized infections of vertebrates, including humans, were described. Many unusual epidemic situations were analysed. Permanent efforts were established to prevent bioterrorist activities and their consequences. Extensive epidemic outbreaks of West Nile fever (WNF; i.e., fever caused by West Nile virus) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) with unusual high mortality appeared in the last four years in southern Russia. We determined infection rates in humans, domestic and wild animals, mosquitoes and ticks from natural and synanthropic biocenoses [Editorial note: "synanthropic" means, roughly, all species living with (c.f. lice, fleas) or near people, such as in houses (c.f. house mice), parks (c.f. Rattus spp.), and the like, rather like "peridomestic", but not strictly so; "biocenosis" is the biome, the "totality of living populations in a particular habitat, which itself is only a part of the ecosystem".]. CCHF virus strains were phylogenetically similar to strains isolated in this area 35 years ago but different from Central-South-Asian and African strains. Before the outset of the current emergence of epidemic WNF, three genetic variants of this virus had been isolated in USSR, two African and one Indian. Phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences of epidemic strains demonstrated considerable similarity to strains from USA and Israel and differences from strains isolated in the same USSR areas 20-30 years before. In addition to strains of genotype 1, we isolated strains of second and third lineages and a strain of a fourth genetic variant. Nucleotide differences of these strains from all three genotypes was about 30%. The emerging WNF situation in Russia for the last 4 years probably has been the result of not only natural and social factors, but also to introduction of more virulent strains or by evolution of the virus. C1 RAMS, DI Ivanovskii Virol Inst, Moscow 123098, Russia. IMSechenov Moscow Med Acad, Moscow, Russia. State Ctr Sanit Epidemiol Inspect, Astrakhan, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Lvov, DK (reprint author), RAMS, DI Ivanovskii Virol Inst, Gamaleya 16, Moscow 123098, Russia. EM dk_lvov@mail.ru RI Alkhovsky, Sergey/A-9542-2014; Shchelkanov, Mikhail/L-6164-2016; OI Shchelkanov, Mikhail/0000-0001-8610-7623; Butenko, Alexander/0000-0001-6152-5685; Deryabin, Petr/0000-0002-8522-9554 NR 35 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2004 SU 18 BP 85 EP 96 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 814AP UT WOS:000220947900008 PM 15119764 ER PT J AU Ma, Q Kinneer, K Bi, YY Chan, JY Kan, YW AF Ma, Q Kinneer, K Bi, YY Chan, JY Kan, YW TI Induction of murine NAD(P)H : quinone oxidoreductase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin requires the CNC (cap 'n' collar) basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2): cross-interaction between AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and Nrf2 signal transduction SO BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE NQO1 [NAD(P)H : quinone oxidoreductase 1]; Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2); AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor); ARE (antioxidant response element); DRE (dioxin response element); TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) ID ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE ELEMENT; UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY; GENE-EXPRESSION; INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION; DT-DIAPHORASE; NQO1 GENE; MOUSE; IDENTIFICATION; CARCINOGENESIS; POLYMORPHISM AB TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dixoin) induces phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme NQO1 [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.99.2; DT-diaphorase] in a wide range of mammalian tissues and cells. Here, we analysed the molecular pathway mediating NQO1 induction by TCDD in mouse hepatoma cells. Inhibition of protein synthesis with CHX (cycloheximide) completely blocks induction of NQO1 by TCDD as well as the basal expression and induction by phenolic antioxidant tBHQ (2-t-butylbenzene-1,4-diol), implicating a labile factor in NQO1 mRNA expression. The inhibition is both time- and concentration-dependent, requires inhibition of protein synthesis, and occurs at a transcriptional level. Inhibition of NQO1 transcription by CHX correlates with a rapid reduction of the CNC blip (cap 'n' collar basic leucine zipper) transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) through the 26 S proteasome pathway. Moreover, blocking Nrf2 degradation with proteasome inhibitor MG132 increases the amount of Nrf2 and superinduces NQO1 in the presence of TCDD or tBHQ. Finally, genetic experiments using AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor)-, Arnt (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator)- or Nrf2-deficient cells reveal that, while induction of NQO1 by TCDD depends on the presence of AhR and Arm, the basal and inducible expression of NQO1 by either TCDD or tBHQ requires functional Nrf2. The findings demonstrate a novel role of Nrf2 in the induction of NQO1 by TCDD and provide new insights into the mechanism by which Nrf2 regulates the induction of phase II enzymes by both phenolic antioxidants and AhR ligands. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Receptor Biol Lab, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Hlth Effect Lab Div,Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hl, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pathol, Coll Med, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Ma, Q (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Receptor Biol Lab, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Hlth Effect Lab Div,Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hl, Mail Stop 3014,1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM qam1@cdc.gov NR 45 TC 122 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 8 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0264-6021 J9 BIOCHEM J JI Biochem. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 377 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1042/BJ20031123 PN 1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 762DH UT WOS:000187955200021 PM 14510636 ER PT J AU Nichols, WG Erdman, DD Han, A Zukerman, C Corey, L Boeckh, M AF Nichols, WG Erdman, DD Han, A Zukerman, C Corey, L Boeckh, M TI Prolonged outbreak of human parainfluenza virus 3 infection in a stem cell transplant outpatient department: Insights from molecular epidemiologic analysis SO BIOLOGY OF BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article DE parainfluenza; stem cell transplantation; nosocomial transmission ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; TOTAL-BODY IRRADIATION; VERSUS-HOST-DISEASE; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; HUMAN VOLUNTEERS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; INOCULATION; BUSULFAN AB Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3) infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality after stem cell transplantation, and inpatient nosocomial outbreaks are common. From September 1998 to July 1999, 93 stem cell transplantation recipients at our institution contracted hPIV3, of which 66 (71%) were being followed up in our outpatient department (OPD). The peak incidence was in September and October, when 39 cases were identified; thereafter, hPIV3 incidence decreased to approximately 5 cases per month. Nucleotide sequences (778 nucleotides from variable regions of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene) from 46 patient and 8 community hPIV3 isolates were compared to determine epidemiologic relatedness. Sequence analysis of OPD isolates revealed that 18 of 19 isolates from September and October and 11 of 15 isolates from November 1998 to July 1999 were genetically similar. In contrast, 2 of 3 community isolates from September and October and 0 of 5 from November to July were linked to this cluster. Symptomatic surveillance and isolation were ineffective in terminating the outbreak, suggesting asymptomatic shedding among patients, staff, or visitors or viral persistence on environmental surfaces as possible explanations. The concept of nosocomial transmission should be expanded to include the OPD for immunosuppressed patients. (C) 2004 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Program Infect Dis, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Swedish Med Ctr, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA USA. RP Nichols, WG (reprint author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Program Infect Dis, 1100 Fairview Ave N,D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. EM gnichols@fhcrc.org FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 15704, CA 18029]; NIAID NIH HHS [K23 AI 01839] NR 22 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU CARDEN JENNINGS PUBL CO LTD PI CHARLOTTESVILLE PA BLAKE CTR, STE 200, 1224 W MAIN ST, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA SN 1083-8791 J9 BIOL BLOOD MARROW TR JI Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 58 EP 64 DI 10.1016/j.bbmt.2003.09.010 PG 7 WC Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation SC Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation GA 767JF UT WOS:000188435900006 PM 14752780 ER PT S AU Subbarao, K Katz, JM AF Subbarao, K Katz, JM BE Kawaoka, Y TI Influenza vaccines generated by reverse genetics SO BIOLOGY OF NEGATIVE STRAND RNA VIRUSES: THE POWER OF REVERSE GENETICS SE Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology LA English DT Review ID A VIRUS-VACCINE; TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANTS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; ION-CHANNEL ACTIVITY; ADAPTED CAIV-T; B-VIRUS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; INACTIVATED VACCINE; REASSORTANT VIRUSES; SQUIRREL-MONKEYS AB Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of acute respiratory disease. Vaccination is the primary means to prevent and control the disease. However, influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic variation, which requires the annual reformulation of trivalent influenza vaccines, making influenza unique among pathogens for which vaccines have been developed. The segmented nature of the influenza virus genome allows for the traditional reassortment between two viruses in a coinfected cell. This technique has long been used to generate strains for the preparation of either inactivated or live attenuated influenza vaccines. Recent advancements in reverse genetics techniques now make it possible to generate influenza viruses entirely from cloned plasmid DNA by cotransfection of appropriate cells with 8 or 12 plasmids encoding the influenza virion sense RNA and/or mRNA. Once regulatory issues have been addressed, this technology will enable the routine and rapid generation of strains for either inactivated or live attenuated influenza vaccine. In addition, the technology offers the potential for new vaccine strategies based on the generation of genetically engineered donors attenuated through directed mutation of one or more internal genes. Reverse genetics techniques are also proving to be important for the development of pandemic influenza vaccines, because the technology provides a means to modify genes to remove virulence determinants found in highly pathogenic avian strains. The future of influenza prevention and control lies in the application of this powerful technology for the generation of safe and more effective influenza vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Mailstop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM JKatz@cdc.gov NR 90 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X BN 3-540-40661-1 J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 2004 VL 283 BP 313 EP 342 PG 30 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BAS97 UT WOS:000223399800009 PM 15298174 ER PT J AU Schoch-Spana, M AF Schoch-Spana, M TI Leading during bioattacks and epidemics with the public's trust and help SO BIOSECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM-BIODEFENSE STRATEGY PRACTICE AND SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID HEALTH-CARE; CIVIL-LIBERTIES; SEPTEMBER 11; OUTBREAK; THREAT; BIOTERRORISM; PERSPECTIVE; CHALLENGES; AMERICANS; POLICY AB The Working Group on Governance Dilemmas in Bioterrorism Response prepared a document to assist United States decision-makers, including governors, mayors and health officials in defining what constitutes effective, compassionate leadership in the context of an epidemic or bioattack and to suggest some means toachieve it. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Biosecur, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. S Carolina Hlth Dept, Charleston, SC USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Syracuse Univ, SI Newhouse Sch Publ Commun, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Ctr Study Traumat Stress, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Arab Amer Family Support Ctr, New York, NY USA. New York City Jewish Community Relat Council, Commiss Intergrp Relat & Community Concerns, New York, NY USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY USA. Phyllis Wheatley YWCA, Board Directors, Washington, DC USA. Greater Kansas City Amer Red Cross, Community Hlth & Youth, Kansas City, KS USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Psychiat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Colorado, Nat Hazards Res & Applicat Informat Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM mschoch@upmc-biosecurity.org NR 115 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1538-7135 EI 1557-850X J9 BIOSECUR BIOTERROR JI Biosecur. Bioterror. PY 2004 VL 2 IS 1 BP 25 EP 40 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations GA 902LK UT WOS:000227358400004 ER PT J AU Vanderford, ML AF Vanderford, ML TI Breaking new ground in WMD risk communication: The pre-event message development project SO BIOSECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM-BIODEFENSE STRATEGY PRACTICE AND SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Commun, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vanderford, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Commun, MailStop D-25,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1538-7135 J9 BIOSECUR BIOTERROR JI Biosecur. Bioterror. PY 2004 VL 2 IS 3 BP 193 EP 194 DI 10.1089/15387130460759254 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations GA 902LM UT WOS:000227358600008 PM 15588057 ER PT J AU Satten, GA Kong, FH Wright, DJ Glynn, SA Schreiber, GB AF Satten, GA Kong, FH Wright, DJ Glynn, SA Schreiber, GB TI How special is a 'special' interval: modeling departure from length-biased sampling in renewal processes SO BIOSTATISTICS LA English DT Article DE human immunodeficiency virus; infinite-dimensional nuisance parameter; length-biased sampling; renewal process ID SCREENED BLOOD; DONORS; RISK AB Length-biased sampling occurs in renewal processes when the probability that an interval is selected is proportional to the length of the interval. This can occur when intervals are selected because they contain an event that is independent of the renewal process and occurs with constant hazard. For example, if the times between donations for repeat blood donors are independent and identically distributed, and if the donor seroconverts to HIV (develops antibodies that indicate infection with human immunodeficiency virus), then the interval between the last HIV seronegative and first HIV seropositive test is expected to be longer than that donor's previous time intervals between donations. We develop hypothesis tests to determine if the relationship between the typical and length-biased intervals is as expected, or if there is departure from length-biased sampling. We further develop a regression method to determine if there are covariates that explain the departure from length-biased sampling. Our approach is motivated by the question of whether there is evidence that repeat blood donors who develop antibodies to HIV or other viral infections change their donation pattern in some way because of seroconversion. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WESTAT Corp, Natl Heart Lung & Blood Inst, Retrovirus Epidemiol Donor Study Coordinating Ctr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM GSatten@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1465-4644 J9 BIOSTATISTICS JI Biostatistics PD JAN PY 2004 VL 5 IS 1 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.1093/biostatistics/5.1.145 PG 7 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 771QG UT WOS:000188797100010 PM 14744833 ER PT J AU Cole, JW Roberts, SC Gallagher, M Giles, WH Mitchell, BD Steinberg, KK Wozniak, MA Macko, RF Reinhart, LJ Kittner, SJ AF Cole, John W. Roberts, Stacy C. Gallagher, Margaret Giles, Wayne H. Mitchell, Braxton D. Steinberg, Karen K. Wozniak, Marcella A. Macko, Richard F. Reinhart, Laurie J. Kittner, Steven J. TI Thrombomodulin Ala455Val Polymorphism and the risk of cerebral infarction in a biracial population: the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study SO BMC NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Background: The genes encoding proteins in the thrombomodulin-protein C pathway are promising candidate genes for stroke susceptibility because of their importance in thrombosis regulation and inflammatory response. Several published studies have shown that the Ala455Val thrombomodulin polymorphism is associated with ischemic heart disease, but none has examined the association with stroke. Using data from the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study, we sought to determine the association between the Ala455Val thrombomodulin polymorphism and the occurrence of ischemic stroke in young women. Methods: All 59 hospitals in the greater Baltimore-Washington area participated in a population-based case-control study of stroke in young women. We compared 141 cases of first ischemic stroke (44% black) among women 15 to 44 years of age with 210 control subjects (35% black) who were identified by random digit dialing and frequency matched to the cases by age and geographical region of residence. Data on historical risk factors were collected by standardized interview. Genotyping of the thrombomodulin Ala455Val polymorphism was performed by pyrosequencing. Results: The A allele (frequency = 0.85) was associated with stroke under the recessive model. After adjustment for age, race, cigarette smoking, hypertension, and diabetes, the AA genotype, compared with the AV and VV genotypes combined, was significantly associated with stroke (odds ratio 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3). The AA genotype was more common among black than white control subjects (81% versus 68%) but there was no significant interaction between the risk genotype and race (adjusted odds ratio 2.7 for blacks and 1.6 for whites). A secondary analysis removing all probable (n = 16) and possible (n = 15) cardioembolic strokes demonstrated an increased association (odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.2). Conclusions: Among women aged 15 to 44 years, the AA genotype is more prevalent among blacks than whites and is associated with increased risk of early onset ischemic stroke. Removing strokes potentially related to cardioembolic phenomena increased this association. Further studies are needed to determine whether this polymorphism is functionally related to thrombomodulin expression or whether the association is due to population stratification or linkage to a nearby functional polymorphism. C1 [Cole, John W.; Wozniak, Marcella A.; Macko, Richard F.; Kittner, Steven J.] Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Mitchell, Braxton D.; Reinhart, Laurie J.] Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Cole, John W.; Macko, Richard F.; Kittner, Steven J.] Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, Baltimore, MD USA. [Roberts, Stacy C.; Gallagher, Margaret] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Biol Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. [Giles, Wayne H.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. [Steinberg, Karen K.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Coordinating Ctr Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Cole, JW (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM jcole@som.umaryland.edu; MXG2@CDC.GOV; MXG2@CDC.GOV; hwg0@cdc.gov; bmitchel@medicine.umaryland.edu; kks1@cdc.gov; mwozniak@som.umaryland.edu; rmacko@grecc.umaryland.edu; lreinhar@medicine.umaryland.edu; skittner@som.umaryland.edu OI Mitchell, Braxton/0000-0003-4920-4744 FU American Academy of Neurology; National Institutes of Health [T32-AG00262-04]; Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore; Office of Research and Development; Medical Research Service; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center; Stroke Research Enhancement Award Program; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; NIH Office of Research on Women's Health; National Institute on Aging Pepper Center [P60 12583]; University of Maryland General Clinical Research Center [M01 RR 165001]; National Center for Research Resources, NIH FX Dr. Cole's effort on this project was supported in part by an American Academy of Neurology Clinical Research Training Fellowship, by the National Institutes of Health Research Training in the Epidemiology of Aging (Grant T32-AG00262-04), and by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, and Stroke Research Enhancement Award Program. Dr. Kittner was supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Stroke Research Enhancement Award Program; a Cooperative Agreement with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health; the National Institute on Aging Pepper Center Grant P60 12583; and the University of Maryland General Clinical Research Center (Grant M01 RR 165001), General Clinical Research Centers Program, National Center for Research Resources, NIH. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2377 J9 BMC NEUROL JI BMC Neurol. PY 2004 VL 4 AR 21 DI 10.1186/1471-2377-4-21 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA V22HA UT WOS:000208265100021 PM 15574195 ER PT J AU Unger, ER Nisenbaum, R Moldofsky, H Cesta, A Sammut, C Reyes, M Reeves, WC AF Unger, Elizabeth R. Nisenbaum, Rosane Moldofsky, Harvey Cesta, Angela Sammut, Christopher Reyes, Michele Reeves, William C. TI Sleep assessment in a population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome SO BMC NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Background: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disabling condition that affects approximately 800,000 adult Americans. The pathophysiology remains unknown and there are no diagnostic markers or characteristic physical signs or laboratory abnormalities. Most CFS patients complain of unrefreshing sleep and many of the postulated etiologies of CFS affect sleep. Conversely, many sleep disorders present similarly to CFS. Few studies characterizing sleep in unselected CFS subjects have been published and none have been performed in cases identified from population-based studies. Methods: The study included 339 subjects (mean age 45.8 years, 77% female, 94.1% white) identified through telephone screen in a previously described population-based study of CFS in Wichita, Kansas. They completed questionnaires to assess fatigue and wellness and 2 self-administered sleep questionnaires. Scores for five of the six sleep factors (insomnia/hypersomnia, non-restorative sleep, excessive daytime somnolence, sleep apnea, and restlessness) in the Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology's Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (c) (SAQ (c)) were dichotomized based on threshold. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score was used as a continuous variable. Results: 81.4% of subjects had an abnormality in at least one SAQ (c) sleep factor. Subjects with sleep factor abnormalities had significantly lower wellness scores but statistically unchanged fatigue severity scores compared to those without SAQ (c) abnormality. CFS subjects had significantly increased risk of abnormal scores in the non-restorative (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 28.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 7.4-107.0) and restlessness (OR = 16.0; 95% CI = 4.2-61.6) SAQ (c) factors compared to non-fatigued, but not for factors of sleep apnea or excessive daytime somnolence. This is consistent with studies finding that, while fatigued, CFS subjects are not sleepy. A strong correlation (0.78) of Epworth score was found only for the excessive daytime somnolence factor. Conclusions: SAQ (c) factors describe sleep abnormalities associated with CFS and provide more information than the Epworth score. Validation of these promising results will require formal polysomnographic sleep studies. C1 [Unger, Elizabeth R.; Nisenbaum, Rosane; Reyes, Michele; Reeves, William C.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. [Moldofsky, Harvey; Cesta, Angela; Sammut, Christopher] Ctr Sleep & Chronobiol, Sleep Disorders Clin, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Reeves, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM eru0@cdc.gov; ran7@cdc.gov; h.Moldofsky@utoronto.ca; a.cesta@utoronto.ca; c.sammut@utoronto.ca; myr9@cdc.gov; wcr1@cdc.gov OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 31 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1471-2377 J9 BMC NEUROL JI BMC Neurol. PY 2004 VL 4 AR 6 DI 10.1186/1471-2377-4-6 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA V22HA UT WOS:000208265100006 PM 15096280 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Pinto, J Espinosa-Rosales, F Faure-Fontenla, MA da Silva, E Khan, AJ Webster, ADB Minor, P Dunn, G Asturias, E Hussain, H Pallansch, MA Kew, OM Winkelstein, J Sutter, R AF Halsey, NA Pinto, J Espinosa-Rosales, F Faure-Fontenla, MA da Silva, E Khan, AJ Webster, ADB Minor, P Dunn, G Asturias, E Hussain, H Pallansch, MA Kew, OM Winkelstein, J Sutter, R CA Polio Project Team TI Search for poliovirus carriers among people with primary immune deficiency diseases in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, and the United Kingdom SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE poliovirus/isolation and purification; carrier state; poliomyelitis/chemically induced/transmission; poliovirus vaccine, oral/ adverse effects; IgA deficiency; IgG deficiency; common variable immunodeficiency; agammaglobulinemia; United States; Mexico; Brazil; United Kingdom (source : MeSH, NLM) ID VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS; PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; ORAL POLIOVACCINE; POLIOMYELITIS; EXCRETION; ERADICATION; CHALLENGES; CHILDREN; PATIENT AB Objective To estimate the rate of long-term poliovirus excretors in people known to have B-cell immune deficiency disorders. Methods An active search for chronic excretors was conducted among 306 persons known to have immunoglobulin G (IgG) deficiency in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, and the United Kingdom, and 40 people with IgA deficiency in the United States. Written informed consent or assent was obtained from the participants or their legal guardians, and the studies were formally approved. Stool samples were collected from participants and cultured for polioviruses. Calculation of the confidence interval for the proportion of participants with persistent poliovirus excretion was based on the binomial distribution. Findings No individuals with long-term excretion of polioviruses were identified. Most participants had received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and almost all had been exposed to household contacts who had received OPV. Polioviruses of recent vaccine origin were transiently found in four individuals in Mexico and Brazil, where OPV is recommended for all children. Conclusion Although chronic poliovirus excretion can occur in immunodeficient persons, it appears to be rare. C1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Inst Vaccine Safety, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Inst Nacl Pediat, Immunol Dept, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Hosp Infantil Mexico Dr Federico Gomez, Immunol & Rheumatol Lab, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Coll, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, London, England. Oswaldo Cruz Fdn, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Halsey, NA (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Inst Vaccine Safety, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RI Espinosa-Rosales, Francisco/B-9762-2014; OI Espinosa-Rosales, Francisco/0000-0002-7629-1647; de Moraes Vasconcelos, Dewton/0000-0002-3930-3354 NR 25 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 82 IS 1 BP 3 EP 8 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 771RF UT WOS:000188799300003 PM 15106294 ER PT J AU Sangrujee, N Caceres, VM Cochi, SL AF Sangrujee, N Caceres, VM Cochi, SL TI Cost analysis of post-polio certification immunization policies SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE poliovirus vaccine, oral/economics; poliovirus vaccine, inactivated/economics; poliomyelitis/chemically induced; certification; immunization programs/economics; disease outbreaks/economics; policy making; costs and cost analysis (source : MeSH, NLM) ID PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS AB Objective An analysis was conducted to estimate the costs of different potential post-polio certification immunization policies currently under consideration, with the objective of providing this information to policy-makers. Methods We analysed three global policy options: continued use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), OPV cessation with optional inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), and OPV cessation with universal IPV Assumptions were made on future immunization policy decisions taken by low-, middle-, and high-income countries. We estimated the financial costs of each immunization policy, the number of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) cases, and,the global costs of maintaining an outbreak response capacity. The financial costs of each immunization policy were based on estimates of the cost of polio vaccine, its administration, and coverage projections. The costs of maintaining outbreak response capacity include those associated with developing and maintaining a vaccine stockpile in addition to laboratory and epidemiological surveillance. We used the period 2005-20 as the time frame for the analysis. Findings OPV cessation with optional IPV, at an estimated cost of US$ 20 412 million, was the least costly option. The global cost of outbreak response capacity was estimated to be US$ 1320 million during 2005-20. The policy option continued use of OPV resulted in the highest number of VAPP cases. OPV cessation with universal IPV had the highest financial costs, but it also had the least number of VAPP cases. Sensitivity analyses showed that global costs were sensitive to assumptions on the cost of the vaccine. Analysis also showed that if the price per dose of IPV was reduced to US$ 0.50 for low-income countries, the cost of OPV cessation with universal IPV would be the same as the costs of continued use of OPV. Conclusion Projections on the vaccine price per dose and future coverage rates were major drivers of the global costs of post-certification polio immunization. The break-even price of switching to IPV compared with continuing with OPV immunizations is US$ 0.50 per dose of IPV. However, this does not account for the cost of vaccine-derived poliovirus cases resulting from the continued use of OPV. In addition to financial costs, risk assessments related to the re-emergence of polio will be major determinants of policy decisions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sangrujee, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Nsangrujee@cdc.gov NR 14 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 82 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 771RF UT WOS:000188799300004 PM 15106295 ER PT J AU Kew, OM Wright, PF Agol, VI Delpeyroux, F Shimizu, H Nathanson, N Pallansch, MA AF Kew, OM Wright, PF Agol, VI Delpeyroux, F Shimizu, H Nathanson, N Pallansch, MA TI Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: current state of knowledge SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE poliovirus/genetics/isolation and purification; poliovirus vaccine, oral/adverse effects; poliomyelitis/etiology/chemically induced/prevention and control; immunization programs; disease outbreaks/Review literature (source : MeSH, NLM) ID IMMUNODEFICIENT PATIENT; POLIOMYELITIS ERADICATION; PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; POLIO ERADICATION; WILD POLIOVIRUS; EVOLUTION; IDENTIFICATION; REPLICATION; RECOMBINANT; VIRUSES AB Within the past 4 years, poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have occurred in Hispaniola (2000-01), the Philippines (2001), and Madagascar (2001-02). Retrospective studies have also detected the circulation of endemic cVDPV in Egypt (1988-93) and the likely localized spread of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)-derived virus in Belarus (1965-66). Gaps in OPV coverage and the previous eradication of the corresponding serotype of indigenous wild poliovirus were the critical risk factors for all cVDPV outbreaks. The cVDPV outbreaks were stopped by mass immunization campaigns using OPV. To increase sensitivity for detecting vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), in 2001 the Global Polio Laboratory Network implemented additional testing requirements for all poliovirus isolates under investigation. This approach quickly led to the recognition of the Philippines and Madagascar cVDPV outbreaks, but of no other current outbreaks. The potential risk of cVDPV emergence has increased dramatically in recent years as wild poliovirus circulation has ceased in most of the world. The risk appears highest for the type 2 OPV strain because of its greater tendency to spread to contacts. The emergence of cVDPVs underscores the critical importance of eliminating the last pockets of wild poliovirus circulation, maintaining universally high levels of polio vaccine coverage, stopping OPV use as soon as it is safely possible to do so, and continuing sensitive poliovirus surveillance into the foreseeable future. Particular attention must be given to areas where the risks for wild poliovirus circulation have been highest, and where the highest rates of polio vaccine coverage must be maintained to suppress cVDPV emergence. C1 WHO, Global Specialized Reference Lab, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, AN Belozersky Inst Phys Chem Biol, Moscow, Russia. WHO, Global Specialized Reference Lab, Inst Pasteur, Paris, France. WHO, Global Specialized Refernce Lab, Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Penn, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Neurol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Kew, OM (reprint author), WHO, Global Specialized Reference Lab, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM omk1@cdc.gov RI Agol, Vadim/E-1941-2013; Delpeyroux, Francis/H-8838-2016 NR 50 TC 138 Z9 155 U1 1 U2 11 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 82 IS 1 BP 16 EP 23 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 771RF UT WOS:000188799300005 PM 15106296 ER PT J AU Sutter, RW Caceres, VM Lago, PM AF Sutter, RW Caceres, VM Lago, PM TI The role of routine polio immunization in the post-certification era SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE poliovirus vaccine, oral/administration and dosage; poliovirus vaccine, inactivated/administration and dosage; poliovirus/pathogenicity; certification; immunization programs/organization and administration; forecasting; policy making ID VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS; ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFANTS; POLIOMYELITIS; DIPHTHERIA; TETANUS; SAFETY; POPULATION; ANTIBODY AB The role of routine vaccination against poliomyelitis for the post-certification era remains an important area for policy decision-making. Two critical decisions need to be taken: first, to continue or discontinue vaccination with the live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV); and second, if OPV is to be discontinued, whether vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is needed, Four potential vaccination scenarios can be constructed: stop all polio vaccination; continue with current vaccination policies (OPV, IPV, or sequential schedule); discontinue OPV, but continue IPV universally; or discontinue OPV, but continue IPV in selected countries. All possible scenarios require continued investments in a surveillance and response strategy, including a stockpile of polio vaccine. Continuing vaccination would limit the savings that could be applied to the control of other health priorities. This report reviews the key issues associated with each scenario, highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each scenario, and outlines the major challenges for policy decision-making. C1 WHO, Dept Immunizat Vaccines & Biol, Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Global Immunizat Div, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth, Pedro Kouri Inst, Havana, Cuba. RP Sutter, RW (reprint author), WHO, Dept Immunizat Vaccines & Biol, Geneva, Switzerland. EM sutterr@who.int NR 48 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 82 IS 1 BP 31 EP 39 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 771RF UT WOS:000188799300007 PM 15106298 ER PT J AU Aylward, RB Cochi, SL AF Aylward, RB Cochi, SL TI Framework for evaluating the risks of paralytic poliomyelitis after global interruption of wild poliovirus transmission. SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE poliomyelitis/prevention and control/chemically induced; poliovirus vaccine, oral/adverse effects; poliovirus/growth and development; containment of biohazards; risk assessment/standards; certification; policy making ID ERADICATION; ENDGAME AB With the interruption of wild poliovirus transmission globally, the need for new policies to deal with the post-certification era will rapidly arise. New policies will be required in four areas: detection and notification of circulating polioviruses; biocontainment of wild, vaccine-derived and attenuated strains of poliovirus; vaccine stockpiles and response mechanisms; and routine immunization against polioviruses. A common understanding of the potential risks of paralytic poliomyelitis in the post-certification period is essential to the development of these policies. Since 2000, there has been increasing international consensus that the risks of paralytic poliomyelitis in the post-certification era fall into two categories: those due to the continued use of the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and those due to future improper handling of wild polioviruses. The specific risks within both categories have now been defined, and an understanding of the frequency and potential burden of disease associated with each is rapidly improving. This knowledge and clarity have provided a framework that is already proving valuable for identifying research priorities and discussing potential policy options with national authorities. However, this framework must be regarded as a dynamic tool, requiring regular updating as additional information on these risks becomes available through further scientific research, programmatic work, and policy decisions. C1 WHO, Polio Eradicat Initiat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Global Immunizat Div, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Aylward, RB (reprint author), WHO, Polio Eradicat Initiat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. EM aylwardb@who.int NR 32 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 82 IS 1 BP 40 EP 46 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 771RF UT WOS:000188799300008 PM 15106299 ER PT J AU Daniel, M Cargo, MD Lifshay, J Green, LW AF Daniel, M Cargo, MD Lifshay, J Green, LW TI Cigarette smoking, mental health and social support - Data from a Northwestern First Nation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE LA English DT Article ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; WORK-ENVIRONMENT; STRESS PROCESS; SWEDISH MEN; DEPRESSION; COMMUNITY; RESOURCES; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; ILLNESS AB Background: The prevalence of smoking is high in many Aboriginal Canadian communities; rates of 50% are not uncommon. Aboriginal Canadians suffer a severe burden of smoking-related disease. Research in other populations has linked depression and smoking. It is not known whether mental health or affective measures are related to smoking for any of Canada's First Nations, and this study sought to answer this question. Understanding relations between affect and smoking behaviour is requisite to mounting anti-smoking interventions. Methods: Smoking status and psychosocial measures including depression, mastery, affect balance and social support were obtained in a community-based chronic disease survey for a rural Interior Salishan First Nation in British Columbia (Plateau area). Persons surveyed were on-reserve residents (n=187), overweight (body mass index greater than or equal to25 kg/m(2)), with mean age of 44.1 years (standard deviation 15.0). Results: The prevalence of smoking was 48.1%. Adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, smokers relative to nonsmokers had higher (p<0.01 0) depression (mean 21.3 [CI 95%, 19.1-23.4] vs. 16.1 [14.1-18.0]) and negative affect (18.6 [14.9-22.3] vs. 11.0 [7.6-14.4]), and lower mastery (36.4 [35.5-37.3] vs. 38.1 [37.2-38.9]). A positive relationship between mastery and social support was greater for nonsmokers (p=0.046). Conclusion: Depression and negative affect are associated with smoking among overweight persons in a rural First Nation in British Columbia. Furthermore, smoking is inversely related to mastery, and this relation varies with social support. Longitudinal study is required to determine whether smoking influences mental health and mastery, or the reverse. C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Med Sociale & Prevent, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Social & Transcultural Psychiat, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Sci, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Extramural Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Daniel, M (reprint author), Univ Montreal, Dept Med Sociale & Prevent, CP 6128,Succursale Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. EM mark.daniel@umontreal.ca RI Daniel, Mark/A-1151-2009; Cargo, Margaret/B-2141-2010 NR 54 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU CANADIAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 1565 CARLING AVE, SUITE 400, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 8R1, CANADA SN 0008-4263 J9 CAN J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Can. J. Public Health-Rev. Can. Sante Publ. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 95 IS 1 BP 45 EP 49 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 768DH UT WOS:000188512600010 PM 14768741 ER PT J AU Gospodarowicz, MK Miller, D Groome, PA Greene, FL Logan, PA Sobin, LH AF Gospodarowicz, MK Miller, D Groome, PA Greene, FL Logan, PA Sobin, LH TI The process for continuous improvement of the TNM classification SO CANCER LA English DT Editorial Material DE cancer staging; TNM classification; evidence-based practice ID PROGNOSTIC FACTORS C1 Univ Toronto, Princess Margaret Hosp, Dept Radiat Oncol, Toronto, ON, Canada. World Bank, Ctr Dis Control, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Queens Univ, Inst Canc Res, Div Canc Care & Epidemiol, Kingston, ON, Canada. Carolinas Med Ctr, Dept Gen Surg, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA. Canc Surveillance Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. USA, Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Div Gastrointestinal Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Gospodarowicz, MK (reprint author), Princess Margaret Hosp, 620 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HR3/CCH417470] NR 9 TC 135 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 100 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1002/cncr.11898 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 756LV UT WOS:000187467400001 PM 14692017 ER PT J AU Montano, DE Selby, JV Somkin, CP Bhat, A Nadel, M AF Montano, DE Selby, JV Somkin, CP Bhat, A Nadel, M TI Acceptance of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer SO CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE colorectal cancer screening; sigmoidoscopy; attitude; behavioral theory ID POPULATION; TESTS AB This study was conducted in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California to identify patient characteristics that explain interest in flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening. A mailed screening invitation to 6837 age-eligible patients elicited responses from 49%. Efforts to reach and interview both eligible respondents and non-respondents resulted in 2728 computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI), with 60% indicating interest in FS screening. Five components of the Integrated Behavioral Model were measured with respect to FS screening: attitude, affect, social influence, facilitators/barriers, and perceived risk of colorectal cancer. All five model components were significantly and independently associated with interest in FS, with patient attitude being the strongest predictor. Of the 32 items comprising the model components, nine items having the highest correlations with FS interest were identified as potentially important issues to address by efforts to increase interest in screening. Six of these were attitudinal beliefs. The findings front this theory-driven study provide specific targets for the design of interventions to increase FS interest and screening rates. (C) 2004 International Society for Preventive Oncology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Evaluat, Batelle, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Montano, DE (reprint author), Ctr Publ Hlth Res, Batelle, 1100 Dexter Ave North,Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. EM montano@battelle.org NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0361-090X J9 CANCER DETECT PREV JI Cancer Detect. Prev. PY 2004 VL 28 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 DI 10.1016/j.cdp.2003.11.005 PG 9 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 811XV UT WOS:000220805500007 PM 15041077 ER PT J AU Ley, C Mohar, A Guarner, J Herrera-Goepfert, R Figueroa, LS Halperin, D Johnstone, I Parsonnet, J AF Ley, C Mohar, A Guarner, J Herrera-Goepfert, R Figueroa, LS Halperin, D Johnstone, I Parsonnet, J TI Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric preneoplastic conditions: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL METAPLASIA; HIGH-RISK; QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT; PRECANCEROUS LESIONS; NATURAL-HISTORY; STOMACH-CANCER; FOLLOW-UP; INFECTION; POPULATION; CLASSIFICATION AB Helicobacter pylori causes gastric adenocarcinoma; whether treatment of H. pylori infection prevents this cancer remains unknown. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of H. pylori eradication, we determined whether treatment for H. pylori decreases gastric cancer risk, using preneoplastic conditions as surrogate markers. A total of 248 healthy volunteers (age >40 years) randomly received H. pylori treatment (omeprazole, amoxicillin, clarythromycin; n = 122) or matched placebo (n = 126) for 1 week. Endoscopy was performed at baseline and at 6 weeks and 1 year. Seven biopsies from each endoscopy were reviewed by two pathologists using the revised Sydney classification. Outcome measures were both a consensus "worst biopsy" diagnosis and a weighted index score that incorporated degrees of severity of preneoplasia from all biopsies. We compared change in these outcomes over time between the two treatment groups. H. pylori cure rates for compliant subjects in the treatment arm were 79.2% and 75.7% at 6 weeks and 1 year, respectively. No statistically significant change in the worst biopsy diagnosis was observed from 6 weeks to 1 year between placebo and treated subjects (for improvement/worsening, placebo, 19.4%/10.5%; treatment, 22.5%/8.3%; P = 0.74). Change in index score was favorably greater in treatment compared with placebo subjects (intention-to-treat analysis, P = 0.03); this finding was particularly evident in the antrum. H. pylori eradication gave more favorable gastric histopathologies over 1 year than no treatment. C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Epidemiol, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Inst Nacl Cancerol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Biomed, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol, Atlanta, GA USA. El Colegio Frontera Sur, Div Poblac & Salud, Chiapas, Mexico. RP Parsonnet, J (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Epidemiol, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Grant Bldg,Room S156,300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM parsonnt@stanford.edu RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA67488] NR 32 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 4 EP 10 DI 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-03-0124 PG 7 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 767KG UT WOS:000188438300004 PM 14744726 ER PT J AU Focant, JF Pirard, C De Pauw, E AF Focant, JF Pirard, C De Pauw, E TI Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in Belgian and international fast food samples SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE dioxins; fast food; pizza; burgers; exposure; dietary intake ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; CONTAMINATION; INCIDENT; CLEANUP AB Congener-specific analyses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were performed on twenty-eight non-pooled fast food samples collected in Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, United States of America and Australia. PCDD/F and PCB concentrations for the four investigated types of meals were very low. PCDD/F values ranged from non-detected to 1.40 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat and from 0.79 to 2.08 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for lower and upper bound, respectively. Major contributors to the PCDD/F TEQ were 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. The relative contribution of PCBs to the total TEQ was 68%. For adults, an average estimated intake was 6.7 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/month, including consumption of all types of analyzed meals, representing 9.5% of the PTMI. For child, a value of 14.5 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/month was obtained, representing 20.6% of the PTMI. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Liege, Mass Spectrometry Lab, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. RP Focant, JF (reprint author), CDC, NCEH, DLS, OAT, 4770 Buford Highway,MS F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 2004 VL 54 IS 1 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00656-8 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759NU UT WOS:000187744400015 PM 14559266 ER PT J AU Nakata, A Haratani, T Takahashi, M Kawakami, N Arito, H Kobayashi, F Fujioka, Y Fukui, S Araki, S AF Nakata, A Haratani, T Takahashi, M Kawakami, N Arito, H Kobayashi, F Fujioka, Y Fukui, S Araki, S TI Association of sickness absence with poor sleep and depressive symptoms in shift workers SO CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Symposium on Night and Shift Work CY NOV 17-21, 2003 CL Santos, BRAZIL DE shift work; sickness absence; sleep; depressive symptoms; male; occupational medicine ID WHITEHALL-II; HEALTH-PROBLEMS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; MENTAL-HEALTH; JOB STRESS; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; DISORDERS; INSOMNIA; ABSENTEEISM AB A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of daily sleep habits and depressive symptoms to sickness absences of shift workers. A self-administered questionnaire that solicited answers about sleep, symptoms of depression, sickness absence, diseases/injuries, and lifestyle factors was submitted to a sample of 522 rotating shift workers between the ages of 18-59 (mean 27) yrs of an electric equipment manufacturing company. The seven features of sleep queried were daily hours of sleep, time to fall asleep, awakening during sleep, early morning awakening, sleep well at night, sufficiency of sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness at work. The responses were assessed over the subject's previous 1-yr period. Each sleep feature, except daily sleeping hours, was dichotomized by the following responses: (1) taking more than 30 min to fall asleep (difficulty initiating sleep; DIS), (2) awakening during sleep almost every day (difficulty maintaining sleep; DMS), (3) early morning awakening almost every day (EMA), (4) sleeping very poorly or not so well at night, (5) definite or somewhat insufficient nightly sleep, and (6) excessive daytime sleepiness at work almost every day (EDS). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Sickness absence was calculated by asking subjects "How many days in total have you been absent from work due to sickness, including paid vacation, in the last 1-yr period?" The responses were divided into three groups that included no (0 days) sickness absences (reference group, n = 235 subjects), 1 to 4 days (short-term, n = 199 subjects), and 5 days or more (long-term, n = 88 subjects). Compared to the prevalence of sleep features of the reference group, workers with short-term absence showed a significantly higher prevalence of EMA with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-22.0. Long-term absence was significantly associated with DMS (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.6), EMA (OR = 5.6, 95% CI 1.0-28.7), sleeping poorly at night (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-5.0), and high depressive symptoms (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.7) according to the CES-D score of greater than or equal to16, after adjusting for multiple confounding variables. These data point to an association between both the parameters of poor sleep and symptoms of deep depression when self-reported sickness absence is frequent. The association is particularly strong with long-term absence in male shift workers. C1 Natl Inst Ind Hlth, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med & Dent, Okayama, Japan. Aichi Med Univ, Dept Hlth & Psychosocial Med, Aichi, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth & Occupat Med, Tokyo, Japan. Japan Soc Promot Sci, Tokyo, Japan. RP Nakata, A (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM cji5@cdc.gov RI Nakata, Akinori/A-2399-2008 NR 47 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 10 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0742-0528 J9 CHRONOBIOL INT JI Chronobiol. Int. PY 2004 VL 21 IS 6 BP 899 EP 912 DI 10.1081/LCBI-200038104 PG 14 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 883VV UT WOS:000226044700008 PM 15646237 ER PT J AU Biagini, RE Sammons, DL Smith, JP MacKenzie, BA Striley, CAF Semenova, V Steward-Clark, E Stamey, K Freeman, AE Quinn, CP Snawder, JE AF Biagini, RE Sammons, DL Smith, JP MacKenzie, BA Striley, CAF Semenova, V Steward-Clark, E Stamey, K Freeman, AE Quinn, CP Snawder, JE TI Comparison of a multiplexed fluorescent covalent microsphere immunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxins SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCOCCAL CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES; PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN; MODEL AB Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported an accurate, sensitive, specific, reproducible, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) in human serum (C. P. Quinn, V. A. Semenova, C. M. Elie et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1103-1110, 2002). The ELISA had a minimum detectable concentration (MDC) of 0.06 mug/ml, which, when dilution adjusted, yielded a whole-serum MDC of 3.0 mug of anti-PA IgG per ml. The reliable detection limit (RDL) was 0.09 mug/ml, while the dynamic range was 0.06 to 1.7 mug/ml. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 97.6% and the diagnostic specificity was 94.2% for clinically verified cases of anthrax. A competitive inhibition anti-PA IgG ELISA was also developed to enhance the diagnostic specificity to 100%. We report a newly developed fluorescence covalent microbead immunosorbent assay (FCMIA) for B. anthracis PA which was Luminex xMap technology. The FCMIA MDC was 0.006 mug of anti-PA IgG per ml, the RDL was 0.016 mug/ml, and the whole-serum equivalent MDC was 1.5 mug/ml. The dynamic range was 0.006 to 6.8 mug/ml. Using this system, we analyzed 20 serum samples for anti-PA IgG and compared our results to those measured by ELISA in a double-masked analysis. The two methods had a high positive correlation (r(2) = 0.852; P < 0.001). The FCMIA appears to have benefits over the ELISA for the measurement of anti-PA IgG, including greater sensitivity and speed, enhanced dynamic range and reagent stability, the use of smaller sample volumes, and the ability to be multiplexed (measurement of more than one analyte simultaneously), as evidenced by the multiplexed measurement in the present report of anti-PA and anti-lethal factor IgG in serum from a confirmed clinical anthrax infection. C1 NIOSH, CDC,Div Appl Res & Technol, Biol Monitoring Lab Sect,Robert A Taft Labs, Biomonitoring & Hlth Assement Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Microbial Pathogenesis & Immune Response Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. RP NIOSH, CDC,Div Appl Res & Technol, Biol Monitoring Lab Sect,Robert A Taft Labs, Biomonitoring & Hlth Assement Branch, MS C-26,4676 Colombia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM rbiagini@cdc.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Y02ES10189] NR 19 TC 67 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 50 EP 55 DI 10.1128/CDLI.11.1.50-55.2004 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 764HL UT WOS:000188201400008 PM 14715544 ER PT J AU Romero-Steiner, S Spear, W Brown, N Holder, P Hennessy, T de Leon, PG Carlone, GM AF Romero-Steiner, S Spear, W Brown, N Holder, P Hennessy, T de Leon, PG Carlone, GM TI Measurement of serum bactericidal activity specific for Haemophilus influenzae type b by using a chromogenic and fluorescent metabolic indicator SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASSAY AB We evaluated alamarBlue as a metabolic indicator in a standardized assay for the measurement of serum bactericidal activity (SBA) to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) using sera containing natural and vaccine-induced anticapsular (polyribosylribitol phosphate) antibodies. SBA assays with a colorimetric and a fluorometric end point in the presence of alamarBlue were developed and compared to a standard SBA assay, where colony counts are performed to determine the titer (12). A colorimetric end point required a spectrophotometer, whereas a fluorometric end point required a fluorometer. Prevaccination sera (n = 27) and postvaccination sera (n = 13) were tested by all three methodologies, and the SBA titers obtained in the presence of alamarBlue were compared to those from the standard method. Both the colorimetric and the fluorometric SBA titers were significantly correlated (r = 0.87 and r = 0.95, respectively) with those of the standard assay (greater than or equal to50% killing as the SBA titer end point), and titers were not significantly different when compared to those of the standard assay (P > 0.68). However, the fluorometric end point had superior performance and ease of titer determination compared to the colorimetric end point (95 versus 87% of SBA titers were within 2 dilutions of the standard titer). Hib SBA assays with alamarBlue are reproducible, faster (same-day assay), and easier to perform than the standardized assay, which requires manual or automated colony counts. These semiautomated methodologies result in increased sample throughput and collection of data in digital formats that can be exported to data analysis programs for determination of SBA titers. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Resp Dis Immunol Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arct Invest Program, Anchorage, AK USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Sch Med, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Romero-Steiner, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Resp Dis Immunol Sect, MS A-36,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM SSteiner@cdc.gov OI Romero-Steiner, Sandra/0000-0003-4128-7768 NR 16 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 89 EP 93 DI 10.1128/CDLI.11.1.89-93.2004 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 764HL UT WOS:000188201400014 PM 14715550 ER PT J AU Diaz, T Almeida, MDB Georg, I Maia, SD de Souza, RV Markowitz, LE AF Diaz, T Almeida, MDB Georg, I Maia, SD de Souza, RV Markowitz, LE TI Evaluation of the determine rapid syphilis TP assay using sera SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM; TESTS; DIAGNOSIS; INFECTION; SEROLOGY AB The Abbott Determine Rapid Syphilis TP assay is a treponemal test that can be used in resource-poor settings that lack laboratory facilities. However, this test has not been extensively evaluated. We measured its sensitivity and specificity by using stored serum specimens (n = 567) from all persons who tested Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) positive (n = 250) or TPHA indeterminate (n = 17) in the year 2001 and the first 300 patients in 2001 who tested TPHA negative at the Evandro Chagas Research Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This rapid assay was independently interpreted by three different observers. With TPHA results as the reference, sensitivity ranged between readers from 95.6 to 98.4% and specificity ranged from 97.3 to 95.7%. There was little interreader variability in the interpretation of results, with approximately 98% agreement for all reader combinations. Of samples from persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (n = 198), sensitivity was 96.9 to 99.2% and it was 94.4 to 96.3% among HIV-negative persons (n = 127). Specificity was 92.4 to 95.5% among HIV-positive persons and 97.2 to 100% among HIV-negative persons. We found this test to have high sensitivity and specificity and little interreader variability, indicating that it may be easily used in resource-poor settings without laboratory facilities. Further studies are needed using this test on whole blood and under the clinical conditions for which it is intended. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCSTP, GAP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Oswaldo Cruz Fdn, Evandro Chagas Res Inst, Serv Immunol, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Oswaldo Cruz Fdn, Evandro Chagas Res Inst, Dept Infect Dis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Pan Amer Hlth Org, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Diaz, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCSTP, GAP, MS E30,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM txd1@cdc.gov NR 17 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 98 EP 101 DI 10.1128/CDLI.11.1.98-101.2004 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 764HL UT WOS:000188201400016 PM 14715552 ER PT J AU Feikin, DR Elie, CM Goetz, MB Lennox, JL Carlone, GM Romero-Steiner, S Holder, PF O'Brien, WA Whitney, CG Butler, JC Breiman, RF AF Feikin, DR Elie, CM Goetz, MB Lennox, JL Carlone, GM Romero-Steiner, S Holder, PF O'Brien, WA Whitney, CG Butler, JC Breiman, RF TI Specificity of the antibody response to the pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; CHILDREN; DISEASE; HIV; VACCINATION; ACTIVATION; EFFICACY AB Nonspecific antibodies, which are thought to be nonprotective, have been shown to contribute a substantial proportion of the measured concentration in the standardized immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pneumococcal polysaccharide capsular antibodies. The presence of such antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons has not been evaluated. The amount of nonspecific antibodies is proportional to the reduction in IgG antibody concentration that occurs with serum absorption with the heterologous polysaccharide 22F. We measured the amount of nonspecific antibodies before and after vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV; n = 33) or the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV; n = 34) in HIV-infected adults with CD4 counts of greater than or equal to200 cells/mm(3). Blood was drawn before and 2 months after vaccination. For prevaccination sera, we found a substantial amount of nonspecific antibodies for serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, and 23F (23 to 47% of measured IgG concentration), but not for serotype 14. There tended to be proportionately less nonspecific antibodies in postvaccine sera than prevaccine sera for PCV, but not for PPV. Subjects with a low HIV viral load (less than or equal to400 copies/ml) had proportionately more nonspecific antibodies than those with higher viral load before and after both vaccines. After 22F absorption, the geometric mean concentrations of antibodies were significantly higher post-PCV than post-PPV for the high viral load group for all five serotypes, but for no serotypes in the low viral load group. These findings confirm that absorption with a heterologous pneumococcal polysaccharide (e.g., 22F) is necessary to remove nonspecific antibodies in a standardized IgG ELISA for pneumococcal capsular antibodies in HIV-infected adults. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Grady Infect Dis Program, Atlanta, GA USA. VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Syst, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. RP Feikin, DR (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dfeikin@cdc.gov RI Lennox, Jeffrey/D-1654-2014; OI Lennox, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2064-5565; Romero-Steiner, Sandra/0000-0003-4128-7768; Goetz, Matthew/0000-0003-4542-992X NR 27 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 137 EP 141 DI 10.1128/CDLI.11.1.137-141.2004 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 764HL UT WOS:000188201400024 PM 14715560 ER PT J AU Hoelzel, W Weykamp, C Jeppsson, JO Miedema, K Barr, JR Goodall, I Hoshino, T John, WG Kobold, U Little, R Mosca, A Mauri, P Paroni, R Susanto, F Takei, I Thienpont, L Umemoto, M Wiedmeyer, HM AF Hoelzel, W Weykamp, C Jeppsson, JO Miedema, K Barr, JR Goodall, I Hoshino, T John, WG Kobold, U Little, R Mosca, A Mauri, P Paroni, R Susanto, F Takei, I Thienpont, L Umemoto, M Wiedmeyer, HM CA IFCC Working Grp on HBAlC Stand TI IFCC reference system for measurement of hemoglobin A(lc) in human blood and the National Standardization Schemes in the United States, Japan, and Sweden: A method-comparison study SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GLYCOHEMOGLOBIN STANDARDIZATION; EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; DIABETES-MELLITUS; REFERENCE VALUES; LABORATORIES; COMPLICATIONS; A(1C); PROGRAM; HBA(1C) AB Background: The national programs for the harmonization of hemoglobin (Hb)A(1c) measurements in the US [National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)], Japan [Japanese Diabetes Society (JDS)/Japanese Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC)], and Sweden are based on different designated comparison methods (DCMs). The future basis for international standardization will be the reference system developed by the IFCC Working Group on HbA(1c) Standardization. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationships between the IFCC Reference Method (RM) and the DCMs. Methods: Four method-comparison studies were performed in 2001-2003. In each study five to eight pooled blood samples were measured by 11 reference laboratories of the IFCC Network of Reference Laboratories, 9 Secondary Reference Laboratories of the NGSP, 3 reference laboratories of the JDS/JSCC program, and a Swedish reference laboratory. Regression equations were determined for the relationship between the IFCC RM and each of the DCMs. Results: Significant differences were observed between the HbA(1c) results of the IFCC RM and those of the DCMs. Significant differences were also demonstrated between the three DCMs. However, in all cases the relationship of the DCMs with the RM were linear. There were no statistically significant differences between the regression equations calculated for each of the four studies; therefore, the results could be combined. The relationship is described by the following regression equations: NGSP-HbA(1c) = 0.915(IFCC-HbA(1c)) + 2.15% (r(2) = 0.998); JDS/JSCC-HbA(1c) = 0.927(IFCC-HbA(1c)) + 1.73% (r(2) = 0.997); Swedish-HbA(1c) = 0.989(IFCC-HbA(1c)) + 0.88% (r(2) = 0.996). Conclusion: There is a firm and reproducible link between the IFCC RM and DCM HbA(1c) values. (C) 2004 American Association for Clinical Chemistry C1 Isala Klinieken, Dept Clin Chem, NL-8000 GM Zwolle, Netherlands. Roche Diagnost GmbH, Penzberg, Germany. SKZL Queen Beatrix Hosp, Winterswijk, Netherlands. Lund Univ, Malmo Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Chem, Malmo, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Austin & Repatriat Med Ctr, Dept Lab Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Inst Biopathol Med, Ono, Japan. Norfolk & Norwich Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, Norwich, Norfolk, England. Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Milan, Dept Biomed Sci & Technol, I-20122 Milan, Italy. CNR, Inst Biomed Technol, Milan, Italy. Hosp San Raffaele, Ist Ricovero & Cura Carattere Sci, I-20132 Milan, Italy. German Diabet Res Inst, Dusseldorf, Germany. Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, Tokyo, Japan. State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Analyt Chem Lab, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Stand Reference Ctr, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Miedema, K (reprint author), Isala Klinieken, Dept Clin Chem, NL-8000 GM Zwolle, Netherlands. EM k.miedema@isala.nl NR 35 TC 361 Z9 376 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1 BP 166 EP 174 DI 10.1373/clinchem.2003.024802 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 764QE UT WOS:000188216900019 PM 14709644 ER PT J AU Beatty, ME Jack, T Sivapalasingam, S Yao, SS Paul, I Bibb, B Greene, KD Kubota, K Mintz, ED Brooks, JT AF Beatty, ME Jack, T Sivapalasingam, S Yao, SS Paul, I Bibb, B Greene, KD Kubota, K Mintz, ED Brooks, JT TI An outbreak of Vibrio cholerae O1 infections on Ebeye Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands, associated with use of an adequately chlorinated water source SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Infectious-Disease-Society-of-America Meeting CY SEP 18-21, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID AFRICA AB In December 2000, physicians in the Republic of the Marshall Islands reported the first known outbreak of Vibrio cholerae O1 infection (biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa) from this country. In a matched case-control study on Ebeye Island, patients with cholera (n = 53) had greater odds than persons without cholera (n = 104) to have drunk adequately chlorinated water collected from a US military installation on neighboring Kwajalein Island and transported back to Ebeye (matched odds ratio [MOR], 8.0; P = .01). Transporting or storing drinking water in a water cooler with a spout and a tight-fitting lid was associated with reduced odds of illness (MOR, 0.24; P < .01), as was drinking bottled water (MOR, 0.08; P < .01), boiled water (MOR, 0.47; P = .01), or water flavored with powdered drink mixes (MOR, 0.18; P < .01). No cases of cholera were reported among Kwajalein residents. This outbreak highlights the critical importance of handling and storing drinking water safely, especially during outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness. C1 CDCP, Food & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Kwajalein Atoll Hlth Care Bur, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Island. Ebeye Hosp, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Island. RP Beatty, ME (reprint author), CDCP, Food & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1086/379713 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 754PF UT WOS:000187325000001 PM 14679441 ER PT J AU Mullins, JA Khetsuriani, N Nix, WA Oberste, MS LaMonte, A Kilpatrick, DR Dunn, J Langer, J McMinn, P Huang, QS Grimwood, K Huang, C Pallansch, MA AF Mullins, JA Khetsuriani, N Nix, WA Oberste, MS LaMonte, A Kilpatrick, DR Dunn, J Langer, J McMinn, P Huang, QS Grimwood, K Huang, C Pallansch, MA TI Emergence of echovirus type 13 as a prominent enterovirus SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ASEPTIC-MENINGITIS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; IDENTIFICATION AB In 2001, increased activity of the rarely detected enterovirus echovirus type 13 ( E13) was observed in the United States. This article describes the epidemiologic, clinical, and genetic characteristics of E13 activity in the United States in 2001, compared with E13 activity abroad in 2000 - 2002. In the United States, E13 accounted for 376 ( 24%) of the 1584 enterovirus isolates reported in 2001 ( 29% of the reported isolates had a known serotype), compared with 74 isolates reported during 1970 - 2000. Five states reported aseptic meningitis outbreaks associated with E13, for a total of 521 cases. All characterized E13 isolates from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Oceania recovered in 2000 - 2002 were at least 95% identical to each other in VP1 capsid gene sequence, but they were genetically distinct from E13 isolates recovered before 2000. Continued surveillance of enteroviruses is important to alert physicians and public health officials to changes in disease trends and to improve efficiencies of clinical intervention. C1 CDCP, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Associated Reg & Univ Pathologists Labs, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Princess Margaret Hosp Children, Dept Microbiol, Subiaco, WA, Australia. Telethon Inst Child Hlth Res, Div Virol, Subiaco, WA, Australia. Inst Environm Sci & Res, Porirua, New Zealand. Wellington Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. RP Khetsuriani, N (reprint author), CDCP, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Grimwood, Keith/F-9334-2011 NR 28 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 70 EP 77 DI 10.1086/380462 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 754PF UT WOS:000187325000010 PM 14679450 ER PT J AU Aral, S Dooley, SW Kamb, ML Kaplan, J Neumann, MS Onorato, IM Peterman, TA Rauch, KJ Ridzon, R Senterfitt, JW Aranda-Naranjo, B Johnson, M Gordon, CM Bartlett, J Hecht, F Mayer, K AF Aral, S Dooley, SW Kamb, ML Kaplan, J Neumann, MS Onorato, IM Peterman, TA Rauch, KJ Ridzon, R Senterfitt, JW Aranda-Naranjo, B Johnson, M Gordon, CM Bartlett, J Hecht, F Mayer, K CA CDC HRSA NIH HIVMA IDSA HIV Prevention Clincial Care Work TI Recommendations for incorporating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention into the medical care of persons living with HIV SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; INJECTING-DRUG-USERS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; MALE-TO-FEMALE; METHADONE-MAINTENANCE TREATMENT; AIDS RISK ACTIVITIES; OUT-OF-TREATMENT; ONE-TIME USE; HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION; PARTNER NOTIFICATION AB The estimated number of annual new human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) infections in the United States has remained at 40,000 for 110 years. Reducing the rate of transmission will require new strategies, including emphasis on prevention of transmission by HIV- infected persons. Medical care providers can affect HIV transmission by screening HIV- infected patients for risk behaviors, communicating prevention messages, discussing sexual and drug- use behaviors, reinforcing changes to safer behavior, referring patients for services such as substance abuse treatment, facilitating partner counseling and referral, and identifying and treating other sexually transmitted diseases. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC), the Health Resources and Services Administration ( HRSA), the National Institutes of Health ( NIH), and the HIV Medicine Association ( HIVMA) of the Infectious Diseases Society of America ( IDSA) have recently collaborated to develop evidence-based recommendations for incorporating HIV prevention into the medical care of persons living with HIV. This article summarizes key aspects of the recommendations. C1 CDCP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dooley, SW (reprint author), CDCP, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D-21, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 164 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 13 U2 14 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 104 EP 121 PG 18 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 754PF UT WOS:000187325000016 ER PT J AU McGowan, JP Shah, SS Ganea, CE Blum, S Ernst, JA Irwin, KL Olivo, N Weidle, PJ AF McGowan, JP Shah, SS Ganea, CE Blum, S Ernst, JA Irwin, KL Olivo, N Weidle, PJ TI Risk behavior for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among HIV-seropositive individuals in an urban setting SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections CY FEB 04-08, 2001 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; VIRAL LOAD; SEX; INFECTION; PREVENTION; TYPE-1; CRACK; MEN; POPULATION; EMERGENCY AB We conducted interviews with 256 human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) - infected patients who attended an HIV clinic in New York City to assess ongoing risk behaviors for HIV transmission. After learning that the result of an HIV test was positive, 106 subjects ( 41%) had unprotected sex, 63 ( 25%) had a new sexually transmitted disease diagnosis, and 38 ( 15%) used injection drugs. Unprotected sex was reported by 50% of women, 29% of heterosexual men (P = .006, compared with women), and 42% of men who have sex with men, and it was reported more often by persons with a history of trading sex for money or drugs (P < .001). In multivariate analysis, unprotected sex was associated with a history of trading sex for money or drugs ( adjusted odds ratio [ AOR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [ CI], 2.2 - 7.0) and use of highly active antiretroviral therapy ( AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 - 3.1). Ongoing risk- reduction counseling and substance abuse treatment for HIV- infected persons are needed to reduce behaviors associated with HIV transmission. C1 Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr, Dept Med, Bronx, NY 10457 USA. Community Res Initiat AIDS, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McGowan, JP (reprint author), N Shore Univ Hosp, Div Infect Dis, 4th Fl,Lippert Bldg,300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA. FU ODCDC CDC HHS [UC64/CCU213430-01] NR 27 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 122 EP 127 DI 10.1086/380128 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 754PF UT WOS:000187325000017 PM 14679457 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Fayer, R Ryan, U Upton, SJ AF Xiao, LH Fayer, R Ryan, U Upton, SJ TI Cryptosporidium taxonomy: Recent advances and implications for public health SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; BETA-TUBULIN GENE; N. SP APICOMPLEXA; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPIC ANALYSIS; QUAIL COLINUS-VIRGINIANUS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR AB There has been an explosion of descriptions of new species of Cryptosporidium during the last two decades. This has been accompanied by confusion regarding the criteria for species designation, largely because of the lack of distinct morphologic differences and strict host specificity among Cryptosporidium spp. A review of the biologic species concept, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and current practices for Cryptosporidium species designation calls for the establishment of guidelines for naming Cryptosporidium species. All reports of new Cryptosporidium species should include at least four basic components: oocyst morphology; natural host specificity, genetic characterizations, and compliance with the ICZN. Altogether, 13 Cryptosporidium spp. are currently recognized: C. muris, C. andersoni, C parvum, C. hominis, C. wrairi, C. felis, and C. cannis in mammals; C baileyi, C. meleagridis, and C. galli in birds; C. serpentis and C. saurophilum in reptiles; and C. molnari in fish. With the establishment of a framework for naming Cryptospolidium species and the availability of new taxonomic tools, there should be less confusion associated with the taxonomy of the genus Cryptosporidium. The clarification of Cryptosporidium taxonomy is also useful for understanding the biology of Cryptosporidium spp., assessing the public health significance of Cryptosporidium spp. in animals and the environment, characterizing transmission dynamics, and tracking infection and contamination sources. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. USDA ARS, ANRI, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Murdoch Univ, Div Vet & Biomed Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM lxiao@cdc.gov RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 257 TC 504 Z9 600 U1 6 U2 40 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 72 EP + DI 10.1128/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004 PG 27 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 769FX UT WOS:000188616800004 PM 14726456 ER PT J AU Talisuna, AO Bloland, P D'Alessandro, U AF Talisuna, AO Bloland, P D'Alessandro, U TI History, dynamics, and public health importance of malaria parasite resistance SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; PLUS SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE GENE; ANTIMALARIAL-DRUG-RESISTANCE; ELIMINATION HALF-LIFE; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; CHLOROQUINE-RESISTANCE; UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA; IN-VIVO AB Despite considerable efforts, malaria is still one of the most devastating infectious diseases in the tropics. The rapid spread of antimalarial drug resistance currently compounds this grim picture. In this paper, we review the history of antimalarial drug resistance and the methods for monitoring it and assess the current magnitude and burden of parasite resistance to two commonly used drugs: chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Furthermore, we review the factors involved in the emergence and spread of drug resistance and highlight its public health importance. Finally, we discuss ways of dealing with such a problem by using combination therapy and suggest some of the research themes needing urgent answers. C1 Inst Trop Med Prince Leopold, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. Minist Hlth, Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Kampala, Uganda. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Malaria Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP D'Alessandro, U (reprint author), Inst Trop Med Prince Leopold, Natl St 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. EM udalessandro@itg.be RI D'Alessandro, Umberto/D-3457-2015 OI D'Alessandro, Umberto/0000-0001-6341-5009 NR 235 TC 159 Z9 162 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 235 EP + DI 10.1128/CMR.17.1.235-254.2004 PG 21 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 769FX UT WOS:000188616800011 PM 14726463 ER PT J AU Grimes, DA Gallo, MF Halpern, V Nanda, K Schulz, KF Lopez, LM AF Grimes, David A. Gallo, Maria F. Halpern, Vera Nanda, Kavita Schulz, Kenneth F. Lopez, Laureen M. TI Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception SO COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Natural Family Planning Methods; Sexual Abstinence; Awareness; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Pregnancy AB Background 'Fertility awareness-based methods' of family planning "involve identification of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature, or by monitoring cycle days. Fertility awareness-based methods can be used in combination with abstinence or barrier methods during the fertile time" (WHO 2000). Several names have been used to describe this approach to contraception, including 'rhythm,' 'natural family planning' and 'periodic abstinence.' Fertility awareness-based methods can be used with abstinence from sexual intercourse. Alternatively, they can be used with barrier contraceptives or withdrawal during presumed fertile times. Objectives We retrieved and analyzed all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined any fertility awareness-based methods used for contraception. Search methods In February 2012, we searched the computerized databases CENTRAL, MEDLINE, POPLINE, and LILACS for randomized controlled trials of fertility awareness-based methods. We also searched for trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP. Previous searches also included EMBASE. For the initial review, we examined the reference lists of trial reports as well as that of review articles. Selection criteria We included all RCTs in any language that compared any fertility awareness-based methods for contraception with a placebo; another method, including an alternative fertility awareness-based method; or fertility awareness-based methods used in conjunction with another contraceptive. Data collection and analysis We assessed all titles and abstracts found for inclusion. We evaluated the methodological quality of the trials for potential biases by qualitatively assessing the study design, randomization method, allocation concealment, blinding, premature discontinuation rates, and loss to follow-up rates. Because of methodological weaknesses, we could not enter the trial results in RevMan, calculate measures of association, or aggregate data. Main results Because of poor methods and reporting, pregnancy rates could not be determined. A trial in Colombia found similar numbers of pregnancies among women randomized to the ovulation and symptothermal methods. In contrast, a companion trial in Los Angeles observed more pregnancies in the group assigned to the ovulation method. In the two USA trials, recruitment of participants was unexpectedly difficult; this aspect was not mentioned in the report from Colombia. Continuation rates were poor. In the two larger trials, most participants discontinued their assigned method before entering the observation phase of the trial. Authors' conclusions The comparative efficacy of fertility awareness-based methods of contraception remains unknown. Despite intensive training and ongoing support, most participants in these trials discontinued prematurely. Contraceptive methods should be properly evaluated, preferably in randomized controlled trials, before adoption and dissemination. C1 [Grimes, David A.] Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Obstet & Gynecol, CB 7570, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Gallo, Maria F.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. [Halpern, Vera; Lopez, Laureen M.] FHI 360, Clin Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. [Nanda, Kavita] FHI, Clin Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. [Schulz, Kenneth F.] FHI 360, Quantitat Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. [Schulz, Kenneth F.] UNC Sch Med, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Grimes, DA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Obstet & Gynecol, CB 7570, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM david_grimes@med.unc.edu FU National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, USA; U. S. Agency for International Development, USA FX External sources; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, USA.; U. S. Agency for International Development, USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1469-493X EI 1361-6137 J9 COCHRANE DB SYST REV JI Cochrane Database Syst Rev. PY 2004 IS 4 AR CD004860 DI 10.1002/14651858.CD004860.pub2 PG 16 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA V46YL UT WOS:000209919400130 ER PT J AU Borkowf, CB AF Borkowf, CB TI An efficient algorithm for generating two-way contingency tables with fixed marginal totals and arbitrary mean proportions, with applications to permutation tests SO COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS & DATA ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE copula; enumeration; exact inference; iterative proportion fitting (IPF); multivariate extended hypergeometric (MXH) distribution; simulation AB In this paper, we present an algorithm for generating two-way contingency tables with fixed marginal totals and arbitrary mean proportions. These tables have exactly the multivariate extended hypergeometric (MXH) distribution in special cases where certain local independence conditions hold, and approximately that distribution otherwise. One can simulate MXH tables to approximate the results of permutation tests under null and alternative hypotheses. We also consider appropriate classes of models for the mean proportions of MXH tables. Finally, we illustrate the use of the methods developed in this paper on two medical applications. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NCI, Canc Res Ctr, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Borkowf, CB (reprint author), CDCP, NCID, DVRD, Influenza Branch,Epidemiol Sect, Mail Stop A32,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cborkowf@cdc.gov NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9473 J9 COMPUT STAT DATA AN JI Comput. Stat. Data Anal. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 BP 431 EP 449 AR PII S0167-9473(02)00253-0 DI 10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00253-0 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 760WW UT WOS:000187859100001 ER PT S AU Rupprecht, CE Hanlon, CA Slate, D AF Rupprecht, CE Hanlon, CA Slate, D BE Schudel, A Lombard, M TI Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Opportunities and challenges in prevention and control SO Control of Infectious Animal Diseases by Vaccination SE DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Control of Infectious Animal Diseases by Vaccination CY APR 13-16, 2004 CL Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA SP World Org Anim Hlth, CAPROVE, Int Assoc Biol, Serv Nacl Sanidad & Calidad Agroalimenatria, Biogenesis SA, Intervet SA, Merial SAS, San Jorge Bago SA DE disease control; emerging infections; oral vaccination; rabies; wildlife; zoonosis ID GLYCOPROTEIN RECOMBINANT VIRUS; PUBLIC VETERINARY-MEDICINE; HUMAN ADENOVIRUS VACCINE; RACCOON RABIES; UNITED-STATES; SKUNKS; IMMUNIZATION; EFFICACY; PROGRAM; FOXES AB Rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus. Rabies virus is the representative member of the group. Warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. The dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. Traditionally, reliance upon long-term, widespread, government-supported programmes aimed at population reduction of animals at risk has been unsuccessful as the sole means of rabies control, based in part upon economical, ecological and ethical grounds. In contrast, immunization of domestic dogs with traditional veterinary vaccines by the parenteral route led to the virtual extinction of canine-transmitted rabies in developed countries. Taken from this basic concept of applied herd immunity, the idea of wildlife vaccination was conceived during the 1960s, and modified-live rabies, viruses were used for the experimental oral vaccination of carnivores by the 1970s. The development of safe and effective rabies virus vaccines applied in attractive baits resulted in the first field trials in Switzerland in 1978. Thereafter, technical improvements occurred in vaccine quality and production, including the design of recombinant viruses, as well as in the ease of mass distribution of millions of edible baits over large geographical areas. Over the past few decades, extensive oral vaccination programmes focusing upon the red fox, using hand and aerial distribution of vaccine-laden baits, have resulted in the virtual disappearance of rabies in Western Europe. The same dramatic observation held true for southern Ontario. During the 1990s in the United States, oral vaccination programmes concentrated upon raccoons, grey foxes, and coyotes, with similar success. For example, raccoon rabies has not spread west of the current focus in the eastern states, grey fox rabies is contained in west central Texas, and no recent cases of rabies have been reported from coyotes away from the Mexican border for several years. Despite the progress observed and the absence of substantive adverse environmental or health effects, oral vaccination is not a panacea, and should be viewed as an important adjunct to traditional prevention and control techniques in human and veterinary medicine. Local outbreak suppression of rabies among free-ranging wildlife is documented, and regional elimination of particular virus variants among specific, targeted carnivore hosts is demonstrable, but true disease eradication is not achievable at the present time by current techniques. For example, no practical vaccination methods have been designed for bats. Although lyssaviruses appear in relative compartmentalization between the Chiroptera and Carnivora, major spillover events have been detected from bats to carnivores, and phylogenetic analyses suggest a historical basis for extant viral origins due to interactions between these taxa. Thus, bio-political considerations aside, the possibility for pathogen emergence resulting from transmission by rabid bats with subsequent perpetuation among other animals cannot be discounted easily on any continent, with the possible exception of Antarctica. Clearly, given their biodiversity, distribution, and abundance, novel methods would be necessary to consider meaningful control of rabies in these unique volant mammals. Newer approaches in biotechnology may be envisaged some day for eventual extenson to bats, as well as more widespread application to global canine rabies remediation in developing countries. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rupprecht, CE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G33, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 61 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 37 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1424-6074 BN 3-8055-7874-1 J9 DEV BIOLOGICALS JI Dev. Biols PY 2004 VL 119 BP 173 EP 184 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Veterinary Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Veterinary Sciences GA BEA66 UT WOS:000236475300016 PM 15742629 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC AF Hooper, WC TI The relationship between inflammation and the anticoagulant pathway: The emerging role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) SO CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN LA English DT Review ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-C; NF-KAPPA-B; BLOOD-COAGULATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; C4B-BINDING PROTEIN; MESSENGER-RNA; CELL-LINE; FACTOR-XA; IN-VIVO; NECROSIS AB Inflammation represents the interaction of the immune and coagulation systems in an attempt to restore normal hemostasis following injury. The underlying basis of the interrelationship between these two physiological systems revolves around the following: a) the activation of coagulation by inflammation, b) the augmentation of the inflammatory response by coagulation, c) the significant attenuation of inflammation by the anticoagulant response and d) the separate influence of the vascular endothelium on coagulation and inflammation as well as its mediation or control of the cross-talk between these two physiological systems. In hemostasis, the protein C anticoagulant pathway is a major mechanism that functions to prevent the development of a pathological thrombus through the regulation of the procoagulant pathway. The endothelium. is essential in maintaining a physiological balance between the anticoagulant and procoagulant pathways with proinflammatory cytokines functioning, in part, to regulate endothelial-cell- surface associated coagulation and anticoagulation proteins. In addition to its anticoagulant properties, activated protein C can also function as a regulator of proinflammatory cytokine production. Current evidence suggests that activated protein C may act to control inflammation through NF-kappaB and/or nitric oxide synthase. A better understanding of the relationship between APC and inflammation may provide new targets for drug design. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hooper, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM chooper@cdc.gov NR 61 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI HILVERSUM PA PO BOX 1673, 1200 BR HILVERSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1381-6128 J9 CURR PHARM DESIGN JI Curr. Pharm. Design PY 2004 VL 10 IS 8 BP 923 EP 927 DI 10.2174/1381612043452857 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 804BH UT WOS:000220273700011 PM 15032695 ER PT J AU Kellar, KL Oliver, KG AF Kellar, KL Oliver, KG TI Multiplexed microsphere assays for protein and DNA binding reactions SO CYTOMETRY, 4TH EDITION: NEW DEVELOPMENTS SE METHODS IN CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; FLOW-CYTOMETRIC ASSAY; HIGH-THROUGHPUT; HUMAN CYTOKINES; SINGLE-SAMPLE; SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION; SIMULTANEOUS QUANTITATION; FLOWMETRIX SYSTEM; IMMUNE-COMPLEXES; IMMUNOASSAY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biotechnol Core Facil Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Sci Resources Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Radix BioSolut Ltd, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA. RP Kellar, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biotechnol Core Facil Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Sci Resources Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 65 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-679X J9 METHOD CELL BIOL PY 2004 VL 75 BP 409 EP 429 PG 21 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA BBS31 UT WOS:000227570400016 PM 15603435 ER PT J AU Schwartz, A Gaigalas, AK Wang, LL Marti, GE Vogt, RF Fernandez-Repollet, E AF Schwartz, A Gaigalas, AK Wang, LL Marti, GE Vogt, RF Fernandez-Repollet, E TI Formalization of the MESF unit of fluorescence intensity SO CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE MESF; Molecules of Equivalent Soluble Fluorochrome; quantitation; fluorescence intensity AB This report summarizes the work performed during the past two years at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the refinement and formal definition of the MESF unit of fluorescence intensity. In addition to the theory underlying the MESF unit, considerations of error analysis are also presented. The details of this work may be found in the three publications of the NIST Journal of Research (www.nist.gov) listed as the references 2-4. The use of the fluorescence intensity unit provides a tool to compare quantitative fluorescence intensity measurements over time and across platforms. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Quantitat Cytometry, San Juan, PR USA. RP Schwartz, A (reprint author), POB 194344, San Juan, PR 00919 USA. EM abe@quantcyte.org NR 4 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOM PART B-CLIN CY JI Cytom. Part B-Clin. Cytom. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 57B IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1002/cyto.b.10066 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Pathology GA 760XQ UT WOS:000187860900001 PM 14696057 ER PT J AU Unger, ER Steinau, M Rajeevan, MS Swan, D Lee, DR Vernon, SD AF Unger, ER Steinau, M Rajeevan, MS Swan, D Lee, DR Vernon, SD TI Molecular markers for early detection of cervical neoplasia SO DISEASE MARKERS LA English DT Article ID SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITIONS; GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; END-POINT BIOMARKERS; HUMAN-PAPILLOMAVIRUS; INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; FHIT EXPRESSION; DNA METHYLATION; UTERINE CERVIX; MICROSATELLITE ALTERATIONS C1 US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prev, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Unger, ER (reprint author), US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prev, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G41, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM eunger@cdc.gov OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 FU NCI NIH HHS [Y1-CN-0101-01] NR 99 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0278-0240 J9 DIS MARKERS JI Dis. Markers PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 103 EP 116 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 852EW UT WOS:000223739000007 PM 15322318 ER PT J AU Brabin, BJ Eggelte, TA Parise, M Verhoeff, F AF Brabin, BJ Eggelte, TA Parise, M Verhoeff, F TI Dapsone therapy for malaria during pregnancy - Maternal and fetal outcomes SO DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Review ID IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; DERMATITIS-HERPETIFORMIS; FALCIPARUM-MALARIA; HERPES GESTATIONIS; HEMOLYTIC-ANEMIA; INDUCED METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; ANTIMALARIAL-DRUGS; LEPROSY PATIENTS; N-HYDROXYLATION; HUMAN-MILK AB The need to consider using dapsone in pregnant women for its antimalarial activity is becoming greater in areas where Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine is rapidly increasing. Dapsone in combination with other antimalarials might provide a valuable alternative for both treatment and prophylaxis. This review assesses the clinical pharmacology of dapsone and its adverse drug reactions in relation to haemolysis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, blood dyscrasias and methaemoglobinaemia. Studies are summarised reporting its use in leprosy, dermatological and other conditions, and malaria, in relation to maternal and infant outcomes. A total of 924 pregnancies were identified during which dapsone therapy was taken. Only limited data are available and this precludes a meaningful quantitative benefit-risk analysis. Mild degrees of haemolysis consistently occur with continued therapy, although adverse effects may be less likely with intermittent treatment, as most reported adverse effects have occurred with long-term use of dapsone. There are a number of gaps in knowledge where more data are needed. These include no data on pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and whether these are altered with co-administration of chlorproguanil. Potential complications in women with severe anaemia are unknown and there is no information on haemolytic effects in women or the fetus with G6PD deficiency. The use of dapsone in HIV-infected women in malarious areas could carry increased risks because of the immunosuppressive actions of the drug. Trials of dapsone therapy in pregnancy should be considered in malarious areas where there is good reason for its deployment. Controlled trials have provided data on maternal tolerance, and dapsone in combination with other antimalarial drugs can offer clear benefit in terms of improved birthweight. The use of dapsone combinations should be considered when no good alternative is available and the threat of malaria is the greater risk. C1 Univ Liverpool Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Child & Reprod Hlth Grp, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Emma Kinderziekenhuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Infect Dis AIDS & Trop Med, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Ctr Dis Control, Malaria Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Brabin, BJ (reprint author), Univ Liverpool Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Child & Reprod Hlth Grp, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. EM b.j.brabjn@liv.ac.uk NR 92 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 0114-5916 J9 DRUG SAFETY JI Drug Saf. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 9 BP 633 EP 648 DI 10.2165/00002018-200427090-00002 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 842ST UT WOS:000223025200002 PM 15230645 ER PT J AU Iskander, K Pool, V English-Bullard, R Chen, RT AF Iskander, K Pool, V English-Bullard, R Chen, RT TI Increasing complexity of vaccine safety surveillance databases: The case for data mining SO DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th Annual Meeting of the International-Society-of-Pharmacovigilance (ISoP) CY OCT 06-08, 2004 CL Dublin, IRELAND SP Int Soc Pharmacovigilance C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 0114-5916 J9 DRUG SAFETY JI Drug Saf. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 12 BP 936 EP 936 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 860XX UT WOS:000224378700068 ER PT J AU Pool, V Iskander, J Sawyer, J Chen, RT AF Pool, V Iskander, J Sawyer, J Chen, RT TI Enhancing patient safety: (Re-)discovery of vaccine administration errors in the vaccine adverse event reporting system using data mining SO DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th Annual Meeting of the International-Society-of-Pharmacovigilance (ISoP) CY OCT 06-08, 2004 CL Dublin, IRELAND SP Int Soc Pharmacovigilance C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 0114-5916 J9 DRUG SAFETY JI Drug Saf. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 12 BP 955 EP 956 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 860XX UT WOS:000224378700113 ER PT J AU Honein, MA Moore, CA Erickson, JD AF Honein, MA Moore, CA Erickson, JD TI Can we ensure the safe use of known human teratogens? Introduction of generic isotretinoin in the US as an example SO DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Article ID PREGNANCY-PREVENTION PROGRAM; RETINOIC ACID EMBRYOPATHY; CATEGORY-X DRUGS; ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; ORAL ISOTRETINOIN; VALPROIC ACID; UNITED-STATES; WOMEN; THALIDOMIDE AB The prescription of known teratogenic medications requires a careful balance between allowing women access to medications that they might need and avoiding unnecessary exposure to these medications during pregnancy because of their devastating fetal effects. Isotretinoin, a potent human teratogen, is of particular concern because of its widespread use among reproductive-aged women and the dramatic increase in use from 1992 through 2000. A revised risk management system was implemented in 2002 because of concerns about the continued occurrence of isotretinoin-exposed pregnancies. However, the recent approval of three generic versions of isotretinoin in the US has further complicated risk management and raises concerns that use might increase further if the lower cost of generics serves to increase accessibility. There are now four separate isotretinoin risk management systems in the US, each with its own distinct packaging, though the requirements for and substance of each are identical. Some additional concrete steps could be taken to minimise any unnecessary use of isotretinoin and help allow an adequate assessment of the current risk management systems. In addition to being familiar with and following all aspects of the current risk management system, physicians could choose to limit the use of isotretinoin to those who meet the labelled indications in order to reduce the number of exposed pregnancies. All four companies currently marketing isotretinoin in the US could jointly and voluntarily establish a consolidated, mandatory registration and follow-up of all women of reproductive potential who receive an isotretinoin prescription. Mandatory registration has many challenges, but it could allow a clear accounting of the total number of women for whom follow-up information is and is not available. Although the companies cannot be legally compelled to use a consolidated approach, the use of a single registry for the originator's product and all generic brands would allow identification of duplicates and also avoid the confusion that is introduced by providing materials that not only look different, but also have different addresses, contact information and names for participation in follow-up surveys. This is particularly important because women might take more than one version of isotretinoin during a single course of therapy or might receive a different programme's materials from their doctor than from the pharmacy. Though the introduction of generic versions of isotretinoin further complicates risk management, the companies marketing isotretinoin have an opportunity to work together to demonstrate their commitment to both limit the occurrence of exposed pregnancies and conduct a meaningful evaluation of the occurrence of pregnancies exposed to isotretinoin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Honein, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-86, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 72 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 0114-5916 J9 DRUG SAFETY JI Drug Saf. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 14 BP 1069 EP 1080 DI 10.2165/00002018-200427140-00001 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 878LM UT WOS:000225648300001 PM 15554743 ER PT B AU Ogden, L AF Ogden, L BE Packard, RM Brown, PJ Berkelman, RL Frumkin, H TI The politics of institutional responses - CDC and the controversy over maternal and newborn HIV testing SO EMERGING ILLNESSES AND SOCIETY: NEGOTIATING THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Standards and Ontologies for Functional Genomics (SOFG) CY OCT 23-26, 2004 CL Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA HO Univ Penn ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; INFECTION; TYPE-1 C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, GAP, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 108 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PRESS PI BALTIMORE PA 2715 N CHARLES ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21218-4319 USA BN 0-8018-7942-6 PY 2004 BP 313 EP 349 PG 37 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BBT45 UT WOS:000227697000012 ER PT B AU Bell, BP AF Bell, BP BE Scheld, WM Murray, BE Hughes, JM TI Hepatitis C virus and chronic liver disease SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED HEPATITIS; TERM FOLLOW-UP; NATURAL-HISTORY; UNITED-STATES; NON-A; NON-B; POSTTRANSFUSION HEPATITIS; FIBROSIS PROGRESSION; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA-2A C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bell, BP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-242-2 PY 2004 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BY96Q UT WOS:000189506400001 ER PT B AU Barwick, RS Marfin, AA Cetron, MS AF Barwick, RS Marfin, AA Cetron, MS BE Scheld, WM Murray, BE Hughes, JM TI Yellow fever vaccine-associated disease SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS; UNITED-STATES; 17DD VACCINE; ANAPHYLAXIS; GELATIN; IMMUNOGENICITY; SURVEILLANCE; ARILVAX; BRAZIL; SAFETY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Global Migrat & Quarantine, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Barwick, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Global Migrat & Quarantine, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-242-2 PY 2004 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BY96Q UT WOS:000189506400003 ER PT B AU Fischer, M Whitney, A Ahmed, S Barry, J Jones, J AF Fischer, M Whitney, A Ahmed, S Barry, J Jones, J BE Scheld, WM Murray, BE Hughes, JM TI Unexplained severe illness and death among injecting drug users in Scotland, Ireland, and England from April to August 2000 SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; SKIN C1 CDCP, Meninghitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fischer, M (reprint author), CDCP, Meninghitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-242-2 PY 2004 BP 121 EP 132 PG 12 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BY96Q UT WOS:000189506400009 ER PT B AU Hajjeh, RA Warnock, DW AF Hajjeh, RA Warnock, DW BE Scheld, WM Murray, BE Hughes, JM TI Travel-associated fungal infections SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID PENICILLIUM-MARNEFFEI INFECTION; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; NORTHERN THAILAND; RISK-FACTORS; COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS; HISTOPLASMOSIS; OUTBREAK; CALIFORNIA; PULMONARY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hajjeh, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-242-2 PY 2004 BP 133 EP 142 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BY96Q UT WOS:000189506400010 ER PT B AU Moore, AC AF Moore, AC BE Scheld, WM Murray, BE Hughes, JM TI Human African trypanosomiasis: a reemerging public health threat SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID GAMBIENSE SLEEPING SICKNESS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; CARD-AGGLUTINATION-TEST; T-B.-GAMBIENSE; BRUCEI-GAMBIENSE; UNITED-STATES; MELARSOPROL TREATMENT; ANTIGENIC VARIATION; RISK-FACTORS; TRAVELERS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Moore, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 65 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-242-2 PY 2004 BP 143 EP 157 PG 15 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BY96Q UT WOS:000189506400011 ER PT B AU Fischer, M Hajjeh, R Sofair, AN AF Fischer, M Hajjeh, R Sofair, AN BE Scheld, WM Murray, BE Hughes, JM TI Can surveillance for unexplained deaths be used as a public health approach for early recognition of new pathogens? SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; VIRUS-INFECTION; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; HENSELAE DNA; NIPAH VIRUS; NEW-YORK; IDENTIFICATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fischer, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 68 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-242-2 PY 2004 BP 177 EP 190 PG 14 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BY96Q UT WOS:000189506400013 ER PT B AU Dowell, SF Chunsuttiwat, S Olsen, SJ Sawanpanyalert, P Simmerman, JM Fisk, TL Ungchusak, K AF Dowell, SF Chunsuttiwat, S Olsen, SJ Sawanpanyalert, P Simmerman, JM Fisk, TL Ungchusak, K BE Scheld, WM Murray, BE Hughes, JM TI The international emerging infections program in Thailand: an early report SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 14-17, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL ID DISEASE; MALAYSIA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emerging Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emerging Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-242-2 PY 2004 BP 191 EP 203 PG 13 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BY96Q UT WOS:000189506400014 ER PT J AU Patrick, ME Adcock, PM Gomez, TM Altekruse, SF Holland, BH Tauxe, RV Swerdlow, DL AF Patrick, ME Adcock, PM Gomez, TM Altekruse, SF Holland, BH Tauxe, RV Swerdlow, DL TI Salmonella enteritidis infections, United States, 1985-1999 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PHAGE TYPE-4; EGGS; OUTBREAKS; FLOCKS; HENS AB Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis emerged as an important illness during the 1980s. Investigations showed that consumption of undercooked eggs was the major risk factor for disease, and a variety of prevention and control efforts were initiated during the 1990s. We describe sporadic infections and outbreaks of S. Enteritidis in the United States from 1985 through 1999 and discuss prevention and control efforts. After reaching a high of 3.9 per 100,000 population in 1995, S. Enteritidis infections declined to 1.98 per 100,000 in 1999. While the total number of outbreaks decreased by half, those in the western states tripled. Outbreaks of S. Enteritidis phage type 4 infections accounted for 49% of outbreaks in 1999. Outbreak-associated deaths in health facilities decreased from 14 in 1987 to 0 in 1999. Overall, rates of sporadic S. Enteritidis infection, outbreaks, and deaths have declined dramatically. For further reductions, control measures should continue to be applied along the entire farm-to-table continuum. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Patrick, ME (reprint author), Dekalb Cty Board Hlth, Div Hlth Assessment & Promot, Sakura, Ibaraki 30031, Japan. EM mcevans@gdph.state.ga.us NR 25 TC 163 Z9 171 U1 0 U2 7 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800001 PM 15078589 ER PT J AU van Regenmortel, MHV Mahy, BWJ AF van Regenmortel, MHV Mahy, BWJ TI Emerging issues in virus taxonomy SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PLANT-VIRUSES; SPECIES NAMES; NOMENCLATURE; ICTV; CLASSIFICATION; ABBREVIATIONS; VIROIDS; CHAOS; LIST AB Viruses occupy a unique position in biology. Although they possess some of the properties of living systems such as having a genome, they are actually nonliving infectious entities and should not be considered microorganisms. A clear distinction should be drawn between the terms virus, virion, and virus species. Species is the most fundamental taxonomic category used in all biological classification. In 1991, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) decided that the category of virus species should be used in virus classification together with the categories of genus and family. More than 50 ICTV study groups were given the task of demarcating the 1,550 viral species that were recognized in the 7th ICTV report, which was published in 2000. We briefly describe the changes in virus classification that were introduced in that report. We also discuss recent proposals to introduce a nonlatinized binomial nomenclature for virus species. C1 Univ Strasbourg 1, Strasbourg, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP van Regenmortel, MHV (reprint author), Ecole Super Biotechnol Strasbourg, CNRS, Blvd Sebastien Brandt,BP 10413, F-67412 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France. EM vanregen@esbs.u-strasbg.fr NR 37 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 8 EP 13 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800002 PM 15078590 ER PT J AU Liang, WN Zhu, ZH Guo, JY Liu, ZJ He, X Zhou, WG Chin, DP Schuchat, A AF Liang, WN Zhu, ZH Guo, JY Liu, ZJ He, X Zhou, WG Chin, DP Schuchat, A CA Beijing Joint SARS Expert Grp TI Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Beijing, 2003 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HONG-KONG; CLINICAL-FEATURES; CORONAVIRUS; SARS; IDENTIFICATION; OUTBREAK AB The largest outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) struck Beijing in spring 2003. Multiple importations of SARS to Beijing initiated transmission in several healthcare facilities. Beijing's outbreak began March 5; by late April, daily hospital admissions for SARS exceeded 100 for several days; 2,521 cases of probable SARS occurred. Attack rates were highest in those 20-39 years of age; 1% of cases occurred in children < 10 years. The case-fatality rate was highest among patients > 65 years (27.7% vs. 4.8% for those 20-64 years, p < 0.001). Healthcare workers accounted for 16% of probable cases. The proportion of case-patients without known contact to a SARS patient increased significantly in May. Implementation of early detection, isolation, contact tracing, quarantine, triage of case-patients to designated SARS hospitals. and community mobilization ended the outbreak. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Beijing Municipal Hlth Bur, Beijing, Peoples R China. Beijing Municipal Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Beijing, Peoples R China. WHO, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Schuchat, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM aschuchat@cdc.gov NR 15 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800005 PM 15078593 ER PT J AU Peterson, AT Bauer, JT Mills, JN AF Peterson, AT Bauer, JT Mills, JN TI Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; MARBURG-VIRUS-DISEASE; PREDICTIVE MODELS; RESTON VIRUS; GABON; REEMERGENCE; INOCULATION; PHILIPPINES; ALGORITHMS; OUTBREAK AB We used ecologic niche modeling of outbreaks and sporadic cases of filovirus-associated hemorrhagic fever (HF) to provide a large-scale perspective on the geographic and ecologic distributions of Ebola and Marburg viruses. We predicted that filovirus would occur across the Afrotropics: Ebola HF in the humid rain forests of central and western Africa, and Marburg HF in the drier and more open areas of central and eastern Africa. Most of the predicted geographic extent of Ebola HF appear to have been observed; Marburg HF has the potential to occur farther south and east. Ecologic conditions appropriate for Ebola HF are also present in Southeast Asia and the Philippines, where Ebola Reston is hypothesized to be distributed. This first large-scale ecologic analysis provides a framework for a more informed search for taxa that could constitute the natural reservoir for this virus family. C1 Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum & Biodivers Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Peterson, AT (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum & Biodivers Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. EM town@ku.edu RI Peterson, A. Townsend/I-5697-2013 OI Peterson, A. Townsend/0000-0003-0243-2379 NR 49 TC 115 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 30 PU CENTERS DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA 1600 CLIFTON RD, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 EI 1080-6059 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 40 EP 47 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800007 PM 15078595 ER PT J AU Wolfe, MI Nolte, KB Yoon, SS AF Wolfe, MI Nolte, KB Yoon, SS TI Fatal infectious disease surveillance in a medical examiner database SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY OCT 25-28, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX; UNITED-STATES; NEW-MEXICO; BIOTERRORISM; TRENDS; MORTALITY; DEATH AB Increasing infectious disease deaths, the emergence of new infections, and bioterrorism have made surveillance for infectious diseases a public health concern. Medical examiners and coroners certify approximately 20% of all deaths that occur within the United States and can be a key source of information regarding infectious disease deaths. We hypothesized that a computer-assisted search tool (algorithm) could detect infectious disease deaths from a medical examiner database, thereby reducing the time and resources required to perform such surveillance manually. We developed two algorithms, applied them to a medical examiner database, and verified the cases identified against the opinion of a panel of experts. The algorithms detected deaths with infectious components with sensitivities from 67% to 94%, and predictive value positives ranging from 8% to 49%. Algorithms can be useful for surveillance in medical examiner offices that have limited resources or for conducting surveillance across medical examiner jurisdictions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Off Med Investigator, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Wolfe, MI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mailstop E46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM msw6@cdc.gov NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 48 EP 53 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800008 PM 15078596 ER PT J AU Austgen, LE Bowen, RA Bunning, ML Davis, BS Mitchell, CJ Chang, GJJ AF Austgen, LE Bowen, RA Bunning, ML Davis, BS Mitchell, CJ Chang, GJJ TI Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ENCEPHALITIS; MICE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MOSQUITOS; EXPOSURE; CULEX AB Domestic dogs and cats were infected by mosquito bite and evaluated as hosts for West Nile virus (WNV). Viremia of low magnitude and short duration developed in four dogs but they did not display signs of disease. Four cats became viremic, with peak titers ranging from 10(3.0) to 10(4.0) PFU/mL. Three of the cats showed mild, non-neurologic signs of disease. WNV was not isolated from saliva of either dogs or cats during the period of viremia. An additional group of four cats were exposed to WNV orally, through ingestion of infected mice. Two cats consumed an infected mouse on three consecutive days, and two cats ate a single infected mouse. Viremia developed in all of these cats with a magnitude and duration similar to that seen in cats infected by mosquito bite, but none of the four showed clinical signs. These results suggest that dogs and cats are readily infected by WNV. The high efficiency of oral transmission observed with cats suggests that infected prey animals may serve as an important source of infection to carnivores. Neither species is likely to function as an epidemiologically important amplifying host, although the peak viremia observed in cats may be high enough to infect mosquitoes at low efficiency. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, ARBL, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Bowen, RA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, ARBL, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM rbowen@colostate.edu NR 15 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 82 EP 86 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800013 PM 15078601 ER PT J AU Archibald, LK Tuohy, MJ Wilson, DA Nwanyanwu, O Kazembe, PN Tansuphasawadikul, S Eampokalap, B Chaovavanich, A Reller, LB Jarvis, WR Hall, GS Procop, GW AF Archibald, LK Tuohy, MJ Wilson, DA Nwanyanwu, O Kazembe, PN Tansuphasawadikul, S Eampokalap, B Chaovavanich, A Reller, LB Jarvis, WR Hall, GS Procop, GW TI Antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; AIDS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ITRACONAZOLE; FLUCONAZOLE; MENINGITIS AB Susceptibility profiles of medically important fungi in less-developed countries remain uncharacterized. We measured the MICs of amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole for Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from Thailand, Malawi, and the United States and found no evidence of resistance or MIC profile differences among the countries. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Lilongwe Cent Hosp, Lilongwe, Malawi. Bamrasnaradura Hosp, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Archibald, LK (reprint author), Regenerat Technol Inc, POB 2650,11621 Res Circle, Alachua, FL 32616 USA. EM Larchibald@rtix.com NR 15 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 143 EP 145 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800025 PM 15078612 ER PT J AU Calder, JAM Erdman, DD Ackelsberg, J Cato, SW Deutsch, VJ Lechich, AJ Schofield, BS AF Calder, JAM Erdman, DD Ackelsberg, J Cato, SW Deutsch, VJ Lechich, AJ Schofield, BS TI Adenovirus type 7 genomic-type variant, New York City, 1999 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLEX PCR ASSAY; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; OUTBREAK; FACILITY; IDENTIFICATION; PNEUMONIA; INFECTION AB An outbreak of respiratory illness occurred in a long-term care facility in New York City. Investigation of the outbreak identified confirmed or suspected adenoviral infection in 84% of the residents from October 19 to December 18, 1999. Further identification by type-specific neutralization and restriction analysis identified a new genomic variant of adenovirus type 7. C1 Terence Cardinal Cooke Hlth Care Ctr, Dept Infect Control, New York, NY 10029 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. New York State Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. RP Calder, JAM (reprint author), Terence Cardinal Cooke Hlth Care Ctr, Dept Infect Control, 1249 5th Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA. EM jac262@columbia.edu RI CALDER, JENNIFER/F-4508-2015 OI CALDER, JENNIFER/0000-0003-4758-611X NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 149 EP 152 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800027 PM 15078614 ER PT J AU Eberhard, M AF Eberhard, M TI Virus taxonomy: One step forward, two steps back SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Eberhard, M (reprint author), Div Parasit Dis F13, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mle1@cdc.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 153 EP 154 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 762GD UT WOS:000187962800028 PM 15112667 ER PT J AU MacCarroll, MA Reeves, WK AF MacCarroll, MA Reeves, WK TI Attendance of Aetalion reticulatum (Hemiptera : Aetalionidae) by Polistes erythrocephalus (Hymenoptera : Vespidae) in Peru SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Reeves, WK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mmaccar@clemson.edu; cui8@cdc.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 115 IS 1 BP 52 EP 53 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 870ZH UT WOS:000225097200008 ER PT J AU John, K Keshava, C Divi, RL Whipkey, DL Poirier, MC Weston, A Nath, J AF John, K Keshava, C Divi, RL Whipkey, DL Poirier, MC Weston, A Nath, J TI Modulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression by chlorophyllin in normal human mammary epithelial cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY OCT 02-06, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 W Virginia Univ, Genet & Dev Biol Program, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Lab, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NCI, Carcinogen DNA Interact Sect, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 MA 86 BP 208 EP 208 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 852MF UT WOS:000223758700091 ER PT J AU Keshava, C Whipkey, DL Weston, A AF Keshava, C Whipkey, DL Weston, A TI Transcriptional response to diesel particulate extract (SRM1975) and modulation by chlorophyllin in normal human mammary epithelial cells using DNA microarrays SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY OCT 02-06, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Lab, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 MA 92 BP 209 EP 209 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 852MF UT WOS:000223758700097 ER PT J AU Mahadevan, B Arora, V Schild, LJ Keshava, C Cate, ML Iversen, PL Poirer, MC Weston, A Pereira, C Baird, WM AF Mahadevan, B Arora, V Schild, LJ Keshava, C Cate, ML Iversen, PL Poirer, MC Weston, A Pereira, C Baird, WM TI Reduction in tamoxifen metabolic activation and genotoxicity by antisense technology SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY OCT 02-06, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20829 USA. NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 MA 109 BP 213 EP 213 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 852MF UT WOS:000223758700114 ER PT J AU Eskenazi, B Mocarelli, P Warner, M Needham, L Patterson, DG Samuels, S Turner, W Gerthoux, PM Brambilla, P AF Eskenazi, B Mocarelli, P Warner, M Needham, L Patterson, DG Samuels, S Turner, W Gerthoux, PM Brambilla, P TI Relationship of serum TCDD concentrations and age at exposure of female residents of Seveso, Italy SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; children; dioxin; exposure; TCDD; tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ID PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; OPERATION RANCH HAND; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; IN-UTERO; DIOXIN CONCENTRATIONS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; ACCIDENTAL RELEASE; CHILDRENS EXPOSURE; PATERNAL DIOXIN; GENE-EXPRESSION AB In 1976, a chemical plant explosion near Seveso, Italy, resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations. In 1996, we initiated the Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS), a historical cohort study of females who were ! 40 years old at the time of explosion and residents of the most heavily contaminated areas, zones A and B. Serum samples collected near the time of the explosion were analyzed for TCDD. We also analyzed pooled serum samples collected in 1976 from females who resided in zone non-ABR, the "unexposed" zone, to assess concurrent background exposures to other dioxins, furans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The median lipid-adjusted TCDD level for residents of zones A and B combined was 56 ppt (range = 2.5-56,000 ppt). Zone A residents had 5-fold higher TCDD levels (n = 67, median = 272 ppt) than did zone B residents (n = 814, median = 47 ppt). The youngest children had the highest TCDD levels, which decreased with age at explosion until approximately 13 years of age and were constant thereafter. Therefore, children living in zones A and B received a disproportionately higher exposure to TCDD as a result of the explosion. Zone of residence and age were the strongest predictors of TCDD level. Chloracne, nearby animal mortality, location (outdoors vs. indoors) at the time of explosion, and consumption of homegrown food were also related to serum TCDD levels. The serum pools from zone non-ABR residents had an average TCDD concentration of 20.2 ppt, and average total toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration of 100.4 ppt. Therefore, background exposure to dioxins, furans, and PCBs unrelated to the explosion may have been substantial. As a consequence, previous SWHS studies that considered only TCDD exposure may have underestimated health effects due to total TEQ concentrations. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Lab Med, Sch Med, Hosp Desio, Desio, Italy. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Toxicol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Div Occupat Environm Med & Epidemiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Eskenazi, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 2150 Shattuck Ave,Suite 600, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM eskenazi@uclink.berkeley.edu RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES 07171, 2P30 ES 001896-17] NR 54 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 22 EP 27 DI 10.1289/ehp.6573 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500035 PM 14698926 ER PT J AU Ruckart, PZ Kakolewski, K Bove, FJ Kaye, WE AF Ruckart, PZ Kakolewski, K Bove, FJ Kaye, WE TI Long-term neurobehavioral health effects of methyl parathion exposure in children in Mississippi and Ohio SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children's health; methyl parathion; neurobehavioral development; neurologic functioning; organophosphate pesticide ID CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE; ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES AB Methyl parathion (MP), an organophosphate pesticide licensed only for agricultural uses, was sprayed illegally for pest control in Mississippi and Ohio residences. To evaluate the association between MP exposure and neurobehavioral development, we assessed children 6 years or younger at the time of the spraying and local comparison groups of unexposed children using the Pediatric Environmental Neurobehavioral Test Battery (PENTB). The PENTB is composed of informant-based procedures (parent interview and questionnaires) and performance-based procedures (neurobehavioral tests for children 4 years or older) that evaluate cognitive, motor, sensory, and affect domains essential to neurobehavioral assessment. Children were classified as exposed or unexposed on the basis of urinary para-nitrophenol levels and environmental wipe samples for MP. Exposed children had more difficulties with tasks involving short-term memory and attention. Additionally, parents of exposed children reported that their children had more behavioral and motor skill problems than did parents of unexposed children. However, these effects were not consistently seen at both sites. There were no differences between exposed and unexposed children in tests for general intelligence, the integration of visual and motor skills, and multistep processing. Our findings suggest that MP might be associated with subtle changes to short-term memory and attention and contribute to problems with motor skills and some behaviors, but the results of the study are not conclusive. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Midwest Res Inst, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. RP Ruckart, PZ (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM afp4@cdc.gov NR 22 TC 80 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 46 EP 51 DI 10.1289/ehp.6430 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500039 PM 14698930 ER PT J AU Chapin, RE Robbins, WA Schieve, LA Sweeney, AM Tabacova, SA Tomashek, KM AF Chapin, RE Robbins, WA Schieve, LA Sweeney, AM Tabacova, SA Tomashek, KM TI Off to a good start: The influence of pre- and periconceptional exposures, parental fertility, and nutrition on children's health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE birth defects; chemical exposure; conception; fertilization; review ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY; DIOXIN-LIKE CHEMICALS; GREAT-LAKES FISH; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; FIRST CELL-CYCLE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SEMINAL PLASMA AB The scientific community is developing a compelling body of evidence that shows the importance of the in utero environment (including chemical and hormonal levels) to the ultimate health of the child and even of the aging adult. This article summarizes the evidence that shows this impact begins with conception. Only a full life-cycle evaluation will help us understand these impacts, and only such an understanding will produce logically prioritized mitigation strategies to address the greatest threats first. Clearly, the time for analysis begins when the next generation is but a twinkle in the eye. C1 Pfizer R&D, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Texas A&M Univ, Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Sch Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Maternal & Infant Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chapin, RE (reprint author), Pfizer R&D, Eastern Point Rd,MS8274-1336, Groton, CT 06340 USA. EM robert_e_chapin@groton.pfizer.com OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 211 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 69 EP 78 DI 10.1289/ehp.6261 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500043 PM 14698934 ER PT J AU Buck, GM Lynch, CD Stanford, JB Sweeney, AM Schieve, LA Rockett, JC Selevan, SG Schrader, SM AF Buck, GM Lynch, CD Stanford, JB Sweeney, AM Schieve, LA Rockett, JC Selevan, SG Schrader, SM TI Prospective pregnancy study designs for assessing reproductive and developmental toxicants SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE design; development; fetal; preconception; pregnancy; prospective; reproduction; toxicity ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; BIRTH CERTIFICATE DATA; TIMING INTERCOURSE; HUMAN-FERTILITY; SEMINAL PLASMA; UNITED-STATES; OVULATION; WOMEN; EXPOSURE; COUPLES AB The determinants of successful human reproduction and development may act as early as periconceptionally, underscoring the need to capture exposures during these critical windows when assessing potential toxicants. To identify such toxicants, couples must be studied longitudinally prior to conception without regard to a couple's ability to ascertain a clinically recognized pregnancy. We examined the utility and feasibility of prospective pregnancy study designs by conducting a systematic review of the literature to summarize relevant information regarding the planning, implementation, and success of previously published prospective pregnancy studies. Information concerning design elements and participation was abstracted from 15 eligible studies (from a total of 20 identified studies) using a standardized form. The primary author of each study was contacted to review our summary of their work and obtain missing information. Our findings confirm the ability to recruit women/couples from diverse populations using a variety of recruitment strategies. Among the studies we reviewed, 4-97% of eligible individuals were successfully contacted, with enrollment rates ranging from 42 to 100%. Length of follow-up varied from 3 to 12 months. A high percentage of women provided urine (57-98%) and blood (86-91%) specimens and most male partners (94-100%) provided semen samples. These data support the feasibility of this design. C1 NICHD, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Family Prevent Med, Hlth Res Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Texas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Rural Publ Hlth, Bryan, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Gamete & Early Embryo Res Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Reprod Hlth Assessment Sect, Div Appl Res & Technol, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Buck, GM (reprint author), NICHD, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, DHHS, 6100 Execut Blvd,Rm 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM gb156i@nih.gov RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Buck Louis, Germaine/0000-0002-1774-4490 NR 77 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 79 EP 86 DI 10.1289/ehp.6262 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500044 PM 14698935 ER PT J AU Watson, C McCraw, J Polzin, G Ashley, D AF Watson, C McCraw, J Polzin, G Ashley, D TI Development of a method to assess cigarette smoke intake SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; LOW-TAR CIGARETTES; CARBON-MONOXIDE; SELF-TITRATION; NICOTINE; SOLANESOL; YIELD; BEHAVIOR; EXPOSURE; BLOCKING AB Tar and nicotine deliveries of cigarettes measured using current standardized smoking machine protocols provide poor estimates of smoke exposure. The characteristics of human smoking behavior vary considerably and differ from the rigid parameters used with current standardized smoking machine protocols. Current alternatives, including measurement of biomarkers, are invasive, time-dependent and can be too expensive to be used as mechanisms for carrying out large-scale investigations required to help determine the influence of cigarette design on smoking behaviors. To obtain more reasonable estimates of mainstream smoke exposure, we developed a method to quantitatively measure solanesol, a naturally occurring component in tobacco that is deposited during smoking in the cigarette filter butt. Quantification of solanesol extracted from the filters using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry is efficient, rapid, and extremely reliable. We found that the amount of solanesol deposited in a cigarette filter is related to the mainstream smoke deliveries of tar and nicotine under a variety of smoking conditions. In addition, the amount of solanesol trapped in the filter remains stable at least 4 weeks after smoking. Measuring solanesol in cigarette filters as an exposure marker provides a noninvasive means to obtain reasonable estimates of mainstream tar and nicotine smoke deliveries under a wide variety of smoking conditions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Watson, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 248 EP 253 DI 10.1021/es034535e PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759YE UT WOS:000187781800047 PM 14740743 ER PT J AU Brown, AF Ettner, SL Piette, J Weinberger, M Gregg, E Shapiro, MF Karter, AJ Safford, M Waitzfelder, B Prata, PA Beckles, GL AF Brown, AF Ettner, SL Piette, J Weinberger, M Gregg, E Shapiro, MF Karter, AJ Safford, M Waitzfelder, B Prata, PA Beckles, GL TI Socioeconomic position and health among persons with diabetes mellitus: A conceptual framework and review of the literature SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE SEP, socioeconomic position ID SELF-RATED HEALTH; AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN; PARTICIPATORY DECISION-MAKING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS; UNITED-STATES POPULATION; HEART-DISEASE MORTALITY; MANAGED-CARE POPULATION; TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE; NURSE CASE-MANAGEMENT C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ann Arbor Vet Adm, Ctr Med, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Hlth Policy & Adm, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Kaiser Permanente, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Div Prevent Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Ctr Continuing & Outreach Educ, Pacific Hlth Res Inst, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Brown, AF (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Gen Internal Med, Campus Box 951736,911 Broxton Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM abrown@mednet.ucla.edu FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U-48-CCU916373] NR 263 TC 217 Z9 221 U1 11 U2 26 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 2004 VL 26 BP 63 EP 77 DI 10.1093/epirev/mxh002 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GJ UT WOS:000222399300007 PM 15234948 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Deddens, JA AF Steenland, K Deddens, JA TI A practical guide to dose-response analyses and risk assessment in occupational epidemiology SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; LUNG-CANCER; EXPOSURE; COHORT; MODELS AB Dose-response modeling in occupational epidemiology is usually motivated by questions of causal inference (eg, is there a monotonic increase of risk with increasing exposure?) or risk assessment (eg, how much excess risk exists at any given level of exposure?). We focus on several approaches to dose-response in occupational cohort studies. Categorical analyses are useful for detecting the shape of dose-response. However, they depend on the number and location of cutpoints and result in step functions rather than smooth curves. Restricted cubic splines and penalized splines are useful parametric techniques that provide smooth curves. Although splines can complement categorical analyses, they do not provide interpretable parameters. The shapes of these curves will depend on the degree of "smoothing" chosen by the analyst. We recommend combining categorical analyses and some type of smoother, with the goal of developing a reasonably simple parametric model. A simple parametric model should serve as the goal of dose-response analyses because (1) most "true" exposure response curves in nature may be reasonably simple, (2) a simple parametric model is easily communicated and used by others, and (3) a simple parametric model is the best tool for risk assessors and regulators seeking to estimate individual excess risks per unit of exposure. We discuss these issues and others, including whether the best model is always the one that fits the best, reasons to prefer a linear model for risk in the low-exposure region when conducting risk assessment, and common methods of calculating excess lifetime risk at a given exposure from epidemiologic results (eg, from rate ratios). Points are illustrated using data from a study of dioxin and cancer. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Math Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 20 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1097/01.ede.0000100287.45004.e7 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 758WP UT WOS:000187674800011 PM 14712148 ER PT J AU Helfand, RF Chibi, T Biellik, R Shearley, A Bellini, WJ AF Helfand, RF Chibi, T Biellik, R Shearley, A Bellini, WJ TI Negative impact of clinical misdiagnosis of measles on health workers' contidence in measles vaccine SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EVALUATION; CHILDREN; RUBELLA; DIAGNOSIS; EFFICACY AB We conducted a survey to determine the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of measles in Zimbabwe. Between December 1996 and February 1997, we collected blood samples and clinical and demographic information from a sample of 105 children with a clinical diagnosis of measles. A clinical case of measles was defined as a person with a history of fever, rash for three or more days, and either Cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis. A laboratory-confirmed case of measles or rubella had IgM antibodies against measles virus or rubella Virus respectively. A total of 91% of children met the clinical case definition. Among those who met the clinical case definition for measles. 72% were IgM-positivc for measles virus only, 23% were IgM-positive for rubella virus only, 3% were IgM-positive for both measles and rubella viruses, and 2% were IgM-negative for both viruses. This Study demonstrates the importance of considering selective laboratory confirmation of measles in periods of high disease incidence when the effectiveness of the vaccine is questioned. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. WHO, Subreg Off So Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. Minist Hlth & Child Welf, Expanded Programme Immunizat, Harare, Zimbabwe. RP Biellik, R (reprint author), WHO, Subreg Off So Africa, POB 5160, Harare, Zimbabwe. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 1 BP 7 EP 10 DI 10.1017/S0950268803001547 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 804HQ UT WOS:000220290200002 PM 14979583 ER PT J AU Cunnington, MC Weil, JG Cragan, J AF Cunnington, MC Weil, JG Cragan, J TI The generation of pregnancy outcome data SO EPILEPSIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 6th European Congress on Epileptology CY MAY 30-JUN 03, 2004 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP Int League Against Epilepsy, Austrian League Against Epilepsy C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, Essex, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0013-9580 J9 EPILEPSIA JI Epilepsia PY 2004 VL 45 SU 3 BP 127 EP 127 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 829BZ UT WOS:000222019500454 ER PT J AU Snyder, LA Chen, PY Grubb, PL Roberts, RK Sauter, SL Swanson, NG AF Snyder, Lori Anderson Chen, Peter Y. Grubb, Paula L. Roberts, Rashaun K. Sauter, Steven L. Swanson, Naomi G. BE Perrewe, PL Ganster, DC TI WORKPLACE AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND INTERVENTIONS SO EXPLORING INTERPERSONAL DYNAMICS SE Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID REPORTED BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS; ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING; HIGH SELF-ESTEEM; NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY; ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; EMPLOYEE THEFT; ACHIEVEMENT-STRIVINGS; A-BEHAVIOR; PERSONNEL-SELECTION; HIERARCHICAL STATUS AB This chapter examines aggression at work perpetrated by individual insiders by bringing together streams of research that have often been examined separately. A comparison of the similarities and differences of aggression toward individuals, such as verbal abuse or physical attack, and aggression toward organizations, such as embezzlement or work slowdowns, is shown to provide important insights about the causes and consequences of workplace aggression. We propose a comprehensive model based on the integration of prior theoretical treatments and empirical findings. The model attempts to offer a framework to systematically examine psychological and organizational mechanisms underlying workplace aggression, and to explain the reasons why workplace violence policies and procedures sometimes fail. A set of research propositions is also suggested to assist in achieving this end in future research. C1 [Swanson, Naomi G.] NIOSH, Work Org & Stress Res Grp, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. [Sauter, Steven L.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Prevent Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Sauter, Steven L.] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Ind Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. [Grubb, Paula L.; Roberts, Rashaun K.] NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Org Sci & Human Factors Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. [Roberts, Rashaun K.] Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Occupat & Environm Med, Durham, NC 27706 USA. [Chen, Peter Y.] Colorado State Univ, Ind Org Psychol Program, Occupat Hlth Psychol Training Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Snyder, LA (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Psychol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 235 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 7 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BINGLEY PA HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, W YORKSHIRE BD16 1WA, ENGLAND BN 978-0-7623-1153-8 J9 RES OCCUP STRESS WEL PY 2004 VL 4 BP 1 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S1479-3555(04)04001-6 PG 65 WC Psychology, Applied; Management SC Psychology; Business & Economics GA BOM19 UT WOS:000276981900002 ER PT J AU Tausig, M Fenwick, R Sauter, SL Murphy, LR Graif, C AF Tausig, Mark Fenwick, Rudy Sauter, Steven L. Murphy, Lawrence R. Graif, Corina BE Perrewe, PL Ganster, DC TI THE CHANGING NATURE OF JOB STRESS: RISK AND RESOURCES SO EXPLORING INTERPERSONAL DYNAMICS SE Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB The nature of work has changed in the past 30 years but we do not know what these changes have meant for worker job stress. In this chapter we compare data from three surveys of the quality of work life from 1972 to 2002. At the most general level, work today is less stressful than it was in 1972. Workers report fewer job demands, more decision latitude, less job strain, more job security and greater access to job resources and job support. However, these changes have not affected all workers equally. Women, those with less education, non self-employed workers, blue collar workers and workers in manufacturing industries showed the greatest decreases in job stress although levels of job stress remain higher than for comparison groups (men, college educated, white collar, service workers). Changes were not always linear across time suggesting that some aspects of job strain are sensitive to economic cycles. C1 [Tausig, Mark] Univ Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Sauter, Steven L.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Prevent Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Murphy, Lawrence R.] NIOSH, Work Org & Stress Res Sect, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. [Sauter, Steven L.] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Ind Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. [Fenwick, Rudy] Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Graif, Corina] Harvard Univ, Dept Sociol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Tausig, M (reprint author), Univ Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD PI BINGLEY PA HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, W YORKSHIRE BD16 1WA, ENGLAND BN 978-0-7623-1153-8 J9 RES OCCUP STRESS WEL PY 2004 VL 4 BP 93 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S1479-3555(04)04003-X PG 34 WC Psychology, Applied; Management SC Psychology; Business & Economics GA BOM19 UT WOS:000276981900004 ER PT J AU Kagan, V Potapovich, A Osipov, A Schwegler-Berry, D Kisin, E Mercer, R Castranova, V Shvedova, A AF Kagan, V Potapovich, A Osipov, A Schwegler-Berry, D Kisin, E Mercer, R Castranova, V Shvedova, A TI Iron-rich single walled carbon nanotubes are effective catalysts of oxidative stress in raw 264.7 macrophage cell culture model: Interactions with inflammatory response and in vivo implications. SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Biology-and-Medicine CY NOV 17-21, 2004 CL St Thomas, VI SP Soc Free Rad Biol & Med C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. NIOSH, HELD, CDC, Morgantown, WV USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2004 VL 37 SU 1 BP S51 EP S52 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 875YK UT WOS:000225458900140 ER PT J AU Shvedova, A Kisin, E Murray, A Johnson, V Gorelik, O Arepalli, S Gandelsman, V Hubbs, A Mercer, R Kagan, V Castranova, V AF Shvedova, A Kisin, E Murray, A Johnson, V Gorelik, O Arepalli, S Gandelsman, V Hubbs, A Mercer, R Kagan, V Castranova, V TI Oxidative stress and pulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Biology-and-Medicine CY NOV 17-21, 2004 CL St Thomas, VI SP Soc Free Rad Biol & Med C1 NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, HELD, CDC, Morgantown, WV USA. NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Res Branch, HELD, CDC, Morgantown, WV USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Engn Directorate, Houston, TX USA. NASA, Houston, TX USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2004 VL 37 SU 1 BP S55 EP S55 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 875YK UT WOS:000225458900153 ER PT J AU Zeidler, P Castranova, V AF Zeidler, P Castranova, V TI Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-gamma induced pulmonary inflammation SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Biology-and-Medicine CY NOV 17-21, 2004 CL St Thomas, VI SP Soc Free Rad Biol & Med C1 NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, HELD, CDC, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2004 VL 37 SU 1 BP S49 EP S49 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 875YK UT WOS:000225458900131 ER PT J AU Kalman, L Lindegren, ML Kobrynski, L Vogt, R Hannon, H Howard, JT Buckley, R AF Kalman, L Lindegren, ML Kobrynski, L Vogt, R Hannon, H Howard, JT Buckley, R TI Mutations in genes required for T-cell development: IL7R, CD45, IL2RG, JAK3, RAG1, RAG2, ARTEMIS, and ADA and severe combined immunodeficiency: HuGE review SO GENETICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE severe combined immunodeficiency disorder; IL2RG; RAG1; ADA; JAK3 ID ADENOSINE-DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY; COMBINED IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY; BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; RECEPTOR-GAMMA CHAIN; PRENATAL-DIAGNOSIS; OMENN-SYNDROME; EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE; ENZYME REPLACEMENT; MOLECULAR-BASIS; THERAPY AB Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an inherited immune disorder characterized by T-cell lymphopenia (TCLP), a profound lack of cellular (T-cell) and humoral (B-cell) immunity and, in some cases, decreased NK-cell number and function. Affected children develop severe bacterial and viral infections within the first 6 months of life and die before 1 year of age without treatment. Mutations in any of eight known genes: IL2RG, ARTEMIS, RAG1, RAG2, ADA, CD45, JAK3, and IL7R cause SCID. Mutations in unidentified genes may also cause SCID. Population-based genotype and allelic frequencies of these gene defects have not been measured. Some minimal estimates of SCID prevalence are presented. Currently, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are the standard treatment. In clinical trials, gene therapy has been used to reconstitute immune function in patients with IL2RG and ADA defects. The availability of effective therapies, plus the short asymptomatic period after birth, (when stem-cell transplantation is most effective), make SCID a potentially good candidate for newborn screening. Dried blood spots are currently collected from all infants at birth for newborn metabolic screening. Tests for TCLP on dried blood spots could be developed as a screen for SCID. Because SCID may be unrecognized, with infant deaths from infection attributed to other causes, newborn screening is the only way to ascertain true birth prevalence. Validated tests and pilot population studies are necessary to determine newborn screening's potential for identifying infants with SCID. C1 Emory Univ, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, CDCP, Newborn Screening Qual Assurance Program, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. RP Kalman, L (reprint author), Emory Univ, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, CDCP, Newborn Screening Qual Assurance Program, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F-43, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 95 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1098-3600 J9 GENET MED JI Genet. Med. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 16 EP 26 DI 10.1097/01.GIM.0000105752.80592.A3 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 764PU UT WOS:000188215900002 PM 14726805 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Yang, QH Gwinn, M Little, JL Flanders, WD AF Khoury, MJ Yang, QH Gwinn, M Little, JL Flanders, WD TI An epidemiologic assessment of genomic profiling for measuring susceptibility to common diseases and targeting interventions SO GENETICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; genetic testing; gene-environment interaction; genomic profiling ID BREAST-CANCER; BRCA2 MUTATIONS; LIFE-STYLE; RISK; PROJECT; MEDICINE; HEALTH; POPULATIONS; INFORMATION; PENETRANCE AB Purpose: The current clinical value of genomic profiling (testing for genotypes at multiple loci) for assessing susceptibility to common diseases and targeting behavioral and medical interventions is questionable. As common diseases result from many gene-environment interactions, epidemiologic studies should be used to examine the value of genomic profiling in terms of clinical validity (future disease positive and negative predictive value stratified by exposure), clinical utility (targeted interventions to reduce disease risk among persons with the profile) and public health utility (comparing reduction of disease burden in the population based on genomic profiling to population-wide interventions). Methods: We investigate these parameters for a hypothetical common disease (5% lifetime risk), for which 3 genetic variants at different loci and one environmental exposure are risk factors. Results: We show that even for modest effects of each variant alone (risk ratios from 1.5-3.0) and modest interactions between the exposure and the genes, the disease predictive value for people with 2 or more variants (especially 3) can be quite high (50-100%) in the presence of a modifiable exposure. Individual risks can then be reduced by targeted exposure intervention among persons with the genotype. However, the predictive value for multiple genotypes is much lower for rarer diseases (< 1 per 1000). Also, with increasing number of genes in a profile, the population impact of disease reduction for targeted intervention based on genotype will be smaller, especially for rare genotypes, weak associations, and weak interactions. Conclusion: To assess the value of genomic profiling, well-designed epidenniologic studies are needed to quantify disease risks, in addition to costs, benefits, and risks for testing and interventions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Dept Epidemiol, Aberdeen, Scotland. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genom & Dis Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E82, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 43 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1098-3600 J9 GENET MED JI Genet. Med. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 38 EP 47 DI 10.1097/01.GIM.0000105751.71430.79 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 764PU UT WOS:000188215900005 PM 14726808 ER PT J AU Smith, SW Kopfman, JE Lindsey, LLM Yoo, J Morrison, K AF Smith, SW Kopfman, JE Lindsey, LLM Yoo, J Morrison, K TI Encouraging family discussion on the decision to donate organs: The role of the willingness to communicate scale SO HEALTH COMMUNICATION LA English DT Article ID DONOR CARD; MEMBERS; MODEL AB Family discussion of organ donation has been found to double rates of family consent regarding organ donation. Therefore, family discussion is an important communication process to study in the effort to get more people to become organ donors. This investigation concerns the willingness to communicate about organ donation and its relationship to other variables and processes related to family discussion of organ donation. Previous research on willingness to communicate examined the antecedent variables of knowledge, attitude toward organ donation, and altruism. This research found that being willing to communicate about organ donation with one's family is related to prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card, to perceiving organ donation messages as credible, and to feeling relatively low anxiety after reading organ donation messages. One week after being presented with the messages, willingness to communicate was found to be positively associated with worrying about the lack of donors, engaging in family discussion about organ donation, and having an organ donor card witnessed. It was negatively related to feeling personally uneasy about organ donation during the past week. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Commun, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Missouri, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. RP Smith, SW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Commun, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM smiths@msu.edu RI Smith, Sandi/B-7009-2008 NR 23 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 10 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1041-0236 J9 HEALTH COMMUN JI Health Commun. PY 2004 VL 16 IS 3 BP 333 EP 346 DI 10.1207/S15327027HC1603_4 PG 14 WC Communication; Health Policy & Services SC Communication; Health Care Sciences & Services GA 845FR UT WOS:000223223200004 PM 15265754 ER PT S AU Erickson, JD AF Erickson, JD BE Baskin, LS TI Epidemiology of hypospadias SO HYPOSPADIAS AND GENITAL DEVELOPMENT SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Hypospadias and Genital Development Symposium CY APR 25-MAY 26, 2002 CL Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA SP Amer Urol Assoc, UCSF Dept Urol HO Univ Calif San Francisco ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; FOLIC-ACID; PREVENTION; TRENDS; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; CRYPTORCHIDISM; HEALTH; SONS C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Erickson, JD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-48177-4 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2004 VL 545 BP 25 EP 29 PG 5 WC Andrology; Developmental Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Developmental Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BAA81 UT WOS:000221378200001 PM 15086018 ER PT J AU Katz, JM Plowden, J Renshaw-Hoelscher, M Lu, XH Tumpey, TM Sambhara, S AF Katz, JM Plowden, J Renshaw-Hoelscher, M Lu, XH Tumpey, TM Sambhara, S TI Immunity to influenza - The challenges of protecting an aging population SO IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE influenza virus; immune response; aging; pandemics ID A H5N1 VIRUSES; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; MF59-ADJUVANTED INFLUENZA; HETEROSUBTYPIC IMMUNITY; AGED MICE; VACCINE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFECTION; SAFETY AB Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of acute respiratory disease. Improved vaccines that can overcome the decline in immune function with aging and/or call induce broader immunity to novel pandemic strains are a high priority. To design improved vaccines for the elderly, we need to better understand the effects of age on both innate and adaptive immunity. In a murine model. we have determined that defects in antigen-presenting, cell (APC) expression of pattern-recognition molecules, costimulatory molecules, and cytokine production may play all important role in the reduced clonal expansion of T cells in aging. The use of immunomodulators such as adjuvants may overcome some of the defects of aging immunity and may also be useful in the development of improved vaccines for avian influenza A subtypes that pose a pandemic threat. Several novel strategies including the use of ISCOM-formulated vaccines, mucosal delivery, or DNA vaccination provided cross-subtype protection that could provide an important component of immunity in the event of a pandemic. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Katz, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mailstop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM JKatz@cdc.gov NR 51 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0257-277X J9 IMMUNOL RES JI Immunol. Res. PY 2004 VL 29 IS 1-3 BP 113 EP 124 DI 10.1385/IR:29:1-3:113 PG 12 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 827LK UT WOS:000221901000010 PM 15181275 ER PT J AU McNicholl, JM Promadej, N AF McNicholl, JM Promadej, N TI Insights into the role of host genetic and T-cell factors in resistance to HIV transmission from studies of highly HIV-exposed Thais SO IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cytotoxic T-cells; HLA; HLA-A*11; IFN-gamma; ELISPOT; HIV transmission; HIV vaccines; exposed-uninfected; commercial sex workers ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; FEMALE SEX-WORKERS; NORTHERN THAILAND; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HIGH-RISK; SERONEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MUCOSAL IGA; INFECTION; CCR5 AB Studies of resistance to HIV-1 transmission are likely to be valuable for the design of vaccines and other efforts to prevent HIV. Here, we review the T-cell and genetic factors associated with resistance to HIV-1 transmission in studies of highly exposed but persistently seronegative (HEPS) women from northern Thailand. Women were enrolled in two sex-worker studies and in a discordant Couple study. We performed Cr-51 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT, and proliferation assays as well as genetic studies, including HLA-class I typing. CTL and ELISPOT studies showed a skewing of T-cell responses to conserved HIV-1 proteins in HEPS, but not in HIV-1-seropositive women. T-cell responses were extremely long-lived in some HEPS women. In the two sex-worker studies, HLA-A11 was associated with resistance to HIV-1 transmission. These data provide promise for the ability of CTL to control HIV and emphasize the importance of developing HIV vaccines that stimulate strong, long-lasting T-cell responses. C1 CDCP, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, NCHSTP,Immunogenet Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP McNicholl, JM (reprint author), CDCP, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, NCHSTP,Immunogenet Sect, MS A25,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jkm7@cdc.gov NR 67 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0257-277X J9 IMMUNOL RES JI Immunol. Res. PY 2004 VL 29 IS 1-3 BP 161 EP 174 DI 10.1385/IR:29:1-3:161 PG 14 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 827LK UT WOS:000221901000014 PM 15181279 ER PT J AU Vogel I Gronbaek, H Thorsen, P Flyvbjerg, A AF Vogel, I Gronbaek, H Thorsen, P Flyvbjerg, A TI Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) in vaginal fluid in pregnancy SO IN VIVO LA English DT Article DE IGF; IGFBP-1; preterm delivery; alcohol; albumin ID FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN-1; PRETERM DELIVERY; GROWTH-FACTORS; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; PREDICTOR; SERUM; SECRETIONS; CERVIX; WOMEN AB Objective: To examine vaginal insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) as a marker of preterm delivery, amniotic fluid leakage or vaginal infection. Materials and Methods: The material consisted of a nested case-control study (67 with idiopathic preterm delivery and 406 randomly selected women with term deliveries) from a prospective cohort of 2,846 women. Results: Vaginal npIGFBP-1 was weakly associated with preterm delivery. Elevated npIGFBP-1 gave an increased fisk of preterm delivery (OR 2.8 [1.4-6.7]). Elevated IGFBP-1 provided a sensitivity of 13% at a false-positive rate of 4.4% in a low-risk population. When adjusting for other covariates associated with preterm delivery the association between npIGFBP-1 and preterm delivery disappeared; there was an interaction between alcohol consumption and npIGFBP-1. Conclusion: The current study found vaginal npIGFBP-1 to be weakly associated with gestational age at delivery. However, in this study the association may potentially be explained by alcohol consumption. C1 Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. Aarhus Univ Hosp, Med Dept 5, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark. Aarhus Univ Hosp, Med Dept M, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. Aarhus Univ, NANEA, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, Aarhus, Denmark. Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabilities, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Vogel I (reprint author), Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. EM idavogel@dadlnet.dk OI Gronbaek, Henning/0000-0001-8998-7910 NR 23 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT INST ANTICANCER RESEARCH PI ATHENS PA EDITORIAL OFFICE 1ST KM KAPANDRITIOU-KALAMOU RD KAPANDRITI, PO BOX 22, ATHENS 19014, GREECE SN 0258-851X J9 IN VIVO JI In Vivo PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 37 EP 41 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 777DW UT WOS:000189161100005 PM 15011749 ER PT J AU Zughaier, SM Tzeng, YL Zimmer, SM Datta, A Carlson, RW Stephens, DS AF Zughaier, SM Tzeng, YL Zimmer, SM Datta, A Carlson, RW Stephens, DS TI Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide structure-dependent activation of the macrophage CD14/toll-like receptor 4 pathway SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN MONOCYTIC CELLS; LIPID-A; MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; ENDOTOXIN; BIOSYNTHESIS; ACID AB Meningococcal lipopoly(oligo)saccharide (LOS) is a major inflammatory mediator of fulminant meningococcal sepsis and meningitis. Highly purified wild-type meningococcal LOS and LOS from genetically defined mutants of Neisseria meningitidis that contained specific mutations in LOS biosynthesis pathways were used to confirm that meningococcal LOS activation of macrophages was CD14/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD-2 dependent and to elucidate the LOS structural requirement for TLR4 activation. Expression of TLR4 but not TLR2 was required, and antibodies to both TLR4 and CD14 blocked meningococcal LOS activation of macrophages. Meningococcal LOS alpha or beta chain oligosaccharide structure did not influence CD14/TLR4-MD-2 activation. However, meningococcal lipid A, expressed by meningococci with defects in 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid (KDO) biosynthesis or transfer, resulted in an similar to10-fold (P < 0.0001) reduction in biologic activity compared to KDO2-containing meningococcal LOS. Removal of KDO2 from LOS by acid hydrolysis also dramatically attenuated cellular responses. Competitive inhibition assays showed similar binding of glycosylated and unglycosylated lipid A to CD14/TLR4-MD-2. A decrease in the number of lipid A phosphate head groups or penta-acylated meningococcal LOS modestly attenuated biologic activity. Meningococcal endotoxin is a potent agonist of the macrophage CD14/TLR4-MD-2 receptor, helping explain the fulminant presentation of meningococcal sepsis and meningitis. KDO, linked to meningococcal lipid A was structurally required for maximal activation of the human macrophage TLR4 pathway and indicates an important role for KDO-lipid A in endotoxin biologic activity. C1 Emory Univ Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Stephens, DS (reprint author), Emory Univ Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, 1364 Clifton Rd NE,H-153, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012; OI DATTA, ANUP/0000-0002-3796-6891 FU NIAID NIH HHS [2 R01 AI033517-10, R01 AI033517] NR 54 TC 99 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 72 IS 1 BP 371 EP 380 DI 10.1128/IAI.72.1.371-380.2004 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 758JR UT WOS:000187631600045 PM 14688118 ER PT J AU Dentinger, C Pasat, L Popa, M Hutin, YJF Mast, EE AF Dentinger, C Pasat, L Popa, M Hutin, YJF Mast, EE TI Injection practices in Romania: Progress and challenges SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-B-VIRUS; DOSE VIALS; C VIRUS; INFECTION; RISK; TRANSMISSION; WORKERS AB OBJECTIVE: To identify breaks in infection control practices that might put Romanians at risk for transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from injections. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire was administered to a systematic sample of the 1,906 nurses in VAlcea District, Romania, to collect information on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding injection administration and universal precautions. RESULTS: Of the 180 nurses interviewed, 91% (95% confidence interval [CI95] 86% to 95%) reported having attended training for universal precautions; 58% (CI95, 49% to 67%) accurately reported that HBV remains infectious for at least 1 week in the environment; and 4% (CI95, 2% to 8%) knew that HBV is transmitted more efficiently than HIV through percutaneous exposures. No nurses reported reusing syringes or needles on different patients, but 4 (2%; CI95, 1% to 6%) would reuse a syringe and 3 (2%; CI95 to 5%) would reuse a needle on the same patient in an emergency. Fifty-three percent (CI95, 44% to 61%) of nurses reported having a dedicated area for the preparation of injectable medications separate from where blood-contaminated items were handled. Shortages of infection control supplies were common. CONCLUSIONS: Although nurses in Valcea do not report reusing injection equipment without sterilization, other unsafe practices occur that may facilitate HBV transmission through injections, including preparing injectable medications in areas potentially contaminated with blood. Inadequate knowledge of blood-borne pathogen transmission and shortages of infection control supplies may contribute to these unsafe prac tices. Addressing these deficits could improve injection safety in Romania. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Valcea Dist Hlth Dept, Valcea, Romania. Minist Hlth, Bucharest, Romania. RP Mast, EE (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, MS G37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Popa, Mircea /A-4830-2011 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 1 BP 30 EP 35 DI 10.1086/502288 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 763PG UT WOS:000188094300007 PM 14756216 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Khan, LK Serdula, MK Dietz, WH Srinivasan, SR Berenson, GS AF Freedman, DS Khan, LK Serdula, MK Dietz, WH Srinivasan, SR Berenson, GS TI Inter-relationships among childhood BMI, childhood height, and adult obesity: the Bogalusa Heart Study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE weight; height; skinfolds; longitudinal ID WEIGHT-FOR-HEIGHT; BODY-MASS INDEX; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; ADIPOSITY; ADOLESCENTS; FATNESS; AGE AB OBJECTIVE: Although the body mass index (BMI, mass index, kg/m(2)) is widely used as a surrogate measure of adiposity, it is moderately associated ( rsimilar to0.3) with height among children. We examined whether the resulting preferential classification of taller children as overweight is appropriate. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses of children ( ages, 3 - 17 y) examined the relation of height to adiposity ( as assessed by BMI and skinfold thicknesses) and fasting levels of insulin. Longitudinal analyses examined the relation of childhood height and weight height indices to adult ( mean age, 25 y) levels of adiposity and fasting insulin. SUBJECTS: Children ( n = 11 406) and adults ( n = 2911) who had participated in the Bogalusa Heart Study. MEASUREMENTS: We constructed three weight - height indices: BMI, W/H-3, and W/H-p. The triceps and subscapular skinfolds, as well as fasting levels of insulin, were also measured. RESULTS: The classification of children as overweight (BMI-for- age greater than or equal to95th percentile) varied markedly by height, with a 10-fold difference in the prevalence of overweight across quintiles of height between the ages of 3 and 10 y. Childhood height, however, was also related to skinfold thicknesses and insulin levels, and all associations were modified in a similar manner by age. Furthermore, childhood height was related to adult adiposity, and of the three childhood weight - height indices, BMI showed the strongest associations with adult adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Because BMI reflects the positive association between height and adiposity among children, it is a better weight - height index than is either W/H-3 or W/H-p. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent K26, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Tulane Ctr Cardiovasc Hlth, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), CDC, Mailstop K-26,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-38844]; NIA NIH HHS [AG-16592]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-043820] NR 34 TC 125 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 28 IS 1 BP 10 EP 16 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802544 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 760RX UT WOS:000187849200003 PM 14652621 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Dietz, WH Tang, R Mensah, GA Bond, MG Urbina, EM Srinivasan, S Berenson, GS AF Freedman, DS Dietz, WH Tang, R Mensah, GA Bond, MG Urbina, EM Srinivasan, S Berenson, GS TI The relation of obesity throughout life to carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE atherosclerosis; carotid arteries; children; longitudinal; triceps skinfold thickness; ultrasound; intima-media thickness ID CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; YOUNG-ADULTS; WALL THICKNESS; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK; ARTERY INTIMA; ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; UNITED-STATES AB OBJECTIVE: Although obese children are at increased risk for coronary heart disease in later life, it is not clear if this association results from the persistence of childhood obesity into adulthood. We examined the relation of adiposity at various ages to the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) at age 35 y. DESIGN: Prior to the determination of IMT by B-mode ultrasound, subjects ( 203 men, 310 women) had, on average, six measurements of body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) between the ages of 4 and 35 y. Mixed regression models for longitudinal data were used to assess the relation of these characteristics to adult IMT. RESULTS: Overall, adult IMT was associated with levels of both BMI and TSF (P<0.001), with the magnitudes of the associations with childhood adiposity comparable to those with adult levels of BMI and TSF. Furthermore, adult obesity modified the association between childhood adiposity and IMT: high IMT levels were seen only among overweight ( BMI &GE;95th percentile) children who became obese (BMI &GE;30 kg/m(2)) adults (P<0.01 for linear trend). In contrast, IMT levels were not elevated among ( 1) overweight children who were not obese in adulthood, or among ( 2) thinner children who became obese adults. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the adverse, cumulative effects of childhood-onset obesity that persists into adulthood. Since many overweight children become obese adults, the prevention of childhood obesity should be emphasized. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. Wake Forest Univ, Baptist Med Ctr, Div Vasc Ultrasound Res, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Pediat Cardiol Sect, New Orleans, LA USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Tulane Ctr Cardiovasc Hlth, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), Rm 5161 Rhodes Bldg,3005 Chamblee Tucker Rd, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Mensah, George/0000-0002-0387-5326 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-38844]; NIA NIH HHS [AG-16592] NR 48 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 28 IS 1 BP 159 EP 166 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802515 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 760RX UT WOS:000187849200023 PM 14581934 ER PT J AU Palassis, J Schulte, PA Sweeney, MH Okun, AH AF Palassis, J Schulte, PA Sweeney, MH Okun, AH TI Enhancing occupational safety and health through use of the national skill standards SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE certification; critical work functions; key activities; workplace safety and health; skill standards; training AB In a voluntary national effort, U.S. industry, education, labor, and government have initiated the development of standards for job skills and competencies in jobs in 15 economic sectors. The aim of the skill standards is to maintain a globally competitive workforce. Efforts to include occupational safety and health knowledge and skills as core elements in these standards are described. The first skill standards to include occupational safety and health competencies were developed for the manufacturing sector, evaluated by 3,800 workers in 700 companies, and published. National skill standards can stimulate extensive training in occupational safety and health, with resultant application to a larger percentage of workers than ever before. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Palassis, J (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM jpalassis@cdc.gov NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ABEL PUBLICATION SERVICES PI BURLINGTON PA 1611 AQUINAS COURT, BURLINGTON, NC 27215 USA SN 1077-3525 J9 INT J OCCUP ENV HEAL JI Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 90 EP 98 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 811XJ UT WOS:000220804300012 PM 15070031 ER PT J AU Hauri, AM Armstrong, GL Hutin, YJF AF Hauri, AM Armstrong, GL Hutin, YJF TI The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS LA English DT Article DE cross infection; injections; hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; HIV; mathematical models; needlestick injuries ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MAJOR RISK FACTOR; B-VIRUS; UNSAFE INJECTIONS; HIV-INFECTION; PERSISTENT HYPERENDEMICITY; HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; THERAPEUTIC INJECTIONS; DEVELOPING-WORLD AB As part of the 2000 Global Burden of Disease study, we quantified the death and disability from injection-associated infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We modelled the fraction of incident infections attributable to health care injections in the year 2000 on the basis of the annual number of injections, the proportion of injections administered with reused equipment, the probability of transmission following percutaneous exposure, the prevalence of active infection, the prevalence of immunity and the total incidence. Infections in 2000 were converted into disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 20002030 using natural history parameters, background mortality, duration of disease, disability weights, age weights and a 3% discount rate. Four Global Burden of Disease regions where reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization was negligible were excluded from the analysis. In the remaining 10 regions, in 2000, persons received an average of 3.4 injections per year, 39.3% of which were given with reused equipment. In 2000, contaminated injections caused an estimated 21 million HBV infections, two million HCV infections and 260,000 HIV infections, accounting for 32%, 40% and 5%, respectively, of new infections for a burden of 9,177,679 DALYs between 2000 and 2030. Injection overuse and unsafe practices account for a substantial burden of death and disability worldwide. There is a need for policies and plans for the safe and appropriate use of injections in countries where practices are poor. C1 WHO, Dept Essential Hlth Technol, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hutin, YJF (reprint author), WHO, Dept Essential Hlth Technol, Ave Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. EM sign@who.int NR 79 TC 173 Z9 181 U1 3 U2 16 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0956-4624 EI 1758-1052 J9 INT J STD AIDS JI Int. J. STD AIDS PD JAN PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.1258/095646204322637182 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 763NZ UT WOS:000188093500002 PM 14769164 ER PT J AU Goldberg, SV Wallace, J Jackson, JC Chaulk, CP Nolan, CM AF Goldberg, SV Wallace, J Jackson, JC Chaulk, CP Nolan, CM TI Cultural case management of latent tuberculosis infection SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; tuberculosis infection; refugees; case management ID ISONIAZID PREVENTIVE THERAPY; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; INTERVENTION; WOMEN; TRIAL; JAIL AB SETTING: The proportion of tuberculosis (TB) among foreign-born individuals in the United States is steadily increasing. Treatment of latent TB infection can prevent future cases of disease, although generally only 60% of patients who start a 6-month regimen of isoniazid complete therapy. OBJECTIVE: Cultural case management-employing case manager cultural mediators who serve patient-defined needs in addition to performing TB control functions-may improve results of testing and treatment in one high-risk group, new refugees. DESIGN: A cultural case management approach was established for finding and treating latent TB infection among three groups of new refugees: from the former Soviet Union (FSU), former Yugoslavia (FY), and Somalia. RESULTS: From July 1999 through December 2000, treatment was offered to 442 refugees, of whom 389 (88%) started and 319 (82%) completed therapy. The completion rate among starters from the FSU was 76%, for those from FY it was 94% and for those from Somalia it was 88%. Among all refugees to whom treatment was offered, 319/442 (72%) completed therapy. CONCLUSION: Cultural case management maybe a useful tool for expanding treatment of latent TB infection among foreign-born individuals. C1 Annie E Casey Fdn, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Washington, Harborview Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, TB Control Program, Seattle, WA USA. RP Goldberg, SV (reprint author), CDC, NCHSTP, Div TB Eliminat, Clin & Hlth Syst Res Branch, Mailstop E-10,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ssg3@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 8 IS 1 BP 76 EP 82 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 766KT UT WOS:000188376100010 PM 14974749 ER PT J AU Enarson, DA Jindani, A Kuaban, C Lamothe, E Louissaint, M Ottmani, SE Ramarokoto, H Ridderhof, JC Urbanczik, R AF Enarson, DA Jindani, A Kuaban, C Lamothe, E Louissaint, M Ottmani, SE Ramarokoto, H Ridderhof, JC Urbanczik, R TI Appropriateness of extending the intensive phase of treatment based on smear results SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Letter ID ACID-FAST BACILLI; POSITIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; PERSISTENT PRESENCE; SPUTUM CONVERSION; MICROSCOPY; CHEMOTHERAPY; HISTORY; UGANDA C1 IUATLD, Paris, France. Natl Reference Lab TB, Port Au Prince, Haiti. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Enarson, DA (reprint author), IUATLD, Paris, France. EM urbi.ricbard@aon.at NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 8 IS 1 BP 114 EP 116 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 766KT UT WOS:000188376100015 PM 14974754 ER PT J AU Norder, H Courouce, AM Coursaget, P Echevarria, JM Lee, SD Mushahwar, IK Robertson, BH Locarnini, S Magnius, LO AF Norder, H Courouce, AM Coursaget, P Echevarria, JM Lee, SD Mushahwar, IK Robertson, BH Locarnini, S Magnius, LO TI Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains derived worldwide: Genotypes, subgenotypes, and HBsAg subtypes SO INTERVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE genotypes; subgenotypes; subtypes; molecular epidemiology; evolution; non-human primates ID CHRONIC LIVER-DISEASE; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; PHYLOGENETIC RELATEDNESS; COMPLETE GENOME; HBV GENOTYPE; SOUTH-AFRICA; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; LAMIVUDINE RESISTANCE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VIRAL GENOTYPES AB Sequences of 234 complete genomes and 631 hepatitis B surface antigen genes were used to assess the worldwide diversity of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Apart from the described two subgenotypes each for A and F, also B, C, and D divided into four subgenotypes each in the analysis of complete genomes supported by significant boot-strap values. The subgenotypes of B and C differed in their geographical distribution, with B1 dominating in Japan, B2 in China and Vietnam, B3 confined to Indonesia, and B4 confined to Vietnam, all strains specifying subtype ayw1. Subgenotype C1 was common in Japan, Korea, and China; C2 in China, South-East Asia, and Bangladesh, and C3 in the Oceania comprising strains specifying adrq-, and C4 specifying ayw3 is encountered in Aborigines from Australia. This pattern of defined geographical distribution was less evident for D1-D4, where the subgenotypes were widely spread in Europe, Africa, and Asia, possibly due to their divergence having occurred a longer time ago than for genotypes B and C, with D4 being the first split and still the dominating sub-genotype of D in the Oceania. The genetic diversity of HBV and the geographical distribution of its subgenotypes provide a tool to reconstruct the evolutionary history of HBV and may help to complement genetic data in the understanding of the evolution and past migrations of man. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden. Royal Melbourne Hosp, Victorian Infect Dis & Ctr Clin Res Excellence In, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. INSERM, U618, IFR Agents Transmissibles & Infectiol 136, Fac Sci Pharmaceut Ph Maupas,Lab Virol Mol, Tours, France. Inst Salud Carlos III, Natl Ctr Microbiol, Serv Diagnost Microbiol, Madrid, Spain. Inst Natl Transfus Sanguine, Unite Virol Transfus, F-75015 Paris, France. Taipei Vet Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Yang Ming Univ, Sch Med, Taipei 112, Taiwan. Abbott Labs, Infect Dis Grp, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis A33, Infect Dis Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Norder, H (reprint author), Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden. EM helene.norder@smi.ki.se OI Norder, Helene/0000-0002-7528-3872 NR 61 TC 538 Z9 595 U1 7 U2 30 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-5526 J9 INTERVIROLOGY JI Intervirology PY 2004 VL 47 IS 6 BP 289 EP 309 DI 10.1159/000080872 PG 21 WC Virology SC Virology GA 874DW UT WOS:000225332100001 PM 15564741 ER PT J AU Robin, L Dittus, P Whitaker, D Crosby, R Ethier, K Mezoff, J Miller, K Pappas-Deluca, K AF Robin, L Dittus, P Whitaker, D Crosby, R Ethier, K Mezoff, J Miller, K Pappas-Deluca, K TI Behavioral interventions to reduce incidence of HIV, STD, and pregnancy among adolescents: A decade in review SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Review DE adolescents; HIV; program effectiveness; sexual risk-reduction programs; sexually transmitted infection ID AFRICAN-AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS; AIDS-PREVENTION PROGRAM; HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS; RISK-REDUCTION; SEXUAL RISK; IMPACT EVALUATION; EDUCATION; INVOLVEMENT; HEALTH; CURRICULUM AB Purpose: To review adolescent sexual risk-reduction programs that were evaluated using quasi-experimental or experimental methods and published in the 1990s. We describe evaluated programs and identify program and evaluation issues for health educators and researchers. Methods: We systematically searched seven electronic databases and hand-searched journals to identify evaluations of behavioral interventions to reduce sexual risk behaviors among adolescents. Articles were included if they were published in the 1990s, provided a theoretical basis for the program, information about the interventions, clear aims, and quasi-experimental or experimental evaluation methods. We identified 101 articles, and 24 met our criteria for inclusion. Results: We reviewed these evaluations to assess their research and program characteristics. The majority of studies included randomized controlled designs and employed delayed follow-up measures. The most commonly measured outcomes were delay of initiation of sexual intercourse, condom use, contraceptive use, and frequency of sexual intercourse. Programs ranged from 1 to 80 sessions, most had adult facilitators, and commonly included skills-building activities about sexual communication, decision-making, and problem solving. The programs included a wide range of strategies for content delivery such as arts and crafts, school councils, and community service learning. Conclusions: Analysis of these programs suggest four overall factors that may impact program effectiveness including the extent to which programs focus on specific skills for reducing sexual risk behaviors; program duration and intensity; what constitutes the content of a total evaluated program including researchers' assumptions of participants' exposure to prior and concurrent programs; and what kind of training is available for facilitators. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Robin, L (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 48 TC 170 Z9 174 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD JAN PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 3 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00244-1 PG 24 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 759AH UT WOS:000187714800003 PM 14706401 ER PT J AU Pappas, RS Ting, BG Paschal, DC AF Pappas, RS Ting, BG Paschal, DC TI Rapid analysis for plutonium-239 in 1 ml of urine by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a desolvating introduction system SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PLUTONIUM; BIOASSAY; URANIUM AB The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a mission to protect and promote public health, which includes investigation of environmental exposures to toxic substances that could threaten health. Plutonium is an environmentally available substance that is chemically and radiologically toxic and represents a potential health threat from excessive exposure. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a sensitive method for assessing environmental or unintentional exposure to these and other actinides. We report here a magnetic sector instrument method in which a desolvating introduction system is used to provide rapid, sensitive emergency response analysis for Pu-239 in only 1 mL of urine without digestion or coprecipitation. Pu-239 was separated from U and interfering urine organic substances by solid phase extraction. The within run limit of detection ( LOD) was 0.16 fg mL(-1) for 1 mL of urine even though originally spiked to 1018 ng L-1 of depleted U. A more rigorous LOD of 1.4 fg mL(-1) Pu-239 was based on 3 "total'' standard deviations in the presence of the same U concentration. At below 10(6) atoms of Pu-239 detectable in 1 mL of urine, this method is sufficiently sensitive for elevated emergency exposure assessment with high throughput. The precision for 10 duplicate samples was within 3.7% relative "total'' standard deviation (RSD, within and between run) for a 9.96 fg mL(-1) Pu-239-spiked urine sample and within 2.2% for a 99.6 fg mL(-1) Pu-239-spiked urine sample. The method was demonstrated to be accurate within 2.6% of the Los Alamos National Laboratories target value at 99.6 fg mL(-1), to within 1.0% of target value at 9.96 fg mL(-1) and within 1.2% at 0.996 fg mL(-1), just below the method LOD. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pappas, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM RPappas@CDC.GOV NR 22 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 762 EP 766 DI 10.1039/b316851d PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 826QY UT WOS:000221844800008 ER PT J AU Oliver, CE Philippe, F Gaillard, G Danielson, RB Keller, WL Rupprecht, C Bauer, ML Park, CS AF Oliver, C. E. Philippe, F. Gaillard, G. Danielson, R. B. Keller, W. L. Rupprecht, C. Bauer, M. L. Park, C. S. TI One-time oral nucleotides enhance immune function of newborn beef calves SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract DE nucleotide; calf; immune function C1 [Oliver, C. E.; Danielson, R. B.; Keller, W. L.; Bauer, M. L.; Park, C. S.] N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. [Philippe, F.; Gaillard, G.] Ecole Super Agr Angers, Angers, France. [Rupprecht, C.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA 2441 VILLAGE GREEN PLACE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61822 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PY 2004 VL 82 SU 1 BP 130 EP 130 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA V45UM UT WOS:000203095200519 ER PT J AU Crump, JA Okoth, GO Slutsker, L Ogaja, DO Keswick, BH Luby, SP AF Crump, JA Okoth, GO Slutsker, L Ogaja, DO Keswick, BH Luby, SP TI Effect of point-of-use disinfection, flocculation and combined flocculation-disinfection on drinking water quality in western Kenya SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Water-Association-Health-Related-Water-Microbiology Symposium CY SEP 14-19, 2003 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Water Assoc Hlth Related Water Microbiol DE alum compounds; disinfection; flocculation; nephelometry and turbidimetry; sodium hypochlorite; water purification ID VIBRIO-CHOLERAE O1; DIARRHEA PREVENTION; SOLAR DISINFECTION; SAFE STORAGE; TRANSMISSION; DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PURIFICATION; GUATEMALA; STRATEGY AB Aims: Point-of-use drinking water disinfection with sodium hypochlorite has been shown to improve water quality and reduce diarrhoeal disease. However, the chlorine demand of highly turbid water may render sodium hypochlorite less effective. Methods and Results: We evaluated a novel combined flocculant-disinfectant point-of-use water treatment product and compared its effect on drinking water quality with existing technologies in western Kenya. In water from 30 sources, combined flocculant-disinfectant reduced Escherichia coli concentrations to <1 CFU100 ml(-1) for 29 (97%) and reduced turbidity to <5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) for 26 (87%). By contrast, water from 30 sources treated with sodium hypochlorite reduced E. coli concentrations to <1 CFU 100 ml(-1) for 25 (83%) and turbidity to <5 NTU for 5 (17%). Conclusions: For source waters over a range of turbidities in western Kenya, combined flocculant-disinfectant product effectively reduces turbidity to <5 NTU and reduces E. coli concentrations to <1 CFU 100 ml(-1). Significance and Impact of the Study: The novel flocculant-disinfectant product may be acceptable to consumers and may be effective in reducing diarrhoeal disease in settings where source water is highly turbid. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Kenya Med Res Inst Kisi, Kisumu, Kenya. Procter & Gamble Co, Mason, OH USA. RP Crump, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jcrump@cdc.gov NR 29 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2004 VL 97 IS 1 BP 225 EP 231 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02309.x PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 826YZ UT WOS:000221866700024 PM 15186460 ER PT J AU Sanderson, WT Stoddard, RR Echt, AS Piacitelli, CA Kim, D Horan, J Davies, MM McCleery, RE Muller, P Schnorr, TM Ward, EM Hales, TR AF Sanderson, WT Stoddard, RR Echt, AS Piacitelli, CA Kim, D Horan, J Davies, MM McCleery, RE Muller, P Schnorr, TM Ward, EM Hales, TR TI Bacillus anthracis contamination and inhalational anthrax in a mail processing and distribution center SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; bacterial spores; bioterrorism; postal facility; surface sampling AB Aims: Four inhalational anthrax cases occurred in a large mail processing and distribution center in Washington, DC, after envelopes containing Bacillus anthracis spores were processed. This report describes the results of sampling for B. anthracis spores during investigations conducted in October and December 2001. Methods and Results: Wet swabs, wet wipes, vacuum sock, and air-filter samples were collected throughout the facility to characterize the extent of building contamination. The results showed widespread contamination of B. anthracis spores, particularly associated with one delivery bar code sorter (DBCS) machine that had sorted the spore-containing envelopes and an area where the envelopes were handled by postal workers. Spore concentrations decreased as distance from the DBCS machine increased, but spores were widely dispersed into surrounding areas. Conclusion: The spatial distribution of culture positive samples was closely related to the work areas of the inhalational anthrax cases and supported epidemiological evidence that the workers became ill from exposure to B. anthracis spores in areas where the contaminated envelopes had travelled. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results of this investigation were used to guide decontamination efforts and provided baseline spore concentrations for follow-up measurements after the building had been cleaned. Implementing methods to reduce aerosolization and dispersion of dust within the facility would reduce postal workers' potential exposures to bioterrorism agents. C1 Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Intelligence Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Muller Architects, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Sanderson, WT (reprint author), Univ Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus,134 IREH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM wayne-sanderson@uiowa.edu RI Echt, Alan/A-6940-2009 NR 15 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2004 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1048 EP 1056 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02223.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 819QF UT WOS:000221329000017 PM 15078521 ER PT J AU Carvajal, SC Hanson, C Downing, RA Coyle, KK Pederson, LL AF Carvajal, SC Hanson, C Downing, RA Coyle, KK Pederson, LL TI Theory-based determinants of youth smoking: A multiple influence approach SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADOLESCENT CIGARETTE-SMOKING; DRUG-ABUSE PREVENTION; SUBSTANCE USE; RISK-FACTORS; DISTINGUISHING OPTIMISM; PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS; PROTECTIVE FACTORS; MEDIATIONAL MODEL; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; ALCOHOL-USE AB This study tested a broad array of determinants of smoking grounded in general social psychological theories, as well as personality and social development theories. Using data from 2,004 middle school students, all proximal and distal determinants significantly predicted smoking in the hypothesized direction. Further, hierarchical logistic regressions showed that intention to smoke, positive and negative attitudes toward smoking, impediments to smoking, self-efficacy to resist smoking, parent norms, and academic success most strongly predicted current smoking. Hierarchical linear regressions suggested that parental relatedness, maladaptive coping strategies, depression, and low academic aspirations most strongly predicted susceptibility to smoking for those who had not yet smoked a cigarette. Global expectancies were the strongest predictor of susceptibility in low socioeconomic status students. These findings may guide the development of future theory-based interventions that produce the greatest reductions in youth smoking. C1 Univ Arizona, Coll Social & Behav Sci, Mexican Amer Studies & Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. ETR Associates, Santa Cruz, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Carvajal, SC (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Coll Social & Behav Sci, Mexican Amer Studies & Res Ctr, Cesar Chavez Bldg 23, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM carvaja@u.arizona NR 64 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0021-9029 J9 J APPL SOC PSYCHOL JI J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 59 EP 84 DI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02537.x PG 26 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 770NT UT WOS:000188737400003 ER PT J AU Gwynn, RC AF Gwynn, RC TI Risk factors for asthma in US adults: Results from the 2000 behavioral risk factor surveillance system SO JOURNAL OF ASTHMA LA English DT Article DE asthma; prevalence; risk factors; cross-sectional analysis ID BODY-MASS INDEX; NEW-YORK-CITY; SOCIOECONOMIC-FACTORS; UNITED-STATES; WOMEN; SMOKING; POPULATION; MORTALITY; SYMPTOMS; OBESITY AB Background. Identifying populations at risk for having asthma is an essential step toward appropriately allocating resources and reducing the burden of this disease. To date, the impact of demographic and social factors on asthma prevalence has not been assessed in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Methods. We conducted weighted analyses using data from a random digit-dialed telephone survey of non-institutionalized persons greater than or equal to 18 years of age in 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia to assess risk factors for asthma prevalence. Results. We found that women were more likely than men to report current asthma [odds/ratio (OR): 1.91, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.77-2.06]; adults aged 35-64 and greater than or equal to 65 were less likely than adults aged 18-34 to report current asthma (OR: 0.79, 95% Cl: 0.73-0.85 and OR: 0.65, 95% Cl: 0.58-0.72, respectively); persons from the lower socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to report current asthma than those in other SES (OR: 1.36, 95% Cl: 1.25-1.49); overweight and obese people were more likely to report current asthma than were those of normal weight (OR: 1.10, 95% Cl: 1.02-1.20 and OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.51-1.80, respectively); and current and former smokers were more likely than never smokers to report current asthma (OR: 1.28, 95% Cl: 1.181.39 and OR: 1.36, 95% Cl: 1.24-1.48, respectively). Conclusions. While several important sociodemographic risk factors were associated with increased asthma prevalence in U.S. adults, the impact of generally modifiable risk factors such as elevated body mass index and cigarette smoking is of specific concern. These findings further underscore the need to target and diminish these risk factors among U.S. adults. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gwynn, RC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cog1@cdc.gov NR 28 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0277-0903 J9 J ASTHMA JI J. Asthma PY 2004 VL 41 IS 1 BP 91 EP 98 DI 10.1081/JAS-120026066 PG 8 WC Allergy; Respiratory System SC Allergy; Respiratory System GA 805CZ UT WOS:000220345700012 PM 15046383 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Mannino, DM Redd, SC AF Ford, ES Mannino, DM Redd, SC TI Serum antioxidant concentrations among US adults with self-reported asthma SO JOURNAL OF ASTHMA LA English DT Article DE asthma; ascorbic acid; carotenoids; cross-sectional studies; selenium; vitamin A; vitamin E ID GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY; NUTRITION-EXAMINATION-SURVEY; EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA; OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG-DISEASE; BRONCHIAL-ASTHMA; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; SELENIUM STATUS; VITAMIN-C AB Antioxidants may protect the lungs of people with asthma against oxidative stress. Among participants aged greater than or equal to20 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( 1988-1994), we examined serum antioxidant concentrations of 771 persons with current asthma, 352 persons with former asthma, and 15,418 persons without asthma. After adjustment for age, participants with current asthma had similar mean concentrations of vitamin A, retinyl esters, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin E/ cholesterol ratio, vitamin E/triglyceride ratio, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and selenium as participants without asthma. We repeated these analyses among participants who did not use vitamin or mineral supplements. After age adjustment, participants with current asthma had lower vitamin C and beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations and a lower mean vitamin E/triglyceride ratio than participants without asthma. In multiple linear regression models that included age, sex. race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, body mass index, physical activity, and alcohol use, asthma status was not significantly associated with any of the antioxidant concentrations. However, lower vitamin C concentrations were observed among people with current or former asthma than among people who never had asthma (p = 0.014). In the United States, people with asthma do not have manifest antioxidant deficiencies. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM esf2@cdc.gov OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 56 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0277-0903 J9 J ASTHMA JI J. Asthma PY 2004 VL 41 IS 2 BP 179 EP 187 DI 10.1081/JAS-120026075 PG 9 WC Allergy; Respiratory System SC Allergy; Respiratory System GA 814GW UT WOS:000220964200006 PM 15115170 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Mannino, DM Redd, SC Moriarty, DG Mokdad, AH AF Ford, ES Mannino, DM Redd, SC Moriarty, DG Mokdad, AH TI Determinants of quality of life among people with asthma: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System SO JOURNAL OF ASTHMA LA English DT Article DE asthma; epidemiological determinants; quality of life ID MEDICAL RECORDS; MODERATE ASTHMA; HEALTH; QUESTIONNAIRE; SYMPTOMS; IMPACT; ADULTS; COMMUNITY; PERFORMANCE; POPULATION AB Asthma is a major contributor to impaired quality of life in the U.S. population. Little is known about population-based determinants of quality of life among people with asthma, however. Using data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we examined the associations between selected sociodemographic, behavioral, and other determinants and quality of life among 12,111 participants with current asthma. In multiple logistical regression models, three variables-employment status, smoking status, and physical activity-were significantly associated with all measures of impaired quality of life (poor or fair health, greater than or equal to14 physically unhealthy days, greater than or equal to14 mentally unhealthy days, greater than or equal to14 activity limitation days, or greater than or equal to14 physically or mentally unhealthy days). Education was significantly and inversely related to impaired quality of life for all measures except activity limitation days. Men were less likely than women to report having greater than or equal to14 physically unhealthy days, greater than or equal to14 mentally unhealthy days, or greater than or equal to14 physically or mentally unhealthy days. Compared with whites, Hispanics were more likely to report being in poor or fair health, and African Americans were less likely to report having greater than or equal to14 physically unhealthy days or greater than or equal to14 physically or mentally unhealthy days. In addition, participants with lower incomes were more likely to report impaired quality of life for three measures (general health status, greater than or equal to14 physically unhealthy days, and activity limitation days). The heaviest participants were more likely to be in poor or fair health or to report having more greater than or equal to14 physically unhealthy days, or greater than or equal to14 physically or mentally unhealthy days. Insurance coverage and the time since their last routine checkup were not significantly associated with any of the quality-of-life measures. These results show that three potentially modifiable factors (smoking status, physical activity, body mass index) are associated with quality of life among persons with asthma. Furthermore, among people with asthma, the elderly, women, poorly educated, and low-income participants are especially likely to experience impaired quality of life. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K66, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM esf2@cdc.gov OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 48 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0277-0903 J9 J ASTHMA JI J. Asthma PY 2004 VL 41 IS 3 BP 327 EP 336 DI 10.1081/JAS-120026090 PG 10 WC Allergy; Respiratory System SC Allergy; Respiratory System GA 834KL UT WOS:000222409900010 PM 15260466 ER PT J AU Hootman, JM AF Hootman, JM TI Acromioclavicular dislocation: Conservative or surgical therapy SO JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC TRAINING LA English DT Editorial Material ID INJURIES AB Reference: Phillips AM, Smart C, Groom AFG. Acromioclavicular dislocation: conservative or surgical therapy. Clin Orthop. 1998;353:10-17. Clinical Question: Among patients with acromioclavicular (AC) dislocation, does surgical intervention produce better outcomes than conservative therapy? Data Sources: Studies were identified by a MEDLINE search (1966-1997) and a manual search of the reference lists of each relevant study identified. The medical subject heading of acromioclavicular dislocation was used as the primary search term. Study Selection: The search was limited to English-language journals listed in Index Medicus. Studies were included if they described severely displaced dislocations of the AC joint, mostly characterized as grade III injuries (Allman or Rockwood classification) or if there was at least 1-cm displacement of the clavicle. If more than 1 study included the same group or subgroups of patients, the study with the best assessed methods was used. Studies were divided into 4 classifications: group 1, randomized trials of surgery versus conservative therapy; group 2, nonrandomized trials of surgery versus conservative therapy; group 3, surgical trials only; and group 4, conservative trials only. Data Extraction: Data-extraction and study quality-assessment procedures were not explained in detail. The primary outcome measures were overall outcome, return to work, return to premorbid activities, complications, and radiographic features. Secondary measures were pain, range of motion, and strength. RevMan software (version 1.05; Cochrane Centre, Oxford, UK) was used for statistical analysis. Main Results: Specific search criteria identified 600 articles for review, of which 24 met inclusion and exclusion criteria: 2 in group 2, 3 in group 3, 14 in group 4, and 5 in group 4. A total of 1172 patients were represented (surgical treatment = 833, mean = 43.7 months' follow-up; conservative treatment = 339, mean = 60.4 months' follow-up). Both surgically and conservatively treated patients reported similar overall satisfactory outcome (88% surgical versus 87% conservative). Patients with surgical treatment reported longer time to return to work and premorbid activities. Among patients treated surgically, 59% had additional surgery, 6% had wound breakdown, 20% had fixation failure, and 3% reported residual deformity. Only 1% of conservatively treated patients reported wound problems, 6% had additional surgery, and 37% reported residual deformity. In only 1 study did the authors report the incidence of posttraumatic arthritis: 25% among surgically treated and 43% among conservatively treated patients. Analysis of secondary outcomes suggests that both groups had little or no pain (93% surgical, 96% conservative) but more conservatively treated patients had normal to near-normal range of motion (95% versus 86%) and normal strength (92% versus 87%). Conservative treatment of AC dislocations is 21% more likely to result in a satisfactory outcome than surgical treatment (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval = 0.36, 1.71). The need for additional surgery is 7.4 times more likely and infection is 3.2 times more likely with surgical management. Conclusions: These data suggest that the current evidence does not support surgical treatment of grade III AC dislocations with respect to overall patient satisfaction as well as clinical outcomes such as pain, range of motion, and strength. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hootman, JM (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jhootman@cdc.gov NR 4 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ATHLETIC TRAINERS ASSOC INC PI DALLAS PA 2952 STEMMONS FREEWAY, DALLAS, TX 75247 USA SN 1062-6050 J9 J ATHL TRAINING JI J. Athl. Train. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 10 EP 11 PG 2 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 811DS UT WOS:000220753200002 ER PT J AU Steves, R Hootman, JM AF Steves, R Hootman, JM TI Evidence-based medicine: What is it and how does it apply to athletic training? SO JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC TRAINING LA English DT Article DE best practice; clinical research ID SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS; CLINICAL-PRACTICE AB Objective: To introduce the concept of evidence-based medicine (EBM) to athletic trainers. This overview provides information on how EBM can affect the clinical practice of athletic training and enhance the care given to patients. Data Sources: We searched the MEDLINE and CINHAL bibliographic databases using the terms evidence-based medicine and best practice and the online Index to Abstracts of Cochrane Reviews by group (injury, musculoskeletal injuries, and musculoskeletal) to identify reviews on topics pertinent to athletic training. Data Synthesis: Evidence-based medical practice has 5 components: defining a clinically relevant question, searching for the best evidence, appraising the quality of the evidence, applying the evidence to clinical practice, and evaluating the process. Evidence-based medicine integrates the research evidence, clinician's expertise, and patient's preferences to guide clinical decision making. Critical to this effort is the availability of quality research on the effectiveness of sports medicine techniques. Athletic training outcomes research is lagging behind that of other health care professions. Recommendations: Athletic trainers need to embrace the critical-thinking skills to assess the medical literature and incorporate it into their clinical practice. The profession should encourage more clinically related research and enhance the scientific foundation of athletic training. Evidence-based medicine provides an important next step in the growth of the athletic training profession. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Steves, R (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Box 71, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM rgsteves@princeton.edu NR 16 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL ATHLETIC TRAINERS ASSOC INC PI DALLAS PA 2952 STEMMONS FREEWAY, DALLAS, TX 75247 USA SN 1062-6050 J9 J ATHL TRAINING JI J. Athl. Train. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 83 EP 87 PG 5 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 811DS UT WOS:000220753200013 ER PT J AU Shukla, SK Paustian, DL Stockwell, PJ Morey, RE Jordan, JG Levett, PN Frank, DN Reed, KD AF Shukla, SK Paustian, DL Stockwell, PJ Morey, RE Jordan, JG Levett, PN Frank, DN Reed, KD TI Isolation of a fastidious Bergeyella species associated with cellulitis after a cat bite and a phylogenetic comparison with Bergeyella zoohelcum strains SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEEKSELLA-ZOOHELCUM; DOG BITE; INFECTIONS; NOV; SEPTICEMIA; BACTEREMIA; AGENTS; HUMANS; SKIN AB Bergeyella zoohelcum is an uncommon zoonotic pathogen typically associated with cat or dog bites. Previously, only five cases of B. zoohelcum infection have been reported. We report the isolation and characterization of a fastidious Bergeyella species from acute cellulitis in the upper extremity of a 60-year-old woman. The organism was too fastidious for identification and susceptibility testing with traditional culture methods. The isolate was characterized further by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene with broad-range eubacterial primers. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence indicated that this isolate was a member of the species B. zoohelcum (previously Weeksella zoohelcum), a gram-negative bacillus that is rarely associated with infections in humans. Despite sharing a close genetic relationship with other B. zoohelcum strains, this isolate was extremely fastidious in nature, raising the possibility that similar strains from cat or dog bite wound infections have been underreported. C1 Marshfield Clin Res Fdn, Clin Res Ctr, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. Mem Med Ctr, Neillsville, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Shukla, SK (reprint author), Marshfield Clin Res Fdn, Clin Res Ctr, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. EM shukla.sanjay@mcrf.mfldclin.edu NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 42 IS 1 BP 290 EP 293 DI 10.1128/JCM.42.1.290-293.2004 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763VU UT WOS:000188121800045 PM 14715767 ER PT J AU Schwaber, MJ Raney, PM Rasheed, JK Biddle, JW Williams, P McGowan, JE Tenover, FC AF Schwaber, MJ Raney, PM Rasheed, JK Biddle, JW Williams, P McGowan, JE Tenover, FC TI Utility of NCCLS guidelines for identifying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in non-Escherichia coli and non-Klebsiella spp. of Enterobacteriaceae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; SERRATIA-MARCESCENS; PNEUMONIAE; RESISTANCE; SELECTION; STRAIN AB NCCLS screening and confirmation methods for detecting extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) apply only to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., yet ESBLs have been found in other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. We evaluated the effectiveness of NCCLS methods for detecting ESBLs in 690 gram-negative isolates of Enterobacteriaceae that excluded E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca. Isolates were collected between January 1996 and June 1999 from 53 U.S. hospitals participating in Project ICARE (Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology). The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by using the NCCLS broth microdilution method (BMD), and those isolates for which the MIC of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or aztreonam was greater than or equal to2 mug/ml or the MIC of cefpodoxime was greater than or equal to8 mug/ml (positive ESBL screen test) were further tested for a clavulanic acid (CA) effect by BMD and the disk diffusion method (confirmation tests). Although 355 (51.4%) of the isolates were ESBL screen test positive, only 15 (2.2%) showed a CA effect. Since 3 of the 15 isolates were already highly resistant to the five NCCLS indicator drugs, ESBL detection would have an impact on the reporting of only 1.7% of the isolates in the study. Only 6 of the 15 isolates that showed a CA effect contained a bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), or bla(OXA) beta-lactamase gene as determined by PCR (with a corresponding isoelectric focusing pattern). Extension of the NCCLS guidelines for ESBL detection to Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli and Klebsiella spp. does not appear to be warranted in the United States at present, since the test has poor specificity for this population and would result in changes in categorical interpretations for only 1.7% of Enterobacteriaceae tested. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, G08,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM fnt1@cdc.gov RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 26 TC 39 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 42 IS 1 BP 294 EP 298 DI 10.1128/JCM.42.1.294-298.2004 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763VU UT WOS:000188121800046 PM 14715768 ER PT J AU Hughes, GJ Smith, JS Hanlon, CA Rupprecht, CE AF Hughes, GJ Smith, JS Hanlon, CA Rupprecht, CE TI Evaluation of a TaqMan PCR assay to detect rabies virus RNA: Influence of sequence variation and application to quantification of viral loads SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REAL-TIME PCR; RT-PCR; MOUTH-DISEASE; QUANTITATION AB Published assays that use TaqMan PCR are consistently sensitive, rapid, and readily transferable. Here we describe a TaqMan PCR-based method for the detection of rabies virus (RV) RNA in tissue samples. We show that the method has an acceptable linear range, is both sensitive and specific, and, importantly, correlates with the concentration of infectious virus. In addition, the levels of RV-specific amplification are adjustable according to the levels of an endogenous control (beta-actin mRNA), allowing the calculation of comparable quantities. We tested the capacity of this assay to cope with target sequence variations. The number of sequence mismatches between gene-specific oligonucleotides and the target sequence significantly affects amplification (P < 0.001), and point mutations at the center of the probe can result in false-negative results through the prevention of probe binding and subsequent fluorescence. This study demonstrates that the genetic heterogeneity of RVs may prove a serious obstacle in the development of a diagnostic assay based on TaqMan PCR; however, the quantification of RV levels may prove to be a valuable application of this assay. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. RP Rupprecht, CE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G33, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. EM cyr5@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 42 IS 1 BP 299 EP 306 DI 10.1128/JCM.42.1.299-306.2004 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763VU UT WOS:000188121800047 PM 14715769 ER PT J AU Mothershed, EA Sacchi, CT Whitney, AM Barnett, GA Ajello, GW Schmink, S Mayer, LW Phelan, M Taylor, TH Bernhardt, SA Rosenstein, NE Popovic, T AF Mothershed, EA Sacchi, CT Whitney, AM Barnett, GA Ajello, GW Schmink, S Mayer, LW Phelan, M Taylor, TH Bernhardt, SA Rosenstein, NE Popovic, T TI Use of real-time PCR to resolve slide agglutination discrepancies in serogroup identification of Neisseria meningitidis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; DIAGNOSIS; CAPSULE; COMPLEX; ELISA AB Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and septicemia in children and young adults in the United States. Rapid and reliable identification of N. meningitidis serogroups is crucial for judicious and expedient response to cases of meningococcal disease, including decisions about vaccination campaigns. From 1997 to 2002, 1,298 N. meningitidis isolates, collected in the United States through the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs), were tested by slide agglutination serogrouping (SASG) at both the ABCs sites and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). For over 95% of isolates, SASG results were concordant, while discrepant results were reported for 58 isolates. To resolve these discrepancies, we repeated the SASG in a blinded fashion and employed ctrA and six serogroup-specific PCR assays (SGS-PCR) to determine the genetic capsule type. Seventy-eight percent of discrepancies were resolved, since results of the SGS-PCR and SASG blinded study agreed with each other and confirmed the SASG result at either state health laboratories or CDC. This study demonstrated the ability of SGS-PCR to efficiently resolve SASG discrepancies and identified the main cause of the discrepancies as overreporting of these isolates as nongroupable. It also reemphasized the importance of adherence to quality assurance procedures when performing SASG and prompted prospective monitoring for SASG discrepancies involving isolates collected through ABCs in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mothershed, EA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, MS D-11,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM emothershed@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 83 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 42 IS 1 BP 320 EP 328 DI 10.1128/JCM.42.1.320-328.2004 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763VU UT WOS:000188121800050 PM 14715772 ER PT J AU Banyai, K Gentsch, JR Gass, RI Uj, M Mihaly, I Szucs, G AF Banyai, K Gentsch, JR Gass, RI Uj, M Mihaly, I Szucs, G TI Eight-year survey of human rotavirus strains demonstrates circulation of unusual G and P types in Hungary SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; UNITED-STATES; SEROTYPE G6; BOVINE ROTAVIRUSES; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; IDENTIFICATION; VP7; GASTROENTERITIS AB Between 1992 and 2000, a total of 4,173 rotavirus-positive samples were collected from two areas of Hungary. Of these, 2,020 specimens (48.4%) were analyzed for G serotype, using monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay and reverse transcription-PCR. By the two methods, 1,789 samples were specified as G1 (62%), G2 (12.2%), G3 (1.4%), G4 (6.4%), G6 (1.0%), G9 (2.9%), or mixed infection (2.6%), and the remaining 231 (11.4%) could not be G typed. The linkage between G and P type, subgroup specificity, and RNA profile was investigated with a sample subset. Among these specimens, we identified both the four globally common strains (P[8],G1 subgroup II (sgII); P[4],G2 sgI; P[8],G3 sgII; and P[8],G4 sgII and six uncommon strains (P[6],G4 sgII; P[9],G3 sgI; P[9],G6 sgI; P[14],G6 sgI; P[8],G9 sgII; and P[8],G9 sgI). All strains with P[8], P[6], P[9], and P[14] specificities had a long electropherotype, whereas most of those carrying a P[4] specificity were associated with a short electropherotype. Although once considered to be rare, P[9],G6 and P[8],G9 rotavirus strains represent potentially important new serotypes in Hungary. C1 Baranya Cty Inst State Publ Hlth Serv, Reg Lab Virol, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary. St Laszlo Cent Hosp Infect Dis, Lab Diagnost Virol, Budapest, Hungary. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Szucs, G (reprint author), Baranya Cty Inst State Publ Hlth Serv, Reg Lab Virol, Szabadsag Ut 7, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary. EM gszucs@main.antszbar.hu OI Banyai, Krisztian/0000-0002-6270-1772 NR 48 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 42 IS 1 BP 393 EP 397 DI 10.1128/JCM.42.1.393-397.2004 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763VU UT WOS:000188121800066 PM 14715788 ER PT J AU Cowan, LS Diem, L Brake, MC Crawford, JT AF Cowan, LS Diem, L Brake, MC Crawford, JT TI Transfer of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping method, spoligotyping, from a reverse line-blot hybridization, membrane-based assay to the Luminex multianalyte profiling system SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX BACTERIA; DIFFERENTIATION AB Spoligotyping using Luminex technology was shown to be a highly reproducible method suitable for high-throughput analysis. Spoligotyping of 48 isolates using the traditional membrane-based assay and the Luminex assay yielded concordant results for all isolates. The Luminex platform provides greater flexibility and cost effectiveness than the membrane-based assay. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cowan, LS (reprint author), CDC, Mailstop F08,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM LCowan@cdc.gov NR 5 TC 97 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 42 IS 1 BP 474 EP 477 DI 10.1128/JCM.42.1.474-477.2004 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 763VU UT WOS:000188121800087 PM 14715809 ER PT J AU Hutin, Y Kitler, ME Dore, GJ Perz, JF Armstrong, GL Dusheiko, G Ishibashi, H Grob, P Kew, M Marcellin, P Seeff, LB Beutels, P Nelson, C Stein, C Zurn, P Clifford, G Vranckx, R Alberti, A Hallaj, ZS Hadler, S Lavanchy, D AF Hutin, Y Kitler, ME Dore, GJ Perz, JF Armstrong, GL Dusheiko, G Ishibashi, H Grob, P Kew, M Marcellin, P Seeff, LB Beutels, P Nelson, C Stein, C Zurn, P Clifford, G Vranckx, R Alberti, A Hallaj, ZS Hadler, S Lavanchy, D CA Global Burdens Hepatitis C Working TI Global burden of disease (GBD) for hepatitis C SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hepatitis C virus; global burden of disease; World Health Organization; morbidity; mortality; GBD project ID HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; FOLLOW-UP; CIRRHOSIS; VIRUS; PROGRESSION; INFECTION; IMPACT; STEATOSIS AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is now a global public health issue. However, the global burden of disease attributable to HCV infection is unknown. The objectives of this WHO informal consultation included the following: (1) defining a strategy to estimate the global burden of disease (GBD) associated with HCV infection in terms of morbidity and mortality, (2) describing the natural history of HCV infection in terms of morbidity and mortality, and (3) identifying areas for which more research is needed. The GBD project is an attempt to examine all causes of morbidity and mortality using an approach common to all conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) already has estimated the burden of disease associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and is now about to conduct the some analysis for HCV infection. A review has been conducted to estimate the prevalence of HCV infection by age, gender, and region. These figures can be estimate the current burden due to past infections and (2) estimate the future burden due to current infections. Provisional expert consensus was reached over natural history parameters and cofactors that influence them. However, systematic literature reviews and meta-analysis are preferable for obtaining estimates to be included in models. Areas deserving future research include (1) obtaining a better estimate of HCV infection prevalence by age groups, (2) characterizing the various morbidity states associated with HCV infection and their disability weights, (3) understanding the long-term natural history of HCV infection beyond 20 years after infection, and (4) estimating the prevalence (and numbers of) of HCV infection among the drug-using population worldwide. A working group was created to address unmet needs and to assist the WHO in estimating the GBD associated with HCV infection. (C) 2004 the American College of Clinical Pharmacology. C1 WHO, HTP, Blood Safety & Clin Technol BCT, SIGN, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. WHO, CDS, Strategy Dev & Monitoring Eradicat & Eliminat,FIL, CEE,Global Programme Eliminate Lymphat Filariasis, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Univ New S Wales, Viral Hepatitis Programme, Natl Ctr HIV Epidemiol & Clin Res, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA USA. Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, London NW3 2QG, England. Natl Nagasaki Med Ctr, Clin Res Ctr, Nagasaki, Japan. RP Hutin, Y (reprint author), WHO, HTP, Blood Safety & Clin Technol BCT, SIGN, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RI Beutels, Philippe/A-1919-2010 OI Beutels, Philippe/0000-0001-5034-3595 NR 29 TC 282 Z9 291 U1 1 U2 16 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0091-2700 J9 J CLIN PHARMACOL JI J. Clin. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 44 IS 1 BP 20 EP 29 DI 10.1177/0091270003258669 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 755TZ UT WOS:000187428700002 ER PT J AU Oliver, CE Philippe, F Gaillard, G Danielson, RB Keller, WL Rupprecht, C Bauer, ML Park, CS AF Oliver, C. E. Philippe, F. Gaillard, G. Danielson, R. B. Keller, W. L. Rupprecht, C. Bauer, M. L. Park, C. S. TI One-time oral nucleotides enhance immune function of newborn beef calves SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract DE nucleotide; calf; immune function C1 [Oliver, C. E.; Danielson, R. B.; Keller, W. L.; Bauer, M. L.; Park, C. S.] N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. [Philippe, F.; Gaillard, G.] Ecole Sup DAgr DAngers, Angers, France. [Rupprecht, C.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PY 2004 VL 87 SU 1 BP 130 EP 130 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA V45UN UT WOS:000203095300519 ER PT J AU Stefaniak, AB Hoover, MD Day, GA Dickerson, RM Peterson, EJ Kent, MS Schuler, CR Breysse, PN Scripsick, RC AF Stefaniak, AB Hoover, MD Day, GA Dickerson, RM Peterson, EJ Kent, MS Schuler, CR Breysse, PN Scripsick, RC TI Characterization of physicochemical properties of beryllium aerosols associated with prevalence of chronic beryllium disease SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; METAL PARTICLES; EXPOSURE; OXIDE; PLANT; ALLOY; SENSITIZATION; DISSOLUTION; RISKS AB Little is known about the physicochemical properties of beryllium aerosols associated with increased risk of beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Such information is needed to evaluate whether airborne mass of beryllium is the appropriate metric of exposure or alternatively to provide a scientific basis for using information on particle size, surface area, and chemistry to support an improved exposure limit based on bioavailability through the inhalation and dermal routes of exposure. Thus, we used a suite of analytical techniques to characterize aerodynamically size-fractionated beryllium particles and powders that have been associated in epidemiological studies with higher prevalence of CBD. Aerosol particles were sampled from the ventilation systems of production lines for powders of beryllium metal and beryllium oxide and for ingots of copper-beryllium alloy. End product powders from the metal and oxide production lines were also collected. Particles released during production of beryllium metal were found to be complex, having heterogeneous composition, including reactive species such as fluorine. Powders from beryllium metal production were of high purity with only a minor component of beryllium oxide. Both particles and powders from oxide production were high-purity oxide. Particles released during production of copper-beryllium alloy were heterogeneous, being predominantly copper oxides. Thus, all particles and powders contain at least some beryllium in the form of beryllium oxide. These data justify efforts to thoroughly characterize beryllium aerosol properties when performing exposure assessments. The data also suggest that differences in particle chemical composition, size, number, and surface area may influence bioavailability of beryllium and contribute to risk of CBD. However, a scientific basis does not yet exist to replace mass as the current metric of exposure. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ind Hyg & Safety Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Technol & Met Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Struct Property Relat Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Superconduct Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Brush Wellman Inc, Elmore, OH 43416 USA. RP Scripsick, RC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ind Hyg & Safety Grp, HSR-5,MS K553, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM scrip@lanl.gov RI Stefaniak, Aleksandr/I-3616-2012; Hoover, Mark/I-4201-2012 OI Hoover, Mark/0000-0002-8726-8127 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07141]; NIOSH CDC HHS [1R03 OH007447-01] NR 33 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 6 BP 523 EP 532 DI 10.1039/b316256g PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825HJ UT WOS:000221746600006 PM 15173904 ER PT J AU Birch, ME Noll, JD AF Birch, ME Noll, JD TI Submicrometer elemental carbon as a selective measure of diesel particulate matter in coal mines SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; EXHAUST; AEROSOL; ADMISSIONS; EXPOSURES; INDUSTRY AB A monitoring method for diesel particulate matter was published as Method 5040 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Organic and elemental carbon are determined by the method, but elemental carbon (EC) is a better exposure measure. The US Mine Safety and Health Administration ( MSHA) proposed use of NIOSH 5040 for compliance determinations in metal and nonmetal mines. MSHA also published a rulemaking for coal mines, but no exposure standard was provided. A standard based on particulate carbon is not considered practical because of coal dust interference. Interference may not be a problem if an appropriate size-selective sampler and EC exposure standard are employed. Submicrometer dust concentrations found in previous surveys of nondieselized, underground coal mines were relatively low. If a large fraction of the submicrometer dust is organic and mineral matter, submicrometer EC concentrations would be much lower than submicrometer mass concentrations. Laboratory and field results reported herein indicate the amount of EC contributed by submicrometer coal dust is minor. In a laboratory test, a submicrometer EC concentration of 31 mug m(-3) was found when sampling a respirable coal dust concentration over three times the US compliance limit (2 mg m(-3)). Laboratory results are consistent with surveys of nondieselized coal mines, where EC results ranged from below the method limit of detection to 18 mug m(-3) when size-selective samplers were used to collect dust fractions having particle diameters below 1.5 mum-submicrometer EC concentrations were approximate to7 mug m(-3). In dieselized mines, submicrometer EC concentrations are much higher. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Pittsburgh Res Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Birch, ME (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Appl Res & Technol, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 56 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 10 BP 799 EP 806 DI 10.1039/b407507b PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 861WD UT WOS:000224448400008 PM 15480493 ER PT J AU Noll, JD Birch, E AF Noll, JD Birch, E TI Evaluation of the SKCs DPM cassette for monitoring diesel particulate matter in coal mines SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL CARBON; EXHAUST; OVEREXPOSURE AB In a previous study, the efficacy of commercial and prototype impactors for sampling diesel particulate matter (DPM) in coal mines was investigated. Laboratory and field samples were collected on quartz-fiber filters and analyzed for organic and elemental carbon. Coal dust contributed a minimal amount of elemental carbon when commercial cascade impactors and prototype impactors, designed by the University of Minnesota (UMN) and the US Bureau of Mines (BOM), were used to collect submicrometer dust fractions. Other impactors were not as effective at excluding coal dust. The impactors evaluated in that study were either not commercially available or were multi-stage, expensive, and difficult to use for personal measurements. A commercial version of the BOM impactor, called the DPM Cassette, was recently introduced by SKC(R). Tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the DPM Cassette for measuring diesel-source elemental carbon in the presence of coal dust. Bituminous coals from three mines in two different coal provinces were examined. The dust particle diameters were small and the coal dust contained a high percentage of carbon, thereby giving a worst-case condition for non-anthracite coal mines. Results for the DPM Cassette were essentially identical to those obtained by the BOM impactors in a previous study. At a respirable coal dust concentration of 5.46 mg m(-3), which is 3.8 times the regulatory limit, the DPM Cassette collected only 34 mug m(-3) of coal-source elemental carbon. C1 NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Pittsburgh Res Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Noll, JD (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Pittsburgh Res Lab, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. EM JIN1@cdc.gov; MIB2@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 12 BP 973 EP 978 DI 10.1039/b410057c PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 874FK UT WOS:000225336100009 PM 15568046 ER PT J AU Ulsh, BA Miller, SM Mallory, FF Mitchel, REJ Morrison, DP Boreham, DR AF Ulsh, BA Miller, SM Mallory, FF Mitchel, REJ Morrison, DP Boreham, DR TI Cytogenetic dose-response, and adaptive response in cells of ungulate species exposed to ionizing radiation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Radioactivity in the Environment CY SEP 01-05, 2002 CL MONACO DE dose-response relationship; micronucleus assay; Woodland caribou; white-tailed deer; muntjac; adaptive response ID CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS; RABBIT LYMPHOCYTES; NORTHERN CANADA; X-RAYS; CARIBOU; RESISTANCE; DOSIMETRY; PO-210; REPAIR AB In the studies reported here, the micronucleus assay, a common cytogenetic technique, was used to examine the dose-responses in fibroblasts from three ungulate species (white-tailed deer, woodland caribou, and Indian muntjac) exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation (1-4 Gy of Co-60 gamma radiation). This assay Was also used to examine the effects of exposure to. low doses (1-100 mGy) typical of what these species experience in a year from natural and anthropogenic environmental sources. An adaptive response, defined as the induction of resistance to a stressor by a prior exposure to a small "adapting" stress, was observed after exposure to low doses. This work indicates that very small doses are protective for the endpoint examined. The same level of protection was seen at all adapting doses, including I radiation track per cell, the lowest possible cellular dose. These results are consistent with other studies in a wide variety of organisms that demonstrate a protective effect of low doses at both cellular and. whole-organism levels. This implies that environmental regulations predicated on the idea that even the smallest dose of radiation carries a quantifiable risk of direct adverse consequences to the exposed organism require further examination. Cytogenetic assays provide affordable and feasible biological effects-based alternatives that are more biologically relevant than traditional contaminant concentration-based radioecological risk assessment. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 McMaster Univ, Inst Appl Radiat Sci, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 1C1, Canada. Laurentian Univ, Dept Biol, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada. Atom Energy Canada Ltd, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. RP Ulsh, BA (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS C-45, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM bau6@cdc.gov NR 30 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2004 VL 74 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 73 EP 81 DI 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.01.005 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 826IN UT WOS:000221822900007 PM 15063537 ER PT J AU Scanlon, M Leitch, GJ Visvesvara, GS Shaw, AP AF Scanlon, M Leitch, GJ Visvesvara, GS Shaw, AP TI Relationship between the host cell mitochondria and the parasitophorous vacuole in cells infected with Encephalitozoon microsporidia SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE albendazole; Encephalitozoon; demecolcine; meront; microsporidia; mitochondria; parasitophorous vacuole; sporont; spore ID ASSOCIATION; MEMBRANE AB Encephalitozoon microsporidia proliferate and differentiate within a parasitophorous vacuole. Using the fluorescent probe, calcein, and the mitochondrial probe, MitoTracker-CMXRos, a vital method was developed that confirmed ultrastructural reports that the host cell mitochondria frequently lie in immediate proximity to the parasitophorous vacuole. Morphometry failed to demonstrate any infection-induced increase in host cell mitochondria as there was no correlation between the mitochondrial volume and the extent of infection as judged by the parasitophorous vacuole volume. The total ATP concentration of infected cells did not differ from that of uninfected cells in spite of the increased metabolic demands of the infection. Treatment with 10(-6) M albendazole, more than ten times the antiparasitic IC50 dose, and demecolcine had no subjective effect on the proximity of mitochondria to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane when studied by either transmission electron microscopy or by confocal microscopy even though these drug concentrations affected microtubule structure. Thus, once the association between mitochondria and the parasitophorous vacuole has been established, host cell microtubule integrity is probably not required for its maintenance. It is unlikely that the antimicrosporidial action of albendazole involves physically uncoupling developing parasite stages from host cell organelle metabolic support. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Scanlon, M (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Physiol, 720 Westview Dr Sw, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. EM scanlon@msm.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR03034] NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 51 IS 1 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00166.x PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 775GH UT WOS:000189032000010 PM 15068269 ER PT J AU Hoffman, LJ Bunker, CH Pellett, PE Trump, DL Patrick, AL Dollard, SC Keenan, HA Jenkins, FJ AF Hoffman, LJ Bunker, CH Pellett, PE Trump, DL Patrick, AL Dollard, SC Keenan, HA Jenkins, FJ TI Elevated seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 among men with prostate cancer SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SEROLOGIC ASSAYS; GENERAL-POPULATION; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; BLOOD-DONORS; INFECTION; SEMEN; ANTIBODIES AB Background. To investigate any epidemiological association between human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 and prostate cancer, we determined the prevalence of HHV-8 seropositivity among prostate cancer case and control subjects in the United States and Trinidad and Tobago. Methods. Antibodies against HHV-8 were detected in 2 independent laboratories using either indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IFA. Results. Among 138 Tobago men with prostate cancer, HHV-8 seroprevalence was 39.9%-significantly higher than that among 140 age-matched control subjects (22.9%;; odds ratio [ OR], 2.24; 95% confidence Pp. 003 interval [CI], 1.29 - 3.90). Among 100 US men with prostate cancer, seroprevalence was 20% - significantly higher than that of 177 blood donors (5.1%;; OR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.91 - 11.65) and higher than that of 99 men Pp. 001 with cancer not related to HHV-8 (13%;; 95% CI, 0.77 - 3.54). Pp. 253 Conclusions. HHV-8 seropositivity is elevated among men with prostate cancer compared with control subjects, which suggests that HHV-8 plays a role in the development of prostate cancer. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Infect Dis & Microbiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Dept Med, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Virol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Tobago Reg Hlth Author, Scarborough, Tobago, Trinid & Tobago. RP Jenkins, FJ (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Infect Dis & Microbiol, Hillman Canc Res Pavilion,G-17B,5117 Ctr Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Jenkins, Frank/A-8529-2009 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA84950] NR 42 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 189 IS 1 BP 15 EP 20 DI 10.1086/380568 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 759DP UT WOS:000187723300003 PM 14702148 ER PT J AU Tarkowski, TA Koumans, EH Sawyer, M Pierce, A Black, CM Papp, JR Markowitz, L Unger, ER AF Tarkowski, TA Koumans, EH Sawyer, M Pierce, A Black, CM Papp, JR Markowitz, L Unger, ER TI Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and abnormal cytologic test results in an urban adolescent population SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-for-Obstetrics-and-Gynecology CY AUG 08-10, 2002 CL BANFF, CANADA SP Infectious Dis Soc Obstet & Gynecol ID PREGNANT-WOMEN AB We determined the prevalence of and the risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and abnormal cytologic test results in 312 adolescent girls (mean age, 16.1 years). Subjects had a median of 2 years of sexual activity and 4 lifetime sex partners. Cervical HPV was detected by use of L1-consensus polymerase chain reaction in 64% of subjects; half of those with HPV had 11 type, and 77% had greater than or equal to1 high-risk type. Independent risk factors for HPV were lifetime number of sex partners, age of partner, and douching. Cytologic abnormalities were common (20.9% of subjects had atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance, and 17.0% had high- or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) and were significantly associated with detection of HPV (P = .0001); however, most (51.6%) subjects with HPV had normal cytologic test results. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Unger, ER (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG41, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 15 TC 83 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 189 IS 1 BP 46 EP 50 DI 10.1086/380466 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 759DP UT WOS:000187723300007 PM 14702152 ER PT J AU Espul, C Martinez, N Noel, JS Cuello, H Abrile, C Grucci, S Glass, R Berke, T Matson, DO AF Espul, C Martinez, N Noel, JS Cuello, H Abrile, C Grucci, S Glass, R Berke, T Matson, DO TI Prevalence and characterization of astroviruses in Argentinean children with acute gastroenteritis SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE gastroenteritis; RT-PCR; EIA; serotype; genotype ID MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; MEXICO-CITY; RT-PCR; DIARRHEA; INFECTION; SEROTYPES; AUSTRALIA; REGION; IDENTIFICATION; SENSITIVITY AB Among viral agents causing gastroenteritis, human astroviruses (HAstVs) take second or third place, after rotaviruses and caliciviruses, as the most frequent cause of illness. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of HAstV infection and to characterize the circulating HAstV strains in children with diarrhea under 3 years of age treated between 1995 and 1998 at out- or in-patient facilities of the children's hospital in Mendoza, Argentina. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used to detect HAstVs in stool specimens. Positive specimens were tested further by EIA and/or sequenced to type detected HAstV strains. HAstVs were detected in 40 (3.7%) of 1,070 samples that were rotavirus and calicivirus-negative: 14 (3.5%) of 402 from outpatients and 26 (3.9%) of 668 from inpatients. HAstV infection tended to be more severe in children during their first year of life: 18 (4.7%) of 383 HAstV-positive children 0-11 months old were hospitalized versus 8 (2.8%) of 285 children 1 year of age or older (P = 0.29). Type 1 (HAstV-1) was the most common type (41%), followed by HAstV-4 (25%), HAstV-2 (13%), HAstV-3 (13%), and HAstV-5 (8%). In this first epidemiological study of HAstV infection in this region, we confirmed HAstV to be a cause of severe gastroenteritis in children, more often among children younger than 12 months of age. HastV-4 caused 25% of HastV infections in Mendoza, although it has been detected commonly elsewhere. Distinct genetic lineages were apparent but their epidemiological significance remains to be demonstrated. C1 Cent Hosp, Virol Lab, RA-5500 Mendoza, Argentina. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Atlanta, GA USA. Pediat Hosp Dr Humberto Notti, Serol Sect, Mendoza, Argentina. Childrens Hosp Kings Daughters, Ctr Pediat Res, Norfolk, VA USA. Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. RP Espul, C (reprint author), Cent Hosp, Virol Lab, RA-5500 Mendoza, Argentina. NR 42 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 72 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1002/jmv.10537 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 748TE UT WOS:000186876500011 PM 14635014 ER PT J AU Martro, E Bulterys, M Stewart, JA Spira, TJ Cannon, MJ Thacher, TD Bruns, R Pellett, PE Dollard, SC AF Martro, E Bulterys, M Stewart, JA Spira, TJ Cannon, MJ Thacher, TD Bruns, R Pellett, PE Dollard, SC TI Comparison of human herpesvirus 8 and Epstein-Barr virus seropositivity among children in areas endemic and non-endemic for Kaposi's sarcoma SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HHV-8; EBV; KSHV (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes-virus); seroprevalence; epidemiology ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEROLOGIC ASSAYS; HERPESVIRUS HUMAN-HERPESVIRUS-8; INFECTION OCCURS; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; ANTIBODIES; AFRICA; TRANSMISSION; AIDS AB Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Several studies indicate horizontal HHV-8 transmission among children in areas where KS is endemic, but few studies have assessed acquisition of HHV-8 by children in low seroprevalence areas. Antibody screening was carried out for HHV-8 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on 787 serum specimens from children living in two areas where HHV-8 is not endemic, the United States (US) and Germany, and on 184 specimens from children living in a KS-endemic area (Nigeria). For children in the US and Germany, the results showed low HHV-8 seroprevalence rates (3-4%). However, US children aged 6 months to 5 years had higher HHV-8 antibody titers than did 6-17-year-old children (P < 0.01), a finding consistent with more recent infections being detected in the younger children. Compared with seroprevalence rates and antibody titers in US and German children, those in Nigerian children were significantly higher, and seroprevalence increased with age. There was no evidence of cross-reactivity between assays for HHV-8 and EBV, despite the genetic similarity of these two herpesviruses. The data indicate that HHV-8 transmission among children where HHV-8 is not endemic occurs, but is uncommon. The findings also suggest that HHV-8 antibodies, as measured by current tests, may not persist for long periods in populations at low risk for KS and that vertical transmission is rare, although longitudinal studies are necessary to address directly these issues. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Hosp Germans Trias & Pujol, Microbiol Serv, Badalona, Spain. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Jos, Teaching Hosp, Dept Family Med, Jos, Nigeria. Univ Greifswald, Univ Childrens Hosp, Greifswald, Germany. RP Dollard, SC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Thacher, Tom/B-3356-2009; Cannon, Michael/E-5894-2011; Martro, Elisa/K-9688-2015 OI Cannon, Michael/0000-0001-5776-5010; Martro, Elisa/0000-0002-2867-6649 NR 34 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 72 IS 1 BP 126 EP 131 DI 10.1002/jmv.10548 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 748TE UT WOS:000186876500017 PM 14635020 ER PT J AU Friedman, C McKenna, MT Ahmed, F Krebs, JG Michaud, C Popova, Y Bender, J Schenk, TW AF Friedman, C McKenna, MT Ahmed, F Krebs, JG Michaud, C Popova, Y Bender, J Schenk, TW TI Assessing the burden of disease among an employed population: Implications for employer-sponsored prevention programs SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ADJUSTED LIFE-YEARS; GLOBAL BURDEN; HEALTH; DISABILITY; DALYS; AGE AB Escalating healthcare costs have led employers to identify ways to assess the actual burden of disease among their employees. One such measure is the use of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). DALYs were calculated for the General Motors (GM) population for 1994 through 1998 using data from GM's Mortality Registry, published life tables, and age and sex-specific disease incidence and disability data from, the U.S. Burden of Disease Study. Chronic diseases accounted for 45 % (245,844 of 540,450) of total DALYs lost Ischemic heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease led the list for both men and women and accounted for 39% and 31 %, respectively, of the top 10 DALYs lost. Disease burden among employees could be reduced through targeted interventions aimed at the risk factors associated with the leading causes of DALYs. C1 CDCP, Canc Surveillance Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ind Hlth Sci Inc, Grosse Pointe Pk, MI USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Burden Dis Unit, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Gen Motors Corp, Detroit, MI USA. RP Friedman, C (reprint author), CDCP, Canc Surveillance Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Epidemiol Program Off, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K-53, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM cxf7@cdc.gov NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 46 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 DI 10.1097/01.jom.0000105915.59342.9a PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 764KW UT WOS:000188206900003 PM 14724472 ER PT J AU Ruebush, TK Neyra, D Cabezas, C AF Ruebush, TK Neyra, D Cabezas, C TI Modifying national malaria treatment policies in Peru SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; ANTIMALARIAL-DRUG-RESISTANCE; THERAPY EFFICACY; CHLOROQUINE; MEFLOQUINE; COMBINATION; AFRICA; AMAZON; KENYA; AREA AB Between 1998 and 2001, the Peruvian Ministry of Health made sweeping changes in its malaria treatment policies in response to a resurgence of disease and the spread and intensification of antimalarial drug resistance. On the Pacific Coast, the first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falci-parum malaria was changed to combination therapy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus artesunate; in the Amazon region, mefloquine-artesunate combination therapy was introduced. With these changes in treatment policy, Peru became the first country in the Americas to use combination therapy with an artemisinin drug as its first-line treatment for falciparum malaria and the first country in the world to use two different drug combination therapy regimens based on an artemisinin drug in different regions of the country. This paper describes the process involved in assessing the geographic distribution and intensity of antimalarial drug resistance throughout the country and the use of that information to guide decisions related to national malaria treatment policy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Minist Salud, Dirrec Reg Salud Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru. Inst Nacl Salud, Lima, Peru. RP Ruebush, TK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, F-22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOURNAL PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY PI S BURLINGTON PA 208 MEADOWOOD DR, S BURLINGTON, VT 05403 USA SN 0197-5897 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH POL JI J. Public Health Policy PY 2004 VL 25 IS 3-4 BP 328 EP 345 DI 10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3190032 PG 18 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 884LK UT WOS:000226086200006 PM 15683069 ER PT J AU Prince, MM Colligan, MJ Stephenson, CM Bischoff, BJ AF Prince, MM Colligan, MJ Stephenson, CM Bischoff, BJ TI The contribution of focus groups in the evaluation of hearing conservation program (HCP) effectiveness SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material DE program evaluation; hearing conservation; noise; hearing loss ID SAFETY PROGRAMS; NOISE; WORKERS; RISK AB Problem: Exclusive reliance on such practices as policy review, audiometric testing audits, and noise surveillance to evaluate the effectiveness of workplace hearing conservation programs (HCP) fails to capture the impact of these programs as experienced by workers at the "shop floor" and offers little insight into the reasons and potential remedies for noted deficiencies. Methods: A qualitative approach for evaluating industrial HCPs (and their various components) is discussed using three industrial populations as case studies. For each study population, this paper illustrates how focus groups, comprised of line workers and supervisors, were used to clarify and augment information gathered through more traditional program assessments to provide a more enriched picture of hearing conservation practices. Descriptive data on plant hearing conservation program practices at each plant are presented with a comparison of proactive elements of each program relative to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hearing Conservation Amendment (HCA) requirement and to internal plant policy. Results: Yearly program evaluation with input from all end-users is important in the process of hearing loss prevention. The qualitative assessment outlined in this paper serves as a basis for future quantitative assessments of HCP effectiveness using hearing threshold data and noise exposure assessments to examine changes in hearing levels as a function of noise exposure and other risk factors for hearing loss. (C) 2004 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Div Surveillance, Industrywide Studies Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, CDC, Training & Educ Syst Branch, Educ & Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Crowe Chizek & Co LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA. RP Prince, MM (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Colombia Pkwy ,MSR 16, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM mprince@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 91 EP 106 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2003.12.001 PG 16 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 801SR UT WOS:000220116100011 PM 14992850 ER PT J AU Goldcamp, M Hendricks, KJ Myers, JR AF Goldcamp, M Hendricks, KJ Myers, JR TI Farm fatalities to youth 1995-2000: A comparison by age groups SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE agriculture; youth; fatality; farm; machinery ID NORTH-CAROLINA; INJURIES; PATTERNS; CHILDREN AB Problem: Although a myriad of research illustrates the safety issues related to farm fatalities in youth populations, very little empirical evidence exists that includes work and non-work related farm fatalities to all youths under 20 years of age at the national level. Methods: This research will use death certificate data for the six years from 1995 to 2000 that were collected by NIOSH from all 50 state vital statistics registries. Demographic data from the 1998 CAIS were used in rate calculations. In addition to providing annual fatality rates and descriptions of the general causes of death, this research will examine the variation between age groups. Results: Analysis of 695 total farm-related youth fatalities shows an average annual fatality rate of 9.3 fatalities per 100,000 youths. Males account for 80% of these fatalities. The most prevalent causes of death are: machinery (25%), motor vehicle (17%), drowning (16%), suicide (8%) and homicide (6%). Of all youth fatalities occurring, while at work, 45% are to youths less than 16 years of age. This same age group accounts for 71% of all non-work related fatalities. Summary: This research will provide farm families and researchers more detailed information on farm hazards that contribute to the deaths of youths. As these youths may encounter hazards while working or playing in their daily environment, identification and elimination of these hazards will increase overall safety on the farm. This research also indicates the need to include youths under 16 years of age in future comprehensive farm safety research. (C) 2004 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Goldcamp, M (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM ehg8@cdc.gov NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 2 BP 151 EP 157 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2003.11.005 PG 7 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 827YL UT WOS:000221939500003 PM 15178233 ER PT J AU Sleet, DA Branche, CM AF Sleet, DA Branche, CM TI Road safety is no accident SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sleet, DA (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway,NE,MS K63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM DSleet@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 2 BP 173 EP 174 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2004.03.007 PG 2 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 827YL UT WOS:000221939500005 PM 15178235 ER PT J AU Shults, RA Nichols, JL Dinh-Zarr, TB Sleet, DA Elder, RW AF Shults, RA Nichols, JL Dinh-Zarr, TB Sleet, DA Elder, RW TI Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: A summary of the Guide to Community Preventive Services systematic reviews SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on High-Visibility Enforcement CY NOV 13-14, 2003 CL Raleigh, NC DE review literature; motor vehicles; safety belts; seat belts; accidents; traffic; wounds and injuries ID NORTH-CAROLINA; SEAT BELTS; NEW-YORK; PUBLICITY; SECONDARY; STATES; INTERVENTIONS; INCENTIVES; FATALITIES; INCREASE AB Background: The use of safety belts is the single most effective means of reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in motor-vehicle crashes. This paper summarizes the systematic reviews of two interventions to increase safety belt use: primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws. The reviews were previously published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Methods: We conducted the systematic reviews using the methodology developed for the Guide to Community Preventive Services. Results: These reviews provide strong evidence that primary laws are more effective than secondary laws in increasing safety belt use and decreasing fatalities and that enhanced enforcement is effective in increasing safety belt use. Increases in belt use are generally highest in states with low baseline rates of belt use. Discussion: Primary safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement programs tend to result in greater increases in usage rates for target groups with lower baseline rates. Concerns regarding public opposition to these interventions may impede their implementation in some jurisdictions. However, surveys indicate that a substantial majority of the public supports implementation of both primary laws and enhanced enforcement programs. Conclusion: Based on the strong evidence for effectiveness of primary safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement programs, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services recommended that all states enact primary safety belt laws and that communities implement enhanced enforcement programs. (C) 2004 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Highway Traff Safety Adm US, Off Res & Traff Records, Washington, DC 20590 USA. AAA Natl Off, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Shults, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop K-63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM rshults@cdc.gov NR 60 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 2 BP 189 EP 196 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2004.03.002 PG 8 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 827YL UT WOS:000221939500008 PM 15178238 ER PT J AU Hedlund, J Preusser, DF Shults, RA AF Hedlund, J Preusser, DF Shults, RA TI A research agenda for increasing safety belt use in the United States SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on High-Visibility Enforcement CY NOV 13-14, 2003 CL Raleigh, NC DE safety belt use; belt use laws; belt use law enforcement; belt use for special populations; vehicle systems to encourage belt use AB On November 13-14, 2003, a symposium on high-visibility safety belt use enforcement in Raleigh, NC: (a) celebrated the 10th anniversary of North Carolina's Click It or Ticket program; (b) documented current knowledge regarding safety belt use; (c) proposed strategies to increase use further; and (d) discussed research to support these strategies. (C) 2004 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Highway Safety North, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Preusser Res Grp Inc, Trumbull, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hedlund, J (reprint author), Highway Safety North, 110 Homestead Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM jhedlund@sprynet.com NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 2 BP 231 EP 235 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2004.03.006 PG 5 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 827YL UT WOS:000221939500013 PM 15178243 ER PT J AU Shults, RA Jones, BH Kresnow, MJ Langlois, JA Guerrero, JL AF Shults, RA Jones, BH Kresnow, MJ Langlois, JA Guerrero, JL TI Disability among adults injured in motor-vehicle crashes in the United States SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE traffic accidents; automobiles; disability; prevention; National Health Interview Survey ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; TRAUMATIC INJURY; WORK; HOSPITALIZATION; COMPENSATION; RETURN AB Introduction: Little population-based information exists about the long-term effects of motor-vehicle crash-related injuries. Method: We analyzed data from the 1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability (NHIS-D) Supplement to estimate the prevalence of crash-related disability among noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged 18 years and older. Results: More than 1.2 million adults were living in their homes with the disabling effects of motor-vehicle crash-related injuries in 1995. The prevalence of crash-related disability was highest for persons in their mid-life years, ages 35-64. Half of the respondents had sustained the injuries more than 5 years before the interview. Forty-one percent of working-aged individuals reported being unable to work because of their disability. Conclusions: Because crash-related disability is most prevalent during the mid-life years, quality of life and productivity may be affected for decades. These findings highlight the personal and societal burden associated with motor-vehicle crash-related disability in the United States. (C) 2004 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Shults, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM rshults@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 4 BP 447 EP 452 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2004.06.001 PG 6 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 863YD UT WOS:000224598600008 PM 15474547 ER PT J AU Conn, JM Annest, JL Dellinger, A AF Conn, JM Annest, JL Dellinger, A TI Nonfatal motor-vehicle animal crash-related injuries - United States, 2001-2002 SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Conn, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 5 BP 571 EP 574 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2004.10.002 PG 4 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 871ZA UT WOS:000225174000009 PM 15530930 ER PT J AU Sinha, DN Gupta, PC Warren, CW Asma, S AF Sinha, DN Gupta, PC Warren, CW Asma, S TI Effect of school policy on tobacco use by school personnel in Bihar, India SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID YOUTH AB This study examined the relationship between school tobacco policies and tobacco use prevalence among school personnel. Two subsets of schools were identified in Bihar, India: Federal schools (with a tobacco policy), and State schools (without a tobacco policy). Stratified probability samples of 50 schools each were selected. The survey was conducted through an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. School personnel from State schools (non-policy schools) reported significantly higher daily cigarette smoking and daily current smokeless tobacco use compared to personnel in Federal schools (policy schools). Teachers in State schools did not teach about health consequences of tobacco, and they had not received training for such teaching. Extent of teaching about health consequences of tobacco varied across topics for teachers in Federal schools. They received negligible training, but more than 35% reported access to teaching materials. More than one-half the personnel from Federal schools knew about their school's policy prohibiting tobacco use among students and school personnel, and about policy enforcement. Personnel in State schools did not know about tobacco control policy in their schools. All school personnel in both types of schools were near unanimous in supporting policy prohibiting tobacco use in schools. The study demonstrated an association between enacting a school policy regarding tobacco use and school personnel's use of tobacco, curricular teaching, and practical training of students. Findings suggest that more extensive introduction of comprehensive school policies may help reduce tobacco use among school personnel. C1 Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Global Tobacco Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sinha, DN (reprint author), A-27 Anandpuri,Boring Canal Rd, Patna 800001, Bihar, India. EM dhirendrasinhal@hotmail.com; pcgupta@tifr.res.in; wwarren@cdc.gov; sea5@cdc.gov NR 7 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD JAN PY 2004 VL 74 IS 1 BP 3 EP 5 PG 3 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 773LM UT WOS:000188925300001 PM 15022368 ER PT J AU Murphy, WJ Franks, JR Berger, EH Behar, A Casali, JG Dixon-Ernst, C Krieg, EF Mozo, BT Royster, JD Royster, LH Simon, SD Stephenson, C AF Murphy, WJ Franks, JR Berger, EH Behar, A Casali, JG Dixon-Ernst, C Krieg, EF Mozo, BT Royster, JD Royster, LH Simon, SD Stephenson, C TI Development of a new standard laboratory protocol for estimation of the field attenuation of hearing protection devices: Sample size necessary to provide acceptable reproducibility SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARPLUGS AB The mandate of ASA Working Group S12/WG11 has been to develop "laboratory and/or field procedure(s) that yield useful estimates of field performance" of hearing protection devices (HPDs). A real-ear attenuation at threshold procedure was selected, devised, tested for one earmuff and three earplugs via an interlaboratory study involving five laboratories and 147 subjects, and incorporated into a new standard that was approved in 1997 [Royster et al., "Development of a new standard laboratory protocol for estimating the field attenuation of hearing protection devices. Part I. Research of Working Group 11, Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 1506-1526; ANSI, S12.6-1997, "American National Standard method for measuring real-ear attenuation of hearing protectors" (American National Standards Institute, New York, 1997)]. The subject-fit methodology of ANSI S12.6-1997 relies upon listeners who are audiometrically proficient, but inexperienced in the use of HPDs. Whenever a new method is adopted, it is important to know the effects of variability on the power of the measurements. In evaluation of protector noise reduction determined by experimenter-fit, informed-user-fit, and subject-fit methods, interlaboratory reproducibility was found to be best for the subject-fit method. Formulas were derived for determining the minimum detectable difference between attenuation measurements and for determinine, the number of subjects necessary to achieve a selected level of precision. For a precision of 6 dB, the study found that the minimum number of subjects was 4 for the Bilsom UF-1 earmuff, 10 for the E-A-R Classic earplug, 31 for the Willson EP100 earplug, and 22 for the PlasMed V-51R earplug. C1 NIOSH, Hearing Loss Prevent Sect, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EA R Aearo Co, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. Univ Toronto, Scarborough, ON M1M 2X8, Canada. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Alcoa Corp Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA. NIOSH, Monitoring Res & Stat Act, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Commun & Ear Protect Inc, Enterprise, AL 36331 USA. Environm Noise Consultants, Raleigh, NC 27622 USA. Childrens Mercy Hosp, Off Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. NIOSH, Training & Educ Syst Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Murphy, WJ (reprint author), NIOSH, Hearing Loss Prevent Sect, 4676 Columbia Pkwy MS C-27, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM wmurphy@cdc.gov RI Behar, Alberto/B-3967-2008 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 115 IS 1 BP 311 EP 323 DI 10.1121/1.1633559 PG 13 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 765CJ UT WOS:000188249300034 PM 14759024 ER PT J AU Weinstein, RA Siegel, JD Pearson, ML Chinn, RYW DeMaria, A Larson, EL Lee, JT Rutala, WA Scheckler, WE Underwood, MA Boyce, JM Farr, BM Jarvis, WR McGuckin, M O'Boyle, C Pittet, D Siegel, JD Widmer, AF Zeller, J Stover, BH AF Weinstein, RA Siegel, JD Pearson, ML Chinn, RYW DeMaria, A Larson, EL Lee, JT Rutala, WA Scheckler, WE Underwood, MA Boyce, JM Farr, BM Jarvis, WR McGuckin, M O'Boyle, C Pittet, D Siegel, JD Widmer, AF Zeller, J Stover, BH CA HICPAC SHEA APIC IDSA TI Guideline for hand hygiene in healthcare settings SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID INTENSIVE-CARE; SURGICAL SCRUB; HANDWASHING COMPLIANCE; PATIENT-CARE; CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; HOSPITAL STAFF; BARRIER CREAM; NURSING-HOME C1 CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pearson, ML (reprint author), CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop E68,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 106 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1072-7515 J9 J AM COLL SURGEONS JI J. Am. Coll. Surg. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 198 IS 1 BP 121 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2003.08.016 PG 7 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA 759EZ UT WOS:000187726500014 ER PT J AU Kohn, WG Harte, JA Malvitz, DM Cleveland, JL Eklund, KJ AF Kohn, WG Harte, JA Malvitz, DM Cleveland, JL Eklund, KJ TI Guidelines for infection control in dental health care settings-2003 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS AB Background. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, is the lead federal agency for disease prevention in the United States. It has been 10 years since CDC infection control guidelines for dental health care settings were last published. During those 10 years, new technologies and issues have emerged, and other CDC infection control guidelines for health care settings have been updated. Results. In light of these developments, CDC collaborated with experts in infection control to revise its infection control recommendations for dental health care settings. Existing guidelines and published research pertinent to dental infection control principles and practices were reviewed. This article provides background information, describes the process used to create these guidelines, and lists the new recommendations. Clinical Implications. CDC believes that dental offices that follow these new recommendations will strengthen an already admirable record of safe dental practice. Patients and providers alike can be assured that oral health care can be delivered and received in a safe manner. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Oral Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. USAF, Dent Invest Serv, Great Lakes, IL USA. Forsyth Inst, Boston, MA USA. RP Kohn, WG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Oral Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,MS F-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM wak8@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 135 IS 1 BP 33 EP 45 PG 13 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 767WH UT WOS:000188496500014 PM 14959873 ER PT J AU Dye, BA Shenkin, JD Ogden, CL Marshall, TA Levy, SM Kanellis, MJ AF Dye, BA Shenkin, JD Ogden, CL Marshall, TA Levy, SM Kanellis, MJ TI The relationship between healthful eating practices and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years in the United States, 1988-1994 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; ORAL HEALTH; PERMANENT DENTITION; DIETARY CALCIUM; FOOD-INTAKE; OBESITY; CONSUMPTION; ADOLESCENTS; HABITS; RISK AB Background. As a result of the introduction of multiple fluoride vehicles and other preventive agents, caries prevalence rates in young children have been declining over the past two decades in the United States. However, changing dietary patterns in young children may offset some of the oral health benefits of fluoridation. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between caries in primary teeth and healthful eating practices in young children. Methods. The authors used data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to investigate the relationship between healthful eating practices(such as breast-feeding, eating breakfast and consuming five servings of fruits and vegetables a day) and dental caries(untreated tooth decay and overall caries experience) in the primary dentition among the children aged 2 through 5 years. Results. The odds of experiencing caries in primary teeth were significantly greater in nonpoor children who did not eat breakfast daily or ate fewer than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day (odds ration, or OR = 3.77; 95 percent confidence interval, or CI, 1.80 to 7.89 and OR = 3.21; 95 percent CI, 1.74 to 5.95, respectively). No association was found between breast-feeding and caries in primary teeth. Conclusion. Young children with poor eating habits are more likely to experience caries. Overall, the findings support the notion that dental health education should encourage parents, primary caregivers and policy-makers to promote healthful eating practices, such as eating breakfast daily for young children. Practice Implications. Dental professionals are well-positioned to inform parents and caregivers regarding age-appropriate healthful eating practices for young children entrusted in their care. C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Anal Branch, Div Hlth & Nutr, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Anal Branch, Div Hlth & Nutr Examinat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Dent, Dept Prevent & Community Dent, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Dent, Dept Pediat Dent, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Dye, BA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Anal Branch, Div Hlth & Nutr, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 4416, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM bfd1@cdc.gov NR 66 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 135 IS 1 BP 55 EP 66 PG 12 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 767WH UT WOS:000188496500017 PM 14959875 ER PT J AU Smith, PJ Hoaglin, DC Rao, JNK Battaglia, MP Daniels, D AF Smith, PJ Hoaglin, DC Rao, JNK Battaglia, MP Daniels, D TI Evaluation of adjustments for partial non-response bias in the US National Immunization Survey SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES A-STATISTICS IN SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE adjustment cell; non-response bias; predictive mean; relative efficiency; response propensity; survey non-response adjustment ID DESIGN AB Many health surveys conduct an initial household interview to obtain demographic information and then request permission to obtain detailed information on health outcomes from the respondent's health care providers. A 'complete response' results when both the demographic information and the detailed health outcome data are obtained. A 'partial response' results when the initial interview is complete but, for one reason or another, the detailed health outcome information is not obtained. If 'complete responders' differ from 'partial responders' and the proportion of partial responders in the sample is at least moderately large, statistics that use only data from complete responders may be severely biased. We refer to bias that is attributable to these differences as 'partial non-response' bias. In health surveys it is customary to adjust survey estimates to account for potential differences by employing adjustment cells and weighting to reduce bias from partial response. Before making these adjustments, it is important to ask whether an adjustment is expected to increase or decrease bias from partial non-response. After making these adjustments, an equally important question is 'How well does the method of adjustment work to reduce partial non-response bias?'. The paper describes methods for answering these questions. Data from the US National Immunization Survey are used to illustrate the methods. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Carleton Univ, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RP Smith, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-62, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-1998 J9 J ROY STAT SOC A STA JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A-Stat. Soc. PY 2004 VL 167 BP 141 EP 156 DI 10.1046/j.0964-1998.2003.00636.x PN 1 PG 16 WC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences; Mathematics GA 754RB UT WOS:000187343900008 ER PT J AU De Rosa, CT El-Masri, HA Pohl, H Cibulas, W Mumtaz, MM AF De Rosa, CT El-Masri, HA Pohl, H Cibulas, W Mumtaz, MM TI Implications of chemical mixtures in public health practice SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TOLUENE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; XYLENE; HUMANS; RAT; AROCLOR-1254; ANTAGONIST; BEHAVIOR AB The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is a federal public health agency that investigates and strives to prevent human health problems produced by exposure to toxic chemicals and their mixtures in the environment. Most human exposures involving toxic chemicals or mixtures are thought to originate from environmental and occupational sources; however, concurrent exposures are also likely from other sources, such as prescription and nonprescription drugs, indoor air pollutants, alcohol, and tobacco smoke. Thus, in evaluating the potential hazard following exposure to environmental mixtures, ATSDR not only considers the inherent joint toxicity of the mixture but also the influence of environmental, demographic, occupational, and lifestyle factors. To foster these goals, ATSDR has pursued a Mixtures Research and Assessment Program that consists of three component efforts: trend analysis, joint toxicity assessment, and experimental testing. Through trend analysis, ATSDR sets priorities for environmental mixtures of concern for which joint toxicity assessments are conducted as needed. If data are not available to conduct appropriate assessments, a research agenda is pursued through established extramural mechanisms. Ultimately, the data generated are used to support ATSDR's work at sites involving exposure to chemical mixtures. This pragmatic approach allows testable hypotheses or research needs to be identified and resolved and enhances our understanding of the mechanisms of joint toxicity. Several collaborative and cooperative efforts with national and international organizations such as the Toxicology and Nutrition Office, the Netherlands, and the Department of Energy are being pursued as part of these activities. ATSDR also develops guidance manuals to consistently and accurately apply current methodologies for the joint toxicity assessment of chemicals. Further, expert panels often are assembled to resolve outstanding scientific issues or obtain expert advice on pertinent issues. Recently, the need for studies on chemical mixtures has been proposed as one of the six priority areas the agency identified in its agenda for public health environmental research. This has been reinforced through the agency's close work with communities whose leaders have spoken passionately about their concern for information on exposures to chemical mixtures. The five other priority research areas the agency identified are exposure, susceptible populations, communities and tribal involvement, evaluation/surveillance of health effects, and health promotion/prevention. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP De Rosa, CT (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, US Dept HHS, 1600 CLifton Rd NE E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cyd0@cdc.gov NR 41 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 5 BP 339 EP 350 DI 10.1080/10937400490498075 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 848ZN UT WOS:000223507000001 PM 15371239 ER PT J AU Belson, M Morgan, BW AF Belson, M Morgan, BW TI Methanol toxicity in a newborn SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methanol; acidosis; neonate; newborn; pregnancy ID PREGNANCY; INTOXICATION; MANAGEMENT; ACIDOSIS; PRETERM AB Background: Methanol poisoning during human Pregnancy rarely has been described. We report the first human newborn with a documented methanol concentration resulting from maternal exposure. Case Report: A 28-year-old pregnant woman EGA 30 weeks with HIV infection and asthma presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress. She was acidotic (pH 7.17) with an anion gap of 26, and fetal bradycardia was noted. Her son was delivered by emergent C-section (birthweight 950 g, Apgars 1 and 3) and required aggressive resuscitation. During his hospital Course, acidosis (initial pH 6.9) persisted despite fluid, blood, and bicarbonate administration. His mother also had persistent metabolic acidosis despite fluids, bicarbonate, and dopamine. Results of other laboratory tests on the mother included undetectable ethanol and salicylates and an osmolar gap of 41. An ethanol drip was initiated for the mother 36 h after admission when a methanol level of 54 mg/dL was reported. When consulted on hospital day 3, Our regional poison center recommended hemodialysis for the mother and administering fomepizole and testing the methanol level of the newborn (61.6 mg/dL). Because the infant developed a grade 4 intraventricular bleed, no further therapy was offered, and he died on day 4. His mother died on day 10. Conclusion: Fatal neonatal methanol toxicity can result from transplacental exposure. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Grady Hlth Syst, Georgia Poison Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Dept Emergency Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Belson, M (reprint author), CDC, NCEH, EHHE, HSB, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop F-46, NE Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. EM zqp2@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0731-3810 J9 J TOXICOL-CLIN TOXIC JI J. Toxicol.-Clin. Toxicol. PY 2004 VL 42 IS 5 BP 673 EP 677 DI 10.1081/CLT-200026980 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 857GO UT WOS:000224104600015 PM 15462163 ER PT J AU Oberste, MS Maher, K Pallansch, MA AF Oberste, MS Maher, K Pallansch, MA TI Evidence for frequent recombination within species Human enterovirus B based on complete genomic sequences of all thirty-seven serotypes SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEWLY-RECOGNIZED ENTEROVIRUS; VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS; GENETIC-RECOMBINATION; RNA RECOMBINATION; TISSUE-CULTURE; UNTYPABLE ENTEROVIRUSES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; ENTERIC VIRUSES AB The species Human enterovirus B (HEV-B) in the family Picornaviridae consists of coxsackievirus A9; coxsackieviruses B1 to B6; echoviruses 1 to 7, 9, 11 to 21, 24 to 27, and 29 to 33; and enteroviruses 69 and 73. We have determined complete genome sequences for the remaining 22 HEV-B serotypes whose sequences were not represented in public databases and analyzed these in conjunction with previously available complete sequences in GenBank. Members of HEV-B were monophyletic relative to all other human enterovirus species in all regions of the genome except in the 5'-nontranslated region (NTR), where they are known to cluster with members of HEV-A. Within HEV-B, phylogenies constructed from the structural (PI) and nonstructural regions of the genome (P2 and P3) are incongruent, suggesting that recombination had occurred. Similarity plots and bootscanning analysis across the complete genome identified multiple sites at which the phylogeny of a given strain's sequence shifted, indicating potential recombination points. These points are distributed in the 5'-NTR and throughout P2 and P3, but no sites with >80% bootstrap support were identified within the capsid. Individual sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that members of HEV-B have recombined with one another on multiple occasions, resulting in a complex mosaic of sequences derived from multiple parental viruses in the nonstructural regions of the genome. We conclude that RNA recombination is a common mechanism for enterovirus evolution and that recombination within the nonstructural regions of the genome (P2 and P3) has been observed only among members of the same species. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Oberste, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM soberste@cdc.gov NR 81 TC 146 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 855 EP 867 DI 10.1128/JVI.78.2.855-867.2004 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 762EG UT WOS:000187957700032 PM 14694117 ER PT J AU Gupta, M Mahanty, S Greer, P Towner, JS Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR Ahmed, R Rollin, PE AF Gupta, M Mahanty, S Greer, P Towner, JS Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR Ahmed, R Rollin, PE TI Persistent infection with Ebola virus under conditions of partial immunity SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBODY-MEDIATED PROTECTION; CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; CELL RESPONSES; DEFICIENT MICE; IFN-ALPHA; OUTBREAK; CONGO; KIKWIT; UGANDA AB Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans is associated with high mortality; however, some infected hosts clear the virus and recover. The mechanisms by which this occurs and the correlates of protective immunity are not well defined. Using a mouse model, we determined the role of the immune system in clearance of and protection against Ebola virus. All CD8 T-cell-deficient mice succumbed to subcutaneous infection and had high viral antigen titers in tissues, whereas mice deficient in B cells or CD4 T cells cleared infection and survived, suggesting that CD8 T cells, independent of CD4 T cells and antibodies, are critical to protection against subcutaneous Ebola virus infection. B-cell-deficient mice that survived the primary subcutaneous infection (vaccinated mice) transiently depleted or not depleted of CD4 T cells also survived lethal intraperitoneal rechallenge for greater than or equal to25 days. However, all vaccinated B-cell-deficient mice depleted of CD8 T cells had high viral antigen titers in tissues following intraperitoneal rechallenge and died within 6 days, suggesting that memory CD8 T cells by themselves can protect mice from early death. Surprisingly, vaccinated B-cell-deficient mice, after initially clearing the infection, were found to have viral antigens in tissues later (day 120 to 150 post-intraperitoneal infection). Furthermore, following intraperitoneal rechallenge, vaccinated B-cell-deficient mice that were transiently depleted of CD4 T cells had high levels of viral antigen in tissues earlier (days 50 to 70) than vaccinated undepleted mice. This demonstrates that under certain immunodeficiency conditions, Ebola virus can persist and that loss of primed CD4 T cells accelerates the course of persistent infections. These data show that CD8 T cells play an important role in protection against acute disease, while both CD4 T cells and antibodies are required for long-term protection, and they provide evidence of persistent infection by Ebola virus suggesting that under certain conditions of immunodeficiency a host can harbor virus for prolonged periods, potentially acting as a reservoir. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogen Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Vaccine Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gupta, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogen Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, G-14,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mgupta@cdc.gov; prollin@cdc.gov OI Mahanty, Siddhartha/0000-0003-1068-0524 NR 42 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 958 EP 967 DI 10.1128/JVI.78.2.958-967.2004 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 762EG UT WOS:000187957700042 PM 14694127 ER PT J AU Graffunder, CM Noonan, RK Cox, P Wheaton, J AF Graffunder, CM Noonan, RK Cox, P Wheaton, J TI Through a public health lens. Preventing violence against women: An update from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Over the past two decades, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been a key contributor to the growing public health effort to prevent violence. Although CDC and its partners are proud of their many successes, much work remains to be done. Violence continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide for people aged 15-44. Moreover, although many forms of violence garner national concern and resources, much more violence occurs in private domains and receives less attention. These hidden health hazards silently drain our nation's human, economic, and health resources. In this paper, we highlight the current efforts of the Division of Violence Prevention (DVP), housed within CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), to use a public health approach to the prevention of one key hidden health hazard: violence against women (VAW). Building from a recently developed strategic plan and a research agenda, we explain how four core public health principles-emphasizing primary prevention, advancing the science of prevention, translating science into effective programs, and building on the efforts of others-drive current programmatic activities in VAW prevention. Several current programs and projects are described. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for future prevention work by deepening our vision of leadership, expanding our partnerships, pursuing comprehensive approaches, and using evidence-based strategies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Noonan, RK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM Rnoonan@cdc.gov NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1540-9996 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 5 EP 16 DI 10.1089/154099904322836401 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 780AF UT WOS:000189345700001 PM 15006273 ER PT J AU Kazerouni, N Alverson, CJ Redd, SC Mott, JA Mannino, DM AF Kazerouni, N Alverson, CJ Redd, SC Mott, JA Mannino, DM TI Sex differences in COPD and lung cancer mortality trends - United States, 1968-1999 SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Article ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; HEALTH; DECLINE; SMOKERS; FEV(1); RISK AB Purpose: Cigarette smoking by U.S. women in the 1940s and 1950s caused large increases in smoking-related lung disease among women. To determine the magnitude of these increases, we compared the mortality trends for males and females, in the United States for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer for 1968-1999. Methods: We used the national mortality data files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics of the CDC and U.S. census data to calculate age-adjusted (2000) death rates for COPD, lung cancer, and all causes. Results: COPD death rate for females increased by 382% from 1968 through 1999, whereas for males it increased by 27% during the same period. As a result, the COPD death rate for U.S. females is approaching that for males. The lung cancer death rate for females increased by 266% from 1968 to 1999, whereas for males, it increased by 15%. Conclusions: Physicians, women, and groups interested in women's health issues need to be aware of these trends and target prevention strategies toward females. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazars & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kazerouni, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazars & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ngk2@cdc.gov OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 33 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1540-9996 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 17 EP 23 DI 10.1089/154099904322836410 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 780AF UT WOS:000189345700002 PM 15006274 ER PT J AU Hadgu, A Sternberg, M AF Hadgu, A Sternberg, M TI Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis SO LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID DISCREPANT ANALYSIS; METAANALYSIS; SPECIFICITY; SENSITIVITY; ACCURACY; BIAS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Std Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hadgu, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Std Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-63, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1473-3099 J9 LANCET INFECT DIS JI Lancet Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 4 IS 1 BP 9 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00852-1 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 760HR UT WOS:000187806000016 PM 14720560 ER PT J AU Lee, Y Gomez, LL McAuliffe, IT Tsang, VCW AF Lee, Y Gomez, LL McAuliffe, IT Tsang, VCW TI Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst recovery efficiencies from various filtration cartridges by electrochemiluminescence assays SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium parvum; electrochemiluminescence assay; filter cartridge; oocysts recovery ID ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES; FILTER DISSOLUTION METHOD; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; DETECTING CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA CYSTS; RIVER WATER; OUTBREAK; PCR; ULTRAFILTRATION; IDENTIFICATION AB Aims: To evaluate four types of filtration cartridges for their capacities, efficiency for capture and release of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts for detection. Methods and Results: Filtration cartridges included in this evaluation were IDEXX Filta-Max(TM), Gelman Envirochek HV(TM), Corning CrypTest(TM), and Filterite Sigma(+TM). Various dosages of C. parvum oocysts were spiked into water samples with a wide range of turbidity (10-50 NTU). Electrochemiluminescence assays were employed to enumerate viable or total number of C. parvum oocysts in these eluates. Among the cartridges tested, Filta-Max consistently showed higher oocyst recovery efficiency, especially with large volume, highly turbid water samples. Filtra-Max filter is the best performer because of its higher oocyst recovery efficiency. The overall sensitivities of various C. parvum oocyst detection assays in water samples can be improved if highly efficient oocyst recovery filtration cartridges such as Filtra-Max are incorporated in sample preparation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Lee, Y (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop F-13,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM ylee@cdc.gov NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 BP 156 EP 162 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01552.x PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 835YL UT WOS:000222521500006 PM 15242454 ER PT J AU Secor, WE Karanja, DMS Colley, DG AF Secor, WE Karanja, DMS Colley, DG TI Interactions between schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in western Kenya SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th international Symposium on Schistosomiasis CY NOV 02-05, 2003 CL Salvador, BRAZIL DE schistosomiasis; human immunodeficiency virus; Kenya ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MANSONI; INFECTION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TYPE-1; PRAZIQUANTEL; COINFECTION; INDIVIDUALS; SURVIVAL AB For the past ten years, we have been exploring the relationship between schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and how coinfection with both agents may affect the pathology and progression of each infection. To date, given the systems we have examined, the effects of HIV-1 on schistosomiasis have been more profound than the effects of schistosomiasis on HIV-1 progression. Additional key questions with important public health implications remain unanswered, but hopefully not unanswerable. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, Dept Hlth & Human Serv,CDC, Atlanta, GA USA. Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Vector Biol & Control Res, Kisumu, Kenya. Univ Georgia, Ctr Trop & Emerging Global Dis, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Secor, WE (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, Dept Hlth & Human Serv,CDC, Atlanta, GA USA. EM was4@cdc.gov NR 21 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 4 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PY 2004 VL 99 IS 5 SU S BP 93 EP 95 DI 10.1590/S0074-02762004000900016 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 853VS UT WOS:000223857600016 PM 15486642 ER PT J AU Mullooly, J Drew, L DeStefano, F Maher, J Bohlke, K Immanuel, V Black, S Lewis, E Ray, P Vadheim, C Lugg, M Chen, R AF Mullooly, J Drew, L DeStefano, F Maher, J Bohlke, K Immanuel, V Black, S Lewis, E Ray, P Vadheim, C Lugg, M Chen, R TI Quality assessments of HMO diagnosis databases used to monitor childhood vaccine safety SO METHODS OF INFORMATION IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE databases; health maintenance organizations; International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9); quality control; vaccines ID CASE SERIES; DATALINK; SYSTEM AB Objective:To assess the quality of automated diagnoses extracted from medical care databases by the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) study. Methods: Two methods are used to assess quality of VSD diagnosis data. The first method compares common automated and abstracted diagnostic categories ("outcomes") in 1-2% simple random samples of study populations. The second method estimates positive predictive values of automated diagnosis codes used to identify potential cases of rare conditions (e.g., acute ataxia) for inclusion in nested case-control medical record abstraction studies. Results: There was good agreement (64-68%) between automated and abstracted outcomes in the 1-2% simple random samples at 3 of the 4 VSD sites and poor agreement (44%) at 1 site. Overall at 3 sites, 56% of children with automated cerebella ataxia codes (ICD-9 = 334) and 22% with "lack of coordination" codes (ICD-9 = 781.3) met objective clinical criteria for acute ataxia. Conclusions: The misclassification error rates for automated screening outcomes substantially reduce the power of screening analyses and limit usefulness of screening analyses to moderate to strong vaccine-outcome associations. Medical record verification of outcomes is needed for definitive assessments. C1 Kaiser Permanente NW, Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR 97227 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Portland, OR USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Seattle, WA 98121 USA. Kaiser Permanente So Calif, Downey, CA USA. Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Fresno, CA USA. RP Mullooly, J (reprint author), Kaiser Permanente NW, Ctr Hlth Res, 3800 N Interstate Ave, Portland, OR 97227 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCHATTAUER GMBH-VERLAG MEDIZIN NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN PI STUTTGART PA HOLDERLINSTRASSE 3, D-70174 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0026-1270 J9 METHOD INFORM MED JI Methods Inf. Med. PY 2004 VL 43 IS 2 BP 163 EP 170 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Health Care Sciences & Services; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Health Care Sciences & Services; Medical Informatics GA 825MF UT WOS:000221761900006 PM 15136866 ER PT S AU Parvanta, I Knowles, J AF Parvanta, I Knowles, J BE Pettifor, JM Zlotkin, S TI Practical considerations for improving micronutrient status in the first two years of life SO Micronutrient Deficiencies during the Weaning Period and the First Years of Life SE NESTLE NUTRITION WORKSHOP SERIES PEDIATRIC PROGRAM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Nestle Pediatric Nutrition Workshop CY OCT 26-30, 2003 CL Sao Paulo, BRAZIL C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Int Micronutrient Malnutr Prevent & Control Progr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Parvanta, I (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Int Micronutrient Malnutr Prevent & Control Progr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Pettifor, John/D-5943-2012 OI Pettifor, John/0000-0003-1155-0334 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0742-2806 BN 3-8055-7720-6 J9 NESTLE NUTR WORKS SE PY 2004 VL 54 BP 203 EP 211 DI 10.1159/000080612 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA BDC01 UT WOS:000232491300013 ER PT J AU Hancock, K Pattabhi, S Greene, RM Yushak, ML Williams, F Khan, A Priest, JW Levine, MZ Tsang, VCW AF Hancock, K Pattabhi, S Greene, RM Yushak, ML Williams, F Khan, A Priest, JW Levine, MZ Tsang, VCW TI Characterization and cloning of GP50, a Taenia solium antigen diagnostic for cysticercosis SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Taenia solium; cysticercosis; neurocysticercosis; diagnostic antigen; GP50; EITB ID LINKED IMMUNOELECTROTRANSFER BLOT; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL ANCHOR; GLYCOPROTEIN ANTIGENS; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; HEALTH PROBLEM; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; PROTEINS; DISEASE; ANTIBODIES AB GP50, a Taenia solium protein diagnostic for cysticercosis has been cloned, sequenced, and characterized. GP50 is one diagnostic component of the lentil lectin purified glycoprotein (LLGP) antigens that have been used for antibody-based diagnosis of cysticercosis in a Western blot assay for nearly 15 years. GP50 is a glycosylated and GPI-anchored membrane protein. The native protein migrates at 50 kDa, but the predicted molecular weight of the mature protein is 28.9. Antigenically active recombinant GP50 has been expressed in a baculovirus expression system. The antigenic activity of both the native and recombinant proteins is dependent upon the correct formation of disulfide bonds. GP50, purified from cysticerci, has two homologs expressed in the adult worm, TSES33 and TSES38. Both are diagnostic for taeniasis. In spite of the amino acid similarities between GP50 and the TSES proteins, each appears to be a stage-specific antigen. A preliminary evaluation of recombinant GP50 in a Western blot assay showed 100% specificity for cysticercosis and 90% sensitivity for cysticercosis positive serum samples reactive with the GP50 component of LLGP. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Temple Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA. RP Hancock, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Bldg 23,Room 1001,Mail Stop F-13,4770 Buford High, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM khancock@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [1 PO1 AI51976-01, U01 AI35894] NR 50 TC 44 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 133 IS 1 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.10.001 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA 760JC UT WOS:000187807000012 PM 14668018 ER PT J AU Joseph, P Lei, YX Ong, TM AF Joseph, P Lei, YX Ong, TM TI Up-regulation of expression of translation factors - a novel molecular mechanism for cadmium carcinogenesis SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and carcinogenesis CY SEP 08-11, 2002 CL MORGANTOWN, VIRGINIA DE cadmium; carcinogenesis; mechanisms; gene expression; translation factors ID ELONGATION-FACTOR EF-1-ALPHA; GAMMA-RELATED SEQUENCE; INITIATION-FACTOR 4E; MESSENGER-RNA; GENE-EXPRESSION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; RESPONSIVE PROTOONCOGENE; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; METAL CARCINOGENESIS; ANTISENSE INHIBITION AB The molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for cadmium carcinogenesis were investigated by differential gene expression analysis of Balb/ c- 3T3 cells morphologically transformed with cadmium chloride. Differential display analysis of gene expression revealed overexpression of mouse Translation Initiation Factor 3 ( TIF3; GenBank Accession Number AF 271072) and Translation Elongation Factor- 1delta ( TEF- 1delta; GenBank Accession Number AF 304351) in the transformed cells compared with the control cells. The full length cDNAs for TIF3 and TEF- 1delta were cloned and sequenced. Transfection of mammalian cells with an expression vector containing either TIF3 or TEF- 1delta cDNA resulted in overexpression of the encoded protein. Overexpression of the cDNA- encoded TIF3 and TEF- 1delta proteins in NIH3T3 cells was oncogenic as evidenced by the appearance of transformed foci capable of anchorage- independent growth on soft agar and tumorigenesis in nude mouse. Blocking the translation of TIF3 and TEF- 1delta proteins using the corresponding antisense mRNA resulted in a significant reversal of the oncogenic potential of cadmium transformed Balb/ c- 3T3 cells as evidenced from the suppression of anchorage- independent growth on soft agar and diminished tumorigenesis in nude mouse. These findings demonstrate that the up- regulation of expression of TIF3 and TEF- 1delta is a novel molecular mechanism responsible, at least in part, for cadmium carcinogenesis. C1 NIOSH, Mol Epidemiol Lab, CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch,Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Joseph, P (reprint author), NIOSH, Mol Epidemiol Lab, CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch,Hlth Effects Lab Div, MS 3014,1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 64 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 255 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 101 DI 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000007265.38475.f7 PG 9 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 751LP UT WOS:000187068800012 PM 14971650 ER PT B AU Jones, CP Mitchko, J Overcash, M AF Jones, CP Mitchko, J Overcash, M GP STC TI Case study: Implementing a content management system SO NAVIGATING THE FUTURE OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Conference of the Society-for-Technical-Communication CY MAY 09-12, 2004 CL Baltimore, MD SP Soc Tech Commun AB This paper presents a case study of implementing a content management system in a federal government setting. This case study may aid technical communicators who are interested in leveraging content management technology and who work for complex organizations or organizations with intricate communications requirements. Included in this paper is a detailed description of the background, approach, and early lessons learned for this implementation. The implementation was still in process at the due date of this paper. Additional lessons learned will be in the presentation's slide set and available from the Society for Technical Communication (STC) website at www.stc.org. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION PI ARLINGTON PA 901 N STUART ST, SUITE 904, ARLINGTON, VA 22203-1854 USA BN 1-891709-17-8 PY 2004 BP 221 EP 224 PG 4 WC Communication; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Communication; Computer Science GA BAE58 UT WOS:000221877700048 ER PT B AU Jones, CP Robinson, SJ AF Jones, CP Robinson, SJ GP STC TI Assessing information needs of diverse users to guide web design and content development SO NAVIGATING THE FUTURE OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Conference of the Society-for-Technical-Communication CY MAY 09-12, 2004 CL Baltimore, MD SP Soc Tech Commun AB This paper presents a qualitative study of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's diverse users and their mental models regarding injury-related content. The study employed an innovative modified contextual inquiry method utilizing tailored in-depth interviews with five distinct user groups. Included in this paper is a detailed description of the background, framework, and method used for this study. Analysis of the full results was still in process at the due date of this paper. The results will be in the presentation's slide set and available from the STC website www.stc.org. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION PI ARLINGTON PA 901 N STUART ST, SUITE 904, ARLINGTON, VA 22203-1854 USA BN 1-891709-17-8 PY 2004 BP 276 EP 279 PG 4 WC Communication; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Communication; Computer Science GA BAE58 UT WOS:000221877700059 ER PT J AU Waring, SC Esteban-Santillan, C Reed, DM Craig, UK Labarthe, DR Petersen, RC Kurland, LT AF Waring, SC Esteban-Santillan, C Reed, DM Craig, UK Labarthe, DR Petersen, RC Kurland, LT TI Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and of the parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam, 1950-1989 SO NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; parkinsonism; dementia; incidence; Guam ID ENDEMIC DISEASE; FOLLOW-UP; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHAMORROS; FEATURES; ISLAND AB Studies representing the accumulated information from the first 30 years of research effort on Guam (1950-1979) have demonstrated a varying degree of decline in the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the parkinsonism-dementia complex (PDC) of Guam. Analysis with more complete information for the period 1980-1989 provides more valid estimates of the later patterns in the incidence of ALS and PDC and affords a more extensive assessment of trends over a 40-year period. The annual age-adjusted incidence of ALS was 7/100,000 and the annual age- adjusted incidence of PDC was 22/100,000 in 1989. The incidence was much higher for the period 1980-1989 than suggested in previous reports. These findings provide compelling evidence that this spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases continues to have a significant impact on the health of the Chamorro people of Guam. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Univ Texas, Epidemiol Discipline, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Neurol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Guam, Sch Nursing & Allied Hlth Sci, Mangilao, GU USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Neurol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. RP Waring, SC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Epidemiol Discipline, Sch Publ Hlth, 1200 Herman Pressler Dr,RAS-E1019, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM Stephen.C.Waring@uth.tmc.edu FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 08802, AG 08031] NR 30 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-5350 J9 NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY JI Neuroepidemiology PY 2004 VL 23 IS 4 BP 192 EP 200 DI 10.1159/000078505 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Clinical Neurology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 848TT UT WOS:000223490800005 PM 15272222 ER PT J AU Williamson, DM Henry, JP AF Williamson, DM Henry, JP TI Challenges in addressing community concerns regarding clusters of multiple sclerosis and potential environmental exposures SO NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE multiple sclerosis; cluster investigations; environmental exposure ID UNITED-STATES; DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; GUIDELINES; GENETICS; COUNTY; WOMEN; MS AB Citizens living around hazardous waste sites in the USA have expressed concern to public health officials at the local, state and federal level about a perceived high prevalence of multiple sclerosis ( MS) in their communities. Many believe the occurrence of the disease is directly linked to exposure to chemical agents from the nearby hazardous waste site. Although the public's concern regarding these clusters should be addressed, epidemiologists have long known that evaluating perceived clusters is rarely fruitful for identifying an etiologic agent. In order to adequately address concerns regarding clusters of MS, as well as examining the role of environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility in the causal mechanism of disease, several activities need to be conducted including characterizing the occurrence of disease, developing a standardized case definition and establishing partnerships to develop innovative research techniques. Only with collaboration across disciplines and lessons learned from past research will we be able to effectively guide research efforts directed at determining the etiology of this disease. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bur Epidemiol & Toxicol, Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX USA. RP Williamson, DM (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd MS E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM djw8@cdc.gov NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-5350 J9 NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY JI Neuroepidemiology PY 2004 VL 23 IS 5 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1159/000079945 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Clinical Neurology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 848TU UT WOS:000223490900001 PM 15316246 ER PT J AU Papanicolaou, DA Amsterdam, JD Levine, S McCann, SM Moore, RC Newbrand, CH Allen, G Nisenbaum, R Pfaff, D Tsokos, GC Vgontzas, AN Kalesj, A AF Papanicolaou, DA Amsterdam, JD Levine, S McCann, SM Moore, RC Newbrand, CH Allen, G Nisenbaum, R Pfaff, D Tsokos, GC Vgontzas, AN Kalesj, A TI Neuroendocrine aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome SO NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION LA English DT Review DE chronic fatigue syndrome; neuroendocrine system; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; cortisol; autonomic nervous system; immune system AB Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a serious health concern affecting over 800,000 Americans of all ages, races, socioeconomic groups and genders. The etiology and pathophysiology of CFS are unknown, yet studies have suggested an involvement of the neuroendocrine system. A symposium was organized in March 2001 to explore the possibility of an association between neuroendocrine dysfunction and CFS, with special emphasis on the interactions between neuroendocrine dysfunction and other abnormalities noted in the immune and autonomic nervous systems of individuals with CFS. This paper represents the consensus of the panel of experts who participated in this meeting. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Med Endocrinol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Depress Res Unit, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Rockefeller Univ, Dept Neuroendocrinol, Neurobiol & Behav Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Silver Spring, MD USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Sleep Disorder Med, Hershey, PA USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Psychiat, Hershey, PA USA. RP Papanicolaou, DA (reprint author), CFIDS Assoc Amer Inc, POB 220398, Charlotte, NC 28222 USA. NR 3 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 3 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1021-7401 J9 NEUROIMMUNOMODULAT JI Neuroimmunomodulation PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 BP 65 EP 74 DI 10.1159/000075315 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Immunology; Neurosciences SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Immunology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 769PF UT WOS:000188658400001 PM 14758052 ER PT J AU Radimer, KL Ballard-Barbash, R Miller, JS Fay, MP Schatzkin, A Troiano, R Kreger, BE Splansky, GL AF Radimer, KL Ballard-Barbash, R Miller, JS Fay, MP Schatzkin, A Troiano, R Kreger, BE Splansky, GL TI Weight change and the risk of late-onset breast cancer in the original Framingham cohort SO NUTRITION AND CANCER-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BODY-SIZE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; UNITED-STATES; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; REPLACEMENT THERAPY; DIFFERENT PERIODS; GAIN; LIFE; OBESITY; HEALTH AB Objective: Adult weight gain has been associated with a twofold risk of postmenopausal breast cancer Data are limited regarding whether weight gain at specific periods of marked changes in estrogen- and insulin-related hormones have different risk associations. This study assesses the relation of adult weight change overall and at specific, hormonally relevant times with diagnosis of a first breast cancer after age 55 (late onset). Methods: Framingham study data were used to assess premenopausal (25-44 yr), perimenopausal (45-55 yr), postmenopausal (after 55 yr), and adult lifetime (from 25 yr) weight change in relation to late-onset breast cancer in 2,873 women followed for up to 48 yr with 206 late-onset breast cancers. Results: Adult lifetime weight gain was associated with an increased risk of late-onset breast cancer (P trend = 0.046). Weight gain during specific time periods was not associated with breast cancer Data suggested a possible decreased risk of breast cancer with weight loss from ages 25 to 44 and 45 to 55 yr (relative risk = 0.4 [0.2-1.2] and 0.5 [0.3-0.9], respectively). Conclusion: These data confirm prior reports of an association between adult lifetime weight gain and increased risk of late-onset breast cancer and support current recommendations to avoid adult weight gain. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth & Nutr Examinat Surveys, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Informat Management Syst, Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Boston Univ, Med Ctr, Framingham Heart Dis Epidemiol Study, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Radimer, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth & Nutr Examinat Surveys, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 4221, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM kir5@cdc.gov RI Fay, Michael/A-2974-2008; OI Troiano, Richard/0000-0002-6807-989X; Fay, Michael P./0000-0002-8643-9625 NR 51 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0163-5581 J9 NUTR CANCER JI Nutr. Cancer PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 DI 10.1207/s15327914nc4901_2 PG 7 WC Oncology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Oncology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 856VH UT WOS:000224072800002 PM 15456630 ER PT J AU Rolls, BJ Ello-Martin, JA Tohill, BC AF Rolls, BJ Ello-Martin, JA Tohill, BC TI What can intervention studies tell us about the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and weight management? SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE satiety; energy density; energy intake; obesity; weight loss ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; AFFECTS ENERGY-INTAKE; DIETARY FIBER; MIXED MEALS; FOOD-INTAKE; FAT-CONTENT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; PHYSICAL STATE; CLINICAL-TRIAL; BLOOD-PRESSURE AB Given the recent surge in obesity, effective dietary strategies for weight management are required. Because fruits and vegetables are high in water and fiber, incorporating them in the diet can reduce energy density, promote satiety, and decrease energy intake. Although few interventions have specifically addressed fruit and vegetable consumption, evidence suggests that coupling advice to increase intake of these foods with advice to decrease energy intake is a particularly effective strategy for weight management. This approach may facilitate weight loss because it emphasizes positive messages rather than negative, restrictive messages. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Nutrit Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Publ Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Rolls, BJ (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Nutrit Sci, 226 Henderson Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK39177, DK59853] NR 57 TC 291 Z9 299 U1 2 U2 26 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST NORTH AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, N W, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 62 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1301/nr.2004.jan.1-17 PG 17 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 903NT UT WOS:000227433500001 PM 14995052 ER PT S AU Freedman, DS AF Freedman, David S. BE Kiess, W Marcus, C Wabitsch, M TI Childhood Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease SO OBESITY IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE SE Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; BODY-MASS INDEX; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; COMMON CAROTID-ARTERY; WEIGHT CHANGE; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MIDDLE-AGE; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN C1 [Freedman, David S.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), CDC K-26,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM DFreedman@CDC.Gov NR 51 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1017-5989 BN 978-3-8055-7730-4 J9 PEDIATR ADOLESC MED JI Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PY 2004 VL 9 BP 160 EP 169 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pediatrics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pediatrics GA BKL96 UT WOS:000268461800013 ER PT J AU Finkelstein, EA Fiebelkorn, IC Wang, GJ AF Finkelstein, EA Fiebelkorn, IC Wang, GJ TI State-level estimates of annual medical expenditures attributable to obesity SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cost; Medicaid; Medicare; state; BMI ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; OVERWEIGHT; IMPACT; COST AB Objective: To provide state-level estimates of total, Medicare, and Medicaid obesity-attributable medical expenditures. Research Methods and Procedures: We developed an econometric model that predicts medical expenditures. We used this model and state-representative data to quantify obesity-attributable medical expenditures. Results: Annual U.S. obesity-attributable medical expenditures are estimated at $75 billion in 2003 dollars, and approximately one-half of these expenditures are financed by Medicare and Medicaid. State-level estimates range from $87 million (Wyoming) to $7.7 billion (California). Obesity-attributable Medicare estimates range from $15 million (Wyoming) to $1.7 billion (California), and Medicaid estimates range from $23 million (Wyoming) to $3.5 billion (New York). Discussion: These estimates of obesity-attributable medical expenditures present the best available information concerning the economic impact of obesity at the state level. Policy makers should consider these estimates, along with other factors, in determining how best to allocate scarce public health resources. However, because they are associated with large SE, these estimates should not be used to make comparisons across states or among payers within states. C1 RTI Int, Div Hlth Econ Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Finkelstein, EA (reprint author), RTI Int, Div Hlth Econ Res, 3040 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM finkelse@rti.org NR 18 TC 267 Z9 271 U1 2 U2 10 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON ST, SUITE 918, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 12 IS 1 BP 18 EP 24 DI 10.1038/oby.2004.4 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 768GU UT WOS:000188535900004 PM 14742838 ER PT J AU Rattay, KT Fulton, JE Galuska, DA AF Rattay, KT Fulton, JE Galuska, DA TI Weight Counseling patterns of US pediatricians SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE overweight; primary care; dietitian; guidelines; children ID PRIMARY-CARE; PREVENTIVE SERVICES; PHYSICIAN-ATTITUDES; SELF-REPORT; HEALTH; OBESITY; CHILDHOOD; DISEASE; ADOLESCENTS; OVERWEIGHT AB Objective: To estimate the proportion and characteristics of U.S. pediatricians who reportedly counsel their patients about maintaining a healthy weight. Research Methods and Procedures: Beginning in October 1998, information was collected from 813 primary care pediatricians randomly selected from a nationally representative sample. Pediatricians were asked how frequently they counseled about maintaining a healthy weight during the well-care visits of patients in three age groups. Multivariable logistic regression determined which physician characteristics were associated with counseling. Results: Approximately fifty percent of pediatricians reportedly always. counseled about maintaining a healthy weight. Those who always counseled were more likely to be women, to spend more time with patients during well-care visits, and to conduct more well-care visits per week from patients in one particular age group. Most pediatricians who responded that they always counseled about healthy weight reported that they counseled about physical activity and nutrition, but not about balancing caloric intake with expenditure. Discussion: Although many pediatricians report counseling about healthy weight, the frequency of counseling might be further increased by increasing the amount of time the patient spends during office visits with the pediatrician or with other professional staff, such as nurses or dieticians. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Fulton, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jkf2@cdc.gov NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON ST, SUITE 918, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 12 IS 1 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1038/oby.2004.21 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 768GU UT WOS:000188535900021 PM 14742855 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Ebrahim, SH Sansom, S AF Anderson, JE Ebrahim, SH Sansom, S TI Women's knowledge about treatment to prevent mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB OBJECTIVE: To provide national estimates of knowledge about treatments available to reduce mother-to-infant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among U.S. women of childbearing age. METHODS: We used data from 55,712 women aged 18 to 44 years who responded to questions on antiretroviral treatment in the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We obtained the percentage of women who correctly answered a question on treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and determined factors independently associated with such knowledge using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: Overall, the percentage of women who correctly stated that treatment existed to help prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV was 58.6% (95% confidence interval 57.9, 59.3). In the multiple logistic regression model that controlled for sociodemographics, having correct knowledge about treatment to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission was independently associated with being black, younger age (18-34 years), college level education, and having been tested for HIV. Current pregnancy was not an independent predictor of having knowledge about the availability of treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission. CONCLUSION: Among US women of childbearing age, just over one half had correct knowledge of effective perinatal HIV prevention strategies. Increasing the awareness of these treatments may lead to greater uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women. (C) 2004 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, MS E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jea1@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 103 IS 1 BP 165 EP 168 DI 10.1097/01.AOG.0000101285.25133.5A PG 4 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 875IJ UT WOS:000225413400027 PM 14704261 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Stayner, L Deddens, J AF Steenland, K Stayner, L Deddens, J TI Mortality analyses in a cohort of 18,235 ethylene oxide exposed workers: follow up extended from 1987 to 1998 SO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID RISK ASSESSMENT; LUNG-CANCER; RESPONSE ANALYSES; STUDY/ AB Aims: To extend mortality follow up from 1987 to 1998 for cohort of 18 235 men and women exposed to ethylene oxide. Methods: Standard mortality follow up, life table and Cox regression analysis. Results: There were 2852 deaths, compared with 1177 in the earlier 1987 follow up. There was no overall excess of haematopoietic cancers combined or of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, internal exposure-response analyses found positive trends for haematopoietic cancers which were limited to males (15 year lag). The trend in haematopoietic cancer was driven by lymphoid tumours (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, myeloma, lymphocytic leukaemia), which also have a positive trend with cumulative exposure for males with a 15 year lag. Haematopoietic cancer trends were somewhat weaker in this analysis than trends in the earlier follow up, and analyses restricted to the post-1987 data did not show any significant positive trends (exposure levels dropped sharply in the early 1980s). Breast cancer did not show any overall excess, although there was an excess in the highest cumulative exposure quartile using a 20 year lag. Internal exposure-response analyses found positive trend for breast cancer using the log of cumulative exposure with a 20 year lag. Conclusions: There was little evidence of any excess cancer mortality for the cohort as a whole, with the exception of bone cancer based on small numbers. Positive exposure-response trends for lymphoid tumours were found for males only. Reasons for the sex specificity of this effect are not known. There was also some evidence of a positive exposure-response for breast cancer mortality. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 5 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1351-0711 J9 OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 61 IS 1 BP 2 EP 7 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 756ZF UT WOS:000187515100006 PM 14691266 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, LE Bloom, TF Hein, MJ Ward, EM AF Pinkerton, LE Bloom, TF Hein, MJ Ward, EM TI Mortality among a cohort of uranium mill workers: an update SO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TABLE ANALYSIS SYSTEM; SAFETY-AND-HEALTH; LUNG-CANCER; ORE DUST; RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; RADIATION-EXPOSURE; PROCESSING WORKERS; RADON DAUGHTERS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; GOLD MINERS AB Aims: To evaluate the mortality experience of 1484 men employed in seven uranium mills in the Colorado Plateau for at least one year on or after 1 January 1940. Methods: Vital status was updated through 1998, and life table analyses were conducted. Results: Mortality from all causes and all cancers was less than expected based on US mortality rates. A statistically significant increase in non-malignant respiratory disease mortality and non-significant increases in mortality from lymphatic and haematopoietic malignancies other than leukaemia, lung cancer, and chronic renal disease were observed. The excess in lymphatic and haematopoietic cancer mortality was due to an increase in mortality from lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. Within the category of non-malignant respiratory disease, mortality from emphysema and pneumoconioses and other respiratory disease was increased. Mortality from lung cancer and emphysema was higher among workers hired prior to 1955 when exposures to uranium, silica, and vanadium were presumably higher. Mortality from these causes of death did not increase with employment duration. Conclusions: Although the observed excesses were consistent with our a priori hypotheses, positive trends with employment duration were not observed. Limitations included the small cohort size and limited power to detect a moderately increased risk for some outcomes of interest, the inability to estimate individual exposures, and the lack of smoking data. Because of these limitations, firm conclusions about the relation of the observed excesses in mortality and mill exposures are not possible. C1 NIOSH, Epidemiol Sect, Industrywide Studies Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Pinkerton, LE (reprint author), NIOSH, Epidemiol Sect, Industrywide Studies Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 50 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1351-0711 J9 OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 61 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 756ZF UT WOS:000187515100014 PM 14691274 ER PT S AU Wood, JM Webster, RG Webby, RJ Robertson, JS Katz, J Levandowski, RA Grohmann, G Cox, N Hay, AJ Tashiro, M Hampson, A Gust, I Stohr, K AF Wood, JM Webster, RG Webby, RJ Robertson, JS Katz, J Levandowski, RA Grohmann, G Cox, N Hay, AJ Tashiro, M Hampson, A Gust, I Stohr, K BE Kawaoka, Y TI Influenza pandemic vaccines: the imminent challenges from a technical and regulatory perspective SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE pandemic influenza; vaccines; reverse genetics ID A VIRUS; REVERSE GENETICS; GENERATION AB In 1997, we were ill prepared to produce vaccines in response to the sudden emergence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. This experience stimulated efforts to improve technical and regulatory procedures for pandemic vaccine virus development and, in February 2003, when highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza re-appeared in man, we were able to produce H5N1 vaccine strains by reverse genetics within the space of 3 months. The technical and regulatory progress which made this possible is reviewed and newly developed WHO biosafety risk assessment for vaccine production is described. Recommendations are made for the significant challenges that lie ahead. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Virol, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Div Virol, Dept Infect Dis, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. Ctr Dis Control, WHO Collaborating Ctr Influenza, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Lab Pediat & Resp Viral Dis, Div Viral Prod,Off Vaccines Res & Review, Bethesda, MD USA. Therapeut Goods Adm Labs, Woden, ACT, Australia. Natl Inst Med Res, WHO Collaborating Ctr Influenza, London NW7 1AA, England. Natl Inst Infect Dis, WHO Collaborating Ctr Influenza, Tokyo, Japan. WHO Collaborating Ctr Influenza, Parkville, Vic, Australia. WHO, WHO Global Influenza Programme, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Wood, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Virol, Blanche Lane S Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. EM jwood@nibsc.ac.uk NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER JI Int. Congr. Ser. PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 51 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.049 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000010 ER PT S AU Edwards, LE Nguyen, DC Lu, XH Hall, H Balish, A Mabry, JE Lim, W Cox, NJ Klimov, A Katz, JM AF Edwards, LE Nguyen, DC Lu, XH Hall, H Balish, A Mabry, JE Lim, W Cox, NJ Klimov, A Katz, JM BE Kawaoka, Y TI Antigenic characteristics of recent avian influenza A H5N1 viruses isolated from humans SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza H5NI; antigenicity; serology AB Background: In February 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses reemerged in humans. Despite repeated outbreaks in domestic poultry in Hong Kong since 1999, this was the first isolation of H5N1 from humans since the outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997, which resulted in 18 human cases and 6 deaths. Methods: To better understand the antigenic relationship between the 2003 H5N1 human virus A/Hong Kong/213/03 (HK/213) and other H5 viruses, post-infection ferret sera or post-infection human sera were tested for reactivity by hemagglutination-inhibition and microneutralization assays with H5N1 viruses circulating in Hong Kong or elsewhere in Asia since 1997. Results: The H5N1 virus isolated from a 9-year-old male in Hong Kong was antigenically distinguishable from recent H5NI viruses isolated from wild birds in Hong Kong and from the human 1997 H5N1 viruses, using post-infection ferret sera. Likewise, sera from this case patient, collected 22 days post-symptom onset, reacted to high titers with the homologous HK/213 virus, but gave eightfold lower titers with A/Hong Kong/156/97, and other H5 viruses. Conclusion: These results suggest that this recent human H5NI virus is antigenically distinguishable from current and previously circulating H5N1 viruses from Asia, including the viruses previously isolated from humans. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hong Kong Dept Hlth, Govt Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Katz, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, 1600 CLifon Rd,MS G-16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 109 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.027 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000023 ER PT S AU Lindstrom, SE Cox, NJ Klimov, A AF Lindstrom, SE Cox, NJ Klimov, A BE Kawaoka, Y TI Evolutionary analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment among H2N2 and/or H3N2 viruses SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza; H2N2; H3N2; evolution; reassortment AB Pandemic influenza H2N2 viruses emerged in humans in 1957 and caused widespread morbidity and mortality in humans until 1968 when they were displaced by emerging H3N2 viruses. Although it is known that both the appearance and disappearance of H2N2 viruses involved reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses, genetic characterization of these viruses is limited. In this study, detailed genetic analysis of all eight gene segments of human H2N2 viruses isolated from 1957 until 1968 from geographically diverse regions was undertaken to establish a better understanding of the evolutionary nature of this virus. In addition, a number of human H3N2 viruses isolated from 1968 until 1972 were examined to investigate genetic events associated with the emergence of pandemic H3N2 viruses in humans. Phylogenic analysis of all gene segments of human H2N2 viruses consistently demonstrated divergent evolution. Genes of late H2N2 isolates were located in either of two distinct clades (I and II). Analysis of H3N2 viruses of 1968 revealed that all gene segments that were retained from H2N2 viruses were most similar to H2N2 virus genes of clade I. However, genes of both lineages were found to cocirculate among H3N2 isolates of 1969-1971. Furthermore, each gene segment demonstrated unique phylogenic topologies, indicating multiple reassortment events between late H2N2 and/or H3N2 viruses. The H3N2 viruses of 1972 analyzed here appeared to possess the genome constellation that represents the ancestral virus of contemporary H3N2 viruses. This constellation was first observed among isolates of 1970 and was distinct from that found among the earliest human H3N2 viruses from 1968. This evidence demonstrates that establishment of H3N2 viruses in humans was associated with multiple-reassortment events that contributed to genetic diversity among viruses. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lindstrom, SE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Mail Stop G16,Room 5023,Bldg 17 1600 Clift, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 184 EP 190 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.034 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000040 ER PT S AU Thompson, WW Weintraub, E Shay, DK Brammer, L Cox, N Fukuda, K AF Thompson, WW Weintraub, E Shay, DK Brammer, L Cox, N Fukuda, K BE Kawaoka, Y TI Age-specific estimates of US influenza-associated deaths and hospitalizations SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza hospitalizations; deaths models ID UNITED-STATES; PANDEMIC INFLUENZA; MORTALITY; IMPACT; EPIDEMICS; PNEUMONIA; EFFICACY; POPULATION; VACCINE; VIRUS AB We estimated annual numbers and rates of influenza-associated deaths and hospitalizations by age group in the United States using a Poisson regression model incorporating World Health Organization (WHO) viral surveillance data. Mortality data were obtained between 1976 and 2000 from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); hospitalization data were obtained between 1979 and 2001 from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS). Weekly influenza isolates by type and subtype were obtained from the WHO collaborating laboratories for the 1976-1977 through 1999-2000 seasons. Our models estimated annual averages of 6796 underlying pneumonia and influenza deaths and 28,076 underlying respiratory and circulatory deaths. The models estimated annual averages of 88,479 primary pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations and 225,985 primary respiratory and circulatory hospitalizations. We found significant increases in the numbers of influenza-associated deaths and hospitalizations by year among persons aged greater than or equal to65 years due to the aging of the population, the predominance of A(H3N2) viruses during the late 1990s and the increasing length of the influenza season during the 1990s. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Thompson, WW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 316 EP 320 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.072 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000070 ER PT S AU Liao, YJ Tsai, CP Cheng, MC Kao, CL Cox, N King, CC AF Liao, YJ Tsai, CP Cheng, MC Kao, CL Cox, N King, CC BE Kawaoka, Y TI Human influenza surveillance in areas with animal flu epidemics and China visitors in Taiwan SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza; surveillance; Taiwan ID IMPACT AB Background: This study investigates the changes in human flu viruses in areas where unique animal flu viruses or epidemics were isolated in Taiwan and Kinmen islet. Materials and methods: Sentinel physicians obtained throat swabs from patients presenting with flu-like illness and two-step RT-PCR, using five sets of primers for matrix (M) and HA2, to detect all the animal influenza viruses and then typing/subtyping for human flu viruses. Questionnaires included travel history, animal contacts and occupations. Results: One flu B and eight flu A H3N2 isolates were identified in the flu season of 2002-2003, including 1, 2, 2 and 3 H3N2 in Taoyuan, Yilan, Taman and Kinmen, respectively. Amino acid sequences of HA of human isolates revealed that Pro (P) at position 227 among most of the Kinmen isolates (2/3) replaced Ser (S) in the Taiwanese isolates, including one mutant from Gin (Q) to His (H) at position 156 of the HA gene for five out of eight H3N2 Taiwan isolates. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all of the H3N2 viruses were of human origin (belonging to the lineage of A/Fujian/411/2002), with 80-90% homology in HA, NA and M gene segments of A/Swine/PingTung/Taiwan/199.2/02 (H3N2) and 75-77% homology in HA gene segment of A/WildBird/Taiwan/243/02(H3) and A/Mallard Duck/Taiwan/3.3/03 (H3). Conclusions: Residents in Kinmen islet frequently traveling from China need to monitor their flu A viruses that might be different from those obtained on the main Taiwan island. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Inst Epidemiol, Taipei 100, Taiwan. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP King, CC (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Inst Epidemiol, 1 Jen Ai Rd Sect 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 402 EP 406 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.031 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000090 ER PT S AU King, CC Liao, YJ Yen, HL Cheng, MC Tsai, CP Kao, CL Wu, TS Lin, CH Chiou, SC Su, IJ Cox, N Webster, RG AF King, CC Liao, YJ Yen, HL Cheng, MC Tsai, CP Kao, CL Wu, TS Lin, CH Chiou, SC Su, IJ Cox, N Webster, RG BE Kawaoka, Y TI Influenza pandemic plan: integrated wild bird/domestic avian/swine/human flu surveillance systems in Taiwan SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza; integrated surveillance; Taiwan ID VIRUSES AB Background: Integrated virological surveillance systems along the transmission chains from animals to humans in areas with large swine/chicken/duck populations and numerous wild migrating birds grasps the frontline timing to detect novel flu viruses. Materials and methods: Animal and human virological surveillance systems have been established to monitor evolutional changes of flu viruses in the same and different hosts/geographical areas over years. Selected sentinel physicians collected specimens from influenza-like patients at local clinics/hospitals in: (a) counties with high populations of swine/avian/wild birds in Taiwan and (b) Kinmen islet-closest to China. Results: Novel animal and human influenza viruses (swine H1N2, avian H5 and H7 and human H3N2 within the lineage of A/Fujian/411/2002) were detected in 2002. However, subtypes of H5, H7 and H9 were not found in human isolates in Taiwan till Oct. 2003. Sentinel physician and school absenteeism surveillance systems were more sensitive than human laboratory and respiratory syndromic surveillance systems. Variation patterns of antigenic sites of HA1 in human versus animal flu A viruses were also quite different. Conclusion: The integrated surveillance is very useful in disease control and understanding conditions for the emergence of novel flu viruses with pandemic potential. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Epidemiol, Coll Publ Hlth, Taipei 100, Taiwan. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. RP King, CC (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Epidemiol, Coll Publ Hlth, 1 Jen Ai Rd Sect 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan. EM a1234567@ccms.ntu.edu.tw RI Yen, Hui-Ling/C-4501-2009; OI Yen, Hui-Ling/0000-0003-2493-3609; Wu, Tsung-Shu Joseph/0000-0001-6155-9340 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER JI Int. Congr. Ser. PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 407 EP 412 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.018 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000091 ER PT S AU Kiseleva, I Klimov, A Su, Q Szymkowiak, C Toner, TJ Kwan, WS Rudenko, L Shaw, AR Youil, R AF Kiseleva, I Klimov, A Su, Q Szymkowiak, C Toner, TJ Kwan, WS Rudenko, L Shaw, AR Youil, R BE Kawaoka, Y TI Role of individual genes of the A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) cold-adapted donor strain in manifestation of the temperature-sensitive phenotype of reassortant influenza A viruses SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE cold-adapted; influenza; phenotype AB The main focus of this study was to explore the role of the gene segments of the cold-adapted (ca) A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (Len/17) influenza virus in the context of heterologous wild-type (wt) viruses. In this study, 34 MDCK-derived reassortants between Len/ 17 and the A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) wt virus (A/NC) and 141 egg-derived reassortants of Len/17 and current influenza A viruses were evaluated to identify the gene(s) responsible for the ts phenotype. Data obtained from these studies showed PB2 to be the critical mutant gene in conferring ts in the Len/ 17 strain. However, the other polymerase genes (PB1 and PA) were found to be essential in maintaining ts in the background of heterologous gene constellations. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Merck & Co Inc, Virus & Cell Biol, W Point, PA 19486 USA. Russian Acad Med Sci, Inst Expt Med, St Petersburg 197376, Russia. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Youil, R (reprint author), Merck & Co Inc, Virus & Cell Biol, 770 Sumneytown Pike,WP44L-206B, W Point, PA 19486 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 547 EP 550 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.156 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000123 ER PT S AU Iwane, MK Bridges, CB Singleton, JA Szilagyi, PG AF Iwane, MK Bridges, CB Singleton, JA Szilagyi, PG BE Kawaoka, Y TI Influenza vaccination encouraged for all children aged 6-23 months in the United States: vaccine supply and feasibility implications SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza; vaccination; recommendations; children; barriers ID VISITS AB Background: Beginning with the 2002-03 influenza season, vaccination of all U.S. children aged 6-23 months, household contacts and out-of-home caregivers of children <2 years was encouraged. The encouragement was precipitated by studies showing healthy young children at high risk for influenza-related hospitalizations. Objectives: To assess the vaccine needed and the feasibility of implementing the recommendation to vaccinate children aged 6-23 months and close contacts of children <2 years. Methods: Estimates obtained from manufacturers' vaccine data, national survey data, and feasibility studies. Results: The expanded policy adds vaccination of 5.5 -7 million healthy 6- to 23-month-olds, plus 14 million persons aged 2-49 years who are household contacts of children aged 0-23 months. Thus, 185 million persons in the United States would be targeted for vaccination, including previously unvaccinated children aged <9 years who need two vaccine doses, compared with the 95 million vaccine doses produced and <79 million used during the 2002-2003 season. Although current vaccine production does not meet projected doses needed, vaccination of recommended groups is incomplete and initial vaccine use by young children and their household contacts is likely to be low. The expanded vaccination will need to overcome feasibility and cost concerns. Conclusions: Vaccine supply at current production levels will only be sufficient if coverage levels remain low. Education of parents and providers and implementation of more efficient strategies for vaccinations will raise coverage and also necessitate a larger vaccine supply. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Rochester, Strong Mem Hosp, Rochester, NY USA. RP Iwane, MK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 644 EP 648 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.062 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000145 ER PT S AU Xu, XY Lindstrom, S Shaw, M Zhu, HH Perez-Oronoz, G Cox, N Klimov, A AF Xu, XY Lindstrom, S Shaw, M Zhu, HH Perez-Oronoz, G Cox, N Klimov, A BE Kawaoka, Y TI Genetic and antigenic analysis of the neuraminidase of influenza B viruses: association of neuraminidase in global spread and recycling of influenza B/Victoria/2/87-like viruses SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza B; neuraminidase; reassortment; amino acid substitution AB After nearly a decade's absence in most parts of the world, influenza B/Victoria/2/87-lineage (Vic) viruses reappeared and rapidly spread globally in 2001. Genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) genes revealed that the majority of Vic-lineage viruses isolated since 2001 possessed an NA similar to that of a B/Yamagata/16/88(Yam)-lineage reference strain. This finding indicated that reassortment of the NA gene between two lineages of influenza B viruses was associated with the global spread of Vic-lineage viruses. We also found that a small proportion of recent Vic-lineage viruses inherited both their HA and NA genes from a Vic-lineage parental virus isolated in 1997. Although HAs of these viruses were similar to that of the parental virus, four amino acid (AA) substitutions were identified in their NAs. Therefore, mutations detected in the NAs of those recent influenza B viruses also may have played a role in the global spread of Vic-lineage, non-reassortant viruses. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Xu, XY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, Bldg 17,Room 5024,Mail Stop,G16 1600 Clifton Rd N, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 719 EP 723 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.125 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000162 ER PT S AU Desheva, JA Rudenko, LG Alexandrova, GI Lu, X Rekstin, AR Katz, JM Cox, NJ Klimov, AI AF Desheva, JA Rudenko, LG Alexandrova, GI Lu, X Rekstin, AR Katz, JM Cox, NJ Klimov, AI BE Kawaoka, Y TI Reassortment between avian apathogenic and human attenuated cold-adapted viruses as an approach for preparing influenza pandemic vaccines SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE avian influenza; live attenuated reassortant vaccine AB To prepare candidate influenza pandemic vaccines, we are developing an approach based on reassortment of antigenically appropriate nonpathogenic avian viruses of different subtypes (H5, H9, H7) with the cold-adapted master strain (MS) A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (Len/17) that is currently used in Russia for preparing licensed live attenuated vaccines for adults and children. In the present study, reassortants between A/Duck/Potsdam/1402-6/86(H5N2) (H5N2-wt) and Len/17 were obtained. One of the clones, A/17/Duck/Potsdam/86-92(H5N2) (Len17/H5), was chosen for further detailed genetic and antigenic analysis. Len17/1-15 inherited the HA gene from the H5N2-wt and all other genes from Len/17 (7:1 genome composition). The HA gene sequence of Len17/H5 was identical to that of the parent H5N2-wt virus. The antigenic profile of the reassortant virus was similar to that of the H5N2-wt parent strain in the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test with a panel of antisera to different avian and human H5 viruses. The reassortant demonstrated high growth ability (9.3+0.3 lg EID50/ml) in embryonated hens' eggs (CE) at optimal (34 degreesC) temperature, comparable with that of the parent Len/17 MS. Also, Len17/H5 demonstrated cold-adapted (ca) and temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotypes similar to those of Len/17 and was attenuated for mice. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Russian Acad Med Sci, Inst Expt Med, Dept Virol, St Petersburg, Russia. RP Klimov, AI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Desheva, Yulia/I-1493-2013 OI Desheva, Yulia/0000-0001-9794-3520 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 724 EP 727 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.043 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000163 ER PT S AU de Paiva, TM Klimov, A Hall, H Bender, C Subbarao, K Cox, N AF de Paiva, TM Klimov, A Hall, H Bender, C Subbarao, K Cox, N BE Kawaoka, Y TI Molecular epidemiology of influenza virus isolated in Brazil from 1996 to 2000 SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza; characterization; surveillance; genetic analyses and vaccine strategy AB Molecular studies of influenza virus isolated during 1996-2000, from 0- to 85-year-old patients with influenza-like illness living in the southern, southeastern, central western, northern and northeastern regions of Brazil, are described. Molecular epidemiology of the influenza virus demonstrated that strains H1N1 (A/Texas/36/91, A/Bayern/07/95, A/Taiwan/01/86, A/New Caledonia/20/99 and A/Johannesburg/82/99), detected from 1996 through 2000, evolved gradually from the strain A/Taiwan/1/86. Similarly, the strain H3N2 (A/Alaska/10/95, A/Johannesburg/33/94, A/Wuhan/35/95, A/Sydney/05/97, A/Moscow/10/99 and A/Panama/2007/99) seems to have evolved gradually from the ancestral strain A/Beijing/32/92. With regard to influenza virus type B, the strains B/Beijing/184/93 and B/Sichuan/279/99, evolved gradually from the ancestral B/Yamagata/26/88. Thus, molecular studies have showed that influenza viruses circulating from 1996 to 2000 in Brazil were similar to those on other continents. In addition, this investigation emphasizes the fundamental role of surveillance in order to select appropriate influenza strains for Southern Hemisphere vaccine composition. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Inst Adolph Lutz Inst, Resp Virus Lab, BR-01246902 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Virus Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP de Paiva, TM (reprint author), Inst Adolph Lutz Inst, Resp Virus Lab, Av Dr Arnaldo 355,Cerqueira C, BR-01246902 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 728 EP 732 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.041 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000164 ER PT S AU Matsuoka, Y Subbarao, K Chen, HL Warnes, C Altholtz, M Jadhao, S Swayne, D Cox, N AF Matsuoka, Y Subbarao, K Chen, HL Warnes, C Altholtz, M Jadhao, S Swayne, D Cox, N BE Kawaoka, Y TI Development and evaluation of candidate influenza a vaccines for pandemic preparedness SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza A; pandemic vaccine; reassortment AB Pandemic vaccine seed viruses for H5N1, H5N2 and H9N2 subtypes were prepared and evaluated. Formalin-inactivated reassortant vaccines using A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) as a donor of internal genes with surface glycoprotein genes, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), of H5N2 and H9N2 subtypes, were generated by conventional reassortment. A reassortant virus for the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype was prepared using reverse genetics with a genetically modified HA gene. All candidate vaccines were immunogenic in mice and ferrets, and mice immunized with inactivated vaccines were completely protected against challenge infection with wild-type parent viruses. All viruses were non-pathogenic for chickens in the standard USDA pathotyping test. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIH, Lab Infect Dis, Bethesda, MD USA. Harbin Vet Res Inst, Harbin, Peoples R China. USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA USA. RP Matsuoka, Y (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-G16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 813 EP 817 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.045 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000184 ER PT S AU Moen, AC Zhang, WQ Cox, NJ Stohr, K AF Moen, AC Zhang, WQ Cox, NJ Stohr, K BE Kawaoka, Y TI An Action Plan for improving international influenza surveillance SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza; surveillance; Action Plan; international AB The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Agenda on Influenza, published in the Weekly Epidemiological Report (WER) on 7 June 2002, was formulated by a consensus of influenza experts and identified strengthening national and international surveillance systems as a major priority. The benefits of improving surveillance include enhancing data available for vaccine strain selection and expanding the "early warning system" for the detection of variant strains of influenza, including those with pandemic potential. Evaluating the activities and physical facilities of the National Influenza Centers (NICs) was one of the key action steps identified in the WHO Global Agenda. An assessment of NICS was conducted using a survey tool developed by WHO. A synopsis of the preliminary results of this survey was published in the Weekly Epidemiological Report on 18 October 2002. A draft Action Plan for strengthening the global influenza surveillance system has been developed as a result of the assessment. A brief description of the assessment tool and key components of the draft Action Plan are outlined here. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. World Hlth Org, Global Influenza Programme, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Moen, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 830 EP 834 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.044 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000188 ER PT J AU Abbate, LM Renner, JB Luta, G Dragomir, AD Hochberg, MC Helmick, CG Jordan, JM AF Abbate, LM Renner, JB Luta, G Dragomir, AD Hochberg, MC Helmick, CG Jordan, JM TI Comparing body mass index, body composition, and body fat distribution as predictors of radiographic knee osteoarthritis in women and men SO OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 9th World Congress of the Osteoarthritis-Research-Society-International CY DEC 02-05, 2004 CL Chicago, IL SP Osteoarthritis Res Soc Int C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Radiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 32 JAMESTOWN RD, LONDON NW1 7BY, ENGLAND SN 1063-4584 J9 OSTEOARTHR CARTILAGE JI Osteoarthritis Cartilage PY 2004 VL 12 SU B BP S22 EP S23 PG 2 WC Orthopedics; Rheumatology SC Orthopedics; Rheumatology GA 879HY UT WOS:000225708200053 ER PT J AU Muhuri, PK MacDorman, MF Ezzati-Rice, TM AF Muhuri, PK MacDorman, MF Ezzati-Rice, TM TI Racial differences in leading causes of infant death in the United States SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN PLAINS INDIANS; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; SLEEP-POSITION; MORTALITY; SURFACTANT; HISPANICS; IMPACT; BLACK AB We used linked birth/infant death records of over 23 million singletons belonging to six birth cohorts (1989-91 and 1995-97) and examined changes in race differentials in the overall and cause-specific infant mortality risks across time in the United States. Results show that infant mortality declined for all races during the time period, with disproportionately greater declines among non-Hispanic American Indians (AIs). Among the leading causes of infant death, declines in mortality from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and congenital anomalies contributed the most to the overall decline in infant mortality in the 1995-97 cohorts, compared with the 1989-91 cohorts. Disproportionately greater reductions in mortality resulting from SIDS and congenital anomalies led to more rapid mortality declines among non-Hispanic AIs than for other races. There are disturbing findings that infants of almost every race experienced increases in mortality from newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy (maternal complications) and that none of the race groups experienced a significant decline in mortality from disorders resulting from short gestation/low birthweight. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Res & Methodol, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Agcy Healthcare Res & Qual, Ctr Cost & Financing Studies, Rockville, MD USA. RP Muhuri, PK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Res & Methodol, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 3311 Toledo Rd,Room 3125, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM pmuhuri@cdc.gov NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2004.00535.x PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 766ER UT WOS:000188354200008 PM 14738547 ER PT J AU Piesman, J Gern, L AF Piesman, J Gern, L TI Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE lyme borreliosis; Ixodes; ticks; Borrelia burgidorferi ID BURGDORFERI-SENSU-LATO; IXODES-RICINUS TICKS; ERYTHEMA CHRONICUM MIGRANS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; SOUTHERN NEW-YORK; SEASONAL POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; SCAPULARIS ACARI IXODIDAE; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION AB Since the discovery of the Lyme disease spirochete in North America in 1982 and in Europe in 1983, a plethora of studies on this unique group of spirochetes that comprise Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato has been accumulated. In an attempt to compare and contrast Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America we have reviewed the biology of the aetiologic agents, as well as the clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of this disease on both continents. Moreover, we have detailed the ecology of the Ixodes ticks that transmit this infection and the reservoir hosts that maintain the spirochete cycle in nature. Finally, we have examined the transmission dynamics of the spirochete on both continents, as well as the available prevention strategies. Although it has been over two decades since the discovery of the Lyme disease spirochete, Lyme borreliosis is an expanding public health problem that has defied our attempts to control it. Bv comparing the accumulated experience of investigators in North America and Europe, where the disease is most frequently reported, we hope to advance the cause of developing novel approaches to combat Lyme borreliosis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Neuchatel, Inst Zool, CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland. RP Piesman, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM JPiesman@cdc.gov NR 332 TC 132 Z9 133 U1 2 U2 45 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PY 2004 VL 129 SU S BP S191 EP S220 DI 10.1017/S0031182003004694 PG 30 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 940HP UT WOS:000230134600013 PM 15938512 ER PT J AU Dennis, DT Chow, CC AF Dennis, DT Chow, CC TI Plague SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID YERSINIA-PESTIS; AGENT C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Dennis, DT (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 69 EP 71 DI 10.1097/01.inf.0000106918.18570.dd PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 768VB UT WOS:000188554800013 PM 14743050 ER PT J AU Pool, V Mootrey, G Chen, RT Gargiullo, PM Braun, MM Kelso, JM Yunginger, JW AF Pool, V Mootrey, G Chen, RT Gargiullo, PM Braun, MM Kelso, JM Yunginger, JW TI Gelatin allergy - Reply SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Div Epidemiol, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. USN, Med Ctr, Div Allergy, San Diego, CA 92134 USA. Mayo Clin Coll Med, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. RP Pool, V (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2004 VL 113 IS 1 BP 170 EP 171 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 762XX UT WOS:000188010600049 ER PT J AU Daley, MF Barrow, J Pearson, K Crane, LA Gao, DX Stevenson, JM Berman, S Kempe, A AF Daley, MF Barrow, J Pearson, K Crane, LA Gao, DX Stevenson, JM Berman, S Kempe, A TI Identification and recall of children with chronic medical conditions for influenza vaccination SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th National Immunization Conference CY MAR, 2003 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DE immunization; influenza vaccine; chronic illness; reminder/recall; immunization registries ID RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; ENROLLED CHILDREN; ASTHMA; IMMUNIZATION; REMINDER; HOSPITALIZATIONS; SYSTEM; RATES; POPULATION; EPIDEMICS AB Objectives. Despite long-standing recommendations to provide annual influenza vaccination to children with chronic medical conditions, immunization rates are <10% in most primary care settings. Many obstacles impede implementation of these recommendations, including the challenge of identifying targeted children and the need to immunize yearly in a short time interval. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of billing data for identifying children who have high-risk conditions (HRCs) and need influenza vaccination and 2) to evaluate the efficacy of reminder/recall for children with HRCs. Methods. The study was conducted in 4 private pediatric practices in metropolitan Denver, Colorado, that share a computerized billing system and also participate in an immunization registry. For all children aged 6 to 72 months, registry records were linked with the billing database. Patients with &GE;1 encounters for an HRC in the previous 24 months were selected, with HRCs identified from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic codes. Using medical records as the "gold standard," we reviewed 327 randomly selected records to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of billing data for identifying HRCs. For children with an HRC, we then conducted a randomized, controlled trial of reminder/recall for influenza vaccination. The primary outcome of the recall trial was receipt of influenza vaccine. Results. Billing data had a sensitivity of 72% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 48%-95%), specificity of 95% (95% CI: 90%-100%), and overall accuracy of 90% (95% CI: 84%-96%) in determining which children had an HRC. Of the 17 273 patients aged 6 to 72 months, 2007 had &GE;1 HRCs (12% overall; range: 9%-14% per practice). Asthma/reactive airways disease accounted for 87% of all HRCs. Reminder/recall significantly increased influenza immunization in children with HRCs, with a vaccination rate of 42% in those recalled, compared with 25% in control subjects. Recalled subjects were more likely to have an office visit (68% vs 60%) and less likely to have a missed opportunity to immunize (28% vs 37%) compared with control subjects. Conclusions. Diagnosis-based billing data accurately identified children who had HRCs and needed annual influenza vaccination, and registry-driven reminder/recall significantly increased influenza immunization in targeted children. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Childrens Outcomes Res Program, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Childrens Hosp, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Daley, MF (reprint author), 1056 E 19th Ave,B032, Denver, CO 80218 USA. EM daley.matthew@tchden.org NR 48 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2004 VL 113 IS 1 BP E26 EP E33 DI 10.1542/peds.113.1.e26 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 762XX UT WOS:000188010600005 PM 14702491 ER PT J AU Weinstock, H Berman, S Cates, W AF Weinstock, H Berman, S Cates, W TI Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: Incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000 SO PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-2; HUMAN-PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; HEPATITIS-B; GENITAL HERPES; HEALTH; HIV; EPIDEMIC AB CONTEXT: In the United States, young people aged 15-24 represent 25% of the sexually experienced population. However, the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among this age-group are unknown. METHODS: Data from a variety of sources were used to estimate the incidence and prevalence of STDs among 15-24-year-olds in the United States in 2000. The quality and reliability of the estimates were categorized as good, fair or poor, depending on the quality of the data source. RESULTS. Approximately 18.9 million new cases of STD occurred in 2000, of which 9.1 million (48%) were among persons aged 75-24. Three STDs (human papillomovirus, trichomoniasis and chlamydia) accounted for 88% of all new cases of STD among 15-24-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS. These estimates emphasize the toll that STDs hove on American youth. More representative data ore needed to help monitor efforts at lowering the burden of these infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Family Hlth Int, Inst Family Hlth, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Weinstock, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. EM hsw2@cdc.gov NR 32 TC 802 Z9 825 U1 0 U2 35 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 1538-6341 J9 PERSPECT SEX REPRO H JI Perspect. Sex Reprod. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 36 IS 1 BP 6 EP 10 DI 10.1111/j.1931-2393.2004.tb00002.x PG 5 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA 778QR UT WOS:000189252700001 PM 14982671 ER PT J AU Chesson, HW Blandford, JM Gift, TL Tao, GY Irwin, KL AF Chesson, HW Blandford, JM Gift, TL Tao, GY Irwin, KL TI The estimated direct medical cost of sexually transmitted diseases among American youth, 2000 SO PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PELVIC-INFLAMMATORY-DISEASE; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTIONS; ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; ECONOMIC-EVALUATION; MALE-ADOLESCENTS; INCREMENTAL COST; GENITAL HERPES; HIV-INFECTION AB CONTEXT. Each year, millions of U.S. youth acquire sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Estimates of the economic burden of STDs can help to quantify the impact of STDs on the notion's youth and on the payers of the cost of their medical care. METHODS: We synthesized the existing literature on STD costs to estimate the lifetime medical cost per case of eight major STDs-HIV human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes simplex virus type 2, hepatitis B, chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and syphilis. We then estimated the total burden of disease by multiplying these cost-per-case estimates by the approximate number of new cases of STDs acquired by youth aged 15-24. RESULTS: The total estimated burden of the nine million new cases of these STDs that occurred among 15-24-year-olds in 2000 was $6.5 billion (in year 2000 dollars), Viral STDs accounted for 94% of the total burden ($6.2 billion), and nonviral STDs accounted for 6% of the total burden ($0.4 billion). HIV and HPV were by far the most costly STDs in terms of total estimated direct medical costs, accounting for 90% of the total burden ($5.9 billion). CONCLUSIONS: The large number of infections acquired by persons aged 75-24 and the high cost per case of viral STDs, particularly HIV create a substantial economic burden. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chesson, HW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM hbc7@cdc.gov NR 67 TC 239 Z9 245 U1 1 U2 8 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 1538-6341 J9 PERSPECT SEX REPRO H JI Perspect. Sex Reprod. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 36 IS 1 BP 11 EP 19 DI 10.1111/j.1931-2393.2004.tb00003.x PG 9 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA 778QR UT WOS:000189252700002 PM 14982672 ER PT J AU Barone, MA Johnson, CH Luick, MA Teutonico, DL Magnani, RJ AF Barone, MA Johnson, CH Luick, MA Teutonico, DL Magnani, RJ TI Characteristics of men receiving vasectomies in the United States, 1998-1999 SO PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CONTRACEPTIVE STERILIZATION; FEMALE STERILIZATION; TUBAL-STERILIZATION; SERVICES AB CONTEXT. Even though vasectomy is a popular method of contraception in the United States, there is limited information on the characteristics of men choosing vasectomy and why they decide to undergo the procedure. METHODS: A nationwide, proctice-based survey of 719 men receiving vasectomies was conducted between July 1998 and June 1999. RESULTS: Low-income, minority and less educated men were underrepresented among vasectomy recipients. The majority of men were married or cohabiting (91 %), non-Hisponic and white (87%), and educated beyond high school (8196). Only 7% of men had annual household incomes of less than $25,000, and fewer than 1 % paid for the procedure using public funding; 8 1 % of respondents paid through private insurance or a health maintenance organization. Half of men reported choosing vasectomy over a reversible method because it is the most secure means of preventing pregnancy, and 62% chose vasectomy over tubal ligation because the procedure is simpler and safer. Doctors and nurses were the most important sources of information about vasectomy (cited by 3 1 % of respondents), followed by wives or partners (25%) and friends (23%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the diversity of the U.S. population, vasectomy recipients are a homogeneous group. By identifying users of vasectomy and underserved groups, our findings should assist service providers and program managers in planning strategies to reduce the large difference in levels of vasectomy use among men of different races, ethnicities and income groups. C1 Engender Hlth, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Stat & Surveillance Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Barone, MA (reprint author), Engender Hlth, New York, NY USA. EM mbarone@engenderhealth.org NR 44 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 1538-6341 J9 PERSPECT SEX REPRO H JI Perspect. Sex Reprod. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 36 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1111/j.1931-2393.2004.tb00005.x PG 7 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA 778QR UT WOS:000189252700004 PM 14982674 ER PT J AU Ettaro, L Songer, TJ Zhang, P Engelgau, MM AF Ettaro, L Songer, TJ Zhang, P Engelgau, MM TI Cost-of-illness studies in diabetes mellitus SO PHARMACOECONOMICS LA English DT Review ID DECISION-MAKING; MEDICAL-CARE; ECONOMIC COSTS; EXCESS COSTS; PRODUCTIVITY COSTS; UNITED-STATES; NO AID; LIFE; PREVALENCE; DISEASE AB Several cost-of-illness (COI) studies related to diabetes mellitus have been performed over the last three decades. This review examines the results of these COI studies, identifies the strengths and limitations of the various methods utilised, and suggests future research that will help determine the economic burden of diabetes more accurately. Diabetes imposes a large economic burden on society. The economic cost of diabetes is estimated to be as much as $US100 billion per year in the US alone (1997 values). This estimated cost has increased notably over time, primarily due to price inflation and the increasing prevalence of diabetes. Differing methodologies have significantly influenced the cost estimates and made comparisons between COI studies problematic. For example, early reports tended to rely exclusively on data where diabetes was listed as the primary diagnosis or reason for healthcare use. To better capture the costs associated with diabetes-related complications, later studies have included costs related to diabetes as a secondary or tertiary diagnosis using the attributable risk methodology. Given the types of long-term complications that are associated with diabetes, attempts at capturing these secondary costs are appropriate. However, estimates of attributable risk can be limited by the epidemiological data currently available. The tremendous economic burden of diabetes makes the disease an important clinical and public health problem. In order to formulate an effective response to this problem, it is important to track future economic trends as healthcare delivery, morbidity and mortality patterns evolve. Future research efforts should focus on refining methods to estimate costs, improving the interpretation of study findings, and facilitating comparisons between studies. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Transplat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Songer, TJ (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 512 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. EM tjs@pitt.edu OI Songer, Thomas/0000-0002-5253-2514 NR 65 TC 98 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 14 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 1170-7690 J9 PHARMACOECONOMICS JI Pharmacoeconomics PY 2004 VL 22 IS 3 BP 149 EP 164 DI 10.2165/00019053-200422030-00002 PG 16 WC Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Business & Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 802PZ UT WOS:000220176700002 PM 14871163 ER PT J AU Dong, FB Sorensen, SW Manninen, DL Thompson, TJ Narayan, V Orians, CE Gregg, EW Eastman, RC Dasbach, EJ Herman, WH Newman, JM Narva, AS Ballard, DJ Engelgau, MM AF Dong, FB Sorensen, SW Manninen, DL Thompson, TJ Narayan, V Orians, CE Gregg, EW Eastman, RC Dasbach, EJ Herman, WH Newman, JM Narva, AS Ballard, DJ Engelgau, MM TI Cost effectiveness of ACE inhibitor treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus SO PHARMACOECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID CONVERTING ENZYME-INHIBITION; PREVENT RENAL-FAILURE; ECONOMIC-EVALUATION; INTENSIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED-TRIAL; BLOOD-PRESSURE; NEPHROPATHY; PROGRESSION; MICROALBUMINURIA; COMPLICATIONS AB Objective: Current guidelines recommend treating patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with ACE inhibitors after the onset of microalbuminuria. Recent clinical trials have shown ACE inhibitors can affect the development of nephropathy when initiated prior to the onset of microalbuminuria. Our objective is to examine the cost effectiveness of treating adults aged over 20 years with an ACE inhibitor (captopril) immediately following diagnosis of type 1 diabetes versus treating them after the onset of microalbuminuria. Design: Using a semi-Markov model, we calculated four main outcome measures: lifetime direct medical costs (discounted), QALYs, cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and number of days of ESRD over a lifetime. Medical costs are in 1999 US dollars. Setting: All analyses were from the viewpoint of a single US payer responsible for all direct medical costs, including screening for microalbuminuria, ACE inhibitor treatment (captopril), management of major diabetic complications, and routine annual medical costs not specific to diabetes. Methods: We applied the model to a hypothetical cohort of 10 000 persons newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Distribution of sex and race/ethnicity within the cohort is representative of the general US population. Results: We estimated that the incremental cost of early use of captopril for the average adult with type 1 diabetes is $US27 143 per QALY. This level varies considerably with age and glycaemic level. When the age at onset of diabetes is 20 years and glycosylated haernoglobin (HbA(1c)) level is 9%, the cost-effectiveness ratio is $US13814 per QALY. When the age at onset is 25 years and HbA(1c) level is 7%, the cost-effectiveness ratio is $US39 530 per QALY. Conclusion: This model, with its underlying assumptions and data, suggests that early treatment with captopril provides modest benefit at reasonable cost effectiveness, from the US single-payer perspective, in the prevention of ESRD compared with delaying treatment until diagnosis of microalbuminuria. Early treatment with other ACE inhibitors will provide similar cost effectiveness if they have equivalent efficacy, compliance and price per dose. Treatment may be considered among patients at age 20 years with new onset of type 1 diabetes. This conclusion is sensitive to the extent that ACE inhibitors delay onset of microalbuminuria. Other factors such as the patient's age and glycaemic level must be considered when deciding to initiate early treatment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA. Cygnus Inc, Redwood City, CA USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Sutter Hlth Inst Res & Educ, San Francisco, CA USA. Indian Hlth Kidney Dis Program, Albuquerque, NM USA. Baylor Hlth Care Syst, Hlth Care Res & Improvement, Dallas, TX USA. RP Sorensen, SW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 1170-7690 J9 PHARMACOECONOMICS JI Pharmacoeconomics PY 2004 VL 22 IS 15 BP 1015 EP 1027 DI 10.2165/00019053-200422150-00005 PG 13 WC Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Business & Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 867KT UT WOS:000224842200005 PM 15449965 ER PT J AU Maher, JE Mullooly, JP Drew, L DeStefano, F AF Maher, JE Mullooly, JP Drew, L DeStefano, F TI Infant vaccinations and childhood asthma among full-term infants SO PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Article DE asthma; wheezing; vaccination; vaccine safety; child ID PERTUSSIS VACCINATION; RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; PROSPECTIVE COHORT; ATOPIC DISEASE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; UNITED-STATES; RISK; IMMUNIZATION; INFLUENZA; ALLERGIES AB Purpose To determine if infant vaccinations are associated with childhood asthma among full-term infants. The secondary objective was to describe relationships between characteristics of infant wheezing and childhood asthma. Methods We used baseline data from a study of infant wheezing that selected full-term infants born into a health maintenance organization (HMO) during 1991-1994, continuously enrolled for at least 12 months and without perinatal pulmonary or other selected conditions. Information had been abstracted for infancy (0-18 months) regarding wheezing, vaccinations and asthma risk factors. Using automated data, we identified asthma cases in 1998 among those enrolled for at least 6 months during the year. Results A total of 1778 full-term infants met our study criterion and 9% had asthma in 1998. Childhood asthma was not significantly associated with having received Hepatitis B vaccine or age at first Hepatitis B vaccine; number of whole-cell pertussis, Haemophilis influenzae type b or oral polio vaccine doses; having received measles, mumps, rubella vaccine; or total number of vaccine doses combined. Childhood asthma was significantly associated with number of infant wheezing episodes. Conclusions Our findings do not support concerns that vaccines are associated with increased risk of asthma but confirm that frequency of infant wheezing is associated with childhood asthma. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Kaiser Permanente NW, Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR 97227 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mullooly, JP (reprint author), Kaiser Permanente NW, Ctr Hlth Res, 3800 N Interstate, Portland, OR 97227 USA. EM john.mullooly@kpchr.org NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1053-8569 J9 PHARMACOEPIDEM DR S JI Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1002/pds.821 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 768GW UT WOS:000188536100001 PM 14971117 ER PT J AU Oliver, CE Philippe, F Gaillard, G Danielson, RB Keller, WL Rupprecht, C Bauer, ML Park, CS AF Oliver, C. E. Philippe, F. Gaillard, G. Danielson, R. B. Keller, W. L. Rupprecht, C. Bauer, M. L. Park, C. S. TI One-time oral nucleotides enhance immune function of newborn beef calves SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract DE nucleoticle; calf; immune function C1 [Oliver, C. E.; Danielson, R. B.; Keller, W. L.; Bauer, M. L.; Park, C. S.] N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. [Philippe, F.; Gaillard, G.] Ecole Super Agr Angers, Angers, France. [Rupprecht, C.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PY 2004 VL 83 SU 1 BP 130 EP 130 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA V45UO UT WOS:000203095400518 ER PT S AU Cox, LH Kelly, JP Patil, R AF Cox, LH Kelly, JP Patil, R BE DomingoFerrer, J Torra, V TI Balancing quality and confidentiality for multivariate tabular data SO PRIVACY IN STATISTICAL DATABASES, PROCEEDINGS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Privacy in Statistical DataBases (PSD 2004) CY JUN 09-11, 2004 CL Barcelona, SPAIN DE controlled tabular adjustment; linear programming; covariance AB Absolute cell deviation has been used as a proxy for preserving data quality in statistical disclosure limitation for tabular data. However, users' primary interest is that analytical properties of the data are for the most part preserved, meaning that the values of key statistics are nearly unchanged. Moreover, important relationships within (additivity) and between (correlation) the published tables should also be unaffected. Previous work demonstrated how to preserve additivity, mean and variance in for univariate tabular data. In this paper, we bridge the gap between statistics and mathematical programming to propose nonlinear and linear models based on constraint satisfaction to preserve additivity and covariance, correlation, and regression coefficient between data tables. Linear models are superior than nonlinear models owing to simplicity, flexibility and computational speed. Simulations demonstrate the models perform well in terms of preserving key statistics with reasonable accuracy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. OptTek Syst Inc, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Cox, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0077-8923 BN 3-540-22118-2 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2004 VL 3050 BP 87 EP 98 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BAG23 UT WOS:000222059700007 ER PT S AU Mast, EE AF Mast, EE BE Pickering, LK Morrow, AL RuizPalacios, GM Schanler, RJ TI Mother-to-infant hepatitis C virus transmission and breastifeeding SO PROTECTING INFANTS THROUGH HUMAN MILK: ADVANCING THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference of the International-Society-for-Research-in-Human-Milk-and-Lactation CY OCT 04-08, 2002 CL Mexico City, MEXICO SP Int Soc Res Human Milk & Lactat ID RISK-FACTORS; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; CHILD TRANSMISSION; BREAST-MILK; HCV INFECTION; FOLLOW-UP; WOMEN; BORN AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus that is transmitted most efficiently by direct percutaneous exposures to blood. Infants are at risk of HCV infection primarily as a result of transmission from their infected mothers. However, there is no evidence of mother-to-infant transmission from breastfeeding. According to guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics, maternal HCV infection is not a contraindication to breastfeeding. It may be prudent for mothers who are HCV-infected and who choose to breastfeed to consider abstaining from breastfeeding if their nipples are cracked and bleeding. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mast, EE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral Hepatitis, Mailstop G37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM emast@cdc.gov NR 30 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-48588-5 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2004 VL 554 BP 211 EP 216 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA BAU75 UT WOS:000223641000015 PM 15384578 ER PT S AU Li, RW Fridinger, F Grummer-Strawn, L AF Li, RW Fridinger, F Grummer-Strawn, L BE Pickering, LK Morrow, AL RuizPalacios, GM Schanler, RJ TI Racial/ethnic disparities in public opinion about breastfeeding: The 1999-2000 healthstyles surveys in the United States SO PROTECTING INFANTS THROUGH HUMAN MILK: ADVANCING THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference of the International-Society-for-Research-in-Human-Milk-and-Lactation CY OCT 04-08, 2002 CL Mexico City, MEXICO SP Int Soc Res Human Milk & Lactat C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Li, RW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Mailstop K-25,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM ri16@cdc.gov NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-48588-5 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2004 VL 554 BP 287 EP 291 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA BAU75 UT WOS:000223641000021 PM 15384584 ER PT S AU Morrow, AL Ruiz-Palacios, GM Altaye, M Jiang, X Guerrero, ML Meinzen-Derr, JK Farkas, T Chaturvedi, P Pickering, LK Newburg, DS AF Morrow, AL Ruiz-Palacios, GM Altaye, M Jiang, X Guerrero, ML Meinzen-Derr, JK Farkas, T Chaturvedi, P Pickering, LK Newburg, DS BE Pickering, LK Morrow, AL RuizPalacios, GM Schanler, RJ TI Human milk oligosaccharide blood group epitopes and innate immune protection against campylobacter and calicivirus diarrhea in breastfed infants SO PROTECTING INFANTS THROUGH HUMAN MILK: ADVANCING THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference of the International-Society-for-Research-in-Human-Milk-and-Lactation CY OCT 04-08, 2002 CL Mexico City, MEXICO SP Int Soc Res Human Milk & Lactat ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GROUP ANTIGENS; ENTEROTOXIN; INDIVIDUALS; INFECTION; BINDING; CELLS C1 Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Ctr Biostat & Epidemiol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr, Dept Infectol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Shriver Ctr, Program Glycobiol, Waltham, MA 02452 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Morrow, AL (reprint author), Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Ctr Biostat & Epidemiol, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. EM ardythe.morrow@cchmc.org; jason.jiang@cchmc.org; mlga@quetzal.innsz.mx; Jareen.meinzen-derr@cchmc.org; david.newburg@umassmed.edu; ardythe.morrow@cchmc.org RI Meinzen-Derr, Jareen/N-4805-2015; Altaye, Mekibib/N-5274-2015 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD13021] NR 12 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-48588-5 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2004 VL 554 BP 443 EP 446 PG 4 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA BAU75 UT WOS:000223641000058 PM 15384621 ER PT S AU Jiang, X Huang, PW Zhong, WM Morrow, AL Ruiz-Palacios, GM Pickering, LK AF Jiang, X Huang, PW Zhong, WM Morrow, AL Ruiz-Palacios, GM Pickering, LK BE Pickering, LK Morrow, AL RuizPalacios, GM Schanler, RJ TI Human milk contains elements that block binding of noroviruses to histo-blood group antigens in saliva SO PROTECTING INFANTS THROUGH HUMAN MILK: ADVANCING THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference of the International-Society-for-Research-in-Human-Milk-and-Lactation CY OCT 04-08, 2002 CL Mexico City, MEXICO SP Int Soc Res Human Milk & Lactat C1 Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Ctr Biostat & Epidemiol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr, Dept Infectol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jiang, X (reprint author), Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. EM jason.jiang@cchmc.org; ardythe.morrow@cchmc.org; ardythe.morrow@cchmc.org FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD13021] NR 3 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-48588-5 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2004 VL 554 BP 447 EP 450 PG 4 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Nutrition & Dietetics; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA BAU75 UT WOS:000223641000059 PM 15384622 ER PT J AU Daniels, RD Taulbee, TD Chen, P AF Daniels, RD Taulbee, TD Chen, P TI Radiation exposure assessment for portsmouth naval shipyard health studies SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTIONS AB Occupational radiation exposures of 13,475 civilian nuclear shipyard workers were investigated as part of a retrospective mortality study. Estimates of annual, cumulative and collective doses were tabulated for future dose-response analysis. Record sets were assembled and amended through range checks, examination of distributions and inspection. Methods were developed to adjust for administrative overestimates and dose from previous employment. Uncertainties from doses below the recording threshold were estimated. Low-dose protracted radiation exposures from submarine overhaul and repair predominated. Cumulative doses are best approximated by a hybrid log-normal distribution with arithmetic mean and median values of 20.59 and 3.24 mSv, respectively. The distribution is highly skewed with more than half the workers having cumulative doses <10 mSv and >95% having doses <100 mSv. The maximum cumulative dose is estimated at 649.39 mSv from 15 person-years of exposure. The collective dose was 277.42 person-Sv with 96.8% attributed to employment at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. C1 NIOSH, DSHEFS, Cincinnati, OH 45213 USA. RP Daniels, RD (reprint author), NIOSH, DSHEFS, 5555 Ridge Ave,R-44, Cincinnati, OH 45213 USA. EM RTD2@CDC.gov NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2004 VL 111 IS 2 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1093/rpd/nch332 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 860LF UT WOS:000224344400002 PM 15266069 ER PT J AU Zablotsky, D Mack, KA AF Zablotsky, D Mack, KA TI Changes in obesity prevalence among women aged 50 years and older - Results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1990-2000 SO RESEARCH ON AGING LA English DT Article DE obesity; older women ID BODY-MASS INDEX; QUALITY-OF-LIFE; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; WEIGHT-LOSS PRACTICES; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; PHYSICAL FUNCTION; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; LOSE WEIGHT; US ADULTS AB Obesity is an important public health issue facing Americans of all ages. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data are used to illustrate the change in body mass index distribution in just one decade (1990-2000) in women aged greater than or equal to50. The sample size ranged from 18,474 women greater than or equal to50 in 1990 to 45,820 in 2000. For women aged greater than or equal to50, there is a slight decline in the prevalence of underweight (from 3.1% in 1990 to 2.4% in 2000) and a significant increase in obesity (from 14.4% to 21.7%). Not smoking, having less education, being in poor health, having diabetes, and not exercising are all associated with increased odds of being obese. Although factors significantly related to obesity in older women are consistent with those previously identified in younger women, the weight group distributions in older women differ. The physical and social influences of age and gender need to be incorporated into health promotion programs. C1 Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Zablotsky, D (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. RI Mack, Karin/A-3263-2012 OI Mack, Karin/0000-0001-9274-3001 NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0164-0275 J9 RES AGING JI Res. Aging PD JAN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 13 EP 30 DI 10.1177/0164027503258922 PG 18 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 750WG UT WOS:000187021000002 ER PT J AU Lemire, S Ashley, D Olaya, P Romieu, I Welch, S Meneses-Gonzalez, F Hernandez-Avila, M AF Lemire, S Ashley, D Olaya, P Romieu, I Welch, S Meneses-Gonzalez, F Hernandez-Avila, M TI Environmental exposure of commuters in Mexico City to volatile organic compounds as assessed by blood concentrations, 1998 SO SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO LA English DT Article DE benzene; blood benzene levels; volatile organic compounds; commuters; Mexico ID TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER; CARBON-MONOXIDE; MAJOR SOURCES; IN-VEHICLE; BENZENE; POPULATION; GASOLINE; HYDROCARBONS; AUTOMOBILES; TOLUENE AB Objective. To assess the extent of exposure for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) among nonoccupationally exposed commuters in Mexico City. Material and Methods. Blood concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene, o-xylene and methyl tert-butyl ether were determined on samples collected from participants after the morning commute. Results. Median blood concentrations of benzene (0.11 mug/l), ethylbenzene (0.081 mug/l), m-/p-xylene (0.32 mug/l) and toluene (0.56 mug/l) in the Mexico City participants were all approximately two times higher than in a nonsmoking subset of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey population of the United States. On the other hand, median VOC blood levels were similar to medians observed in other studies involving commuters in specific U.S. cities, despite the fact that only half the Mexico City study participants commuted by personal vehicles compared with all U.S. commuters. Conclusions. These results reflect the extent of the air pollution problem in Mexico City. The surrounding topography exacerbates the problems caused by heavy vehicular traffic, poor emission-control devices on older vehicles, and poor maintenance practices. Elevated levels of gasoline components in the blood of nonoccupationally exposed commuters emphasize the need for regulatory initiatives and mass-transit options to reduce hydrocarbon emissions and thus reduce the risk for nonoccupational exposure for the residents of Mexico City. The English version of this paper is available too at: http:// www.insp.mx/salud/index.html. C1 CDCP, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Salud Poblac, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Pan Amer Hlth Org, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Lemire, S (reprint author), CDCP, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,Bldg 17,Loading Dock, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM SGL4@CDC.GOV NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST NACIONAL SALUD PUBLICA PI CUERNAVACA PA AV UNIVERSIDAD 655, COL SANTA MARIA AHUACATITLAN, CUERNAVACA 62508, MORELOS, MEXICO SN 0036-3634 J9 SALUD PUBLICA MEXICO JI Salud Publica Mexico PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 46 IS 1 BP 32 EP 38 DI 10.1590/S0036-36342004000100005 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 805WG UT WOS:000220395800005 PM 15053394 ER PT J AU Leeb, RT Rejskind, FG AF Leeb, RT Rejskind, FG TI Here's looking at you, kid! A longitudinal study of perceived gender differences in mutual gaze behavior in young infants SO SEX ROLES LA English DT Article DE gender differences; infant development; eye contact; gender development ID NEONATAL STRESS REACTIVITY; EYE CONTACT; VISUAL BEHAVIOR; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; SEX-DIFFERENCES; MATERNAL-BEHAVIOR; FACE RECOGNITION; SWEET TASTE; STILL-FACE; SAME-SEX AB The purpose of this study was to examine the origins of gender differences in mutual gaze between infants and unfamiliar adults, using a prospective longitudinal design. Infant gaze behavior was measured twice: 13-112-hr and 13-18-weeks postpartum. Gender differences were found at Visit 2 due to an increase in girls' gaze behavior. Girls also made more eye contact in female-female dyads and in the second interaction over the first. Boys' behavior remained unchanged over time. The data provide evidence for gender differences in mutual gaze in a younger sample and wider context than previously demonstrated. Results are discussed in the context of social learning (i.e., Martin & Fabes, 2001, theory of "singular polarization") and psychobiological theories of gender development. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, NCIPC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Leeb, RT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, NCIPC, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM rsl4@cdc.gov NR 81 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0360-0025 J9 SEX ROLES JI Sex Roles PD JAN PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1023/B:SERS.0000011068.42663.ce PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychology, Social; Women's Studies SC Psychology; Women's Studies GA 761TC UT WOS:000187929700001 ER PT J AU Aral, SO AF Aral, SO TI Editorial response - Mental health: A powerful predictor of sexual health? SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY; UNITED-STATES; TRANSMITTED DISEASES; PREVALENCE; DISORDERS; ABUSE; INTERVENTION; PERSPECTIVE; GAY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr STD, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Aral, SO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV, 600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 1 BP 13 EP 14 DI 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000109666.55711.C2 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 759RF UT WOS:000187750100003 PM 14695952 ER PT J AU Paz-Bailey, G Teran, S Levine, W Markowitz, LE AF Paz-Bailey, G Teran, S Levine, W Markowitz, LE TI Syphilis outbreak among Hispanic immigrants in Decatur, Alabama - Association with commercial sex SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MEXICAN MIGRANT LABORERS; CONDOM USE; PROSTITUTION; BEHAVIORS; DISEASE; BELIEFS; COUNTY; AIDS AB Background: Despite national progress in syphilis control, increases in rates have recently occurred, and syphilis is still an endemic problem in the southern United States. An outbreak of infectious syphilis among Hispanics was identified in Decatur, Alabama. Goal: An investigation was initiated to describe the outbreak and to assist with prevention activities. Study Design: We reviewed case interview records and syphilis surveillance data. The Morgan County Health Department (MCHD) performed voluntary door-to-door syphilis screening in neighborhoods where a large number of cases had been identified. During screening activities, sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected. Results: From June 2000 to February 2001, 49 cases of syphilis were reported; 26 (53%) were primary or secondary, 17 (35%) were early latent, and 6 (12%) late latent. Of the early syphilis cases, 70% were male. and half were Hispanic; 93% of cases were linked to commercial sex and 70% of female cases reported crack cocaine use. During the screening, 172 individuals completed a questionnaire; 70% of participants were male, 83% were Hispanic, 17% of Hispanic participants spoke English, 21% reported sex with a commercial sex worker, and 8 (5%) had positive syphilis serology. Among men, factors associated with commercial sex were not having a regular partner (odds ratio [OR], 3.9; confidence interval [CI], 1.1-14.3), not living with a family member in the United States (OR, 4.5; CI, 1.6-12.8), and having visited their country of origin since arrival to the United States (OR, 9.2; CI, 2.3-36.5). Conclusions: Factors contributing to this outbreak were crack cocaine use and increased prostitution in close proximity to the Hispanic community. At present, there are an increasing number of Hispanic immigrants in the United States, the majority of whom do not speak English. To prevent similar outbreaks in the future, public health officials need to be aware of the health and health education needs of these populations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Paz-Bailey, G (reprint author), CDC, Div STD Prevent, Mail Stop E-04,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 1 BP 20 EP 25 DI 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000104813.21860.E1 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 759RF UT WOS:000187750100005 PM 14695954 ER PT J AU Pealer, LN Peterman, TA Newman, DR Kamp, ML Dillon, B Malotte, CK Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Bolan, G AF Pealer, LN Peterman, TA Newman, DR Kamp, ML Dillon, B Malotte, CK Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Bolan, G CA Project Respect Study Grp TI Are counselor demographics associated with successful human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted disease prevention counseling? SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION; RISK; PREFERENCES; SIMILARITY AB Background and Objective: HIV prevention counseling has changed behavior and reduced incident sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in research participants. Goal: This article assesses whether counselor demographics or counselor-client dyad characteristics influenced prevention counseling in Project RESPECT as measured by intervention completion and incident STD after counseling. Study Design: We analyzed data from Project RESPECT, a randomized, controlled trial of HIV counseling interventions in STD clinics. Results: There was no significant association between client failure to complete the intervention and demographic characteristics of the 32 counselors or dyad characteristics. Clients who did not complete the intervention were significantly more likely to acquire a new STD infection by the 12-month visit than those who completed the intervention (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; confidence interval, 1.2-2.4). There was no significant association between new STDs and counselor characteristics or dyad characteristics. Conclusions: Counselor or counselor-client dyad characteristics evaluated in this study were not associated with intervention completion or the prevention of new STDs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Calif State Univ, Long Beach, CA USA. Long Beach Hlth Dept, Long Beach, CA USA. Baltimore City Dept Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Denver Dept Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. San Francisco Hlth Dept, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Pealer, LN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd,D-18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 1 BP 52 EP 56 DI 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000104814.89521.31 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 759RF UT WOS:000187750100009 PM 14695958 ER PT J AU Murphy, LR AF Murphy, LR TI Work organization interventions: state of knowledge and future directions SO SOZIAL-UND PRAVENTIVMEDIZIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID STRESS MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS; FEDERAL-GOVERNMENT; FAMILY; WORKPLACE; HEALTH; STRATEGIES; EMPLOYEES; POLICIES; BENEFITS; SAFETY AB Changes taking place in the modern workplace, such as more flexible and lean production technologies, flatter management structures, and nontraditional employment practices fundamentally alter work organization factors and raise concerns about potentially negative influences on worker health and safety. These changes raise concerns about adverse effects on worker safety and health and call attention to the need for interventions to counter these effects. This forum article provides an overview of work organization intervention research, highlights gaps in the research literature, and sets forth an agenda for future intervention research. Research to date has focused primarily on individual-level interventions, with far less attention to interventions at the legislative/policy level, employer/ organization level, and job/task level. Future research is recommended to establish the effectiveness of work organization interventions using improved methodological designs and giving increased attention to the circumstances within organizations that promote the adoption of such interventions. C1 NIOSH, Org Sci & Human Factors Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Murphy, LR (reprint author), NIOSH, Org Sci & Human Factors Branch, 4675 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM lrm2@cdc.gov NR 46 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 8 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0303-8408 J9 SOZ PRAVENTIV MED JI Sozial-und Pravent. PY 2004 VL 49 IS 2 BP 79 EP 86 DI 10.1007/S00038-004-3085-z PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 822EG UT WOS:000221518500003 PM 15150855 ER PT J AU Pratt, M AF Pratt, M TI Physical activity and health in the European Union SO SOZIAL-UND PRAVENTIVMEDIZIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Phys Act & Hlth Promot, Phys Act & Hlth Branch,Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pratt, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Phys Act & Hlth Promot, Phys Act & Hlth Branch,Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway NE,K-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mpratt@cdc.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0303-8408 J9 SOZ PRAVENTIV MED JI Sozial-und Pravent. PY 2004 VL 49 IS 5 BP 297 EP 298 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 856VA UT WOS:000224072100001 PM 15497647 ER PT J AU Fulton, JE Garg, M Galuska, DA Rattay, KT Caspersen, CJ AF Fulton, JE Garg, M Galuska, DA Rattay, KT Caspersen, CJ TI Public health and clinical recommendations for physical activity and physical fitness - Special focus on overweight youth SO SPORTS MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID AMERICAN-HEART-ASSOCIATION; CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH; ACTIVITY GUIDELINES; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; PREVENTION; STATEMENT; OBESITY; PROFESSIONALS; PREVALENCE AB Numerous physical activity and physical fitness recommendations exist for youth. To date, however, no investigator has systematically reviewed these public health and clinical guidelines to determine whether the recommendations address overweight youth. This review examines youth-oriented physical activity and physical fitness recommendations for both the public health community and the clinical community, and assesses how overweight youth are specifically targeted by each of these two groups. Our review determined the extent to which the recommendations assessed four components of physical activity (i.e. frequency, intensity, duration and type) and four components of physical fitness (i.e. cardiorespiratory capacity, strength, flexibility and body composition). We further reviewed clinical recommendations to determine how they included two facets of the physician-patient encounter: assessment and counselling. After identifying all current physical activity and physical fitness recommendations for youth, we evaluated whether public health (n = 13) and clinical recommendations (n = 12) addressed physical activity and physical fitness for overweight youth. Findings revealed inconsistent, yet explicit, recommendations for the public health community where most organisations (12 of 13, 92%) included 3 physical activity components. In addition, organisations encouraged volumes of daily moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity for youth ranging from 30-60 or more minutes. Recommendations for the clinical community generally did not provide explicit physical activity and fitness recommendations to advise physicians on the assessment and counselling of patients and their families. Overweight youth were addressed within some recommendations (6 of 12, 50%) for the clinical community, but within few recommendations (2 of 13, 15%) for the public health community. To best inform public health and clinical communities, organisations developing future recommendations should include information fully documenting the decision-making processes used to develop the recommendations. In cases where mutual goals exist, public health and clinical communities should consider collaborating across agencies to develop joint recommendations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Miami, FL USA. US Dept HHS, Off Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Washington, DC 20201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fulton, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jkf2@cdc.gov RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009 NR 40 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 10 PU ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 10, NEW ZEALAND SN 0112-1642 J9 SPORTS MED JI Sports Med. PY 2004 VL 34 IS 9 BP 581 EP 599 DI 10.2165/00007256-200434090-00003 PG 19 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 850PK UT WOS:000223624700003 PM 15294008 ER PT J AU Antoine, TL Malarcher, AM Giles, WH Wozniak, MA Cole, JW Kittner, SJ AF Antoine, TL Malarcher, AM Giles, WH Wozniak, MA Cole, JW Kittner, SJ CA Young Stroke Study Grp TI Self-reported high cholesterol, measured total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and stroke: The stroke prevention in young women study SO STROKE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 29th International Stroke Conference CY FEB 05-07, 2004 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 CDC, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD JAN PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 312 EP 313 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 758JH UT WOS:000187630500442 ER PT J AU Connelly, JM Malarcher, AM Greenlund, KJ Martin, L AF Connelly, JM Malarcher, AM Greenlund, KJ Martin, L TI Stroke impact worse than coronary heart disease or diabetes on functional activities. SO STROKE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 29th International Stroke Conference CY FEB 05-07, 2004 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD JAN PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 321 EP 321 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 758JH UT WOS:000187630500485 ER PT J AU Singleton, JA Wortley, P Lu, PJ AF Singleton, JA Wortley, P Lu, PJ TI Influenza vaccination of persons with cardiovascular disease in the United States SO TEXAS HEART INSTITUTE JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on Influenza and Cardiovascular Disease CY APR 26, 2003 CL Texas Heart Inst, Houston, TX HO Texas Heart Inst DE cardiovascular diseases; health services/utilization; influenza/epidemiology/prevention & control human; influenza vaccine; knowledge, attitudes, practice; National Health Interview Survey; patient acceptance of health care; physician's practice patterns; pneumonia; population surveillance; risk factors; United States; vaccination/utilization ID HEALTH-CARE; RISK; MORTALITY; ADULT; ASSOCIATION; REDUCTION; TRIAL AB People who have cardiovascular disease are at increased risk of hospitalization or death associated with influenza infection, and are included among the high-risk groups for whom annual influenza vaccination is recommended. To measure the progress toward the national year 2000 and 2010 objectives of a 60 % annual influenza vaccination of adults with high-risk conditions aged 18 to 64 years, we analyzed data from the 1997 to 2001 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) regarding persons with cardiovascular disease, The NHIS is an annual, cross-sectional survey representative of the U.S., noninstitutionalized, civilian population. Estimated percentages of persons with heart disease reporting influenza vaccination were relatively stable during the 1996-97 through 2000-2001 influenza seasons, with the highest levels in most groups occuring in 1999-2000: 49.2% (95% confidence interval [Cl], 44.1%-54.3%) among persons aged 50 to 64 years; and 22.7% (95% Cl, 18.2%-27.2%) among persons aged 18 to 49 years. Influenza vaccine coverage among adults aged 18 to 64 years with cardiovascular disease is substantially below the national objective. Multiple strategies are needed to improve vaccination coverage, such as increasing the awareness of and demand for vaccination by persons with heart disease; increasing implementation by providers of practices that have been shown to increase vaccination levels,- and adopting of influenza vaccination by primary care providers and specialists as a standard of care for persons diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Singleton, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM xzs8@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEXAS HEART INST PI HOUSTON PA PO BOX 20345, HOUSTON, TX 77225-0345 USA SN 0730-2347 J9 TEX HEART I J JI Tex. Heart Inst. J. PY 2004 VL 31 IS 1 BP 22 EP 27 PG 6 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 804FL UT WOS:000220284500005 PM 15061622 ER PT J AU van Eijk, AM De Cock, KM Ayisi, JG Rosen, DH Otieno, JA Nahlen, BL Steketee, RW AF van Eijk, AM De Cock, KM Ayisi, JG Rosen, DH Otieno, JA Nahlen, BL Steketee, RW TI Pregnancy interval and delivery outcome among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women in Kisumu, Kenya SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE pregnancy interval; pregnancy; HIV; urban population; Kenya ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; SHORT INTERPREGNANCY INTERVALS; PAST OBSTETRIC HISTORY; CHILD SURVIVAL; SUBSEQUENT CHILD; MORTALITY; POPULATION; INFECTION; RISK; DETERMINANTS AB OBJECTIVE A short pregnancy interval (PI) has been associated with increased child mortality, but mechanisms are unclear. We studied factors associated with PI and the effect of PI on birthweight and haemoglobin. METHODS Information was analysed from 2218 multigravidae who were recruited at the prenatal clinic (1758) or in the labour ward (460) of the Provincial Hospital in Kisumu between June 1996 and July 2000 for a study to assess the interaction between placental malaria and vertical HIV transmission. RESULTS The HIV prevalence was 28.9%. HIV seropositivity, older age, being unmarried, and <8 years of education were associated with a prolonged PI; among all women, a stillbirth, abortion, or death of a liveborn child as outcome of the previous pregnancy, and death of a child other than the last born among HIV-seronegative women, were associated with a shortened PI. No significant effect of short PI (an interval <24 months) on low birth weight (LBW), prematurity, small-for-gestational-age infants or maternal anaemia was evident. An abortion, stillbirth, or death of a liveborn child as outcome of the previous pregnancy was associated at the present delivery with LBW among HIV-seronegative women [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63-6.81], and a low haemoglobin (<11 g/dl) among HIV-seropositive women (ACR 2.01, 95% CI 1.05-4.03 in the third trimester). CONCLUSION Public health efforts to ensure 'adequate' birth spacing may run contrary to family planning decisions to replace a deceased child and may be spent on prenatal issues like prevention of anaemia, and vertical HIV transmission. C1 Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, CVBCR, Kisumu, Kenya. Minist Hlth, Kisumu, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Nairobi 00621, Kenya. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP van Eijk, AM (reprint author), Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, CVBCR, POB 1578, Kisumu, Kenya. EM avaneijk@kisian.mimcom.net; kdecock@cdcnairobi.mimcom.net; jayisi@kisian.mimcom.net; drosen@kisian.mimcom.net; jotieno@kisian.mimeom.net; nahlenb@who.ch; ris1@cdc.gov NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD JAN PY 2004 VL 9 IS 1 BP 15 EP 24 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 775WL UT WOS:000189083600003 PM 14728603 ER PT J AU Holtz, TH Kachur, SP Roberts, JM Marum, LH Mkandala, C Chizani, N Macheso, A Parise, ME AF Holtz, TH Kachur, SP Roberts, JM Marum, LH Mkandala, C Chizani, N Macheso, A Parise, ME TI Use of antenatal care services and intermittent preventive treatment for malaria among pregnant women in Blantyre District, Malawi SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE malaria; pregnancy; intermittent preventive treatment; antenatal care; Africa ID RURAL MALAWI; SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE; BEDNET USE; ANEMIA; KENYA AB Malaria in pregnancy contributes to low birth weight and increased infant mortality. As part of WHO's Roll Back Malaria initiative, African heads of state pledged that by 2005, 60% of pregnant women will receive malaria chemoprophylaxis or intermittent preventive treatment (IPT). We performed a cluster sample survey to study the use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for IPT among recently pregnant women in February 2000 in Blantyre District, Malawi. Among 391 women in the sample, 98.6% had attended antenatal clinic at least once and 90.2% knew that SP/IPT was recommended during pregnancy. Overall, only 36.8% received the full recommended two-dose regimen of SP/IPT. Using data from 187 women with antenatal clinic cards, we found that residence location, housing type and gender/ age/education of the head of household were not associated with failure to receive SP/IPT. Adjusting for education, multigravid women were more likely not to receive the recommended SP/IPT regimen (RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.02-1.5, P = 0.03). A substantial effort to improve the delivery and use of SP/IPT in Malawi will be necessary, but the Roll Back Malaria 2005 goal appears achievable. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Blantyre Dist Hlth Off, Blantyre, Malawi. Blantyre Integrated Malaria Initiat, Blantyre, Malawi. Minist Hlth & Populat, Lilongwe, Malawi. RP Holtz, TH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM tkh3@cdc.gov; spko@cdc.gov; jmrl@cdc.gov; Imarum@cdcnairobi.mimcom.net; zcro@cdc.gov; cdc@malawi.net; amacheso@hotmail.com; mep0@cdc.gov NR 12 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD JAN PY 2004 VL 9 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01170.x PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 775WL UT WOS:000189083600010 PM 14728610 ER PT J AU Allen, AS Collins, JS Rathouz, PJ Selander, CL Satten, GA AF Allen, AS Collins, JS Rathouz, PJ Selander, CL Satten, GA TI Bootstrap calibration of TRANSMIT for informative missingness of parental genotype SO BMC GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Genetic Analysis Workshop CY NOV 11-14, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA ID BLOOD-PRESSURE; ASSOCIATION; LINKAGE; DESIGN AB Informative missingness of parental genotype data occurs when the genotype of a parent influences the probability of the parent's genotype data being observed. Informative missingness can occur in a number of plausible ways and can affect both the validity and power of procedures that assume the data are missing at random ( MAR). We propose a bootstrap calibration of MAR procedures to account for informative missingness and apply our methodology to refine the approach implemented in the TRANSMIT program. We illustrate this approach by applying it to data on hypertensive probands and their parents who participated in the Framingham Heart Study. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biostat & Bioinformat, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Duke Univ, Duke Clin Res Inst, Durham, NC USA. Greenwood Genet Ctr, JC Self Res Inst, Greenwood, SC USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Hlth Studies, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Allen, AS (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Biostat & Bioinformat, Durham, NC 27706 USA. EM allen123@mc.duke.edu; julianne@ggc.org; prathouz@health.bsd.uchicago.edu; selandercl@wofford.edu; gas0@cdc.gov NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2156 J9 BMC GENET JI BMC Genet. PD DEC 31 PY 2003 VL 4 SU 1 AR S39 DI 10.1186/1471-2156-4-S1-S39 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 765ZL UT WOS:000188320900039 PM 14975107 ER PT J AU Reeves, WC Lloyd, A Vernon, SD Klimas, N Jason, LA Bleijenberg, G Evengard, B White, PD Nisenbaum, R Unger, ER AF Reeves, WC Lloyd, A Vernon, SD Klimas, N Jason, LA Bleijenberg, G Evengard, B White, PD Nisenbaum, R Unger, ER CA Int Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study TI Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution SO BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; DEPRESSION; CANTAB; QUESTIONNAIRE; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; DISORDERS; DEFICITS AB Background: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is defined by symptoms and disability, has no confirmatory physical signs or characteristic laboratory abnormalities, and the etiology and pathophysiology remain unknown. Difficulties with accurate case ascertainment contribute to this ignorance. Methods: Experienced investigators from around the world who are involved in CFS research met for a series of three day workshops in 2000, 2001 and 2002 intended to identify the problems in application of the current CFS case definition. The investigators were divided into focus groups and each group was charged with a topic. The investigators in each focus group relied on their own clinical and scientific knowledge, brainstorming within each group and with all investigators when focus group summaries were presented. Relevant literature was selected and reviewed independent of the workshops. The relevant literature was circulated via list-serves and resolved as being relevant by group consensus. Focus group reports were analyzed and compiled into the recommendations presented here. Results: Ambiguities in the current CFS research definition that contribute to inconsistent case identification were identified. Recommendations for use of the definition, standardization of classification instruments and study design issues are presented that are intended to improve the precision of case ascertainment. The International CFS Study Group also identified ambiguities associated with exclusionary and comorbid conditions and reviewed the standardized, internationally applicable instruments used to measure symptoms, fatigue intensity and associated disability. Conclusion: This paper provides an approach to guide systematic, and hopefully reproducible, application of the current case definition, so that case ascertainment would be more uniform across sites. Ultimately, an operational CFS case definition will need to be based on empirical studies designed to delineate the possibly distinct biological pathways that result in chronic fatigue. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ New S Wales, Sch Pathol, Inflammat Res Unit, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Miami, FL USA. Depaul Univ, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. Univ Med Ctr Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Huddinge Univ Hosp, Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. Barts & London Sch Med, London, England. RP Reeves, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM wcr1@cdc.gov; A.Lloyd@unsw.edu.au; svernon@cdc.gov; Nancy.Klimas@med.va.gov; ljason@wppost.depaul.edu; G.Bleijenberg@cksmps.azn.nl; birgitta.evengard@infect.hs.sll.se; p.d.white@mds.qmw.ac.uk; ran7@cdc.gov; eru0@cdc.gov RI Bleijenberg, Gijs/E-6984-2010 NR 50 TC 228 Z9 229 U1 2 U2 14 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1472-6963 J9 BMC HEALTH SERV RES JI BMC Health Serv. Res. PD DEC 31 PY 2003 VL 3 AR 25 DI 10.1186/1472-6963-3-25 PG 9 WC Health Care Sciences & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 775HP UT WOS:000189034900001 PM 14702202 ER PT J AU Sreekumar, C Graham, DH Dahl, E Lehmann, T Raman, M Bhalerao, DP Vianna, MCB Dubey, JP AF Sreekumar, C Graham, DH Dahl, E Lehmann, T Raman, M Bhalerao, DP Vianna, MCB Dubey, JP TI Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from India SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; chicken; Gallus domesticus; India; isolation; genotyping; microsatellite analysis ID RESPONSES; OOCYSTS; SHEEP AB The present study was undertaken to isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from villages in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu states of central and south India, respectively. Blood, heart, and brain from a total of 741 chickens were examined for T gondii infection. Antibodies to T gondii, as assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT > 1:5) were found in 133 (17.9%) chickens. Hearts and brains of 196 chickens were bioassayed in mice. Additionally, hearts and/or brains of most of the seronegative (MAT < 1: 5) chickens were fed to 20 T gondii-free cats, while 32 seropositive chickens (MAT 1:5) were fed to 3 cats. T gondii was not isolated from any of the chickens by mouse bioassay. Five of the cats that were fed seronegative chickens shed oocysts, while isolates were not obtained from any of the other cats fed seropositive chickens. These five isolates, along with the two that were previously isolated in India through cat bioassay, were genetically analyzed. Genotyping using the SAG 2 locus indicated that two isolates were type H and five were type III. Microsatellite analysis revealed allelic differences between and within the lineages. This is the first report of genetic characterization of any T gondii isolate from India. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDA, ARS, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Vet Coll, Dept Parasitol, Namakkal 637001, Tamil Nadu, India. Res Inst, Namakkal 637001, Tamil Nadu, India. Bombay Vet Coll, Dept Med, Bombay 400012, Maharashtra, India. RP Sreekumar, C (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM kumar@anri.barc.usda.gov OI Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 NR 17 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 30 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.018 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 767XH UT WOS:000188498800002 PM 14729166 ER PT J AU Priest, JW Mehlert, A Arrowood, MJ Riggs, MW Ferguson, MAJ AF Priest, JW Mehlert, A Arrowood, MJ Riggs, MW Ferguson, MAJ TI Characterization of a low molecular weight glycolipid antigen from Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS; NEUTRALIZATION-SENSITIVE EPITOPES; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-G ANTIBODIES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; DRINKING-WATER; OUTBREAK; SPOROZOITES; INFECTION; PROTEINS; ANCHORS AB Cryptosporidium parvum, an Apicomplexan parasite of the mammalian gut epithelium, causes a diarrheal illness in a wide range of hosts and is transmitted by contamination of food or water with oocyst-laden feces from an infected animal. We have identified a glycosyl-inositol phospholipid from the sporozoite stage of the parasite that is frequently recognized by serum antibodies from human cryptosporidiosis patients. The humoral immune response is dominated by IgG(1) subclass antibodies but can also include IgA and IgM antibodies. The glycosylinositol phospholipids were purified by butanol extraction of a Triton X-114-soluble fraction followed by octyl-Sepharose column chromatography and preparative high performance TLC and were shown to include at least 5 species. By using mass spectrometry and radiolabeled neutral glycan analysis, we found that the structure of the dominant glycosylinositol phospholipid antigen contained a C18:0 lyso-acylglycerol, a C16:0-acylated inositol, and an unsubstituted mannose(3)-glucosamine glycan core. Other diacyl species were also identified, most notably a series of glycosylinositol phospholipids having an acyl-linked C20:0 to C28:0 lipid on the inositol ring. Less abundant species having three acyl-linked fatty acids and species with an additional 1-3 hexoses linked to the mannose core were also observed. We are currently working to determine the role that these glycolipids may play in the development of disease and in the clearance of infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Dundee, Div Biol Chem & Mol Microbiol, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. Univ Arizona, Dept Vet Sci & Microbiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. RP Priest, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Ferguson, Michael/F-7829-2010; OI Ferguson, Michael/0000-0003-1321-8714 NR 46 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 26 PY 2003 VL 278 IS 52 BP 52212 EP 52222 DI 10.1074/jbc.M306835200 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 756LX UT WOS:000187480700030 PM 14557271 ER PT J AU Dato, V Weltman, A Waller, K Highbaugh-Battle, A Hembree, C Evenson, S Wheeler, C Vogt, T AF Dato, V Weltman, A Waller, K Highbaugh-Battle, A Hembree, C Evenson, S Wheeler, C Vogt, T CA CDC TI Hepatitis A outbreak associated with green onions at a restaurant - Monaca, Pennsylvania, 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1155-1157, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Penn Dept Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. US FDA, Ohio Dept Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dato, V (reprint author), Penn Dept Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 24 BP 3187 EP + PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 756TR UT WOS:000187499300007 ER PT J AU Shipp, G Dickson, J Quinlisk, P Lohff, C Franklin, N AF Shipp, G Dickson, J Quinlisk, P Lohff, C Franklin, N CA CDC TI Terrorism, preparedness in state health departments - United States, 2001-2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1051-1053, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. CDC, 2002 Knight Publ Hlth Journalism Fellowship Progr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shipp, G (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 24 BP 3190 EP 3190 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 756TR UT WOS:000187499300008 ER PT J AU Pang, XH Zhu, ZH Xu, FJ Guo, JY Gong, XH Liu, DL Liu, ZJ Chin, DP Feikin, DR AF Pang, XH Zhu, ZH Xu, FJ Guo, JY Gong, XH Liu, DL Liu, ZJ Chin, DP Feikin, DR TI Evaluation of control measures implemented in the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Beijing, 2003 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SYNDROME SARS AB Context Beijing, China, experienced the world's largest outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) beginning in March 2003, with the outbreak resolving rapidly, within 6 weeks of its peak in late April. Little is known about the control measures implemented during this outbreak. Objective To describe and evaluate the measures undertaken to control the SARS outbreak. Design, Setting, and Participants Data were reviewed from standardized surveillance forms from SARS cases (2521 probable cases) and their close contacts observed in Beijing between March 5, 2003, and May 29, 2003. Procedures implemented by health authorities were investigated through review of official documents and discussions with public health officials.' Main Outcome Measures Timeline of major control measures; number of cases and quarantined close contacts and attack rates, with changes in infection control measures, management, and triage of suspected cases; and time lag between illness onset and hospitalization with information dissemination. Results Healthcare worker training in use of personal protective equipment and management of patients with SARS and establishing fever clinics and designated SARS wards in hospitals predated the steepest decline in cases. During the outbreak, 30178 persons were quarantined. Among 2195 quarantined close contacts in 5 districts, the attack rate was 6.3 % (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3 % -7.3 %), with a range of 15.4% (95% Cl, 11.5%-19.2%) among spouses to 0.36% (95% CI, 0%-0.77%) among work and school contacts. The attack rate among quarantined household members increased with age from 5.0% (95 % Cl, 0% -10.5%) in children younger than 10 years to 27.6% (95% Cl, 18.2%-37.0%) in adults aged 60 to 69 years. Among almost 14 million people screened for fever at the airport, train stations, and roadside checkpoints, only 12 were found to have probable SARS. The national and municipal governments held 13 press conferences about SARS. The time lag between illness onset and hospitalization decreased from a median of 5 to 6 days on or before April 20, 2003, the day the outbreak was announced to the public, to 2 days after April 20 (P<.001). Conclusions The rapid resolution of the SARS outbreak was multifactorial, involving improvements in management and triage in hospitals and communities of patients with suspected SARS and the dissemination of information to health care workers and the public. C1 CDCP, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Beijing Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Beijing, Peoples R China. Beijing Municipal Hlth Bur, Beijing, Peoples R China. WHO, China Off, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Feikin, DR (reprint author), CDCP, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 24 BP 3215 EP 3221 DI 10.1001/jama.290.24.3215 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 756TR UT WOS:000187499300025 PM 14693874 ER PT J AU Hughes, JM AF Hughes, JM TI The SARS response - Building and assessing an evidence-based approach to future global microbial threats SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; CORONAVIRUS; INFECTION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hughes, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS C12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 24 BP 3251 EP 3253 DI 10.1001/jama.290.24.3251 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 756TR UT WOS:000187499300032 PM 14693881 ER PT J AU Mintz, E AF Mintz, E TI A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma: Brainerd diarrhoea turns 20 SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC DIARRHEA; OUTBREAK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mintz, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 20 PY 2003 VL 362 IS 9401 BP 2037 EP 2038 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15148-3 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 755UJ UT WOS:000187429600005 PM 14697800 ER PT J AU Olsen, SJ Chang, H Cheung, TY Tang, AF Fisk, TL Ooi, SP Kuo, H Jiang, DD Chen, K Lando, J Hsu, K Chen, T Dowell, SF AF Olsen, SJ Chang, H Cheung, TY Tang, AF Fisk, TL Ooi, SP Kuo, H Jiang, DD Chen, K Lando, J Hsu, K Chen, T Dowell, SF TI Transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome on aircraft SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL-FEATURES; SYNDROME SARS AB BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spread rapidly around the world, largely because persons infected with the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) traveled on aircraft to distant cities. Although many infected persons traveled on commercial aircraft, the risk, if any, of in-flight transmission is unknown. METHODS: We attempted to interview passengers and crew members at least 10 days after they had taken one of three flights that transported a patient or patients with SARS. All index patients met the criteria of the World Health Organization for a probable case of SARS, and index or secondary cases were confirmed to be positive for SARS-CoV on reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or serologic testing. RESULTS: After one flight carrying a symptomatic person and 119 other persons, laboratory-confirmed SARS developed in 16 persons, 2 others were given diagnoses of probable SARS, and 4 were reported to have SARS but could not be interviewed. Among the 22 persons with illness, the mean time from the flight to the onset of symptoms was four days (range, two to eight), and there were no recognized exposures to patients with SARS before or after the flight. Illness in passengers was related to the physical proximity to the index patient, with illness reported in 8 of the 23 persons who were seated in the three rows in front of the index patient, as compared with 10 of the 88 persons who were seated elsewhere (relative risk, 3.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 6.9). In contrast, another flight carrying four symptomatic persons resulted in transmission to at most one other person, and no illness was documented in passengers on the flight that carried a person who had presymptomatic SARS. CONCLUSIONS: Transmission of SARS may occur on an aircraft when infected persons fly during the symptomatic phase of illness. Measures to reduce the risk of transmission are warranted. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emerging Infect Program, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Taiwan Ctr Dis Control, Dept Hlth, Taipei, Taiwan. Dept Hlth, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth, Epidemiol & Dis Control Div, Singapore, Singapore. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Olsen, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emerging Infect Program, Box 68,Amer Embassy, APO, AP 96546 USA. NR 28 TC 208 Z9 216 U1 0 U2 12 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 18 PY 2003 VL 349 IS 25 BP 2416 EP 2422 DI 10.1056/NEJMoa031349 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 754PJ UT WOS:000187326200007 PM 14681507 ER PT J AU Wilkins, MJ Boulton, ML Stoltman, GA Bidol, SA Enger, KS Lai, JJ Uyeki, T Harper, S Fischer, M Reagan, SP Jones, J Terebuh, T Stonecipher, SD AF Wilkins, MJ Boulton, ML Stoltman, GA Bidol, SA Enger, KS Lai, JJ Uyeki, T Harper, S Fischer, M Reagan, SP Jones, J Terebuh, T Stonecipher, SD CA CDC TI Severe morbidity and mortality associated with influenza in children and young adults - Michigan, 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 837-840, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 17 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 23 BP 3058 EP 3060 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 753ZB UT WOS:000187277300009 ER PT J AU Benjamin, SM Geiss, LS Pan, L Engelgau, MM Greenlund, KJ AF Benjamin, SM Geiss, LS Pan, L Engelgau, MM Greenlund, KJ CA CDC TI Self-reported heart disease and stroke among adults with and without diabetes - United States, 1999-2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 58, pg 1065-1070, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; MELLITUS C1 CDC, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Benjamin, SM (reprint author), CDC, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 17 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 23 BP 3060 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 753ZB UT WOS:000187277300010 ER PT J AU Peter, G Arvin, AM Davis, JP Decker, MD Pasteur, A Fast, P Guerra, FA Helms, CM Hinman, AR Katz, R Klein, JO Koslap-Petraco, MB Paradiso, PR Schaffner, W Whitley-Williams, PN Williamson, DE Gellin, B Santoli, JM AF Peter, G Arvin, AM Davis, JP Decker, MD Pasteur, A Fast, P Guerra, FA Helms, CM Hinman, AR Katz, R Klein, JO Koslap-Petraco, MB Paradiso, PR Schaffner, W Whitley-Williams, PN Williamson, DE Gellin, B Santoli, JM CA Natl Vaccine Advisory Comm TI Strengthening the supply of routinely recommended vaccines in the United States - Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WEB AB Between late 2000 and the spring of 2003, the United States experienced shortages of vaccines against 8 of 11 preventable diseases in children. In response, the Department of Health and Human Services requested that the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) make recommendations on strengthening the supply of routinely recommended vaccines. The NVAC appointed a Working Group to identify potential causes of vaccine supply shortages, develop strategies to alleviate or prevent shortages, and enlist stakeholders to consider the applicability and feasibility of these strategies. The NVAC concluded that supply disruptions are likely to continue to occur. Strategies to be implemented in the immediate future include expansion of vaccine stockpiles, increased support for regulatory agencies, maintenance and strengthening of liability protections, improved communication among stakeholders, increased availability of public information, and a campaign to emphasize the benefits of vaccination. Strategies requiring further study include evaluation of appropriate financial incentives to manufacturers and streamlining the regulatory process without compromising safety or efficacy. C1 Brown Med Sch, Providence, RI USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Wisconsin Dept Hlth & Social Serv, Madison, WI USA. Aventis Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA USA. Int AIDS Vaccine Initiat, New York, NY USA. San Antonio Metropolitan Hlth Dist, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Decatur, GA USA. George Washington Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Washington, DC USA. George Washington Univ, Hlth Serv, Washington, DC USA. Boston Med Ctr, Boston, MA USA. Suffolk Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Lindenhurst, NY USA. Wyeth Vaccines, Henrietta, NY USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA. Alabama Dept Publ Hlth, Montgomery, AL USA. NVAC, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Peter, G (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Natl Vaccine Program Off, Hubert H Humphrey Bldg,Room 725 H, Washington, DC 20201 USA. NR 26 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 17 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 23 BP 3122 EP 3128 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 753ZB UT WOS:000187277300031 PM 14679275 ER PT J AU Kuklenyik, Z Ekong, J Cutchins, CD Needham, LL Calafat, AM AF Kuklenyik, Z Ekong, J Cutchins, CD Needham, LL Calafat, AM TI Simultaneous measurement of urinary bisphenol A and alkylphenols by automated solid-phase extractive derivatization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; P-NONYLPHENOL; IN-VIVO; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; MACRORETICULAR RESIN; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; HUMAN SERUM; EXPOSURE; RATS AB Bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenols (APs) are widely used industrial chemicals. BPA is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins; APs are used to make alkylphenol ethoxylates, common nonionic surfactants. BPA and APs can leach into the environment during industrial production and after degradation of the polycarbonate plastics and nonionic surfactants. Environmental exposure to these phenolic compounds has been associated with adverse reproductive and developmental effects in wildlife. We developed a sensitive and robust method for measuring BPA and six APs; 3-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, and technical-grade nonylphenol in urine. The method is based on the use of automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to isotope dilution-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). During the automated SPE process, the phenols are both extracted from the urine matrix and derivatized, using pentafluorobenzyl bromide, on commercially available styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer-based SPE cartridges. After elution from the SPE column, the derivatized phenols in the SPE eluate are analyzed by GC/MS. The method, validated on spiked pooled urine samples and on urine samples from exposed persons, has limits of detection of similar to0.1 ng in 1 mL of urine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kuklenyik, Z (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 49 TC 90 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 24 BP 6820 EP 6825 DI 10.1021/ac0303158 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 754BN UT WOS:000187283000009 PM 14670041 ER PT J AU Sivapalasingam, S Barrett, E Kimura, A Van Duyne, S De Witt, W Ying, M Frisch, A Phan, Q Gould, E Shillam, P Reddy, V Cooper, T Hoekstra, M Higgins, C Sanders, JP Tauxe, RV Slutsker, L AF Sivapalasingam, S Barrett, E Kimura, A Van Duyne, S De Witt, W Ying, M Frisch, A Phan, Q Gould, E Shillam, P Reddy, V Cooper, T Hoekstra, M Higgins, C Sanders, JP Tauxe, RV Slutsker, L TI A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infection linked to mango consumption: Impact of water-dip disinfestation technology SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SURVEILLANCE; TOMATOES AB Fresh produce increasingly is recognized as an important source of salmonellosis in the United States. In December 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention detected a nationwide increase in Salmonella serotype Newport ( SN) infections that had occurred during the previous month. SN isolates recovered from patients in this cluster had indistinguishable pulsed- field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE) patterns ( which identified the outbreak strain), suggesting a common source. Seventy- eight patients from 13 states were infected with the outbreak strain. Fifteen patients were hospitalized; 2 died. Among 28 patients enrolled in the matched case- control study, 14 ( 50%) reported they ate mangoes in the 5 days before illness onset, compared with 4 ( 10%) of the control subjects during the same period ( matched odds ratio, 21.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.53 - infinity; P = .0001). Traceback of the implicated mangoes led to a single Brazilian farm, where we identified hot water treatment as a possible point of contamination; this is a relatively new process to prevent importation of an agricultural pest, the Mediterranean fruit fly. This is the first reported outbreak of salmonellosis implicating mangoes. PFGE was critical to the timely recognition of this nationwide outbreak. This outbreak highlights the potential global health impact of foodborne diseases and newly implemented food processes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. Virginia Dept Hlth, Richmond, VA USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Gardena, CA USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Massachusetts Dept Hlth, Jamaica Plain, MS USA. Colorado Dept Hlth, Denver, CO 80220 USA. New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, New York, NY USA. Rhode Isl Dept Hlth, Providence, RI 02908 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Tauxe, RV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS A-38, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. NR 24 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 15 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1585 EP 1590 DI 10.1086/379710 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 749VJ UT WOS:000186949300009 PM 14689335 ER PT J AU Scholten, JN Driver, CR Munsiff, SS Kaye, K Rubino, MA Gourevitch, MN Trim, C Amofa, J Seewald, R Highley, E Fujiwara, PI AF Scholten, JN Driver, CR Munsiff, SS Kaye, K Rubino, MA Gourevitch, MN Trim, C Amofa, J Seewald, R Highley, E Fujiwara, PI TI Effectiveness of isoniazid treatment for latent tuberculosis infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users in methadone programs SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; PREVENT TUBERCULOSIS; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; HIGH-RISK; PYRAZINAMIDE; ANERGY AB Injection drug users ( IDUs) were heavily affected by the tuberculosis ( TB) resurgence in New York City in the 1990s. We assessed the effectiveness of screening for latent TB infection in methadone users and of selective treatment with isoniazid. Risk for future TB was classified as low or high on the basis of tuberculin, anergy, and HIV test results. The cohort of 2212 IDUs was followed up for a median of 4.2 years; 25 IDUs, of whom 20 ( 80%) were infected with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV), developed TB. In an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model of high- risk IDUs, the risk of TB was associated with HIV infection ( HR 10.3; 95% CI, 3.4 - 31.3); receipt of < 6 months of isoniazid therapy ( HR 7.6; 95% CI, 1.02 - 57.1); a CD4(+) T lymphocyte count of < 200 cells/ mm(3) ( HR 6.6; 95% CI, 1.7 - 25.9); and tuberculin positivity ( HR 4.0; 95% CI, 1.6 - 10.2). Treatment with isoniazid was beneficial in HIV- infected, tuberculin- positive IDUs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr, Bronx, NY USA. Lower Eastside Serv Ctr, New York, NY USA. Greenwich House E, New York, NY USA. Greenwich House W, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, New York, NY USA. RP Driver, CR (reprint author), Bur TB Control, MPH Epidemiol Off, 225 Broadway,22nd Fl, New York, NY 10007 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1686 EP 1692 DI 10.1086/379513 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 749VJ UT WOS:000186949300026 PM 14689352 ER PT J AU Alter, MJ AF Alter, MJ TI Infection with hepatitis C virus transmitted by accidental needlesticks - Reply SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alter, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Hepatitis, Mailstop G37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1719 EP 1719 DI 10.1086/379832 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 749VJ UT WOS:000186949300032 ER PT J AU Lambert, JS Harris, DR Stiehm, ER Moye, J Fowler, MG Meyer, WA Bethel, J Mofenson, LM AF Lambert, John S. Harris, D. Robert Stiehm, E. Richard Moye, John, Jr. Fowler, Mary Glenn Meyer, William A., III Bethel, James Mofenson, Lynne M. TI Performance Characteristics of HIV-1 Culture and HIV-1 DNA and RNA Amplification Assays for Early Diagnosis of Perinatal HIV-1 Infection SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE infant diagnosis; HIV-1 quantitative RNA; HIV-1 DNA PCR; HIV-1 culture AB A plasma HIV-1 RNA amplification assay (RNA assay), a quantitative peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) microculture (culture), and a PBMC HIV-1 DNA amplification assay (DNA assay) were compared for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants receiving zidovudine in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 185; assays were performed for all 24 infected and 100 uninfected infants. HIV-1 infection was defined as >= 2 positive cultures or positive antibody to HIV-1 at >= 18 months. Cultures were performed at birth and 6 and 24 weeks of age; DNA and RNA assays were performed on cryopreserved specimens. The sensitivity of culture and DNA and RNA assays at birth was 20.8%, 10.5%, and 26.7%, respectively. At older ages, sensitivity typically exceeded 80%, remaining highest for the RNA assay (> 85%). Assay specificity was > 99%. Positive predictive values exceeded 93% for each assay at each age; negative predictive values were highest (> 90%) for the RNA assay. At birth (P < 0.005) and age 6 weeks (P < 0.001), a significantly larger proportion of infected infants were identified by means of the RNA assay than by the other assays. The diagnostic performance of the RNA assay matched or exceeded that of culture and the DNA assay. Given that RNA assays require less blood volume and yield rapid results, our study adds to existing data suggesting that RNA assays may be used for early diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants. C1 [Lambert, John S.] Inst Child Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England. [Lambert, John S.] Univ Maryland, Inst Human Virol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Harris, D. Robert; Bethel, James] WESTAT Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Stiehm, E. Richard] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Moye, John, Jr.; Mofenson, Lynne M.] NICHHD, Pediat Adolescent & Maternal AIDS Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Fowler, Mary Glenn] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. [Meyer, William A., III] Quest Diagnost Inc, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Lambert, JS (reprint author), Inst Child Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, England. EM lambert@umbi.umd.edu OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808; moye, john/0000-0001-9976-8586 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-27550, AI-27565]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-33162] NR 30 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 34 IS 5 BP 512 EP 519 DI 10.1097/00126334-200312150-00011 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA V93OL UT WOS:000206324300011 PM 14657763 ER PT J AU Khetsuriani, N Prevots, DR Ouick, L Elder, ME Pallansch, M Kew, O Sutter, RW AF Khetsuriani, N Prevots, DR Ouick, L Elder, ME Pallansch, M Kew, O Sutter, RW TI Persistence of vaccine-derived polioviruses among immunodeficient persons with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DEOXYINOSINE RESIDUES; CODON DEGENERACY; MIXED-BASE; IDENTIFICATION; ERADICATION; INFECTIONS; EXCRETION; DIARRHEA; PATIENT; REPLICATION AB To estimate long-term poliovaccine virus persistence among immunodeficient patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (iVAPP), cases reported in the United States during 1975-1997 were reviewed, with subsequent follow-up and virological testing. Six (16.2%) of 37 subjects excreted poliovaccine viruses for greater than or equal to6 months. Partial genomic sequencing of their available poliovirus isolates showed considerable divergence from the prototype Sabin strain in all cases. Poliovirus persistence declined over time since the last oral poliovaccine dose: at 6 months, 19.4%; 1 year, 14.3%; 5 years, 4%; and 10 years, 0% (P<.05) of patients. Despite the high prevalence of poliovaccine virus persistence among patients with iVAPP, this group appears to be an unlikely source of poliovirus reintroduction in developed countries because of the rarity and high fatality rate of iVAPP and the possible spontaneous clearance of polioviruses. These results are important for developing "endgame" strategies for the Global Poliomyelitis Eradication Program. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Virus Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat Immunol & Allergy, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Khetsuriani, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis MSA34, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM nkhetsuriani@cdc.gov NR 39 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 188 IS 12 BP 1845 EP 1852 DI 10.1086/379791 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 762QB UT WOS:000187992700008 PM 14673763 ER PT J AU Li, J Zhang, WB Wilson, M Ito, A McManus, DP AF Li, J Zhang, WB Wilson, M Ito, A McManus, DP TI A novel recombinant antigen for immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HYDATID-DISEASE; GRANULOSUS; DIAGNOSIS; ANTIBODIES; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCES; SUBUNITS; FLUID AB A pool of serum samples from mice infected with oncospheres (eggs) of Echinococcus granulosus was used to screen a cDNA library constructed with RNA extracted from protoscolex larvae from sheep hydatid cysts. One immunoreactive clone, designated EpC1, was shown to encode a protein, of 76 residues. The complementary DNA (cDNA) fragment was subcloned into an expression vector, pET-41b(+), and the resulting recombinant EpC1 glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein (rEpC1-GST) was expressed in Escherichia coli and was affinity purified against the GST tag. Immunoglubulin G was the dominant antibody isotypes generated against rEpC1-GST. A total of 896 human serum samples were used to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the fusion protein by immunoglobulin G immunoblotting; 324 serum samples from patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE), 172 from patients with neurocysticercosis, 89 from patients with alveolar echinococcosis, and 241 from patients with other infections or clinical presentations, as well as 70 from confirmed-negative control subjects, yielded an overall sensitivity of 92.2% and an overall specificity of 95.6%. The combined levels of sensitivity and specificity achieved with the rEpC1-GST fusion protein for diagnosis of CE are unprecedented, taking into account the large panel of serum samples that were tested. C1 Queensland Inst Med Res, Mol Parasitol Lab, Australian Ctr Int & Trop Hlth & Nutr, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia. Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Xinjiang Acad Anim Sci, Vet Res Inst, Urumqi, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Asahikawa Med Coll, Dept Parasitol, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078, Japan. RP McManus, DP (reprint author), Queensland Inst Med Res, Mol Parasitol Lab, Australian Ctr Int & Trop Hlth & Nutr, 300 Hurston Rd, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia. EM donM@qimr.edu.au RI ito, akira/E-9377-2014; McManus, Donald/G-2678-2013 OI ito, akira/0000-0002-5070-9187; NR 19 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 188 IS 12 BP 1951 EP 1960 DI 10.1086/379976 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 762QB UT WOS:000187992700021 PM 14673776 ER PT J AU Krebs, JW Wheeling, JT Childs, JE AF Krebs, JW Wheeling, JT Childs, JE TI Public veterinary medicine: Public health - Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2002 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RACCOON RABIES; VACCINATION PROGRAM; ORAL VACCINATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VIRUS; COYOTES; PREVENTION; INFECTION; EFFICACY; WILDLIFE AB During 2002, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an increase of 72% from the 7,436 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. More than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 74% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). Compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of cases reported in 2002 increased among all major reporting groups with the exception of swine and rodents and lagomorphs. The relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: raccoons (36.3%; 2,891 cases), skunks (30.5%; 2,433), bats (172%; 1,373), foxes (6.4%; 508), cats (3.8%; 299), dogs (1.2%; 99), and cattle (1.5%; 116). Thirteen of the 19 states in which the raccoon-associated variant of the rabies virus has been enzootic reported increases in the numbers of rabid raccoons during 2002. Among those states that have engaged in wildlife rabies control programs, Ohio reported 1case of raccoon rabies associated with the epizootic of rabies in raccoons and 1 case in an equid that was infected with a bat variant of the rabies virus, compared with 2 cases reported in terrestrial animals during 2001. Texas reported no cases of rabies associated with the dog/coyote variant of the rabies virus (compared with 1 case in 2001) and 65 cases associated with the gray fox variant of the virus (an increase of 225% from 20 cases reported in 2001). In Massachusetts and Rhode Island, states with enzootic raccoon rabies, reports of rabid skunks again exceeded those of rabid raccoons (the sixth consecutive year, although in Rhode Island, this difference decreased to only 7 more skunks than raccoons [38/3]). Tennessee reported a single case of raccoon rabies in a pet raccoon from the central part of the state; the captive animal had been transported to Tennessee from northern Georgia. Nationally, the number of rabies cases in skunks during 2002 increased by 6.6% over those reported in 2001. Texas reported the greatest number (740) of rabid skunks and the greatest overall state total of rabies cases (1,049) during 2002. The 1,373 cases of rabies reported in bats during 2002 surpassed the previous year's record (1,281 cases) as the largest number of reported cases ever recorded for this group of mammals. Cases of rabies reported in cats (299), cattle (116), and dogs (99) increased by 10.7%, 41.5%, and 11.24%, respectively, from 2001 to 2002. Rabies among sheep and goats increased 400% from 3 cases in 2001 to 15 in 2002, and cases among horses and mules increased 13.7% (51 cases in 2001 to 58 in 2002). Reported cases of rabies in mongooses in Puerto Rico decreased 4.3% from the previous year (70 cases in 2001 to 67 cases in 2002), while cases of rabies in dogs increased 7.7% (13 to 14). California, Tennessee, and Iowa each reported a case of rabies in a human being during 2002. All cases of rabies in humans were the result of infection with bat variants of the rabies virus. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Krebs, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 51 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 223 IS 12 BP 1736 EP 1748 DI 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1736 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 754JW UT WOS:000187313700023 PM 14690203 ER PT J AU McQuiston, JH McCall, CL Nicholson, WL AF McQuiston, JH McCall, CL Nicholson, WL TI Zoonosis update - Ehrlichiosis and related infections SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; TROPICAL CANINE PANCYTOPENIA; AMITRAZ-IMPREGNATED COLLAR; RATS NEOTOMA-FUSCIPES; UNITED-STATES; SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE; MOLECULAR EVIDENCE; IXODES-PACIFICUS; RHIPICEPHALUS-SANGUINEUS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USAF, Biomed Sci Corp, Dept Def, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP McQuiston, JH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 90 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 223 IS 12 BP 1750 EP 1756 DI 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1750 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 754JW UT WOS:000187313700024 PM 14690204 ER PT J AU Khaldeeva, N Hillis, SD Voronin, E Rakhmanova, A Yakovlev, A Jamieson, DJ Ryder, RW AF Khaldeeva, N Hillis, SD Voronin, E Rakhmanova, A Yakovlev, A Jamieson, DJ Ryder, RW TI HIV-1 seroprevalence rates in women and relinquishment of infants to the state in St Petersburg, Russia, 2002 SO LANCET LA English DT Article AB The effectiveness of rapid HIV-1 testing and nevirapine prophylaxis for HIV-Infected mothers without prenatal care has been shown. We found that from 1998 to 2002, HIV-1 seroprevalence in women giving birth in St Petersburg, Russia increased 100-fold: from 0.013% to 1.3% (p<0.0001). HIV-1 seroprevalence was 8% (114 of 1466) in women without prenatal care and 1% (376 of 37 645) in those with prenatal care (p<0.0001). All 376 HIV-1-infected women with, and 41% (47 of 114) of HIV-1-infected women without prenatal care received intrapartum antiretroviral therapy (p<0.0001). In women who were HIV-1 positive, 26% (30 of 114) of those without prenatal care and 4% (13 of 371) of those with prenatal care relinquished their infants to the custody of the state, compared with 10% (354 of 37 621) of HIV-1-negative women (p<0.0001). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. St Petersburg Glaser Pediat AIDS Fdn Planning Gra, St Petersburg, Russia. City AIDS Ctr, St Petersburg, Russia. Republ Hosp Infect Dis, Clin AIDS Ctr, St Petersburg, Russia. City Hlth Comm, St Petersburg, Russia. Botkin Hosp, St Petersburg, Russia. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop K-34,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Yakovlev, Alexey/H-2748-2015 OI Yakovlev, Alexey/0000-0003-4163-5769 NR 5 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 13 PY 2003 VL 362 IS 9400 BP 1981 EP 1982 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15019-2 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 753BC UT WOS:000187210700013 PM 14683660 ER PT J AU Igwe, EI Shewmaker, PL Facklam, RR Farley, MM Van Beneden, C Beall, B AF Igwe, EI Shewmaker, PL Facklam, RR Farley, MM Van Beneden, C Beall, B TI Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of beta-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Group C streptococcus; Group G streptococcus; superantigen; streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin ID TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; GROUP-A; PYROGENIC EXOTOXIN; BACTERIAL SUPERANTIGENS; GENOME SEQUENCE; PYOGENES; PATHOGENESIS; INFECTIONS; DYSGALACTIAE; OUTBREAKS AB Group C and G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (GCSE and GGSE) cause a substantial percentage of invasive disease caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci. To determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes superantigen (SAg) genes commonly exist within these organisms, 20 recent invasive GCSE and GGSE human isolates and one group G Streptococcus canis human isolate were tested for the presence of SAg genes speH, speJ, speL, speM, ssa and smeZ by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prior to this work, sequence-based evidence of the speM, ssa, and smeZ genes in GCSE, GGSE, and S. canis had not been documented. Eleven of the 21 isolates were PCR-positive for the presence of one to two of the SAgs speM, ssa, or smeZ, with four of these isolates carrying ssa+speM or ssa+smeZ. No isolate was positive for speH, speJ and speL. All six ssa-positive GGSE strains harbored the ssa3 allele, previously only found among S. pyogenes strains. All three smeZ-positive GGSE isolates carried one of two smeZ alleles previously only found within S. pyogenes, however the single S. canis isolate carried a new smeZ allele. All five GCSE and GGSE speM-positive isolates harbored a newly discovered speM allele. The identification of these SAgs within S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. canis with identical or near-identical sequences to their counterparts in S. pyogenes suggests frequent interspecies gene exchange between the three beta-hemolytic streptococcal species. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Beall, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop CO2, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 229 IS 2 BP 259 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00842-5 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 758VZ UT WOS:000187673300018 PM 14680708 ER PT J AU Rosenblum, LS Navin, TR Crawford, JT AF Rosenblum, LS Navin, TR Crawford, JT TI Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rosenblum, LS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 11 PY 2003 VL 349 IS 24 BP 2364 EP 2364 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 752AX UT WOS:000187125000025 PM 14668469 ER PT J AU Silverstein, MA Salgado, CD Bassin, S Bleck, TP Lopes, MB Farr, BM Jenkins, SR Sockwell, DC Marr, JS Miller, GB AF Silverstein, MA Salgado, CD Bassin, S Bleck, TP Lopes, MB Farr, BM Jenkins, SR Sockwell, DC Marr, JS Miller, GB TI First human death associated with raccoon rabies - Virginia, 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1102-1103, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Herndon Family Med, Herndon, VA USA. Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Charlottesville, VA USA. CDC, Off Epidemiol, Virginia Dept Hlth, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Silverstein, MA (reprint author), Herndon Family Med, Herndon, VA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 22 BP 2930 EP 2931 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 751WH UT WOS:000187112700007 ER PT J AU Malecki, JM Kumar, S Johnson, BF Gidley, ML O'Connor, TE Petenbrink, J Bush, L Morand, J Perez, MT Pillai, S Crockett, L Blackmore, C Bradford, E Wirtz, RA Barnwell, JW DaSilva, AJ Causer, LM Parise, ME AF Malecki, JM Kumar, S Johnson, BF Gidley, ML O'Connor, TE Petenbrink, J Bush, L Morand, J Perez, MT Pillai, S Crockett, L Blackmore, C Bradford, E Wirtz, RA Barnwell, JW DaSilva, AJ Causer, LM Parise, ME TI Local transmission of Plasmodium vivax malaria - Palm Beach County, Florida, 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 908-911, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Palm Beach Cty Hlth Dept, W Palm Beach, FL 33401 USA. Florida State Hlth Dept, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Malecki, JM (reprint author), Palm Beach Cty Hlth Dept, W Palm Beach, FL 33401 USA. RI gidley, maribeth/B-8335-2014 OI gidley, maribeth/0000-0001-9583-8073 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 22 BP 2931 EP + PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 751WH UT WOS:000187112700008 ER PT J AU Tanaka, M Vitek, CR Pascual, FB Bisgard, KM Tate, JE Murphy, TV AF Tanaka, M Vitek, CR Pascual, FB Bisgard, KM Tate, JE Murphy, TV TI Trends in pertussis among infants in the United States, 1980-1999 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID YOUNG INFANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURES; CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY; NEONATAL PERTUSSIS; VACCINE; ADULTS; IMMUNIZATION; DIAGNOSIS; CHILDREN AB Context Reported cases of pertussis among adolescents and adults have increased since the 1980s, despite increasingly high rates of vaccination among infants and children. However, severe pertussis morbidity and mortality occur primarily among infants. Objective To describe the trends and characteristics of reported cases of pertussis among infants younger than 12 months in the United States from 1980 to 1999. Design, Setting, and Participants Cases of pertussis in infants younger than 12 months in the United States reported to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1980 and 1999, and detailed case data from the Supplementary Pertussis Surveillance System. Main Outcome Measures incidence and demographic and clinical characteristics of cases. Results The incidence of reported cases of pertussis among infants increased 49% in the 1990s compared with the incidence in the 1980s (19798 vs 12550 cases reported; 51.1 cases vs 34.2 cases per 100000 infant population, respectively), increases in the incidence of cases and the number of deaths among infants during the 1990s primarily were among those aged 4 months or younger, contrasting with a stable incidence of cases among infants aged 5 months or older. The proportion of cases confirmed by bacterial culture was higher in the 1990s than in the 1980s (50% and 33%, respectively); the proportion of hospitalized cases was unchanged (67% vs 68%, respectively). Receipt of fewer doses of vaccine was associated with hospitalization, when,cases were stratified by age in months. Conclusions The incidence of reported cases of pertussis among infants increased in the 1990s compared with the 1980s. The limited age group affected, the increased rate of bacteriologic confirmation, and the unchanged severity of illness suggest that an increase in infant pertussis has occurred apart from any change in reporting. Strategies are needed to prevent the morbidity and mortality from pertussis among infants too young to be fully vaccinated, according to the current recommended schedules of vaccination in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent MS 61, Bacterial Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Tanaka, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent MS 61, Bacterial Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 40 TC 220 Z9 228 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 22 BP 2968 EP 2975 DI 10.1001/jama.290.22.2968 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 751WH UT WOS:000187112700028 PM 14665658 ER PT J AU Naimi, TS LeDell, KH Como-Sabetti, K Borchardt, SM Boxrud, DJ Etienne, J Johnson, SK Vandenesch, F Fridkin, S O'Boyle, C Danila, RN Lynfield, R AF Naimi, TS LeDell, KH Como-Sabetti, K Borchardt, SM Boxrud, DJ Etienne, J Johnson, SK Vandenesch, F Fridkin, S O'Boyle, C Danila, RN Lynfield, R TI Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PANTON-VALENTINE LEUKOCIDIN; CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY; SKIN INFECTIONS; RISK-FACTORS; CHILDREN; STRAINS; COLONIZATION; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; PNEUMONIA AB Context Methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has traditionally been considered a health care-associated pathogen in patients with established risk factors. However, MRSA has emerged in patients without established risk factors.(community-associated MRSA). Objective To characterize epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of community-associated MRSA cases compared with health care-associated MRSA cases. Design, Setting, and Patients Prospective cohort study of patients with MRSA infection identified at 12 Minnesota laboratory facilities from January 1 through December 31, 2000, comparing community-associated (median age, 23 years) with health care-associated (median age, 68 years) MRSA cases. Main Outcome Measures Clinical infections associated with either community-associated or health care-associated MRSA, microbiological characteristics of the MRSA isolates including susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and staphylococcal exotoxin gene testing. Results Of 1100 MRSA infections, 131 (12 %) were community-associated and 937 (85%) were health care-associated; 32 3%) could not be classified due to lack of information. Skin and soft tissue infections were more common among community-associated cases (75%) than among health care-associated cases (37%) (odds ratio [OR], 4.25; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 2.97-5.90). Although community-associated MRSA isolates were more likely to be susceptible to 4 antimicrobial classes (adjusted OR, 2.44; 95% Cl, 1.35-3.86), most community-associated infections were initially treated with antimicrobials to which the isolate was nonsusceptible. Community-associated isolates were also more likely to belong to I of 2 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clonal groups in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Community-associated isolates typically possessed different exotoxin gene profiles (eg, Panton Valentine leukocidin genes) compared with health care-associated isolates. Conclusions Community-associated and health care-associated MRSA cases differ demographically and clinically, and their respective isolates are microbiologically distinct. This suggests that most community-associated MRSA strains did not originate in health care settings, and that their microbiological features may have contributed to their emergence in the community. Clinicians should be aware that therapy with beta-lactam antimicrobials can no longer be relied on as the sole empiric therapy for severely ill outpatients whose infections may be staphylococcal in origin. C1 Minnesota Dept Hlth, Acute Dis Invest & Control Sect, Minneapolis, MN USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Div Publ Hlth Labs, Minneapolis, MN USA. French Reference Ctr Staphylococci, Lyon, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Chron Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Naimi, TS (reprint author), K-67,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI ETIENNE, Jerome/C-5471-2014; Vandenesch, Francois/C-7209-2014 OI ETIENNE, Jerome/0000-0002-3348-3315; Vandenesch, Francois/0000-0001-9412-7106 FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U50/CCU511190] NR 40 TC 1059 Z9 1104 U1 13 U2 91 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 22 BP 2976 EP 2984 DI 10.1001/jama.290.22.2976 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 751WH UT WOS:000187112700029 PM 14665659 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS AF Kahn, HS TI Peripheral adiposity and cardiovascular risk SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Letter ID INSULIN-RESISTANCE; HEART-DISEASE C1 Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD DEC 9 PY 2003 VL 108 IS 23 BP E164 EP E164 DI 10.1161/01.CIR.0000102950.15230.95 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 751MD UT WOS:000187070100012 PM 14662699 ER PT J AU Gao, WT Tamin, A Soloff, A D'Aiuto, L Nwanegbo, E Robbins, PD Bellini, WJ Barratt-Boyes, S Gambotto, A AF Gao, WT Tamin, A Soloff, A D'Aiuto, L Nwanegbo, E Robbins, PD Bellini, WJ Barratt-Boyes, S Gambotto, A TI Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID VIRUS AB The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been identified as a new type of coronavirus. Here, we have investigated the ability of adenoviral delivery of codon-optimised SARS-CoV strain Urbani structural antigens spike protein S1 fragment, membrane protein, and nucleocapsid protein to induce virus-specific broad immunity in rhesus macaques. We immunised rhesus macaques intramuscularly with a combination of the three Ads-SARS-CoV vectors or a control vector and gave a booster vaccination on day 28. The vaccinated animals all had antibody responses against spike protein S1 fragment and T-cell responses against the nucleocapsid protein. All vaccinated animals showed strong neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV infection in vitro. These results show that an adenoviral-based vaccine can induce strong SARS-CoV-specific immune responses in the monkey, and hold promise for development of a protective vaccine against the SARS causal agent. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Inst Mol Med, Dept Surg,Div Infect Dis, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Infect Dis & Microbiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Div Infect Dis, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RP Gambotto, A (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Inst Mol Med, Dept Surg,Div Infect Dis, Suite 412,300 Technol Dr, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. OI Barratt Boyes, Simon/0000-0002-8869-4945 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [U01 HL66949-01S1] NR 5 TC 153 Z9 175 U1 3 U2 11 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 6 PY 2003 VL 362 IS 9399 BP 1895 EP 1896 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 750RN UT WOS:000187011600012 PM 14667748 ER PT J AU Peeters, M Toure-Kane, C Nkengasong, JN AF Peeters, M Toure-Kane, C Nkengasong, JN TI Genetic diversity of HIV in Africa: impact on diagnosis, treatment, vaccine development and trials SO AIDS LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CIRCULATING RECOMBINANT FORM; ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; C REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; WEST-CENTRAL-AFRICA; DRUG-RESISTANCE MUTATIONS; COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS; T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES; TYPE-1 SUBTYPE C; GROUP-O C1 Inst Rech Dev, UR36, F-34394 Montpellier 1, France. Hop Dantec, Virol Lab, Dakar, Senegal. Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Peeters, M (reprint author), Inst Rech Dev, UR36, 911 Ave Agropolis,BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier 1, France. EM martine.peeters@mpl.ird.fr NR 155 TC 123 Z9 128 U1 2 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD DEC 5 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 18 BP 2547 EP 2560 DI 10.1097/00002030-200312050-00002 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 809YU UT WOS:000220672800002 PM 14685049 ER PT J AU Glaser, LC Wegner, MV Davis, JP Bunning, ML Marfin, AA Campbell, GL Bernard, B Lenhart, SW Sotir, MJ AF Glaser, LC Wegner, MV Davis, JP Bunning, ML Marfin, AA Campbell, GL Bernard, B Lenhart, SW Sotir, MJ CA CDC TI West Nile virus infection among turkey breeder farm workers - Wisconsin, 2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1017, 2003) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID LABORATORY-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS C1 Wisconsin Dept Hlth & Family Serv, Div Publ Hlth, Madison, WI 53707 USA. CDC, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Glaser, LC (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Hlth & Family Serv, Div Publ Hlth, Madison, WI 53707 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 3 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 21 BP 2793 EP + PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 748QP UT WOS:000186872800005 ER PT J AU Wolitski, RJ Bailey, CJ Leary, AO Gomez, CA Parsons, JT AF Wolitski, RJ Bailey, CJ Leary, AO Gomez, CA Parsons, JT CA SUMS TI Self-perceived responsibility of HIV-Seropositive men who have sex with men for preventing HIV transmission SO AIDS AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE responsibility; HIV prevention; homosexuality; male; HIV seropositivity; sex behavior ID GAY MEN; AIDS; DISCLOSURE; SEROSTATUS; RISK; INTERCOURSE; BEHAVIOR; EPIDEMIC; CONTEXT; STIGMA AB Relatively little attention has been paid to unique factors that may motivate HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) to prevent HIV transmission. This study examines the beliefs of 250 HIV-seropositive MSM about their responsibility for protecting sex partners from HIV infection. Participants completed an open-ended interview about their sexual practices, substance use, and other HIV-related issues. Seventy percent of participants were men of color. Most participants (72%) spontaneously mentioned issues related to responsibility that were represented by three themes: (1) personal responsibility for protecting sex partners, (2) partners' responsibility for protecting themselves, and (3) mutual responsibility. These beliefs were expressed by 63%, 24%, and 12% of respondents, respectively. Motivations underlying beliefs about personal responsibility included altruism, self-standards, and self-interest. Beliefs about personal responsibility were influenced by participant characteristics, partner characteristics, disclosure of HIV status, and contextual factors. The findings suggest that self-perceived responsibility may be an important factor that affects HIV-seropositive MSM's sexual decision making. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, PRB, DHAP, NCHSTP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Wolitski, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, PRB, DHAP, NCHSTP, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008; OI Parsons, Jeffrey/0000-0002-6875-7566 FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U62/CCU213605, U62/CCU913557, U62/CCU2133607] NR 30 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1090-7165 J9 AIDS BEHAV JI AIDS behav. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 4 BP 363 EP 372 DI 10.1023/B:AIBE.0000004728.73443.32 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 745LT UT WOS:000186690700003 PM 14707533 ER PT J AU Mizuno, Y Purcell, D Borkowski, TM Knight, K AF Mizuno, Y Purcell, D Borkowski, TM Knight, K CA SUDIS Team TI The life priorities of HIV-seropositive injection drug users: Findings from a community-based sample SO AIDS AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE HIV-seropositive injection drug users; life priority; risk behavior ID RISK BEHAVIOR; VIOLENCE; EPIDEMIC; SEX AB Using cross-sectional data from an ethnically diverse sample of 161 HIV-seropositive injection drug users (IDUs), we investigated (1) how HIV-positive IDUs rank their life priorities, (2) whether HIV prioritization (defined as whether or not ranking HIV as a top priority) is associated with risk behaviors, and (3) potential correlates of HIV prioritization. HIV was ranked as the most important priority by 37% of the participants. Among those who did not rank HIV as the top priority, housing, money, and safety from violence were particularly salient priorities. Those who gave the highest priority to HIV were less likely to have unprotected vaginal sex with primary partners who were HIV negative or of unknown serostatus, were less likely to split drugs with a used syringe, and used fewer numbers of injection drugs. HIV prioritization, however, was not associated with sex risk behaviors with nonprimary partners and HIV-positive primary partners. Significant correlates of HIV prioritization included age and the use of a heroin/stimulant mixture. These findings provide a number of important implications for HIV prevention intervention research for HIV-positive IDUs. C1 CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Mizuno, Y (reprint author), CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Purcell, David/0000-0001-8125-5168 FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U62/CCU213605, U62/CCU913557] NR 22 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1090-7165 J9 AIDS BEHAV JI AIDS behav. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 4 BP 395 EP 403 DI 10.1023/B:AIBE.0000004731.94734.77 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 745LT UT WOS:000186690700006 PM 14707536 ER PT J AU Montgomery, JP Mokotoff, ED Gentry, AC Blair, JM AF Montgomery, JP Mokotoff, ED Gentry, AC Blair, JM TI The extent of bisexual behaviour in HIV-infected men and implications for transmission to their female sex partners SO AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; RISK BEHAVIORS; WOMEN; AIDS AB Heterosexual transmission of HIV is a growing problem for women, but many women do not know how their partners acquired HIV. We described a group of HIV-infected men and women, and focused on: (1) sexual identity and bisexual behaviour in men, and (2) the proportion of women who acknowledged having a bisexual male partner. This study examined HIV-infected persons who participated in a cross-sectional interview project from 1 January 1995 through 1 July 2000; 5,156 men who have sex with men (MSM), and 3,139 women. The proportion of MSM who reported having sex with women (MSM/MSW) varied by race: 34% of black MSM, 26% of Hispanic MSM, and 13% of white MSM. While 14% of white women acknowledged having a bisexual partner, only 6% of black and 6% of Hispanic women reported having a bisexual partner. Most behaviourally bisexual men identified as either bisexual (59%) or homosexual (26%). These data suggest that bisexual activity is relatively common among black and Hispanic HIV-infected MSM, few identify as heterosexual, and their female partners may not know of their bisexual activity. C1 Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mokotoff, ED (reprint author), Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Herman Kiefer Hlth Complex,1151 Taylor,Rm 210B, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. NR 24 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 4 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-0121 J9 AIDS CARE JI Aids Care-Psychol. Socio-Med. Asp. Aids/Hiv PD DEC PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 829 EP 837 DI 10.1080/09540120310001618676 PG 9 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Respiratory System; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology; Respiratory System; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 742ZA UT WOS:000186546900009 PM 14617504 ER PT J AU Grinstead, O Seal, DW Wolitski, R Flanigan, T Fitzgerald, C Nealey-Moore, J Askew, J AF Grinstead, O Seal, DW Wolitski, R Flanigan, T Fitzgerald, C Nealey-Moore, J Askew, J CA Project START Study Grp TI HIV and STD testing in prisons: Perspectives of in-prison service providers SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INFECTION; PREVENTION AB Because individuals at risk for HIV and STDs are concentrated in prisons and jails, incarceration is an opportunity to provide HIV and STD testing. We interviewed 72 service providers working in U.S. prisons in four states about their experiences with and perceptions regarding HIV and STD testing in prison. Providers' job duties represented administration, education, security, counseling, and medical care. Providers' knowledge of prison procedures and programs related to HIV and STD testing was narrowly limited to their specific job duties, resulting in many missed opportunities for prevention counseling and referral. Suggestions include increasing health care and counseling staff so posttest counseling can be provided for those with negative as well as positive test results, providing additional prevention programs for incarcerated persons, improving staff training about HIV and STD testing, and improving communication among in-prison providers as well as between corrections and public health staff. C1 UCSF, CAPS, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Grinstead, O (reprint author), UCSF, CAPS, 74 New Montgomery St,Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008 NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 547 EP 560 DI 10.1521/aeap.15.7.547.24045 PG 14 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 756TF UT WOS:000187497300005 PM 14711167 ER PT J AU Delwart, EL Orton, S Parekh, B Dobbs, T Clark, K Busch, MP AF Delwart, EL Orton, S Parekh, B Dobbs, T Clark, K Busch, MP TI Two percent of HIV-positive U.S. blood donors are infected with non-subtype B strains SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; HETERODUPLEX MOBILITY ASSAY; UNITED-STATES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; GENETIC SUBTYPES; GROUP-O; SENTINEL SITE; WEST-AFRICAN; NEW-YORK; DIVERSITY AB To estimate the prevalence of HIV strains other than the predominant HIV- 1B subtype in the U. S. blood donor population we genetically and serologically characterized HIV in infected blood donations collected throughout he United States from 1997 to mid- 2000. Using a combination of DNA heteroduplex mobility and DNA sequence analyses of the env and gag regions of HIV- 1 we determined that 285 of 312 infections were caused by HIV- 1B and six by non- subtype B HIV- 1 ( four HIV- 1C, one HIV- 1AE, one HIV- 1A). Genetic distances of greater than 14% in the envelope V3 - V5 region of the four HIV- 1C strains indicated that they did not share a recent common origin. HIV- 1 group M, N, and O, and HIV- 2 specific peptide serological testing of the 20 PCR- negative samples determined that one infection was caused by HIV- 2 and none by HIV- 1 group N and O. The major risk factor for infection with a non- HIV- 1B strain was sex with an HIV- infected person from Africa although three of seven non- HIV- 1B- infected subjects did not fit that category. For four of seven non- HIV- 1B- infected subjects the subtype detected was consistent with the African country of origin of the infected person or of their sexual partner. The frequency of genetically confirmed non- subtype- B HIV infection in a geographically dispersed group of infected U. S. blood donors in 1977 - 2000 was therefore 2.0% ( 6/ 312). C1 Blood Syst Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA. Amer Red Cross, Holland Lab, Transmissible Dis Dept, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Delwart, EL (reprint author), Blood Syst Res Inst, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. OI Delwart, Eric/0000-0002-6296-4484 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI43895]; ODCDC CDC HHS [U64/CCU902948-14] NR 42 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1065 EP 1070 DI 10.1089/088922203771881149 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 757JP UT WOS:000187559500001 PM 14709241 ER PT J AU Duerr, A Jamieson, D AF Duerr, A Jamieson, D TI Assisted reproductive technologies for HIV-discordant couples SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEMEN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Duerr, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1526-5161 J9 AM J BIOETHICS JI Am. J. Bioeth. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 45 EP 47 DI 10.1162/152651603321611971 PG 4 WC Ethics; Medical Ethics; Social Issues; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Medical Ethics; Social Issues; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 816GY UT WOS:000221099600021 PM 12859846 ER PT J AU Torres-Velez, FJ Nace, EK Won, KY Bartlett, J Eberhard, M Guarner, J AF Torres-Velez, FJ Nace, EK Won, KY Bartlett, J Eberhard, M Guarner, J TI Development of an immunohistochemical assay for the detection of babesiosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunohistochemistry; Babesia ID UNITED-STATES; ANTIGEN RETRIEVAL; MICROTI; TRANSFUSION; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE; TRANSMISSION; PARASITEMIA; PIROPLASM; AIDS AB The hemoparasite Babesia can cause life-threatening infections to neonates, elderly and immunocompromised people, and people who have undergone splenectomy. By using pooled hamster serum samples collected 21 days after infection with Babesia microti, we developed an immunohistochemical assay for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) samples and blood smears. By use of the immunohistochemical assay, parasites were detected inside erythrocytes present in the heart, spleen, and liver of experimentally and naturally infected animals. FFPET samples from 2 fatal and I nonfatal human cases demonstrated immunohistochemical assay-positive parasites in circulating erythrocytes in various organs, including lymph nodes and spleen. In addition, air-dried blood smears from 4 patients showed positive immunohistochemical staining inside the erythrocytes. The immunohistochemical assay showed cross-reactivity against the Babesia WA-1 strain but did not react against Babesia bigemina or Plasmodium falciparum. The immunohistochemical assay for Babesia microti successfully detected parasites in human and animal FFPET samples and blood smears. This technique will be useful for the diagnosis of clinically suspected cases and for differentiating Babesia microti infection from malaria. Application of this technique to animal models will better define pathogenic mechanisms, including the possible recognition of exoerythrocytic tissue stages. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral Rickettsial Dis, Mailstop G 32,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0002-9173 J9 AM J CLIN PATHOL JI Am. J. Clin. Pathol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 120 IS 6 BP 833 EP 838 DI 10.1039/UXPHJRJE2PRUCP1N PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 747WT UT WOS:000186829600005 PM 14671971 ER PT J AU Guarner, J de Leon-Bojorge, B Lopez-Corella, E Ferebee-Harris, T Gooding, L Garnett, CT Shieh, WJ Dawson, J Erdman, D Zaki, SR AF Guarner, J de Leon-Bojorge, B Lopez-Corella, E Ferebee-Harris, T Gooding, L Garnett, CT Shieh, WJ Dawson, J Erdman, D Zaki, SR TI Intestinal intussusception associated with adenovirus infection in Mexican children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adenovirus; intussusception; Mexico; immunohistochemistry; in situ hybridization; PCR; polymerase chain reaction ID INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSIONS; VIRAL ETIOLOGY; VIRUS WATCH; APPENDIXES; CHILDHOOD; INFANTS; ILLNESS AB Formalin-fixed intestinal tissue specimens from 12 Mexican pediatric patients with intussusception were examined for the presence of adenovirus. Four patients (33%) had detectable adenovirus antigen in epithelial cells as determined by using immunohistochemical analysis. Two of the patients with positive immunohistochemical results had antigens in dendritic and mononuclear inflammatory cells, and 3 patients had positive results for species C adenovirus by in situ hybridization using adenovirus species-specific probes (A-F). A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay specific for species C (nonenteric) adenoviruses was used to confirm immunohistochemical results and to amplify adenovirus DNA for sequencing. A sequence similar to that for adenovirus serotype I was found in I patient, serotype 2 in another, and serotype 6 in a third; in the fourth patient, the sequence was indeterminate between serotypes 2 and 6 The assays used in this study proved useful for the identification of species C adenoviruses in formalin-fixed specimens from Mexican pediatric patients with intussusception. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Virus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Inst Pediat, Dept Pathol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Virus Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 28 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0002-9173 J9 AM J CLIN PATHOL JI Am. J. Clin. Pathol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 120 IS 6 BP 845 EP 850 DI 10.1309/LBRNGF9MJW2MHT97 PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 747WT UT WOS:000186829600007 PM 14671973 ER PT J AU Epstein, MP Satten, GA AF Epstein, MP Satten, GA TI Inference on haplotype effects in case-control studies using unphased genotype data SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION; UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS; DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS; SCORE TESTS; ALGORITHM; FREQUENCIES; ALLELES; TRAITS; FUTURE; MODELS AB A variety of statistical methods exist for detecting haplotype-disease association through use of genetic data from a case-control study. Since such data often consist of unphased genotypes (resulting in haplotype ambiguity), such statistical methods typically apply the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for inference. However, the majority of these methods fail to perform inference on the effect of particular haplotypes or haplotype features on disease risk. Since such inference is valuable, we develop a retrospective likelihood for estimating and testing the effects of specific features of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based haplotypes on disease risk using unphased genotype data from a case-control study. Our proposed method has a flexible structure that allows, among other choices, modeling of multiplicative, dominant, and recessive effects of specific haplotype features on disease risk. In addition, our method relaxes the requirement of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of haplotype frequencies in case subjects, which is typically required of EM-based haplotype methods. Also, our method easily accommodates missing SNP information. Finally, our method allows for asymptotic, permutation-based, or bootstrap inference. We apply our method to case-control SNP genotype data from the Finland-United States Investigation of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (FUSION) Genetics study and identify two haplotypes that appear to be significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. Using the FUSION data, we assess the accuracy of asymptotic P values by comparing them with P values obtained from a permutation procedure. We also assess the accuracy of asymptotic confidence intervals for relative-risk parameters for haplotype effects, by a simulation study based on the FUSION data. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Epstein, MP (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, 615 Michael St,Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 31 TC 184 Z9 196 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 73 IS 6 BP 1316 EP 1329 DI 10.1086/380204 PG 14 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 756PW UT WOS:000187491100009 PM 14631556 ER PT J AU Dunning, K LeMasters, G Levin, L Bhattacharya, A Alterman, T Lordo, K AF Dunning, K LeMasters, G Levin, L Bhattacharya, A Alterman, T Lordo, K TI Falls in workers during pregnancy: Risk factors, job hazards, and high risk occupations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Congress on Womens Health - Occupation, Cancer and Reproduction CY SEP 13, 2002 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP NIH, Off Res Womens Hlth, Minist Health, Spain DE fall; work; occupation; injury; women; pregnancy ID COMPLICATING PREGNANCY; TRAUMA; INJURY; SLIPS; TRIPS; AGE AB Background Although falls are a major source of trauma during pregnancy and 70% of pregnant women are employed, information on falls among pregnant workers is lacking. Study objectives were to estimate fall prevalence and risk factors among pregnant workers. Methods This retrospective cohort study used birth certificates to identify recently pregnant women. Data were collected via phone, internet, and mail surveys. The primary outcome investigated was a fall at work during pregnancy. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results Of the 2,84 7 employed women, 26.6% (75 7)fell during their pregnancy and 6.3% (179) fell at work. Walking on slippery floors, hurrying, or carrying an object occurred in 66.3% of work falls. Conclusion The service and teaching industry should be evaluated for risk reduction. Future research should determine if counseling during pregnancy will reduce falls in the workplace. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Rehabil Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Div Ind Hyg, Cincinnati, OH USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Hamilton Cty Gen Hlth Dist, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Dunning, K (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Rehabil Sci, POB 670394, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. OI Alterman, Toni/0000-0003-1512-4367 FU NIOSH CDC HHS [OH 04042-02] NR 33 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 44 IS 6 BP 664 EP 672 DI 10.1002/ajim.10318 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 745LP UT WOS:000186690400012 PM 14635243 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Horan, T Andrus, M Edwards, J Fridkin, S Koganti, J Peavy, G Tolson, J AF Solomon, S Horan, T Andrus, M Edwards, J Fridkin, S Koganti, J Peavy, G Tolson, J CA NNIS Syst TI National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID INTENSIVE-CARE UNITS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; STATES C1 US Dept HHS, CDCP, Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Solomon, S (reprint author), US Dept HHS, CDCP, Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 18 TC 404 Z9 419 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD DEC PY 2003 VL 31 IS 8 BP 481 EP 498 PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753KK UT WOS:000187230400007 PM 14647111 ER PT J AU Peng, J Zhang, SN Lu, W Chen, ATL AF Peng, J Zhang, SN Lu, W Chen, ATL TI Public health in China: The Shanghai CDC perspective SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Shanghai Municipal Hlth Bur, Shanghai, Peoples R China. Shanghai Municipal Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Shanghai, Peoples R China. RP Chen, ATL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Mail Stop F-20,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 12 BP 1991 EP 1993 DI 10.2105/AJPH.93.12.1991 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 748WH UT WOS:000186848400008 PM 14652318 ER PT J AU Strine, TW Mokdad, AH Barker, LE Groom, AV Singleton, R Wilkins, CS Chu, SY AF Strine, TW Mokdad, AH Barker, LE Groom, AV Singleton, R Wilkins, CS Chu, SY TI Vaccination coverage of American Indian/Alaska native children aged 19 to 35 months: Findings from the National Immunization Survey, 1998-2000 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PROGRAM C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, CDCP, Anchorage, AK USA. Alaska Nat Tribal Hlth Consortium, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Strine, TW (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Immunizat Program, Koger Rhodes Bldg,Mail Stop K-66,3005 Chamblee Tu, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD DEC PY 2003 VL 93 IS 12 BP 2046 EP 2049 DI 10.2105/AJPH.93.12.2046 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 748WH UT WOS:000186848400021 PM 14652331 ER PT J AU O'Brien, RJ AF O'Brien, RJ TI Development of fluoroquinolones as first-line drugs for tuberculosis - at long last! SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID IN-VIVO ACTIVITIES; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; MOXIFLOXACIN; RIFAPENTINE; VITRO C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP O'Brien, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 168 IS 11 BP 1266 EP 1268 DI 10.1164/rccm.2309011 PG 3 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 747KU UT WOS:000186804300005 PM 14644920 ER PT J AU Sullivan, JS Sullivan, JJ Williams, A Grady, KK Bounngaseng, A Huber, CS Nace, D Williams, T Galland, GG Barnwell, JW Collins, WE AF Sullivan, JS Sullivan, JJ Williams, A Grady, KK Bounngaseng, A Huber, CS Nace, D Williams, T Galland, GG Barnwell, JW Collins, WE TI Adaptation of a strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Ghana to Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, A-nancymai, and A-vociferans monkeys SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-ANTIGEN; OWL MONKEYS; EFFICACY; VACCINES; IMMUNOGENICITY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; IMMUNIZATION AB A strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Ghana was adapted to Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, A. nancymai, and A. vociferans monkeys. Gametocytes in splenectomized A. nancymai were infective to Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. Sporozoite transmission was accomplished in two splenectomized A. nancymai with prepatent periods of 22 and 25 days. The Ghana III/CDC strain of P. falciparum is susceptible to treatment with chloroquine and mefloquine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Anim Resources Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. RP Sullivan, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-36,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU PHS HHS [936-6001] NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 593 EP 600 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 759JJ UT WOS:000187734300006 PM 14740874 ER PT J AU Ahluwalia, IB Bern, C Costa, C Akter, T Chowdhury, R Ali, M Alam, D Kenah, E Amann, J Islam, M Wagatsuma, Y Haque, R Breiman, RF Maguire, JH AF Ahluwalia, IB Bern, C Costa, C Akter, T Chowdhury, R Ali, M Alam, D Kenah, E Amann, J Islam, M Wagatsuma, Y Haque, R Breiman, RF Maguire, JH TI Visceral leishmaniasis: Consequences of a neglected disease in a Bangladeshi community SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID DIRECT AGGLUTINATION-TEST; DIPSTICK TEST; KALA-AZAR; NEPAL AB Visceral leishmaniasis, or kala azar (KA), affects the rural poor, causing significant morbidity and mortality. We examined the epidemiologic, social, and economic impact of KA in a village in Bangladesh. A population-based survey among 2,348 people demonstrated a KA incidence of 2% per year from 2000 to 2002, with a case-fatality rate of 19% among adult women, compared with 6-8% among other demographic groups. Kala azar cases were geographically clustered in certain sections of the village. Anti-leishmanial drug shortages and the high cost of diagnosis and treatment caused substantial emotional and economic hardship for affected families. Communities wanted to learn more about KA, and were willing to take collective action to confront the problems it causes. To decrease the KA burden in endemic areas, community efforts should be supplemented with effective treatment programs to ensure access to appropriate and affordable diagnosis and case management. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Hlth Syst & Infect Dis Div, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Div Sci Lab, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ctr Hlth & Populat Res, Dhaka, Bangladesh. RP Bern, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 17 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 624 EP 628 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 759JJ UT WOS:000187734300011 PM 14740879 ER PT J AU Hayes, JM Garcia-Rivera, E Flores-Reyna, R Suarez-Rangel, G Rodriguez-Mata, T Coto-Portillo, R Baltrons-Orellana, R Mendoza-Rodriguez, E De Garay, BF Jubis-Estrada, J Hernandez-Argueta, R Biggerstaff, BJ Rigau-Perez, JG AF Hayes, JM Garcia-Rivera, E Flores-Reyna, R Suarez-Rangel, G Rodriguez-Mata, T Coto-Portillo, R Baltrons-Orellana, R Mendoza-Rodriguez, E De Garay, BF Jubis-Estrada, J Hernandez-Argueta, R Biggerstaff, BJ Rigau-Perez, JG TI Risk factors for infection during a severe dengue outbreak in El Salvador in 2000 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; AEDES-AEGYPTI; PUERTO-RICO; EPIDEMIC; PATHOGENESIS; DETERMINANTS; AMERICA; VECTOR; MEXICO AB In 2000, El Salvador experienced a large dengue-2 virus epidemic with many severe cases. A seroepidemiologic survey was conducted in 106 randomly selected households (501 residents) in an affected community (Las Pampitas). The frequency of recent infection, documented by the presence of IgM antibodies or high-titer IgG antibodies to dengue virus, was estimated to be 9.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.8-13.7), of which at least 44% were secondary infections. The number of containers positive for Aedes mosquito larvae or pupae per 100 premises (Breteau Index) was 62 and the frequency of positive premises (House Index) was 36%; 33% (35 of 106) of the informants reported having taken action against mosquito larval habitats and 82% (87 of 106) reported having taken actions against adult mosquitoes. Recent infection was associated with the presence in the home environment of mosquito infested discarded cans (odds ratio [OR] = 4.30, 95% CI 2.54-7.28), infested discarded plastic containers (OR = 3.98, 95% CI = 1.05-15.05), and discarded tire casings (OR 2.57, 95% CI = 1.09-6.04). The population attributable fractions associated with these factors were 4%, 13%, and 31%, respectively. Our data suggest that targeted community cleanup campaigns, particularly those directed at discarded tires and solid waste, are likely to have the greatest impact on reducing the risk of dengue infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, San Juan, PR 00920 USA. Minist Salud Publ & Asistencia Social, San Salvador, El Salvador. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hayes, JM (reprint author), State Alabama Dept Publ Hlth, RSA Tower,201 Monroe St,Suite 1310, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 629 EP 633 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 759JJ UT WOS:000187734300012 PM 14740880 ER PT J AU Morgan, J Cano, MV Feikin, DR Phelan, M Monroy, OV Morales, PK Carpenter, J Weltman, A Spitzer, PG Liu, HH Mirza, SA Bronstein, DE Morgan, DJ Kirkman, LA Brandt, ME Iqbal, N Lindsley, MD Warnock, DW Hajjeh, RA AF Morgan, J Cano, MV Feikin, DR Phelan, M Monroy, OV Morales, PK Carpenter, J Weltman, A Spitzer, PG Liu, HH Mirza, SA Bronstein, DE Morgan, DJ Kirkman, LA Brandt, ME Iqbal, N Lindsley, MD Warnock, DW Hajjeh, RA CA Acapulco Histoplasmosis Working Gr TI A large outbreak of histoplasmosis among American travelers associated with a hotel in Acapulco, Mexico, spring 2001 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article AB During spring 2001, college students from Pennsylvania reported an acute febrile respiratory illness after returning from spring break vacation in Acapulco, Mexico. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis was presumptively diagnosed and the cluster of illness was reported to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. A large investigation then ensued, which included finding student-travelers for interviews and requesting sera for histoplasmosis testing. We defined a clinical case by fever and at least one of the following: cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or headache, in an Acapulco traveler during March-May 2001. A laboratory-confirmed case had positive serology. An initial study determined that the likely site of histoplasmosis exposure was Hotel H; we therefore performed a large cohort study among travelers who stayed at Hotel H. Of 757 contacted, 262 (36%) met the clinical case definition. Of 273 serum specimens tested, 148 (54%) were positive. Frequent use of Hotel H's stairwells, where construction was ongoing, was associated with increased risk of illness (relative risk = 10.5, 95% confidence interval = 3.7-30.5; P < 0.001). This is the first histoplasmosis outbreak associated with a hotel undergoing construction. Hotels in endemic areas should consider construction precaution measures to prevent histoplasmosis among their guests. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. Bryn Mawr Med Specialists, Bryn Mawr, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morgan, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 663 EP 669 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 759JJ UT WOS:000187734300018 PM 14740886 ER PT J AU Zeiss, CR Gomaa, A Murphy, FM Weissman, DN Hodgson, M Foster, D Dejativongse, S Colella, K Kestenberg, K Kurup, VP Bush, RK Chiu, AM Kelly, KJ Fink, JN AF Zeiss, CR Gomaa, A Murphy, FM Weissman, DN Hodgson, M Foster, D Dejativongse, S Colella, K Kestenberg, K Kurup, VP Bush, RK Chiu, AM Kelly, KJ Fink, JN TI Latex hypersensitivity in Department of Veterans Affairs health care workers: glove use, symptoms, and sensitization SO ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-RUBBER LATEX; ALLERGY; PREVALENCE; PERFORMANCE AB Background: This report of the prevalence of latex glove allergy in 3 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers was a collaboration of the VA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Objective: To enroll and evaluate personnel from across the entire hospital workforce for latex hypersensitivity and to determine the type and extent of latex glove use. Methods: A questionnaire was administered that covered demographics, job category, latex glove use, and current latex glove allergic symptoms. Skin testing to aeroallergens was performed to evaluate the presence of atopy. Blood was drawn for analyses of serum antilatex IgE antibody by CAP assay. Results: Of 1,959 subjects, 158 (8.1%) had latex glove-allergic symptoms, a positive latex CAP assay result, or both. In 1,003 subjects who reported latex glove use, 915 (91.4%) used nonpowdered gloves. A total of 133 subjects reported latex glove allergic symptoms, and 36 subjects had positive CAP assay results. Latex sensitization was correlated with atopy, race, and latex glove exposure. Latex symptoms were correlated with atopy, a positive CAP assay result, and latex glove exposure. Of the 133 subjects with latex glove allergic symptoms, only 11 had positive CAP assay results, giving a prevalence of confirmed latex glove allergy of 0.6%. Conclusions: Symptoms attributed to latex gloves and/or latex sensitization occurred in 8.1% of the employee population, with exposure, race, and atopy being the major risk factors. Few symptomatic individuals were sensitized to latex (0.6%). This low rate of confirmed latex glove allergy may have been related to nonpowdered glove use. C1 VA Chicago Hlth Care Syst, Lakeside Div, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Childrens Hosp Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. William S Middleton Mem Vet Adm Med Ctr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Zablocki Vet Adm Med Ctr, Milwaukee, WI 53295 USA. Vet Hlth Adm, Washington, DC USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV USA. Northwestern Univ, Fineberg Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. RP Zeiss, CR (reprint author), VA Chicago Hlth Care Syst, Lakeside Div, Room 160,333 E Huron St, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL ALLERGY ASTHMA IMMUNOLOGY PI ARLINGTON HTS PA 85 WEST ALGONQUIN RD SUITE 550, ARLINGTON HTS, IL 60005 USA SN 1081-1206 J9 ANN ALLERG ASTHMA IM JI Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 91 IS 6 BP 539 EP 545 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 757KF UT WOS:000187561000008 PM 14700437 ER PT J AU Karras, DJ Ong, S Moran, GJ Nakase, J Kuehnert, MJ Jarvis, WR Talan, DA AF Karras, DJ Ong, S Moran, GJ Nakase, J Kuehnert, MJ Jarvis, WR Talan, DA CA EMERGEncy ID NET Study Grp TI Antibiotic use for emergency department patients with acute diarrhea: Prescribing practices, patient expectations, and patient satisfaction SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTIONS; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; DOCTORS PERCEPTIONS; JUDICIOUS USE; QUESTIONNAIRE; BRONCHITIS; MANAGEMENT; GASTROENTERITIS; PRESCRIPTION AB Study objective: Physicians commonly prescribe antibiotics to meet patient expectations, even when antimicrobials are unnecessary. We evaluated factors emergency physicians consider in prescribing antibiotics to patients with diarrhea and examined patient expectations, physician-perceived patient expectations, and patient satisfaction. Methods: Adults and children presenting with acute diarrhea to 1 of 10 academic emergency departments (EDs) were enrolled in this prospective observational cohort study. Adult patients and guardians of enrolled children were asked about treatment expectations before their physician encounter and about satisfaction with their medical care at discharge. Physicians were asked about factors influencing management decisions and their perceptions of patients' expectations. Results: Of 104 patients enrolled, 25% received antibiotics. Physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics when features suggestive of bacterial enteritis were present (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 3.9). Physicians were also more likely to prescribe antibiotics when they believed patients expected them (unadjusted OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.4) but correctly identified such expectations in only 33% of instances. Satisfaction with care was reported by 100% of patients receiving antibiotics and 90% of those not receiving antibiotics (95% CI for difference of 10%, 3% to 17%). Conclusion: Physicians in academic EDs prescribe antibiotics for acute diarrhea to about 1 patient in 4 and are more likely to do so if signs or symptoms compatible with bacterial enteritis are present. Physicians' assessments of patients' expectations for therapy were accurate in only 1 of 3 patients but were nevertheless associated with antibiotic prescription. Patient satisfaction was weakly associated with receipt of antibiotics. C1 Temple Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Sch Med, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Karras, DJ (reprint author), Temple Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, 3401 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 42 IS 6 BP 835 EP 842 DI 10.1016/mem.2003.351 PG 8 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 750QW UT WOS:000187009300018 PM 14634611 ER PT J AU Morlock, GP Metchock, B Sikes, D Crawford, JT Cooksey, RC AF Morlock, GP Metchock, B Sikes, D Crawford, JT Cooksey, RC TI ethA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID CATALASE-PEROXIDASE GENE; ISONIAZID-RESISTANT; DRUG-RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR MECHANISMS; MUTATIONS; TARGET; SENSITIVITY; ACTIVATION; BACTERIA; STRAINS AB Ethionamide (ETH) is a structural analog of the antituberculosis drug isoniazid (INH). Both of these drugs target InhA, an enzyme involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis. INH requires catalase-peroxidase (KatG) activation, and mutations in katG are a major INH resistance mechanism. Recently an enzyme (EthA) capable of activating ETH has been identified. We sequenced the entire ethA structural gene of 41 ETH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. We also sequenced two regions of inhA and all or part of katG. The MICs of ETH and INH were determined in order to associate the mutations identified with a resistance phenotype. Fifteen isolates were found to possess ethA mutations, for all of which the ETH MICs were greater than or equal to50 mug/ml. The ethA mutations were all different, previously unreported, and distributed throughout the gene. In eight of the isolates, a missense mutation in the inhA structural gene occurred. The ETH MICs for seven of the InhA mutants were greater than or equal to100 mug/ml, and these isolates were also resistant to greater than or equal to8 mug of INH per ml. Only a single point mutation in the inhA promoter was identified in 14 isolates. A katG mutation occurred in 15 isolates, for which the INH MICs for all but 1 were greater than or equal to32 mug/ml. As expected, we found no association between katG mutation and the level of ETH resistance. Mutations within the ethA and inhA structural genes were associated with relatively high levels of ETH resistance. Approximately 76% of isolates resistant to greater than or equal to50 mug of ETH per ml had such mutations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morlock, GP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Mail Stop F-08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 132 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 12 BP 3799 EP 3805 DI 10.1128/AAC.47.12.3799-3805.2003 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 749LG UT WOS:000186921500023 PM 14638486 ER PT J AU Yigit, H Queenan, AM Rasheed, JK Biddle, JW Domenech-Sanchez, A Alberti, S Bush, K Tenover, FC AF Yigit, H Queenan, AM Rasheed, JK Biddle, JW Domenech-Sanchez, A Alberti, S Bush, K Tenover, FC TI Carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella oxytoca harboring carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC-2 SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; IMIPENEM RESISTANCE; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; ENTEROBACTER-AEROGENES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CLINICAL ISOLATE; UNITED-STATES; CLASS-A; PNEUMONIAE AB We investigated a Klebsiella oxytoca isolate demonstrating resistance to imipenem, meropenem, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and aztreonam. The MICs of both imipenem and meropenem were 32 mug/ml. The beta-lactamase activity against imipenem and meropenem was inhibited in the presence of clavulanic acid. Isoelectric focusing studies demonstrated five beta-lactamases with pIs of 8.2 (SHV-46), 6.7 (KPC-2), 6.5 (unknown), 6.4 (probable OXY-2), and 5.4 (TEM-1). The presence of the bla(SHV) and bla(TEM) genes was confirmed by specific PCR assays and DNA sequence analysis. Transformation and conjugation studies with Escherichia coli showed that the beta-lactamase with a pI of 6:7, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2), was encoded on an approximately 70-kb conjugative plasmid that also carried SHV-46, TEM-1, and the beta-lactamase with a pI of 6.5. The bla(KPC-2) determinant was cloned in E. coli and conferred resistance to imipenem, meropenem, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and aztreonam. The amino acid sequence of KPC-2 showed a single amino acid difference, S174G, when compared with KPC-1, another carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from K. pneumoniae 1534. Hydrolysis studies showed that purified KPC-2 hydrolyzed not only carbapenems but also penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam. KPC-2 had the highest affinity for meropenem. The kinetic studies revealed that KPC-2 was inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. An examination of the outer membrane proteins of the parent K oxytoca strain demonstrated that it expressed detectable levels of OmpK36 (the homolog, of OmpC) and a higher-molecular-weight OmpK35 (the homolog of OmpF). Thus, carbapenem resistance in K. oxytoca 3127 is due to production of the Bush group 2f, class A, carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC-2. This beta-lactamase is likely located on a transposon that is part of a conjugative plasmid and thus has a very high potential for dissemination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot G08, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Pharmaceut Res Inst, Wallingford, CT 06492 USA. RW Johnson Pharmaceut Res Inst, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA. Hosp Son Dureta, Unidad Invest, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Spain. Univ Islas Baleares, Area Microbiol, Palma de Mallorca 07071, Spain. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot G08, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Alberti, Sebastian/H-2490-2013 OI Alberti, Sebastian/0000-0003-0020-6861 NR 46 TC 120 Z9 138 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 12 BP 3881 EP 3889 DI 10.1128/AAC.47.12.3881-3889.2003 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 749LG UT WOS:000186921500035 PM 14638498 ER PT J AU Ko, G Cromeans, TL Sobsey, MD AF Ko, G Cromeans, TL Sobsey, MD TI Detection of infectious adenovirus in cell culture by mRNA reverse transcription-PCR SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SUBGROUP-F ADENOVIRUSES; NESTED-PCR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; VIRUS; GASTROENTERITIS; AMPLIFICATION; WATERS; IDENTIFICATION; ENTEROVIRUSES AB We have developed and evaluated the reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detection of mRNA in cell culture to assay infectious adenoviruses (Ads) by using Ad type 2 (Ad2) and Ad41 as models. Only infectious Ads are detected because they are the only ones able to produce mRNA during replication in cell culture. Three primer sets for RT-PCR amplification of mRNA were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity: a conserved region of late mRNA transcript encoding a virion structural hexon protein and detecting a wide range of human Ads and two primer sets targeting a region of an early mRNA transcript that specifically detects either Ad2 and Ad5 or Ad40 and Ad41. The mRNAs of infected A549 and Graham 293 cells were recovered from cell lysates with oligo(dT) at different time periods after infection and treated with RNase-free DNase to remove residual contaminating DNA, and then Ad mRNA was detected by RT-PCR assay. The mRNA of Ad2 was detected as early as 6 h after infection at 106 infectious units (W) per cell culture and after longer incubation times at levels as low as 1 to 2 IU per cell culture. The mRNA of Ad41 was detected as soon as 24 h after infection at 106 IU per cell culture and at levels as low as 5 IU per cell culture after longer incubation times. To confirm the detection of only infectious viruses, it was shown that no mRNA was detected from Ad2 and Ad41 inactivated by free chlorine or high doses of collimated, monochromatic (254-nm) UV radiation. Detection of Ad2 mRNA exactly coincided with the presence of virus infectivity detected by cytopathogenic effects in cell cultures, but mRNA detection occurred sooner. These results suggest that mRNA detection by RT-PCR assay in inoculated cell cultures is a very sensitive, specific, and rapid method by which to detect infectious Ads in water and other environmental samples. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Ko, G (reprint author), 1200 Herman Pressler,RAS W-634, Houston, TX 77225 USA. NR 32 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 69 IS 12 BP 7377 EP 7384 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.12.7377-7384.2003 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 753LZ UT WOS:000187234000052 PM 14660388 ER PT J AU Koss, T Carter, EL Grossman, ME Silvers, DN Rabinowitz, AD Singleton, J Zaki, SR Paddock, CD AF Koss, T Carter, EL Grossman, ME Silvers, DN Rabinowitz, AD Singleton, J Zaki, SR Paddock, CD TI Increased detection of Rickettsialpox in a New York City hospital following the Anthrax Outbreak of 2001 - Use of immunohistochemistry for the rapid confirmation of cases in an era of bioterrorism SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN-SPOTTED-FEVER; IDENTIFICATION; MANAGEMENT; INFECTION AB Background: Rickettsialpox is a self-limited febrile illness with skin lesions that may be mistaken for signs of potentially more serious diseases, such as cutaneous anthrax or chickenpox. The cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases from bioterrorism in October 2001 likely heightened awareness of and concern for cutaneous eschars. Objectives: To apply an immunohistochemical technique on paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens for diagnosing rickettsialpox, and to compare the reported incidence of rickettsialpox before, during, and after the cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases. Design: Case series. Setting: Dermatology department in a large tertiary care hospital in New York City. Patients: Eighteen consecutive patients with the clinical diagnosis of rickettsialpox from February 23, 2001, through October 31, 2002. Main Outcome Measures: Results of immunohisto-chemical testing of skin biopsy specimens and of serological testing. Results: Immunohistochemical testing revealed spotted fever group rickettsiae in all 16 eschars and in 5 of the 9 papulovesicles tested. A 4-fold or greater increase in IgG antibody titers reactive with Rickettsia akari was observed in all 9 patients for whom acute and convalescent phase samples were available; 6 patients had single titers indicative of rickettsialpox infection (greater than or equal to1.64). Of the 18 patients, 9 (50%) presented in the 5 months following the bioterrorism attacks. Conclusions: Rickettsialpox remains endemic in New York City, and the bioterrorism attacks of October 2001 may have led to increased awareness and detection of this disease. Because rickettsialpox may be confused with more serious diseases, such as cutaneous anthrax or chickenpox, clinicians should be familiar with its clinical presentation and diagnostic features. Immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsy specimens, particularly from eschars, is a sensitive technique for confirming the clinical diagnosis. C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Dermatol, New York, NY 10032 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Koss, T (reprint author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Dermatol, 161 Fort Washington Ave,12th Floor, New York, NY 10032 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 139 IS 12 BP 1545 EP 1552 DI 10.1001/archderm.139.12.1545 PG 8 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 753KP UT WOS:000187230800002 PM 14676069 ER PT J AU Ruparelia, S Unger, ER Nisenbaum, R Derkay, CS Reeves, WC AF Ruparelia, S Unger, ER Nisenbaum, R Derkay, CS Reeves, WC TI Predictors of remission in juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis SO ARCHIVES OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD & NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article ID INTRALESIONAL CIDOFOVIR; DISEASE; CHILDREN AB Objective: To determine factors associated with remis sion of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP). Design: Longitudinal study. Setting: Twenty-two tertiary care centers located across the United States. Study Participants and Methods: The study included 165 patients diagnosed as having JORRP between January 1, 1997. and December 31, 2000. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine associations between predictors and remission. Interventions: Surgical excision and drug therapy Main Outcome Measures: Remission of JORRP, defined as no surgical procedures for at least 1 year, asassociated with age at diagnosis, drug therapy in the first year after diagnosis, number of surgical procedures in the first year after diagnosis, and number of anatomical sites of disease at diagnosis. Demographic factors (sex and race) and Medicaid status were also evaluated. Results: Older age at diagnosis was positively associated with remission of JORRP (hazards ratio for every increase of 1 year in age, 1. 13; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.23). Conclusions: Younger children were found to have persistent disease and often underwent an increased number of surgical procedures in the first year after diagnosis of JORRP. Sex and race were not important factors in determining remission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. RP Reeves, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS A-15, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0886-4470 J9 ARCH OTOLARYNGOL JI Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 129 IS 12 BP 1275 EP 1278 DI 10.1001/archotol.129.12.1275 PG 4 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA 752QK UT WOS:000187178500003 PM 14676151 ER PT J AU Mazzoleni, JD Whitworth, WC Eudy, GE Lim, SS Morris, R Conn, DL McNicholl, J AF Mazzoleni, JD Whitworth, WC Eudy, GE Lim, SS Morris, R Conn, DL McNicholl, J TI High sensitivity and specificity of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies for rheumatoid arthritis in African Americans. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 67th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American-College-of-Rheumatology/38th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Association-of-Rheumatology-Health-Professionals CY OCT 23-28, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Rheumatol Diagnost Lab Inc, Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 48 IS 12 BP 3620 EP 3620 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 752QR UT WOS:000187179100047 ER PT J AU Mazzoleni, JD Whitworth, WC Eudy, GE Lim, SS Morris, R Conn, DL McNicholl, J AF Mazzoleni, JD Whitworth, WC Eudy, GE Lim, SS Morris, R Conn, DL McNicholl, J TI Moderate association of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies with disease severity in African Americans with rheumatoid arthritis with 5 years or less duration. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 67th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American-College-of-Rheumatology/38th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Association-of-Rheumatology-Health-Professionals CY OCT 23-28, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Rheumatol Diagnost Lab Inc, Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 48 IS 12 BP 3634 EP 3634 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 752QR UT WOS:000187179100072 ER PT J AU Yang, QH Atkinson, M Erickson, JD AF Yang, QH Atkinson, M Erickson, JD TI Method of weighted proportion of reproductive-aged women taking folic acid supplements to predict a neural tube defect rate decline SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neural tube defects (NTDs); age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs); weighted proportion; FA; childbearing; bias ID FORTIFICATION; PREVENTION; PREVALENCE; VITAMIN AB BACKGROUND: Neural tube defect (NTD) rates can be lowered by increased consumption of folic acid (FA) by women before and during early pregnancy. The crude proportion of reproductive-aged women taking FA supplements has been used to predict a decline of the NTD rate in the general population. In this study we examine the potential error in using the crude proportion to predict NTD risk reduction, and offer an alternative method. METHODS: The crude proportion measures the number of women taking FA. It ignores the substantial variability by maternal age in the probability of giving birth. Age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) reflect the probability that a woman in a specific age group will give birth in a given year. In this study, we show how to calculate a proportion weighted by ASFRs to predict a decline in the NTD rate, and to assess the effectiveness of FA consumption in preventing NTDs. RESULTS: Our results show that a crude proportion of 50% of women (15-49 years old) taking FA is associated with a range of 24-77% in weighted proportions. Assuming a 40% risk reduction from taking 400 jig of FA daily, the expected NTD rate decline could vary from 9.6% to 30.6%, depending on the age distribution of women taking FA. CONCLUSIONS: The ASFR-weighted proportion estimates the proportion of babies born to women taking FA, as opposed to the crude proportion of women taking FA. We recommend using the ASFR-weighted proportion to predict an NTD rate decline and measure the success of FA education campaigns. We found that when women in high-fertility age groups increased their FA consumption, the decline in the NTD rate was greater than when women in low-fertility age groups did so. Our findings suggest that the more efficient approach to NTD prevention is to focus on women with a higher probability of giving birth. For example, by focusing on <50% of women of childbearing age (20-34 years), as much as 76% of the maximum NTD rate reduction can be achieved. 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc(dagger). C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Div Birth Defects& Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Yang, QH (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Div Birth Defects& Dev Disabil, Mail Stop E-86,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-0752 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES A JI Birth Defects Res. Part A-Clin. Mol. Teratol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 12 BP 959 EP 967 DI 10.1002/bdra.10127 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 756BF UT WOS:000187445400002 PM 14745914 ER PT J AU Roghmann, M Ball, K Erdman, D Lovchik, J Anderson, LJ Edelman, R AF Roghmann, M Ball, K Erdman, D Lovchik, J Anderson, LJ Edelman, R TI Active surveillance for respiratory virus infections in adults who have undergone bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation SO BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article DE respiratory virus infection; epidemiology; outcome; adults; diagnosis/viral culture; diagnosis/polymerase chain reaction ID SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; RECIPIENTS; PCR AB Community-acquired respiratory virus ( RV) infections are an important cause of disease in immunocompromised adults with cancer. To investigate the viral etiology, incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of RV infections in an outpatient cohort of adult bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients, we monitored 62 outpatient volunteers from January 1 to April 30, 2001. A nasopharyngeal aspirate was collected from subjects when they reported new respiratory symptoms and tested for RV ( influenza A, influenza B, human parainfluenza 1 - 3, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus) by culture and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Of 62 subjects enrolled, 27% had received allogeneic SCT and 45% were within 1 year of their transplant. In all, 35 participants (56%) reported 37 episodes of respiratory symptoms. Of the 37 specimens tested, five (14%) were positive for RV by culture and 20 (54%) were positive by RT-PCR. Only six patients with RV infections developed lower respiratory tract illnesses; these patients had received either autologous or allogeneic transplants and developed illnesses between 41 and 2666 days post transplant. Although RV infections were common in SCT outpatients during the RV season, most participants had upper respiratory tract infections, which resolved without the need for hospitalization. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med,Epidemiol Sect, VA Maryland Hlth Care Syst,Med Care Clin Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med,Div Healthcare Outco, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Geog Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Roghmann, M (reprint author), 100 N Greene St Lower Level, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. OI Roghmann, Mary-Claire/0000-0003-1063-9257 FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI-85342] NR 18 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0268-3369 J9 BONE MARROW TRANSPL JI Bone Marrow Transplant. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1085 EP 1088 DI 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704257 PG 4 WC Biophysics; Oncology; Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation SC Biophysics; Oncology; Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation GA 744MB UT WOS:000186635300006 PM 14625580 ER PT J AU Cheng, YJ Macera, CA Addy, CL Sy, FS Wieland, D Blair, SN AF Cheng, YJ Macera, CA Addy, CL Sy, FS Wieland, D Blair, SN TI Effects of physical activity on exercise tests and respiratory function SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; LUNG-FUNCTION; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; LIFE-STYLE; MORTALITY; MEN; REHABILITATION; SMOKING; DECLINE AB Background: Exercise is an important component of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic lung disease. Objective: To explore the role of physical activity in maintaining cardiac and respiratory function in healthy people. Methods: Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by a maximal treadmill test (MTT), and respiratory function was tested by spirometry. The cross sectional study included data from 24 536 healthy persons who were examined at the Cooper Clinic between 1971 and 1995; the longitudinal study included data from 5707 healthy persons who had an initial visit between 1971 and 1995 and a subsequent visit during the next five years. All participants were aged 25-55 years and completed a cardiorespiratory test and a medical questionnaire. Results: In the cross sectional study, after controlling for covariates, being active and not being a recent smoker were associated with better cardiorespiratory fitness and respiratory function in both men and women. In the follow up study, persons who remained or became active had better MTT than persons who remained or became sedentary. Men who remained active had higher forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) than the other groups. Smoking was related to lower cardiorespiratory fitness and respiratory function. Conclusions: Physical activity and non-smoking or smoking cessation is associated with maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness. Change in physical activity habits is associated with change in cardiorespiratory fitness, but respiratory function contributed little to this association during a five year follow up. C1 Cooper Inst, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Richland Mem Hosp, Columbia, SC USA. Cooper Inst, Dallas, TX USA. RP Cheng, YJ (reprint author), 2858 Woodcock Blvd,Davidson Bldg,K-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 30 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 16 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0306-3674 J9 BRIT J SPORT MED JI Br. J. Sports Med. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 6 BP 521 EP 528 DI 10.1136/bjsm.37.6.521 PG 8 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 751YN UT WOS:000187118300014 PM 14665592 ER PT J AU Norman, SA Berlin, JA Weber, AL Strom, BL Daling, JR Weiss, LK Marchbanks, PA Bernstein, L Voigt, LF McDonald, JA Ursin, G Liff, JM Burkman, RT Malone, KE Simon, MS Folger, SG Deapen, D Wingo, PA Spirtas, R AF Norman, SA Berlin, JA Weber, AL Strom, BL Daling, JR Weiss, LK Marchbanks, PA Bernstein, L Voigt, LF McDonald, JA Ursin, G Liff, JM Burkman, RT Malone, KE Simon, MS Folger, SG Deapen, D Wingo, PA Spirtas, R TI Combined effect of oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE breast neoplasms; case control studies; hormone replacement therapy; oral contraceptives; risk factors ID ESTROGEN-PROGESTIN-REPLACEMENT; PLUS PROGESTIN; MAMMARY-GLAND; AGE; PROLIFERATION; REGIMENS; DISEASE; HEALTH; MODEL AB Objective: We examined breast cancer risk related to lifetime exposure to oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women. Methods: The Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences (CARE) Study was a population-based case control study that included 1847 postmenopausal women with incident invasive breast cancer, and 1932 control subjects, identified using random digit dialing. Results: 45% of cases and 49% of controls used both OCs and HRT. OC users were not at increased risk regardless of subsequent HRT exposure. HRT users who had used OCs previously did not have a higher risk of breast cancer than women with no exposure to OCs. We observed a negative interaction (p-value: 0.032) of combined hormone replacement therapy (CHRT) and past OC use. The increase in risk with CHRT was stronger in women who had never used OCs in the past ( odds ratio: 1.05; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 - 1.10 per year of exclusive CHRT use) than in women who had used OCs ( odds ratio: 1.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.97 - 1.03). Conclusions: We found no indication that adverse effects of exposure to OCs or HRT appeared only in the presence of the other hormone or were exacerbated by exposure to the other hormone. C1 Univ Penn, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Wayne State Univ, Karmanos Canc Inst, Populat Studies & Prevent Program, Detroit, MI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Henry Ford Hlth Syst, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Detroit, MI USA. Wayne State Univ, Karmanos Canc Inst, Dept Internal Med, Detroit, MI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. NICHHD, Populat Res Ctr, Contracept & Reprod Hlth Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Norman, SA (reprint author), Univ Penn, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, 801 Blockley Hall,423 Guaridan Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CN-65064, N01-PC-67010, N01-CN-0532, N01-PC-67006]; NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-3-3174, Y01-HD-7022, N01-HD-3-3176, N01-HD-3-3175, N01-HD-3-3168, N01-HD-2-3166] NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD DEC PY 2003 VL 14 IS 10 BP 933 EP 943 DI 10.1023/B:CACO.0000007967.25865.29 PG 11 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 752WP UT WOS:000187199400004 PM 14750532 ER PT J AU Haber, P DeStefano, F AF Haber, P DeStefano, F TI Untitled SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID ADVERSE EVENTS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Haber, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Safety Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1521-6616 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL JI Clin. Immunol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 109 IS 3 BP 359 EP 359 DI 10.1016/j.clim.2003.08.013 PG 1 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 756XM UT WOS:000187511100015 PM 14697752 ER PT J AU Mandell, LA Bartlett, JG Dowell, SF File, TM Musher, DM Whitney, C AF Mandell, LA Bartlett, JG Dowell, SF File, TM Musher, DM Whitney, C TI Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; IN-VITRO ACTIVITY; LONG-TERM-CARE; PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITOR OSELTAMIVIR; RAPID IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY; HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; YERSINIA-PESTIS INFECTION C1 McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Summa Hlth Syst, Akron, OH USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Mandell, LA (reprint author), Henderson Gen Hosp, 5th Fl,Wing 40,Rm 503,711 Concess St, Hamilton, ON L8V 1C3, Canada. NR 234 TC 622 Z9 675 U1 2 U2 22 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1405 EP 1432 DI 10.1086/380488 PG 28 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 743LD UT WOS:000186572500001 PM 14614663 ER PT J AU Plouffe, JF Breiman, RF Fields, BS Herbert, M Inverso, J Knirsch, C Kolokathis, A Marrie, TJ Nicolle, L Schwartz, DB AF Plouffe, JF Breiman, RF Fields, BS Herbert, M Inverso, J Knirsch, C Kolokathis, A Marrie, TJ Nicolle, L Schwartz, DB TI Azithromycin in the treatment of Legionella pneumonia requiring hospitalization SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; CHLAMYDIA-PNEUMONIAE; PNEUMOPHILA; THERAPY; EFFICACY; ERYTHROMYCIN; MULTICENTER; DIAGNOSIS; SURVEILLANCE AB Azithromycin is highly active against Legionella pneumophila and has been shown to be efficacious in animal models and in clinical studies of patients with legionnaires disease. This open, prospective, multicenter trial evaluated azithromycin for the treatment of legionnaires disease. Twenty-five hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia and a positive result of a L. pneumophila serogroup 1 urinary antigen assay received monotherapy with intravenous azithromycin (500 mg/day) for 2-7 days, followed by oral azithromycin (1500 mg administered over the course of 3 or 5 days). The mean total duration of intravenous plus oral therapy was 7.92 days. The overall cure rate among clinically evaluable patients was 95% (20 of 21 patients) at 10 14 days after therapy and 96% (22 of 23 patients) at 4-6 weeks after therapy. The results of this study support previously reported data demonstrating that azithromycin is both safe and efficacious for the treatment of hospitalized patients with legionnaires disease. C1 Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Mt Carmel Med Ctr, Columbus, OH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Pfizer, New York, NY USA. Albany VA Hosp, Albany, NY USA. Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. RP Plouffe, JF (reprint author), 1094 Strathaven Ct E, Worthington, OH 43085 USA. NR 42 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1475 EP 1480 DI 10.1086/379329 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 743LD UT WOS:000186572500008 PM 14614670 ER PT J AU Kalluri, P Crowe, C Reller, M Gaul, L Hayslett, J Barth, S Eliasberg, S Ferreira, J Holt, K Bengston, S Hendricks, K Sobel, J AF Kalluri, P Crowe, C Reller, M Gaul, L Hayslett, J Barth, S Eliasberg, S Ferreira, J Holt, K Bengston, S Hendricks, K Sobel, J TI An outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with food sold at a salvage store in Texas SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CHEESE AB Foodborne botulism is caused by potent neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum. We investigated a large outbreak of foodborne botulism among church supper attendees in Texas. We conducted a cohort study of attendees and investigated the salvage store that sold the implicated foods. We identified 15 cases of botulism (40%) among 38 church supper attendees. Nine patients (60%) had botulinum toxin type A detected in stool specimens. The diagnosis was delayed in 3 cases. Fifteen (63%) of 24 attendees who ate a chili dish developed botulism (relative risk, undefined; P<.001). The chili dish was prepared with "brand X" or "brand Y" frozen chili, "brand Z" canned chili, and hot dogs. An unopened container of brand X chili yielded type A toxin. Brand X chili was purchased at a salvage store where perishable foods were inadequately refrigerated. Our investigation highlights the need to improve clinicians' awareness of botulism. More rigorous and more unannounced inspections may be necessary to detect food mishandling at salvage stores. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30030 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. US FDA, Off Regulatory Affairs, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kalluri, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30030 USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1490 EP 1495 DI 10.1086/379326 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 743LD UT WOS:000186572500010 PM 14614672 ER PT J AU Cooksey, RC AF Cooksey, RC TI Recent advances in laboratory procedures for pathogenic mycobacteria SO CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; REPETITIVE DNA-SEQUENCES; LINE PROBE ASSAY; LOW COPY NUMBERS; NEW-YORK-CITY; TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX; RIFAMPIN RESISTANCE; NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA AB Just as tuberculosis has persisted for many centuries as one of most serious and deadly infectious diseases in many parts of the world, so has the motivation to develop improved laboratory methods for characterizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Modern technology has lead to great improvements in mycobacteriology laboratory procedures, particularly in detection, identification, epidemiologic strain typing, and drug susceptibility testing. Although the usefulness of some of these newer methods is under evaluation, many already are showing potential as adjuncts to clinical diagnostic procedures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cooksey, RC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Mail Stop F08,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 116 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0272-2712 J9 CLIN LAB MED JI Clin. Lab. Med. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 801 EP + DI 10.1016/S0272-2712(03)00085-4 PG 22 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 755TM UT WOS:000187427600004 PM 14711093 ER PT J AU Zheng, DP Frey, TK Icenogle, J Katow, S Abernathy, ES Song, KJ Xu, WB Yarulin, V Desjatskova, RG Aboudy, Y Enders, G Croxson, M AF Zheng, DP Frey, TK Icenogle, J Katow, S Abernathy, ES Song, KJ Xu, WB Yarulin, V Desjatskova, RG Aboudy, Y Enders, G Croxson, M TI Global distribution of rubella virus genotypes SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RT-PCR ASSAY; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; CONGENITAL-RUBELLA; ORAL FLUID; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DIAGNOSIS; AMERICA; SURVEILLANCE; PREVENTION AB Phylogenetic analysis of a collection of 103 El gene sequences from rubella viruses isolated from 17 countries from 1961 to 2000 confirmed the existence of at least two genotypes. Rubella genotype I (RGI) isolates, predominant in Europe, Japan, and the Western Hemisphere, segregated into discrete subgenotypes; international subgenotypes present in the 1960s and 1970s were replaced by geographically restricted subgenotypes after similar to1980. Recently, active subgenotypes include one in the United States and Latin America, one in China, and a third that apparently originated in Asia and spread to Europe and North America, starting in 1997, indicating the recent emergence of an international subgenotype. A virus that potentially arose as a recombinant between two RGI subgenotypes was discovered. Rubella genotype II (RGII) showed greater genetic diversity than did RGI and may actually consist of multiple genotypes. RGII viruses were limited to Asia and Europe; RGI viruses were also present in most of the countries where RGII viruses were isolated. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan. Korea Univ, Seoul 136701, South Korea. Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China. Inst Viral Preparat, Moscow, Russia. Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. Inst Virol Infectiol & Epidemiol, Stuttgart, Germany. Auckland Hosp, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Frey, TK (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI021389, AI21389] NR 24 TC 37 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1523 EP 1530 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 753TX UT WOS:000187247600003 PM 14720390 ER PT J AU Bausch, DG Borchert, M Grein, T Roth, C Swanepoel, R Libande, ML Talarmin, A Bertherat, E Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ Tugume, B Colebunders, R Konde, KM Pirard, P Olinda, LL Rodier, GR Campbell, P Tomori, O Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE AF Bausch, DG Borchert, M Grein, T Roth, C Swanepoel, R Libande, ML Talarmin, A Bertherat, E Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ Tugume, B Colebunders, R Konde, KM Pirard, P Olinda, LL Rodier, GR Campbell, P Tomori, O Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE TI Risk factors for Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS-DISEASE; EQUATORIAL AFRICA; ANTIBODIES; EBOLA; POPULATIONS; INFECTIONS; PREVALENCE; FOREST; KENYA AB We conducted two antibody surveys to assess risk factors for Marburg hemorrhagic fever in an area of confirmed Marburg virus transmission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Questionnaires were administered and serum samples tested for Marburg-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fifteen (2%) of 912 participants in a general village cross-sectional antibody survey were positive for Marburg immunoglobulin G antibody. Thirteen (87%) of these 15 were men who worked in the local gold mines. Working as a miner (odds ratio [OR] 13.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1 to 62.1) and receiving injections (OR 7.4, 95% CI 1.6 to 33.2) were associated with a positive antibody result. All 103 participants in a targeted antibody survey of healthcare workers were antibody negative. Primary transmission of Marburg virus to humans likely occurred via exposure to a still unidentified reservoir in the local mines. Secondary transmission appears to be less common with Marburg virus than with Ebola virus, the other known filovirus. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Inst Trop Med, Antwerp, Belgium. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Natl Inst Communicable Dis, Johannesburg, South Africa. Minist Hlth, Kinshasa, Zaire. Inst Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana. Le Pharo, Marseille, France. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, Uganda. WHO, AFRO, Harare, Zimbabwe. Doctors Borders, Brussels, Belgium. Doctors Borders, Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Bausch, DG (reprint author), Tulane Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Dept Trop Med, SL-17,JB Johnston Bldg,Rm 511,11430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. NR 38 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 5 U2 18 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1531 EP 1537 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 753TX UT WOS:000187247600004 PM 14720391 ER PT J AU Botvinkin, AD Poleschuk, EM Kuzmin, IV Borisova, TI Gazaryan, SV Yager, P Rupprecht, CE AF Botvinkin, AD Poleschuk, EM Kuzmin, IV Borisova, TI Gazaryan, SV Yager, P Rupprecht, CE TI Novel lyssaviruses isolated from bats in Russia SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; RABIES; VIRUS AB Two new rabies-related viruses were discovered in Russia during 2002. Viruses were isolated from bats in Eastern Siberia near Baikal Lake and in the western Caucasus Mountains. After preliminary antigenic and genetic characterization, we found that both viruses should be considered as new putative lyssavirus genotypes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Plague Control Res Inst Siberian & Far E, Irkutsk, Russia. Res Inst Nat Foci Infect, Omsk, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Krasnodar, Russia. RP Kuzmin, IV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G33, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ibk3@cdc.gov NR 13 TC 101 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 5 PU CENTERS DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA 1600 CLIFTON RD, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 EI 1080-6059 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1623 EP 1625 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 753TX UT WOS:000187247600022 PM 14720408 ER PT J AU Eberhard, ML Nace, EK Won, KY Punkosdy, GA Bishop, HS Johnston, SP AF Eberhard, ML Nace, EK Won, KY Punkosdy, GA Bishop, HS Johnston, SP TI Baylisascaris procyonis in the Metropolitan Atlanta area SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LARVA MIGRANS; ORANGE-COUNTY; NEMATODA; CALIFORNIA; SCATS; EGGS AB Baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm responsible for fatal larva migrans in humans, has long been thought to be absent from many regions in the southeastern United States. During spring 2002, 11 (22%) of 50 raccoons trapped in DeKalb County, Georgia, had B. procyonis infection. The increasing number of cases highlight this emerging zoonotic infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Eberhard, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Hwy,NE,, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1636 EP 1637 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 753TX UT WOS:000187247600026 PM 14720412 ER PT J AU Gensheimer, KF Meltzer, MI Postema, AS Strikas, RA AF Gensheimer, KF Meltzer, MI Postema, AS Strikas, RA TI Influenza pandemic preparedness SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID ECONOMIC-IMPACT; INTERVENTION; SMALLPOX; ATTACK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Dept Human Serv, Augusta, ME USA. RP Meltzer, MI (reprint author), Mailstop D59,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1645 EP 1648 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 753TX UT WOS:000187247600029 PM 14725306 ER PT J AU Jernigan, JA Stephens, DS Ashford, DA Perkins, BA AF Jernigan, JA Stephens, DS Ashford, DA Perkins, BA TI Industry-related outbreak of human anthrax SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30338 USA. RP Jernigan, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E68, Atlanta, GA 30338 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1657 EP 1657 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 753TX UT WOS:000187247600036 PM 14725313 ER PT J AU Jernigan, JA Topiel, MS Stephens, DS AF Jernigan, JA Topiel, MS Stephens, DS TI Industry-related outbreak of human anthrax - In reply SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Virtua Hlth, Mt Holly, NJ USA. RP Jernigan, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E68, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1658 EP 1659 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 753TX UT WOS:000187247600038 ER PT J AU Ogden, CL Carroll, MD Flegal, KM AF Ogden, CL Carroll, MD Flegal, KM TI Epidemiologic trends in overweight and obesity SO ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BODY-MASS INDEX; FOR-DISEASE-CONTROL; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; GENETIC INFLUENCES; YOUNG ADULTHOOD; UNITED-STATES; GROWTH CHARTS; WEIGHT-GAIN AB Obesity in adults is associated with excess mortality and excess risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, gallbladder disease, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. Overweight children often become overweight adults, and overweight in adulthood is a health risk. Although childhood overweight may not always result in excess adult health risk, immediate consequences of overweight in childhood are psychosocial and also include cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and abnormal glucose tolerance. The causes of obesity are poorly understood, and both the prevention and the treatment of obesity are difficult. In this context, the ability to track epidemiologic trends in overweight and obesity is important. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Ogden, CL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 3311 Toledo Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 78 TC 166 Z9 172 U1 1 U2 10 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0889-8529 J9 ENDOCRIN METAB CLIN JI Endocrinol. Metabol. Clin. North Amer. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 741 EP + DI 10.1016/S0889-8529(03)00074-4 PG 21 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 758AJ UT WOS:000187610100002 PM 14711060 ER PT J AU Edelman, P Osterloh, J Pirkle, J Caudill, SP Grainger, J Jones, R Blount, B Calafat, A Turner, W Feldman, D Baron, S Bernard, B Lushniak, BD Kelly, K Prezant, D AF Edelman, P Osterloh, J Pirkle, J Caudill, SP Grainger, J Jones, R Blount, B Calafat, A Turner, W Feldman, D Baron, S Bernard, B Lushniak, BD Kelly, K Prezant, D TI Biomonitoring of chemical exposure among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center fire and collapse SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE antimony; biomonitoring; dioxins; disaster; firefighters; metals; PAHs; PCBs; VOCs ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; COKE-OVEN WORKERS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; URINARY 1-HYDROXYPYRENE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ALUMINUM WORKERS; SERUM SAMPLES; BLOOD AB The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on 11 September 2001 exposed New York City firefighters to smoke and dust of unprecedented magnitude and duration. The chemicals and the concentrations produced from any fire are difficult to predict, but estimates of internal dose exposures can be assessed by the biological monitoring of blood and urine. We analyzed blood and urine specimens obtained from 321 firefighters responding to the WTC fires and collapse for 110 potentially fire-related chemicals. Controls consisted of 47 firefighters not present at the WTC. Sampling occurred 3 weeks after 11 September, while fires were still burning. When reference or background ranges were available, most chemical concentrations were found to be generally low and not outside these ranges. Compared with controls, the exposed firefighters showed significant differences in adjusted geometric means for six of the chemicals and significantly greater detection rates for an additional three. Arrival time was a significant predictor variable for four chemicals. Special Operations Command firefighters (n = 95), compared with other responding WTC firefighters (n = 226), had differences in concentrations or detection rate for 14 of the chemicals. Values for the Special Operations Command firefighters were also significantly different from the control group values for these same chemicals and for two additional chemicals. Generally, the chemical concentrations in. the other firefighter group were not different from those of controls. Biomonitoring was used to characterize firefighter exposure at the WTC disaster. Although some of the chemicals analyzed showed statistically significant differences, these differences were generally small. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. New York City Fire Dept Bur Hlth Serv, Brooklyn, NY USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pulm Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. RP Edelman, P (reprint author), Hubert H Humphrey Bldg,Room 638G,200 Independence, Washington, DC 20201 USA. NR 49 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 13 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 111 IS 16 BP 1906 EP 1911 DI 10.1289/ehp.6315 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 751BY UT WOS:000187034000037 PM 14644665 ER PT J AU Wessels, D Barr, DB Mendola, P AF Wessels, D Barr, DB Mendola, P TI Use of biomarkers to indicate exposure of children to organophosphate pesticides: Implications for a longitudinal study of children's environmental health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; blood; children; exposure; meconium; organophosphate; pesticides; study design; urine ID CENTRAL WASHINGTON-STATE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ERYTHROCYTE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY; POTENTIAL BIOMARKER; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PREGNANT-WOMEN; INFANTS HAIR; HUMAN-BLOOD AB Because of their history of widespread use in the United States and unknown long-term health effects, organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are being considered as a chemical class of interest in planning for the National Children's Study, a longitudinal study of children's environmental health. The availability and appropriate use of biomarkers to determine absorbed doses of environmental chemicals such as ON are critical issues. Biomarkers of OP exposure are typically measured in blood and urine; however, postpartum meconium has been shown to be a promising matrix for assessing cumulative in utero exposure to the fetus, and studies are currently in progress to determine the utility of using saliva and amniotic fluid as matrices. In this article, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the currently available OP exposure monitoring methods (cholinesterase inhibition in blood, pesticides in blood, metabolites in urine and alternative matrices); study design issues for a large, long-term study of children's environmental health; and current research and future research needs. Because OPs are rapidly metabolized and excreted, the utility of one-time spot measurements of OP biomarkers is questionable unless background exposure levels are relatively stable over time or a specific time frame of interest for the study is identified and samples are collected accordingly. Biomarkers of OP exposure can be a valuable tool in epidemiology of children's environmental health, as long as they are applied and interpreted appropriately. C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Mendola, P (reprint author), 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 NR 70 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 25 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 111 IS 16 BP 1939 EP 1946 DI 10.1289/ehp.6179 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 751BY UT WOS:000187034000042 PM 14644670 ER PT J AU Crump, JA Braden, CR Dey, ME Hoekstra, RM Rickelman-Apisa, JM Baldwin, DA De Fijter, SJ Nowicki, SF Koch, EM Bannerman, TL Smith, FW Sarisky, JP Hochberg, N Mead, PS AF Crump, JA Braden, CR Dey, ME Hoekstra, RM Rickelman-Apisa, JM Baldwin, DA De Fijter, SJ Nowicki, SF Koch, EM Bannerman, TL Smith, FW Sarisky, JP Hochberg, N Mead, PS TI Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 infections at multiple county agricultural fairs: a hazard of mixing cattle, concession stands and children SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; COLI O157-H7; UNITED-STATES; FARM AB Escherichia coli O157 infections cause an estimated 60 deaths and 73 000 illnesses annually in the United States. A marked summer peak in incidence is largely unexplained. We investigated an outbreak of E. coli O157 infections at an agricultural fair in Ohio and implicated consumption of beverages made with fairground water and sold by a geographically localized group of vendors who were all on the same branch of the fairground water distribution system. To examine county fair attendance as a risk factor for infection, we conducted two further epidemiological studies. In the first, we enhanced surveillance for E. coli O157 infections in 15 Northeast Ohio counties during the 2000 agricultural fair season and showed increased risk of E. coli O157 infection among fair attendees. In the second study, we examined Ohio Public Health Laboratory Information Service (PHLIS) data for 1999 using a time-varying covariate proportional hazards model and demonstrated an association between agricultural fairs and E. coli O157 infections, by county. Agricultural fair attendance is a risk factor for E. coli O157 infection in the United States and may contribute to the summer peak in incidence. Measures are needed to reduce transmission of enteric pathogens at agricultural fairs. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Medina Cty Combined Gend Hlth Dist, Medina, OH USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Crump, JA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MS A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Bannerman, Tammy/E-2694-2011; OI Hochberg, Natasha/0000-0002-5449-9973 NR 16 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 131 IS 3 BP 1055 EP 1062 DI 10.1017/S0950268803001237 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 774QX UT WOS:000188995600004 PM 14959770 ER PT J AU Gary, TL Narayan, KMV Gregg, EW Beckles, GLA Saaddine, JB AF Gary, TL Narayan, KMV Gregg, EW Beckles, GLA Saaddine, JB TI Racial/ethnic differences in the healthcare experience (coverage, utilization, and satisfaction) of US adults with diabetes SO ETHNICITY & DISEASE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Congress of Epidemiology CY JUN 13-16, 2001 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE racial/ethnic differences; diabetes; healthcare insurance; healthcare coverage; healthcare utilization; healthcare satisfaction; health status; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; BRFSS; national data ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; DISEASE RISK-FACTORS; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; ETHNIC-DIFFERENCES; RACIAL-DIFFERENCES; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; UNITED-STATES; MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION; INSURANCE COVERAGE; SELF-MANAGEMENT AB Objective: To examine racial/ethnic differences in healthcare coverage, utilization, and satisfaction, among US adults with diabetes. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 9443 adults with diabetes who participated in the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a telephone survey of the civilian non-institutionalized US population aged greater than or equal to18 yrs. Main Outcome Measures: We compared healthcare coverage, utilization, and satisfaction across 4 race/ethnicity categories: non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), Hispanics (HSP), and others, and examined whether these factors were associated with self-rated health status. Results: By self-report, more NHB (14.8%), HSP (20.7%), and members of other races (21.8%) were uninsured, compared to NHW (6.4%). Similarly, cost was a barrier to visiting a doctor for 23.9% of HSP, 19.5% of NHB, and 13.4% of members of other races; however, only 8.2%. of non-Hispanic Whites reported cost as a barrier. More NHW (90.1%) and NHB (90.7) reported having had a check-up in the past year, compared to HSP (84.5%) or others (84.1%), All 3 variables exhibited significant differences by race or ethnicity (all P<.01). After adjustment for age, sex, income, education, and insulin use, the association with race/ethnicity persisted for health insurance coverage (P<.001), and for cost as a barrier (P<.003). Reporting cost as a barrier to visiting a doctor (P=.013), and rating one's overall health care as fair or poor (P=.001), were associated with poorer health status. Conclusions: These results suggest that ethnic minorities with diabetes report less healthcare coverage and more cost-related barriers to utilization, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Persons with fair/poor health status were more likely to report cost barriers and poor satisfaction. Future research should focus on the reasons for such differences and on interventions to improve health care for minority populations. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabete Translat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gary, TL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM tgary@jhsph.edu RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 45 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU INT SOC HYPERTENSION BLACKS-ISHIB PI ATLANTA PA 100 AUBURN AVE NE STE 401, ATLANTA, GA 30303-2527 USA SN 1049-510X J9 ETHNIC DIS JI Ethn. Dis. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 802ML UT WOS:000220167500008 PM 12723012 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Giles, WH AF Ford, ES Giles, WH TI Changes in prevalence of nonfatal coronary heart disease in the United States from 1971-1994 SO ETHNICITY & DISEASE LA English DT Article DE angina pectoris; coronary disease; ethnic groups; health surveys; myocardial; infarction; prevalence; United States ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; CHOLESTEROL-EDUCATION-PROGRAM; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; ROSE QUESTIONNAIRE ANGINA; CASE-FATALITY RATES; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK; Q-WAVE; MEDICAL RECORDS; SECULAR TRENDS AB Objective: To examine temporal trends in the prevalence of nonfatal coronary heart disease in the United States. Design: Four national cross-sectional health surveys: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I (1971-1975), NHANES II (1976-1980), NHANES III (1988-1994), and Hispanic HANES (HHANES) (1982-1984). Setting: United States. Participants: Persons aged 40-74 years. Main Outcome Measurements: Prevalence of angina, self-reported myocardial infarction, and electrocardiographically defined myocardial infarction (ECG-MI). Results: Generally, the age-adjusted prevalence of angina pectoris was higher among women than men, but the reverse was true for self-reported myocardial infarction and ECG-MI. Increases in the prevalence of angina pectoris occurred for Mexican-American men and women, and African-American women, but were not statistically significant for the latter. Age-adjusted rates of self-reported myocardial infarction increased among African-American men (P=.019) and women (P=.005) and Mexican-American men (P>.05), but decreased among White men (P>.05) and women (P>.05). The prevalence of age-adjusted ECG-MI decreased among African-American men and women, White women, and to a lesser degree, White men; however, none of these decreases were statistically significant. Relative standard errors for ECG-MI prevalence in NHANES I and II among African Americans were large; therefore, prevalence trends need to be interpreted cautiously. Conclusions: The decreases in ECG-MI could be due either to decreased incidence of coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction, or increases in the rates of timely cardiac interventions that minimize damage to the myocardium. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop K-66, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM esf2@cdc.gov NR 57 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT SOC HYPERTENSION BLACKS-ISHIB PI ATLANTA PA 100 AUBURN AVE NE STE 401, ATLANTA, GA 30303-2527 USA SN 1049-510X J9 ETHNIC DIS JI Ethn. Dis. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 85 EP 93 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 802ML UT WOS:000220167500013 PM 12723017 ER PT J AU Williams, SG Wharton, AR Falter, KH French, E Redd, SC AF Williams, SG Wharton, AR Falter, KH French, E Redd, SC TI Retention factors for participants of an inner-city community-based asthma intervention study SO ETHNICITY & DISEASE LA English DT Article DE asthma; community-based; intervention; pediatric; retention ID CLINICAL-TRIAL; PREVENTION AB Participant retention is a significant challenge for asthma field trials examining the effectiveness of prevention strategies in inner-city communities. Here, the authors evaluate factors associated with participant retention in an inner-city, pediatric, asthma intervention trial in Atlanta, Georgia, during 1998-2000. Demographic, clinical, residential, personnel, and logistical variables were analyzed by chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum nonparametric tests to compare children who remained in the asthma study with those who were dropped. Of the 489 participants, 486 (99%) were African-American, 467 (96%) were non-Hispanic, 281 (57%) were male, and 142 (29%) remained in the study. of the 347 dropouts, 149 (43%) were dropped because of missing study visits. Retention rates were significantly higher (P<.05) for participants enrolled in the second year of the study (2nd yr=43%, 1st yr=19%), for those who lived longer at the same residence ( greater than or equal to3 yrs=36%. 2-3 yrs-26%, 1-<2 yr-22%), and for those enrolled during a face-to-face follow-up home visit, rather than at the emergency department (ED) (follow-up-38%, ED-27%). Neither sex nor enrollment season were associated with retention. These findings underscore the importance of performing a comprehensive pilot study and considering a home residency period for participant enrollment eligibility, along with alternative study methods that take into account the challenges of retaining participants. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth & Hazard Evaluat, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Williams, SG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth & Hazard Evaluat, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Mailstop E-17,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sjw9@cdc.gov NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT SOC HYPERTENSION BLACKS-ISHIB PI ATLANTA PA 100 AUBURN AVE NE STE 401, ATLANTA, GA 30303-2527 USA SN 1049-510X J9 ETHNIC DIS JI Ethn. Dis. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 118 EP 125 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 802ML UT WOS:000220167500016 PM 12723020 ER PT J AU Paluck, EC Green, LW Frankish, CJ Fielding, DW Haverkamp, B AF Paluck, EC Green, LW Frankish, CJ Fielding, DW Haverkamp, B TI Assessment of communication barriers in community pharmacies SO EVALUATION & THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS LA English DT Article DE patient-provider communication; pharmacist services; PRECEDE-PROCEED model ID PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; HEALTH PROMOTION; QUALITY; CONSULTATION; INFORMATION; EDUCATION; DISEASE AB This study identified previously reported facilitators and barriers to pharmacist-client communication and then evaluated their impact on the observed communication behaviors of pharmacists. Pharmacists (n = 100) completed a seven-page questionnaire collecting information on 11 variables that had been organized according to the Policy, Regulatory and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Ecological Development (PROCEDE) model as predisposing, enabling, or reinforcing of pharmacist communication with their clients. Demographic variables also were included. "Communication quality" served as the study's dependent variable, whereas pharmacist responses served as the independent variables. Communication quality scores for each pharmacist were obtained front the analysis of 765 audiorecordings of verbal exchanges occurring between the study pharmacists and their consenting clients during 4-hour, on-site observation periods. Four of the variables examined in the study were found to share a unique relationship with communication quality (Pharmacists' attitude, Year of graduation, adherence expectations, and outcome expectations). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the variables measured in the questionnaire accounted for 23% of the variance in communication quality scores. Plausible explanations for why the study was unable to capture more of the variance in its proposed relationships and future areas for research are provided. C1 Regina QuAppelle Hlth Reg, Regina, SK, Canada. US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Washington, DC 20201 USA. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Paluck, EC (reprint author), Regina QuAppelle Hlth Reg, Regina, SK, Canada. NR 71 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0163-2787 J9 EVAL HEALTH PROF JI Eval. Health Prof. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 26 IS 4 BP 380 EP 403 DI 10.1177/0163278703258104 PG 24 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 740BT UT WOS:000186381500002 PM 14631610 ER PT J AU Hillemeier, MM Lynch, J Harper, S Casper, M AF Hillemeier, MM Lynch, J Harper, S Casper, M TI Measuring contextual characteristics for community health SO HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE health disparity; residence characteristics; contextual data; population health; socioeconomic factors ID SELF-RATED HEALTH; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; POVERTY-AREA RESIDENCE; DISPARITIES GEOCODING PROJECT; NEIGHBORHOOD RISK-FACTORS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; BLACK-AND-WHITE; NEW-YORK-CITY; UNITED-STATES AB Objective. To conceptualize and measure community contextual influences on population health and health disparities. Data Sources. We use traditional and nontraditional secondary sources of data comprising a comprehensive array of community characteristics. Study Design. Using a consultative process, we identify 12 overarching dimensions of contextual characteristics that may affect community health, as well as specific subcomponents relating to each dimension. Data Collection. An extensive geocoded library of data indicators relating to each dimension and subcomponent for metropolitan areas in the United States is assembled. Principal Findings. We describe the development of community contextual health profiles, present the rationale supporting each of the profile dimensions, and provide examples of relevant data sources. Conclusions. Our conceptual framework for community contextual characteristics, including a specified set of dimensions and components, can provide practical ways to monitor health-related aspects of the economic, social, and physical environments in which people live. We suggest several guiding principles useful for understanding how aspects of contextual characteristics can affect health and health disparities. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Adm, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Social Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Commnity Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hillemeier, MM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Adm, 116 Henderson Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Harper, Sam/A-3406-2008; Lynch, John/A-4797-2008 OI Harper, Sam/0000-0002-2767-1053; Lynch, John/0000-0003-2781-7902 NR 171 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 9 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0017-9124 J9 HEALTH SERV RES JI Health Serv. Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1645 EP 1717 DI 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00198.x PN 2 PG 73 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 761BM UT WOS:000187879400002 PM 14727793 ER PT J AU Amler, SN De Rosa, CT Williams-Johnson, MM Jones, DE Amler, RW Wilbur, S AF Amler, SN De Rosa, CT Williams-Johnson, MM Jones, DE Amler, RW Wilbur, S TI Risk analysis, uncertainty factors, and the susceptibilities of children SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE risk analysis; children's environmental health; pediatric toxicology; health policy; minimal risk levels (MRLs); uncertainty factors (UFs) ID HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SITES; REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS; BIRTH-DEFECTS; CRITICAL WINDOWS; MANGANESE; EXPOSURE; HEALTH; RATS; METHYLMERCURY; COMMUNITIES AB This article examines the use of uncertainty factors (UFs) by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) when developing health guidance values known as minimal risk levels (MRLs) in environmental risk analysis as it applies to children. Improvements in the chemical-specific databases often reveal new information and thereby reduce uncertainty or alternatively raise new concerns. As a result, MRLs can and will change. Children, in particular, are not "small adults" and in some instances demonstrate greater risks of exposure to environmental toxicants and greater susceptibility for adverse health effects once exposed. Recent experience with risk analysis for three toxicants (organic mercury, dioxin, and manganese) is recounted to demonstrate how ATSDR has revised MRLs as the emerging science generates greater knowledge and awareness of children's special vulnerabilities to toxic substances in the environment. C1 US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Amler, SN (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd NE E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 7 BP 1701 EP 1711 DI 10.1080/10807030390260380 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 758VX UT WOS:000187673100012 ER PT J AU Jarvis, WR AF Jarvis, WR TI Benchmarking for prevention: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system experience SO INFECTION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES HOSPITALS; INTENSIVE-CARE-UNIT; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AB Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality at hospitals in the United States. Surveillance of these infections identifies secular trends and provides data upon which prevention interventions can be based in order to improve patient safety. National surveillance of healthcare-associated infections was initiated in the United States in 1970. Since that time, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system has provided standardized methods for collecting and comparing healthcare-associated infection rates and the national benchmark infection rate data for inter- and intra-hospital comparisons. The surveillance methods used and results of the implementation of these methods are reviewed. The number of hospitals participating in the CDC's national surveillance of healthcare-associated infections has grown from approximately ten to 20 hospitals in 1970 to over 300 hospitals in 2002. Over the years, NNIS system participants have used standardized definitions, standardized surveillance component protocols, risk stratification for calculation of infection rates and provided national benchmark infection rates for inter- and intra-hospital comparisons. These methods have resulted in a significant reduction in bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections and pneumonia in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and surgical site infections in surgical patients. The NNIS data show that national surveillance of healthcare-associated infections combined with an intervention prevention program can reduce infection rates, reduce morbidity and mortality and improve patient safety. Establishment of such healthcare-associated infection surveillance and prevention systems in countries throughout the world should be a priority. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop A-07, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU MMV MEDIEN & MEDIZIN VERLAGSGESELLSCHAFT MBH PI MUNICH PA NEUMARKTER STR 18, D-81673 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0300-8126 J9 INFECTION JI Infection PD DEC PY 2003 VL 31 SU 2 BP 44 EP 48 DI 10.1007/s15010-003-8231-7 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 758GP UT WOS:000187626100008 PM 15018472 ER PT J AU Tzeng, YL Noble, C Stephens, DS AF Tzeng, YL Noble, C Stephens, DS TI Genetic basis for biosynthesis of the (alpha 1 -> 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate capsule of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID POLYSIALIC ACID CAPSULE; MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; SERUM RESISTANCE; NORTHERN GHANA; SUBGROUP-III; SIALIC-ACID; GROUP-B AB The genetic basis for biosynthesis of the (alpha1-->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate capsule of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X was defined. The biosynthesis gene cassette was a similar to4.2-kb region located between ctrA of the capsule transport operon and galE, which encodes the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase. This location was identical to the locations of the biosynthesis cassettes in other meningococcal serogroups. Three open reading frames unique to meningococcus serogroup X were identified. Deletion-insertion mutation and colony immunoblotting confirmed that these three genes were essential for serogroup X capsule expression, and the genes were designated xchA, xcbB, and xcbC (serogroup (X) under bar (c) under bar apsule (b) under bar iosynthesis). Reverse transcriptase PCR indicated that the xcbABC genes form an operon and are cotranscribed divergently from ctrA. XcbA exhibited 52% amino acid similarity to SacB, the putative capsule polymerase of meningococcus serogroup A, suggesting that it plays a role as the serogroup X capsule polymerase. An IS1016 element was found within the intergenic region separating ctrA and xcbA in multiple strains, and this element did not interfere with capsule expression. C1 Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Tzeng, YL (reprint author), Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Room 5A183,1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI033517, AI33517] NR 49 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 71 IS 12 BP 6712 EP 6720 DI 10.1128/IAI.71.12.6712-6720.2003 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 747ZA UT WOS:000186835500005 PM 14638755 ER PT J AU Gaur, D Storry, JR Reid, ME Barnwell, JW Miller, LH AF Gaur, D Storry, JR Reid, ME Barnwell, JW Miller, LH TI Plasmodium falciparum is able to invade erythrocytes through a trypsin-resistant pathway independent of glycophorin B SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS CULTURE; MALARIA PARASITES; ANTI-U; INVASION; RECEPTOR; SURFACE; CELL; HETEROGENEITY; INDIVIDUALS; LIGAND AB Plasmodium falciparum invades erythrocytes through multiple ligand-receptor interactions, with redundancies in each pathway. One such alternate pathway is the trypsin-resistant pathway that enables P. falciparum to invade trypsin-treated erythrocytes. Previous studies have shown that this trypsin-resistant pathway is dependent on glycophorin B, as P. falciparum strains invade trypsin-digested glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes at a highly reduced efficiency. Furthermore, in a recent study, the P. falciparum 7G8 strain did not invade glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes, a finding that was not confirmed in the present study. To analyze the degree of dependence on glycophorin B for invasion by P. falciparum through the trypsin-resistant pathway, we have studied the invasion phenotypes of five parasite strains, 3D7, HB3, Dd2, 7G8, and Indochina I, on trypsin-treated normal and glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes. Invasion was variably reduced in glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes. Four strains, 3D7, HB3, Dd2, and Indochina 1, invaded trypsin-treated erythrocytes, while invasion by the 7G8 strain was reduced by 90%. Among the four strains, invasion by 3D7, HB3, and Dd2 of trypsin-digested glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes was further reduced. However, Indochina I invaded trypsin-digested glycophorin B-deficient erythrocytes at the same efficiency as its invasion of trypsin-digested normal erythrocytes. This strongly suggests that the Indochina I strain of P. falciparum is not dependent on glycophorin B to invade through a trypsin-resistant pathway as are the strains 3D7, HB3, and Dd2. Thus, P. falciparum is able to invade erythrocytes through a glycophorin B-independent, trypsin-resistant pathway. C1 NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vector Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. New York Blood Ctr, Immunohaematol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RP Miller, LH (reprint author), NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vector Res, NIH, 4 Ctr Dr,Bldg 4,Room B1-41, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 47 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 71 IS 12 BP 6742 EP 6746 DI 10.1128/IAI.71.12.6742-6746.2003 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 747ZA UT WOS:000186835500009 PM 14638759 ER PT J AU Sherertz, RJ Jarvis, WR AF Sherertz, RJ Jarvis, WR TI Vascular catheters inserted in the trenches versus guideline documents: Can the discrepancies be resolved? SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS; INTENSIVE-CARE; PREVENTION; IMPROVEMENT; PROPHYLAXIS; QUALITY; UNIT C1 Wake Forest Univ, Infect Dis Sect, Winston Salem, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sherertz, RJ (reprint author), Wake Forest Univ, Infect Dis Sect, Winston Salem, NC USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 12 BP 887 EP 889 DI 10.1086/502155 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753MX UT WOS:000187236100002 PM 14700402 ER PT J AU Alonso-Echanove, J Edwards, JR Richards, MJ Brennan, P Venezia, RA Keen, J Ashline, V Kirkland, K Chou, E Hupert, M Veeder, AV Speas, J Kaye, J Sharma, K Martin, A Moroz, VD Gaynes, RR AF Alonso-Echanove, J Edwards, JR Richards, MJ Brennan, P Venezia, RA Keen, J Ashline, V Kirkland, K Chou, E Hupert, M Veeder, AV Speas, J Kaye, J Sharma, K Martin, A Moroz, VD Gaynes, RR TI Effect of nurse staffing andantimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters on the risk for bloodstream infections in intensive care units SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; LUMEN SUBCLAVIAN CATHETERS; CRITICALLY ILL POPULATION; TRIPLE-LUMEN; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; CANCER-PATIENTS; SINGLE-LUMEN; PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS AB BACKGROUND: Defining risk factors for central venous catheter (CVC) -associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) is critical to establishing prevention measures, especially for factors such as nurse staffing and antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs. METHODS: We prospectively monitored CVCs, nurse staffing, and patient-related variables for CVC-associated BSIs among adults admitted to eight ICUs during 2 years. RESULTS: A total of 240 CVC-associated BSIs (2.8%) were identified among 4,535 patients, representing 8,593 CVCS. Antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs reduced the risk for CVC-associated BSI only among patients whose CVC was used to administer total parenteral nutrition (TPN, 2.6 CVC-associated BSIs per 1,000 CVC-days vs no TPN, 7.5 CVC-associated BSIs per 1,000 CVC-days; P =.006). Among patients not receiving TPN, there was an increase in the risk of CVC-associated BSI in patients cared for by "float" nurses for more than 60% of the duration of the CVC. In multivariable analysis, risk factors for CVC-associated BSIs were the use of TPN in non-antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs (P =.0001), patient cared for by a float nurse for more than 60% of CVC-days (P =.0019), no antibiotics administered to the patient within 48 hours of insertion (P =.0001), and patient unarousable for 70% or more of the duration of the CVC (P =.0001). Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) were associated with a lower risk for CVC-associated BSI (P =.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs reduced the risk of CVC-associated BSI by 66% in patients receiving TPN. Limiting the use of float nurses for ICU patients with CVCs and the use of PICCs may also reduce the risk of CVC-associated BSI. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Penn, Infect Control Dept, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Albany Med Ctr, Dept Epidemiol, Albany, NY USA. St Josephs Hosp, Infect Control Dept, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Hosp Augusta, Epidemiol Infect Control Dept, Augusta, GA USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Genesee Hosp, Infect Control Program, Rochester, NY 14607 USA. RP Gaynes, RR (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Mailstop E-55,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 70 TC 89 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 6 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 12 BP 916 EP 925 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753MX UT WOS:000187236100007 PM 14700407 ER PT J AU Braun, BI Kritchevsky, SB Wong, ES Solomon, SL Steele, L Richards, CL Simmons, BR AF Braun, BI Kritchevsky, SB Wong, ES Solomon, SL Steele, L Richards, CL Simmons, BR CA EPIC Study Grp TI Preventing central venous catheter-associated primary bloodstream infections: Characteristics of practices among hospitals participating in the Evaluation of Processes and Indicators in Infection Control (EPIC) study SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTENSIVE-CARE UNITS; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; IMPACT; SURVEILLANCE; RATES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PERFORMANCE; BACTEREMIA; MORTALITY; RISK AB OBJECTIVES: To describe the conceptual framework and methodology of the Evaluation of Processes and Indicators in Infection Control (EPIC) study and present results of CVC insertion characteristics and organizational practices for preventing BSIs. The goal of the EPIC study was to evaluate relationships among processes of care, organizational characteristics, and the outcome of BSI. DESIGN: This was a multicenter prospective observational study of variation in hospital practices related to preventing CVC-associated BSIs. Process of care information (eg, barrier use during insertions and experience of the inserting practitioner) was collected for a random sample of approximately 5 CVC insertions per month per hospital during November 1998 to December 1999. Organization demographic and practice information (eg, surveillance activities and staff and ICU nurse staffing levels) was also collected. SETTING: Medical, surgical, or medical-surgical ICUs from 55 hospitals (41 U.S. and 14 international sites). PARTICIPANTS: Process information was obtained for 3,320 CVC insertions with an average of 58.2 ( +/-16.1) insertions per hospital. Fifty-four hospitals provided policy and practice information. RESULTS: Staff spent an average of 13 hours per week in study ICU surveillance. Most patients received nontunneled, multiple lumen CVCs, of which fewer than 25% were coated with antimicrobial material. Regarding barriers, most clinicians wore masks (81.5%) and gowns (76.8%); 58.1% used large drapes. Few hospitals (18.1%) used an intravenous team to manage ICU CVCs. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial variation exists in CVC insertion practice and BSI prevention activities. Understanding which practices have the greatest impact on BSI rates can help hospitals better target improvement interventions. C1 Joint Commiss Accreditat Healthcare Org, Div Res, Oak Brook Terrace, IL USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Prevent Med, Memphis, TN 38163 USA. McGuire Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Infect Dis Sect, Richmond, VA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ Med Coll Virginia, Richmond, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Methodist Hlth Syst, Qual Management, Memphis, TN USA. RP Braun, BI (reprint author), Joint Commiss Accreditat Healthcare Org, Div Res, Oak Brook Terrace, IL USA. RI ROBERT, Jerome/C-3993-2011 OI ROBERT, Jerome/0000-0002-9380-0570 NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 12 BP 926 EP 935 DI 10.1086/502161 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753MX UT WOS:000187236100008 PM 14700408 ER PT J AU Climo, M Diekema, D Warren, DK Herwaldt, LA Perl, TM Peterson, L Plaskett, T Price, C Sepkowitz, K Solomon, S Tokars, J Fraser, VJ Wong, E AF Climo, M Diekema, D Warren, DK Herwaldt, LA Perl, TM Peterson, L Plaskett, T Price, C Sepkowitz, K Solomon, S Tokars, J Fraser, VJ Wong, E TI Prevalence of the use of central venous access devices within and outside of the intensive care unit. Results of a survey among hospitals in the prevention epicenter program of the centers for disease control and prevention SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; CATHETER-RELATED INFECTIONS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK-FACTORS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; METAANALYSIS; EDUCATION AB OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of central venous (CVC) use among patients both within and outside the ICU setting. DESIGN: A 1-day prevalence survey of CVC use among adult inpatients at six medical centers participating in the Prevention Epicenter Program of the CDC. Using a standardized form, observers at each Epicenter performed a hospital-wide survey, collecting data on CVC use. SETTING: Inpatient wards and ICUs of six large urban teaching hospitals. RESULTS: At the six medical centers, 2,459 patients were surveyed; 29% had CVCs. Among the hospitals, from 43% to 80% (mean, 59.3%) of ICU patients and from 7% to 39% (mean, 23.7%) of non-ICU patients had CVCs. Despite the lower rate of CVC use on non-ICU wards, the actual number of CVCs outside the ICUs exceeded that of the ICUs. Most catheters were inserted in the subclavian (55916) or jugular (22%) site, with femoral (6%) and peripheral (15916) sites less commonly used. The jugular (33.0% vs 16.6%; P <.001) and femoral (13.8% vs 2.7%; P <.001) sites were more frequently used in ICU patients, whereas peripherally inserted (19.9% vs 5.9%; P <.001) and subclavian (60.7% vs 47.3%; P <.001) catheters were more commonly used in non-ICU patients. CONCLUSIONS: Current surveillance and infection control efforts to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with bloodstream infections concentrate on the high-risk ICU patients with CVCs. Our survey demonstrated that two-thirds of identified CVCs were not in ICU patients and suggests that more efforts should be directed to patients with CVCs who are outside the ICU. C1 Hunter Holmes McGuire Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Richmond, VA 23249 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Iowa City, IA USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO USA. Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Evanston NW Healthcare Res Inst, Evanston, IL USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Climo, M (reprint author), Hunter Holmes McGuire Vet Affairs Med Ctr, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd,Sect 111-C, Richmond, VA 23249 USA. OI Diekema, Daniel/0000-0003-1273-0724; Warren, David/0000-0001-8679-8241 FU ODCDC CDC HHS [UR8CCU-315346-04] NR 22 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 12 BP 942 EP 945 DI 10.1086/502163 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753MX UT WOS:000187236100010 PM 14700410 ER PT J AU Wright, SB Huskins, WC Dokholyan, RS Goldmann, DA Platt, R AF Wright, SB Huskins, WC Dokholyan, RS Goldmann, DA Platt, R TI Administrative databases provide inaccurate data for surveillance of long-term central venous catheter-associated infections SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS; HOME INFUSION THERAPY; INFORMATION; SYSTEM; CARE AB BACKGROUND: Efficient methods are needed to monitor infections associated with long-term central venous catheters (CVCs) in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Automated medical records and claims data have been used for surveillance of these infections without evaluation of their accuracy or validity. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of using electronic records to identify CVC placement and design a system for identifying CVC-associated infections. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study at an HMO and two teaching hospitals in Boston, one adult (hospital A) and one pediatric (hospital B), between January 1991 and December 1997. Tunneled catheters, totally implanted catheters, and hemodialysis catheters were examined. Claims databases of both the HMO and the hospitals were searched for 10 CPT codes, 2 ICD-9 codes, and internal charge codes indicating CVC Long-term central venous catheters (CVCs) are commonly used for infusion therapy in the inpatient and ambulatory settings.' Use of these devices in ambulatory patients has become even more commonplace as a consequence of decreasing length of hospital stay and the ability to deliver more sophisticated therapies outside Of the hospital. Bloodstream infections are frequent complications of CVC use and are associated with substantial morbidity and resource utilization.(2.7) Thrombosis and mechanical dysfunction are also relatively common. Healthcare systems need surveillance systems to track these complications and to assess the effect of prevention programs. There has been extensive study of surveillance methods for CVC-associated bloodstream infection in the inpatient setting. However, these methods based on chart review and laboratory surveillance are labor intensive and unlikely to perform well in the larger healthcare system. Furthermore, there are limited data insertion. Lists were compared with each other and with medical records for correlation and accuracy. PATIENTS: All members of the HMO who had a CVC inserted at one of the two hospitals during the study period. RESULTS: There was wide variation in the CVC insertions identified in each database. Although ICD-9 codes at each hospital and CPT/ICD-9 combinations at the HMO found similar total numbers of CVCs, there was little overlap between the individuals identified (62% for hospital A with HMO and 4% for hospital B). CONCLUSION: Claims data from different sources do not identify the same CVC insertion procedures. Current administrative databases are not ready to be used for electronic surveillance of CVC-associated complications without extensive modification and validation. C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Epictr Eastern Massachusetts, Boston, MA USA. Mayo Clin, Div Pediat Infect Dis, Rochester, MN USA. Duke Univ, Duke Clin Res Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Childrens Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Vanguard Med Associates, Harvard Pilgrim Hlth Care, Dept Ambulatory Care & Prevent, Boston, MA USA. RP Wright, SB (reprint author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, 330 Brookline Ave,Mailstop SL-435, Boston, MA 02215 USA. OI Huskins, W. Charles/0000-0002-9989-175X FU ODCDC CDC HHS [UR8/CCU115079] NR 14 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 12 BP 946 EP 949 DI 10.1086/502164 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753MX UT WOS:000187236100011 PM 14700411 ER PT J AU Trick, WE Chapman, WW Wisniewski, MF Peterson, BJ Solomon, SL Weinstein, RA AF Trick, WE Chapman, WW Wisniewski, MF Peterson, BJ Solomon, SL Weinstein, RA TI Electronic interpretation of chest radiograph reports to detect central venous catheters SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; CARE; HEALTH AB OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a natural language processing system, SymText, was comparable to human interpretation of chest radiograph reports for identifying the mention of a central venous catheter (CVC), and whether use of SymText could detect patients who had a CVC.. DESIGN: To identify patients who had a CVC, we performed two surveys of hospitalized patients. Then, we obtained available reports from 104 patients who had a CVC during one of two cross-sectional surveys (ie, case-patients) and 104 randomly selected patients who did not have a CVC (ie, control-patients). SETTING: A 600-bed public teaching hospital. RESULTS: Chest radiograph reports were available from 124 of the 208 participants. Compared with human interpretation, SymText had a sensitivity of 95.8% and a specificity of 98.7%. The use of SymText to identify case- and control-patients resulted in a sensitivity of 43% and a specificity of 98%. Successful application of SymText varied significantly by venous insertion site (eg, a sensitivity of 78% for subclavian and a sensitivity of 3.7% for femoral). Twenty-six percent of the case-patients had a femoral CVC. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with human interpretation, SymText performed well in interpreting whether a report mentioned a CVC. In patient populations with less frequent CVC placement in femoral veins, the sensitivity for CVC detection likely would be higher. Applying a natural language processing system to chest radiograph reports may be a useful adjunct to other data sources to automate detection of patients who had a CVC. C1 Div Infect Dis, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. CDCP, Hlth Outcomes Branch, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Biomed Informat, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago Antimicrobial Resistance Project, Chicago, IL USA. Rush Med Coll, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Trick, WE (reprint author), Div Infect Dis, Durand Bldg,637 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. OI Chapman, Wendy/0000-0001-8702-4483 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 12 BP 950 EP 954 DI 10.1086/502165 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753MX UT WOS:000187236100012 PM 14700412 ER PT J AU Duffy, RE Couto, B Pessoa, JM Starling, C Pinheiro, S Pearson, ML Arduino, MJ Mattson, BJ Jarvis, WR AF Duffy, RE Couto, B Pessoa, JM Starling, C Pinheiro, S Pearson, ML Arduino, MJ Mattson, BJ Jarvis, WR TI Improving water quality can reduce pyrogenic reactions associated with reuse of cardiac catheters SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-USE DEVICES; REUSABLE MEDICAL DEVICES; USE DISPOSABLE CATHETERS; US HOSPITALS; RISK AB OBJECTIVE: To report the results of our preintervention investigation and subsequent 19-month three-phase intervention study designed to reduce pyrogenic reactions among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization using reprocessed catheters. DESIGN: A case-control study for the preintervention period and a prospective cohort study for the intervention period. SETTING: A 400-bed hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Any patient undergoing cardiac catheterization in the hospital. INTERVENTIONS: Three intervention phases were implemented to improve the quality of the water supplied to the cardiac catheter reprocessing laboratory. Standard operating procedures for reprocessing cardiac catheters were established and reprocessing staff were trained and educated. RESULTS: The rate of pyrogenic reactions decreased significantly during the intervention phases, from 12.8% (159 of 1,239) in phase 1 to 5.3% (38 of 712) in phase 2 to 0.5% (4 of 769) in phase 3 (chi-square test for linear trend, 97.5; P <.001). CONCLUSION: Improving water quality and using standard operating procedures for reprocessing catheters can prevent pyrogenic reactions in hospitalized patients. C1 CDCP, Div Healthcare Qual Prom, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Vera Cruz Hosp, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. RP Pearson, ML (reprint author), CDCP, Div Healthcare Qual Prom, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop E-68,1600 Clifton Rd,NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 12 BP 955 EP 960 DI 10.1086/502166 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 753MX UT WOS:000187236100013 PM 14700413 ER PT J AU Rinehart, C Sleet, DA AF Rinehart, C Sleet, DA TI Patricia Fossum Waller, PhD (1932-2003) SO INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rinehart, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS K63, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cdr6@cdc.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1353-8047 J9 INJURY PREV JI Inj. Prev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 295 EP 296 DI 10.1136/ip.9.4.295 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 771EA UT WOS:000188771600004 PM 14693887 ER PT J AU Vogel, I Thorsen, P Flyvbjerg, A Gronbaek, H AF Vogel, I Thorsen, P Flyvbjerg, A Gronbaek, H TI Albumin in vaginal fluid is a marker of infection in early pregnancy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE albumin; vaginal fluid; infection; pregnancy; preterm delivery ID PRETERM DELIVERY/ C1 Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Aarhus, Denmark. Univ Aarhus, NANEA, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, Aarhus, Denmark. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabilities, Atlanta, GA USA. Aarhus Univ Hosp, Med Dept M, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. Aarhus Univ Hosp, Med Dept 5, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. RP Vogel, I (reprint author), Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Aarhus, Denmark. OI Gronbaek, Henning/0000-0001-8998-7910 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0020-7292 J9 INT J GYNECOL OBSTET JI Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 83 IS 3 BP 307 EP 308 DI 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)00268-6 PG 2 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 751DX UT WOS:000187038500012 PM 14643045 ER PT J AU Spadano, JL Must, A Bandini, LG Dallal, GE Dietz, WH AF Spadano, JL Must, A Bandini, LG Dallal, GE Dietz, WH TI Energy cost of physical activities in 12-y-old girls: MET values and the influence of body weight SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE metabolic equivalents; body weight; children; energy expenditure; physical activity level; treadmill time ID CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; MASS INDEX; EXPENDITURE; CHILDREN; OBESE; OVERWEIGHT; MORTALITY; ADULTS AB BACKGROUND: Few data exist on the energy cost of specific activities in children. The influence of body weight on the energy cost of activity when expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs) has not been vigorously explored. OBJECTIVE: To provide MET data on five specific activities in 12-y-old girls and to test the hypothesis that measured MET values are independent of body weight. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 17 12-y-old girls, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the energy expended while sitting, standing, walking on a flat treadmill at 3.2 and at 4.8 km/h, and walking on a treadmill at a 10% incline at 4.8 km/h were measured using indirect calorimetry. MET values were calculated by dividing the energy expenditure of an activity by the subject's RMR. The influence of body weight was assessed using simple linear regression. Results: The observed METs were more consistent with published values for similar activities in adults than those offered for children. Body weight was a statistically significant predictor of the MET of all three walking activities, but not the MET of sitting or standing. Body weight explained 25% of the variance in the MET value for walking at 3.2 km/h, 39% for walking at 4.8 km/h, and 63% for walking at a 10% incline at 4.8 km/h. CONCLUSION: METs for the three walking activities were not independent of body weight. The use of average MET values to estimate the energy cost of these three activities would result in an underestimation of their energy cost in heavier girls and an overestimation in lighter girls. These results suggest that the estimation of total energy expenditure from activity diary, recall, and direct observation data using average MET values may be biased by body weight. C1 MIT, Gen Clin Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Tufts Univ, Gerald J & Dorothy R Friedman Sch Nutr Sci & Poli, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Ctr Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Spadano, JL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00088]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-50537, DK46200]; PHS HHS [5P30] NR 22 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1528 EP 1533 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802440 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 748CK UT WOS:000186844500014 PM 14634685 ER PT J AU Crawford, JT AF Crawford, JT TI Genotyping in contact investigations: a CDC perspective SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE genotyping; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; epidemiology ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX; NEW-YORK-CITY; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; IS6110; TRANSMISSION; STRAINS; POLYMORPHISM; STABILITY; OUTBREAK; ELEMENT AB Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates has been widely used to support investigations of outbreaks and as a tool for studying transmission dynamics and other aspects of tuberculosis epidemiology. Its applications to contact investigations are more limited. Targeted typing can be used to confirm or disprove suspected relationships among cases. Universal typing of isolates can be used to identify unsuspected transmission and broaden the scope of contact investigations. In order to properly use the results, one must understand the nature of the changes in the M. tuberculosis genome that produce the heterogeneity reflected in the genotypes, and understand the discriminatory power of the various methods. IS6110 fingerprinting provides the highest discriminatory power, but can be a slow process. Spoligo-typing and MIRU-VNTR are PCR-based methods that provide faster turnaround and produce digital results that facilitate comparisons. Appropriately used, isolate genotyping can be a useful adjunct to standard contact investigations. C1 CDCP, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB, Lab Res,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Crawford, JT (reprint author), CDCP, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB, Lab Res,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-08,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S453 EP S457 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900022 PM 14677837 ER PT J AU Davidow, AL Mangura, BT Wolman, MS Bur, S Reves, R Thompson, V Ford, J Reichler, MR AF Davidow, AL Mangura, BT Wolman, MS Bur, S Reves, R Thompson, V Ford, J Reichler, MR TI Workplace contact investigations in the United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; latent TB infection; prevalence; transmission ID HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; STRAIN AB SETTING: Five state tuberculosis (TB) control programs in the United States. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of and treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI) among contacts of active TB cases identified in the workplace, and to describe TB control program policies for the initiation and conduct of workplace investigations. DESIGN: Retrospective review of health department records for all culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases aged greater than or equal to 5 years reported in 1996, and their contacts. RESULTS: There were 349 cases of active TB, of whom 134 (38%) were employed. Workplace contact investigations were conducted for 42 cases, resulting in the identification of 724 contacts. The rate of LTBI was 29% overall, varying by worksite from a low of 16% to a high of 51%. LTBI estimates were higher for fully-screened contacts of smear-positive rather than of smear-negative index cases. However, fully-screened contacts of index patients with cavitary disease had lower LTBI estimates than those of index patients without cavitation. Treatment for LTBI was initiated in 45% of infected contacts. The five programs had somewhat variable policies regarding workplace contact investigations. Data on HIV co-infection and place of birth of contacts were largely missing. CONCLUSION: Factors contributing to LTBI among workplace contacts may include the presence of persons with pre-existing LTBI or a positive skin test as a result of BCG vaccination, clinical characteristics of the index case, and workplace environmental characteristics conducive to transmission. Standard guidelines for workplace investigations, written workplace investigation policies, and standard data collection practices are needed to better apportion the causes of observed infection rates in the workplace. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Natl TB Ctr, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD USA. Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. Mississippi Dept Hlth, Jackson, MS USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Jamaica Plain, MA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Davidow, AL (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S446 EP S452 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900021 PM 14677836 ER PT J AU Driver, CR Balcewicz-Sablinska, MK Kim, Z Scholten, J Munsiff, SS AF Driver, CR Balcewicz-Sablinska, MK Kim, Z Scholten, J Munsiff, SS TI Contact investigations in congregate settings, New York City SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; contact investigations; exposure; congregate settings ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; STRAIN AB SETTING: Large urban tuberculosis control program. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results of procedures implemented for systematic investigation of tuberculosis exposures in congregate settings. DESIGN: Between October 1995 and December 2000, a unit consisting of epidemiologists, health educators and tuberculin screening staff investigated exposures in sites with >15 persons. Transmission at the site was defined as likely, possible, unlikely or unknown. RESULTS: Among 100 investigations, 12 were tuberculosis case clusters, five were source case investigations, and 83 were exposures to single infectious cases. Transmission was likely in 24 (21%), possible in eight (8%), unlikely in 62 (62%), and could not be assessed in four (4%). Among the 83 exposures to single infectious cases, 2740 contacts were tested; 502 (18%) were infected. Among 1202 close contacts, 996 (82%) were tested, 197 (20%) were infected and started treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and 102/197 (52%) completed treatment. Sites with likely transmission had index patients with longer duration of cough (13 vs. 6 weeks, P = 0.01) and cavitary lesions (84% vs. 44%, P = 0.01) compared to sites with unlikely transmission. CONCLUSION: A systematic approach for conducting contact investigations in congregate settings is useful for assessing transmission. As such investigations are resource intensive and transmission is not common, performing tuberculin skin testing after most persons would have converted should be considered in low-risk groups. Additional efforts are needed to increase completion of treatment for LTBI in contacts identified in these settings. C1 New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Epidemiol Off, Bur TB Control, New York, NY 10007 USA. Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY 10027 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Driver, CR (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Epidemiol Off, Bur TB Control, 225 Broadway,22nd Floor, New York, NY 10007 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S432 EP S438 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900019 PM 14677834 ER PT J AU Enarson, DA Seita, A Fujiwara, P AF Enarson, DA Seita, A Fujiwara, P TI Global elimination of tuberculosis: implementation, innovation, investigation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; elimination; public health ID NEW-YORK-CITY AB The elimination of a public health menace such as tuberculosis is always an attractive proposition. Is it realistic to consider? Selecting elimination as a target engages commitment, identifies challenges and stimulates critical evaluation. Challenges are numerous, including the large pool of latent infection, the long incubation period, the inadequacy of present tools and strategies, poverty and its relation to tuberculosis, the dependence on declining health services, the negative impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and the long-term commitment required with present approaches. Although tuberculosis has a tragic impact in causing death and chronic illness, the target for elimination must remain preventing infection, and the aim to achieve a generation free of infection. Targeting decreased mortality or improved health SUMMARY will not be sufficient to guide the critical reflection required to eliminate the causative organism; this can only be achieved by focusing on preventing and eliminating infection. While we have an international consensus on the strategy for controlling tuberculosis, we must also keep in mind that it is not sufficient. We must improve the current strategy as well as develop new tools on which we can base a new strategy if we hope to achieve the objective of elimination of tuberculosis. Reaching the target will require commitment to implementing what we currently have, improving on it in every way possible and keeping our minds and imaginations open to new ways to approach the fight against tuberculosis. C1 IUATLD, F-75006 Paris, France. Eastern Mediterranean Reg Off, Cairo, Egypt. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Enarson, DA (reprint author), IUATLD, 68 Blvd St Michel, F-75006 Paris, France. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S328 EP S332 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900002 PM 14677817 ER PT J AU Jereb, J Etkind, SC Joglar, OT Moore, M Taylor, Z AF Jereb, J Etkind, SC Joglar, OT Moore, M Taylor, Z TI Tuberculosis contact investigations: outcomes in selected areas of the United States, 1999 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; transmission; contact investigation; program evaluation ID TRANSMISSION AB SETTING: Twenty-nine United States jurisdictions. OBJECTIVE: To determine yields of tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations. METHODS: Health departments within the jurisdictions reported counts and outcomes from routine contact investigations for cases reported in 1999. RESULTS: The 29 jurisdictions reported 9199 TB cases, 51.9% of the US and Puerto Rico 1999 total, and listed 67585 contacts. While 571 (10.6%) of 5405 pulmonary cases confirmed by sputum bacteriology had no contacts listed, 13 904 contacts were listed for other cases that were unlikely to be contagious. Diagnostic evaluation was completed for 56 100 contacts (83.0%), with 561 TB cases found. Of 13 083 contacts found to have latent TB infection, 5 746 (44.5%) completed treatment to prevent TB. Loss to follow-up and self-discontinuation of treatment accounted for 70% of reasons why treatment was not completed. CONCLUSION: Contact investigations capture substantial numbers of TB cases and latent TB infections, but the impact on prevention is limited by the poor treatment rates for infected contacts. Contacts should be sought for each potentially contagious TB case; why so many contacts are sought for cases who are unlikely to be contagious needs to be determined. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, TB Prevent & Control, Boston, MA USA. TB Control Program, Puerto Rico Dept Hlth, San Juan, PR USA. RP Jereb, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Mail Stop E-10,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S384 EP S390 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900012 PM 14677827 ER PT J AU Li, J Driver, CR Munsiff, SS Fujiwara, PI AF Li, J Driver, CR Munsiff, SS Fujiwara, PI TI Finding contacts of homeless tuberculosis patients in New York City SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE contact investigation; homelessness; tuberculosis ID TRANSMISSION; INFECTION AB OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with no contacts identified for homeless patients in New York City. DESIGN: Culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis cases in persons >18 years old diagnosed in 1997-1999 were included. Demographic and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis patients associated with the number of contacts identified according to homeless status were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Homeless patients (n = 152) had a significantly lower median number of contacts than non-homeless patients (n = 2836) (1 vs. 4, P < 0.001). Among homeless patients, having AFB smear-positive sputum with cavitary lesions reduced the likelihood of having no contacts identified. Homeless patients who lived on the street at the time of diagnosis were more likely to have no contacts identified compared to those with contacts identified (61.4% vs. 56.1%); however, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.506). Unlike non-homeless patients, being hospitalized at the time of tuberculosis diagnosis was not associated with having contacts identified in homeless patients. CONCLUSIONS: Homelessness independently predicted the likelihood of having no contacts identified. Strategies such as interviews that focus on location rather than persons may be more effective for identifying contacts. Furthermore, being homeless at the time of diagnosis should be used as an indicator for prioritizing prompt contact evaluation. C1 Bur TB Control, New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, New York, NY 10007 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Bur TB Control, New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, 225 Broadway,22nd Floor, New York, NY 10007 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S397 EP S404 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900014 PM 14677829 ER PT J AU Lobato, MN Royce, SE Mohle-Boetani, JC AF Lobato, MN Royce, SE Mohle-Boetani, JC TI Yield of source-case and contact investigations in identifying previously undiagnosed childhood tuberculosis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; children; prevention; source case; contact investigation ID UNITED-STATES; MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; RISK-FACTORS; CHILDREN; INFECTION; CARE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DIAGNOSIS; DELAYS; CITY AB OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which source-case investigations, in which a child was the index tuberculosis (TB) case, and contact investigations of adult pulmonary cases, identified children and adults with previously undiagnosed TB or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). METHODS: We reviewed records of 111 source-case investigations and 38 contact investigations involving 164 TB cases among children <5 years of age from eight California health jurisdictions with a case rate greater than the state average for this age group (9.6/100000). RESULTS: In source-case investigations, 141 children <5 years and 113 children 5-14 years of age were evaluated for TB disease and LTBI. Fourteen previously undiagnosed TB cases were found, including seven children <5 years of age. Source-case investigations also identified persons who might benefit from treatment for LTBI (45% had a positive tuberculin reaction). In con-tact investigations of adult TB cases, 202 children <5 years and 122 children 5-14 years of age were evaluated. In addition to 46 children with TB <5 years of age, the basis on which these contact investigations were selected for study, four children 5-14 years of age and 10 adults were found to have TB disease. A high percentage (41%) of contacts with a positive tuberculin reaction was found, especially among household contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Source-case investigations and contact investigations are effective for finding previously undiagnosed cases of TB. They are also useful for identifying children and adults who would possibly benefit from treatment for LTBI. Earlier detection and treatment of adults with TB could interrupt transmission and be a step toward eliminating childhood TB. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Commun Dis, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. RP Lobato, MN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S391 EP S396 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900013 PM 14677828 ER PT J AU Logan, S Boutotte, J Wilce, M Etkind, S AF Logan, S Boutotte, J Wilce, M Etkind, S TI Using the CDC framework for program evaluation in public health to assess tuberculosis contact investigation programs SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE program evaluation; tuberculosis; contact investigation AB SETTING: In Massachusetts, despite the efforts of state and local health department tuberculosis (TB) programs, the rates of contact testing and follow-up remain below the state and national objectives. Changes in contact investigation practices are therefore needed to achieve these objectives. OBJECTIVE: To develop contact investigation self-evaluation tools in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health. These tools will be used to assess state and local level contact investigation practices. DESIGN: The self-evaluation tools were developed using the CDCs framework and pilot-tested by public health nurse case managers in five city health departments. The tools were revised according to feedback received from the nurses. RESULTS: The Massachusetts TB Division conducted three of the six steps of the CDCs framework. Stakeholders of the evaluation were identified and engaged, logic models were created describing state and local TB program components, and self-evaluation tools were developed. CONCLUSION: The CDCs framework provided a useful methodology for beginning the assessment process for evaluating TB contact investigation programs. When the contact investigation self-evaluation tools are implemented statewide, the findings will be used to target areas in need of improvement and develop strategies to make noteworthy changes. C1 Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Div Tuberculosis Prevent & Control, Boston, MA 02130 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Boutotte, J (reprint author), Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Div Tuberculosis Prevent & Control, 305 South St, Boston, MA 02130 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S375 EP S383 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900011 PM 14677826 ER PT J AU McElroy, RD Rothenberg, RB Varghese, R Woodruff, R Minns, GO Muth, SQ Lambert, LA Ridzon, R AF McElroy, RD Rothenberg, RB Varghese, R Woodruff, R Minns, GO Muth, SQ Lambert, LA Ridzon, R TI A network-informed approach to investigating a tuberculosis outbreak: implications for enhancing contact investigations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT North American Meeting of the International-Union-Against-Tuberculosis-and-Lung-Disease CY MAR, 2002 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Union Against Tuberculosis Lung Disease DE tuberculosis; contact investigations; social network analysis ID SOCIAL NETWORK; TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB BACKGROUND: To elucidate networks of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, it may be appropriate to characterize the types of relationships among tuberculosis (TB) cases and their contacts (with and without latent TB infection) in addition to relying on traditional efforts to distinguish 'close' from 'casual' contacts. SETTING: A TB outbreak in a US low incidence state. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether social network analysis can provide insights into transmission settings that might otherwise go unrecognized by routine practices. DESIGN: All adult outbreak-associated cases (n = 19) and a convenience sample of their contacts with and without latent TB infection (LTBI) (n = 26) were reinterviewed in 2001 using a structured questionnaire. Network analysis software was used to create diagrams illustrating important persons within the outbreak network, as well as types of activities TB cases engaged in with their contacts. RESULTS: Drug use and drug sharing were more commonly reported among cases and their infected contacts than among contacts without LTBI. TB cases central to the outbreak network used crack cocaine, uncovering the need to focus control efforts on specific sites and persons involved in illicit drug use. CONCLUSION: Outbreaks occur even in areas with low TB incidence, frequently among groups whose drug use or other illegal activities complicate control efforts. TB programs should consider the use of network analysis as a supplement to routine contact investigations to identify unrecognized patterns of M. tuberculosis transmission. C1 CDCP, Div TB Eliminat, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Wichita Sedwick Cty, Dept Community Hlth, Wichita, KS USA. Quintus Ential Solut, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP McElroy, RD (reprint author), CDCP, Div TB Eliminat, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S486 EP S493 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900027 ER PT J AU Pealer, LN Peterman, TA AF Pealer, LN Peterman, TA TI When it comes to contact notification, HIV is not TB SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE HIV; partner notification; contact tracing ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED-DISEASES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; PARTNER-NOTIFICATION; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; RISK; PREVENTION; SYPHILIS; VIOLENCE AB HIV partner notification can help patients, partners, and disease control efforts in the community. The emphasis on HIV partner notification has varied widely in the United States. Stigma, denial, and competing priorities have limited the use of partner notification in many areas. Ongoing HIV transmission after the infection is diagnosed suggests a need for ongoing partner notification, but there is little evidence that this is occurring. The forces driving the evolution of partner notification SUMMARY for HIV are quite different from those acting on contact tracing for TB. Understanding these forces will help predict where partner notification is headed and may help make it more effective. In this paper we review partner notification for HIV, discuss effectiveness, and outline changes over time. A comparison with contact tracing for TB leads us to conclude that partner notification for HIV is very different from contact tracing for TB. C1 CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pealer, LN (reprint author), CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, 1600 Clifton Rd D18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM lmp2@cdc.gov NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S337 EP S341 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900004 PM 14677819 ER PT J AU Reichler, MR Bur, S Reves, R Mangura, B Thompson, V Ford, J Castro, KG AF Reichler, MR Bur, S Reves, R Mangura, B Thompson, V Ford, J Castro, KG TI Results of testing for human immunodeficiency virus infection among recent contacts of infectious tuberculosis cases in the United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE contact investigation; tuberculosis; human immunodeficiency virus infection ID ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV-ASSOCIATED TUBERCULOSIS; PREVENTIVE THERAPY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; CONTROLLED TRIAL; DRUG-USERS; HIGH-RISK; ADULTS; EPIDEMIC; IMPACT AB CONTEXT: Persons with recently acquired latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection are at high risk of rapid progression to TB disease. OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of close contacts of infectious TB patients tested for HIV, and the results of HIV testing for this group. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Review of health department records for all close contacts of 349 patients with culture-positive pulmonary TB aged 15 years or older reported from five study areas in the United States in 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of close contacts of TB patients tested for HIV, and rate of HIV infection among close contacts of TB patients. RESULTS: A total of 1169 close contacts were identified for 349 patients with active pulmonary TB. HIV test results were available for 224 (64%) TB patients and 220 (19%) close contacts. Of the TB patients tested, 164 (73%) were HIV-negative and 60 (27%) were HIV-positive. An equal proportion of close contacts of HIV-positive and -negative TB patients were tested (21% vs. 24%). Of the close contacts tested, 201 (91%) were HIV-negative and 19 (9%) were HIV-positive. Compared with close contacts of HIV-negative TB patients, close contacts of HIV-positive TB patients were more likely to be HIV-positive (53% vs. 2%; P < 0.01). This association was observed for contacts residing in the TB patient household (70% vs. none; P < 0.01), not residing in the TB patient household (20% vs. 4%; P < 0.05), 25-44 years of age (88% vs. 8%; P < 0.01), and >44 years of age (22% vs. 2%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-positive TB patients and their close contacts may share some of the same risk factors for HIV infection. These findings suggest that the HIV status of the TB patient, in addition to established risk factors for HfV infection, may be an important consideration for prioritizing voluntary HIV counseling and testing efforts among close contacts of infectious TB patients. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD USA. Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Natl TB Ctr, Newark, NJ USA. Mississippi Dept Hlth, Jackson, MS USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Jamaica Plain, MA USA. RP Reichler, MR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Mail Stop E-10,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S471 EP S478 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900025 PM 14677840 ER PT J AU Reichler, MR Etkind, S Taylor, Z Castro, KG AF Reichler, MR Etkind, S Taylor, Z Castro, KG TI Tuberculosis contact investigations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Editorial Material ID TRANSMISSION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Jamaica Plain, MA USA. RP Reichler, MR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S325 EP S327 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900001 PM 14677816 ER PT J AU Rothenberg, RB McElroy, PD Wilce, MA Muth, SQ AF Rothenberg, RB McElroy, PD Wilce, MA Muth, SQ TI Contact tracing: comparing the approaches for sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; sexually transmitted disease; contact tracing ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; PARTNER NOTIFICATION; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; CONCURRENT PARTNERSHIPS; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; COMMUNITY OUTBREAK; CONTROLLED TRIAL; SOCIAL-NETWORK; UNITED-STATES AB SETTING: Literature review for the process of contact tracing for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and for tuberculosis (TB), focusing on articles that report results of studies or commentary. OBJECTIVE: To compare and contrast contact tracing in order to highlight emerging commonalities. DESIGN: A descriptive review, based on Medline search with augmentation from other published and unpublished sources. RESULTS: Contact tracing for STD and TB have some obvious differences because of differing routes of transmission, differing sensibilities required to work with the affected populations, a different potential for anonymous contacts, and a major difference in the epidemiologic value of biomarkers. Nonetheless, the convergence of these processes on disadvantaged populations where drug use and sexual activity are important social factors has engendered an increasing similarity. CONCLUSION: A broadened approach to both, with greater attention to how ancillary contacts and associates may be of use in interrupting deeply embedded endemic disease transmission, deserves further study. Some newer approaches in the use of network-informed methods to elicit contacts and investigate the community dynamics of transmission may be of particular value in TB case investigation. These strategies will be enhanced by the availability of DNA fingerprinting, a powerful biomarker of recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission and case association (a technology not available for STD contact tracing). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Quintusential Solut, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP McElroy, PD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 70 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S342 EP S348 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900005 PM 14677820 ER PT J AU Shrestha-Kuwahara, R Wilce, M DeLuca, N Taylor, Z AF Shrestha-Kuwahara, R Wilce, M DeLuca, N Taylor, Z TI Factors associated with identifying tuberculosis contacts SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE contact investigation; tuberculosis; focus groups ID NEW-YORK-CITY; ADHERENCE; THERAPY AB SETTING: Little is known about why some tuberculosis (TB) patients identify few or even no contacts. OBJECTIVES: To describe patient perceptions of the contact investigation interview and determine potential factors associated with identifying TB contacts. DESIGN: A total of 13 focus groups were conducted: 10 groups with previously smear-positive pulmonary TB patients born in the United States or Mexico, and three with program staff to discuss attitudes toward and perceptions of the contact investigation interview. Patients were recruited into separate groups by country of birth and number of contacts identified. RESULTS: The data indicated that patients-even those who identified few contacts-overwhelmingly reported identifying contacts easily and willingly. Understanding the purpose of the contact investigation and seriousness of TB facilitated naming contacts, while miscommunication and misconceptions about TB hindered the process. Patients felt strongly about informing their contacts before the health department contacted them. Staff respondents reported that education and effective communication were critical during contact investigation interviewing. CONCLUSION: Data indicated that patients, including those identifying few contacts, reported wanting to name their contacts. However, misconceptions may affect their understanding of who their contacts are, and hence the quantity and quality of the contacts identified. These findings underscore the need for effective communication and education. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shrestha-Kuwahara, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S510 EP S516 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900030 PM 14677845 ER PT J AU Yun, LWH Reves, RR Reichler, MR Bur, S Thompson, V Mangura, B Ford, J AF Yun, LWH Reves, RR Reichler, MR Bur, S Thompson, V Mangura, B Ford, J TI Outcomes of contact investigation among homeless persons with infectious tuberculosis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE contact investigation; tuberculosis; homelessness; transmission ID TRANSMISSION; POPULATIONS; COMMUNITY; OUTBREAK; SHELTER AB SETTING: Homelessness is an important risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Health departments often fail to identify contacts for homeless TB cases, but little else is known about the outcome of contact investigations for these cases. OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcomes of identification, tuberculin skin testing (TST), clinical evaluation and treatment for contacts of infectious homeless TB cases. DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter review of data of contact investigations conducted in 1996 by five health departments in the United States. RESULTS: Twenty-seven (8%) of 349 TB cases were homeless. Failure to identify contacts occurred in six (50%) of 12 cases residing in shelters vs. one (7%) of 15 non-shelter cases. Of 479 contacts identified, 297 (62%) were fully evaluated, 97 (20%) had only initial testing, and 85 (18%) were not evaluated. Of the 394 evaluated contacts, 13 (3%) had a prior positive TST. Of the remaining 381 contacts, six (1.6%) had active TB and 67 (17.6%) were TST-positive. Only 27 (44%) of 61 contacts completed treatment for latent TB infection. CONCLUSION: Despite the failure to identify contacts for some cases, contact investigations for homeless TB cases identified large numbers of contacts for whom evaluation and treatment were often not completed. Prospective studies with more complete documentation are needed to improve contact investigations for homeless TB cases. C1 Denver Hlth & Hosp, TB Clin, Denver, CO 80204 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV,STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. TB Clin, Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD USA. TB Clin, Mississippi State Dept Publ Hlth, Jackson, MS USA. TB Clin, New Jersey Dent Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. TB Clin, Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Jamaica Plain, MA USA. RP Yun, LWH (reprint author), Denver Hlth & Hosp, TB Clin, 605 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 12 SU 3 BP S405 EP S411 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 752GZ UT WOS:000187153900015 PM 14677830 ER PT J AU Jamieson, DJ Sibailly, TS Sadek, R Roels, TH Ekpini, ER Boni-Ouattara, E Karon, JM Nkengasong, J Greenberg, AE Wiktor, SZ AF Jamieson, DJ Sibailly, TS Sadek, R Roels, TH Ekpini, ER Boni-Ouattara, E Karon, JM Nkengasong, J Greenberg, AE Wiktor, SZ TI HIV-1 viral load and other risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in a breast-feeding population in Cote d'Ivoire SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE perinatal HIV clinical trial ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; SHORT-COURSE ZIDOVUDINE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; ORAL ZIDOVUDINE; DOUBLE-BLIND; PREVENTION; EFFICACY; AFRICA; ACCEPTABILITY AB Short-course antiretroviral regimens have been evaluated to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV in resource-limited settings. This report from Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, examines the risk factors for HIV transmission by 1 and 24 months among breast-feeding women. Eligible HIV-1-scropositive pregnant women enrolled in this randomized double-blind clinical trial were randomly assigned to receive either oral zidovudine (ZDV) (n = 126) prophylaxis or placebo (n = 124). Maternal prophylaxis began at 36 weeks of gestation (300 mg ZDV twice daily antepartum and 300 mg every 3 hours intrapartum); there was no neonatal prophylaxis component. The cumulative risk of transmission in the treatment group was 11.9% and 22.1% by 1 and 24 months, respectively. In adjusted analyses, viral load at enrollment was the strongest predictor of transmission (per log increment: odds ratio [OR] = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-9.5 at 1 month; OR = 5.7; 95% CI: 3.1-10.8 at 24 months). Overall, ZDV prophylaxis was not significantly protective for infection at I or 24 months. Comparing ZDV with placebo following dichotomization of viral load (<50,000 vs. greater than or equal to50,000 copies/mL) at enrollment, however, there was a significant effect of ZDV seen only among those women with a low viral load at enrollment. The substantial risk of transmission despite ZDV prophylaxis, particularly among those with higher viral loads, underscores the need to find more effective regimens appropriate for use in re source-limited settings. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Jamieson, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Mailstop K34,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JI JAIDS PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 34 IS 4 BP 430 EP 436 DI 10.1097/00126334-200312010-00011 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 745XM UT WOS:000186716500011 PM 14615662 ER PT J AU Brener, ND Billy, JOG Grady, WR AF Brener, ND Billy, JOG Grady, WR TI Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: Evidence from the scientific literature SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Review DE adolescence; alcohol; dietary behavior; drug use; health risk behavior; injuries; physical activity; psychometrics; questionnaires; self assessment; sexual behavior; tobacco use; violence ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; BOGUS PIPELINE PROCEDURE; SMOKELESS TOBACCO USE; HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; DRUG-USE; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; MARIJUANA USE; SUBSTANCE USE AB We reviewed the existing empirical literature to assess cognitive and situational factors that may affect the validity of adolescents' self-reports of alcohol and other drug use, tobacco use, behaviors related to unintentional injuries and violence, dietary behaviors, physical activity, and sexual behavior. Specifically, we searched for peer-reviewed journal articles published in 1980 or later that examined the factors affecting self-report of the six categories of behavior listed above. We also searched for studies describing objective measures for each behavior. Self-reports of each of six types of health-risk behaviors are affected by both cognitive and situational factors. These factors, however, do not threaten the validity of self-reports of each type of behavior equally. The importance of assessing health-risk behaviors as part of research activities involving adolescents necessitates the use of self-report measures. Researchers should familiarize themselves with the threats to validity inherent in this type of assessment and design research that minimizes these threats as much as possible. C1 CDCP, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA. RP Brener, ND (reprint author), CDCP, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-33,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM nad1@cdc.gov NR 101 TC 495 Z9 500 U1 15 U2 66 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1054-139X EI 1879-1972 J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD DEC PY 2003 VL 33 IS 6 BP 436 EP 457 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00052-1 PG 22 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 748DE UT WOS:000186846300004 PM 14642706 ER PT J AU Eremeeva, ME Dasch, GA Silverman, DJ AF Eremeeva, ME Dasch, GA Silverman, DJ TI Evaluation of a PCR assay for quantitation of Rickettsia rickettsii and closely related spotted fever group rickettsiae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; PROTEIN ROMPA; AMPLIFIED DNA; YOLK-SAC; CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; PROWAZEKII; INFECTION; CULTURES AB A spotted fever rickettsia quantitative PCR assay (SQ-PCR) was developed for the detection and enumeration of Rickettsia rickettsii and other closely related spotted fever group rickettsiae. The assay is based on fluorescence detection of SYBR Green dye intercalation in a 154-bp fragment of the rOmpA. gene during amplification by PCR. As few as 5 copies of the rOmpA gene of R. rickettsii can be detected. SQ-PCR is suitable for quantitation of R. rickettsii and 10 other genotypes of spotted fever group rickettsiae but not for R. akari, R. australis, R. bellii, or typhus group rickettsiae. The sensitivity of SQ-PCR was comparable to that of a plaque assay using centrifugation for inoculation. The SQ-PCR assay was applied successfully to the characterization of rickettsial stock cultures, the replication of rickettsiae in cell culture, the recovery of rickettsial DNA following different methods of extraction, and the quantitation of rickettsial loads in infected animal tissues, clinical samples, and ticks. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Eremeeva, ME (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Mail Stop G-13,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Dasch, Gregory/0000-0001-6090-1810 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-17416] NR 24 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 12 BP 5466 EP 5472 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5466-5472.2003 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 753JT UT WOS:000187228800016 PM 14662926 ER PT J AU Versage, JL Severin, DDM Chu, MC Petersen, JM AF Versage, JL Severin, DDM Chu, MC Petersen, JM TI Development of a multitarget real-time TaqMan PCR assay for enhanced detection of Francisella tularensis in complex specimens SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; TULAREMIA OUTBREAK; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEIN; CLONING; GROWTH; SWEDEN; GENE AB Tularemia is the zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella tularensis. Its wide distribution in the environment poses a challenge for understanding the transmission, ecology, and epidemiology of the disease. F. tularensis is also considered a potential biological weapon due to its extreme infectivity. We have developed a multitarget real-time TaqMan PCR assay capable of rapidly and accurately detecting F. tularensis in complex specimens. Targeted regions included the ISFtu2 element and the 23kDa,fopA, and tul4 genes. Analysis of the four TaqMan assays demonstrated that three (ISFtu2, 23kDa, and tul4) performed within our established criterion of a detection limit of one organism. The combined use of the three assays was highly specific, displaying no cross-reactivity with the non-Francisella bacteria tested and capable of differentially diagnosing both F. tularensis and Francisella philomiragia. When the multitarget TaqMan assay (ISFtu2, 23kDa, and tul4) was compared to culturing, using environmentally contaminated specimens, the TaqMan PCR assay was significantly more sensitive than culturing (P less than or equal to 0.05). The sensitive and specific nature of this rapid multitarget TaqMan assay provides a valuable new tool that with future evaluations can be used for analyzing clinical specimens, field samples during bioterrorism threat assessment, and samples from outbreaks and for improving our understanding of the ecology and environmental prevalence of F. tularensis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Petersen, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foothills Campus,POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 33 TC 117 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 12 BP 5492 EP 5499 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5492-5499.2003 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 753JT UT WOS:000187228800020 PM 14662930 ER PT J AU Hong, T Butler, WR Hollis, F Floyd, MM Toney, SR Tang, YW Steele, C Leggiadro, RJ AF Hong, T Butler, WR Hollis, F Floyd, MM Toney, SR Tang, YW Steele, C Leggiadro, RJ TI Characterization of a novel rapidly growing Mycobacterium species associated with sepsis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; INFECTIONS; IDENTIFICATION; TAXONOMY; LEUKEMIA AB A rapidly growing mycobacterium was isolated five times from blood cultures from a 6-year-old female patient with relapsed pre-B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. All five isolates had identical nucleotide sequences for the first 500 bp of the 16S rRNA gene, indicative of a single species. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of mycolic acids indicated that the species was similar to Mycobacterium smegmatis. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene (1,455 bp) for one isolate demonstrated that the species was closely related to Mycobacterium diernhoferi. Based on the phenotypic features and phylogenetic analysis, it was concluded that the isolates represented a novel rapidly growing Mycobacterium species. The name "Mycobacterium hackensackense" is proposed for this unique strain, 147-0552(T), which was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as ATCC BAA-823(T). C1 Hackensack Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Clin Microbiol Lab, Hackensack, NJ 07601 USA. Hackensack Univ, Med Ctr, Microbiol Lab, Hackensack, NJ 07601 USA. Hackensack Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Hackensack, NJ 07601 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Aids, STD, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. RP Hong, T (reprint author), Hackensack Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Clin Microbiol Lab, 30 Prospect Ave, Hackensack, NJ 07601 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 12 BP 5650 EP 5653 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5650-5653.2003 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 753JT UT WOS:000187228800046 PM 14662956 ER PT J AU O'Hara, CM Sowers, EG Bopp, CA Duda, SB Strockbine, NA AF O'Hara, CM Sowers, EG Bopp, CA Duda, SB Strockbine, NA TI Accuracy of six commercially available systems for identification of members of the family Vibrionaceae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; INFECTION; METSCHNIKOVII; BIOTERRORISM; BACTEREMIA; BIOTYPE-2; PATHOGEN; DAMSELA AB Six commercially available bacterial identification products were tested with Vibrio alginolyticus (12 strains), V. cholerae (30 strains), Photobacterium (Vibrio) damselae (10 strains), V. fluvialis (10 strains), V. furnissii (4 strains), V. hollisae (10 strains), V. metschnikovii (9 strains), V. mimicus (10 strains), V parahaemolyticus (30 strains), and V. vulnificus (10 strains) to determine the accuracy of each system for identification. The products included API 20E, Crystal E/NF, MicroScan Neg ID2 and Rapid Neg ID3, and Vitek GNI+ and ID-GNB. Each product was tested only with those species that were listed in its database. Overall, the systems correctly identified 63.9, 80.9, 63.1, 73.6, 73.5, and 77.7% of the isolates to species level, respectively. Error rates ranged from 0.8% for the API 20E to 10.4% for the Rapid Neg ID3. The API 20E gave "no identification" for 13.1% of the isolates, while the Neg ID2, GNI+, ID-GNB, and Crystal were unable to identify 1.8, 2.9, 5.0, and 6.9%, respectively. For V. cholerae, specifically, accuracy ranged from 50.0 to 96.7%, with the API 20E having the worst performance and Crystal having the best. V. fluvialis presented the biggest challenge for the AN 20E and the GNI+, with probabilities averaging 10%, while V. mimicus was a major problem with the Crystal E/NF, which identified none of the strains correctly. With the Neg ID2, correct answers were often obtained only after a modified inoculation of the panel with a bacterial suspension prepared with 0.85% NaCl. Additional tests required for identification often included growth in the absence of NaCl, which is not readily available in most clinical laboratories. The only product to correctly identify at least 90% of V. cholerae strains was the Crystal E/NF, and only three of the six products, the API 20E and both of the Vitek cards, correctly identified more than 90% of the V. parahaemolyticus strains. Thus, extreme care must be taken in the interpretation of answers from these six commercially available systems for the identification of Vibrio species. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Epidemiol & Lab Branch, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Hara, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop C16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 12 BP 5654 EP 5659 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5654-5659.2003 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 753JT UT WOS:000187228800047 PM 14662957 ER PT J AU Halpin, K Bankamp, B Rota, PA Harcourt, BH Bellini, WJ AF Halpin, K Bankamp, B Rota, PA Harcourt, BH Bellini, WJ TI Minimum protein requirements for transcription and RNA replication of a minigenome of Nipah virus SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 6th Asia Pacific Congress of Medical Virology CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA SP Malaysian Soc Infect Dis, Chemotherapy Asia Pacific Soc Med Virol C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Geelong, Vic, Australia. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6532 J9 J CLIN VIROL JI J. Clin. Virol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 28 SU 1 BP S55 EP S56 PG 2 WC Virology SC Virology GA 758ZE UT WOS:000187711900093 ER PT J AU Huang, QS Greening, G Baker, M Grimwood, K Webber, L Fitzsimons, A Garret, N Graham, D Lennon, D Shimizu, H Pallansch, M AF Huang, QS Greening, G Baker, M Grimwood, K Webber, L Fitzsimons, A Garret, N Graham, D Lennon, D Shimizu, H Pallansch, M CA OPV Res Team TI Investigating the circulation and evolution of oral polio vaccine strains in New Zealand SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 6th Asia Pacific Congress of Medical Virology CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA SP Malaysian Soc Infect Dis, Chemotherapy Asia Pacific Soc Med Virol C1 Wellington Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Inst Environm Sci & Res, Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Paediat, Wellington, New Zealand. Waikato Hosp, Waikato, New Zealand. Middlemore Hosp, Auckland 6, New Zealand. Natl Inst Infect Dis, Poliovirus Reference Lab, Tokyo, Japan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Enterovirus Sect, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Grimwood, Keith/F-9334-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6532 J9 J CLIN VIROL JI J. Clin. Virol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 28 SU 1 BP S107 EP S107 PG 1 WC Virology SC Virology GA 758ZE UT WOS:000187711900220 ER PT J AU Leelawiwat, W Chotpitayasunondh, T Vanprapar, N Tasaneeyapan, T Culnane, M Teeraratkul, A Necyapun, K Jetsawang, B Tappero, J Chaowanachan, T AF Leelawiwat, W Chotpitayasunondh, T Vanprapar, N Tasaneeyapan, T Culnane, M Teeraratkul, A Necyapun, K Jetsawang, B Tappero, J Chaowanachan, T TI Resistance mutations following a single-dose intrapartum administration of nevirapine to HIV-infected Thai women and their infants receiving short-course ZIDOVUDINE SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 6th Asia Pacific Congress of Medical Virology CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA SP Malaysian Soc Infect Dis, Chemotherapy Asia Pacific Soc Med Virol C1 Thailand MOPH US CDC Collaborat, Nonthabud, Thailand. Queen Sirikit Natl Inst Child Hlth, Bangkok, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6532 J9 J CLIN VIROL JI J. Clin. Virol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 28 SU 1 BP S44 EP S44 PG 1 WC Virology SC Virology GA 758ZE UT WOS:000187711900065 ER PT J AU Rand, MR Saltzman, LE AF Rand, MR Saltzman, LE TI The nature and extent of recurring intimate partner violence against women in the United States SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE FAMILY STUDIES LA English DT Article AB Literature on violence against women consistently reflects the notion that "Wife-beating is a pattern, not a single event, in most violent households" (Gelles, 1997). Seminal research by Straus and his colleagues (Straus et al., 1980) looked at a national sample and found that incidents of violence were isolated events (only occurring once during the year) for only about a third of violent couples, and found that, on average, a woman who is a victim of wife abuse is abused three times each year (Gelles, 1997). Using data from the National Crime Survey from 1978 to 1982, Langan and Innes (1986) determined that during a 6-month period of time after an incident of domestic violence occurred, a third of women respondents reported a subsequent victimization. More recent national data (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000) also document the chronic nature of IPV The National Violence Against Women Survey which included a nationally representative sample of 8,000 women and 8,000 men ages 18 and older found that approximately half of the women raped by an intimate partner and two-thirds of women physically assaulted by an intimate partner had been victimized multiple times by that partner. Female rape victims reported an average of 4.5 rapes by the same partner, and female physical assault victims reported an average of 6.9 assaults. For those women, the average victimization lasted 3.8 years for rape victims, and 4.5 years for physical assault victims. Male physical assault victims also said that assaults were chronic: two-thirds reported multiple victimizations by the same partner, lasting an average of 3.6 years. The chronic nature of IPV has been found in state-level surveys, as well. In Kentucky, a survey of violence among 1,793 married or cohabiting women found that 10% of respondents reported partner violence in the past 12 months, and half of those women reported that it happened more than one time (Schulman, 1979). A survey in Texas sampled 1,200 female residents age 18 and over, and found that 8.5% of the respondents had been victims of abuse by a spouse or live-in partner during the previous year. Of those women, 19% reported being abused at least once a week or more (Teske & Parker, 1983). Similar findings come from other sources besides population-based surveys. Follingstad et al. (1992) used structured questionnaires with abused women and examined frequency of abuse. More than half of the women reported frequencies of at least one incident per month over an initial six-month period. For women in long-term relationships, abuse increased over time, with the rate of abuse increasing for 18 months, and then being relatively stable thereafter. A well-known Police Foundation study based on a study of police records determined that in a two-year period prior to assaults or homicides among intimate partners, police had visited the same address five or more times for about half of the incidents (Police Foundation, 1977). Researchers who focus on studying and measuring intimate partner violence (IPV) recognize that their task is complicated by its repetitive nature. After an extensive consultative process, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recently developed a set of recommended data elements to be uniformly used by those conducting public health surveillance and measuring the incidence and prevalence of intimate partner violence (Saltzman et al., 1999). The publication acknowledges the recurring nature of IPV and includes data elements to measure the number of episodes including various types of IPV (physical violence, sexual violence, and threats of physical or sexual violence) that have occurred in the respondent's lifetime, and the number of episodes in the past 12 months attributed to the perpetrator of the respondent's most recent episode of IPV. Given the highly consistent recognition that IPV is repetitive in nature, it is striking that the literature does not go very far beyond identifying the recurrent nature, averaging the frequency of events, and estimating its duration. Little has been done to characterize the ways in which recurrent violence may differ from IPV that occurs only once. The purpose of the present study was to use nationally-representative victimization data from the National Crime Victimization Survey to describe the extent and characteristics of recurring IPV, to compare some of these characteristics with IPV that is not repetitive, and to use the findings to discuss how recurring IPV can best be studied and understood. C1 US Bur Justice Stat, Washington, DC 20531 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Rand, MR (reprint author), US Bur Justice Stat, 810,7th St,NW, Washington, DC 20531 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU J COMPARATIVE FAMILY STUDIES PI CALGARY PA UNIV CALGARY-DEPT SOCIOLOGY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW, CALGARY, AB T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0047-2328 J9 J COMP FAM STUD JI J. Comp. Fam. Stud. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 1 BP 137 EP 149 PG 13 WC Family Studies SC Family Studies GA 645QP UT WOS:000180990100009 ER EF