FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Laufer, FN Chiarello, L AF Laufer, FN Chiarello, L TI Costs and benefits of measures to prevent needlestick injuries in a university hospital SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 New York State Dept Hlth, AIDS Inst, Albany, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Control Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Laufer, FN (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, AIDS Inst, Albany, NY USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 21 IS 8 BP 494 EP 494 DI 10.1086/503233 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 345BH UT WOS:000088795200001 PM 10968710 ER PT J AU Richards, MJ Edwards, JR Culver, DH Gaynes, RP AF Richards, MJ Edwards, JR Culver, DH Gaynes, RP CA Natl Nosocomial Infections Surveil TI Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM; MORTALITY AB OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical (MS) intensive care units (ICUs) participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System. DESIGN: Analysis of surveillance data on 498,998 patients with 1,554,070 patient-days, collected between 1992 and 1998 from 205 MS ICUs following the NNIS Intensive Care Unit protocol, rep resenting 152 participating NNIS hospitals in the United States. RESULTS: Infections at three major sites represented 68% of all reported infections (nosocomial pneumonia, 31%; urinary tract infections (UTIs), 23%; and primary bloodstream infections (BSIs), 14%: 83% of episodes of nosocomial pneumonia were associated with mechanical ventilation, 97% of UTIs occurred in catheterized patients, and 87% of primary BSIs in patients with a central line. In patients with primary BSIs, coagulase-negative staphylococci (39%) were the most common pathogens reported; Staphylococcus aureus (12%) was as frequently reported as enterococci (11%). Coagulase-negative staphylococcal BSIs were increasingly reported over the 6 years, but no increase was seen in candidemia or enterococcal bacteremia. In patients with pneumonia, S aureus (17%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 59% were gramnegative bacilli. In patients with UTIs, Escherichia coli (19%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 31% were fungi. In patients with surgical-site infections, Enterococcus (17%) was the single most frequently reported pathogen. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates for BSIs, pneumonia, and Uns did not correlate with length of ICU stay, hospital bed size, number of beds in the ICU, or season. Combined MS ICUs in major teaching hospitals had higher device-associated infection rates compared to all other hospitals with combined medical-surgical units. CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial infections in MS ICUs at the most frequent infection sites (bloodstream, urinary, and respiratory tract) almost always were associated with use of an invasive device. Device-associated infection rates were the best available comparative rates between combined MS ICUs, but the distribution of device-associated rates should be stratified by a hospital's major teaching affiliation status (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:510-515). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gaynes, RP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Mail Stop E55,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 517 Z9 565 U1 2 U2 25 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 21 IS 8 BP 510 EP 515 DI 10.1086/501795 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 345BH UT WOS:000088795200007 PM 10968716 ER PT J AU Hackett, BJ Gimnig, J Guelbeogo, W Costantini, C Koekemoer, LL Coetzee, M Collins, FH Besansky, NJ AF Hackett, BJ Gimnig, J Guelbeogo, W Costantini, C Koekemoer, LL Coetzee, M Collins, FH Besansky, NJ TI Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequences differentiate Anopheles funestus and An. rivulorum, and uncover a cryptic taxon SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles funestus; Anopheles rivulorum; cryptic species; molecular taxonomy; ribosomal DNA ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GAMBIAE COMPLEX; MALARIA VECTOR; SOUTH-AMERICA; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; MEMBERS; IDENTIFICATION AB Differentiation among the closely related Afrotropical species comprising the Funestus Group is difficult by traditional taxonomic measures. Anopheles rivulorum is the second most abundant and widespread species in the Funestus Group, and is occasionally collected indoors along with the dominant member and major malaria vector, An. funestus. The prospect of misidentification of An. rivulorum as An. funestus prompted the development of a rapid, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for identifying these two species. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) was amplified from thirty-five specimens of An. rivulorum collected from the extremes of its range: Eastern Africa (Kenya), Southern Africa (South Africa) and Western Africa (Burkina Faso). The ITS2 region of An. rivulorum (approximate to 380 bp) is sufficiently different in size from the ITS2 of An. funestus (approximate to 700 bp) that these species can be distinguished by agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products without further manipulation. Comparison of the An. rivulorum and An. funestus ITS2 nucleotide sequences revealed such extensive divergence that meaningful alignment was impossible, except for a 25 bp island near the 5' end. Intraspecific sequence comparisons revealed no variation among An. rivulorum individuals collected from the same country. However, sequence divergence was 2% between specimens from South Africa and Kenya, and nearly tenfold higher (approximate to 19%) between specimens from Burkina Faso and either South Africa or Kenya, an unprecedented level of intraspecific ITS2 divergence in Anopheles. Taken together, these data suggest that the Burkina Faso sample is not An. rivulorum, but rather a cryptic taxon within the Funestus Group. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Kisumu, Kenya. Ctr Natl Lutte Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Univ La Sapienza, Ist Parassitol, Rome, Italy. S African Inst Med Res, Sch Pathol, Dept Trop Dis, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa. Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Besansky, NJ (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, POB 369,317 Galvin Life Sci Bldg, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RI Costantini, Carlo/F-3470-2012 OI Costantini, Carlo/0000-0003-1016-129X NR 21 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 369 EP 374 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00198.x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 349PK UT WOS:000089054700003 PM 10971714 ER PT J AU Weir, HK Marrett, LD Kreiger, N Darlington, GA Sugar, L AF Weir, HK Marrett, LD Kreiger, N Darlington, GA Sugar, L TI Pre-natal and peri-natal exposures and risk of testicular germ-cell cancer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article ID PERINATAL CHARACTERISTICS; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; ESTRADIOL LEVELS; PREGNANCY; DENMARK; AGE; CRYPTORCHIDISM; GESTATION; ESTROGENS AB The present case-control study was undertaken to investigate the association between exposure to maternal hormones and risk of testicular germ-cell cancer by histologic subgroups. Cases were males, aged 16 to 59 years, diagnosed with testicular germ-cell cancer in Ontario between 1987 and 1989. Histologic review was performed on all eligible cases for the purpose of categorizing cases as seminoma or nonseminoma (the latter classified 2 ways, with and without tumors containing seminoma), Risk factor data were collected on 502 cases, 346 case mothers, 975 age-matched controls, and 522 control mothers. Exogenous hormone exposure was associated with elevated risk (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 1.7-13.9). Several additional risk factors were associated with risk of testicular cancer: bleeding and threatened miscarriage (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.0), maternal cigarette smoking (12+ cigarettes/day OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-1.0). pre-term birth (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.5), and treatment for undescended testicle (OR = 8.0, 95% CI 3.2-20.0). First births were associated with elevated risk (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.8) among mothers below the age of 24 years at conception. There was little evidence that risk factors differed by histologic subgroup. We found evidence that exposure to maternal hormones, particularly estrogens, is associated with testicular germ-cell cancer risk. Not only does exposure to elevated levels (exogenous hormone use, pre-term birth, and first births among young mothers) increase risk but also exposure to relatively lower levels (heavy cigarette consumption and, perhaps, bleeding and threatened miscarriage) may decrease cancer risk, Int. J. Cancer 87:438-443, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Fac Nursing, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON, Canada. St Michaels Hosp, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada. Canc Care Ontario, Div Prevent Oncol, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Weir, HK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-53,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 36 TC 155 Z9 158 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 87 IS 3 BP 438 EP 443 DI 10.1002/1097-0215(20000801)87:3<438::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 330TW UT WOS:000087978100020 PM 10897052 ER PT J AU Martorell, R Khan, LK Hughes, ML Grummer-Strawn, LM AF Martorell, R Khan, LK Hughes, ML Grummer-Strawn, LM TI Overweight and obesity in preschool children from developing countries SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE obesity; children; nutrition surveys ID GROWTH; HEALTH; ADOLESCENTS; MORTALITY; CHILDHOOD; ADULTS AB OBJECTIVES: To estimate levels and trends in overweight and obesity in preschool children from developing countries; to study how overweight Varies by the educational level of the mother, by urban or rural residence, and by gender; to investigate how these relationships are related to the gross national product (GNP). DESIGN: 71 national nutrition surveys since 1986 from 50 countries were used. SUBJECTS: 150,482 children 12 to 60 months from the most recent survey from each country were the primary sample. MEASUREMENTS: Overweight and obesity were defined as weight-for-height (>1 or >2s.d., respectively) of the WHO/NCHS reference curves. Stunting was <-2s.d, of the same reference. Urban was as defined in each of the surveys and higher education was defined as at least one year of secondary schooling or higher. RESULTS: 32 of 50 countries had a prevalence of obesity below 2.3%, the value in the reference population. The prevalences of overweight and obesity were lowest in Asia and in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 17 countries with serial data, no consistent regional trends could be detected. Overweight was more common in urban areas, in children of mothers with higher education, and in girls; these relationships did not differ by GNP but GNP was related negatively to stunting and positively to overweight, CONCLUSIONS: Obesity does not appear to be a public health problem among preschool children in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, In a number of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and the region of Central Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Independent States, levels are as high as in the United States. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Martorell, R (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Martorell, Reynaldo /I-2539-2012 NR 27 TC 148 Z9 163 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 24 IS 8 BP 959 EP 967 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801264 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 341NT UT WOS:000088597000004 PM 10951533 ER PT J AU Alpers, L Chrouser, K Halabi, S Moeti, T Reingold, A Binkin, N Kenyon, T AF Alpers, L Chrouser, K Halabi, S Moeti, T Reingold, A Binkin, N Kenyon, T TI Validation of the surveillance system for tuberculosis in Botswana SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE surveillance; tuberculosis; human immunodeficiency virus; Botswana ID DRUG-RESISTANCE; SPUTUM AB SETTING: Gaborone and Francistown, Botswana, where surveillance data in the 1997 Electronic Tuberculosis (TB) Register suggest that 39% of pulmonary TB patients did not have pre-treatment sputum smear microscopy performed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of patients with reportedly missing pre-treatment sputum smear results in 1997 who had smears examined, and to identify stages in the system where results were lost. METHODS: Patients with pulmonary TB in 1997 who were missing pre-treatment sputum smear results in the Electronic TB Register were cross-matched with laboratory records; medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 374 patients with pre-treatment sputum smear results missing, 224 (60%) actually had had a sputum smear examined in the laboratory. The proportion of pulmonary TB patients in Gaborone and Francis- town who did not have sputum examined was therefore 16% instead of 39%. Most missing results (69%) had not been transcribed from the laboratory results onto the TB Treatment Card. Patients who had a negative smear result or who sought care at a clinic that was different from where their diagnostic evaluation had been initiated were more likely to have missing results. CONCLUSIONS: The actual performance of the Botswana National TB Programme with respect to sputum microscopy examination is much better than surveillance indicators suggest. In addition to sputum collection, proper recording of results needs reinforcement among health care workers to improve routine performance indicators. C1 BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Mayo Med Sch, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. Minist Hlth, Epidemiol Unit, Gaborone, Botswana. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kenyon, T (reprint author), US Dept State, Amer Embassy Gaborone, Washington, DC 20521 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 4 IS 8 BP 737 EP 743 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 344HG UT WOS:000088752700007 PM 10949325 ER PT J AU Osmond, DH Catania, J Pollack, L Canchola, J Jaffe, D MacKellar, D Valleroy, L AF Osmond, DH Catania, J Pollack, L Canchola, J Jaffe, D MacKellar, D Valleroy, L TI Obtaining HIV test results with a home collection test kit in a community telephone sample SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV seroprevalence; home collection kit; oral HIV testing; population-based sampling; telephone survey; enzyme-linked immunoassay ID POPULATION; HEALTH AB Objectives: To test the feasibility of obtaining HIV test results by home collection kit from a probability telephone sample of men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: A quota sample of 615 MSM previously interviewed by the Urban Men's Health Study phone survey in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco were re-contacted and offered an HIV test using an oral specimen (Orasure) home collection kit. Results: Eighty percent consented to be mailed a kit, and 84% returned a specimen, for a 67% participation rate. All self-reported HIV-positive persons tested positive (77 of 77); 4 of 266 (1.5%) with a prior negative test and 2 of 69 (2.9%) with no prior positive HIV test result. Participation was associated with self-reported prior HIV test status-HIV-positive (83%), HIV-negative (68%), or no prior HIV test result (54%)-and marginally associated with New York City residence after adjustment for HIV status (odds ratio = 0.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-1.1; p = .08). Conclusions: These results suggest that urban MSM identified and interviewed by telephone will participate in home collection HIV testing. This methodology could be used to produce population-based estimates of HIV seroprevalence and seroincidence in MSM and could probably be extended to other populations and other viral infections. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, AIDS Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Osmond, DH (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Box 0886, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH54320] NR 15 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 24 IS 4 BP 363 EP 368 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 356FB UT WOS:000089432400009 PM 11015153 ER PT J AU Everett, SA Warren, CW Santelli, JS Kann, L Collins, JL Kolbe, LJ AF Everett, SA Warren, CW Santelli, JS Kann, L Collins, JL Kolbe, LJ TI Use of birth control pills, condoms, and withdrawal among US high school students SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE adolescents; contraceptive use; pregnancy; sexually transmitted diseases ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; CONTRACEPTIVE USE; BEHAVIOR; WOMEN; MALES AB Purpose: To examine the use of contraception at last sexual intercourse among currently sexually active adolescents. Methods: We analyzed data from national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) conducted in 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997. The YRBS is a self-administered, anonymous survey which uses a national probability sample of U.S. students in public and private schools from grades 9 through 12. Results: From 1991 to 1997, condom use significantly increased (from 46% to 57%), birth control pill use decreased (from 21% to 17%), and use of withdrawal significantly decreased (from 18% to 13%). In 1997, although more students were using condoms, 13% reported using withdrawal and 25% reported using no method to prevent pregnancy at last sexual intercourse. In 1997, condom use among females was significantly lower in the 9th grade than in the 12th grade (p < .001), whereas birth control pill use was higher (p < .001) and use of withdrawal remained stable. Among males, condom use and withdrawal use remained stable from 9th to 12th grade, whereas birth control pill use by their partner increased (p < .001). Conclusions: Inadequate contraceptive use among sexually active adolescents continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. For young people who will not remain sexually abstinent, families, health care providers, schools, and other influential societal institutions should promote the correct and continued use of condoms as essential protection against sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDC, NCCDPHP, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Everett, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 27 IS 2 BP 112 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00125-1 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 337CW UT WOS:000088340700007 PM 10899471 ER PT J AU Trees, DL Schultz, AJ Knapp, JS AF Trees, DL Schultz, AJ Knapp, JS TI Use of the neisserial lipoprotein (Lip) for subtyping Neisseria gonorrhoeae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISCRIMINATORY POWER; ANTIGEN; STRAINS; H.8; SUSCEPTIBILITIES; PLASMID AB The pathogenic Neisseria species N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae possess an outer membrane lipoprotein, designated Lip, which is present in all strains tested. The predicted protein sequence of Lip consists of a consensus AAEAP amino acid repeat. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the Lip repeat number and sequence for subtyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The lip genes of each isolate were amplified by PCR and sequenced to determine the repeat number and sequence. Among the 46 strains we examined, eight different Lip repeat numbers were identified, with lengths of 11 (1 strain), 12 (14 strains), 13 (2 strains), 14 (10 strains), 15 (5 strains), 16 (10 strains), 17 (3 strains), and 20 (1 strain) repeats. Analysis indicated differences in the sequences within the repeats that resulted in amino acid alterations in repeat classes that contained multiple strains. Among the 46 isolates examined, we were able to identify 17 unique Lip subtyping patterns. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Bacterial STD Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Trees, DL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Bacterial STD Branch, Mailstop G-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 8 BP 2914 EP 2916 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 340XL UT WOS:000088561700020 PM 10921950 ER PT J AU Massung, RF Owens, JH Ross, D Reed, KD Petrovec, M Bjoersdorff, A Coughlin, RT Beltz, GA Murphy, CI AF Massung, RF Owens, JH Ross, D Reed, KD Petrovec, M Bjoersdorff, A Coughlin, RT Beltz, GA Murphy, CI TI Sequence analysis of the ank gene of granulocytic ehrlichiae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; HUMAN-DISEASE; AGENT; PROTEINS; INFECTION; TICKS; PCR; ANTIBODIES; RICKETTSIA; CYCLE AB The ank gene of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) codes for a protein with a predicted molecular size of 131.2 kDa that is recognized by serum from both dogs and humans infected with granulocytic ehrlichiae. As part of an effort to assess the phylogenetic relatedness of granulocytic ehrlichiae from different geographic regions and in different host species, the ank gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from a variety of sources. These included 10 blood specimens from patients with confirmed human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (three from New York, four from Wisconsin, two from Slovenia, and one from Sweden). Also examined was a canine granulocytic ehrlichia sample obtained from Minnesota, Ehrlichia equi from California, Ehrlichia phagocytophila from Sweden, and the granulocytic ehrlichia isolate USG3. The sequences showed a high level of homology (>95.5% identity), with the lowest homology occurring between a New York HGE agent and the Swedish E. phagocytophila, Several 3-bp deletions and a variable number of 51- and 81-bp direct repeats were noted. Although the North American HGE sequences showed the highest conservation (>98.1% identity), phylogenetic analyses indicated that these samples represent two separate clades, one including the three New York HGE samples and the USG3 strain and another with the Wisconsin HGE and Minnesota canine sequences. Two of the New York samples and the USG3 strain showed 100% identity over the entire 3,696-bp product. Likewise, three of the Wisconsin human samples and the Minnesota dog sample were identical (3,693 bp). Whereas phylogenetic analysis showed that the E. equi sequence was most closely related to the Upper Midwest samples, analysis of the repeat structures showed it to be more similar to the European samples. Overall, the genetic analysis based on the ank gene showed that the granulocytic ehrlichiae are closely related, appear to infect multiple species, and can be grouped into at least three different clades, two North American and one European. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Marshfield Clin, Marshfield, WI USA. Marshfield Med Res Fdn, Marshfield, WI USA. Univ Ljubljana, Fac Med, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Kalmar, Sweden. Aquila Biopharmaceut Inc, Framingham, MA USA. RP Massung, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 8 BP 2917 EP 2922 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 340XL UT WOS:000088561700021 PM 10921951 ER PT J AU Archibald, LK McDonald, LC Addison, RM McKnight, C Byrne, T Dobbie, H Nwanyanwu, O Kazembe, P Reller, LB Jarvis, WR AF Archibald, LK McDonald, LC Addison, RM McKnight, C Byrne, T Dobbie, H Nwanyanwu, O Kazembe, P Reller, LB Jarvis, WR TI Comparison of BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC and WAMPOLE ISOLATOR 10 (lysis-centrifugation) systems for detection of bacteremia, mycobacteremia, and fungemia in a developing country SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; CULTURE SYSTEMS; AGAR-SLIDE; ADULTS; TUBE AB In less-developed countries, studies of bloodstream infections (BSI) have been hindered because of the difficulty and costs of culturing blood for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi. During two study periods (study period I [1997] and study period II [1998]), we cultured blood from patients in Malawi by using the BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC (MFL), ISOLATOR 10 (Isolator), Septi-Chek AFB (SC-AFB), and Septi-Chek bacterial (SC-B) systems. During study period I, blood was inoculated at 5 mi into an MFL bottle, 10 mi into an Isolator tube for lysis and centrifugation, and 10 mi into an SC-B bottle. Next, 0.5-ml aliquots of Isolator concentrate were inoculated into an SC-AFB bottle and onto Middlebrook 7H11 agar slants, chocolate agar slants, and Inhibitory Mold Agar (IMA) slants. During study period II, the SC-B and chocolate agar cultures were discontinued. MFL growth was detected by fluorescence caused by shining UV light (lambda = 365 nm) onto the indicator on the bottom of the bottle. During study period I, 251 blood cultures yielded 44 bacterial isolates. For bacteremia, the MFL was similar to the Isolator concentrate on chocolate agar (33 of 44 versus 27 of 44; P, not significant [NS]), but more sensitive than the SC-B bottle (34 of 44 versus 24 of 44; P = 0.05), For both study periods combined, 486 blood cultures yielded 37 mycobacterial and 13 fungal isolates. For mycobacteremia, the sensitivities of the MFL and Isolator concentrate in the SC-AFB bottle were similar (30 of 37 versus 29 of 37; P, NS); the MFL bottle was more sensitive than the concentrate on Middlebrook agar (30 of 37 versus 15 of 37; P = 0.002), For fungemia, the MFL bottle was as sensitive as the SC-B bottle or Isolator concentrate on chocolate agar or IMA slants. We conclude that the MFL bottle, inoculated with just 5 mi of blood and examined under UV light, provides a sensitive and uncomplicated method for comprehensive detection of BSI in less-developed countries. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Lilongwe Cent Hosp, Lilongwe, Malawi. RP Archibald, LK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 8 BP 2994 EP 2997 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 340XL UT WOS:000088561700036 PM 10921966 ER PT J AU Snipes, LJ Gamard, PM Narcisi, EM Ben Beard, C Lehmann, T Secor, WE AF Snipes, LJ Gamard, PM Narcisi, EM Ben Beard, C Lehmann, T Secor, WE TI Molecular epidemiology of metronidazole resistance in a population of Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL-RNA; VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES; RISK-FACTORS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SEQUENCES; DISEASES AB Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent for human trichomoniasis, is a problematic sexually transmitted disease mainly in women, where it may be asymptomatic or cause severe vaginitis and cervicitis. Despite its high prevalence, the genetic variability and drug resistance characteristics of this organism are poorly understood. To address these issues, genetic analyses were performed on 109 clinical isolates using three approaches, First, two internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions flanking the 5.8S subunit of the ribosomal DNA gene were sequenced. The only variation was a point mutation at nucleotide position 66 of the ITS1 region found in 16 isolates (14.7%), Second, the presence of a 5.5-kb double-stranded RNA T, vaginalis virus (TVV) was assessed. TW was detected in 55 isolates (50%), Finally, a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on random amplified polymorphic DNA data, The resulting phylogeny indicated at Least two distinct lineages that correlate with the presence of TW, A band-sharing index indicating relatedness was created for different groups of isolates. It demonstrated that isolates harboring the virus are significantly more closely related to each other than to the rest of the population, and it indicated a high level of relatedness among isolates with in vitro metronidazole resistance. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that drug resistance to T, vaginalis resulted from a single or very few mutational events. Permutation tests and nonparametric analyses showed associations between metronidazole resistance and phylogeny, the ITS mutation, and TVV presence. These results suggest the existence of genetic markers with clinical implications for T, vaginalis infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis,Immunol Branch, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis,Entomol Branch, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol, Athens, GA USA. RP Secor, WE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis,Immunol Branch, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop F-13,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 27 TC 64 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 8 BP 3004 EP 3009 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 340XL UT WOS:000088561700038 PM 10921968 ER PT J AU Handley, SA Regnery, RL AF Handley, SA Regnery, RL TI Differentiation of pathogenic Bartonella species by infrequent restriction site PCR SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; TRENCH FEVER; EXPANDING SPECTRUM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; EPIDEMIC TYPHUS; SP-NOV; QUINTANA; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; STRAINS AB Infrequent restriction site PCR (IRS-PCR) is a recently described DNA fingerprinting technique based on selective amplification of restriction endonuclease-cleaved fragments. Bartonella isolates associated with human disease and related nonhuman isolates were analyzed by IRS-PCR genomic fingerprinting. Preparation of DNA templates began with double digestion using three different restriction endonuclease combinations. Combinations included the frequently cutting endonuclease HhaI in conjunction with an infrequently cutting endonuclease, EagI, SmaI, or XbaI. Digestion was followed by ligation of oligonucleotide adapters designed with ends complementary to the restriction endonuclease sites. Amplification of fragments flanked with an EagI, SmaI, or XbaI site in combination with an HhaI site produced a series of different-sized amplicons resolvable into patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The pattern complexity was varied by the addition of selective nucleotides to the 3' ends of the EagI-, SmaI-, or XbaI-specific primers. Amplicons were also generated with fluorescently labeled primers and were subsequently resolved and detected by capillary electrophoresis, Analysis by traditional slab PAGE and capillary electrophoresis provided suitable resolution of patterns produced with the enzyme combinations EagI-HhaI and SmaI-HhaI. However, the combination of XbaI-HhaI produced too many fragments for sufficient resolution by traditional PAGE, thus requiring the better resolving properties of capillary electrophoresis. Due to the flexibility in modulating the pattern complexity and electrophoresis methods, these techniques allow for a high level of experimental optimization. The results provide evidence of the discriminatory power, ease of use, and flexibility of the IRS-PCR method as it applies to the identification of human-pathogenic Bartonella species. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Regnery, RL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 41 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 8 BP 3010 EP 3015 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 340XL UT WOS:000088561700039 PM 10921969 ER PT J AU Schneider, BS Zeidner, NS Burkot, TR Maupin, GO Piesman, J AF Schneider, BS Zeidner, NS Burkot, TR Maupin, GO Piesman, J TI Borrelia isolates in northern Colorado identified as Borrelia bissettii SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BURGDORFERI SENSU-LATO AB Previous work described Borrelia burgdorferi sensu late group DN127 as a new genospecies, Borrelia bissettii, and prompted the present study to identify the Borrelia spp. that exist in northern Colorado. To determine the genospecies present, we analyzed two specific intergenic spacer regions located between the 5S and 23S and the 16S and 23S ribosomal genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the derived sequences clearly demonstrated that these isolates, originating from rodents captured in the foothills of northern Colorado, diverged from B. burgdorferi sensu stricto by 5 to 5.5% and were members of the new genospecies B. bissettii. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Lyme Dis Vector Sect, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Schneider, BS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Lyme Dis Vector Sect, POB 2087,Rampart Rd,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Burkot, Thomas/C-6838-2013 NR 9 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 8 BP 3103 EP 3105 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 340XL UT WOS:000088561700059 PM 10921989 ER PT J AU Wong, S Street, D Delgado, SI Klontz, KC AF Wong, S Street, D Delgado, SI Klontz, KC TI Recalls of foods and cosmetics due to microbial contamination reported to the US Food and Drug Administration SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIC LISTERIOSIS; OUTBREAK; INFECTIONS AB In the U.S., food product recalls serve as an important intervention in stemming the consumption of food products contaminated with infectious disease agents. We summarize the number and nature of foods and cosmetics recalled as a result of microbial contamination reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the period I October 1993 through 30 September 1998. During this period, microbial contamination of food and cosmetic products was the leading cause for recalls, accounting for a total of 1,370 recalls (36% of all products recalled). Listeria monocytogenes accounted for the greatest number of food products recalled because of microbial contamination, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common microbe associated with recalls of cosmetic products. Dairy products, followed by seafood and pastry items, were the types of products most often associated with recalls due to microbial contamination. The FDA was the entity most often responsible for detecting microbial contamination of foods and cosmetics (33% of all such recalls), followed by state regulatory agencies (24%), and manufacturers/retailers (21%). Nineteen percent of recalls were associated with at least one reported case of illness. Salmonella was the pathogen most often implicated in reports of illness associated with these recalled products. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Klontz, KC (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 16 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1113 EP 1116 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 342KB UT WOS:000088642800017 PM 10945589 ER PT J AU Meyer, PA Seward, JF Jumaan, AO Wharton, M AF Meyer, PA Seward, JF Jumaan, AO Wharton, M TI Varicella mortality: Trends before vaccine licensure in the United States, 1970-1994 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; CHILDREN; COMPLICATIONS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHICKENPOX; IMPACT; CANCER AB We examined varicella deaths in the United States during the 25 years before vaccine licensure and identified 2262 people who died with varicella as the underlying cause of death. From 1970 to 1994, varicella mortality declined, followed by an increase. Mortality rates were highest among children; however, adult varicella deaths more than doubled in number, proportion, and rate per million population. Despite declining fatality rates, in 1990-1994, adults had a risk 25 times greater and infants had a risk 4 times greater of dying from varicella than did children 1-4 years old, and most people who died of varicella were previously healthy. Varicella deaths are now preventable by vaccine. Investigation and reporting of all varicella deaths in the United States is needed to accurately document deaths due to varicella, to improve prevention efforts, and to evaluate the vaccine's impact on mortality. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Council State & Terr Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Seward, JF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 152 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 182 IS 2 BP 383 EP 390 DI 10.1086/315714 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347WJ UT WOS:000088951900001 PM 10915066 ER PT J AU Jason, J Buchanan, I Archibald, LK Nwanyanwu, OC Bell, M Green, TA Eick, A Han, A Razsi, D Kazembe, PN Dobbie, H Midathada, M Jarvis, WR AF Jason, J Buchanan, I Archibald, LK Nwanyanwu, OC Bell, M Green, TA Eick, A Han, A Razsi, D Kazembe, PN Dobbie, H Midathada, M Jarvis, WR TI Natural T, gamma delta, and NK cells in mycobacterial, Salmonella, and human immunodeficiency virus infections SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; KILLER-CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; ACTIVATION; BETA; RECEPTOR; SUBSETS; HIV-1; ALPHA AB NK cells, gamma delta T cell antigen receptor chain-positive cells, and CD3(+)CD16/56(+) (natural T [NT]) cells are involved in innate immunity and immunoregulation; however, their role in clinical infection is not well defined. Cytofluorometric analysis was used to examine peripheral blood from bacteremic, nonbacteremic, and healthy human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and -negative persons in Malawi, Africa. Mycobacteremia was associated with a higher proportion of CD3(+)CD8(-) gamma delta cells (median, 16.6% a vs. 0.7% for all other cells; P < .001), and Salmonella bacteremia was associated with a higher proportion of NT cells (4.3% vs. 2.2%; P = .002). HIV plasma RNA levels were weakly positively correlated with NT cells (r(s) = .39; P = .002), NK cells (r(s) = .38; P = .003), and gamma delta cells (r(s) = .43; P < .001). Compared with patients who survived, patients who died had a higher percentage of NT cells (3.7% vs. 1.9%; P = .017) and a higher percentage of NT cells that spontaneously produced interferon-gamma (2.4% vs. 1.2%; P = .035). The data support the clinical relevance of gamma delta and NT cells in mycobacterial, Salmonella, and HIV infections and of NT cells in mortality. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Immunol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Invest & Prevent Branch, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth & Populat, Lilongwe Cent Hosp, Lilongwe, Malawi. Minist Hlth & Populat, Community Hlth Sci Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi. RP Jason, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Immunol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Mailstop A-25,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 182 IS 2 BP 474 EP 481 DI 10.1086/315740 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347WJ UT WOS:000088951900013 PM 10915078 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Hanson, DL Kaplan, JE Jones, JL Ward, JW AF Dworkin, MS Hanson, DL Kaplan, JE Jones, JL Ward, JW CA Adult Adolescent Spectrum HIV Dis TI Risk for preventable opportunistic infections in persons with AIDS after antiretroviral therapy increases CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts above prophylaxis thresholds SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY NOV 12-15, 1998 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; DISCONTINUATION; DISEASE AB To determine incidence and risk for preventable opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [PCP] and disseminated Mycobacterium avium-complex [MAC] infection) in persons whose CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts had increased by greater than or equal to 100 cells/mu L to exceed the threshold of risk and in persons whose CD4(+) counts had never dropped below the threshold of risk, we analyzed data collected during the period 1990-1998 in the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Disease Project. Using a counting-process formulation of the Cox model, we analyzed observation time in these 2 groups for persons who were prescribed antiretroviral therapy but not prophylaxis, The incidences of the infections were low for patients whose CD4(+) count rose above the threshold of risk (PCP, 0.6 cases per 100 person-years [PY]; MAC, 1.0 cases per 100 PY) and not higher than in persons whose CD4(+) counts had not decreased below these thresholds, which suggests that discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for opportunistic infections may be considered for some patients. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dworkin, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 182 IS 2 BP 611 EP 615 DI 10.1086/315734 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347WJ UT WOS:000088951900033 PM 10915098 ER PT J AU Zeidner, NS Burkot, TR Massung, R Nicholson, WL Dolan, MC Rutherford, JS Biggerstaff, BJ Maupin, GO AF Zeidner, NS Burkot, TR Massung, R Nicholson, WL Dolan, MC Rutherford, JS Biggerstaff, BJ Maupin, GO TI Transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by Ixodes spinipalpis ticks: Evidence of an enzootic cycle of dual infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in northern Colorado SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE; NEOTOMA-FUSCIPES; UNITED-STATES; CALIFORNIA; COMPETENCE; VECTOR; ACARI AB Previous work described an enzootic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (hereafter referred to as B. burgdorferi) maintained by the rodent Neotama mexicana and the tick Ixodes spinipalpis in northern Colorado, We investigated the incidence of coinfection among rodents with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (aoHGE), aoHGE was detected in 23.5% of 119 rodent spleens examined. Biopsy results indicated that 78 (65.5%) of the 119 rodents were positive for B. burgdorferi, whereas 22 (78.5%) of the 28 animals that harbored aoHGE were also infected with B. burgdorferi. In 14 of 25 I. spinipalpis tick pools, aoHGE was detected by amplifying both the 16s rRNA and p44 gene of aoHGE, The ability of I. spinipalpis to transmit aoHGE was examined in C3H/HeJ mice. aoHGE was detected in their blood 5 days after I. spinipalpis infestation, This study confirms that both B. burgdorferi and aoHGE can be transmitted by I. spinipalpis ticks and that there is a high incidence of coinfection in rodents, predominantly Peromyscus maniculatus and N, mexicana, that inhabit the foothills of northern Colorado. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Lyme Dis Vector Sect, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Zeidner, NS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Lyme Dis Vector Sect, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087,Rampart Rd,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Burkot, Thomas/C-6838-2013 NR 15 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 182 IS 2 BP 616 EP 619 DI 10.1086/315715 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347WJ UT WOS:000088951900034 PM 10915099 ER PT J AU Zhang, L Tinkle, SS AF Zhang, L Tinkle, SS TI Chemical activation of innate and specific immunity in contact dermatitis SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokine; innate immunity inflammation; specific immunity ID CELL-DEFICIENT MICE; CD8(+) T-CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; PICRYL CHLORIDE; MOUSE SKIN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; ELICITATION; SENSITIVITY; CYTOKINES; SENSITIZATION AB Recent reports have suggested that chemical-induced allergic contact dermatitis may not be a traditional type IV hypersensitivity, in part due to the dual irritant and antigenic properties of sensitizing chemicals. In order to investigate the contribution of these properties to the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying allergic contact dermatitis, we evaluated oxazolone-induced changes in cell populations and cytokine production in the dermis of transgenic mice with impaired innate immunity (the Fc gamma R subunit knockout mouse), and absent specific immunity (the athymic mouse), and the appropriate B6,129F2 and C57BL/6 control mice. Oxazolone and croton oil were applied in a single sensitizing dose, or in sensitizing and challenge doses, and the dermal response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the wild type mice, with or without sensitization to oxazolone or croton oil, we observed mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine production and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes; however, the neutrophil was the predominant cell in the dermis, even 72 h after final chemical application. Athymic mice displayed a similar neutrophil response with moderate Th1/Th2 cytokine production, and Fc gamma R subunit knockout mice exhibited very mild dermatitis when treated with either oxazolone or croton oil. These results provide support for the hypothesis that allergic contact dermatitis is not a classic delayed type hypersensitivity, demonstrate the importance of the interaction between the irritant and antigenic properties of sensitizing chemicals in the development of allergic contact dermatitis, and suggest that the irritant effect of chemicals may be mediated through the cutaneous innate immune system. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Tinkle, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Rd,MS 3014, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 29 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-202X J9 J INVEST DERMATOL JI J. Invest. Dermatol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 115 IS 2 BP 168 EP 176 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00999.x PG 9 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 345FK UT WOS:000088805800005 PM 10951232 ER PT J AU Lyubimov, AV Garry, VF Carlson, RE Barr, DB Baker, SE AF Lyubimov, AV Garry, VF Carlson, RE Barr, DB Baker, SE TI Simplified urinary immunoassay for 2,4-D: Validation and exposure assessment SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 2,4-D; SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; AGRICULTURAL-WORKERS; DERMAL EXPOSURE; HERBICIDES; RESIDUES; APPLICATORS; EXCRETION; FORESTRY AB Urinary monitoring of exposed workers by either analytic chemical methods or radioimmunoassay suggests that urinary levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) exceeding 30 ppb are indicative of occupational exposure. However, the current methods do not lend themselves to clinical laboratory use in the rural medical setting. The major goal of this project was to provide medical practitioners who care for members of the agricultural community with a cost-efficient way to conduct exposure assessment. This project used a direct 2,4-D enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and measurement of the ratio between 2,4-D-spiked and non-spiked samples of the same urine to quantify 2,4-D levels. This simplified approach minimizes the effects of non-specific interfering substances in urine and eliminates the need for sample extraction and clean-up. Possible urine co-contaminants (2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol) do not significantly interfere with this immunoassay. Twenty-two forest pesticide applicators who apply and use chlorophenoxy herbicides in their work and 14 comparable control subjects were studied to validate the assay in the occupational setting. Coded urine specimens were examined for levels of 2,4-D by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and compared with immunoassay results from the same specimens. A correlation coefficient of r = 0.982 with a P value of .0001 for a plot of HPLC-MS/MS versus immunoassay demonstrated that the results from these methods were comparable over urinary dose levels ranging from not detectable (<19 ppb) to 1700 ppb 2,4-D, as determined by immunoassay. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Lab Environm Med, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. ECOCHEM Res Inc, Chaska, MN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lyubimov, AV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Lab Environm Med, 29th Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. RI Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5R01-ESO 8161] NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 136 IS 2 BP 116 EP 124 DI 10.1067/mlc.2000.108150 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 342LK UT WOS:000088645900006 PM 10945240 ER PT J AU Vernon, SD Unger, ER Rajeevan, M Dimulescu, IM Nisenbaum, R Campbell, CE AF Vernon, SD Unger, ER Rajeevan, M Dimulescu, IM Nisenbaum, R Campbell, CE TI Reproducibility of alternative probe synthesis approaches for gene expression profiling with arrays SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS LA English DT Article ID CELLS; CDNA AB Before gene expression profiling with microarray technology can be transferred to the diagnostic setting, we must have alternative approaches for synthesizing probe from limited RNA samples, and we must understand the limits of reproducibility in interpreting gene expression results. The current gold standard of probes for use with both microarrays and high-density filter arrays are synthesized from 1 mu g of purified poly(A)+ RNA. We evaluated two approaches for synthesizing cDNA probes from total RNA with subsequent hybridization to high-density filter arrays: 1) reverse transcription (RT) of 5 mu g total RNA and 2) RT-polymerase chain reaction CRT-PCR) of 1 mu g total RNA, using the SMART system. The reproducibility of these two approaches was compared to the current gold standard. All three methods were highly reproducible. Triplicate experiments resulted in the following concordance correlation coefficients to evaluate reproducibility: 0.88 for the gold standard, 0.86 for cDNA probe synthesized by RT from total RNA, and 0.96 for the SMART cDNA probe synthesized from total RNA. We also compared the expression profile of 588 genes for the total RNA methods to that obtained with the gold standard. Of 150 positive genes detected by the gold standard, 97 (65%) were detected by cDNA probe synthesized by RT of total RNA, and 122 (81%) were detected by the SMART cDNA probe, We conclude that SMART cDNA probe produces highly reproducible results and yields gene expression profiles that represent the majority of transcripts detected with the gold standard. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Unger, ER (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 8 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3993 USA SN 1525-1578 J9 J MOL DIAGN JI J. Mol. Diagn. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 2 IS 3 BP 124 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60626-5 PG 4 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 365EJ UT WOS:000089935200003 PM 11229515 ER PT J AU Weldon, M VanEgdom, MJ Hendricks, KA Regner, G Bell, BP Sehulster, LM AF Weldon, M VanEgdom, MJ Hendricks, KA Regner, G Bell, BP Sehulster, LM TI Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus in drinking water workers and wastewater workers in Texas from 1996 to 1997 SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE WORKERS; VACCINE AB To determine if wastewater workers had a higher prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) than drinking water workers, a convenience sample of Texas wastewater and drinking water workers was evaluated for risk factors by questionnaire and tested for anti-HAV; A total of 359 wastewater and 89 drinking water workers participated. Anti-HAV positivity was 28.4% for wastewater and 23.6% for drinking water workers. After adjustment for age, educational attainment, and Hispanic ethnicity, the odds ratio for the association between anti-HAV positivity and wastewater industry employment was 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 3.8). Among wastewater workers, never eating in a lunchroom, greater than or equal to 8 years in the wastewater industry, never wearing face protection, and skin contact with sewage at least once per day were all significantly associated with anti-HAV positivity in a model that adjusted for age and educational attainment. Wastewater workers in this study had a higher prevalence of anti-HAV than drinking water workers, which suggested that wastewater workers may have been at increased risk of occupationally acquired hepatitis A. Work practices that expose workers to wastewater may increase their risk. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Bur Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP VanEgdom, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Texas Dept Hlth, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX 78756 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 42 IS 8 BP 821 EP 826 DI 10.1097/00043764-200008000-00011 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 344HE UT WOS:000088752500008 PM 10953820 ER PT J AU Everett, SA Malarcher, AM Sharp, DJ Husten, CG Giovino, GA AF Everett, SA Malarcher, AM Sharp, DJ Husten, CG Giovino, GA TI Relationship between cigarette, smokeless tobacco, and cigar use, and other health risk behaviors among US high school students SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DRUG-USE; SMOKING; ADOLESCENTS; CHILDREN; REPLICATION; PROGRESSION; ADULTHOOD; PATTERNS AB This study examined relationships between tobacco use and use of other substances, intentional injury risk behaviors, and sexual risk behaviors among US high school students. Data about tobacco use and other health risk behaviors were analyzed from the 1997 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One-fourth of students (24%) reported current use of a single tobacco product tie, cigarettes smokeless tobacco, or cigars during the 30 days preceding the survey, and 19.5% reported currently using more than one tobacco product. Generally, students who reported current tobacco use also reported engaging in other substance use, intentional injury risk behaviors, and sexual risk behaviors. For many risk behaviors, these results were especially pronounced among students who reported using two or all three tobacco products. Programs designed to prevent tobacco use should consider that such use often occurs concomitantly with other health risk behaviors. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Dept Canc Prevent Epidemiol & Biostat, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA. RP Everett, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 35 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 70 IS 6 BP 234 EP 240 PG 7 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 338LR UT WOS:000088421800003 PM 10937370 ER PT J AU Parkin, RT Balbus, JM AF Parkin, RT Balbus, JM TI Can varying concepts of susceptibility in risk assessment affect particulate matter standards? SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off ID CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; PM10 POLLUTION; AIR-POLLUTION; CHILDREN; HEALTH AB The Clean Air Act mandates that sensitive subpopulations be considered in setting standards to protect the public's health. The purposes of this paper are to point out different conceptualizations of susceptibility, examine how it is approached in risk-related processes, and recommend ways it may be more explicitly framed for risk assessment and management purposes. We studied the traditional risk assessment paradigm, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines and revised PM standard, discussions from recent interdisciplinary meetings, and peer-reviewed literature. Areas of controversy include what factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the host should be incorporated in susceptibility, what health endpoints are of concern, whether susceptibility is deterministic or stochastic, and whether it should be defined on an individual or population scale. Recent discussions about susceptibility applied to PM indicate that it needs to be more clearly defined and evaluated for scientific and policy purposes. We conclude that varying concepts of susceptibility can affect risk-related processes such as PM standard setting. We recommend that susceptibility be clearly defined in the problem statement of risk assessments and be addressed in a specific subsection of risk characterization, integrating all susceptibility findings from the prior three steps in the risk assessment paradigm. C1 George Washington Univ, Ctr Risk Sci & Publ Hlth, Washington, DC 20052 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth, Trenton, NJ USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Parkin, RT (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Ctr Risk Sci & Publ Hlth, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 60 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 1417 EP 1425 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 350DP UT WOS:000089085700013 PM 11002603 ER PT J AU Gregg, EW Pereira, MA Caspersen, CJ AF Gregg, EW Pereira, MA Caspersen, CJ TI Physical activity, falls, and fractures among older adults: A review of the epidemiologic evidence SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Review DE physical activity; falls; exercise; osteoporotic fracture; hip fractures ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; RISK-FACTORS; HIP FRACTURE; DISTAL FOREARM; OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; ELDERLY PERSONS; DIETARY CALCIUM; PROXIMAL FEMUR AB OBJECTIVES: Assess the relationship between physical activity and risk for falls and osteoporotic fractures among older adults. DESIGN: Review and synthesis of published literature. MEASUREMENTS: We searched the literature using MED-LINE, Current Contents, and the bibliographies of articles identified. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT) of the effects of physical activity on the incidence of falls and case-control and prospective cohort studies of the association of physical activity with osteoporotic fracture risk. We also summarized mechanisms whereby physical activity may influence risk for falls and fractures. RESULTS: Observational epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of physical activity programs to prevent falls have been inconclusive. However, many studies have lacked adequate statistical power, and recent trials suggest that exercise, particularly involving balance and lower extremity strength training, may reduce risk of falling. There is consistent evidence from prospective and case-control studies that physical activity is associated with a 20-40% reduced risk of hip fracture relative to sedentary individuals. The few studies that have examined the association between physical activity and risk of other common osteoporotic fractures, such as vertebral and wrist fractures, have not found physical activity to be protective. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic studies suggest that higher levels of leisure time physical activity prevent hip fractures and RCTs suggest certain exercise programs may reduce risk of falls. Future research needs to evaluate the types and quantity of physical activity needed for optimal protection from falls and identify which populations will benefit most from exercise. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Gregg, EW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop K-68, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009 NR 79 TC 208 Z9 215 U1 2 U2 38 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 883 EP 893 PG 11 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 346TK UT WOS:000088887000003 PM 10968291 ER PT J AU Lentzner, H Gorina, Y AF Lentzner, H Gorina, Y TI Assessing trends in healthy aging using an automated data warehouse SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 MA P455 BP S122 EP S122 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 346TK UT WOS:000088887000511 ER PT J AU Schilling, M Gravenstein, S Regnery, H Miller, B Krause, P Povinelli, L Shult, P Drinka, P AF Schilling, M Gravenstein, S Regnery, H Miller, B Krause, P Povinelli, L Shult, P Drinka, P TI Emergence and transmission of amantadine-resistant influenza A in a nursing home SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Glennan Ctr Geriatr & Gerontol, Norfolk, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Wisconsin Vet Home, King, WI 54946 USA. State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 MA P304 BP S86 EP S86 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 346TK UT WOS:000088887000369 ER PT J AU Fisher-Hoch, SP Hutwagner, L Brown, B McCormick, JB AF Fisher-Hoch, SP Hutwagner, L Brown, B McCormick, JB TI Effective vaccine for Lassa fever SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; ARGENTINE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; GUINEA-PIGS; MASTOMYS-NATALENSIS; GLYCOPROTEIN GENE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS; INTERGENIC REGION; SIERRA-LEONE; INFECTION AB Lassa fever has been estimated to cause 5,000 deaths annually in West Africa. Recently, war in the zone where Lassa fever is hyperendemic has severely impeded control and treatment. Vaccination is the most viable control measure. There is no correlation between antibody levels and outcome in human patients, and inactivated vaccines produce high titers of antibodies to all viral proteins but do not prevent virus replication and death in nonhuman primates. Accordingly, we vaccinated 44 macaques with vaccinia virus-expressed Lassa virus structural proteins separately and in combination, with the object of inducing a predominantly TH1-type immune response, Following Lassa virus challenge, all unvaccinated animals died (DQ survival). Nine of 10 animals vaccinated with all proteins survived (90% survival). Although no animals that received full-length glycoprotein alone had a high titer of antibody, 17 of 19 survived challenge (88%). In contrast, all animals vaccinated with nucleoprotein developed high titers of antibody but 12 of 15 died (20% survival). All animals vaccinated with single glycoproteins, G1 or G2, died, but all those that received both single glycoproteins (GI plus G2) at separate sites survived, showing that both glycoproteins are independently important in protection. Neither group had demonstrable antibody levels prior to challenge. We demonstrate that in primates, immune responses to epitopes on both glycoproteins are required to protect against lethal challenge with Lassa virus without having untoward side effects and that this protection is likely to be primarily cell mediated. We show that an effective, safe vaccine against Lassa virus can and should be made and that its evaluation for human populations is a matter of humanitarian priority. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial Dis, Biostat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Anim Resources Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McCormick, JB (reprint author), Fdn Marcel Merieux, 17 Rue Bourgelat, F-69002 Lyon, France. EM jxsmccormk@aol.com NR 41 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 15 BP 6777 EP 6783 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.15.6777-6783.2000 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 333AE UT WOS:000088105900010 PM 10888616 ER PT J AU Zhang, YJ Lou, B Lal, RB Gettie, A Marx, PA Moore, JP AF Zhang, YJ Lou, B Lal, RB Gettie, A Marx, PA Moore, JP TI Use of inhibitors to evaluate coreceptor usage by simian and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in primary cells SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Review ID GENETICALLY DIVERGENT STRAINS; CC-CHEMOKINE RANTES; HIV-1 INFECTION; IN-VIVO; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS; MACROPHAGE TROPISM; FUSION COFACTOR; DENDRITIC CELLS; RHESUS MACAQUES; VIRAL ENTRY AB We have used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) to enter peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The inhibitors are TAK-779, which is specific for CCR5 and CCR2, aminooxypentane-RANTES, which blocks entry via CCR5 and CCR3, and AMD3100, which targets CXCR4. We found that for ail the HIV-1 isolates and all hut one of the HIV-2 isolates tested, the only relevant coreceptors were CCR5 and CXCR4. However, one HIV-2 isolate replicated in human PBMC even in the presence of TAK-779 and AMD3100, suggesting that it might use an undefined, alternative coreceptor that is expressed in the cells of some individuals. SIV(mac)239 and SIV(mac)251 (from macaques) were also able to use an alternative coreceptor to enter PBMC from some, but not all, human and macaque donors. The replication in human PBMC of SIVrcm (from a red-capped mangabey), a virus which uses CCR2 but not CCR5 for entry, was blocked by TAK-779, suggesting that CCR2 is indeed the paramount coreceptor for this virus in primary cells. C1 Rockefeller Univ, Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DASTLR, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Covington, LA 70433 USA. RP Moore, JP (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. RI Liu, Bernard/A-3687-2012 OI Liu, Bernard/0000-0003-3060-3120 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI041420, R01 AI41420]; NIMHD NIH HHS [L60 MD003100] NR 117 TC 120 Z9 122 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 15 BP 6893 EP 6910 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.15.6893-6910.2000 PG 18 WC Virology SC Virology GA 333AE UT WOS:000088105900023 PM 10888629 ER PT J AU Bowen, MD Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Hustad, HL Bausch, DG Demby, AH Bajani, MD Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Bowen, MD Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Hustad, HL Bausch, DG Demby, AH Bajani, MD Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI Genetic diversity among lassa virus strains SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; ARENAVIRUS-S-RNA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PICHINDE ARENAVIRUS; INTERGENIC REGION; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; OLIVEROS VIRUS; PROTEIN GENE; WEST AFRICA; GENOME RNA AB The arenavirus Lassa virus causes Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever that is endemic in the countries of Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea and perhaps elsewhere in West Africa. To determine the degree of genetic diversity among Lassa virus strains, partial nucleoprotein (NP) gene sequences mere obtained from 54 strains and analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Lassa viruses comprise four lineages, three of which are found in Nigeria and the fourth in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Overall strain variation in the partial NP gene sequence was found to be as high as 27% at the nucleotide level and 15% at the amino acid level. Genetic distance among Lassa strains was found to correlate with geographic distance rather than time, and no evidence of a "molecular clock" was found. A method for amplifying and cloning full-length arenavirus S RNAs was developed and used to obtain the complete NP and glycoprotein gene (GP1 and GP2) sequences for hvo representative Nigerian strains of Lassa virus. Comparison of full-length gene sequences for four Lassa virus strains representing the four lineages showed that the NP gene (up to 23.8% nucleotide difference and 12.0% amino acid difference) is more variable than the glycoprotein genes. Although the evolutionary order of descent within Lassa virus strains was not completely resolved, the phylogenetic analyses of full-length NP, GP1, and GP2 gene sequences suggested that Nigerian strains of Lassa virus were ancestral to strains from Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, Compared to the New World arenaviruses, Lassa and the other Old World arenaviruses have either undergone a shorter period of diverisification or are evolving at a slower rate. This study represents the first large-scale examination of Lassa virus genetic variation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Mailstop G14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 65 TC 109 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 15 BP 6992 EP 7004 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.15.6992-7004.2000 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 333AE UT WOS:000088105900032 PM 10888638 ER PT J AU Gavrilin, GV Cherkasova, EA Lipskaya, GY Kew, OM Agol, VI AF Gavrilin, GV Cherkasova, EA Lipskaya, GY Kew, OM Agol, VI TI Evolution of circulating wild poliovirus and of vaccine-derived poliovirus in an immunodeficient patient: a unifying model SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE ERROR FREQUENCY; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS; RNA VIRUS; MOLECULAR CLOCK; NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTIONS; PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; GENETIC BOTTLENECKS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; TYPE-3 POLIOVIRUS AB We determined nucleotide sequences of the VP1 and 2AB genes and portions of the 2C and 3D genes of two evolving poliovirus lineages: circulating wild viruses of T geotype and Sabin vaccine-derived isolates from an immunodeficient patient. Different regions of the viral RNA were found to evolve nonsynchronously, and the rate of evolution of the 2AB region in the vaccine-derived population was not constant throughout its history. Synonymous replacements occurred not completely randomly, suggesting the need for conservation of certain rare codons (possibly to control translation elongation) and the existence of unidentified constraints in the viral RNA structure. Nevertheless the major contribution to the evolution of the two lineages came from linear accumulation of synonymous substitutions. Therefore, in agreement with current theories of viral evolution, we suggest that the majority of the mutations in both lineages were fixed as a result of successive sampling, from the heterogeneous populations, of random portions containing predominantly neutral and possibly adverse mutations. As a result of such a mode of evolution, the virus fitness may be maintained at a more or less constant level or may decrease unless more-fit variants are stochastically generated. The proposed unifying model of natural poliovirus evolution has important implications for the epidemiology of poliomyelitis. C1 Moscow State Univ, AN Belozersky Inst Phys Chem Biol, Moscow 119899, Russia. Russian Acad Med Sci, MP Chumakov Inst Poliomyelitis & Viral Encephalit, Moscow 142782, Moscow Region, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Agol, VI (reprint author), Inst Poliomyelitis, Moscow 142782, Moscow Region, Russia. RI Agol, Vadim/E-1941-2013 NR 73 TC 86 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 16 BP 7381 EP 7390 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.16.7381-7390.2000 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 337DP UT WOS:000088342400020 PM 10906191 ER PT J AU Paulozzi, LJ AF Paulozzi, LJ TI Is Helicobacter pylori a cause of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID TERM FOLLOW-UP; CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS; CAMPYLOBACTER-PYLORI; PEPTIC-ULCER; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; CHANGING INCIDENCE; GASTRIC FOLDS; INFECTION; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB My hypothesis is that infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is caused in some cases by Helicobacter pylori (HP) a bacterium commonly found in the human stomach. IHPS is an idiopathic condition of infancy. It occurs at about 5 weeks of age in 3 per 1000 newborns. Children with IHPS have structurally normal pylori at birth and do not resemble children with congenital anomalies. Some nonspecific evidence (temporal distribution, seasonality, familial clustering, leukocytic infiltrates, and increased risk with bottle feeding) are compatible with an infectious etiology. Some other epidemiologic features of IHPS, such as its strong male predominance, its racial and social class variation, and a possible drop in its incidence, are also features of HP infection. Clinical features of IHPS, such as vomiting, hematemesis, and esophagitis, are also consistent with HP. Finally, children with IHPS appear to be more likely to develop chronic conditions, such as peptic ulcers, now known to be caused by HP. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Paulozzi, LJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 90 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0306-9877 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PD AUG PY 2000 VL 55 IS 2 BP 119 EP 125 DI 10.1054/mehy.1999.1020 PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 343ZZ UT WOS:000088734300006 PM 10904427 ER PT J AU Karem, KL Paddock, CD Regnery, RL AF Karem, KL Paddock, CD Regnery, RL TI Bartonella henselae, B-quintana, and B bacilliformis: historical pathogens of emerging significance SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Review DE Bartonella; pathology; immunity; pathogenesis; epidemiology ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ENDOTHELIAL-CELL PROLIFERATION; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; EPITHELIOID ANGIOMATOSIS; HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES; POSITIVE PATIENT AB Bartonella species were virtually unrecognized as modern pathogens of humans until the last decade. However, identification of Bartonella species as the agents of cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, urban trench fryer, and possible novel presentations of Carrion's disease has left little doubt of the emerging medical importance of this genus of organisms. The three primary human pathogenic bartonellae, Bartonella bacilliformis (Carrion's disease), B. henselae (cat-scratch disease), and B. quintana (trench fever), present noteworthy comparisons in the epidemiology, natural history, pathology, and host-microbe interaction that this review will briefly explore. (C) 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Viral & Rickettsial Z, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Karem, KL (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Viral & Rickettsial Z, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 121 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 9 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 2 IS 10 BP 1193 EP 1205 DI 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01273-9 PG 13 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 357FY UT WOS:000089488900007 PM 11008109 ER PT J AU Yang, ZY Duckers, HJ Sullivan, NJ Sanchez, A Nabel, EG Nabel, GJ AF Yang, ZY Duckers, HJ Sullivan, NJ Sanchez, A Nabel, EG Nabel, GJ TI Identification of the Ebola virus glycoprotein as the main viral determinant of vascular cell cytotoxicity and injury SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT TRANSFECTION; INFECTION AB Here we defined the main viral determinant of Ebola virus pathogenicity; synthesis of the virion glycoprotein (CP) of Ebola virus Zaire induced cytotoxic effects in human endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. This effect mapped to a serine-threonine-rich, mucin-like domain of this type I transmembrane glycoprotein, one of seven gene products of the virus. Gene transfer of GP into explanted human or porcine blood vessels caused massive endothelial cell loss within 48 hours that led to a substantial increase in vascular permeability. Deletion of the mucin-like region of GP abolished these effects without affecting protein expression or function. CP derived from the Reston strain of virus, which causes disease in nonhuman primates but not in man, did not disrupt the vasculature of human blood vessels. In contrast, the Zaire CP induced endothelial cell disruption and cytotoxicity in both nonhuman primate and human blood vessels, and the mucin domain was required for this effect. These findings indicate that CP, through its mucin domain, is the viral determinant of Ebola pathogenicity and likely contributes to hemorrhage during infection. C1 NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Vasc Biol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nabel, GJ (reprint author), NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, 40 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 18 TC 244 Z9 263 U1 2 U2 52 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 8 BP 886 EP 889 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 376TX UT WOS:000165473800031 PM 10932225 ER PT J AU Schieve, LA Cogswell, ME Scanlon, KS Perry, G Ferre, C Blackmore-Prince, C Yu, SM Rosenberg, D AF Schieve, LA Cogswell, ME Scanlon, KS Perry, G Ferre, C Blackmore-Prince, C Yu, SM Rosenberg, D CA NMIHS Collaborative Working Grp TI Prepregnancy body mass index and pregnancy weight gain: Associations with preterm delivery SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PATTERNS; WOMEN; BIRTH; ANEMIA; LABOR; RISK AB Objective To examine associations between rate of pregnancy weight gain and preterm delivery among women of varying prepregnancy body mass indices (BMI). Methods: Subjects were 3511 mother-infant pairs from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Prenatal weight measured between 14 and 28 weeks' gestation was used to calculate rate of pregnancy weight gain for each woman. Weight gain (Ib/week) was categorized as low (under 0.5), average (0.5-1.5), or high (above 1.5). Prepregnancy BMI was calculated as weight divided by height in (kg/m(2)) and categorized as low (under 19.8), average (19.8-26.0), and high (above 26). Delivery before 37 weeks' gestation was considered preterm. Associations between BMI, weight gain, and preterm delivery were examined before and after exclusion of medically indicated preterm deliveries and pregnancies complicated by maternal medical conditions potentially related to weight gain or fetal growth restriction. Associations were expressed as odds ratios (OR) adjusted for several potential confounding factors. Results: Women with low pregnancy weight gain were at increased risk of preterm delivery. The magnitude of risk varied according to a woman's prepregnancy BMI. After all exclusions and adjustments for confounders, ORs, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for low pregnancy weight gain were 6.7 (1.1, 40.6) for underweight women, 3.6 (1.6, 8.0) for average-weight women, and 1.6 (0.7, 3.5) for overweight women compared with average-weight women with average pregnancy weight gain. Conclusions: Low weight gain in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of preterm delivery, particularly if women were underweight or of average weight before pregnancy. (C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Maternal & Child Hlth Bur, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. RP Schieve, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Mailstop K-34,4770 Buford Highway Ne, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 113 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 96 IS 2 BP 194 EP 200 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(00)00883-8 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 338AW UT WOS:000088396800008 PM 10908762 ER PT J AU Sawaya, GF Kerlikowske, K Lee, NC Gildengorin, G Washington, AE AF Sawaya, GF Kerlikowske, K Lee, NC Gildengorin, G Washington, AE TI Frequency of cervical smear abnormalities within 3 years of normal cytology SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PAPANICOLAOU SMEAR; CANCER; PROGRAM; WOMEN AB Objective: To compare cervical screening outcomes associated with age and three screening intervals, 1, 2, and 3 years. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study comprising 128,805 women at community-based clinics throughout the United States who were screened for cervical cancer within 3 years of normal smears through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. We determined the incidence of cytologic abnormalities defined as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), high-grade SIL, and suggestive of squamous cell cancer. Results: Over the 3 years after normal smear results, the incidence of new smears interpreted as high-grade SIL or suggestive of squamous cell cancer (high-grade SIL or worse) was 66 of 10,000 for women under 30 years old, 22 of 10,000 for those 30-49 years, 15 of 10,000 for those 50-64 years, and 10 of 10,000 for those over 65 years. Age-adjusted incidence rates of high-grade SIL or worse were similar for women screened at 9-12 months (25 of 10,000), 13-24 months (29 of 10,000), and 25-36 months (33 of 10,000) after normal smears (P = .46). Age-adjusted incidence rates of ASCUS, the most common cytologic abnormality, did not change (P = .36). Incidence of smears interpreted as low-grade SIL increased as time from the normal smear increased (P = .01). Conclusions: Within 3 years after normal cytology results, cervical smears interpreted as high-grade SIL or worse are uncommon, and the incidence rate is unrelated to the time since last normal smear. Optimal screening strategies for women with recent normal cytology results should be based on comprehensive modeling studies that incorporate the true risks and benefits of repetitive screening. (C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Gen Internal Med, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sawaya, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, Laurel Hts Campus,3333 Calif St,Suite 335, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [HS07373]; NIA NIH HHS [1 P30 AG15272] NR 16 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 96 IS 2 BP 219 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(00)00882-6 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 338AW UT WOS:000088396800012 PM 10908766 ER PT J AU Smith, CA Khoury, JM Shields, SM Roper, GJ Duffy, RE Edelhauser, HF Lubniewski, AJ AF Smith, CA Khoury, JM Shields, SM Roper, GJ Duffy, RE Edelhauser, HF Lubniewski, AJ TI Unexpected corneal endothelial cell decompensation after intraocular surgery with instruments sterilized by plasma gas SO OPHTHALMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS; TOXICITY; ANESTHESIA; EDEMA AB Purpose: Ten cases of unexpected corneal endothelial cell decompensation occurring after routine intraocular surgery using instruments sterilized with a new plasma gas protocol are described. Design: A retrospective observational case series with 1 year of follow-up was conducted. Results: All patients had corneal decompensation and nonreactive pupils after surgery. Six patients required penetrating keratoplasty, Three patients partially recovered pupillary function. Visual acuity at 1 year ranged from 20/20 to hand motion (HM). One patient with an anterior chamber intraocular lens (ACIOL) experienced optic atrophy and HM vision despite resolution of corneal edema. Conclusions: Toxic corneal endothelial cell destruction syndrome was associated with the introduction of plasma gas sterilization protocols. Ophthalmology 2000;107:1561-1567 (C) 2000 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Smith, CA (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 660 S Euclid,Campus Box 8096, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0161-6420 J9 OPHTHALMOLOGY JI Ophthalmology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 107 IS 8 BP 1561 EP 1566 DI 10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00174-3 PG 6 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 339EW UT WOS:000088465500035 PM 10919908 ER PT J AU Thomas, P Bornschlegel, K Singh, TP Abrams, EJ Cervia, J Fikrig, S Lambert, G Mendez, H Kaye, K Bertolli, J AF Thomas, P Bornschlegel, K Singh, TP Abrams, EJ Cervia, J Fikrig, S Lambert, G Mendez, H Kaye, K Bertolli, J CA New York City Pediat Spectrum HIV TI Tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-exposed children in New York City SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; human immunodeficiency virus infection; pediatric human immunodeficiency virus ID UNITED-STATES AB Background. Tuberculosis disease incidence increased sharply in New York City (NYC) in the late 1980s in children and adults. The relationship of tuberculosis disease in adults with the coincident epidemic of immunosuppression caused by HIV disease has been well-documented. This paper examines the relationship of tuberculosis and HIV in children in NYC. Methods. Information on tuberculosis was collected by retrospective chart abstraction in a cohort of HIV-exposed and infected children enrobed in a longitudinal study of HIV, Tuberculosis cases were ascertained by chart review or by matching HIV-infected and -exposed children to NYC Tuberculosis Registry cases. NYC Tuberculosis Registry data on children reported from 1989 to 1995, and not reported as HIV-infected, were used for comparison. Results. Tuberculosis disease was found in 45 (3%) of 1426 HIV-infected children (0.61 per 100 child years of observation) and in 5 (0.5%) of 1085 HIV exposed uninfected children (0.2 per 100 child years). 30% of children were evaluated for HIV only after presenting with tuberculosis. Children with tuberculosis and HIV were more likely than other age-matched HIV-infected children to have decreased CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts (66% vs, 37%, P = 0.02) and more likely than other NYC children with tuberculosis to have culture-confirmed and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In this series 8 of 21 deaths in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis appeared to be related to tuberculosis. Conclusions. During a period of high tuberculosis incidence in NYC, 3% of HIV-infected children in our cohort had tuberculosis, higher than the rate in uninfected children born to HIV-positive mothers in the same cohort. Because of this association, HN-infected children with pulmonary illness should be tested for tuberculosis; and all children with tuberculosis should be tested for HIV. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Harlem Hosp Med Ctr, New York, NY 10037 USA. New York Hosp, Cornell Med Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Univ Hosp Brooklyn, New York, NY USA. Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr, New York, NY USA. Kings Cty Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Thomas, P (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, 346 Broadway,Room 706, New York, NY 10013 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU203312] NR 31 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 8 BP 700 EP 706 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 344JE UT WOS:000088754800005 PM 10959736 ER PT J AU Mogielnicki, NP Schwartzman, JD Elliott, JA AF Mogielnicki, NP Schwartzman, JD Elliott, JA TI Perineal group A streptococcal disease in a pediatric practice SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE streptococcal infections; vulvovaginitis; perineum; skin diseases; infectious ID BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI; GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCUS; PERIANAL CELLULITIS; WOUND INFECTIONS; ANAL CARRIER; CHILDREN; DERMATITIS; BALANITIS; PYOGENES; OUTBREAKS AB Objective. This study was designed to document the frequency and define the clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic characteristics of perineal disease caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) in a pediatric practice in which increased numbers of cases had been observed. Methods. Clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic data were collected on all culture-confirmed cases of perineal GAS disease during the calendar year 1997. GAS isolates from clinical cases and a comparison group of children with GAS pharyngitis were analyzed by T typing, emm gene analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results. Twenty-three cases of GAS perineal disease were diagnosed during 4530 office visits in 1997. Thirteen cases had perianal disease, 8 had vulvovaginal infection, and 2 were infected at both sites. No cases of penile disease were identified. Infections peaked in late winter and early spring and affected children with an average age of 5 years with a range of perineal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary symptoms. Analysis of T and emm types showed the majority (82%) of perineal isolates to be T 28 emm 28, showing 2 closely related PFGE patterns. In contrast, the pharyngeal isolates were distributed among 6 different T and emm types. Conclusion. Perineal infection caused by GAS may be a relatively common diagnosis in a pediatric or family practice setting. There may be specific GAS types that have a tropism for perineal tissues but the mechanism of infection is yet to be established. C1 Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Pediat & Community & Family Med, Lebanon, NH USA. Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Pathol, Lebanon, NH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mogielnicki, NP (reprint author), Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Ctr Community Hlth, 1 Med Ctr Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA. NR 47 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 2000 VL 106 IS 2 BP 276 EP 281 DI 10.1542/peds.106.2.276 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 340MM UT WOS:000088538100021 PM 10920151 ER PT J AU Baranowski, T Mendlein, J Resnicow, K Frank, E Cullen, KW Baranowski, J AF Baranowski, T Mendlein, J Resnicow, K Frank, E Cullen, KW Baranowski, J TI Physical activity and nutrition in children and youth: An overview of obesity prevention SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material DE diet; physical activity; obesity; children; genetics; obesity prevention ID FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH; BLOOD-PRESSURE; CHILDHOOD PREDICTORS; MEASUREMENT ISSUES; YOUNG-CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; TRACKING; ADIPOSITY; RATIONALE; EXERCISE AB Obesity, especially among children, has become epidemic. Even with major advances in genetics, behavior is likely to continue to play a central role in the development of adiposity and obesity. Interventions to help children and adolescents change their dietary or physical activity behaviors may be justified on four grounds: (1) immediate social and health benefits may be obtained; (2) critical periods in childhood may require certain behaviors to lead to healthy outcomes in adulthood; (3) chronic diseases and their elevated risk factors detected in youth may track into the adult years; and (4) the behaviors established in childhood may track into the adult years. Immediate benefits for children (ground 1) and the high tracking of obesity from childhood to the adult years (relates especially to grounds 3 and 4) are the strongest reasons for helping children acquire and retain healthy habits. The nine other papers in this supplemental issue address measurement and intervention issues, with special emphasis on obesity prevention. Reviews of the measurement literature were conducted for diet, nutritional status, physical activity, physical fitness, process evaluation, and environmental factors. Reviews of the intervention literature were conducted for health care providers, schools, and larger community settings. Effective programs for children can and should be designed, implemented, and evaluated. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Baranowski, T (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 80 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 6 U2 25 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S1 EP S10 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0686 PN 2 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100001 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Perry, G AF Freedman, DS Perry, G TI Body composition and health status among children and adolescents SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; ADIPOSE-TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT DISTRIBUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; SURVEY HHANES 1982-1984; MASS INDEX; SKINFOLD-THICKNESS; ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS; CHILDHOOD OBESITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, 4700 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 163 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S34 EP S53 DI 10.1006/pmed.1998.0480 PN 2 PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100003 ER PT J AU Freedson, PS Cureton, KJ Heath, GW AF Freedson, PS Cureton, KJ Heath, GW TI Status of field-based fitness testing in children and youth SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE health related; physical fitness; criterion-referenced standards; assessment ID CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; COLLEGE ALUMNI; AEROBIC FITNESS; YOUNG-ADULTS; SHUTTLE TEST; BODY; RELIABILITY; ADOLESCENTS AB This paper describes the history of youth fitness testing in the United States and the different fitness test batteries that are currently available. Validity and reliability of test items are reviewed and a description of how test results are interpreted is presented. Fitness testing for children and youth has undergone many changes over the past 3 decades. The tests used to assess the different components of fitness have evolved from a performance model to a model that considers health-related outcomes. Test interpretation currently employs criterion-referenced standards in contrast to the norm-referenced system of evaluation. Although some of the individual test items lack empirical data to verify that the test items provide a reasonable estimate of the fitness parameter, there is consensus on the health-related fitness components: cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Data are also lacking that directly link fitness level in youth to health as an adult. Despite these limitations, fitness testing is of value to the teacher, researcher, child, and caregiver. Test results may provide a measure of fitness level and identify areas that need improvement, results to be tracked over time, an indication of risk for developing certain chronic diseases, and a teaching tool for teachers and students in comprehensive fitness education programs, (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Exercise Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Exercise Sci, Ramsey Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Freedson, PS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Exercise Sci, Totman Gym, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 48 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S77 EP S85 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0650 PN 2 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100005 ER PT J AU Kohl, HW Fulton, JE Caspersen, CJ AF Kohl, HW Fulton, JE Caspersen, CJ TI Assessment of physical activity among children and adolescents: A review and synthesis SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID DISEASE RISK-FACTORS; SELF-REPORT MEASURES; RATING-SCALE CARS; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; HEART-RATE; FAMILIAL AGGREGATION; OBSERVATIONAL SYSTEM; STATISTICAL-METHODS; BLOOD-PRESSURE; YOUNG-CHILDREN AB Accurate assessment of physical activity in children and adolescents is a challenge. At least six categories of techniques have been used to assess physical activity among children and adolescents, including self-report, electronic or mechanical monitoring, direct observation, indirect calorimetry, doubly labeled water, and direct calorimetry. Each type of technique carries certain strengths and weaknesses, The purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize available evidence on reliability and validity of physical activity assessment techniques used for children and adolescents. More than 50 papers published between 1971 and 1997 were reviewed for reliability and validity information with children and adolescents ranging in age from 4 to 17 years. In general, the aggregate of the published data suggests a moderate to high test-retest and interinstrument reliability of physical activity assessment although these findings are less consistent among younger children and when the time period between observations in a test-retest assessment was longer than a few days. Results of validity studies are variable, largely due to the use of different validation standards and study designs. A lack of gender and ethnic comparisons was evident in the review. The available data suggest low to moderate validity for self-report and monitoring measures of physical activity. The choice for use of a particular method of activity assessment among children and adolescents depends largely on the design of the study and the age of the participants. Greater effort toward developing a consistent standard of measure is necessary to make future advancements in improving the accuracy of physical activity assessment among children and adolescents. Moreover, information relevant to girls and ethnic minority children is urgently needed. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Baylor Sports Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kohl, HW (reprint author), Int Life Sci Inst, Ctr Hlth Promot, 2295 Pk Lake Dr,Suite 450, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009; Schmoelz, Camilie/D-1707-2012 OI Schmoelz, Camilie/0000-0003-2221-9954 NR 74 TC 156 Z9 159 U1 5 U2 32 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S54 EP S76 DI 10.1006/pmed.1999.0542 PN 2 PG 23 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100004 ER PT J AU McGraw, SA Sellers, D Stone, E Resnicow, KA Kuester, S Fridinger, F Wechsler, H AF McGraw, SA Sellers, D Stone, E Resnicow, KA Kuester, S Fridinger, F Wechsler, H TI Measuring implementation of school programs and policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity among youth SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE implementation evaluation; policy adoption; process evaluation; school; physical activity; diet ID CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH; ADOLESCENT TRIAL; NUTRITION EDUCATION; MULTICENTER TRIAL; PREVENTION CURRICULA; TEACHING MODULES; DRUG-ABUSE; CATCH; INTERVENTION; CHILD AB Background. The measurement of program implementation and policy adoption is an essential evaluation component of any health intervention program. Data on program implementation are used to monitor program progress; identify elements of a program to be strengthened or eliminated; provide accountability; and help explain program effects. Method. This paper reviews approaches to measuring the implementation of school-based programs and policy to promote physical activity and healthful eating among youth. Areas examined include classroom instruction, food service, physical activity classes, and school policies. Operational definitions of implementation and methods of collecting data are described and compared. Results. Most implementation measures are focused on two dimensions: quantity (dose or completeness) and quality (fidelity), Data collection methods include the use of teacher self-report recorded through checklists, questionnaires, and interviews. Classroom observations by a trained observer are also used. Studies of policy development have used archival records and semi-structured interviews. Conclusions. Considerable variability exists across studies in how program of implementation is defined and measured. This is in part due to the need to tie measures closely to the content and format of the intervention. More work is needed to assess and compare the reliability and validity of various approaches to measuring implementation, (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 New England Res Inst, Watertown, MA 02472 USA. Educ Dev Ctr, Newton, MA 02458 USA. NHLBI, Div Epidemiol & Clin Applicat, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP McGraw, SA (reprint author), New England Res Inst, Watertown, MA 02472 USA. RI Schmoelz, Camilie/D-1707-2012 OI Schmoelz, Camilie/0000-0003-2221-9954 NR 78 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 5 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S86 EP S97 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0648 PN 2 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100006 ER PT J AU McPherson, RS Hoelscher, DM Alexander, M Scanlon, KS Serdula, MK AF McPherson, RS Hoelscher, DM Alexander, M Scanlon, KS Serdula, MK TI Dietary assessment methods among school-aged children: Validity and reliability SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE validity; reliability; child; adolescent; diet assessment; nutrient intake; food intake ID FOOD-FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; DOUBLY LABELED WATER; 24-HOUR RECALL; ENERGY-INTAKE; PORTION-SIZE; 4TH-GRADE STUDENTS; NUTRIENT INTAKE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; SELF-REPORTS; ADOLESCENTS AB Background Assessing the diets of children presents unique methodological challenges. Validity and reliability studies of recalls, records, food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), diet histories, and observations among children were reviewed. Methods, Forty-seven studies were published in peer-reviewed English journals between January 1970 and April 1999 of children 5-18 years of age with a sample size of at least 30, Results. Most of the 24-h recall validation studies assessed only a portion of the day, not a 24-h period, with higher agreements for meal versus complete day intake. Food records underestimated energy intake when compared to doubly labeled water. Few studies evaluated children's ability to complete records alone or to record an entire day. FFQs overestimated energy intake; however, validation standards may have over- or underestimated intake or used different referent periods. Reliability studies were identified for FFQs and diet history; results showed higher energy intake in first compared to subsequent administrations. Limited data were available on age, ethnicity, and gender effects. Conclusions. Correlations between the validation standard and dietary method were generally higher for recalls and records than FFQs, It was difficult to generalize the validity and reliability results of dietary assessment methods because of discrepancies in study design, referent periods, and validation standards. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP McPherson, RS (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, 1200 Herman Pressler, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 65 TC 183 Z9 190 U1 5 U2 34 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S11 EP S33 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0631 PN 2 PG 23 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100002 ER PT J AU Mendlein, JM Baranowski, T Pratt, M AF Mendlein, JM Baranowski, T Pratt, M TI Physical activity and nutrition in children and youth: Opportunities for performing assessments and conducting interventions SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID OBESITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Mendlein, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,NE,Mail Stop K-72, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S150 EP S153 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0687 PN 2 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100011 ER PT J AU Pate, RR Trost, SG Mullis, R Sallis, JF Wechsler, H Brown, DR AF Pate, RR Trost, SG Mullis, R Sallis, JF Wechsler, H Brown, DR TI Community interventions to promote proper nutrition and physical activity among youth SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEART-HEALTH-PROGRAM; ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL-CHILDREN; RISK BEHAVIOR SURVEY; LONG-TERM OUTCOMES; DISEASE RISK; ADOLESCENTS; EDUCATION; EXERCISE; FITNESS; EPIDEMIOLOGY C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Exercise Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pate, RR (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Exercise Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Trost, Stewart/B-5948-2012 OI Trost, Stewart/0000-0001-9587-3944 NR 68 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S138 EP S149 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0632 PN 2 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100010 ER PT J AU Richter, KP Harris, KJ Paine-Andrews, A Fawcett, SB Schmid, TL Lankenau, BH Johnston, J AF Richter, KP Harris, KJ Paine-Andrews, A Fawcett, SB Schmid, TL Lankenau, BH Johnston, J TI Measuring the health environment for physical activity and nutrition among youth: A review of the literature and applications for community initiatives SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE adolescent; physical activity; nutrition; environment; measurement; community-based ID INDIVIDUAL DIETARY PRACTICES; GROCERY STORE ENVIRONMENT; PROGRAMS; INTERVENTIONS; EDUCATION; TECHNOLOGY; DISEASES; SYSTEM; MODELS AB Children's diet and exercise patterns are affected by numerous environmental factors, including the availability of healthful foods and exercise opportunities in the community, media messages about foods, and family practices regarding physical activity and food choices. Efforts to measure these environmental factors are relatively new. The present paper describes an ecobehavioral perspective on factors influencing health behavior. The authors review the reliability and validity of 16 environmental measures relevant to physical activity and nutrition among youth. To illustrate the use of environmental measures, a case study is provided of how one was used to evaluate two partnerships whose missions were to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease and some cancers among children. The paper closes with recommendations for research and practice. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Human Dev & Family Life, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. K State Res & Extens Off Community Hlth, Wichita, KS 67214 USA. RP Richter, KP (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. NR 64 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S98 EP S111 DI 10.1006/pmed.1999.0541 PN 2 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100007 ER PT J AU Sallis, JF Patrick, K Frank, E Pratt, M Wechsler, H Galuska, DA AF Sallis, JF Patrick, K Frank, E Pratt, M Wechsler, H Galuska, DA TI Interventions in health care settings to promote healthful eating and physical activity in children and adolescents SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE health promotion; pediatrics; family medicine; obesity ID AMERICAN-HEART-ASSOCIATION; PREVENTIVE SERVICES; NATIONAL SURVEY; RISK REDUCTION; TASK-FORCE; NUTRITION; STATEMENT; PROFESSIONALS; DISEASE; CHILDHOOD AB Background. Physical activity and nutrition are related to multiple health problems during youth and to chronic diseases in adulthood, Health care providers have many opportunities to counsel young people about health behaviors. Method. Policy documents and descriptive data on nutrition and physical activity interventions for youth in primary care were reviewed. Results. U.S. children and adolescents made 29.5 million office visits in 1995, and 6.5 million were for well visits. About 80% of young people have seen a physician during the past year. Many organizations recommend that health care providers counsel children and adolescents about nutrition and physical activity, Many pediatricians counsel patients about physical activity and nutrition, but they have low confidence in the success of these efforts. Bright Futures and Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services are two national programs with specific guidelines for counseling, No studies could be located that evaluated youth physical activity or nutrition interventions in primary care. Programs for adults in primary care are sometimes effective, but they must target behavior change and be of sufficient intensity and duration. School programs can be effective, but they are much more intensive than is feasible for primary care. It is likely that effective programs for youth in primary care will require interactions with patients and families beyond the clinic encounter, Barriers to effective counseling include lack of financial incentives, provider knowledge and skills, and tested interventions. Conclusion. There is sufficient promise of public health benefit to justify development and evaluation of youth nutrition and physical activity interventions in primary care. The design of programs should be informed by behavior change theories, knowledge of opportunities within health care settings, research on determinants of health behaviors, and lessons learned from research on similar types of interventions. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego State Univ, Prevent Med Residency Program, San Diego, CA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sallis, JF (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, 6363 Alvarado Court 103, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. NR 59 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S112 EP S120 DI 10.1006/pmed.19999.0576 PN 2 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100008 ER PT J AU Wechsler, H Devereaux, RS Davis, M Collins, J AF Wechsler, H Devereaux, RS Davis, M Collins, J TI Using the school environment to promote physical activity and healthy eating SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE physical activity; diet; school; environment ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE PREVENTION; VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION; CLASSROOM-BEHAVIOR; PRICING STRATEGY; CHILDREN; RECESS; INTERVENTIONS; EXERCISE; STUDENTS; PROGRAM AB Background. The role of the community environment in shaping dietary and physical activity behaviors has received increasing attention in recent years. Although schools are a key part of the community environment, interventions that promote physical activity and healthy eating among students through changes in the school environment have received relatively little attention. Method. After reviewing the role of environmental factors in shaping health behavior, this paper describes the various aspects of the school environment that influence physical activity and nutrition behaviors. Relevant research is described and new research directions are proposed for five key environmental influences: recess periods, intramural sports and physical activity programs, physical activity facilities, foods and beverages available at school outside of the school meals program, and psychosocial support for physical activity and healthy eating. Results. Recess, intramural programs, and access to school physical activity facilities outside of school hours can provide opportunities for health-enhancing physical activity. States, school districts, and schools can establish strong policies and implement creative interventions to promote healthy eating through the foods and beverages offered at school. Schools can offer psychosocial support for physical activity and healthy eating through school policies, administrative commitment, role modeling by school staff, and the use of cues and incentives. Conclusions. Enough is known from theory, practice, and research to suggest that school-based environmental strategies to promote physical activity and healthy eating among young people merit implementation and ongoing refinement. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Wechsler, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,NE Mail Stop K-32, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 130 TC 159 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 39 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 SU S BP S121 EP S137 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0649 PN 2 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 344DJ UT WOS:000088742100009 ER PT J AU Stayner, LT Dankovic, DA Smith, RJ Gilbert, SJ Bailer, J AF Stayner, LT Dankovic, DA Smith, RJ Gilbert, SJ Bailer, J TI Human cancer risk and exposure to 1,3-butadiene - a tale of mice and men SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; leukemia; risk assessment; toxicology ID RODENT CARCINOGENS; MORTALITY PATTERNS; RUBBER INDUSTRY; HUMAN HEALTH; BUTADIENE; WORKERS; STYRENE; CHEMICALS; TOO AB Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate empirically the relevance of animal-bioassay-based models for predicting human risks from exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) using epidemiologic data. Methods Relative-risk results obtained with a regression model in a recent epidemiologic study were used to estimate leukemia risk for occupational and environmental exposures to BD and to compare these estimates with those previously derived from an analysis of animal bioassay data. Results The estimates of risk were found to be highly dependent on the model used when low levels of exposure were evaluated that are of environmental concern, but not at the levels of occupational concern. For example, at the level (1 part per million) of the recently revised standard of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the United States the estimates of lifetime excess risk ranged from 1 to 8 per 1000 workers. The range of the risk estimates derived from the epidemiologic models was remarkably similar to the range of risk estimates for occupational exposures (1 to 9 per thousand) previously developed by Dankovic et al in 1993 from an analysis of a mouse bioassay study for lymphocytic lymphoma. Conclusions Results for BD seem to provide another example of a high degree of concordance between the risk predictions from models of toxicologic and epidemiologic data, particularly at occupational levels of exposure. C1 NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Educ & Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Stayner, LT (reprint author), NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Educ & Informat Div, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCAND J WORK ENV HEALTH PI HELSINKI PA TOPELIUKSENKATU 41A, SF-00250 HELSINKI, FINLAND SN 0355-3140 J9 SCAND J WORK ENV HEA JI Scand. J. Work Environ. Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 322 EP 330 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 351JP UT WOS:000089154300007 PM 10994798 ER PT J AU Rothenberg, RB Wasserheit, JN St Louis, ME Douglas, JM AF Rothenberg, RB Wasserheit, JN St Louis, ME Douglas, JM CA AD HOC STD-HIV Transmission Grp TI The effect of treating sexually transmitted diseases on the transmission of HIV in dually infected persons - A clinic-based estimate SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; HYPOTHESIS; PROPORTION; IMPACT; TRIAL AB Background: The effect of sexually transmitted disease (STD) treatment on HIV transmission is a topic of considerable current interest and controversy, Goal: To assess the potential effect of STD treatment on HIV transmission in persons who are dually infected with STD and HIV. Study Design: Using data from eight STD clinic sites in the United States, the authors estimate the actual achievable reduction in HIV transmission by multiplying the prevented fraction associated with treatment of STDs (set at an average of 0.8) by the maximum potential reduction in HIV transmission achieved by treating STDs (using an average relative risk of 3.0 for increased HIV transmission in the presence of STDs), Subgroup analysis assessed infection proportions for genital ulcer disease, nonulcerative STDs, and any STD by sex, ethnicity, age, and sexual orientation. Results: The maximum achievable reduction in HIV transmission from dually infected persons to their partners is approximately 33%, The actual achievable reduction is approximately 27% (range, 10.0-38.1%) at the eight clinic sites, If each of the 4,516 dually infected persons in this cohort experienced a single sexual exposure with an uninfected person, 28 HIV infections would occur in the absence of STD treatment whereas 16 infections would occur with STD treatment. Conclusions: The estimate of a 27% reduction provides a qualitative assessment of the potential impact of STD treatment on HIV transmission in the absence of any other behavioral intervention. Identification of dually infected persons in STD clinics is an important mechanism for targeting interventions to a social milieu with high risk for HIV infection and other STDs. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Denver Dept Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. RP Rothenberg, RB (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, 69 Butler St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RI Potterat, John/B-4680-2009 NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 27 IS 7 BP 411 EP 416 DI 10.1097/00007435-200008000-00006 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 341VA UT WOS:000088610400006 PM 10949432 ER PT J AU Hennessey, KA Schulte, JM Valway, SE Joglar, OT Rios, N Sheppard, JD Onorato, IM AF Hennessey, KA Schulte, JM Valway, SE Joglar, OT Rios, N Sheppard, JD Onorato, IM TI Using DNA fingerprinting to detect transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among AIDS patients in two health-care facilities in Puerto Rico SO SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; HOMELESS; OUTBREAK AB Background. Fourteen cases of tuberculosis (TB) in Puerto Rico, diagnosed from April 1993 to April 1995, had the same DNA fingerprint, documenting disease caused by the same strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 14 cases were retrospectively investigated for epidemiologic links. Methods. Records were reviewed and staffs of the TB program, hospital/clinic, and AIDS residential facilities were interviewed. Results. Half of the AIDS cases were epidemiologically related, providing evidence of TB transmission in an emergency department, an AIDS inpatient ward, and an AIDS residential facility. DNA fingerprinting allowed detection of M tuberculosis transmission, but contact investigators could have documented it sooner. Factors contributing to transmission included delayed diagnosis, prolonged infectiousness, inadequate discharge planning and infection control procedures, and poor communication between health-care facilities. Conclusions. The numbers of AIDS residential facilities are increasing and must understand proper monitoring of TB patients and infection control measures that prevent transmissions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Valway, SE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,mailstop E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHERN MEDICAL ASSN PI BIRMINGHAM PA 35 LAKESHORE DR PO BOX 190088, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35219 USA SN 0038-4348 J9 SOUTHERN MED J JI South.Med.J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 8 BP 777 EP 782 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 344UQ UT WOS:000088777800007 PM 10963508 ER PT J AU Friedman, JM AF Friedman, JM TI Teratology Society: Presentation to the FDA Public Meeting on Safety Issues Associated with the Use of Dietary Supplements during Pregnancy SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. RP Friedman, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Mail Stop F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 134 EP 137 DI 10.1002/1096-9926(200008)62:2<134::AID-TERA10>3.0.CO;2-D PG 4 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 340JG UT WOS:000088528900010 PM 10931511 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC Lally, C Austin, H Renshaw, M Dilley, A Wenger, NK Phillips, DJ Whitsett, C Rawlins, P Evatt, BL AF Hooper, WC Lally, C Austin, H Renshaw, M Dilley, A Wenger, NK Phillips, DJ Whitsett, C Rawlins, P Evatt, BL TI The role of the t-PA I/D and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms in African-American adults with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction or venous thromboembolism SO THROMBOSIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE venous thromboembolism; myocardial infarction; African-Americans; t-PA; PAI-1; genetics ID TISSUE-PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS; TPA ANTIGEN; PROTEIN-C; GENE; RISK; INHIBITOR; PROMOTER; PLASMA AB To determine whether or not the PAI-1 4G/5G and t-PA I/D polymorphisms in African-Americans were linked to cardiovascular disease, the association of these polymorphisms to disease expression was analyzed in a recently completed case-control study of myocardial infarction or venous thromboembolism among African-Americans. All African-Americans patients with a history of venous thromboembolism attending an anticoagulant clinic, and patients with a history of a MI attending a cardiology clinic at a large local urban public hospital were eligible for inclusion as cases in the study. In this study it was observed that there was a statistically significant association between the D allele of the t-PA I/D polymorphism and venous thromboembolism and a nonsignificant association between the D allele and myocardial infarction among African-Americans. t-PA antigen levels were statistically significantly higher among both myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism cases compared with control subjects. The genotypes were unrelated to t-PA plasma levels. There was no association between either myocardial infarction or venous thromboembolism and the 4G/5G PAI-1 genotype. It was also found that genotype frequencies for both PAI-1 4G/5G and t-PA I/D polymorphisms in African-American adults were different from those reported for both U.S. Causcians and Europeans. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Crawford Long Hosp, Atlanta, GA 30365 USA. RP Hooper, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop D02 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0049-3848 J9 THROMB RES JI Thromb. Res. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 99 IS 3 BP 223 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0049-3848(00)00236-X PG 8 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 346FC UT WOS:000088859300002 PM 10942788 ER PT J AU Roth, VR Arduino, MJ Nobiletti, J Holt, SC Carson, LA Wolf, CFW Lenes, BA Allison, PM Jarvis, WR AF Roth, VR Arduino, MJ Nobiletti, J Holt, SC Carson, LA Wolf, CFW Lenes, BA Allison, PM Jarvis, WR TI Transfusion-related sepsis due to Serratia liquefaciens in the United States SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL-CONTAMINATION; BLOOD-TRANSFUSION; MARCESCENS SEPTICEMIA; GROWTH; BAGS AB BACKGROUND: Severe, often fatal, transfusion reactions due to bacterial contamination of blood components continue to occur. Serratia liquefaciens, an unusual human pathogen, is a recently recognized potential cause of transfusion-related sepsis. CASE REPORTS: Five episodes of transfusion-related sepsis and endotoxic shock due to S. liquefaciens were reported to the CDC from July 1992 through January 1999. One episode has been described. The remaining four, all fatal, are described here: three associated with RBC transfusion and one associated with transfusion of platelets. In each instance, the source of contamination could not be found. The implicated units tended to be older (mean RBC age 28 days), and visual discoloration was noted in each RBC unit, although usually in retrospect. CONCLUSION: S. liquefaciens is an increasingly recognized cause of transfusion-related sepsis and is associated with a high mortality rate. S. liquefaciens can contaminate both RBCs and platelets, but the mechanism(s) of contamination remain unknown. Increased attention to pretransfusion visual inspection may avert the transfusion of some S. liquefaciens-contaminated RBC units. However, more sensitive rapid diagnostic tests are needed to further reduce the risk of transfusion-related sepsis and endotoxic shock. C1 CDC, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Amer Red Cross, Blood Serv, Johnstown, PA USA. New York Presbyterian Hosp, New York Weill Cornell Ctr, New York, NY USA. Amer Red Cross, Blood Serv, Miami, FL USA. Gulf Coast Reg Blood Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Roth, VR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 34 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 8 BP 931 EP 935 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40080931.x PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 346GN UT WOS:000088862800009 PM 10960519 ER PT J AU Cheng, Y Macera, CA Davis, DR Blair, SN AF Cheng, Y Macera, CA Davis, DR Blair, SN TI Physical activity and peptic ulcers - Does physical activity reduce the risk of developing peptic ulcers? SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; UNITED-STATES; PERCEIVED STRESS; DUODENAL-ULCER; DISEASE; EXERCISE; INFECTION; ALCOHOL; SMOKING; MEN AB Background Although Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a major cause of chronic gastritis, not all infected patients develop ulcers, suggesting that other factors such as lifestyle may be critical to the development of ulcer disease. . Obiective To investigate the role physical activity may play in the incidence of peptic ulcer disease. . Methods The participants were men (n = 8,529) and women (n = 2,884) who attended the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas, Texas, between 1970 and 1990. The presence of gastric or duodenal ulcer disease diagnosed by a physician was determined from a mail survey in 1990. Participants were classified into 3 physical activity groups according to information provided at the baseline clinic visit (before 1990): active, those who walked or ran 10 miles or more a week; moderately active, those who walked or ran less than 10 miles a week or did another regular activity; and the referent group consisting of those who reported no regular physical activity. . Results With the use of gender-specific proportional hazards regression models that could be adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, and self-reported tension, active men had a significantly reduced risk for duodenal ulcers (relative hazard [95% confidence interval] for the active group, 0.38 [0.15-0.94], and 0.54 [0.30-0.96] for the moderately active group). No association was found between physical activity and gastric ulcers for men or for either type of ulcer for women. a Conclusion Physical activity may provide a nonpharmacologic method of reducing the incidence of duodenal ulcers among men. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Cooper Inst Aerob Res, Div Epidemiol, Dallas, TX USA. RP Macera, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-46,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG06945] NR 42 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU B M J PUBLISHING INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 221 MAIN ST, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94120-7690 USA SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 173 IS 2 BP 101 EP 107 DI 10.1136/ewjm.173.2.101 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 340UX UT WOS:000088554300019 PM 10924430 ER PT J AU Pieniazek, D Rayfield, M Hu, DJ Nkengasong, J Wiktor, SZ Downing, R Biryahwaho, B Mastro, T Tanuri, A Soriano, V Lal, R Dondero, T AF Pieniazek, D Rayfield, M Hu, DJ Nkengasong, J Wiktor, SZ Downing, R Biryahwaho, B Mastro, T Tanuri, A Soriano, V Lal, R Dondero, T CA HIV Variant Working Grp TI Protease sequences from HIV-1 group M subtypes A-H reveal distinct amino acid mutation patterns associated with protease resistance in protease inhibitor-naive individuals worldwide SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV-1; subtypes; protease; inhibitors; resistance; amino acid mutations ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC-VARIATION; DUAL INFECTIONS; IN-VIVO; TYPE-1; IDENTIFICATION; ALIGNMENTS; DIVERSITY; BRAZIL AB Background: Although numerous mutations that confer resistance to protease inhibitors (PRI) have been mapped for HIV-1 subtype B, little is known about such substitutions for the non-B viruses, which globally cause the most infections. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of PRI-associated mutations in PRI-naive individuals worldwide. Design: Using the polymerase chain reaction, protease sequences were amplified from 301 individuals infected with HIV-1 subtypes A (79), 8 (95), B' (19), C (12), D (26), A/E (23), F (26), A/G (11), and H (3) and unclassifiable HIV-1 (7). Amplified DNA was directly sequenced and translated to amino acids to analyze PRI-associated major and accessory mutations. Results: Of the 301 sequences, 85% contained at least one codon change giving substitution at 10, 20, 30, 36, 46, 63, 71, 77, or 82 associated with PRI resistance; the frequency of these substitutions was higher among non-B (91%) than B (75%) viruses (P < 0.0005). Of these, 25% carried dual and triple substitutions. Two major drug resistance-conferring mutations, either 20M or 30N, were identified in only three specimens, whereas drug. resistance accessory mutations were found in 252 isolates. These mutations gave distinct prevalence patterns for subtype B, 63P (62%) > 771 (19%) > 101/V/R (6%) = 361 (6%) = 71T/V (6%) > 20R (2%), and non-B strains, 361 (83%) > 63P (17%) > 10/V/R (13%) > 20R(10%) > 771 (2%), which differed statistically at positions 20, 36, 63, 71, and 77. Conclusions: The high prevalence of PRI-associated substitutions represent natural polymorphisms occurring in PRI-naive patients infected with HIV-1 strains of subtypes A-H. The significance of distinct mutation patterns identified for subtype B and non-B strains warrants further clinical evaluation. A global HIV-1 protease database is fundamental for the investigation of novel PRI. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Int Act Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Inst Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Natl AIDS Control Program, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Amer Univ Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Pounce Sch Med, Puerto Real, Spain. Hosp Italiano, Cent Lab, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Pieniazek, D (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 111 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1489 EP 1495 DI 10.1097/00002030-200007280-00004 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349AL UT WOS:000089021600003 PM 10983635 ER PT J AU Chokephaibulkit, K Chuachoowong, R Chotpitayasunondh, T Chearskul, S Vanprapar, N Waranawat, N Mock, P Shaffer, N Simonds, RJ AF Chokephaibulkit, K Chuachoowong, R Chotpitayasunondh, T Chearskul, S Vanprapar, N Waranawat, N Mock, P Shaffer, N Simonds, RJ CA Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HI TI Evaluating a new strategy for prophylaxis to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-exposed infants in Thailand SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV; infants; Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; pneumonia; prophylaxis ID VIRUS TYPE-1 INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; SURVIVAL AB Objective: To evaluate a strategy for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) for infants in Thailand. Methods: HIV-infected women were offered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for PCP prophylaxis for their children at 1-2 months of age. When the children reached 6 months of age, investigators simulated a decision to continue or stop prophylaxis on the basis of clinical criteria, and compared their decisions with results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for HIV. We calculated the proportions of children who received and completed prophylaxis, and compared the rates of pneumonia and death from pneumonia with rates from an earlier prospective cohort. Results: Of 395 eligible infants, 383 (97%) started prophylaxis. By 6 months of age, 10 (2.6%) were lost to follow-up, three (0.8%) were non-adherent, seven (2%) had stopped because of adverse events, four (1%) had died, and 359 (94%) still received prophylaxis. At 6 months of age, 30 (70%) of 43 HIV-infected children and 16 (5%) of 316 uninfected children met the clinical criteria to continue prophylaxis. The incidence of pneumonia at 1 to 6 months of age was 22% (15/68) in the earlier cohort, and 13% (6/46) in the recent cohort [relative risk (RR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3-1.4; P = 0.22]; mortality rates were 9% and 4%, respectively (RR 0.5; 95% CI 0.1-2.3; P = 0.47). Conclusion: This PCP prophylaxis strategy appeared to be acceptable and safe, may have reduced morbidity and mortality from pneumonia, and should be considered in developing countries where early laboratory diagnosis of perinatal HIV infection is unavailable. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Div Infect Dis,Dept Pediat, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Dept Microbiol, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Med Serv, Queen Sirikit Natl Inst Child Hlth, Bangkok, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chokephaibulkit, K (reprint author), Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Div Infect Dis,Dept Pediat, 2 Prannok Rd, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1563 EP 1569 DI 10.1097/00002030-200007280-00012 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349AL UT WOS:000089021600011 PM 10983643 ER PT J AU Kanshana, S Thewanda, D Teeraratkul, A Limpakarnjanarat, K Amornwichet, P Kullerk, N Akksilp, S Sereesittipitak, V Mastro, TD Simonds, RJ AF Kanshana, S Thewanda, D Teeraratkul, A Limpakarnjanarat, K Amornwichet, P Kullerk, N Akksilp, S Sereesittipitak, V Mastro, TD Simonds, RJ TI Implementing short-course zidovudine to reduce mother-infant HIV transmission in a large pilot program in Thailand SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE vertical HIV transmission; HIV prevention; HIV counseling and testing; demonstration program; zidovudine; Thailand AB Objectives: To describe a pilot mother-infant HIV prevention program started by the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand in July 1998 and to report on the first year of its implementation. Design: Analysis of monthly summaries of data from project logbooks, simple data forms in antenatal clinics and delivery rooms, site visits and workshops, mail survey. Setting: All 89 public hospitals in seven north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Participants: Childbearing women, program officials. Interventions: Counseling and HIV testing for pregnant women, short-course antenatal zidovudine for HIV-infected pregnant women, and infant formula for their children. Main outcome measures: Proportion of women with HIV test, proportion of HIV-infected women receiving zidovudine. Results: Of 75 308 women who gave birth between July 1998 and June 1999, 74 511 (98.9%) had antenatal care, 51 492 (69.1%) in the same district and 23 019 (30.9%) outside the district where they gave birth. HIV test results were available at delivery for 46 648 (61.9%) women, 410 (0.9%) of whom rested positive. Of these HIV-infected women, 259 (63.2%) participated in the zidovudine program and 6 (1.5%) received zidovudine from other sources. The proportion of women whose HIV test results were known and proportion of HIV-infected women who received zidovudine increased significantly during the year. Conclusions: A mother-infant HIV prevention program using short-course antenatal zidovudine was quickly implemented in a large region of Thailand with moderate HIV prevalence. This successful experience is leading to national implementation of a perinatal HIV prevention program in Thailand and may prompt other developing countries to start similar programs. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 HIV AIDS Collaborat, MOPH, Dept Hlth, Reg Hlth Promot Ctr 7, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth, Nonthaburi, Thailand. MOPH, Dept Communicable Dis Control, Reg Communicable Dis Control Ctr 7, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. MOPH, Dept Mental Hlth, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Simonds, RJ (reprint author), HIV AIDS Collaborat, MOPH, Dept Hlth, Reg Hlth Promot Ctr 7, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1617 EP 1623 DI 10.1097/00002030-200007280-00018 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349AL UT WOS:000089021600017 PM 10983649 ER PT J AU Jackson, JB Becker-Pergola, G Guay, LA Musoke, P Mracna, M Fowler, MG Mofenson, LM Mirochnick, M Mmiro, F Eshleman, SH AF Jackson, JB Becker-Pergola, G Guay, LA Musoke, P Mracna, M Fowler, MG Mofenson, LM Mirochnick, M Mmiro, F Eshleman, SH TI Identification of the K103N resistance mutation in Ugandan women receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE reverse transcriptase inhibitors; Africa; Uganda; HIV drug resistance; vertical transmission; clinical trials; resistance mutations ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TYPE-1; PHARMACOKINETICS; ZIDOVUDINE; THERAPY AB Objective: A recent trial in Uganda demonstrated that a simple, inexpensive regimen of nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis can dramatically reduce HIV-1 vertical transmission risk. In this regimen, women receive a single dose of NVP at the onset of labor and infants receive a single dose of NVP within 72 h of birth. The objective of this study was to determine whether HIV-1 variants with NVP resistance mutations were selected in Ugandan women who received this regimen in the Phase I/II trial HIVNET 006. Methods: Reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences from plasma HIV-1 were analyzed from 15 women 6 weeks after NVP dosing. RT sequences from plasma collected prior to NVP dosing were also analyzed. Results: The K103N NVP resistance mutation was detected 6 weeks after NVP administration in three (20%) out of 15 women (95% confidence interval, 0-40%). Pre-dose samples were available from two of the three women; both pre-dose samples lacked the mutation. Other NVP resistance mutations were absent from all 15 women. Women with the K103N mutation had a longer median NVP elimination half-life, decreased median oral clearance, and increased median area under the concentration time curve than those without the mutation. An evaluable sample was obtained from one of these three women 33 months after delivery; the K103N mutation was not detected in that sample. Conclusions: This preliminary study demonstrates that HIV-1 with the RT K103N mutation can be detected in some Ugandan women following a single dose of NVP. This suggests that non-nucleoside RT inhibitor resistance may be selected in some people by single dose NVP prophylaxis. Pharmacokinetic data suggested that a more prolonged exposure to NVP after dosing may favor selection of NVP-resistant HIV-1. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Makerere Univ, Dept Paediat, Kampala, Uganda. NICHD, Div Aids, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NICHD, Pediat Adolescent & Mat AIDS Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. Boston Univ, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Makerere Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Kampala, Uganda. RP Eshleman, SH (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Pathol, Ross Bldg 646,720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [N0I-AI-35173]; NICHD NIH HHS [R29 NIH-CH/HD34348] NR 13 TC 126 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 11 BP F111 EP F115 DI 10.1097/00002030-200007280-00001 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349AL UT WOS:000089021600001 PM 10983633 ER PT J AU Pennypacker, KR Eidizadeh, S Kassed, CA O'Callaghan, JP Sanberg, PR Willing, AE AF Pennypacker, KR Eidizadeh, S Kassed, CA O'Callaghan, JP Sanberg, PR Willing, AE TI Expression of fos-related antigen-2 in rat hippocampus after middle cerebral arterial occlusion SO NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE AP-1; stroke; ischemia; neuronal survival; transcription factor; Fluoro-Jade ID AP-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; ISCHEMIA; BRAIN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY AB AP-1 transcription factors have been shown to be induced in the brain after ischemic injury. However, their roles in neuronal survival or death have yet to be defined. Here, we report the discovery of elevated nuclear levels of fos-related antigen-2 (FRA-2) in the nuclei of hippocampal neurons seven days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Expression of FRA-2 and AP-1 DNA binding activity is elevated in hippocampi ipsilateral as well as contralateral to MCAO. Using Fluoro-Jade staining as a marker of neurodegeneration, FRA-2 was not found to be expressed in degenerating neurons. Thus, FRA-2 is expressed in neurons that survive ischemic insult suggesting a role for this transcription factor in neuronal adaptation to the post-injury state. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Neurosurg, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. RP Pennypacker, KR (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd,MDC 9, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. RI Pennypacker, Keith/I-5092-2012; Willing, Alison/I-4946-2012; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 13 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3940 J9 NEUROSCI LETT JI Neurosci. Lett. PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01250-7 PG 4 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 339EZ UT WOS:000088465800001 PM 10899394 ER PT J AU Bradley, CB Zaki, MH Graham, DG Mayer, M DiPalma, V Campbell, SR Persi, MA Szlakowicz, A Kurpiel, P Keithly, J Ennis, J Smith, P Szlakowicz, O AF Bradley, CB Zaki, MH Graham, DG Mayer, M DiPalma, V Campbell, SR Persi, MA Szlakowicz, A Kurpiel, P Keithly, J Ennis, J Smith, P Szlakowicz, O TI Probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection - Suffolk County, New York, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 495-498, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Suffolk Cty Dept Hlth Svcs, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Prevent Med, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Mayo Med Sch, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Malaria Epidemiol Br, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Entomol Br, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Biol & Diagnost Br, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bradley, CB (reprint author), Suffolk Cty Dept Hlth Svcs, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 26 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 4 BP 431 EP 432 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335QB UT WOS:000088254200010 ER PT J AU Shafey, O Mehler, L Baum, L AF Shafey, O Mehler, L Baum, L TI Illnesses associated with use of automatic insecticide dispenser units - Selected states and United States, 1986-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 492-495, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Florida Dept Hlth & Rehabil Serv, Bur Environm Epidemiol, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. Calif Dept Pesticide Regulat, Sacramento, CA USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Pesticide & Surveillance Sect, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Washington, DC USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shafey, O (reprint author), Florida Dept Hlth & Rehabil Serv, Bur Environm Epidemiol, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 26 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 4 BP 432 EP 434 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335QB UT WOS:000088254200011 ER PT J AU Lieu, T Ray, GT Black, S Shinefield, H Butler, J Miller, M AF Lieu, T Ray, GT Black, S Shinefield, H Butler, J Miller, M TI Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Harvard Pilgrim Hlth Care, Boston, MA USA. Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Lieu, T (reprint author), Harvard Pilgrim Hlth Care, Boston, MA USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 26 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 4 BP 440 EP 441 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335QB UT WOS:000088254200023 PM 10904501 ER PT J AU McFarlane, M Bull, SS Rietmeijer, CA AF McFarlane, M Bull, SS Rietmeijer, CA TI The Internet as a newly emerging risk environment for sexually transmitted diseases SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DETERMINANTS; PATTERNS AB Context Transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with unprotected sex among multiple anonymous sex partners. The role of the Internet in risk of STDs is not known. Objective To compare risk of STD transmission for persons who seek sex partners on the Internet with risk for persons not seeking sex partners on the Internet. Design Cross-sectional survey conducted September 1999 through April 2000, Setting and Participants A total of 856 clients of the Denver Public Health HIV Counseling and Testing Site in Colorado. Main Outcome Measures Self-report of logging on to the Internet with the intention of finding sex partners; having sex with partners who were originally contacted via the Internet; number of such partners and use of condoms with them; and time since last sexual contact with Internet partners, linked to HIV risk assessment and test records. Results Of the 856 clients, most were white (77.8%), men (69.2%), heterosexual (65.3%), and aged 20 to 50 years (84.1%), Of those, 135 (15.8%) had sought sex partners on the Internet, and 88 (65.2%) of these reported having sex with a partner initially met via the Internet, Of those with Internet partners, 34 (38.7%) had 4 or more such partners, with 62 (71.2%) of contacts occurring within 6 months prior to the client's HIV test. Internet sex seekers were more likely to be men (P<.001) and homosexual (P<.001) than those not seeking sex via the Internet. Internet sex seekers reported more previous STDs (P=.02); more partners (P<.001); more anal sex (P<.001); and more sexual exposure to men (P<.001), men who have sex with men (P<.001), and partners known to be HIV positive (P<.001) than those not seeking sex via the Internet, Conclusions Seeking sex partners via the Internet was a relatively common practice in this sample of persons seeking HIV testing and counseling (representative of neither Denver nor the overall US population). Clients who seek sex using the Internet appear to be at greater risk for STDs than clients who do not seek sex on the Internet. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Denver Hlth & Hosp Author, Denver Publ Hlth Dept, Denver, CO USA. RP McFarlane, M (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [R18/CCR815954-02] NR 15 TC 274 Z9 279 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 26 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 4 BP 443 EP + DI 10.1001/jama.284.4.443 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335QB UT WOS:000088254200029 PM 10904506 ER PT J AU Klausner, JD Wolf, W Fischer-Ponce, L Zolt, I Katz, MH AF Klausner, JD Wolf, W Fischer-Ponce, L Zolt, I Katz, MH TI Tracing a syphilis outbreak through cyberspace SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ELIMINATION AB Context A recent outbreak of syphilis among users of an Internet chat room challenged traditional methods of partner notification and community education because locating information on sexual partners was limited to screen names and privacy concerns precluded identifying sexual partners through the Internet service provider. Objectives To determine the association of Internet use and acquisition of syphilis and to describe innovative methods of partner notification in cyberspace. Design, Setting, and Patients Outbreak investigation conducted at the San Francisco (Calif) Department of Public Health (SFDPH) in June-August 1999 of 7 cases of early syphilis among gay men linked to an online chat room; case-control study of 6 gay men with syphilis reported to SFDPH in July-August 1999 (cases) and 32 gay men without syphilis who presented to a city clinic in April-July 1999 (controls), Main Outcome Measures Association of syphilis infection with Internet use, Internet use among cases vs controls, and partner notification methods and partner evaluation indexes. Results During the outbreak, cases were significantly more likely than controls to have met their sexual partners through use of the Internet (67% vs 19%; odds ratio, 8.7; P=.03). We notified and confirmed testing for 42% of named partners; the mean number of sexual partners medically evaluated per index case was 5.9, Conclusions In this study, meeting sexual partners through the Internet was associated with acquisition of syphilis among gay men. Public health efforts must continually adapt disease control procedures to new venues, carefully weighing the rights to privacy vs the need to protect public health. C1 San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, STD Serv, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Div AIDS & Oncol, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Klausner, JD (reprint author), San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, STD Serv, 1360 Mission St,Suite 401, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA. NR 14 TC 198 Z9 201 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 26 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 4 BP 447 EP + DI 10.1001/jama.284.4.447 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335QB UT WOS:000088254200030 PM 10904507 ER PT J AU Nosten, F van Vugt, M Price, R Luxemburger, C Thway, KL Brockman, A McGready, R ter Kuile, F Looareesuwan, S White, NJ AF Nosten, F van Vugt, M Price, R Luxemburger, C Thway, KL Brockman, A McGready, R ter Kuile, F Looareesuwan, S White, NJ TI Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID BURMESE BORDER; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ELISA DEVELOPMENT; BED NETS; SPOROZOITES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTION; PREGNANCY; AREA AB Background Worsening drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major threat to health in tropical countries. We did a prospective study of malaria incidence and treatment in an area of highly multidrug-resistant P falciparum malaria. Methods We assessed incidence of P falciparum malaria and the in-vivo responses to mefloquine treatment over 13 years in two large camps for displaced Karen people on the northwest border of Thailand. During this time, the standard mefloquine dose was first increased, and then combined artesunate and mefloquine was introduced as first-line treatment for uncomplicated P falciparum malaria. Findings Early detection and treatment controlled P falciparum malaria initially while mefloquine was effective (cure rate with mefloquine [15 mg/kg] and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in 1985, 98% [95% CI 97-100]), but as mefloquine resistance developed, the cure rate fell (71% [67-77] in 1990). A similar pattern was seen for high-dose (25 mg/kg) mefloquine monotherapy from 1990-94. Since the general deployment of the artesunate-mefloquine combination in 1994, the cure rate increased again to almost 100% from 1998 onwards, and there has been a sustained decline in the incidence of P falciparum malaria in the study area. In-vitro susceptibility of P falciparum to mefloquine has improved significantly (p=0.003). Interpretation In this area of low malaria transmission, early diagnosis and treatment with combined artesunate and mefloquine has reduced the incidence of P falciparum malaria and halted the progression of mefloquine resistance. We recommend that antimalarial drugs should be combined with artemisinin or a derivative to protect them against resistance. C1 Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Shoklo Malaria Res Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand. Amsterdam Med Ctr, Dept Infect Dis Trop Med & AIDS, Amsterdam, Netherlands. John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP White, NJ (reprint author), Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, 420-6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. RI White, Nicholas/I-4629-2012; OI Price, Richard/0000-0003-2000-2874; McGready, Rose/0000-0003-1621-3257; Nosten, Francois/0000-0002-7951-0745 FU Wellcome Trust [091625] NR 24 TC 335 Z9 346 U1 0 U2 27 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUL 22 PY 2000 VL 356 IS 9226 BP 297 EP 302 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02505-8 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 336MJ UT WOS:000088305900011 PM 11071185 ER PT J AU Schuchat, A AF Schuchat, A TI Neonatal group B streptococcal disease - Screening and prevention SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schuchat, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 20 PY 2000 VL 343 IS 3 BP 209 EP 210 DI 10.1056/NEJM200007203430310 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335HY UT WOS:000088239100010 PM 10900283 ER PT J AU Nuorti, JP Butler, JC Breiman, RF AF Nuorti, JP Butler, JC Breiman, RF TI Smoking and pneumococcal disease - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS C1 Natl Publ Hlth Inst, SF-00300 Helsinki, Finland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nuorti, JP (reprint author), Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Mannerheimintie 166, SF-00300 Helsinki, Finland. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 20 PY 2000 VL 343 IS 3 BP 220 EP 220 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335HY UT WOS:000088239100014 ER PT J CA CDC TI Contribution of assisted reproduction technology and ovulation-inducing drugs to triplet and higher-order multiple births - United States, 1980-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 535-538, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 19 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 3 BP 299 EP 300 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 333GR UT WOS:000088123000007 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, J Hopkins, C Barry, A DeMaria, A AF Greenblatt, J Hopkins, C Barry, A DeMaria, A TI Suspected Brucellosis case prompts investigation of possible bioterrorism-related activity - New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 509-512, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New Hampshire Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Boston Publ Hlth Commiss, Boston, MA USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Boston, MA 02111 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Greenblatt, J (reprint author), New Hampshire Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 19 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 3 BP 300 EP 302 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 333GR UT WOS:000088123000008 ER PT J AU Braden, CR Onorato, IM Crawford, JT AF Braden, CR Onorato, IM Crawford, JT TI Molecular epidemiology and tuberculosis control SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; POPULATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Braden, CR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 19 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 3 BP 305 EP 305 DI 10.1001/jama.284.3.305 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 333GR UT WOS:000088123000014 PM 10891953 ER PT J AU Kogan, MD Alexander, GR Kotelchuck, M MacDorman, MF Buekens, P Martin, JA Papiernik, E AF Kogan, MD Alexander, GR Kotelchuck, M MacDorman, MF Buekens, P Martin, JA Papiernik, E TI Trends in twin birth outcomes and prenatal care utilization in the United States, 1981-1997 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GESTATIONAL-AGE; MULTIPLE BIRTHS; PRETERM BIRTH; ASSISTED REPRODUCTION; INFANT-MORTALITY; WEIGHT; PREGNANCIES; SINGLETONS; ADEQUACY; HEALTH AB Context Multiple births account for an increasing percentage of all low-birth-weight infants, preterm births, and infant mortality in the United States. Since 1981, the percentage of women with multiple births who received intensive prenatal care (defined as a high number of visits, exceeding the recommendation of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists by approximately 1 SD beyond the mean number of visits for women initiating care within each trimester) has increased significantly. Objectives To explore the hypothesis that more aggressive management of twin-birth pregnancies may be associated with changes in birth outcomes in this population. Design, Setting, and Subjects Cross-sectional and trend analysis of data from the National Center for Health Statistics' birth and infant death records for all twin births occurring in the United States between 1981 and 1997, excluding those with missing or inconsistent data. Main Outcome Measures Trends in preterm birth, low birth weight, preterm and term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births, and infant mortality, by level of prenatal care utilization. Results The preterm birth rate for twins increased from 40.9% in 1981 to 55.0% in 1997, The percentage of low-birth-weight infants increased from 51.0% to 54.0%, The preterm SGA rate also increased from 11.9% to 14.1%, while the term SGA rate decreased from 30.7% to 20.5%. For women with intensive prenatal care utilization, the preterm birth rate increased from 35.1% to 55.8%, compared with an increase from 50.6% to 592% among women with only adequate use. Twin preterm deliveries involving either induction or first cesarean delivery also increased from 21.9% to 27.3% between 1989-1991 and 1995-1997. The twin infant mortality rate for women with intensive prenatal care use declined between 1983 and 1996 and remained lower than the overall twin infant mortality rate. Conclusions An apparent increase in medical interventions in the management of twins may result in the seeming incongruity of more prenatal care and more preterm births; however, these data suggest that women with intensive prenatal care utilization also have a lower infant mortality rate. C1 US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Maternal & Chil Hlth Bur, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Paris 05, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Paris, France. RP Kogan, MD (reprint author), US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Maternal & Chil Hlth Bur, 5600 Fishers Ln,Room 18A-55, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. FU PHS HHS [MCJ-107, MCJ-9040] NR 51 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 19 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 3 BP 335 EP 341 DI 10.1001/jama.284.3.335 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 333GR UT WOS:000088123000026 PM 10891965 ER PT J AU Clark, CM Fradkin, JE Hiss, RG Lorenz, RA Vinicor, F Warren-Boulton, E AF Clark, CM Fradkin, JE Hiss, RG Lorenz, RA Vinicor, F Warren-Boulton, E TI Promoting early diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes - The National Diabetes Education Program SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID NON-HISPANIC WHITES; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; CARE; MANAGEMENT; NIDDM; MELLITUS; ADULTS; POPULATION; BENEFITS; QUALITY C1 NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Regenstrief Inst Hlth Care, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Univ Michigan Hlth Syst, Michigan Diabet Res & Training Ctr, Demonstrat & Educ Div, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA USA. Hager Sharp, Washington, DC USA. RP Clark, CM (reprint author), Natl Diabet Educ Program, Box JAMA Reprint,1 Diabet Way, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 32 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 19 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 3 BP 363 EP 365 DI 10.1001/jama.284.3.363 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 333GR UT WOS:000088123000030 PM 10891969 ER PT J AU Whiteman, DC Murphy, MFG Cook, LS Cramer, DW Hartge, P Marchbanks, PA Nasca, PC Ness, RB Purdie, DM Risch, HA AF Whiteman, DC Murphy, MFG Cook, LS Cramer, DW Hartge, P Marchbanks, PA Nasca, PC Ness, RB Purdie, DM Risch, HA TI Multiple births and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID DIZYGOTIC TWINS; INCESSANT OVULATION; HORMONE LEVELS; UNITED-STATES; MOTHERS; PROGESTERONE; PREGNANCIES; PARITY; WOMEN AB Background and Methods: Prevailing hypotheses about the causes of ovarian carcinogenesis predict that women with a history of multiple births (twins, triplets, etc.) should be at increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the scant available evidence suggests that they may actually be at lower risk. To resolve this issue, we pooled data from eight studies involving 2859 parous women with epithelial ovarian cancer (case patients) and 7434 parous women without ovarian cancer (control women). In addition to assessing their history of multiple births (and the sex of the children, where available), we obtained information on age, parity, oral contraceptive use, and other reproductive factors for each woman. Details of tl:mor histology were available for all case patients. We estimated the relative risks of various histologic types of ovarian cancers associated with multiple births by using multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for matching and confounding variables. Results: Among these parous women, 73 case patients (2.6%) and 257 control women (3.5%) had a history of multiple births. The adjusted summary odds ratio (OR) for developing all types of epithelial ovarian cancer that are associated with multiple births was 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61-1.08), We found no evidence that risks associated with multiple births differed among women with borderline or invasive tumors and among women with same-sex and opposite-sex offspring from multiple births. The risk reductions appeared specific for nonmucinous tumors (n = 2453; summary adjusted OR = 0.71 [95% CI = 0.52-0.98]); in contrast, associations with mucinous tumors (n = 406) were heterogeneous across studies. Conclusions: Parous women with nonmucinous ovarian cancer are no more likely to have a history of multiple births than other parous women, counter to the predictions of current hypotheses for causes of ovarian cancer. C1 Univ Oxford, Imperial Canc Res Fund, Gen Practice Res Grp, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Fertil Epidemiol Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Queensland Inst Med Res, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. RP Whiteman, DC (reprint author), Queensland Inst Med Res, Epidemiol & Populat Hlth Unit, PO Royal Brisbane Hosp, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia. RI Whiteman, David/P-2728-2014 OI Whiteman, David/0000-0003-2563-9559 NR 39 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD JUL 19 PY 2000 VL 92 IS 14 BP 1172 EP 1177 DI 10.1093/jnci/92.14.1172 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 334UJ UT WOS:000088203800013 PM 10904091 ER PT J AU Rosano, A Botto, LD Olney, RS Khoury, MJ Ritvanen, A Goujard, J Stoll, C Cocchi, G Merlob, P Mutchinick, O Cornel, MC Castilla, EE Martinez-Frias, ML Zampino, G Erickson, JD Mastroiacovo, P AF Rosano, A Botto, LD Olney, RS Khoury, MJ Ritvanen, A Goujard, J Stoll, C Cocchi, G Merlob, P Mutchinick, O Cornel, MC Castilla, EE Martinez-Frias, ML Zampino, G Erickson, JD Mastroiacovo, P TI Limb defects associated with major congenital anomalies: Clinical and epidemiological study from the international clearinghouse for birth defects monitoring systems SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE etiology; epidemiology; international registry; limb abnormalities; multiple abnormalities; prevalence ID REDUCTION DEFECTS; VASCULAR PATHOGENESIS; MALFORMATIONS; DEFICIENCY; POPULATION; ABNORMALITIES AB Although limb defects associated with other congenital anomalies are rarely studied, they may provide insights into limb development that may be useful for etiologic studies and public health monitoring, me pooled data from II birth defect registries that are part of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems. We identified 666 infants, born from 1983 through 1993, who had a non-syndromal limb defect plus at least one other major malformation (rate 12.9/100,000 population). We used observed/expected ratios and log-linear models to detect association patterns. We found that specific limb defects occurred with relatively distinct sets of malformations. Preaxial limb defects occurred more frequently with microtia, esophageal atresia, anorectal atresia, heart defects, unilateral kidney dysgenesis, and some axial skeleton defects; postaxial defects with hypospadias; transverse defects with craniofacial defects, micrognathia, ring constrictions, and muscular defects; intercalary defects with omphalocele; split hand/foot with encephalocele; and amelia with anorectal atresia, omphalocele, severe genitalia defects, unilateral kidney dysgenesis, gastroschisis, and ring constriction. Log-linear modeling identified higher order associations among some of these same malformations. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Int Ctr Birth Defects, I-00195 Rome, Italy. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Res & Dev Ctr Welf & Hlth Stakes, Registry Congenital Malformat, Helsinki, Finland. INSERM U149, France Paris Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Paris, France. Hop Hautepierre, Serv Genet Med, Strasbourg, France. Univ Bologna, Ist Clin Pediat Prevent & Neonatol, Bologna, Italy. Rabin Med Ctr, Dept Neonatol, Petah Tiqwa, Israel. Inst Nacl Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Dept Genet, Mexico City 14000, DF, Mexico. Univ Groningen, Dept Med Genet, Groningen, Netherlands. FIOCRUZ, ECLAMC, Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano Malformacion, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. CONICET, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Complutense, Fac Med, ECEMC, Estudio Colaborativo Espanol Malformaciones Cogen, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. IPIMC, Rome, Italy. Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Inst Pediat, Birth Defects Unit, I-20123 Milan, Italy. RP Mastroiacovo, P (reprint author), Int Ctr Birth Defects, Via Pilo Albertelli 9, I-00195 Rome, Italy. RI Rosano, Aldo/G-6525-2012; OI rosano, Aldo/0000-0002-5453-2294 NR 20 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD JUL 17 PY 2000 VL 93 IS 2 BP 110 EP 116 DI 10.1002/1096-8628(20000717)93:2<110::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 325KE UT WOS:000087674100006 PM 10869112 ER PT J AU Boyle, CA Yeargin-Allsopp, M Schendel, DE Holmgreen, P Oakley, GP AF Boyle, CA Yeargin-Allsopp, M Schendel, DE Holmgreen, P Oakley, GP TI Tocolytic magnesium sulfate exposure and risk of cerebral palsy among children with birth weights less than 1,750 grams SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cerebral palsy; infant; low birth weight; magnesium ID INFANTS AB The authors examined the relation between intrapartum magnesium sulfate exposure and risk of cerebral palsy in a case-control study of low birth weight children designed to control for confounding by the clinical indications for magnesium in pregnancy. Case children (n = 97) included all singleton children with cerebral palsy who were born in 1985-1989 in Atlanta, Georgia with a birth weight less than 1,750 g and whose mothers had not had a hypertension-related disease during pregnancy. Control children (n = 110) were randomly selected from the infant survivors using identical selection criteria. Data on magnesium sulfate exposure, labor and delivery, and infant characteristics were abstracted from hospital records. The authors found no association between exposure to magnesium sulfate and cerebral palsy risk (odds ratio = 0.9; 95% confidence interval: 0.3, 2.6) either in all children or in subgroups with varying likelihoods for exposure to magnesium. However, the association did vary by birth weight, with a protective effect being seen in children born weighing less than 1,500 g and an elevated risk in children with birth weights of 1,500 g or more; all confidence intervals included 1.0 except for the combined <1,500 g group. Several ongoing randomized clinical trials of magnesium and cerebral palsy may shed more definitive light on this relation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Boyle, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop F-15, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 2 BP 120 EP 124 DI 10.1093/aje/152.2.120 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 334XM UT WOS:000088211500004 PM 10909948 ER PT J AU Watkins, ML Erickson, JD Thun, MJ Mulinare, J Heath, CW AF Watkins, ML Erickson, JD Thun, MJ Mulinare, J Heath, CW TI Multivitamin use and mortality in a large prospective study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular diseases; cerebrovascular disorders; cohort studies; folic acid; mortality; neoplasms; smoking; vitamins ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES POPULATION; VITAMIN-E CONSUMPTION; SUPPLEMENT USE; BETA-CAROTENE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; COLON-CANCER; FOLIC-ACID; RISK AB To determine the relation between multivitamin use and death from heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer, the authors examined a prospective cohort of 1,063,023 adult Americans in 1982-1989 and compared the mortality of users of multivitamins alone; vitamin A, C, or E alone; and multivitamin and vitamin A, C, or E in combination with that of vitamin nonusers by using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Multivitamin users had heart disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality risks similar to those of nonusers, whereas combination users had mortality risks that were 15% lower than those of nonusers. Multivitamin and combination use had minimal effect on cancer mortality overall, although mortality from all cancers combined was increased among male current smokers who used multivitamins alone (relative risk (RR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.23) or in combination with vitamin A, C, or E (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.26), but decreased in male combination users who had never (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.99) or had formerly (RR = 0.90, 95% Cl: 0.82, 0.98) smoked. No such associations were seen in women. These observational data provide limited support for the hypothesis that multivitamin use in combination with vitamin A, C, or E may reduce heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality, but add to concerns raised by randomized studies that some vitamin supplements may adversely affect male smokers. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Watkins, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 33 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 2 BP 149 EP 162 DI 10.1093/aje/152.2.149 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 334XM UT WOS:000088211500008 PM 10909952 ER PT J AU Hutin, YJF Sabin, KM Hutwagner, LC Schaben, L Shipp, GM Lord, DM Conner, JS Quinlisk, MP Shapiro, CN Bell, BP AF Hutin, YJF Sabin, KM Hutwagner, LC Schaben, L Shipp, GM Lord, DM Conner, JS Quinlisk, MP Shapiro, CN Bell, BP TI Multiple modes of hepatitis A virus transmission among methamphetamine users SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE case-control studies; disease outbreaks; epidemiologic methods; equipment contamination; hepatitis A; methamphetamine; substance abuse; intravenous ID DRUG-ADDICTS; SWEDISH COMMUNITY; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; VACCINATION; INFECTIONS; RISK AB Methamphetamine users are at increased risk of hepatitis A, but modes of transmission are unclear. The authors conducted a case-control study among methamphetamine users during an outbreak in Iowa in 1997. Twenty-eight reported, laboratory-confirmed, hepatitis A cases did not differ from 18 susceptible controls with respect to age, sex, or number of doses used. When compared with controls in multivariate analysis, case-patients were more likely to have injected methamphetamine (odds ratio (OR) = 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 27), to have used methamphetamine with another case-patient (OR = 6.2, 95% CI: 0.95, 41), and to have used brown methamphetamine (OR = 5.5, 95% CI: 0.51, 59). Receptive needle sharing was reported by 10 of the 20 case-patients who injected. Methamphetamine use with another case-patient was also associated with hepatitis A in an analysis restricted to noninjectors (OR = 17, 95% CI: 1.0, 630). During this outbreak, hepatitis A may have been transmitted from person to person among methamphetamine users through the fecal-oral and the percutaneous routes. Methamphetamine users should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and should be given immune globulin if they used methamphetamine with a case-patient in the last 2 weeks. Persons who intend to continue using methamphetamine should be advised about safer practices. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Stat & Epidemiol Branch, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. Polk Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA USA. Wapello Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Ottumwa, IA USA. RP Bell, BP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 2 BP 186 EP 192 DI 10.1093/aje/152.2.186 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 334XM UT WOS:000088211500012 PM 10909956 ER PT J AU Soucie, JM Nuss, R Evatt, B Abdelhak, A Cowan, L Hill, H Kolakoski, M Wilber, N AF Soucie, JM Nuss, R Evatt, B Abdelhak, A Cowan, L Hill, H Kolakoski, M Wilber, N CA Hemophilia Surveillance System TI Mortality among males with hemophilia: relations with source of medical care SO BLOOD LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; LONGEVITY; DEATH AB Although persons with hemophilia are known to be at increased risk of death, no studies have examined the source of medical care and other personal characteristics for associations with mortality. To determine death rates and to identify causes of death and predictors of mortality, we studied a cohort comprised of all hemophilic males identified by a six-state surveillance system. Data were obtained by medical record review of contacts with physicians, hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs), and other sources of care during 1993-1995 and from death certificates, Factors examined included age, race, state of residence, health insurance type, medical care source, hemophilia type/severity, presence of inhibitor, liver disease, HIV infection, and AIDS. A total of 2950 subjects were followed for an average of 2.6 years. Their median age was 22 years; 73% were white, 79% had hemophilia A, 42% had severe disease, and 67% had visited an HTC. During 7575 person years (PYs) of observation, 236 persons died-an age-adjusted mortality rate of 40.4 deaths/1000 PYs; 65% of deaths were HIV related. In addition to age, factors independently associated with increased risk of death (relative risk, P value) were the following: AIDS (33.5, <.001); HIV infection (4.7, <.001); liver disease (2.4, <.001); and Medicare/Medicaid insurance (1.4, .01), Those persons who had received care in an HTC had a significantly decreased risk of death 10.6, .002), Although HIV infection and the presence of severe liver disease remain strong predictors of mortality survival Is significantly greater among hemophilics who receive medical care in HTCs. (C) 2000 by The American Society of Hematology. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Hematol Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Mt States Reg Hemophilia Ctr, Aurora, CO USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. RP Soucie, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Hematol Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E64, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 189 Z9 194 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 96 IS 2 BP 437 EP 442 PG 6 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 335GB UT WOS:000088234800009 PM 10887103 ER PT J CA CDC TI HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men and inject drugs - United States, 1985-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 465-470, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID EPIDEMIC C1 CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 12 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 2 BP 170 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 329XE UT WOS:000087933100008 ER PT J AU Higginbotham, S Holmes, R Stone, H Beil, J Datu, GB Costa, S Paul, S AF Higginbotham, S Holmes, R Stone, H Beil, J Datu, GB Costa, S Paul, S CA CDC TI Adoption of protective behaviors among persons with recent HIV infection and diagnosis - Alabama, New Jersey, and Tennessee, 1997-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 512-515, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Alabama Dept Publ Hlth, Montgomery, AL 36130 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Higginbotham, S (reprint author), Alabama Dept Publ Hlth, Montgomery, AL 36130 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 12 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 2 BP 171 EP + PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 329XE UT WOS:000087933100009 ER PT J CA CDC TI Gonorrhea - United States, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 538-542, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; CULTURE C1 CDC, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Stat & Data Management Branch, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Program Dev & Support Branch, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60654-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 12 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 2 BP 173 EP 174 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 329XE UT WOS:000087933100010 ER PT J AU Valleroy, LA MacKellar, DA Karon, JM Rosen, DH McFarland, W Shehan, DA Stoyanoff, SR LaLota, M Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Thiede, H Katz, MH Torian, LV Janssen, RS AF Valleroy, LA MacKellar, DA Karon, JM Rosen, DH McFarland, W Shehan, DA Stoyanoff, SR LaLota, M Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Thiede, H Katz, MH Torian, LV Janssen, RS CA Young Mens Survey Study Grp TI HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; UNPROTECTED ANAL INTERCOURSE; SAN-FRANCISCO; BISEXUAL MEN; VACCINE TRIALS; UNITED-STATES; GAY MEN; BEHAVIORS; SEROCONVERSION; HEALTH AB Context Studies conducted in the late 1980s on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among older men who have sex with men (MSM) suggested the epidemic had peaked; however, more recent studies in younger MSM have suggested continued high HIV incidence. Objective To investigate the current state of the HIV epidemic among adolescent and young adult MSM in the United States by assessing the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risks in this population in metropolitan areas. Design The Young Men's Survey, a cross-sectional, multisite, venue-based survey conducted from 1994 through 1998. Setting One hundred ninety-four public venues frequented by young MSM in Baltimore, Md; Dallas, Tex; Los Angeles, Calif; Miami, Fla; New York, NY; the San Francisco (Calif) Bay Area; and Seattle, Wash. Subjects A total of 3492 15- to 22-year-old MSM who consented to an interview and HIV testing. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of HIV infection and associated characteristics and risk behaviors. Results Prevalence of HIV infection was high (overall, 7.2%; range for the 7 areas, 2.2%-12.1%) and increased with age, from 0% among 15-year-olds to 9.7% among 22-year-olds. Multivariate-adjusted HIV infection prevalence was higher among blacks (odds ratio [OR], 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-9.8), young men of mixed or other race (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 3.0-7.6), and Hispanics (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.4), compared with whites (referent) and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.5-2.8). Factors most strongly associated with HIV infection were being black, mixed, or other race; having ever had anal sex with a man (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.8-13.8); or having had sex with 20 or more men (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.0-4.7). Only 46 (18%) of the 249 HIV-positive men knew they were infected before this testing; 37 (15%) were receiving medical care for HIV, and 19 (8%) were receiving medical drug therapy for HIV. Prevalence of unprotected anal sex during the past 6 months was high (overall, 41%; range, 33%-49%). Conclusions Among these young MSM, HIV prevalence was high, underscoring the need to evaluate and intensify prevention efforts for young MSM, particularly blacks, men of mixed race or ethnicity, Hispanics, and adolescents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. New York Blood Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, Seattle, WA USA. RP Valleroy, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, NCHSTP, Mailstop E-46,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 414 Z9 419 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 12 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 2 BP 198 EP 204 DI 10.1001/jama.284.2.198 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 329XE UT WOS:000087933100024 PM 10889593 ER PT J AU Ling, AE Robbins, KE Brown, TM Dunmire, V Thoe, SYS Wong, SY Leo, YS Teo, D Gallarda, J Phelps, B Chamberland, ME Busch, MP Folks, TM Kalish, ML AF Ling, AE Robbins, KE Brown, TM Dunmire, V Thoe, SYS Wong, SY Leo, YS Teo, D Gallarda, J Phelps, B Chamberland, ME Busch, MP Folks, TM Kalish, ML TI Failure of routine HIV-1 tests in a case involving transmission with preseroconversion blood components during the infectious window period SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; TYPE-1 RNA; PLASMA; RISK AB Context Current screening practices for blood donations have been successful in reducing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through receipt of contaminated blood products. However, HIV-infected blood donations made prior to seroconversion and before high levels of viral replication occur could test negative using both serologic antigen and antibody tests, Testing based on nucleic acid amplification (NAT) is being implemented to screen for HIV-infected blood donated during this period, yet the issue of single vs minipool donation screening remains unresolved. Objectives To determine HIV-1 genetic linkage between virus in 2 HIV-1-infected recipients of blood components and virus in the donor, who was HIV antigen and antibody negative at the time of donation; to screen the blood donor's plasma with HIV NAT assays, including those currently proposed for use in US blood donation screening. Design and Setting Case study conducted in October 1997 involving the Communicable Disease Centre, Singapore General Hospital, and the Singapore Blood Transfusion Service, Singapore. Subjects The blood donor and the 2 recipients of donor platelets and red blood cells. Main Outcome Measures Genetic analysis of the HIV-1 p17 coding region of gag and the C2V5 region of env to determine the genetic relatedness of virus from the donor and recipients; reactivity in quantitative and qualitative assays, and reactivity in donor screening HIV NAT assays in single donation and minipool screening contexts. Results Direct DNA sequencing demonstrated identical HIV-1 subtype E viral sequences in the donor and recipients. Based on comparisons of a qualitative and quantitative assay for HIV-1 RNA levels, a low level of viremia (range, 5-39 copies/mL in plasma) was estimated to be in the donor's undiluted blood at the time of donation. Additional testing using donor-screening NAT assays showed consistent detection of HIV RNA in the undiluted donor plasma whereas detection was inconsistent at the 1:16 and 1:24 dilution levels currently used in minipool screening of blood donations in the United States. Conclusions Transmission of HIV from a blood donor to a platelet recipient and a red blood cell recipient occurred in the preseroconversion infectious window period. The viral load in the implicated donation was estimated to be less than 40 copies/mL of plasma. Current US minipool HIV NAT screening protocols may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect all infectious window-period donations. C1 Singapore Gen Hosp, Singapore 0316, Singapore. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Communicable Dis Ctr, Singapore, Singapore. Singapore Blood Transfus Serv, Singapore, Singapore. Roche Mol Syst, Pleasanton, CA USA. Chiron Corp, Blood Testing Div, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Blood Ctr Pacific, San Francisco, CA USA. Blood Syst Inc, Scottsdale, AZ USA. RP Robbins, KE (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 12 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 2 BP 210 EP 214 DI 10.1001/jama.284.2.210 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 329XE UT WOS:000087933100026 PM 10889595 ER PT J AU Zoch, TW Desbiens, NA DeStefano, F Stueland, DT Layde, PM AF Zoch, TW Desbiens, NA DeStefano, F Stueland, DT Layde, PM TI Short- and long-term survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID REGRESSION-MODELS; ARREST; EXPERIENCE; PREDICTORS AB Background: The objective was to evaluate the effect of patient characteristics and other factors on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) survival, hospital discharge survival and function, and long-term survival. Methods: All patients 18 years and older experiencing in-hospital CPR from December 1983 through November 1991 at Marshfield Medical Center (Marshfield Clinic and adjoining StJoseph's Hospital), Marshfield, Wis, were selected. We performed a retrospective medical record review and augmented these data with updated vital status information. Main Outcome Measures: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation survival, hospital discharge survival and function, and long-term survival. Results: Of 948 admissions during which CPR was performed, 61.2% of patients survived the arrest and 32.2% survived to hospital discharge. Mechanism of arrest was the most important variable associated with hospital discharge. Patients with pulseless electrical activity had the worst chance of hospital discharge, followed by those with asystole and bradycardia. Follow-up information was available for 298 patients who survived to discharge. One year after hospital discharge, 24.5% of patients, regardless of age, had died. Survival was 18.5% at 7 years in those 70 years or older, compared with 45.4% in those aged 18 to 69 years. Heart rhythm at the time of arrest strongly influenced long-term survival. Bradyarrhythmias produced a nearly 2-fold increased mortality risk compared with normal sinus rhythm. Conclusions: Survival until hospital discharge after CPR at our institution during an 8-year period was higher than previously reported for other institutions. Long-term survival after discharge was equal to or higher than reported estimates from other institutions. Hospital admission practices and selection of patients receiving CPR may account for these findings. C1 Theda Clarke Reg Med Ctr, Neenah, WI 54957 USA. Marshfield Clin, Marshfield, WI USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Chattanooga Unit, Chattanooga, TN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Marshfield Med Res & Educ Fdn, Marshfield, WI USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. RP Zoch, TW (reprint author), Theda Clarke Reg Med Ctr, 130 2nd St,POB 2021, Neenah, WI 54957 USA. NR 31 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JUL 10 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 13 BP 1969 EP 1973 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.13.1969 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 330XZ UT WOS:000087988000009 PM 10888971 ER PT J AU Dunn, DT Simonds, RJ Bulterys, M Kalish, LA Moye, J de Maria, A Kind, C Rudin, C Denamur, E Krivine, A Loveday, C Newell, ML AF Dunn, DT Simonds, RJ Bulterys, M Kalish, LA Moye, J de Maria, A Kind, C Rudin, C Denamur, E Krivine, A Loveday, C Newell, ML TI Interventions to prevent vertical transmission of HIV-1: effect on viral detection rate in early infant samples SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE vertical transmission; viral detection rate; timing of transmission; interventions ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; NEONATAL-PERIOD; ZIDOVUDINE PROPHYLAXIS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; INFECTION; SENSITIVITY; INTRAUTERINE; DIAGNOSIS; ASSAY AB Objective: To determine whether mode of delivery or the use of maternal or neonatal antiretroviral prophylaxis influence the age when HIV-1 can first be detected in infected infants, particularly the probability of detection at birth. Methods: In a collaboration between four multicentre studies, data on 422 HIV-1 infected infants who were assessed by HIV-1 DNA PCR or cell culture before 14 days of age were analysed. Weibull mixture models were used to estimate the cumulative proportion of infants with detectable levels of HIV-1 according to use of maternal/neonatal antiretroviral therapy (mainly zidovudine monotherapy) and mode of delivery. Results: HIV-1 was detected in 162 infants (38%) when they were first tested, at a median age of 2 days. At birth, it was estimated that 36% [95% confidence interval (CI), 31-41%] of infants have levels of virus that can be detected by DNA PCR or cell culture. This percentage was not associated with either mode of delivery (35% for vaginal delivery versus 40% for cesarean section delivery; P = 0.4) or the use of maternal or neonatal antiretroviral prophylaxis. Among infants with undetectable levels of HIV-1 at birth, the median time to viral detectability was estimated to be 14.8 days (95% CI, 12.9-16.8 days). This time was increased by 15% (95% CI, -11 to 48%; P = 0.3) among infants who were exposed to antiretroviral therapy postnatally compared with infants who were not exposed. No effect was observed for mode of delivery. Conclusions: The outcome of an early virological test for HIV-1 is thought to be related directly to the timing of transmission and cesarean section delivery primarily reduces the risk of intrapartum transmission. The absence of an association between mode of delivery and viral detectability at birth was therefore unexpected. There was no evidence that foetal or neonatal exposure to prophylactic zidovudine delays substantially the diagnosis of infection, although this cannot be inferred for combination antiretroviral therapy. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. New England Res Inst, Watertown, MA 02172 USA. NICHHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Genoa, Dept Internal Med, I-16126 Genoa, Italy. Kantonsspital, Div Neonatol, St Gallen, Switzerland. Univ Basel, Childrens Hosp, Basel, Switzerland. Hop Robert Debre, Biochim Genet Lab, F-75019 Paris, France. Hop St Vincent de Paul, Serv Bacteriol, F-75674 Paris, France. Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Retrovirol, London, England. RP Dunn, DT (reprint author), MRC, Clin Trials Unit, 222 Euston Rd, London NW1 2DA, England. RI SHCS, MoCHIV/G-4081-2011; SHCS, all/G-4072-2011; SHCS, ch/G-4077-2011; SHCS, int. coll. B/G-4090-2011; de maria, andrea/F-7116-2016; OI de maria, andrea/0000-0001-5782-333X; moye, john/0000-0001-9976-8586; Newell, Marie-Louise/0000-0002-1074-7699 NR 31 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 7 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1421 EP 1428 DI 10.1097/00002030-200007070-00016 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 333RW UT WOS:000088145400016 PM 10930158 ER PT J AU Gan, SC Beaver, SK Houck, PM MacLehose, RF Lawson, HW Chan, L AF Gan, SC Beaver, SK Houck, PM MacLehose, RF Lawson, HW Chan, L TI Treatment of acute myocardial infarction and 30-day mortality among women and men. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID COOPERATIVE CARDIOVASCULAR PROJECT; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SEX-DIFFERENCES; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY; GENDER DIFFERENCES; ELDERLY PATIENTS; INTERVENTION REGISTRY; CARDIAC PROCEDURES; NATIONAL REGISTRY; BETA-BLOCKERS AB Background: Previous studies have suggested that women with acute myocardial infarction receive less aggressive therapy than men. We used data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project to determine whether women and men who were ideal candidates for therapy after acute myocardial infarction were treated differently. Methods: Information was abstracted from the charts of 138,956 Medicare beneficiaries (49 percent of them women) who had an acute myocardial infarction in 1994 or 1995. Multivariate analysis was used to assess differences between women and men in the medications administered, the procedures used, the assignment of do-not-resuscitate status, and 30-day mortality. Results: Among ideal candidates for therapy, women in all age groups were less likely to undergo diagnostic catheterization than men. The difference was especially pronounced among older women; for a woman 85 years of age or older, the adjusted relative risk was 0.75 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.68 to 0.83). Women were somewhat less likely than men to receive thrombolytic therapy within 60 minutes (adjusted relative risk, 0.93; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 0.96) or to receive aspirin within 24 hours after arrival at the hospital (adjusted relative risk, 0.96; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.95 to 0.97), but they were equally likely to receive beta-blockers (adjusted relative risk, 0.99; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.03) and somewhat more likely to receive angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (adjusted relative risk, 1.05; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.08). Women were more likely than men to have a do-not-resuscitate order in their records (adjusted relative risk, 1.26; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.29). After adjustment, women and men had similar 30-day mortality rates (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.04). Conclusions: As compared with men, women receive somewhat less aggressive treatment during the early management of acute myocardial infarction. However, many of these differences are small, and there is no apparent effect on early mortality. (N Engl J Med 2000;343:8-15.) (C) 2000, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Swedish Med Ctr, Dept Cardiol, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. US Hlth Care Financing Adm, Div Clin Stand & Qual, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Dept Rehabil Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Gan, SC (reprint author), Swedish Med Ctr, Dept Cardiol, 515 Minor Ave,Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. NR 53 TC 215 Z9 222 U1 1 U2 5 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 6 PY 2000 VL 343 IS 1 BP 8 EP 15 DI 10.1056/NEJM200007063430102 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 330XW UT WOS:000087987600002 PM 10882763 ER PT J AU Adcock, MP Bines, WH Smith, FW AF Adcock, MP Bines, WH Smith, FW TI Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors - Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 470-473, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Ohio Dept Hlth, Hlth Studies Br, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Adcock, MP (reprint author), Ohio Dept Hlth, Hlth Studies Br, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 5 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 1 BP 34 EP 35 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 328GX UT WOS:000087843000006 ER PT J AU Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Macintyre, K Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, I DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Buescher, P Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Simmons, KW King, F Imm, P Futa, M AF Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Macintyre, K Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, I DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Buescher, P Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Simmons, KW King, F Imm, P Futa, M TI Prevalence of selected cardiovascular disease risk factors among American Indians and Alaska Natives - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 461-465, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Cardiovasc Hlth Br, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reese, S (reprint author), Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 5 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 1 BP 36 EP 37 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 328GX UT WOS:000087843000008 ER PT J AU Eberhard, ML Ortega, Y Dial, S Schiller, CA Sears, AW Greiner, E AF Eberhard, ML Ortega, Y Dial, S Schiller, CA Sears, AW Greiner, E TI Ocular Onchocerca infections in two dogs in western United States SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dog; onchocercosis; eye; pathology ID FILARIOIDEA; RESIDENT; NEMATODA AB Two dogs, one from California and one from Arizona, were found to have aberrant infections caused by filarial nematodes of the genus Onchocerca. In both cases, the parasites are localized in or near the eye. In one case the worm was located in the cornea and was surgically removed. In the second case, a very marked granulomatous reaction was induced in the retrobulbar space, mimicking an abscess. This eye was enucleated. The worms in both instances were female, and were gravid, i.e. contained microfilariae in utero, indicating that a male worm(s) had been present and mating had occurred. The exact identity of the species of Onchocerca responsible cannot be determined, although the features observed are most like Onchocerca lienalis of cattle. These cases represent the fourth and fifth such cases reported from the US, and are especially interesting because of the unusual location of the worms, the small number of recognized cases, and the similarity to a recent zoonotic human infection. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Vet Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. ANTECH Diagnost, Phoenix, AZ USA. Sears Vet Hosp, Lancaster, CA USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Eberhard, ML (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUL 4 PY 2000 VL 90 IS 4 BP 333 EP 338 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00252-1 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 330EP UT WOS:000087950100008 PM 10856819 ER PT J AU Miller, DB O'Callaghan, JP Johnson, EA AF Miller, DB O'Callaghan, JP Johnson, EA TI Prior exposure to a behaviorally sensitizing regimen of d-methamphetamine does not alter the striatal dopaminergic damage induced by a neurotoxic regimen SO ADDICTION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XXI Collegium-Internationale-Neuropsycho-Pharmacologium Meeting CY JUL, 1998 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP Collegium Int Neuropsycho Pharmacologium ID SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES; C57BL/6J MOUSE; MICE; COCAINE; PLASTICITY; INDUCTION; ADDICTION; PROTEIN; STRESS AB Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs such as d-methamphetamine (d-METH) and cocaine cart be associated with extremely long-lived changes in dopamine systems at the behavioral, cellular and molecular level. Sensitization or an enhanced response to drug exposure is one such change. Investigations of these phenomena at the cellular and molecular levels are being conducted in the hope that this will aid in understanding how such adaptations might contribute to drug addition. Repeated exposure to certain amphetamines can also result in damage to dopaminergic pathways. Although some of the same molecular adaptations and mechanisms are suspected to occur or play a role in the neurotoxic sequelae associated with psychostimulant exposure, there has been little attempt to examine the relationship among these phenomena. Here we utilized C57BL/6F female mice to examine whether exposure to a sensitizing regimen of d-METH would impact the degree of neural injury induced by a subsequent exposure to a neurotoxic regimen of the same psychostimulant. Every other day exposure to d-METH (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg) for 11 days produced a behavioral sensitization, as Evidenced by a significant increase in the degree of locomotor activity induced by each subsequent exposure to d-METH. Following a 5-day period of no drug exposure sensitized mice were given a neurotoxic regiment of d-METH (a total of four injections of 10.0 mg/kg, one every 2 hours) and striatal tissue Examined 72 hours later. All groups, whether drug-naive or sensitized previously to d-METH, showed exactly the same degree of dopaminergic striatal damage induced by a neurotoxic regimen. This was evidenced by equivalent reductions in dopamine and elevations in GFAP protein, a marker of astrocytic response to injury, GFAP. The inability of a sensitizing regimen to either exacerbate or lessen the neurotoxic actions of the same compound suggests that the molecular and cellular control of these two aspects of psychostimulant exposure may differ. C1 NIOSH, Chron Stress & Neurotoxicol Lab, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, CDC,HELD, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Miller, DB (reprint author), NIOSH, Chron Stress & Neurotoxicol Lab, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, CDC,HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Miller, Diane/O-2927-2013; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 1355-6215 J9 ADDICT BIOL JI Addict. Biol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 5 IS 3 BP 361 EP 367 DI 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00203.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Substance Abuse SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Substance Abuse GA 339TB UT WOS:000088493000015 PM 20575853 ER PT J AU O'Callaghan, JP Miller, DB Pennypacker, KR AF O'Callaghan, JP Miller, DB Pennypacker, KR TI Chronic dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia: a damage perspective on kinases and fos-related antigens SO ADDICTION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XXI Collegium-Internationale-Neuropsycho-Pharmacologium Meeting CY JUL, 1998 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP Collegium Int Neuropsycho Pharmacologium ID INNERVATED BRAIN-REGIONS; AP-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; DNA-BINDING ACTIVITY; DRUG-ADDICTION; RAT-BRAIN; MOLECULAR MECHANISMS; NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS; GENE-EXPRESSION; PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION; TRANSDUCTION CASCADE AB Specific protein phosphorylation pathways have been shown to play a role in cellular adaptation responses underlying addiction to psychostimulants such as, methamphetamine and cocaine. Transcriptional regulation through fos-related antigens constitutes one element through which these dopaminergic agonists exert their persistent actions. In addition to their addictive properties, amphetamines are known to damage dopaminergic nerve terminals. Although not widely appreciated, protein phosphorylation cascades and fos-related antigens also may play a role in the neurotoxic actions of substituted amphetamines such as methamphetamine. Here we document the involvement of the dopaminoceptive phosphoprotein, DARPP-32, the fos-related antigen, FRA-2, and the growth associated protein kinase, MAP kinase, in the neurotoxic action of known dopaminergic neurotoxicants, including methamphetamine. The addictive and neurotoxic properties of psychostimulants may share some molecular signaling mechanisms. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HELD, TMBB, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Tampa, FL USA. RP O'Callaghan, JP (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HELD, TMBB, MS-3014,1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Pennypacker, Keith/I-5092-2012; Miller, Diane/O-2927-2013; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 56 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 1355-6215 J9 ADDICT BIOL JI Addict. Biol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 5 IS 3 BP 369 EP 376 DI 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00204.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Substance Abuse SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Substance Abuse GA 339TB UT WOS:000088493000016 PM 20575854 ER PT J AU Masciotra, S Livellara, B Belloso, W Clara, L Tanuri, A Ramos, AC Baggs, J Lal, R Pieniazek, D AF Masciotra, S Livellara, B Belloso, W Clara, L Tanuri, A Ramos, AC Baggs, J Lal, R Pieniazek, D TI Evidence of a high frequency of HIV-1 subtype F infections in a heterosexual population in Buenos Aires, Argentina SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; GENETIC DIVERSITY; DUAL INFECTIONS; SENTINEL SITE; NORTH-AMERICA; AFRICA; TRANSMISSION; SINGLE AB We analyzed HIV-1 genetic variability, phylogenetic relationships, and association with transmission modes among 58 HIV-1-infected patients from Buenos Aires City, Argentina. The 58 strains were classified as env(gp41) HIV-1 group M subtype B (n = 34) and subgroup F1 of subtype F (n = 24). Potential recombinants combining parts of viral regions from different subtypes, B-prot/F-env and F-prot/B-env, were found in two patients, and a dual infection with HIV-1 prot subtypes B and F was identified in one individual. Epidemiologic analysis of behavioral risks revealed that the frequency of infection with subtype F viruses was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) among heterosexual patients (71%) compared with homosexual patients (11%). The spread of non-B subtypes into heterosexual populations may be more common than previously thought. Our findings provide important information for monitoring the transmission of HIV-1 strains among different risk groups in Argentina as well as for vaccine development. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Cent Lab, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Secc Infectol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biol, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. EDS, Plano, TX USA. RP Pieniazek, D (reprint author), CDC, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Mail Stop G19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Baggs, James/0000-0003-0757-4683 NR 27 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 16 IS 10 BP 1007 EP 1014 DI 10.1089/08892220050058425 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 331FH UT WOS:000088006300009 PM 10890362 ER PT J AU Yang, CF Gao, F Fonjungo, PN Zekeng, L Van der Groen, G Pieniazek, D Schable, C Lal, RB AF Yang, CF Gao, F Fonjungo, PN Zekeng, L Van der Groen, G Pieniazek, D Schable, C Lal, RB TI Phylogenetic analysis of protease and transmembrane region of HIV type 1 group O SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; UNITED-STATES; SUBTYPE-O; INFECTION; STRAINS; VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY; PATIENT AB The molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationship of 22 HIV-1 group O strains were examined on the basis of the protease gene and the N-terminal region of gp41(env). Analysis of the newly characterized protease sequences with 12 reference sequences revealed no specific clustering patterns, despite the distinct geographic locations of the specimens. In contrast, analysis of the newly sequenced gp41 sequences with 34 published sequences revealed two distinct clusters, each represented by one full-length sequence (MVP5180 and ANT-70). Further, four of the specimens classified as group O in the protease region clustered with group M in the gp41 region (three subtype A and one subtype G, respectively), suggesting dual and/or recombinant infections with HIV-1 groups M and O. The presence of two distinct clusters in the gp41 region indicates at least two possible subtypes within group O viruses, and this may provide useful information regarding molecular epidemiological studies of group O infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DASTLR NCID, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Lab Sante Hyg Mobile, Yaounde, Cameroon. Inst Trop Med, Div Microbiol, Antwerp, Belgium. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DASTLR NCID, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Mail Stop D-12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Yang, Chunfu/G-6890-2013 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 16 IS 11 BP 1075 EP 1081 DI 10.1089/08892220050075345 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 333GQ UT WOS:000088122900009 PM 10933623 ER PT J AU Pendergrass, SM Krake, AM Jaycox, LB AF Pendergrass, SM Krake, AM Jaycox, LB TI Development of a versatile method for the detection of nicotine in air SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE environmental tobacco smoke; gas chromatography; nicotine AB Nicotine, a rapid-acting poison, is present in environmental tobacco smoke and has been used as a greenhouse insecticide. Due to its toxicity, several health hazard evaluations (HHE) have resulted from potential nicotine exposures to casino workers, airline flight attendants, and greenhouse employees. Exposure to nicotine can occur by inhalation, skin adsorption, and ingestion, resulting in such adverse health effects as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, tachycardia, hypertension, convulsions, and cardiac arrhythmia. The development of an improved sampling and analytical methodology for nicotine was required to accommodate the broad concentration of nicotine levels and varying sampling scenarios presented by the differing HHE requests. A XAD-4 sorbent tube was selected for the collection of airborne nicotine. Analytical methodology for the separation, identification, and quantitation of nicotine by both gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-nitrogen/phosphorous detection is described. The limit of detection for nicotine was 0.013 mu g/sample. The desorption efficiency for nicotine was determined over the range of study and ranged from 90.9% (0.096 mu g) to 93.7% (24.0 mu g). Nicotine exhibited storage stability for 30 days at 5 degrees C and for 14 days at ambient temperature. Based on the results of this research study, the new method for nicotine was published in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM(R) 2551). C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Pendergrass, SM (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 61 IS 4 BP 469 EP 472 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0469:DOAVMF>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358KC UT WOS:000089556400005 PM 10976675 ER PT J AU Brown, ME White, EM Feng, A AF Brown, ME White, EM Feng, A TI Effects of various treatments on the quantitative recovery of endotoxin from water soluble metalworking fluids SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual National-Institute-for-Occupational-Safety-and-Health Interdivisional Aerosol Symposium CY SEP 24, 1997 CL OHIO STATE UNIV, COLUMBUS, OHIO SP Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth HO OHIO STATE UNIV DE endotoxin; Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay; metalworking fluids ID METAL-WORKING FLUIDS; HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS; LIMULUS ASSAY; EXPOSURE; AEROSOLS AB Three extraction methods were compared for their effectiveness in the quantitative removal of endotoxin from unused and used bulk water-soluble metalworking fluid (MWF) samples. Soluble, synthetic, and semisynthetic fluids were studied. The three modes of extraction consisted of (1) pyrogen-free water (PFW); (2) PFW and Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate); and (3) PFW, Tween 20, and sonication. Results suggest that vigorous recovery methods yield higher amounts of endotoxin from MWF samples than mild recovery methods in PFW alone. Additional studies are required to aid in the understanding of the factors that significantly affect endotoxin extraction yields from these fluids. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP White, EM (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Phys Sci & Engn, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 61 IS 4 BP 517 EP 520 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0517:EOVTOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358KC UT WOS:000089556400011 PM 10976681 ER PT J AU Streicher, RP Reh, CM Key-Schwartz, RJ Schlecht, PC Cassinelli, ME O'Connor, PF AF Streicher, RP Reh, CM Key-Schwartz, RJ Schlecht, PC Cassinelli, ME O'Connor, PF TI Determination of airborne isocyanate exposure: Considerations in method selection SO AIHAJ LA English DT Review DE air sampling; high-performance liquid chromatography; isocyanates; occupational asthma; polyisocyanates; polyurethanes ID TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE TDI; SPRAY-PAINTING OPERATIONS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE; COLLECTION EFFICIENCY; THERMAL-DEGRADATION; DERIVATIZING AGENT; COMPLEX-MIXTURES AB To assess worker isocyanate exposures in a variety of processes involving the manufacture and use of surface coatings, polyurethane foams, adhesives, resins, elastomers, binders, and sealants, it is important to be able to measure airborne reactive isocyanate-containing compounds. Choosing the correct methodology can be difficult. Isocyanate species, including monomers, prepolymers, oligomers, and polyisocyanates, are capable of producing irritation to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. The most common adverse health effect is respiratory sensitization, and to a lesser extent dermal sensitization and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Furthermore, isocyanate species formed during polyurethane production or thermal degradation may also produce adverse health effects. Isocyanate measurement is complicated by the fact that isocyanates may be in the form of vapors or aerosols of various particle size; the species of interest are reactive and therefore unstable; few pure analytical standards exist; and high analytical sensitivity is needed. There are numerous points in the sampling and analytical procedures at which errors can be introduced. The factors to be considered for selecting the most appropriate methodology for a given workplace include collection, derivatization, sample preparation, separation, identification, and quantification. This article discusses these factors in detail and presents a summary of method selection criteria based on the isocyanate species, its physical state, particle size, cure rate, and other factors. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Div Phys Sci & Engn, Robert A Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Schlecht, PC (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM pschlecht@cdc.gov NR 117 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 61 IS 4 BP 544 EP 556 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0544:DOAIEC>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358KC UT WOS:000089556400015 PM 10976685 ER PT J AU Ratnasinghe, D Forman, MR Tangrea, JA Qiao, YL Yao, SX Gunter, EW Barrett, MJ Giffen, CA Erozan, Y Tockman, MS Taylor, PR AF Ratnasinghe, D Forman, MR Tangrea, JA Qiao, YL Yao, SX Gunter, EW Barrett, MJ Giffen, CA Erozan, Y Tockman, MS Taylor, PR TI Serum carotenoids are associated with increased lung cancer risk among alcohol drinkers, but not among non-drinkers in a cohort of tin miners SO ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM LA English DT Article ID HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY; BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; DIETARY-INTAKE; UNITED-STATES; TOBACCO USE; VEGETABLES; SMOKING; YUNNAN; CHINA AB To examine the association between pre-diagnostic serum carotenoid levels and lung cancer risk and the effects of alcohol intake on the carotenoid-lung cancer relationship, we conducted a case-control study in an occupational cohort from the Yunnan Tin Corporation in China. During 6 years of follow-up, 339 cases of confirmed lung cancer were diagnosed. Among these cases, those who donated pre-diagnostic blood (n = 108) were eligible for this study. For each case, two individuals alive and free of cancer at the time of case diagnosis, matched on age, sex, and dare of blood collection, were selected as controls. Serum beta-carotene (odds ratios (ORs) for tertiles: 1, 1.3, 2.0) and beta-cryptoxanthin (ORs for tertiles: 1, 1.8, 2.9) levels were positively associated with lung cancer risk after adjustment for tobacco use and radon exposure. Among alcohol drinkers, higher serum carotenoid levels were significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk (alpha-carotene OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-4.4, beta-carotene OR 7.6, 95% CI 3.1-18.6, lutcin/zeaxanthin OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-6.6 and beta-cryptoxanthin OR 7.6, 95% CI 2.7-21.5). Conversely, risk estimates among non-drinkers suggest a possible protective association for higher carotenoid levels. C1 NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. CICAMS, Beijing, Peoples R China. Yunnan Tin Corp, Gejiu, Yunnan Province, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NHANES Lab Biochem Anal, Atlanta, GA USA. Informat Management Serv Inc, Silver Spring, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. H Lee Moffit Canc Ctr & Res Inst, Tampa, FL USA. RP Ratnasinghe, D (reprint author), NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Div Clin Sci, NIH, 6006 Execut Blvd,Suite 321, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Qiao, You-Lin/B-4139-2012 OI Qiao, You-Lin/0000-0001-6380-0871 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0735-0414 J9 ALCOHOL ALCOHOLISM JI Alcohol Alcohol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 4 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1093/alcalc/35.4.355 PG 6 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 347JT UT WOS:000088926400007 PM 10906000 ER PT J AU Yip, R AF Yip, R TI Significance of an abnormally low or high hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy: special consideration of iron nutrition SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Consultative Meeting on Iron and Maternal Mortality in the Developing World CY JUL 06-07, 1998 CL INT LIFE SCI INST, WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Life Sci Inst HO INT LIFE SCI INST DE hemoglobin; anemia; polycythemia; iron deficiency; birth outcomes; preeclampsia; iron supplementation; pregnancy ID BIRTH-WEIGHT; VITAMIN-A; ANEMIA; SUPPLEMENTATION; PREVALENCE; DEFICIENCY; DIAGNOSIS; CHILDREN; WOMEN AB An association between moderate anemia and poor perinatal outcomes has been found through epidemiologic studies, although available evidence cannot establish this relation as causal. Anemia may not be a direct cause of poor pregnancy outcomes, except in the case of maternal mortality resulting directly from severe anemia due to hypoxia and heart failure. Preventing or treating anemia, whether moderate or severe, is desirable. Because iron deficiency is a common cause of maternal anemia, iron supplementation is a common practice to reduce the incidence of maternal anemia. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of large-scale supplementation programs needs to be improved operationally and, where multiple micronutrient deficiencies are common, supplementation beyond iron and folate can be considered. High hemoglobin concentrations are often mistaken as adequate iron status; however, high hemoglobin is independent of iron status and is often associated with poor health outcomes. Very high hemoglobin concentrations cause high blood viscosity, which results in both compromised oxygen delivery to tissues and cerebrovascular complications. Epidemiologic studies have also found an association between high maternal hemoglobin concentrations and an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. Evidence does not suggest that this association is causal; it could be better attributed to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and to preeclampsia. The pathophysiologic mechanism of these conditions during pregnancy can produce higher hemoglobin concentrations because of reduced normal plasma expansion and cause fetal stress because of reduced placental-fetal perfusion. Accordingly, higher than normal hemoglobin concentrations should be regarded as an indicator of possible pregnancy complications, not necessarily as a sign of adequate iron nutrition, because iron supplementation does not increase hemoglobin higher than the optimal concentration needed for oxygen delivery. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Yip, R (reprint author), UNICEF, 12 Sanlitun Lu, Beijing 100600, Peoples R China. EM ryip@unicef.org NR 54 TC 86 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 72 IS 1 SU S BP 272S EP 278S PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 331FC UT WOS:000088005800010 PM 10871593 ER PT J AU Eheman, CR Tolbert, PE Coates, RJ Devine, O Eley, JW AF Eheman, CR Tolbert, PE Coates, RJ Devine, O Eley, JW TI Case-control assessment of the association between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and occupational radiation with doses assessed using a job exposure matrix SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-ENERGY-AUTHORITY; UNITED-KINGDOM; CANCER MORTALITY; CERVICAL-CANCER; ANKYLOSING-SPONDYLITIS; MULTIPLE-MYELOMA; HANFORD SITE; X-RAYS; WORKERS; RADIOTHERAPY AB Background Epidemiologic data for an association between radiation exposure and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have been inconclusive though the strongest evidence has been provided by studies of patients treated with radiotherapy. Methods We evaluated the association between occupational radiation exposure and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in men using a population-based case-control study with 1,056 case and 1,860 control subjects sampled from eight geographic areas in the United States. Because dosimetry data were not available, doses were estimated for individuals who reported occupational radiation exposure using a radiation job exposure matrix developed for this purpose. Conditional logistic regression was used to model the association between reported occupational radiation exposure and NHL incidence. Results We found that most men (> 90%) did not report exposure To occupational sources of radiation. Among those who reported exposure, estimated cumulative doses were low, with an estimated mean of less than 0.02 Gray and a maximum of 0.12 Gray. The risk for NHL was not associated with ever having reported an occupational radiation exposure (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.74-1.10) nor was there evidence of a dose-response relationship between risk and either the estimated cumulative doses or duration of exposure. Conclusions The findings in this study are consistent with results from most current research on occupational radiation and NHL risk that have found no increased risk of NHL at low levels of occupational radiation exposure. While it should be noted that exposure misclassification likely biased our results toward the null, this large population-based case-control study adds to existing evidence which suggests that there is little to no increased risk for NHL associated with exposure to low levels of radiation such as that commonly found in many occupational settings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:19-27, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Radiat Studies Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Eheman, CR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-55,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Tolbert, Paige/A-5676-2015 FU NCI NIH HHS [1R29CA63622-01A1] NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 19 EP 27 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200007)38:1<19::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-L PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321HC UT WOS:000087449200003 PM 10861763 ER PT J AU Piacitelli, L Marlow, D Fingerhut, M Steenland, K Sweeney, MH AF Piacitelli, L Marlow, D Fingerhut, M Steenland, K Sweeney, MH TI A retrospective job exposure matrix for estimating exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloredibenzo-p-dioxin SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE dioxin; TCDD; exposure assessment; Agent Orange; 2,4,5-trichlorophenol; phenoxy herbicides ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WORKERS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; CONTAMINATION; CANCER; HAND; SKIN AB Background A job exposure matrix was developed to estimate the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure of 3,538 workers who produced 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and its derivatives. Methods Daily TCDD exposure scores that were plant, process, and period specific were estimated for each job title as the product of 1) the concentration of TCDD (mu g/g); 2) a qualitative factor to account for the extent of worker contact and 3) time exposed to TCDD contamination. Daily scores were summed to compute individual cumulative TCDD exposure scores. Results Daily TCDD exposure scores ranged from 0.001 to 1,250. Cumulative TCDD scores ranged from 0.002 to 1,559,430. The 393 workers with records of chloracne in the TCDD exposure cohort (11%) had markedly higher cumulative scores than those with no record of chloracne (a median score of 11,546 vs. 77). Conclusion The cumulative TCDD exposure scores incorporate both duration and level of exposure, and permit the relative ranking of worker exposures for the evaluation of exposure-response relationships between TCDD exposure and mortality in an updated cohort study analysis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:28-39, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Piacitelli, L (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS R14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 28 EP 39 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200007)38:1<28::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-G PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321HC UT WOS:000087449200004 PM 10861764 ER PT J AU Bell, JL Gardner, LI Landsittel, DP AF Bell, JL Gardner, LI Landsittel, DP TI Slip and fall-related injuries in relation to environmental cold and work location in above-ground coal mining operations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE slips; falls; environmental cold; occupational injuries; Mine Safety and Health Administration data ID PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY RATIO; HIP FRACTURE; RISK; WEATHER; FARMERS; ICE AB Background The association between slip and fall-related injuries and environmental temperature was examined for mostly enclosed (inside vehicles, machinery, or buildings), outdoor (outside, not enclosed), and enclosed/outdoor jobs in the coal mining industry to see if differences existed among the three work locations that had varying exposure to cold temperatures. Methods Temperature data from the National Climatic Data Center and injury data from the Mine Safety and Health Administration were evaluated from 1985-1990 fur seven states. Proportionate methods were used to examine the relationship between slips and falls and temperature. Results Proportionate injury ratios of slips and fall-related injuries increased as temperature declined for all three work locations. Proportion of slips and fall-related injuries that occurred while running/walking increased with declining temperature, with the ground outside as the most common source of these injuries. Conclusions Outside movement becomes a greater hazard at freezing temperatures for workers in all locations, not just outdoor workers. Any intervention methods geared toward reducing injury incidents facilitated by cold weather must also be directed toward workers who spend time in more enclosed locations. Am. J, Ind, Med, 38:40-48, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss. Inc.(dagger). C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Safety Res, Anal & Field Evaluat Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Bell, JL (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Safety Res, Anal & Field Evaluat Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd,M-S P1133, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Banks, Tamara/G-3007-2012 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 40 EP 48 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200007)38:1<40::AID-AJIM5>3.0.CO;2-F PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321HC UT WOS:000087449200005 PM 10861765 ER PT J AU Hassi, J Gardner, L Hendricks, S Bell, J AF Hassi, J Gardner, L Hendricks, S Bell, J TI Occupational injuries in the mining industry and their association with statewide cold ambient temperatures in the USA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cold exposure; slip and fall injuries; occupational injuries; Mine Safety and Health Administration data; environmental temperature ID HIP FRACTURE; ICE STORM; WEATHER; FALLS; SNOW; WORK AB Background Relatively few occupational epidemiological studies have been conducted concerning the association between cold ambient temperatures and cold exposure injuries, and fewer still of traumatic occupational injuries and cold ambient temperatures. Methods The association of ambient temperature and wind data from the National Climatic Data Center with injury data from mines reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) was evaluated over a 6 year period from 1985-1990; 72,716 injuries from the seven states with the most numerous injuries were included. Temperature and wind data from each state's metropolitan weather stations were averaged for each day of the 6 year period. A weighted linear regression tested the relationship of ungrouped daily temperature and injury rate for all injury classes. For cold exposure injuries and fall injuries, relative incidence rates for grouped temperature data were fit With Poisson regression. Results As temperatures decreased, injury rates increased for both cold exposure injuries and slip and fall injuries. The association of slip and fall injuries with temperature was inverse bur not strictly linear. The strongest association appeared with temperatures 29 degrees F and below The injury rates for other accident categories increased with increasing ambient temperatures. Conclusion This study suggests that statewide average ambient temperature reflects the expected association between the thermal environment and cold exposure injuries for workers, but more importantly, documents an association between ambient temperatures and occupational slip and fall injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:49-58, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Oulu 90220, Finland. NIOSH, Div Safety Res, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Hassi, J (reprint author), Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Aapistie 1, Oulu 90220, Finland. RI Banks, Tamara/G-3007-2012 NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 49 EP 58 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200007)38:1<49::AID-AJIM6>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321HC UT WOS:000087449200006 PM 10861766 ER PT J AU Wilcox, LS Marks, JS AF Wilcox, LS Marks, JS TI The public health career of Jack C. Smith - Looking beyond the statistics SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Chron Dis & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wilcox, LS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Mailstop K20,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 SU S BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00165-3 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 326RH UT WOS:000087748200001 ER PT J AU Buehler, JW Prager, K Hogue, CJR AF Buehler, JW Prager, K Hogue, CJR TI The role of linked birth and infant death certificates in maternal and child health epidemiology in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE birth certificates; data collection; death certificates; epidemiologic methods; infant mortality ID NEW-YORK-CITY; NEONATAL-MORTALITY; WASHINGTON-STATE; PRETERM BIRTH; PRENATAL-CARE; WEIGHT; RECORDS; AGE; STATISTICS; SURFACTANT AB Linked birth and infant death certificates allow measurement of birthweight-specific infant mortality. Jack Smith, MS, to whom this issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine is dedicated, played a key role in the National Infant Mortality Surveillance (NIMS) project. NIMS provided national data on birthweight-specific infant mortality for the 1980 birth cohort, updated data previously collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for the 1960 birth cohort, and supported NCHS's implementation of an annual linked file in 1983. NIMS illustrated themes in infant mortality that remain important: the role of low birthweight (LBW) as a contributor to infant mortality, the contribution of disparities in LBW and birthweight-specific mortality to black-white gaps in infant mortality, and the nation's greater success in reducing mortality among LEW infants than in preventing LBW. Linked birth and infant death records are used nationally and by states to study an array of maternal and infant health topics, from the quality of vital records to the impact of therapeutic and public health interventions. By supplementing birth and infant death records with linkages to program and hospital discharge data, epidemiologists and health service researchers are extending the utility of vital statistics data to monitor maternal and infant health. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Maternal & Child Hlth Epidemiol Unit, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Buehler, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-07,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Hogue, Carol/H-5442-2012 NR 52 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 SU S BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00167-7 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 326RH UT WOS:000087748200002 PM 10863124 ER PT J AU Ventura, SJ Freedman, MA AF Ventura, SJ Freedman, MA TI Teenage childbearing in the United States, 1960-1997 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE adolescence; birth rate; fertility; marital status ID PREGNANCY; BEHAVIOR AB Teenage childbearing in the United States has declined significantly in the 1990s. Still the U.S. teen birth rate is higher than in other developed countries; in 1997 it was 52.3 births per 1000 women aged 15 to 19. A steep rise in teen birth rates in the late 1980s generated a great deal of public concern and a variety of initiatives targeted to reducing teen births. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Vital Statistics System are used to review and describe trends and variations in births and birth rates for teenagers for the period 1960-1997. Teen birth rates were much higher in the early 1960s than at present; in fact, rates for 18- to 19-year-olds were double what they are currently. In the 1990s, birth rates for teenagers dropped for younger and older teenagers, with greater declines recorded for younger teens. While rates have fallen in all population groups, the greatest declines have been experienced by black teenagers, whose rates have dropped 24% on average. Trends in teen births and birth rates since 1960 have been affected by a variety of factors. These include wide swings in the number of female teenagers, substantial declines in marriage among older teens, falling birth rates for married teens concurrent with rapidly rising birth rates for unmarried teens, and sharp increases in sexual activity among teens that have abated only recently, according to the National Center for Health Statistics' National Survey of Family Growth. This review article also tracks changes in contraceptive practice and abortion rates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Ventura, SJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 820, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 SU S BP 18 EP 25 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00169-0 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 326RH UT WOS:000087748200004 PM 10863126 ER PT J AU Mercy, JA Rosenberg, ML AF Mercy, JA Rosenberg, ML TI Building a foundation for suicide prevention - The contributions of Jack C. Smith SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE community psychiatry; epidemiology; preventive medicine; primary prevention; public health; suicide ID PUBLIC-HEALTH PERSPECTIVE; CLUSTERS; YOUTH; RISK AB Among his many other accomplishments, Jack C. Smith nurtured the early development of efforts by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address suicide as a public health problem. Smith's vision was to achieve suicide prevention through epidemiology, and his vision shaped the emergence of suicide as a public health issue. With his typical enthusiasm and inherent ability to insinuate himself into critical social net-works, Smith spearheaded CDC's initial suicide surveillance activities and established strong partnerships between CDC and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the American Association of Suicidology (AAS). These surveillance activities and relationships were the foundation on which subsequent research and programmatic activities addressing suicide as a public health problem were built at CDC. In this paper we document Smith's role in the development of the public health approach to suicide prevention. We also articulate the conceptual basis for a public health approach to suicide and discuss future directions for public health in the prevention of suicide and suicidal behavior. While Smith also made important contributions to development of CDC efforts to address homicide, his special interest was suicide; therefore, this article will emphasize his contributions to this area. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mercy, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 54 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 SU S BP 26 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00170-7 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 326RH UT WOS:000087748200005 PM 10863127 ER PT J AU Morris, L AF Morris, L TI History and current status of reproductive health surveys at CDC SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FERTILITY; ANGLOS; MEXICO C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Epidemiol & Demog Res Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Morris, L (reprint author), CDC, Behav Epidemiol & Demog Res Branch, MS K-35,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 SU S BP 31 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00176-8 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 326RH UT WOS:000087748200006 PM 10863128 ER PT J AU MacKay, AP Rochat, R Smith, JC Berg, CJ AF MacKay, AP Rochat, R Smith, JC Berg, CJ TI The check box - Determining pregnancy status to improve maternal mortality surveillance SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cause of death; death certificates; female; population surveillance; pregnancy; pregnancy complications/mortality ID UNITED-STATES AB Objective: More than half of pregnancy-related deaths are not identified through routine surveillance methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the pregnancy check box on death certificates in ascertaining pregnancy-related deaths. Methods: Data derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's ongoing Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System were used to identify states that included a check box on the death certificate in 1991 and 1992. Death certificates from those states were evaluated to determine the number and proportion of pregnancy-related deaths identified by a marked check box. Characteristics of death were also examined. Results: Sixteen states and New York City included a check box or question specifically asking about pregnancy of the decedent. Of the 425 pregnancy-related deaths identified in the 17 reporting areas, 124 (29%) were determined to be pregnancy-related deaths only because of the pregnancy status information provided in the check box. The proportion of deaths identified only by a marked check box ranged from less than 5% for four states to 40% or more for seven states. Conclusions: The availability of pregnancy status information on death certificates is a simple and effective aid in ascertaining a pregnancy-related death, when no other indicators of pregnancy appear on the death certificate. Routine use of the pregnancy check box for all states would lead to substantially increased classification of maternal deaths and more accurate classification of the causes of and risk factors for maternal deaths. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & HLth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP MacKay, AP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & HLth Promot, 6525 Belcrest Rd,MS P08, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Rochat, Roger/J-9802-2012 NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 SU S BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00171-9 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 326RH UT WOS:000087748200007 PM 10863129 ER PT J AU Williamson, GD Snider, DE Speers, MA AF Williamson, GD Snider, DE Speers, MA TI Facilitating use of analytic methods at a federal agency SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Identification and application of appropriate analytic methods are critical pieces of the foundation of science. Because of the increasingly complex issues federal agencies face and the increasing importance of addressing those issues with multi-disciplinary teams that offer knowledge and skills in many methods areas, it is important that agencies faster coordinated integration of analytic methods. This report discusses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) evolving needs regarding analytic methods and includes activities that CDC has undertaken to facilitate a coordinated approach to the use of the statistical sciences. We introduce a new framework for facilitating coordination in analytic methods as a hybrid model, blending attributes of centralized and decentralized resource models. This coordinating focus approach offers assets of timeliness, efficiency, and effectiveness, as well as fosters strengthened relationships among scientists and increased collaboration among scientific disciplines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Williamson, GD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Mail Stop D-74,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 SU S BP 40 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00174-4 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 326RH UT WOS:000087748200008 PM 10863130 ER PT J AU Fleming, PL Wortley, PM Karon, KM DeCock, KM Janssen, RS AF Fleming, PL Wortley, PM Karon, KM DeCock, KM Janssen, RS TI Tracking the HIV epidemic: Current issues, future challenges SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB The emergence of a new infectious disease, AIDS, in the early 1980s resulted in the development of a national AIDS surveillance system. AIDS surveillance data provided an understanding of transmission risks and characterized communities affected by the epidemic. Later, these data provided the basis for allocating resources for prevention and treatment programs. New treatments have dramatically improved survival. Resulting:: declines in AIDS incidence and deaths offer hope that HIV disease can be successfully managed. However, to prevent and control HIV/AIDS in the coming decades, the public health community must address new challenges. These include the defining of the role of treatment in reducing infectiousness; the potential for an epidemic of treatment-resistant HIV; side effects of treatment; complacency that leads to relapses to high-risk behaviors; and inadequate surveillance and research capacity at state and local levels to guide the development of health interventions. Meeting these challenges will require reinvesting in the public health capacity of state and local health departments, restructuring HIV/AIDS surveillance programs to collect the data needed to guide the response to the epidemic, and providing timely answers to emerging epidemiologic questions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fleming, PL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-47,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 90 IS 7 BP 1037 EP 1041 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1037 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 327TR UT WOS:000087810000007 PM 10897179 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Carey, JW Taveras, S AF Anderson, JE Carey, JW Taveras, S TI HIV testing among the general US population and persons at increased risk: Information from National Surveys, 1987-1996 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID AIDS BEHAVIORAL SURVEYS; UNITED-STATES; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; CONDOM USE; PREVENTION; PREVALENCE; ADULTS; DESIGN AB Objectives. We used data from national to the rate surveys measure of HN resting in the general US population and among persons at increased behavioral risk and summarized what has been learned about HIV testing from these surveys. Methods. Three nationally representative surveys were used: the National Health Interview Survey for 1987 through 1995, the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, and the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. These surveys asked about HIV testing experience and behavioral risks for HIV. Rates of testing were computed for all persons, including those at increased risk for HIV. Results. From 1987 to 1995, the percentage of adults ever tested increased from 16% to 40%. The 3 surveys were consistent with one another, and all showed much higher rates of testing for persons at increased risk for HIV. Conclusions. Surveys have provided information on HIV testing that is not available elsewhere, including rates of testing from private sources and public programs. Efforts to measure HIV testing and its correlates should continue and should be improved to provide information essential for effective programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Community Assistance Planning & Natl Partnerships, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Mailstop E-37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 90 IS 7 BP 1089 EP 1095 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1089 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 327TR UT WOS:000087810000015 PM 10897187 ER PT J AU Des Jarlais, DC Perlis, T Friedman, SR Chapman, T Kwok, J Rockwell, R Paone, D Milliken, J Monterroso, E AF Des Jarlais, DC Perlis, T Friedman, SR Chapman, T Kwok, J Rockwell, R Paone, D Milliken, J Monterroso, E TI Behavioral risk reduction in a declining HIV epidemic: Injection drug users in New York City, 1990-1997 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID AIDS; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; UGANDA AB Objectives. This study assessed trends in HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users in New York City from 1990 to 1997. Methods. Injection drug users were recruited continuously from a large drug detoxification treatment program (N = 2588) and a research storefront located in a high-drug-use area (N = 2701). Informed consent was obtained and a trained interviewer administered a structured interview covering sociodemographics, drug use history; HIV risk behavior, and participation in syringe exchange. Results. Trends were assessed for 5 risk behaviors in the 6-month period before the interview. The 3 injection risk behaviors declined significantly over time at each site (all P < .01). When data were pooled across sites, all 5 risk behaviors declined significantly over time (all P < .01). Participation in syringe exchange programs and in HIV counseling and testing increased greatly from 1990 to 1997. Conclusions. The continuing risk reduction among injection drug users indicates a "declining phase" in the large HIV epidemic in New York City. HIV prevention programs appear to be making an important contribution to the declining phase. C1 Beth Israel Med Ctr, Inst Chem Dependency, New York, NY 10003 USA. Natl Dev & Res Inst Inc, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Des Jarlais, DC (reprint author), Beth Israel Med Ctr, Inst Chem Dependency, 1st Ave & 16th St, New York, NY 10003 USA. NR 22 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 90 IS 7 BP 1112 EP 1116 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 327TR UT WOS:000087810000018 ER PT J AU Ford, E Newman, J Deosaransingh, K AF Ford, E Newman, J Deosaransingh, K TI Racial and ethnic differences in the use of cardiovascular procedures: Findings from the California Cooperative Cardiovascular Project SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; ARTERY BYPASS-SURGERY; NEW-YORK-STATE; CORONARY-REVASCULARIZATION PROCEDURES; INVASIVE CARDIAC PROCEDURES; AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN; AFFAIRS MEDICAL-CENTER; HEALTH-CARE SERVICES; HEART-DISEASE; INTERVENTION-REGISTRY AB Objectives. This study used data from the California Cooperative Cardiovascular Project to examine the use of invasive and noninvasive cardiovascular procedures among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. Methods. The use of catheterization, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, and several noninvasive tests among all patients 65 years or older with a confirmed acute myocardial infarction in nonfederal hospitals from 1994 to 1995 was studied. Results. African Americans (n = 527) were less likely than Whites (n = 9489) to have received catheterization (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50, 0.76), PTCA (OR = 0.64. 95% CI = 0.49, 0.85). or CABG surgery (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.64); somewhat more likely to have received a stress test or an echocardiogram; and equally likely to have received a multiple-gated acquisition scan. Hispanics (n = 689) also were less likely than Whites to have received catheterization (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68, 0.98) or PTCA (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.45, 0.75). Conclusions. African Americans were less likely than Whites to undergo costly invasive cardiovascular procedures. In addition Hispanics were less likely than Whites to have received catheterization and PTCA. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Calif Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Emeryville, CA USA. RP Ford, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K24, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 52 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 90 IS 7 BP 1128 EP 1134 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1128 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 327TR UT WOS:000087810000021 PM 10897193 ER PT J AU Murphy, ST Miller, LC Moore, J Clark, LF AF Murphy, ST Miller, LC Moore, J Clark, LF TI Preaching to the choir: Preference for female-controlled methods of HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID METHODS WOMEN AB Objectives. This study assessed interest in female-controlled methods of HIV and sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention. Methods. Surveys were conducted with 168 African American women, aged 18 to 32 years, who had had unprotected sex and at least 3 sexual partners in the last 2 years. Results. Of 44 potential features, "female control" (where women control the method by either wearing or applying it) ranked 22nd in average importance. Women who rated female control as highly important had fewer sex partners and fewer STDs and were more likely to use existing prevention methods frequently. Conclusions. Female control may be of less interest to women most at risk for HIV and other STDs. This underscores the need to take the priorities and preferences of women into consideration when developing new prevention methods. C1 Univ So Calif, Annenberg Sch Commun, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Publ Hlth, Birmingham, AL USA. RP Murphy, ST (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Annenberg Sch Commun, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM smurphy@usc.edu RI Miller, Lynn/E-8101-2010 OI Miller, Lynn/0000-0003-3379-3564 NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 90 IS 7 BP 1135 EP 1137 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1135 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 327TR UT WOS:000087810000022 PM 10897194 ER PT J AU Kamb, ML Peterman, TA Wolitski, RJ AF Kamb, ML Peterman, TA Wolitski, RJ TI Prevention counseling for HIV-negative persons SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Letter ID CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Commun, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kamb, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Commun, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, MSE-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 90 IS 7 BP 1152 EP 1152 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1152 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 327TR UT WOS:000087810000032 PM 10897198 ER PT J AU Treadwell, TA Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Krebs, JW Paddock, CD Childs, JE AF Treadwell, TA Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Krebs, JW Paddock, CD Childs, JE TI Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1993-1996 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DISEASE; RISK AB During 1993 through 1996, 2,313 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by 42 states and the District of Columbia through the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS). During this same interval, 1,752 case report forms (CRFs) were submitted to CDC and 1,253 (70%) of the cases were categorized as confirmed RMSF by laboratory testing. On the basis of analyses performed with NETSS data, the average annual RMSF incidence during 1993-1996 was 2.2 cases per million persons; the incidence rose from 1.8 in 1993 to 3.3 per million persons in 1996. incidence for confirmed cases was highest among children 5-9 years of age (3.7 per million) and lowest among individuals older than 70 years of age (1.4 per million). The south Atlantic region accounted for the largest proportion of confirmed cases (52%). The case-fatality rate C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Treadwell, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS-G13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 19 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 26 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 431JZ UT WOS:000168629200004 PM 11357990 ER PT J AU Marlow, D Wang, J Wise, TJ Ashley, K AF Marlow, D Wang, J Wise, TJ Ashley, K TI Field test of a portable method for the determination of hexavalent chromium in workplace air SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTION C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Marlow, D (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Ashley, Kevin/C-9005-2011 NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 32 IS 15 BP 26 EP + PG 0 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 337UZ UT WOS:000088381200007 ER PT J AU Chiang, WK AF Chiang, WK TI Update: Surveillance for west nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes-New York, 2000 SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ENCEPHALITIS C1 Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chiang, WK (reprint author), Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, 14445 Olive View Dr, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 61 EP 63 DI 10.1067/mem.2000.108133 PG 3 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 330YG UT WOS:000087988700011 PM 10874238 ER PT J AU LaClaire, L Facklam, R AF LaClaire, L Facklam, R TI Antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical sources of Dolosigranulum pigrum cultures SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI; IDENTIFICATION; ENTEROCOCCI AB Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 27 clinical isolates of Dolosigranulum pigrum were determined. All were susceptible to amoxicillin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, clindamycin, levofloxacin, meropenem, penicillin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, rifampin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. Fifteen of the isolates were intermediate to chloramphenicol, One isolate was resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Two isolates were susceptible, 10 were intermediate, and 15 were resistant to erythromycin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Facklam, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop C-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 44 IS 7 BP 2001 EP 2003 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.7.2001-2003.2000 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 330KN UT WOS:000087961400044 PM 10858372 ER PT J AU Kramarz, P DeStefano, F Gargiullo, PM Davis, RL Chen, RT Mullooly, JP Black, SB Shinefield, HR Bohlke, K Ward, JI Marcy, MS AF Kramarz, P DeStefano, F Gargiullo, PM Davis, RL Chen, RT Mullooly, JP Black, SB Shinefield, HR Bohlke, K Ward, JI Marcy, MS CA Vaccine Safety Datalink Team TI Does influenza vaccination exacerbate asthma? Analysis of a large cohort of children with asthma SO ARCHIVES OF FAMILY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHILDHOOD ASTHMA; RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; CASE SERIES; SAFETY; VIRUS; REACTIVITY; SYMPTOMS; ADULTS; TRENDS AB Context: Although influenza vaccination is recommended for children with asthma, only a minority are vaccinated. One reason for low influenza vaccine coverage among children with asthma may be concern that influenza vaccination may induce an exacerbation of asthma. Objective: To evaluate the safety of influenza vaccination in children with asthma, we studied the incidence of hospitalizations and emergency department visits for asthma following influenza vaccination. Design: Retrospective cohort study-analysis of population-based computerized medical and vaccination records. Setting: Four large health maintenance organizations on the West Coast of the United States. Subjects: Children with asthma 1 through 6 years of age, identified by search of computerized databases of medical encounters and pharmacy prescriptions. Main Outcome Measures: Exacerbations of asthma. Results: In unadjusted analyses vaccination was associated with high rates of asthma exacerbations. However, after adjusting for asthma severity using a self-control method, the incidence rate ratios of asthma exacerbations after vaccination were 0.58 (95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.95), 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.47-1.17), and 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.27) during the 3 influenza seasons. Conclusions: After controlling for asthma severity, we found that influenza vaccination does not result in acute asthma exacerbations in children. Concern about possible exacerbation of asthma is not a valid reason to not vaccinate children with asthma against influenza. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. No Calif Kaiser Permanente, Pediat Vaccine Study Ctr, Oakland, CA USA. NW Kaiser Permanente, Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR USA. Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Ctr Vaccine Res, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. Kaiser Fdn Hosp, Panorama City, CA USA. RP Kramarz, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 60 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1063-3987 J9 ARCH FAM MED JI Arch. Fam. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 9 IS 7 BP 617 EP 623 DI 10.1001/archfami.9.7.617 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 334DA UT WOS:000088169300011 PM 10910309 ER PT J AU Bostwick, DG Grignon, DJ Hammond, MEH Amin, MB Cohen, M Crawford, D Gospadarowicz, M Kaplan, RS Miller, DS Montironi, R Pajak, TF Pollack, A Srigley, JR Yarbro, JW AF Bostwick, DG Grignon, DJ Hammond, MEH Amin, MB Cohen, M Crawford, D Gospadarowicz, M Kaplan, RS Miller, DS Montironi, R Pajak, TF Pollack, A Srigley, JR Yarbro, JW TI Prognostic factors in prostate cancer - College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999 SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XXXVth Conference of the College-of-American-Pathologists CY JUN 10-13, 1999 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Coll Amer Pathologists ID SEMINAL-VESICLE INVOLVEMENT; POSITIVE SURGICAL MARGINS; EXTERNAL-BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; NEEDLE-BIOPSY SPECIMENS; RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY; PERINEURAL INVASION; CLINICAL STAGE; NEUROENDOCRINE DIFFERENTIATION; GLEASON SCORE; NUCLEAR ROUNDNESS AB Background.-Under the auspices of the College of American Pathologists, a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, pathologists, and statisticians considered prognostic and predictive factors in prostate cancer and stratified them into categories reflecting the strength of published evidence and taking into account the expert opinions of the Prostate Working Group members. Materials and Methods.-Factors were ranked according to the previous College of American Pathologists categorical rankings: category I, factors proven to be of prognostic importance and useful in clinical patient management; category II, factors that have been extensively studied biologically and clinically but whose importance remains to be validated in statistically robust studies; and category III, all other factors not sufficiently studied to demonstrate their prognostic value. Factors in categories I and II were considered with respect to variations in methods of analysis, interpretation of findings, reporting of data, and statistical evaluation. For each factor, detailed recommendations for improvement were made. Recommendations were based on the following aims: (1) increasing uniformity and completeness of pathologic evaluation of tumor specimens, (2) enhancing the quality of data collected pertaining to existing prognostic factors, and (3) improving patient care. Results and Conclusions.-Factors ranked in category I included preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen level, TNM stage grouping, histologic grade as Gleason score, and surgical margin status. Category II factors included tumor volume, histologic type, and DNA ploidy. Factors in category III included perineural invasion, neuroendocrine differentiation, microvessel density, nuclear roundness, chromatin texture, other karyometric factors, proliferation markers, prostate-specific antigen derivatives, and other factors (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes, etc). C1 Bostwick Labs, Richmond, VA USA. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA. Latter Day St Hosp, Salt Lake City, UT 84143 USA. Univ Utah, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Ancona, Ancona, Italy. Amer Coll Radiol, Philadelphia, PA USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Amer Joint Comm Canc, Chicago, IL USA. RP Bostwick, DG (reprint author), Care of Schramm J, Coll Amer Pathologists, 325 Waukegan Rd, Northfield, IL 60093 USA. NR 102 TC 203 Z9 210 U1 0 U2 4 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 124 IS 7 BP 995 EP 1000 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 334HK UT WOS:000088180900009 PM 10888774 ER PT J AU St John, TM Lipman, HB Krolak, JM Hearn, TL AF St John, TM Lipman, HB Krolak, JM Hearn, TL TI Improvement in physician's office laboratory practices, 1989-1994 SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PROFICIENCY TEST-PERFORMANCE; QUALITY ASSURANCE; PERSPECTIVE; ACCURACY; CHOLESTEROL; EXPERIENCE; MEDICINE; PROGRAMS; IMPACT AB Background,ln 1986 and 1989, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored institutes on Critical Issues in Health Laboratory Practice. It was noted during the institutes that physician's office laboratories were a rapidly emerging site for clinical laboratory testing, yet no comprehensive data were available regarding the practice of clinical laboratory medicine in physician's office laboratories. As a mechanism to begin addressing this void, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention added questions on clinical laboratory practice to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probability sample of ambulatory care provided by office-based physicians. Data were collected for survey years 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1994. Methods.-Each survey was conducted among a nationally representative, random sample of office-based physicians who provide ambulatory patient care. Sample physicians were enlisted using both mail and telephone contacts. Clinical laboratory data were obtained via telephone by trained field representatives. Weighted univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on responses from each of the 4 survey years. Analyses were repeated after combining survey responses from years 1989 and 1991 and 1993 and 1994 as representative of physician's office laboratory practices before and after implementation of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA '88) final rule in 1992. Results.-Quality laboratory practice indicators showed significant increases during the study interval, with implementation of the CLIA '88 final rule in 1992 playing a pivotal role. Relative to 1992, enrollment in proficiency testing programs increased from 32.4% to 52.7% (P < .001), use of daily quality control samples increased from 79.2% to 89.0% (P < .001), and use of daily quality control with written instructions for action following a questionable quality control result (quality control with action step documentation) increased from 62.6% to 77.2% (P < .001). The presence of a medical technologist or technician in the office laboratory was also significantly and independently associated with each of the quality indicators. Although the percentage of physician's offices performing on-site testing decreased from 56% to 45% during the survey interval, overall testing volume appeared unchanged. Conclusions.-The quality of clinical laboratory practice in physician's office laboratories improved during the study interval (1989-1994) as measured by the quality indicators used in the study The association of this improvement with implementation of the CLIA '88 final rule and the presence of a trained laboratory professional in the testing site indicate the importance of minimum practice standards and professional expertise in ensuring use of quality laboratory practices. Overall test volume appeared to be stable despite a decreased proportion of physician's offices at which on-site testing was performed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Div Lab Syst, Atlanta, GA USA. RP St John, TM (reprint author), McCarthy Med Marketing Inc, Innovat Med Educ Consortium, 1601 Lincoln Ave, Vancouver, WA 98660 USA. NR 68 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 124 IS 7 BP 1066 EP 1073 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 334HK UT WOS:000088180900020 PM 10888785 ER PT J AU MacKenzie, BA Striley, CAF Biagini, RE Stettler, LE Hines, CJ AF MacKenzie, BA Striley, CAF Biagini, RE Stettler, LE Hines, CJ TI Improved rapid analytical method for the urinary determination of 3,5,6 trichloro-2-pyridinol, a metabolite of chlorpyrifos SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EXPOSURE; 3,5,6-TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL; PHARMACOKINETICS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; IMMUNOASSAY; ALACHLOR C1 NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div App Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Surveillance Hazard, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP MacKenzie, BA (reprint author), NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div App Res & Technol, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 13 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 65 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 336AM UT WOS:000088279800001 PM 10874072 ER PT J AU Wingo, PA Guest, JL McGinnis, L Miller, DS Rodriguez, C Cardinez, CJ Morrow, B Thun, MJ AF Wingo, PA Guest, JL McGinnis, L Miller, DS Rodriguez, C Cardinez, CJ Morrow, B Thun, MJ TI Patterns of inpatient surgeries for the top four cancers in the United States, National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1988-95 SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; colon cancer; lung cancer; neoplasm; prostate cancer; surveillance; treatment ID BREAST-CONSERVING SURGERY; DATA-BASE REPORT; PROSTATE-CANCER; GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION; TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION; MEDICARE BENEFICIARIES; SURGICAL-TREATMENT; TIME TRENDS; MASTECTOMY; OUTCOMES AB Background: At a time when the population is aging and medical practices are rapidly changing, ongoing surveillance of surgical treatments for cancer is valuable for health services planning. Methods: We used data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for patients with discharge diagnoses of lung, prostate, female breast, and colorectal cancer during 1988-95 to estimate population-based rates and numbers of inpatient surgical procedures. Results: In 1988-91, rates of lobectomy for lung cancer were significantly higher in males than females. By 1994-95, the male/female differences had largely disappeared due to increasing trends among females and decreasing trends among males. During 1988-95, surgeries on the large intestine for colorectal cancer, including right hemicolectomy and sigmoidectomy, decreased significantly, as did abdominoperineal resections of the rectum. Anterior resections of the rectum increased significantly. Radical prostatectomies for prostate cancer increased from 34,000 in 1988-89 to 104,000 in 1992-93 and then decreased to 87,000 in 1994-95; rates followed a similar pattern. Finally, the number and rates of inpatient mastectomies for female breast cancer decreased over the study period (from 219,000 to 180,000 and from 78.8 to 61.5 per 100,000, respectively). Conclusion: These trends in inpatient surgeries for the major cancers in the US probably reflect changes in disease occurrence and modified treatment recommendations. C1 Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Klemm Anal Grp, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. RP Wingo, PA (reprint author), Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, 1599 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 48 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 497 EP 512 DI 10.1023/A:1008944209648 PG 16 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 348PR UT WOS:000088994400003 PM 10880032 ER PT J AU Moradi, T Nyren, O Zack, M Magnusson, C Persson, I Adami, HO AF Moradi, T Nyren, O Zack, M Magnusson, C Persson, I Adami, HO TI Breast cancer risk and lifetime leisure-time and occupational physical activity (Sweden) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE breast neoplasm; exercise; leisure activities; occupations ID YOUNG-WOMEN; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; REPLACEMENT THERAPY; UNITED-STATES; SEX-HORMONES; EXERCISE; PROGESTERONE AB Objective: To clarify whether type and timing of physical activity affect postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Methods: In a population-based case-control study within the Swedish female population 50-74 years of age, 3347 women with invasive, postmenopausal breast cancer (84% of all eligible) and 3455 controls (82% of all selected) reported on past leisure-time physical activity. Record linkage to decennial census data (1960-1990) provided estimates of their occupational physical activity. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, women in sedentary occupations during their reproductive years (25-44 years of age) had a 50% higher risk for postmenopausal breast cancer, compared to those with the physically most demanding jobs. Only the most recent leisure-time physical activity was associated with a significant risk reduction. Women with the combination of sedentary jobs and lack of leisure-time exercise had a three-fold higher risk of breast cancer, compared to the physically most active both inside and outside the workplace. Conclusion: Effects of occupational and leisure-time physical activity on breast cancer risk appear to have different latency times, and/or to be effect-modified by age or reproductive status. Although chance might explain our findings, it is advisable to consider type and timing of physical activity in future studies. C1 Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epideiol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Moradi, T (reprint author), Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epideiol, POB 281, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. EM Tahereh.Moradi@mep.ki.se FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA58427] NR 42 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 523 EP 531 DI 10.1023/A:1008900512471 PG 9 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 348PR UT WOS:000088994400005 PM 10880034 ER PT J AU Castro, AR Morrill, WE Shaw, WA Gale, DC Park, MM Peregrino-Ferreira, LA Bazzo, ML Pope, V AF Castro, AR Morrill, WE Shaw, WA Gale, DC Park, MM Peregrino-Ferreira, LA Bazzo, ML Pope, V TI Use of synthetic cardiolipin and lecithin in the antigen used by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test for serodiagnosis of syphilis SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is a microflocculation test for syphilis that uses an antigen containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol, For more than 50 years, the preparation of natural cardiolipin and lecithin for this test has been based on the Pangborn method which involves isolating and purifying these components from beef hearts. This process is tedious and time-consuming and results in a variable purity range, In our studies, we found that a VDRL antigen using synthetic tetramyristoyl cardiolipin and synthetic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lecithin) was as specific in detecting syphilis as a VDRL antigen made with natural components. In 85% of the cases, we obtained an endpoint titer of 1/2 or 1 dilution more than a titer obtained with a VDRL antigen made with natural components. The use of these pure synthetic compounds, with a purity of 99%, would offer advantages in the standardization and stability of the VDRL antigen, Because this antigen is the basic ingredient in the preparation of nontreponemal reagents such as the rapid plasma reagin, toluidine red unheated serum test, and the unheated serum reagin, the use of this synthetic VDRL antigen should also increase the reactivity of these reagents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. Avanti Polar Lipids Inc, Alabaster, AL USA. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. RP Castro, AR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop D-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 7 IS 4 BP 658 EP 661 DI 10.1128/CDLI.7.4.658-661.2000 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 332AT UT WOS:000088051400024 PM 10882668 ER PT J AU Phillips, S Granade, TC Pau, CP Candal, D Hu, DJ Parekh, BS AF Phillips, S Granade, TC Pau, CP Candal, D Hu, DJ Parekh, BS TI Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection with different subtypes using rapid tests SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBODY-ASSAY; HIV-1 ANTIBODY; AFRICA AB We evaluated six rapid tests for their sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection using 241 specimens (172 HIV-1 positive, 69 HIV-1 negative) representing different HIV-1 subtypes (A [n = 40], B [n = 47], C [n = 28], E [n = 42], and F [n = 7]). HIVCHEK, Multispot, RTD and SeroStrip were 100% sensitive and specific. Capillus failed to identify two of eight subtype C specimens (overall sensitivity of 98.85%), while the SUDS test (the only test approved by the Food and Drug Administration) gave false-positive results for 5 of 69 seronegative specimens (speeificity of 93.24%). Our results suggest that although rapid tests perform well in general, it may be prudent to evaluate a rapid test for sensitivity and specificity in a local population prior to its widespread use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Act Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Parekh, BS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Mailstop D12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 7 IS 4 BP 698 EP 699 DI 10.1128/CDLI.7.4.698-699.2000 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 332AT UT WOS:000088051400031 PM 10882675 ER PT J AU Masciotra, S Rudolph, DL van der Groen, G Yang, CF Lal, RB AF Masciotra, S Rudolph, DL van der Groen, G Yang, CF Lal, RB TI Serological detection of infection with diverse human and simian immunodeficiency viruses using consensus env peptides SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUP-O; ANTIBODIES; TYPE-1; PLASMA; PAN; HIV AB Cross-species transmission has been shown to play an important role in the emergence of human retroviruses. We developed a generic enzyme immunoassay using synthetic peptides from gp-41 and C2V3 consensus sequences (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] type 1 [HIV-1] groups M, O, and N and the homologous region of simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV] strains from chimpanzees [SNcpz], SNcpzGAB1 and SIVcpzANT) to detect divergent HIV and SIV, A cocktail of peptides from gp41 and C2V3 (M-O) detected all HIV-1 group iii and O sera and showed cross-reactivity with SIVcpz sera. Further, a mixture of C2V3 peptides (GAB1-ANT) failed to detect HIV-1 infections but reacted with all SIVcpz sera, allowing discrimination of SIVcpz from HIV-1 infections. Since most SIVcpz sera cross-reacted with HIV-1 peptides, we next evaluated SIVcpz serum reactivity with rapid tests for HIV-1/2. SIVcpz ANT and SIVcpzUS sera reacted with the Sere-strip and Multispot assays. Both tests are sensitive in detecting group M (97 100%? respectively), although Multispot has lower sensitivity for group O detection (67%) than does Sere-strip (100%). The limited volume and time required to perform these assays make them a generic tool for held screening, The env peptide-based assay and rapid tests should allow for the identification of emerging variants of HIV and SIV. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, DASTLR, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Trop Med, Div Microbiol, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, DASTLR, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Mail Stop D12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Yang, Chunfu/G-6890-2013 NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 7 IS 4 BP 706 EP 709 DI 10.1128/CDLI.7.4.706-709.2000 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 332AT UT WOS:000088051400034 PM 10882678 ER PT J AU Stanton, N Maney, J Jones, R AF Stanton, N Maney, J Jones, R TI More on filter paper lead testing SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter C1 Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Toxicol Sect, Madison, WI 53707 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Stanton, N (reprint author), Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Toxicol Sect, Madison, WI 53707 USA. RI Jones, Robert/E-1170-2011 NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 46 IS 7 BP 1028 EP 1029 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 335QV UT WOS:000088256700037 PM 10894860 ER PT J AU Miernyk, KM Parkinson, AJ Rudolph, KM Petersen, KM Bulkow, LR Greenberg, DP Ward, JI Brenneman, G Reid, R Santosham, M AF Miernyk, KM Parkinson, AJ Rudolph, KM Petersen, KM Bulkow, LR Greenberg, DP Ward, JI Brenneman, G Reid, R Santosham, M TI Immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska Native, and non-Native American children aged < 2 years SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFLUENZAE TYPE-B; RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; UNITED-STATES; INFANTS; DISEASE; SERUM; SURVEILLANCE; IMMUNIZATION AB High rates of invasive pneumococcal disease have been described among infants living in various Native American communities. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine consisting of serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F covalently linked to the outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska Native, and non-Native American children. The vaccine was administered at ages 2, 4, and 6 months; a booster dose was given at age 15 months. Levels of serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured by a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The responses after 3 primary doses of vaccine were similar in all 3 groups of children, except for those to serotypes 14 and 23F One month after the booster dose, geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of serotype-specific Ige antibodies increased significantly in all 3 groups of children, compared with GMCs of IgG antibodies to pneumococcal serotypes before the booster dose. C1 US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arct Invest Program, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Vaccine Res, Torrance, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Ctr Amer Indian & Alaskan Native Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Miernyk, KM (reprint author), US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arct Invest Program, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 37 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 34 EP 41 DI 10.1086/313907 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900008 PM 10913393 ER PT J AU Reeves, WC Stamey, FR Black, JB Mawle, AC Stewart, JA Pellett, PE AF Reeves, WC Stamey, FR Black, JB Mawle, AC Stewart, JA Pellett, PE TI Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 in chronic fatigue syndrome: A case-control study SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VARIANT-A; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION; VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; DEFINITION; PREVALENCE; RESPONSES; DISEASE AB We conducted this study to determine whether infection with human herpesvirus (HBV) 6A, HHV-6B, or HHV-7 differed between patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and control subjects. We recruited 26 patients and 52 nonfatigued matched control subjects from Atlanta. Serum samples were tested by enzyme immunoassay for seroreactivity to HNV-6, and all were seropositive. Lymphocyte specimens were cocultivated with cord blood lymphocytes and assayed for HHV-6 and HHV-7; neither virus was isolated. Finally, lymphocytes were tested by use of 3 polymerase chain reaction methods for HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 DNA, HHV-6A or HHV-6B DNA was detected in 17 (22.4%) of 76 samples, and there were no significant differences (by matched analyses) between patients (3 [11.5%] of 26) and control subjects (12 [28%] of 50), HHV-7 DNA was detected in 14 subjects, and although control subjects (12 [24%]) were more likely than patients (2 [7.7%]) to be positive, the difference was not statistically significant. We found no evidence that active or latent infection with HHV-6A, HHV-6B. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reeves, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mail Stop A-15,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 48 EP 52 DI 10.1086/313908 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900010 PM 10913395 ER PT J AU Reef, SE Plotkin, S Cordero, JF Katz, M Cooper, L Schwartz, B Zimmerman-Swain, L Danovaro-Holliday, MC Wharton, M AF Reef, SE Plotkin, S Cordero, JF Katz, M Cooper, L Schwartz, B Zimmerman-Swain, L Danovaro-Holliday, MC Wharton, M TI Preparing for elimination of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS): Summary of a workshop on CRS elimination in the United States SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CONFIRMED MATERNAL RUBELLA; SURVEILLANCE; PREGNANCY; CHILDREN AB The goal of eliminating indigenous rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the United States in the near future is now within reach, because rubella incidence has been sustained at record-low levels since the mid-1990s, Effective prevention strategies to eliminate CRS and rubella require improvement in the surveillance of CRS and congenital rubella infection (CRI), The purpose of the workshop was to review rubella and CRS epidemiology, as well as current clinical, diagnostic, and laboratory practices, to determine whether new strategies are needed to achieve and document CRS elimination. Workshop participants agreed that surveillance for CRS must be strengthened, particularly through augmented laboratory capabilities, and the case definition for CRS must be revised to reflect the current scientific Information available. Further studies of methods are needed to identify high-risk populations and geographic areas for rubella and CRS and to enhance identification of infants with CRS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Aventis Pasteur, Doylestown, PA USA. March Dimes, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. RP Reef, SE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 47 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 85 EP + DI 10.1086/313928 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900017 PM 10913402 ER PT J AU Armstrong, LR Preston, EJD Reichert, M Phillips, DL Nisenbaum, R Todd, NW Jacobs, IN Inglis, AF Manning, SC Reeves, WC AF Armstrong, LR Preston, EJD Reichert, M Phillips, DL Nisenbaum, R Todd, NW Jacobs, IN Inglis, AF Manning, SC Reeves, WC TI Incidence and prevalence of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis among children in Atlanta and Seattle SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB The incidence and prevalence of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) for children aged <18 years were estimated in 2 US cities, Atlanta and Seattle, in 1996, All otolaryngologists in a 24-county area in metropolitan Atlanta (101 physicians) and an 8-county area in metropolitan Seattle (139 physicians) agreed to participate in the study. Medical record chart abstraction was performed only for children with documented current residence in the study area (21 patients in Atlanta and 14 patients in Seattle). The incidence rate for juvenile RRP was 1.11/100,000 population in Atlanta and 0.36/100,000 in Seattle. The prevalence rate was 2.59/100,000 population in Atlanta and 1.69/100,000 in Seattle. In neither city did prevalences differ significantly when stratified by sex or race. Extrapolation of these estimates to the US population suggests that 80-1500 incident cases and 700-3000 prevalent cases of juvenile RRP will occur in the United States during 1999. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpervirus Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Washington, Childrens Hosp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Reg Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Reeves, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpervirus Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mail Stop A-15,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 107 EP + DI 10.1086/313914 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900020 PM 10913405 ER PT J AU Caceres, VM Strebel, PM Sutter, RW AF Caceres, VM Strebel, PM Sutter, RW TI Factors determining prevalence of maternal antibody to measles virus through infancy: A review SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID 6-MONTH-OLD INFANTS; PASSIVE-IMMUNITY; EDMONSTON-ZAGREB; VACCINE; AGE; CHILDREN; MOTHERS; TITERS; WOMEN; IMMUNIZATION AB The effectiveness of vaccination against measles, the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in infants globally, is greatly impacted by the level of maternal antibody to measles virus (or "measles maternal antibody"; MMA) during infancy. Variation in the prevalence of maternal antibody to measles virus between infant populations across countries and sociodemographic strata is poorly understood. We reviewed the literature on the prevalence of MMA, focusing on 3 principal determinants: starting level of maternal antibody placental transfer of maternal antibody, and rate of decay of maternal antibody after birth. Our review identified placental transfer as an important determinant, with greater efficiency found in studies performed in developed countries. Placental transfer was influenced by gestational age, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and malaria. Antibody levels in mothers varied widely between countries, although predictably according to vaccination status within populations. Rates of antibody decay across studies were similar. Future studies should evaluate the utility of the cord blood level of MILIA as a predictor of vaccine efficacy in infancy; inclusion of World Health Organization international reference sera will facilitate comparisons. Greater understanding of the determinants of the prevalence of MMA will help national policy makers determines the appropriate age for measles vaccination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Caceres, VM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E 05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 73 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 110 EP 119 DI 10.1086/313926 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900021 PM 10913406 ER PT J AU Gay, K Baughman, WS Whitney, CG Jackson, D Farley, MM Stephens, DS AF Gay, K Baughman, WS Whitney, CG Jackson, D Farley, MM Stephens, DS TI Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in metropolitan Atlanta: emergence of mefE-associated high-level macrolide resistance SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, VAMC, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Georgia Emerging Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 4 BP 212 EP 212 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900054 ER PT J AU Steinberg, EB Rossiter, S Stamey, K Angulo, FJ Mintz, ED AF Steinberg, EB Rossiter, S Stamey, K Angulo, FJ Mintz, ED TI Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhi in the United States - the National Antimicrobial Monitoring System, 1999 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 3 BP 212 EP 212 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900053 ER PT J AU Warren, JR Farmer, JJ Dewhirst, F Zembower, TR Peterson, LR Bhattacharya, M AF Warren, JR Farmer, JJ Dewhirst, F Zembower, TR Peterson, LR Bhattacharya, M TI Outbreak of nosocomial infections due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enteric group 137: A new Enterobacteriaceae SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. Forsyth Inst, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 7 BP 213 EP 213 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900057 ER PT J AU McEllistrem, MC Pass, MA Elliott, JA Whitney, CG Kolano, JA Harrison, LH AF McEllistrem, MC Pass, MA Elliott, JA Whitney, CG Kolano, JA Harrison, LH TI Molecular epidemiology of recurrent invasive pneumococcal infections in HIV-infected patients in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 12 BP 214 EP 214 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900062 ER PT J AU Lankford, MG Zembower, TR Trick, WE Hacek, DM Noskin, GA Peterson, LR AF Lankford, MG Zembower, TR Trick, WE Hacek, DM Noskin, GA Peterson, LR TI Impact of hospital design on the handwashing compliance among healthcare workers SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NW Mem Hosp, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 18 BP 215 EP 215 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900068 ER PT J AU Hyde, TB Hilger, T Daily, P Baughman, WS Lefkowitz, L Huie, S Zywicki, SS O'Brien, KL Schuchat, A AF Hyde, TB Hilger, T Daily, P Baughman, WS Lefkowitz, L Huie, S Zywicki, SS O'Brien, KL Schuchat, A TI Multistate surveillance for early onset neonatal sepsis in the era of group B streptococcus prevention. SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CA Emerging Infect Program, Oakland, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Emerging Infect Network, New Haven, CT USA. Georgia Emerging Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Tennessee Emerging Infect Program Network, Nashville, TN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 26 BP 217 EP 217 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900076 ER PT J AU Dunne, EF Wallace, DJ Bender, J Dembek, ZF Davis, MA Gilbert, L Zansky, S Shiferaw, B Carter, M Griffin, PM Mead, P AF Dunne, EF Wallace, DJ Bender, J Dembek, ZF Davis, MA Gilbert, L Zansky, S Shiferaw, B Carter, M Griffin, PM Mead, P CA FoodNet Working Grp TI Results from 3 years of active surveillance for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) through FoodNet, United States, 1997-1999 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CA Emerging Infect Program, Alameda, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Georgia Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 49 BP 221 EP 221 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900099 ER PT J AU Johnson, KR Kimura, A Goldoft, M Boase, J Stefonek, K Farrar, J Slutsker, L Vangilder, T AF Johnson, KR Kimura, A Goldoft, M Boase, J Stefonek, K Farrar, J Slutsker, L Vangilder, T TI A multi-state outbreak of Shigella sonnei associated with 5-layer party dip - January 2000 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CA Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 53 BP 222 EP 222 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900103 ER PT J AU Sivapalasingam, S Kimura, A Ying, M Frisch, A Barrett, E Phan, Q Shillam, P Reddy, S Breslowsky, T Gould, E Van Duyne, MS Slutsker, L AF Sivapalasingam, S Kimura, A Ying, M Frisch, A Barrett, E Phan, Q Shillam, P Reddy, S Breslowsky, T Gould, E Van Duyne, MS Slutsker, L TI A multistate outbreak of Salmonella Newport infections linked to mango consumption, November-December 1999 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CA Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Colorado Dept Hlth, Denver, CO 80220 USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. MA Dept Publ Hlth, Jamaica Plain, MA USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Rhode Isl Dept Hlth, Providence, RI 02908 USA. Vanderbilt Med Coll, Nashville, TN USA. Virginia Dept Hlth, Richmond, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 52 BP 222 EP 222 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900102 ER PT J AU Benin, AL Albanese, BA Harrison, L Schwartz, B Besser, RE AF Benin, AL Albanese, BA Harrison, L Schwartz, B Besser, RE TI Antibiotic use in Baltimore: A demonstration project to promote judicious use for outpatient pediatric respiratory infections SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 78 BP 226 EP 226 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900128 ER PT J AU Pryor, E Fridkin, SK Gaynes, R Kleinbaum, D Tenover, FC Edwards, JR McGowan, JE AF Pryor, E Fridkin, SK Gaynes, R Kleinbaum, D Tenover, FC Edwards, JR McGowan, JE CA Phase 2 Project ICARE Hosp TI Institutional factors associated with resistance to third generation cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from 26 US hospitals SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 82 BP 227 EP 227 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900132 ER PT J AU Volkova, NV McGowan, JE Hill, HA Lawton, RM Tenover, FC Gaynes, R AF Volkova, NV McGowan, JE Hill, HA Lawton, RM Tenover, FC Gaynes, R CA Project ICARE Hosp TI Does resistance cluster in individual hospitals? SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 90 BP 228 EP 228 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900140 ER PT J AU Volkova, NV McGowan, JE Hill, HA Lawton, RM Fridkin, SK Edwards, JR Tenover, FC Gaynes, R AF Volkova, NV McGowan, JE Hill, HA Lawton, RM Fridkin, SK Edwards, JR Tenover, FC Gaynes, R CA Project ICARE Hosp TI Recent changes in antimicrobial resistance in US hospitals. A report from Project ICARE. SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 92 BP 229 EP 229 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900142 ER PT J AU Ballard, JE Jernigan, DB O'Connor, S Strausbaugh, LJ Liedtke, LA Ashford, DA AF Ballard, JE Jernigan, DB O'Connor, S Strausbaugh, LJ Liedtke, LA Ashford, DA CA IDSA Emerging Infections Network TI Crohn's disease and possible infectious etiologies: Infectious disease consultants' views SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Infect Dis Soc Amer, Portland, OR USA. Portland VA Med Ctr, Portland, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 154 BP 239 EP 239 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900204 ER PT J AU Hyde, TB Gilbert, M Schwartz, S Watt, JP Lanier, T Talkington, D Zell, E Plikaytis, B Besser, RB AF Hyde, TB Gilbert, M Schwartz, S Watt, JP Lanier, T Talkington, D Zell, E Plikaytis, B Besser, RB TI Title: Azithromycin prophylaxis during a hospital outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 178 BP 243 EP 243 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900228 ER PT J AU Leonard, MK Murrow, J Jurado, R Gaynes, R AF Leonard, MK Murrow, J Jurado, R Gaynes, R TI Salmonella Meningitis in patients infected with HIV: A case report and review of the literature. SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 251 BP 256 EP 256 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900301 ER PT J AU Liddell, A Schlesinger, Y Wilson, T Buller, R Gaudreault-Keener, M Paddock, C Storch, GA AF Liddell, A Schlesinger, Y Wilson, T Buller, R Gaudreault-Keener, M Paddock, C Storch, GA TI Comparison of PCR and serology for diagnosing Ehrlichial and Rickettsial infections SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Shaare Zedek Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel. Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 270 BP 259 EP 259 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900320 ER PT J AU Sabin, KM Bob, F Horsley, R Stacy, G AF Sabin, KM Bob, F Horsley, R Stacy, G TI Trends in HIV counseling and testing among incarcerated persons, 1992-1998 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 311 BP 266 EP 266 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900361 ER PT J AU Kendrick, SR Kroc, K Rydman, RJ Branson, B Withum, D Weinstein, RA AF Kendrick, SR Kroc, K Rydman, RJ Branson, B Withum, D Weinstein, RA TI Rapid HIV tests promote early entry and retention into health-care SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Illinois, Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Cook Cty Bur Hlth Serv, CORE Ctr, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 318 BP 267 EP 267 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900368 ER PT J AU Kendrick, SR Rydman, RJ Kroc, K Branson, B Withum, D Weinstein, RA AF Kendrick, SR Rydman, RJ Kroc, K Branson, B Withum, D Weinstein, RA TI Rapid HIV test offer fast technique and improve HIV case identification SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Illinois, Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Cook Cty Bur Hlth Serv, CORE Ctr, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 319 BP 268 EP 268 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900369 ER PT J AU Palella, FJ Moorman, MC Chmiel, J Holmberg, SD AF Palella, FJ Moorman, MC Chmiel, J Holmberg, SD TI Continued low morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced HIV infection and their patterns of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) usage SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 325 BP 269 EP 269 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900375 ER PT J AU Khan, AJ Cotter, SM Schulz, B Mosher, K Rosenberg, J Fiore, AE Bell, BP AF Khan, AJ Cotter, SM Schulz, B Mosher, K Rosenberg, J Fiore, AE Bell, BP TI Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus infection at a skilled-nursing facility SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CA Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. San Mateo Cty Hlth Dept, San Mateo, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 403 BP 282 EP 282 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900453 ER PT J AU Vernon, MO Trick, WE Welbel, SF Peterson, BJ Weinstein, RA AF Vernon, MO Trick, WE Welbel, SF Peterson, BJ Weinstein, RA TI A comparison of hand hygiene (HH) compliance among healthcareworkers (HCWs) in a multi-center study: Do institution type and architectural design influence HH rates? SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 418 BP 284 EP 284 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900468 ER PT J AU Alexander, LN Navari, RM Trick, WE Kupronis, BA Weinstein, RA Solomon, SL AF Alexander, LN Navari, RM Trick, WE Kupronis, BA Weinstein, RA Solomon, SL TI Antimicrobial use in palliative care SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Oak Forest Hosp, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 440 BP 288 EP 288 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900490 ER PT J AU Bryant, KA Stover, BH Bratcher, DF Jones, S Levine, GL Siegel, JD Jarvis, WR AF Bryant, KA Stover, BH Bratcher, DF Jones, S Levine, GL Siegel, JD Jarvis, WR TI A multicenter influenza immunization initiative for pediatric healthcare workers SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Acad Mercy Hosp, Kansas City, MO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Kosair Childrens Hosp, Louisville, KY USA. NACHRI, Alexandria, VA USA. Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 443 BP 289 EP 289 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900493 ER PT J AU Holtz, TH Marum, L Mkandala, C Chizani, N Kolczak, M Macheso, A Kachur, SP AF Holtz, TH Marum, L Mkandala, C Chizani, N Kolczak, M Macheso, A Kachur, SP TI Anemia and insecticide-treated bed net use in the setting of a community bed net program in Blantyre District, Malawi SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth & Populat, Blantyre, Malawi. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 463 BP 292 EP 292 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900513 ER PT J AU Mohindra, A Del Busto, R Yee, J Keohane, M Lee, M Moura, H Visvesvara, G AF Mohindra, A Del Busto, R Yee, J Keohane, M Lee, M Moura, H Visvesvara, G TI Disseminated microsporidiosis in a renal transplant recipient SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Henry Ford Hosp, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 464 BP 292 EP 292 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900514 ER PT J AU Shay, D Holman, R Kaufman, S Anderson, L AF Shay, D Holman, R Kaufman, S Anderson, L TI Bronchiolitis and pneumonia hospitalization rates among American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) infants aged < 6 months. SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Indian Hlth Serv, Rockville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 478 BP 295 EP 295 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900528 ER PT J AU Mc Ellistrem, MC Pass, MA Elliott, JA Whitney, CG Kolano, JA Harrison, LH AF Mc Ellistrem, MC Pass, MA Elliott, JA Whitney, CG Kolano, JA Harrison, LH TI The molecular epidemiology of pediatric ofloxacin nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (ONSP) in Baltimore SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 496 BP 298 EP 298 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900546 ER PT J AU Perz, JF Craig, AS Jorgensen, DM Hall, S Schaffner, W AF Perz, JF Craig, AS Jorgensen, DM Hall, S Schaffner, W TI Effective alternate surveillance system for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Nashville, TN USA. TN Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Knox Cty Hlth Dept, Knoxville, TN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 497 BP 298 EP 298 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900547 ER PT J AU Strausbaugh, LJ Jernigan, DB Liedtke, LA Young, JC Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG AF Strausbaugh, LJ Jernigan, DB Liedtke, LA Young, JC Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG CA IDSA Emerging Infections Network TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States: Experience of infectious diseases consultants SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Portland VA Med Ctr, Portland, OR USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 495 BP 298 EP 298 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900545 ER PT J AU Tanaka, M Vitek, C Pascual, FB Bisgard, KM Murphy, T AF Tanaka, M Vitek, C Pascual, FB Bisgard, KM Murphy, T TI Increasing incidence of pertussis among young infants in the United States, 1980-98 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Dyntel Corp, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 494 BP 298 EP 298 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900544 ER PT J AU Cortese, MM Jones, RC Fernandez, JR Paul, WH Gerber, SI AF Cortese, MM Jones, RC Fernandez, JR Paul, WH Gerber, SI TI An outbreak of severe illness from Salmonella serotype Enteritidis (SE) in Chicago SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Dept Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, EIS Program, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 502 BP 299 EP 299 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900552 ER PT J AU Watt, JP O'Brien, KL Benin, AL Whitney, CG Robinson, KA Reid, R Santosham, M AF Watt, JP O'Brien, KL Benin, AL Whitney, CG Robinson, KA Reid, R Santosham, M TI Invasive pneumococcal disease among Navajo adults, 1995-1998 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 498 BP 299 EP 299 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900548 ER PT J AU Evans, MC Gomez, TM Altekruse, SA Tauxe, RV Swerdlow, DL AF Evans, MC Gomez, TM Altekruse, SA Tauxe, RV Swerdlow, DL TI Declines in Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infections in the United States, 1980-1998: A triumph of prevention efforts SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 504 BP 300 EP 300 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900554 ER PT J AU Olsen, SJ Bishop, R Brenner, FW Roels, T Bean, N Tauxe, RV Slutsker, L AF Olsen, SJ Bishop, R Brenner, FW Roels, T Bean, N Tauxe, RV Slutsker, L TI The changing epidemiology of Salmonella: trends in Salmonella serotypes isolated from humans in the United States, 1987-1997 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 506 BP 300 EP 300 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900556 ER PT J AU Steinberg, EB Curtis, M Lipsky, S Debess, E Vertz, D Mohle-Boetani, J Buxton, J Wong, S Duchin, J Kobayashi, J Slutsker, L AF Steinberg, EB Curtis, M Lipsky, S Debess, E Vertz, D Mohle-Boetani, J Buxton, J Wong, S Duchin, J Kobayashi, J Slutsker, L TI North American outbreak of Salmonella serotype Muenchen infections due to commercial unpasteurized orange juice SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Field Epidemiol Training Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 505 BP 300 EP 300 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900555 ER PT J AU Vugia, DJ Shallow, S Samuel, MC Aragon, T Reingold, A Angulo, FJ Bradford, WZ AF Vugia, DJ Shallow, S Samuel, MC Aragon, T Reingold, A Angulo, FJ Bradford, WZ TI Risk factors for shigellosis in San Francisco adults SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA USA. CA Emerging Infect Program, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 507 BP 300 EP 300 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900557 ER PT J AU Craig, AS Gautam, S Dake, AD Monroe, SS Moore, WL Schaffer, W AF Craig, AS Gautam, S Dake, AD Monroe, SS Moore, WL Schaffer, W TI Use of serology in a foodborne calicivirus outbreak SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Good Samaritan Hosp, Kearney, NB, Canada. Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 511 BP 301 EP 301 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900561 ER PT J AU Garrett, V Anderson, A Ying, M Dey, M Evans, MC De Fijter, S Smith, F Brown, A Brown, T Campana, J Balzano, G Higgins, C Hoekstra, M Mead, P Monroe, SS Sobel, J AF Garrett, V Anderson, A Ying, M Dey, M Evans, MC De Fijter, S Smith, F Brown, A Brown, T Campana, J Balzano, G Higgins, C Hoekstra, M Mead, P Monroe, SS Sobel, J CA The Norwalk-Like Virus Gastro TI Appreciation luncheons gone awry: A large, multistate outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with catered, shipped food SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Monroe Cty Dept Hlth, Rochester, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Buffalo, NY USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Toledo Lucas Cty Hlth Dept, Toledo, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 513 BP 301 EP 301 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900563 ER PT J AU Garrett, V Hoekstra, M Evans, MC Baldy, J Thompson, S Wilson, S Marengo, L Werner, B Waller, P Bishop, R Griffin, P AF Garrett, V Hoekstra, M Evans, MC Baldy, J Thompson, S Wilson, S Marengo, L Werner, B Waller, P Bishop, R Griffin, P CA Vibrio Working Grp TI Targets for prevention of foodborne Vibrio infection: Not just raw oysters SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Alabama Dept Publ Hlth, Montgomery, AL 36102 USA. Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Louisiana Dept Hlth & Hosp, New Orleans, LA USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 514 BP 301 EP 301 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900564 ER PT J AU Perz, JF Craig, AS Jones, TF Rowland, J Fankhauser, RL Jaykus, LA Monroe, SS Schaffner, W AF Perz, JF Craig, AS Jones, TF Rowland, J Fankhauser, RL Jaykus, LA Monroe, SS Schaffner, W TI A large gastroenteritis outbreak due to Norwalk-like virus exposure via a salad bar SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Nashville, TN USA. Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Metropolitan Hlth Dept Nashville & Davidson Cty, Nashville, TN USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 512 BP 301 EP 301 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900562 ER PT J AU Rangel, JM Rossiter, S Stadler, D Moll, M Britz, P Van Duyne, S Hunter, S Keene, W Mead, P AF Rangel, JM Rossiter, S Stadler, D Moll, M Britz, P Van Duyne, S Hunter, S Keene, W Mead, P TI Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections linked to romaine lettuce in a Pennsylvania retirement community SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 515 BP 301 EP 301 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900565 ER PT J AU Dunne, EF Evans, MC Fogarty, K Markham, A Chehey, R Brown, F Zaki, S Shieh, WJ Wells, J Hahn, C Swerdlow, DL AF Dunne, EF Evans, MC Fogarty, K Markham, A Chehey, R Brown, F Zaki, S Shieh, WJ Wells, J Hahn, C Swerdlow, DL TI Increases in appendectomies in Southeastern Idaho - Mass sociogenic illness? SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Idaho Div Hlth, Boise, ID USA. SE Dist Hlth Dept, Pocatello, ID USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 517 BP 302 EP 302 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900567 ER PT J AU Sobel, J Ying, M Maslanka, S Swerdlow, DL AF Sobel, J Ying, M Maslanka, S Swerdlow, DL TI Epidemiology of adult botulism in the United States, 1989-1999 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 518 BP 302 EP 302 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900568 ER PT J AU Cu-Uvin, S Ko, H Klein, RS Hogan, J Schuman, P Anderson, J Jamieson, D AF Cu-Uvin, S Ko, H Klein, RS Hogan, J Schuman, P Anderson, J Jamieson, D TI Prevalence and incidence of trichomoniasis among HIV-infected and high risk uninfected women participating in HER study SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA. RI Hogan, Joseph/J-4579-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 531 BP 304 EP 304 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900581 ER PT J AU Fox, KK Black, C Pope, V Trees, D AF Fox, KK Black, C Pope, V Trees, D TI Risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among migrant farmworkers SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 532 BP 304 EP 304 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900582 ER PT J AU Sobel, J Khan, AS Swerdlow, DL AF Sobel, J Khan, AS Swerdlow, DL TI CDC's preparedness for biological terrorism involving the food supply SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 530 BP 304 EP 304 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900580 ER PT J AU Uzicanin, A Strebel, P Webb, E Matai, U Eggers, R Sutter, R AF Uzicanin, A Strebel, P Webb, E Matai, U Eggers, R Sutter, R TI Impact of supplemental measles vaccination campaigns in South Africa, 1996-1997 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth, Pretoria, South Africa. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 528 BP 304 EP 304 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900578 ER PT J AU McLean, C Wang, S Hoff, G Dennis, L Neal, S Knapp, J Markowitz, L Levine, W AF McLean, C Wang, S Hoff, G Dennis, L Neal, S Knapp, J Markowitz, L Levine, W TI Emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin associated with commercial sex in Kansas City, Missouri, 1999 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Kansas City Hlth Dept, Kansas City, MO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 543 BP 306 EP 306 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900593 ER PT J AU Burman, WJ AF Burman, WJ CA Tuberculosis Treatment Consortium TI Should tuberculosis (TB) treatment be extended in selected patients? Data from TBTC study 22 and review of previous studies SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 577 BP 312 EP 312 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900627 ER PT J AU Kolasa, MS David, F Bisgard, KM AF Kolasa, MS David, F Bisgard, KM TI Are children receiving DTaP vaccine from multiple manufacturers? SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 624 BP 320 EP 320 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900674 ER PT J AU Kohler, KA Banerjee, K Hlady, WG Andrus, JK Sutter, R AF Kohler, KA Banerjee, K Hlady, WG Andrus, JK Sutter, R TI Risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, India, 1999 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 WHO, New Delhi, India. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 636 BP 322 EP 322 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900686 ER PT J AU Wormser, GP Nadelman, RB Dattwyler, RJ Dennis, DT Shapiro, ED Steere, AC Rush, TJ Rahn, DW Coyle, PK Persing, DH Fish, D Luft, BJ AF Wormser, GP Nadelman, RB Dattwyler, RJ Dennis, DT Shapiro, ED Steere, AC Rush, TJ Rahn, DW Coyle, PK Persing, DH Fish, D Luft, BJ TI Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; DEER-TICK BITES; NEW-YORK-STATE; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; ERYTHEMA MIGRANS; PENICILLIN-G; ANTIBIOTIC-THERAPY; NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS; INTRAVENOUS PENICILLIN; COST-EFFECTIVENESS C1 New York Med Coll, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Allergy Immunol & Lyme Dis, Dept Neurol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Med Coll Georgia, Off Med Management, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. Corixa Corp, Diagnost Dev, Seattle, WA USA. Seattle Life Sci Ctr, Infect Dis Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA. RP Wormser, GP (reprint author), Westchester Cty Med Ctr, Room 209 SE,Macy Pavil, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. NR 99 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 SU 1 BP S1 EP S14 DI 10.1086/314053 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 348PW UT WOS:000088994900001 ER PT J AU Beltrami, EM Williams, IT Shapiro, CN Chamberland, ME AF Beltrami, EM Williams, IT Shapiro, CN Chamberland, ME TI Risk and management of blood-borne infections in health care workers SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; NON-B-HEPATITIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; POST-TRANSFUSION HEPATITIS; SURFACE-ANTIGEN VARIANTS; CHRONIC VIRAL-HEPATITIS; UNITED-STATES; HIV-INFECTION; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES AB Exposure to blood-borne pathogens poses a serious risk to health care workers (HCWs). We review the risk and management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in HCWs and also discuss current methods for preventing exposures and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. In the health care setting blood-borne pathogen transmission occurs predominantly by percutaneous or mucosal exposure of workers to the blood or body fluids of infected patients. Prospective studies of HCWs have estimated that the average risk for HIV transmission after a percutaneous exposure is approximately 03%, the risk of HBV transmission is 6 to 30%, and the risk of HCV transmission is approximately 1.8%. To minimize the risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission from HCWs to patients, all HCWs should adhere to standard precautions, including the appropriate use of hand washing, protective barriers, and care in the use and disposal of needles and other sharp instruments. Employers should have in place a system that includes written protocols for prompt reporting, evaluation, counseling, treatment, and follow-up of occupational exposures that may place a worker at risk of blood-borne pathogen infection. A sustained commitment to the occupational health of all HCWs will ensure maximum protection for HCWs and patients and the availability of optimal medical care for all who need it. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Infect Branch, Hosp Infect Program,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Beltrami, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Infect Branch, Hosp Infect Program,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop E-68,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 260 TC 179 Z9 195 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 13 IS 3 BP 385 EP + DI 10.1128/CMR.13.3.385-407.2000 PG 25 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 333NN UT WOS:000088136300002 PM 10885983 ER PT J AU Freimuth, V Linnan, HW Potter, P AF Freimuth, V Linnan, HW Potter, P TI Communicating the threat of emerging infections to the public SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ELEPHANTIASIS; AIDS AB Communication theory and techniques, aided by the electronic revolution, provide new opportunities and challenges for the effective transfer of laboratory, epidemiologic, surveillance, and other public health data to the public who funds them. We review the applicability of communication theory, particularly the audience-source-message-channel meta-model, to emerging infectious disease issues. Emergence of new infectious organisms, microbial resistance to therapeutic drugs, and increased emphasis on prevention have expanded the role of communication as a vital component of public health practice. In the absence of cure, as in AIDS and many other public health problems, an effectively crafted and disseminated prevention message is the key control measure. Applying communication theory to disease prevention messages can increase the effectiveness of the messages and improve public health. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Freimuth, V (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop D42, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 41 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 5 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 337 EP 347 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 342TH UT WOS:000088660900003 PM 10905966 ER PT J AU Calisher, CH Childs, JE Sweeney, WP Canestorp, KM Beaty, BJ AF Calisher, CH Childs, JE Sweeney, WP Canestorp, KM Beaty, BJ TI Dual captures of Colorado rodents: Implications for transmission of hantaviruses SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SMALL MAMMALS; SURVIVAL; TRAPS AB We analyzed dual-capture data collected during longitudinal studies monitoring transmission and persistence of Sin Nombre virus in rodents in Colorado. Our data indicate that multiple captures (two or more rodents captured in a single trap) may not be random, as indicated in previous studies, but rather the result of underlying, species-specific social behavior or cohesiveness. In the pairs we captured, most often, rodents were of the same species, were male, and could be recaptured as pairs. Therefore, dual captures of rodents, which are unusual but not rare, tend to occur among certain species, and appear to be nonrandom, group-foraging encounters. These demographic and ecologic characteristics may have implications for the study of the transmission of hantaviruses. C1 Colorado State Univ, Arthropod Borne & Infect Dis Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Colorado Fish & Wildlife Assistance Off, Denver, CO USA. RP Calisher, CH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Arthropod Borne & Infect Dis Lab, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU809862-03] NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 363 EP 369 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 342TH UT WOS:000088660900006 PM 10970147 ER PT J AU Shieh, WJ Guarner, J Layton, M Fine, A Miller, J Nash, D Campbell, GL Roehrig, JT Gubler, DJ Zaki, SR AF Shieh, WJ Guarner, J Layton, M Fine, A Miller, J Nash, D Campbell, GL Roehrig, JT Gubler, DJ Zaki, SR TI The role of pathology in an investigation of an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in New York, 1999 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB An outbreak of encephalitis occurred in New York City in late August 1999, the first caused by West Nile virus in North America. Histopathologic and immunopathologic examinations performed on human autopsy materials helped guide subsequent laboratory and epidemiologic investigations that led to identification of the etiologic agent. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. RP Zaki, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013; OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 11 TC 84 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 370 EP 372 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 342TH UT WOS:000088660900007 PM 10905969 ER PT J AU Howard, RJ AF Howard, RJ TI Getting it right in prime time: Tools and strategies for media interaction SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Howard, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 426 EP 427 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 342TH UT WOS:000088660900022 PM 10970148 ER PT J AU Popovic, T Sacchi, CT Reeves, MW Whitney, AM Mayer, LW Noble, CA Ajello, GW Mostashari, F Bendana, N Lingappa, J Hajjeh, R Rosenstein, NE AF Popovic, T Sacchi, CT Reeves, MW Whitney, AM Mayer, LW Noble, CA Ajello, GW Mostashari, F Bendana, N Lingappa, J Hajjeh, R Rosenstein, NE TI Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 isolates associated with the ET-37 complex SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Calif State Dept Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Popovic, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 428 EP 429 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 342TH UT WOS:000088660900023 PM 10905984 ER PT J AU Angulo, FJ Griffin, PM AF Angulo, FJ Griffin, PM TI Changes in antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID DT104; GENES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 436 EP 437 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 342TH UT WOS:000088660900029 PM 10905990 ER PT J AU Reiter, P AF Reiter, P TI Malaria and global warming in perspective? SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; DISEASES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, San Juan, PR USA. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, San Juan, PR USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 438 EP 439 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 342TH UT WOS:000088660900031 PM 10905992 ER PT J AU Flagg, EW Coates, RJ Calle, EE Potischman, N Thun, MJ AF Flagg, EW Coates, RJ Calle, EE Potischman, N Thun, MJ TI Validation of the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Survey Cohort Food Frequency Questionnaire SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; nutrition; nutrition assessment; surveys; questionnaires; validation study; epidemiologic methods; gender ID FATAL COLON-CANCER; NUTRIENT DATABASE; DIETARY QUESTIONNAIRE; REPRODUCIBILITY; VALIDITY; WOMEN; DESIGN; RISK; MEN AB We assessed the validity and reproducibility of a self-administered 68-item food frequency questionnaire completed in 1992-1993 by approximately 185,000 adults. Four hundred forty-one participants completed four 24-hour dietary recall interviews over a 1-year period and a repeat administration of the food frequency questionnaire. For 20 nutrients and 10 food groups, measured nutrient intakes, but not food group intakes, were consistently lower by food frequency questionnaire than by recall. Energy-adjusted, attenuation-corrected Pearson validity correlations ranged from 0.12 to 0.80, with a median of 0.58. Reproducibility measures were generally high, with a median of 0.69. Thr food frequency questionnaire performed similarly to food frequency questionnaires used in other cohort studies, indicating similar ability to examine diet disease relations. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Publ Hlth, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Flagg, EW (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 34 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 BP 462 EP 468 DI 10.1097/00001648-200007000-00017 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600017 PM 10874556 ER PT J AU Daley, R Archer, P Mallonee, S Jordan, F Asher, S AF Daley, R Archer, P Mallonee, S Jordan, F Asher, S TI Tornado-related mortality in Oklahoma on May 3, 1999 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 137 BP S69 EP S69 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600082 ER PT J AU Daley, R Smith, A Paz-Argandona, E Malilay, J McGeehin, M AF Daley, R Smith, A Paz-Argandona, E Malilay, J McGeehin, M TI An outbreak of carbon monoxide poisoning after ice storm, Maine, 1998 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 138 BP S69 EP S69 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600081 ER PT J AU Dhara, R Atsdr, SB AF Dhara, R Atsdr, SB TI A medical follow up of immune biomarkers in children with elevated blood lead levels SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ATSDR, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 389 BP S117 EP S117 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600275 ER PT J AU Falk, H AF Falk, H TI A global approach for responding to hazardous waste SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 719 BP S152 EP S152 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600413 ER PT J AU Hart, R Ortega, L Rosales, C Robertson, G Philen, R Barr, D AF Hart, R Ortega, L Rosales, C Robertson, G Philen, R Barr, D TI Preliminary results from an investigation on pesticide exposure among children living in agricultural areas along the US Mexico border in Yuma County, Arizona SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Gamlin, Jennifer/G-7808-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 714 BP S151 EP S151 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600409 ER PT J AU Hicks, H Ashizawa, AA Cibulas, W De Rosa, CT AF Hicks, H Ashizawa, AA Cibulas, W De Rosa, CT TI ATSDR Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Program SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 732 BP S155 EP S155 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600424 ER PT J AU Lynberg, M Nuckols, J Ashley, D Singer, P Mendola, P Langlois, P AF Lynberg, M Nuckols, J Ashley, D Singer, P Mendola, P Langlois, P TI Assessing exposure to trihalomethanes in women of reproductive age SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 440 BP S127 EP S127 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600313 ER PT J AU Maisonet, M Bush, T Jaakkola, JJK AF Maisonet, M Bush, T Jaakkola, JJK TI Air pollution and low birth weight SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Jaakkola, Jouni/G-4314-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 441 BP S127 EP S127 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600315 ER PT J AU Mannino, D Moorman, J Kingsley, B Rose, D Repace, J AF Mannino, D Moorman, J Kingsley, B Rose, D Repace, J TI Health effects from environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children in the United States: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 692 BP S146 EP S146 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600389 ER PT J AU Weisskopf, M Anderson, H Hanrahan, L Kanarek, M AF Weisskopf, M Anderson, H Hanrahan, L Kanarek, M TI The effects of Great Lakes sport-caught fish consumption on birthweight SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 392 BP S118 EP S118 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600277 ER PT J AU Williamson, D AF Williamson, D TI Challenges in assessing environmental risk factors for autoimmune diseases SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 382 BP S116 EP S116 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600270 ER PT J AU Zancope-Oliveira, RM James, MJ Derossi, AP Sampaio, JLM Muniz, MM Li, RK Nascimento, ASA Peralta, JM Reiss, E AF Zancope-Oliveira, RM James, MJ Derossi, AP Sampaio, JLM Muniz, MM Li, RK Nascimento, ASA Peralta, JM Reiss, E TI Strain characterization of Candida parapsilosis fungemia by molecular typing methods SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DNA; INFECTIONS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PATHOGENICITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OUTBREAK; HANDS AB The present study used two molecular typing methods to investigate a cluster of eight cases of Candida parapsilosis fungemia in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Candida parapsilosis is an important opportunistic pathogen that is frequently involved in outbreaks of nosocomial fungemia. Identification of a common source of infection and determination of genetic relatedness among the strains involved in outbreaks are important for infection control. Candida parapsilosis strains were isolated from the bloodstream of patients housed in an intensive-care unit (n = 5) and in individual rooms (n = 3). An additional strain of Candida parapsilosis was isolated from a hyperalimentation infusion flask, which was implicated by molecular typing to be the source of infection. All strains were identified using morphological and biochemical methods. The genetic relationship between patients' strains and the hyperalimentation infusion strain was assessed by electrophoretic karyotype (EK) analysis and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Both methods resulted in patterns that allowed differentiation of the isolates. Candida parapsilosis fungemia, in three of the eight patients, resulted from a common source of infection, as demonstrated by molecular typing methods, Image analysis of EK patterns indicated that these strains were closest to Candida parapsilosis Group II, a grouping that is a less frequent clinical isolate than the major Group I strains. C1 Fdn Oswaldo Cruz, Hosp Evandro Chagas, Ctr Pesquisas, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Lab Lamina, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Microbiol, BR-21941 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP Zancope-Oliveira, RM (reprint author), Fdn Oswaldo Cruz, Hosp Evandro Chagas, Ctr Pesquisas, Av Brasil 4365, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RI Zancope-Oliveira, Rosely /I-1955-2013; Sampaio, Jorge/E-8645-2013 OI Sampaio, Jorge/0000-0001-7789-3028 NR 27 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-9723 J9 EUR J CLIN MICROBIOL JI Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 7 BP 514 EP 520 DI 10.1007/s100960000307 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 346ET UT WOS:000088858400004 PM 10968322 ER PT J AU Santelli, JS Lindberg, LD Abma, J McNeely, CS Resnick, M AF Santelli, JS Lindberg, LD Abma, J McNeely, CS Resnick, M TI Adolescent sexual behavior: Estimates and trends from four nationally representative surveys SO FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CONDOM USE; METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS; CONTRACEPTIVE USE; WOMEN; VALIDITY; RELIABILITY; MALES AB Context: Accurate information about trends over time in adolescent sexual behavior is essential to understand changes in adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases and to monitor the progress of health promotion activities in the United States Methods: Estimates from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), the National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were compared. While methodologies and populations varied by survey, adolescents aged 15-17 who attend high school were a common subpopulation among all four. For each survey the prevalence of sexual intercourse, contraceptive use and multiple sexual partners was measured in this population. Results: Trend comparisons fell into four categories. First some similar significant trends were found across surveys. The proportion of all males and of white males who reported ever having had sexual intercourse decreased significantly, while condom use rose significantly among males in both the NSAM and the YRBS. For such behaviors as ever having had sexual intercourse (among Hispanic males and black females), using the pill and using the condom (among all females) and having four or more lifetime sexual partners (among white males), a significant trend was found in one survey while a similar but nonsignificant trend was found in another. Several trend comparisons were not significant in any survey. Finally having had intercourse in the past three months (among all males and all females), having had two or more partners in the past three months (for males) and having had four or more lifetime sexual partners (among white females and all males) showed a significant trend in one survey but lacked a parallel nonsignificant trend in another. Prevalence estimates in 1995 differed significantly in at least one comparison of surveys for all behaviors except having four or more lifetime sexual partners (both genders) and having two or more recent sexual partners (females). Gender differences within the YRBS and between the NSFG and the NSAM generally were consistent. Conclusions: Trends over time and gender differences were similar across surveys, underscoring their value for tracking adolescent sexual behaviors. Differences in prevalence estimates across surveys probably result from differences in question wording, diverse interview settings and modes of data collection, and varying statistical power. These findings suggest a need to increase our understanding of how methodologies influence survey response in research on adolescents. C1 CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Urban Inst, Washington, DC 20037 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Reprod Stat Branch, Hyattsville, MD USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Santelli, JS (reprint author), CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 49 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 4 U2 14 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 0014-7354 J9 FAM PLANN PERSPECT JI Fam. Plann. Perspect. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 156 EP + DI 10.2307/2648232 PG 11 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA 339FX UT WOS:000088467900001 PM 10942351 ER PT J AU Youssef, M Shurman, A Bougnoux, ME Rawashdeh, M Bretagne, S Strockbine, N AF Youssef, M Shurman, A Bougnoux, ME Rawashdeh, M Bretagne, S Strockbine, N TI Bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern Jordan SO FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diarrhea; rotavirus; PCR; Jordan; diarrheagenic; Escherichia coli ID ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MULTIPLEX PCR; SEROTYPES; STRAINS; PROBE AB To determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in Jordanian children under 5 years of age, we examined stool samples From 265 children admitted to the pediatric ward at Princess Rahma Hospital for Children, Irbid, Jordan: for parasites, rotavirus and enteric bacteria. Using both traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques, we detected enteropathogens in 66.4% of patients with diarrhea. A single enteric pathogen was detected in 50.9% of the children, and multiple pathogens were detected in 15.5%. The prevalence of enteropathogens identified was as follows: rotavirus (32.5%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (12.8%), enteroaggregative E. coli (10.2), enterotoxigenic E. coli (5.7%), Shigella spp. (4.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (4.9%), Salmonella spp. (4.5%), Campylobacter jejuni/coli (1.5%), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.5%). enteroinvasive E. coli (1.5%), eae-, Ehly-positive E. coli (0.8%), Giardia lamblia (0.8%) and Yersinia enterocolitica (0.4%). No Vibrio cholerae, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, microsporidia, adenovirus or small round virus were detected. Findings from this study demonstrate that rotavirus and several types of diarrheagenic E. roil, which are not screened for during routine examinations of stool samples in public health laboratories, were the most frequently detected enteropathogens in these children. Our Findings highlight the value of using a combination of traditional and molecular techniques in the diagnosis of diarrheal disease in this population. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies. C1 Yarmouk Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Irbid, Jordan. Princess Rahma Hosp Children, Irbid, Jordan. Hop Ambroise Pare, Lab Parasitol Mycol, Boulogne, France. Hop Henri Mondor, Parasitol Lab, F-94010 Creteil, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Youssef, M (reprint author), Yarmouk Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Irbid, Jordan. NR 25 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-8244 J9 FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC JI FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 257 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S0928-8244(00)00165-6 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 329ZW UT WOS:000087939200012 PM 10865179 ER PT J AU Evatt, B AF Evatt, B TI Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and haemophilia: assessment of risk SO HAEMOPHILIA LA English DT Article ID BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; BLOOD-TRANSFUSION; EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE; UNITED-KINGDOM; VARIANT CJD; TRANSMISSION; MICE; BSE; VIREMIA; AGENT C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Evatt, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1351-8216 J9 HAEMOPHILIA JI Haemophilia PD JUL PY 2000 VL 6 SU 1 BP 94 EP 99 PG 6 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 341FN UT WOS:000088580500016 PM 10982274 ER PT J AU Evatt, B Austin, H Leon, G Ruiz-Saez, A De Bosch, N AF Evatt, B Austin, H Leon, G Ruiz-Saez, A De Bosch, N TI Predicting the long-term risk of HIV exposure by cryoprecipitate SO HAEMOPHILIA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; DEVELOPING-WORLD; BLOOD; HEMOPHILIA; TYPE-1; DONORS AB Most of the world's haemophilia population lives in countries with few medical or financial resources. As such, they cannot easily obtain viral-inactivated clotting product. Many patients are treated with cryoprecipitate made from locally supplied blood. The reasoning for using cryoprecipitate, instead of viral-inactivated products, is based on an unspoken belief that because blood banks can provide reasonably safe products by using modern testing procedures, transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses is rare. However, the risk of acquiring a blood-borne infection increases with every exposure, and haemophilia patients treated with cryoprecipitate or fresh-frozen plasma are exposed to hundreds or thousands of donors during their lifetime. The risk that a person infected with HIV will donate blood during the 'window period' is directly related to the incidence of HIV in the country where the donation occurs. To demonstrate the extent of this problem, we devised a model for estimating the risk that a person with haemophilia will encounter HIV-contaminated cryoprecipitate based on the years of treatment and the underlying incidence rate of HIV among blood donors. We applied the model to two countries with different incidence rates of HIV: Venezuela and the United States. We found that a person with haemophilia who receives monthly infusions of cryoprecipitate prepared from plasma of 15 donors over a lifetime of treatment (60 years) is at significant risk of being exposed to HIV. In the United States there is a 2% risk of being exposed to HIV-contaminated blood product, and in Venezuela, the percentage of risk is 40%. Given this degree of risk, medical care providers should carefully evaluate the use of cryoprecipitate except in emergencies or when no viral-inactivated products are available. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Nacl Hemofilia, Banco Municipal Sangre, Caracas, Venezuela. RP Evatt, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1351-8216 J9 HAEMOPHILIA JI Haemophilia PD JUL PY 2000 VL 6 SU 1 BP 128 EP 132 PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 341FN UT WOS:000088580500021 PM 10982279 ER PT J AU Nizet, V Beall, B Bast, DJ Datta, V Kilburn, L Low, DE De Azavedo, JCS AF Nizet, V Beall, B Bast, DJ Datta, V Kilburn, L Low, DE De Azavedo, JCS TI Genetic locus for streptolysin S production by group A streptococcus SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; MATURATION PATHWAY; ABC TRANSPORTERS; MICROCIN B17; DNA-GYRASE; EXPRESSION; LANTIBIOTICS; PLASMID AB Group A streptococcus (CAS) is an important human pathogen that causes pharyngitis and invasive infections, including necrotizing fasciitis, Streptolysin S (SLS) is the cytolytic factor that creates the zone of beta-hemolysis surrounding GAS colonies grown on blood agar, We recently reported the discovery of a potential genetic determinant involved in SLS production, sagA, encoding a small peptide of 53 amino acids (S, D. Betschel, S, M, Borgia, N, L, Barg, D, E. Low, and J. C. De Azavedo, Infect. Immun, 66:1671-1679, 1998), Using transposon mutagenesis, chromosomal walking steps, and data from the GAS genome sequencing project (www.genome.ou.edu/strep.html), we have now identified a contiguous nine-gene locus (sagA to sagI) involved in SLS production. The sag locus Is conserved among GAS strains regardless of M protein type, Targeted plasmid integrational mutagenesis of each gene in the sag operon resulted in an SLS-negative phenotype, Targeted integrations (i) upstream of the sagA promoter and (ii) downstream of a terminator sequence after sagI did not affect SLS production, establishing the functional boundaries of the operon, A she-independent terminator sequence between sagA and sagB appears to regulate the amount of sagA transcript produced versus transcript for the entire operon, Reintroduction of the nine-gene sag locus on a plasmid vector restored SLS activity to the nonhemolytic sagA knockout mutant, Finally, heterologous expression of the intact sag operon conferred the SLS beta-hemolytic phenotype to the nonhemolytic Lactococcus lactis, We conclude that gene products of the GAS sag operon are both necessary and sufficient for SLS production. Sequence homologies of sag operon gene products suggest that SLS is related to the bacteriocin family of microbial toxins. C1 Mt Sinai Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, Div Infect Dis, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. RP De Azavedo, JCS (reprint author), Mt Sinai Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Room 1483,600 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. RI Low, Donald/B-1726-2012 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 01451] NR 54 TC 119 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 68 IS 7 BP 4245 EP 4254 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.7.4245-4254.2000 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 326AT UT WOS:000087710200057 PM 10858242 ER PT J AU Schrag, SJ Whitney, CG Schuchat, A AF Schrag, SJ Whitney, CG Schuchat, A TI Neonatal group B streptococcal disease: How infection control teams can contribute to prevention efforts SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SELECTIVE INTRAPARTUM CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CONJUGATE VACCINES; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; RISK-FACTORS; COLONIZATION; SEPSIS; AMPICILLIN; MENINGITIS; ANTIBIOTICS; POPULATION AB Group B streptococcal (GBS) disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among newborns. Many cases of newborn GBS disease can be prevented by the administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Current consensus guidelines for prevention of perinatal GBS disease have led to substantial declines in the incidence of GBS disease occurring in newborns <7 days of age (early-onset disease). Despite declines in the incidence of early-onset disease, approximately 20% of pregnant women are colonized with GBS at the time of labor and thus have the risk of transmitting the bacteria to their newborns. Consequently, continued and improved implementation of prevention efforts is essential. Infection control teams can contribute uniquely to prevention of perinatal GBS disease by serving as hospital champions of GBS disease prevention. In particular, teams can coordinate with administration and staff to encourage establishment and effective implementation of GBS prevention policies; facilitate improved laboratory processing of prenatal GBS screening specimens; monitor any adverse consequences of increased use of intrapartum antibiotics within the hospital; and investigate GBS cases that occur to determine whether they could have been prevented. By spearheading efforts to improve implementation of perinatal GBS disease prevention at the hospital level, hospital epidemiologists and infection control practitioners can play an important role in reducing the burden of early-onset GBS disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schrag, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, MS-C23,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 56 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 21 IS 7 BP 473 EP 483 DI 10.1086/501791 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 335WG UT WOS:000088267300014 PM 10926399 ER PT J AU Flegal, KM Troiano, RP AF Flegal, KM Troiano, RP TI Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in the US population SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE adults; body weight; body mass index; children; health surveys; overweight; obesity; time trends; United States ID SEGREGATION ANALYSES; UNITED-STATES; PIMA-INDIANS; OVERWEIGHT; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; TRENDS; INDIVIDUALS AB BACKGROUND: National survey data show increases in mean body mass index (BMI) and in the prevalence of overweight and obesity for adults and children in the United States, indicating a change in the distribution of BMI. OBJECTIVE: To apply graphical methods to describe changes in the distribution of BMI. DESIGN: BMI values from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III: 1988-94) were compared with data from earlier cross-sectional nationally representative surveys for adults 29-74y of age and for children and adolescents 6-17 y of age. Tukey mean-difference plots were used to investigate the changes in the distributions of BMI within sex-age groups. RESULTS: Mean-difference blots allow qualitative visual comparisons of the distributions of BMI between surveys. For ail sex-age groups, there was increasing skewness with a greater shift in the upper part of the distribution so that, within each group, the heaviest subgroup was heavier in NHANES III than in prior surveys. For the youngest children, the lower part of the distribution showed virtually no change. With increasing age the whole distribution tended to shift upward slightly, suggesting an increase in BMI across the entire population. CONCLUSIONS: These changes in the distribution of BMI suggest the combination of both profound environmental determinants and a population with a high degree of susceptibility. The reasons for the increasing prevalence of obesity should be sought in part by seeking to understand the factors causing increases in the population as a whole. C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Flegal, KM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 900, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Troiano, Richard/0000-0002-6807-989X; Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 24 TC 320 Z9 328 U1 4 U2 16 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 24 IS 7 BP 807 EP 818 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801232 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 331NQ UT WOS:000088025500001 PM 10918526 ER PT J AU Miller, B AF Miller, B TI Health sector reform: scourge or salvation for TB control in developing countries? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Miller, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 4 IS 7 BP 593 EP 594 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 344HF UT WOS:000088752600001 PM 10907759 ER PT J AU Laserson, KF Osorio, L Sheppard, JD Herandez, H Benitez, AM Brim, S Woodley, CL Hazbon, MH Villegas, MV Castano, MC Henriquez, N Rodriguez, E Metchock, B Binkin, NJ AF Laserson, KF Osorio, L Sheppard, JD Herandez, H Benitez, AM Brim, S Woodley, CL Hazbon, MH Villegas, MV Castano, MC Henriquez, N Rodriguez, E Metchock, B Binkin, NJ TI Clinical and programmatic mismanagement rather than community outbreak as the cause of chronic, drug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenaventura, Colombia, 1998 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; DNA fingerprinting; RFLP; multidrug resistance; Colombia; Beijing family ID LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NEW-YORK-CITY; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; POPULATION; PHYSICIAN AB SETTING: Buenaventura, Colombia. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether antituberculosis drug resistance was generated by poor management or community transmission. DESIGN: Treatment-failure and new tuberculosis (TB) patients identified between May 1997 and June 1998 were interviewed and their treatment histories reviewed. Bacteriologic testing, including drug susceptibility profiles (DSP) and DNA fingerprinting by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), was performed and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing was offered. RESULTS: DSP and RFLP fingerprints were obtained for isolates from 34 of 64 treatment-failure patients; 25 (74%) were resistant to greater than or equal to one drug. Fifteen of the 25 patients consented to HIV testing; none were positive. An average of 2.8 major treatment errors per patient was identified. RFLP from the treatment-failure patients revealed 20 unique isolates and six clusters (isolates with identical RFLP); 4/6 clusters contained isolates with different DSP. Analysis of the RFLP from both treatment-failure and new patients revealed that 44/111 (40%) isolates formed 18 clusters. Four of 47 (9%) new patients had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Eleven isolates belonged to the Beijing family, related to the MDR strain W. CONCLUSION: Drug resistance in Buenaventura results from both poor management and community transmission. Dependence on DSP to identify TB transmission is inadequate when programmatic mismanagement is common. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Int Entrenamiento & Invest Med, Cali, Colombia. CDC, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Secretaria Salud Dept Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia. Secretaria Salud Municipal Buenaventura, Buenaventura, Colombia. RP Laserson, KF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Osorio, Lyda/0000-0002-5121-4741 NR 25 TC 25 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 4 IS 7 BP 673 EP 683 PG 11 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 344HF UT WOS:000088752600013 PM 10907771 ER PT J AU Klein, RS Smith, D Sobel, J Flanigan, T Margolick, JB AF Klein, RS Smith, D Sobel, J Flanigan, T Margolick, JB CA HER Study Grp TI A prospective study of positive tuberculin reactions in women with or at risk for HIV-1 infection SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY NOV, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer DE tuberculin testing; HIV-1; skin tests; women ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; ANERGY; INSTABILITY; RELIABILITY AB We prospectively studied 1310 women with or at risk for HIV-1 infection to assess subsequent tuberculin reactions in those with greater than or equal to 10 mm induration. Forty-seven HIV-positive and 57 negative women had tuberculin reactions greater than or equal to 10 mm induration; reversions to reactions <10 mm occurred in 44% and 46% of those retested, respectively (P = NS). Among seropositives, reversions were associated with lower CD4+ lymphocyte count (P = 0.02). Of a total of 45 subsequent tuberculin tests in seropositive women, only two (4%) resulted in 5-9 mm induration, both at CD4+ counts <500/mm(3), Three (30%) of an additional 10 seropositive women with maximal reactions of 5-9 mm induration reported prior tuberculosis exposure, a significantly lower proportion than the 36/47 (77%) with reactions greater than or equal to 10 mm induration (P < 0.01), but not different than women with maximal reaction sizes <5 mm (219/814, 27%). This study suggests that reversions of greater than or equal to 10 mm tuberculin reactions to 5-9 mm are rare, In HIV-positive persons, especially those with CD4+ lymphocyte counts greater than or equal to 500/mm(3), reaction sizes of 5-9 mm often may not indicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. C1 Montefiore Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Miriam Hosp, Dept Med, Div Clin Immunol, Providence, RI 02906 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Klein, RS (reprint author), Montefiore Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU206798, U64/CCU306802, U64/CCU106795] NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 4 IS 7 BP 688 EP 692 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 344HF UT WOS:000088752600015 PM 10907773 ER PT J AU Mahy, BWJ AF Mahy, BWJ TI The global threat of emerging infectious diseases SO ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE infectious diseases; demographics; ecology; zoonotic diseases; orphan diseases; human behavior C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mahy, BWJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOC JOURNAL PI RAMAT GAN PA 2 TWIN TOWERS, 11TH FL, 35 JABOTINSKY ST, PO BOX 3604, RAMAT GAN 52136, ISRAEL SN 1565-1088 J9 ISRAEL MED ASSOC J JI Isr. Med. Assoc. J. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 2 SU S BP 23 EP 26 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 341DN UT WOS:000088575900006 PM 10909413 ER PT J AU Shanmugam, V Switzer, WM Nkengasong, JN Garcia-Lerma, G Green, TA Ekpini, E Sassan-Morokro, M Antunes, F Manshino, K Soriano, V Wiktor, SZ Heneine, W AF Shanmugam, V Switzer, WM Nkengasong, JN Garcia-Lerma, G Green, TA Ekpini, E Sassan-Morokro, M Antunes, F Manshino, K Soriano, V Wiktor, SZ Heneine, W TI Lower HIV-2 plasma viral loads may explain differences between the natural histories of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV-1; HIV-2; viral load; amp-RT; natural history; epidemiology ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; AUTOLOGOUS NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; WEST-AFRICA; RNA; TRANSMISSION; RETROVIRUS; AIDS; TUBERCULOSIS AB To explain the low transmissibility and pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection's plasma viral lends in both HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected persons were compared by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based Amp-RT assay to measure levels of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. The study comprised a total of 155 HIV-infected-people including 58 who were infected with HIV-2 with CD4(+) cell counts <500 x 10(6)/L (n = 15), CD4(+) cell counts >500 x 10(6)/L (n = 26), or with tuberculosis (TB; n = 17), and 97 HIV-1-infected people with CD4(+) cell counts <500 x 10(6)/L (n = 32), CD4(+) cell counts <500 x 10(6)/L (n = 25), or TB (n = 40). Among persons with CD4(+) cell counts <500 x 10(6)/L, 11 (73.3%) of 15 HIV-2-infected persons had detectable plasma RT activity compared with 25 (78.1%) of 32 HIV-1-infected persons (p = .725), However, the median HIV-2 plasma RT activity in this group was significantly lower (2561 x 10(-10) U/ml; p = .036; detectable range, 1712-644,868 x 10(-10) U/ml) than the RT activity of HIV-1-infected persons with similar CD4(+) cell counts (13,241 x 10(-10) U/ml; detectable range, 8482-1,478,880 x 10(-10) U/ml). Among TB patients, 10 (58.8%) of 17 HIV-2-infected persons had detectable plasma RT activity compared with 30 (75%) of 40 HIV-1-infected persons (p = .342). In contrast, among patients with CD4(+) cell counts >500 x 10(6)/L, none of 26 HIV-2-infected persons had detectable RT activity compared with 13 (52%) of 25 HIV-1-infected persons (p < .001). Our data suggest that unlike HIV-1 infection, HIV-2 infections with CD4(+) cell counts >500 x 10(6)/L are associated with a low level of viral replication, which may explain the longer clinical latency and lower transmissibility seen in HIV-2 infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV AIDS STDs & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Project RETRO, CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int AIDS Activ, Atlanta, GA USA. Hosp Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. Hosp Egas Mouiz, Lisbon, Portugal. Hosp Carlos 3, Infect Dis Serv, Inst Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV AIDS STDs & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Antunes, Francisco/0000-0001-7932-1154 NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 24 IS 3 BP 257 EP 263 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 350DX UT WOS:000089086400009 PM 10969350 ER PT J AU Jones, JL Hanson, DL Dworkin, MS Jaffe, HW AF Jones, JL Hanson, DL Dworkin, MS Jaffe, HW CA Adult Adolescent Spectrum Dis Proj TI Incidence and trends in Kaposi's sarcoma in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE Kaposi's sarcoma; HIV; antiretroviral therapy ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT; CD4 CELL COUNTS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; CUBIC MILLIMETER; ORAL GANCICLOVIR; HIV-INFECTION; HERPESVIRUS; RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Objective: To evaluate the impact of antiretroviral and antiherpesvirus therapies on the incidence of KS and assess trends in incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in a large multicenter HIV/AIDS surveillance system between 1990 and 1998. Methods: Incidence was calculated per 100 person-years (py); the effects of therapies on risk for KS were calculated by using multivariate Poisson regression controlling for gender? race/ethnicity, age, HN exposure mode, CD4(+) cell count, and calendar year. Antiretroviral therapy was defined as monotherapy, dual therapy, or triple therapy (95% of triple therapy regimens contained a protease inhibitor). Acyclovir, ganciclovir, and foscarnet were the antiherpesvirus therapies evaluated. Results: There were 37,303 HIV-infected people in the study contributing 70,238 py. Those prescribed triple antiretroviral therapy had a 50% reduction in the incidence of KS (95% confidence interval, 20%-70%) compared with those who were not prescribed antiretroviral therapy and there was a reduction in risk for KS among persons prescribed foscarnet (p = .05). Overall, KS incidence declined an estimated 8.8% per year (observed incidence 4.1 per 100 py in 1990 to 0.7 per 100 py in 1998; p < .001). Conclusion: Incidence of KS is declining in this large U.S. population and map continue to decline as new, more effective antiretroviral agents are developed and used widely. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Jones, JL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 37 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 24 IS 3 BP 270 EP 274 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 350DX UT WOS:000089086400011 PM 10969352 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Wan, PCT AF Dworkin, MS Wan, PCT CA Adult Adolescent Spectrum Hiv Dis TI Surveillance of antiretroviral prescriptions SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Letter ID INFECTION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Adult Adolescent Spectrum HIV Dis Project, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dworkin, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Adult Adolescent Spectrum HIV Dis Project, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 24 IS 3 BP 294 EP 294 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 350DX UT WOS:000089086400018 PM 10969359 ER PT J AU Billy, JOG Grady, WR Wenzlow, AT Brener, ND Collins, JL Kann, L AF Billy, JOG Grady, WR Wenzlow, AT Brener, ND Collins, JL Kann, L TI Contextual influences on school provision of health services SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE contextual influences; counseling; health risk behaviors; school health services ID POLICIES; PROGRAMS; SHPPS AB Purpose: To examine contextual factors that may facilitate or impede the provision of school health services. Methods: Using a composite database derived primarily from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we used logistic regression to examine how selected characteristics of communities, schools, and state-level policies are related to the provision of specific health services by high schools. Results: Schools whose students experienced more health risks were generally more likely to provide related services than schools whose students experienced fewer risks. State policies and requirements for health-related programs and services were associated with greater school-based provision of services. Availability of health care services within the community was associated with a reduced likelihood that schools provided similar services on-site; however, for some health services, the reverse was true. In general, more affluent communities were more likely to provide school health services than less affluent communities. Public schools were more likely to offer health services than private schools. Conclusions: Certain characteristics of communities, schools, and state-level policies are associated with the provision of school health services. These contextual factors appear to operate by creating a demand for services and by creating the opportunity for schools to provide health services. (C) Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2000. C1 Battelle, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Billy, JOG (reprint author), Battelle, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, 4000 NE 41st St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 12 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00123-8 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 327EC UT WOS:000087779600004 PM 10867348 ER PT J AU Bernert, JT McGuffey, JE Morrison, MA Pirkle, JL AF Bernert, JT McGuffey, JE Morrison, MA Pirkle, JL TI Comparison of serum and salivary cotinine measurements by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method as an indicator of exposure to tobacco smoke among smokers and nonsmokers SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BODY-FLUIDS; THIOCYANATE; SPECIFICITY; VALIDATION; STABILITY; PLASMA; URINE; MAIL C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Lab Div, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. RP Bernert, JT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Lab Div, Chamblee 17,Mailstop F-19, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. NR 26 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 9 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0146-4760 J9 J ANAL TOXICOL JI J. Anal. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 24 IS 5 BP 333 EP 339 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA 336NN UT WOS:000088309400005 PM 10926356 ER PT J AU Mizuno, Y Kennedy, M Seals, B Myllyluoma, J AF Mizuno, Y Kennedy, M Seals, B Myllyluoma, J TI Predictors of teens' attitudes toward condoms: Gender differences in the effects of norms SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS; SMOKING-BEHAVIOR; PEER; DRUG; INITIATION; MODELS; FAMILY; MALES; RISK; HIV AB Using data collected from a telephone survey of adolescents aged 15 to 19, we studied predictors of condom attitudes. Analyses were conducted on a sample of 348 sexually active teens. Multiple regression revealed that holding other variables constant, being females, African American, perceiving that more of their friends were using condoms (i.e., perceived normative behavior), and stronger perceived normative pressure were significantly associated with favorable condom attitudes. Furthermore, significant interaction effects pointed to gender differences in the association between two types of norms and attitudes toward condoms. Perceived normative behavior had a greater effect on the attitudes of female adolescents. Perceived normative pressure had a greater effect on the attitudes of male adolescents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Conwal Inc, Mclean, VA USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Ctr AIDS Drugs & Community Hlth, New York, NY 10021 USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res, Baltimore, MD USA. Battelle Ctr Evaluat, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Mizuno, Y (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-9029 J9 J APPL SOC PSYCHOL JI J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1381 EP 1395 DI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02526.x PG 15 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 360MP UT WOS:000089672000004 ER PT J AU Brenner, FW Villar, RG Angulo, FJ Tauxe, R Swaminathan, B AF Brenner, FW Villar, RG Angulo, FJ Tauxe, R Swaminathan, B TI Salmonella nomenclature - Guest commentary SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID GENUS SALMONELLA; APPROVED LISTS; DESIGNATION; TYPHI; NOV C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Brenner, FW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop CO3, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 221 Z9 243 U1 1 U2 38 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2465 EP 2467 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100001 PM 10878026 ER PT J AU Killgore, GE Holloway, B Tenover, FC AF Killgore, GE Holloway, B Tenover, FC TI A 5 ' nuclease PCR (TaqMan) high-throughput assay for detection of the mecA gene in staphylococci SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BLOOD CULTURES; VIRUS-RNA; AUREUS; DNA; SYSTEM; SPREAD; MICROBIOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VANCOMYCIN AB In an effort to find a rapid, efficient, and reliable method of screening large numbers of bacterial isolates for specific antimicrobial resistance genes, we compared conventional PCR results to the results generated using the TaqMan 5' nuclease PCR kit in conjunction with an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detector for detecting the mecA gene in various species of staphylococci. DNA was extracted using two techniques. The first used a high-salt extraction method suitable for conventional PCR but resulted in a 7.2% rate of PCR inhibition with the TaqMan technique. PCR inhibition could be overcome by diluting samples 1:5 prior to testing. The second method used the Qiagen QIAamp Tissue Kit; no instances of PCR inhibition were encountered with this method. A total of 197 (96%) of the 206 samples with no inhibition showed agreement between the two methods. Eight of the nine disagreements were likely the result of low-level DNA cross contamination caused by frequent specimen handling. Target DNA in all eight of these samples was first detected in the initial tests only after >30 PCR cycles, and all were negative upon repeat testing even after 30 PCR cycles using freshly extracted DNA. Among those positive samples in agreement, target DNA was invariably detected before 30 PCR cycles, The TaqMan assay eliminated the need to load, run, stain, and read agarose gels and provided the advantage of instant detection of PCR product by laser-activated fluorescence. Thus, final results were obtained 2 h after PCR was initiated, as opposed to a requirement of 2 days to examine 96 samples by agarose gel electrophoresis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sci Resources Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Killgore, GE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program G08, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2516 EP 2519 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100010 PM 10878035 ER PT J AU Pope, V Fears, MB Morrill, WE Castro, A Kikkert, SE AF Pope, V Fears, MB Morrill, WE Castro, A Kikkert, SE TI Comparison of the serodia Treponema pallidum particle agglutination, captia syphilis-G, and Spirotek Reagin II tests with standard test techniques for diagnosis of syphilis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We compared the microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP), a treponemal test, with two other treponemal tests, the Serodia Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay and the Captia Syphilis-G enzyme immunoassay, using 390 clinical serum samples. We also compared two nontreponemal tests, the rapid plasma Reagin (RPR) card test and the SpiroTek Reagin II test. Agreements of the MHA-TP with the TP-PA test and the Syphilis-G test were 97.4 and 97.7%, respectively. There was 89.2% agreement between the RPR and Reagin II tests. The Reagin II test was more apt to be reactive if the treponemal test was also reactive. We conclude that either the Serodia TP-PA test or the Captia Syphilis-G test is an appropriate substitute for the MHA-TP and that the Spirotek Reagin II test could substitute for the RPR test as a screening test. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DASTLR, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pope, V (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DASTLR, NCID, Mailstop D-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2543 EP 2545 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100015 PM 10878040 ER PT J AU Cooper, LA Subbarao, K AF Cooper, LA Subbarao, K TI A simple restriction fragment length polymorphism-based strategy that can distinguish the internal genes of human H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 influenza A viruses SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; GENOME COMPOSITION; REASSORTMENT; REPLICATION; H9N2 AB A simple molecular technique for rapid genotyping was developed to monitor the internal gene composition of currently circulating influenza A viruses. Sequence information from recent H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 human virus isolates was used to identify conserved regions within each internal gene, and gene-specific PCR primers capable of amplifying all three virus subtypes were designed, Subtyping was based on subtype-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns within the amplified regions. The strategy was tested in a blinded fashion using 10 control viruses of each subtype (total, 30) and was found to be very effective. Once standardized, the genotyping method was used to identify the origin of the internal genes of 51 influenza A viruses isolated from humans in Hong Kong during and immediately following the 1997-1998 H5N1 outbreak No avian-human or H1-H3 reassortants were detected. Less than 2% (6 of 486) of the RFLP analyses were inconclusive; all were due to point mutations within a restriction site. The technique was also used to characterize the internal genes of two avian H9N2 viruses isolated from children in Hong Kong during 1999. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cooper, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS G-16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2579 EP 2583 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100022 PM 10878047 ER PT J AU Guerra, MA Walker, ED Kitron, U AF Guerra, MA Walker, ED Kitron, U TI Quantitative approach for the serodiagnosis of canine Lyme disease by the immunoblot procedure SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI INFECTION; OUTER SURFACE PROTEIN; WESTERN IMMUNOBLOT; CROSS-REACTIVITY; DOGS; DIAGNOSIS; ANTIBODY; BACTERIN; TESTS AB Serum samples obtained from healthy, asymptomatic dogs in areas of Wisconsin and northern Illinois where Lyme disease is endemic or nonendemic were assayed for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and positive results were confirmed by immunoblot assay. We found that 56.9% (562 of 1,077) of the samples were positive by ELISA and 82.0% (461 of 562) were positive by immunoblotting, A logistic regression model was developed to distinguish between nonvaccinated dogs naturally infected with B. burgdorferi from areas where the disease is endemic and dogs from areas where the disease is nonendemic that were vaccinated against Lyme disease. Of the 18 protein bands analyzed, 8 were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) between the two groups. p93, p34, p31, and p28 occurred with increased frequency in vaccinated dogs, while p58, p37, p35, and p30 occurred more frequently in naturally infected dogs. The logistic regression equation obtained was used to determine the probability of natural infection among vaccinated dogs residing in areas where the disease is endemic. Of 125 samples, 87.2% had a very low probability of natural infection and only 2.4% were highly likely to be infected. Logistic regression is a useful method for distinguishing between vaccinated and naturally infected dogs and predicting the serological status of vaccinated dogs from areas where Lyme disease is endemic. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Div Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Guerra, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI36917] NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2628 EP 2632 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100029 PM 10878054 ER PT J AU Bausch, DG Rollin, PE Demby, AH Coulibaly, M Kanu, J Conteh, AS Wagoner, KD McMullan, LK Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG AF Bausch, DG Rollin, PE Demby, AH Coulibaly, M Kanu, J Conteh, AS Wagoner, KD McMullan, LK Bowen, MD Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG TI Diagnosis and clinical virology of Lassa fever as evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect fluorescent-antibody test, and virus isolation SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-G; INFECTION; RIBAVIRIN; LIBERIA; AFRICA AB The Lassa virus (an arenavirus) is found in West Africa, where it sometimes causes a severe hemorrhagic illness called Lassa fever. Laboratory diagnosis has traditionally been by the indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) test. However, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for Lassa virus antigen and immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies have been developed that are thought to be more sensitive and specific. We compared ELISA and IFA testing on sera from 305 suspected cases of Lassa fever by using virus isolation with a positive reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test as the "gold standard." Virus isolation and RT-PCR were positive on 50 (16%) of the 305 suspected cases. Taken together, Lassa virus antigen and IgM ELISAs were 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77 to 95%) sensitive and 99% (95% CI, 88 to 91%) specific for acute infection. Due to the stringent gold standard used, these likely represent underestimates. Diagnosis could often be made on a single serum specimen. Antigen detection was particularly useful in providing early diagnosis as well as prognostic information. Level of antigenemia varied inversely with survival, Detection by ELISA of IgG antibody early in the course of illness helped rule out acute Lassa virus infection. The presence of IFA during both acute and convalescent stages of infection, as well as significant interobserver variation in reading the slides, made interpretation difficult. However, the assay provided useful prognostic information, the presence of IFA early in the course of illness correlating with death, The high sensitivity and specificity, capability for early diagnosis, and prognostic value of the ELISAs make them the diagnostic tests of choice for the detection of Lassa fever. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Rech & Biol Appl Guinee, Kindia, Guinea. Kenema Govt Hosp, Kenema, Sierra Leone. RP Bausch, DG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2670 EP 2677 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100037 PM 10878062 ER PT J AU Sumner, JW Storch, GA Buller, RS Liddell, AM Stockham, SL Rikihisa, Y Messenger, S Paddock, CD AF Sumner, JW Storch, GA Buller, RS Liddell, AM Stockham, SL Rikihisa, Y Messenger, S Paddock, CD TI PCR amplification and phylogenetic analysis of groESL operon sequences from Ehrlichia ewingii and Ehrlichia muris SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; NORTH-CAROLINA; SP-NOV; CHAFFEENSIS; CANIS; TICKS; DOGS; RICKETTSIALES AB Broad-range PCR primers were used to amplify part of the groESL operon of the canine pathogen Ehrlichia ewingii, recently recognized as a human pathogen, and the murine pathogen Ehrlichia muris. Phylogenetic analysis supported the relationships among Ehrlichia species previously determined by comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences. These sequences provide additional PCR targets for species for which few gene sequences have been determined. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Edward Mallinckrodt Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO USA. St Louis Childrens Hosp, St Louis, MO 63178 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO USA. Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Biosci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Sumner, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-G13, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2746 EP 2749 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100052 PM 10878077 ER PT J AU Benson, RF Tang, PW Fields, BS AF Benson, RF Tang, PW Fields, BS TI Evaluation of the Binax and Biotest urinary antigen kits for detection of Legionnaires' disease due to multiple serogroups and species of Legionella SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; PNEUMOPHILA SEROGROUP-1; NONCONCENTRATED URINE; EIA AB The Binax and the Biotest urinary antigen kits for the detection of Legionnaires' disease caused by organisms other than Legionella pneumophila were compared by testing 45 urine samples from non-Legionella pneumophila serogroup I patients previously positive in a broad-spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eighteen were positive with the Binax kit, and 13 were positive with the Biotest, Although neither kit is as sensitive as ELISA these results extend the number of serogroups and species of Legionella that can be diagnosed with the Binax or Biotest kit. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth & Long Term Care, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Benson, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop GO3, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2763 EP 2765 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100057 PM 10878082 ER PT J AU Griffin, DD Kirkwood, CD Parashar, UD Woods, PA Bresee, JS Glass, RI Gentsch, JR AF Griffin, DD Kirkwood, CD Parashar, UD Woods, PA Bresee, JS Glass, RI Gentsch, JR CA Natl Rotavirus Strain Surveillance TI Surveillance of rotavirus strains in the United States: Identification of unusual strains SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; GROUP-A ROTAVIRUSES; P-TYPE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SEROTYPE; VP7; PROTEIN; CHILDREN; DIARRHEA; BRAZIL AB Rotavirus strains from 964 fecal specimens collected from children at 11 U.S. hospital laboratories from November 1997 to March 1998 and from samples collected at 12 laboratories from November 1998 to March 1999 were typed for G and P proteins. Serotype G1 was the predominant serotype in 1997-1998 (88%), followed by G2 (6.2%), G9 (3.3%), and G3 (1.5%). This pattern was similar to that seen in 1998-1999: G1 (79%), G2 (15%), G9 (3.0%), G4 (1.6%), and G3 (0.3%). Novel P[9] strains were identified in both seasons, and analysis of a 364-nucleotide fragment from gene segment 4 of one of the strains demonstrated 97.3% nucleotide identity with the prototype P3[9],G3 strain, AU1, isolated in Japan. This is the first report of a human AU1-like strain in the United States. These results reinforce our initial findings that serotype G9 persists in the United States but has not become a predominant strain and that the common serotypes G1 to G4 account for almost 90% of strains in circulation. Other uncommon strains exist in the United States but may have been overlooked before because of their low prevalence and the use of inadequate diagnostic tools. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Griffin, DD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS G04,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2784 EP 2787 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100064 PM 10878089 ER PT J AU Aguilar, JC Perez-Brena, MP Garcia, ML Cruz, N Erdman, DD Echevarria, JE AF Aguilar, JC Perez-Brena, MP Garcia, ML Cruz, N Erdman, DD Echevarria, JE TI Detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4 in clinical samples of pediatric patients by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (vol 38, pg 1191, 2000) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Nacl Micribiol, Serv Virol, Majadahonda 28220, Spain. Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Nacl Micribiol, Serv Microbiol Diagnost, Majadahonda 28220, Spain. Hosp Severo Ochoa, Serv Pediat, Madrid, Spain. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Aguilar, JC (reprint author), Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Nacl Micribiol, Serv Virol, Carretera Majadahonda Pozuelo S-N, Majadahonda 28220, Spain. RI Echevarria, Juan E./F-7913-2016 OI Echevarria, Juan E./0000-0001-7522-850X NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2805 EP 2805 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 331WR UT WOS:000088042100078 ER PT J AU Backer, LC Ashley, DL Bonin, MA Cardinali, FL Kieszak, SM Wooten, JV AF Backer, LC Ashley, DL Bonin, MA Cardinali, FL Kieszak, SM Wooten, JV TI Household exposures to drinking water disinfection by-products: whole blood trihalomethane levels SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorination; disinfection; disinfection by-products; drinking water; household exposures; trihalomethanes ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHLORINATED TAP WATER; BLADDER-CANCER; CHLOROFORM EXPOSURE; POPULATION; CONTAMINANTS; RISK AB Exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), has been associated with bladder and colorectal cancer in humans. Exposure to DBPs has typically been determined by examining historical water treatment records and reconstructing study participants' water consumption histories. However, other exposure routes, such as dermal absorption and inhalation, may be important components of an individual's total exposure to drinking water DBPs. In this study, we examined individuals' exposure to THMs through drinking, showering, or bathing in tap water. Thirty-one adult volunteers showered with tap water for 10 min ( n = 11), bathed for 10 min in a bathtub filled with tap water ( n = 10), or drank 11 of tap water during a 10-min time period (n = 10). Participants provided three 10 mi blood samples: one sample immediately before the exposure; one sample 10 min after the exposure ended; and one sample 30 min ( for shower and tub exposure) or 1 h ( for ingestion) after the exposure ended. A sample of the water ( from the tap, from the bath, or from the shower) was collected for each participant. We analyzed water samples and whole blood for THMs (bromoform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and chloroform) using a purge-and-trap/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method with detection limits in the parts-perquadrillion range. The highest levels of THMs were found in the blood samples from people who took 10-min showers, whereas the lowest levels were found in the blood samples from people who drank 11 of water in 10 min. The results from this study indicate that household activities such as bathing and showering are important routes for human exposure to THMs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Backer, LC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 21 TC 98 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 19 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 10 IS 4 BP 321 EP 326 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500098 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 349AV UT WOS:000089022400001 PM 10981726 ER PT J AU Hennessey, KA Marx, A Hafiz, R Ashgar, H Hadler, SC Jafari, H Sutter, RW AF Hennessey, KA Marx, A Hafiz, R Ashgar, H Hadler, SC Jafari, H Sutter, RW TI Widespread paralytic poliomyelitis in Pakistan: A case-control study to determine risk factors and implications for poliomyelitis eradication SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual Epidemic-Intelligence-Service Conference CY APR 20-24, 1998 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Epidem Intelligence Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT ID VACCINE AB Despite substantial efforts to eradicate poliomyelitis by administering oral poliovirus vaccine through routine immunization and annual national immunization days (NIDs), Pakistan reported 22% (1147) of the worldwide cases in 1997, Reasons for continued high poliomyelitis incidence include failure to vaccinate, vaccine failure, or inadequate immunization strategies, A case-control study was conducted to measure vaccination status and reasons for undervaccination among 66 poliomyelitis cases and 130 age- and neighborhood-matched controls. Cases were undervaccinated through routine immunization (matched odds ratio [MOR], 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.5); however, NID immunization was similar for cases and controls (MOR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.2), Reasons for undervaccination included not being informed, considering vaccination unimportant, and long distances to vaccination sites. Failure to vaccinate through routine immunization was a major risk factor for poliomyelitis in Pakistan, Successful NIDs alone will not interrupt poliovirus circulation in Pakistan, and children remain at risk unless routine immunization is strengthened or additional supplementary immunization is provided. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv E34, Eradicat Div,Vaccine Preventable Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Islamabad, Pakistan. Natl Inst Hlth, Islamabad, Pakistan. WHO, Eastern Mediterranean Reg, Alexandria, Egypt. RP Hennessey, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv E34, Eradicat Div,Vaccine Preventable Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 182 IS 1 BP 6 EP 11 DI 10.1086/315675 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 340FK UT WOS:000088522300002 PM 10882575 ER PT J AU Bower, WA Nainan, OV Han, XH Margolis, HS AF Bower, WA Nainan, OV Han, XH Margolis, HS TI Duration of viremia in hepatitis A virus infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; A VIRUS; IMMUNE-COMPLEXES; WILD-TYPE; HEMOPHILIA; OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; CHIMPANZEES; SEQUENCE; IDENTIFICATION AB The duration of viremia and time course for development of IgM antibodies were determined prospectively in natural and experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Serial serum samples from HAV-infected men (n = 13) and experimentally infected chimpanzees (n = 5) were examined by nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis to detect HAV RNA and by ELISA to detect IgM antibodies to HAV, Among infected humans, HAV RNA was detected an average of 17 days before the alanine aminotransferase peak, and viremia persisted for an average of 79 days after the liver enzyme peak. The average duration of viremia was 95 days (range, 36-391 days). Results were similar in chimpanzees. In addition, HAV RNA was detected in serum of humans and chimpanzees several days before IgM antibodies to HAV were detected, These results indicate that adults with HAV infection are viremic for as long as 30 days before the onset of symptoms and that the duration of viremia may be longer than previously described. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Bower, WA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 109 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 182 IS 1 BP 12 EP 17 DI 10.1086/315701 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 340FK UT WOS:000088522300003 PM 10882576 ER PT J AU Kuhn, L Abrams, EJ Weedon, J Lambert, G Schoenbaum, EE Nesheim, SR Palumbo, P Vink, PE Bulterys, M AF Kuhn, L Abrams, EJ Weedon, J Lambert, G Schoenbaum, EE Nesheim, SR Palumbo, P Vink, PE Bulterys, M CA Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Trans TI Disease progression and early viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children exposed to zidovudine during prenatal and perinatal periods SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL-TRIAL GROUP-076; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; TYPE-1 INFECTION; INFANT TRANSMISSION; PREGNANT-WOMEN; HIV-INFECTION; RISK-FACTORS; IN-UTERO; AIDS; LOAD AB Zidovudine (Zdv) is widely used to reduce maternal-infant human immunodeficiency virus transmission (HIV), but its consequences for disease progression among children infected despite Zdv exposure remain unknown. In a multicenter observational cohort study of 325 HIV-infected children born during 1986-1997, clinical progression was compared among infected children exposed or unexposed to Zdv during prenatal and perinatal periods. Zdv exposure was associated with 1.8-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.11) increased risk of progressing to AIDS or death after adjusting for year of birth, maternal CD4 cell count, maternal AIDS diagnosis, and subsequent antiretroviral therapy of the child. Mean log(10) viral copies at 7-12 weeks were higher among Zdv-exposed children (P = .004). No infected child treated early with multidrug therapy progressed to AIDS or died by 1 year, regardless of early Zdv exposure. More rapid disease progression was observed among infected children exposed during pregnancy or birth to Zdv if effective multidrug therapy was not initiated. C1 Columbia Univ, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA. Harlem Hosp Ctr, New York, NY USA. Med & Hlth Res Assoc Inc, New York, NY USA. Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr, Bronx, NY 10456 USA. Montefiore Hosp, Bronx, NY USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Kuhn, L (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. NR 38 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 182 IS 1 BP 104 EP 111 DI 10.1086/315678 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 340FK UT WOS:000088522300014 PM 10882587 ER PT J AU Weinstock, H Respess, R Heneine, W Petropoulos, CJ Hellmann, NS Luo, CC Pau, CP Woods, T Gwinn, M Kaplan, J AF Weinstock, H Respess, R Heneine, W Petropoulos, CJ Hellmann, NS Luo, CC Pau, CP Woods, T Gwinn, M Kaplan, J TI Prevalence of mutations associated with reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconverters in the United States, 1993-1998 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on HIV Drug Resistance and Treatment Strategies CY JUN 23-26, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA ID RISK-FACTORS; COMBINATION THERAPY; HIV-INFECTION; RESISTANCE; FAILURE; ADULTS; TRIAL AB To assess the prevalence of mutations associated with decreased antiretroviral drug susceptibility, specimens were tested from persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during 1993-1998, Subjects were drug naive and were attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in 6 US cities. All were enrolled consecutively and had tested negative for HIV during the 2 years before enrollment. Plasma specimens from patients having greater than or equal to 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) or primary protease mutation were tested phenotypically with a recombinant virus assay. Of 99 patients, 6 (6%) had mutations associated with zidovudine resistance, 2 (2%) had mutations associated with nonnucleoside RT inhibitor resistance, and 1 (1%) had a primary protease mutation. Overall, the prevalence of resistance-associated primary mutations was 5%, although high levels of decreased drug susceptibility (IC(50)s greater than or equal to 10 times that of a reference virus) were observed in just 1%. These findings confirm the transmission of these mutations to drug-naive persons. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ViroLog Inc, S San Francisco, CA USA. RP Weinstock, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 182 IS 1 BP 330 EP 333 DI 10.1086/315686 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 340FK UT WOS:000088522300045 PM 10882618 ER PT J AU Toma, T Miyagi, I Crabtree, MB Miller, BR AF Toma, T Miyagi, I Crabtree, MB Miller, BR TI Identification of Culex vishnui subgroup (Diptera : Culicidae) mosquitoes from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Development of a species-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay based on sequence variation in ribosomal DNA spacers SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culex vishnui subgroup; identification; polymerase chain reaction; ribosomal DNA ID ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS AB The Cuter vishnui subgroup includes three important vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus. Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Cx. pseudovishnui Colless, and Cx. vishnui Theobald, all of which occur in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Although these three species have been shown to be vectors of JE virus in many areas of Southeast Asia, it is not yet known what role each plays in the transmission of the virus in this region. Reliable identification of adult, field-collected specimens is a critical component in epidemiological studies of virus transmission. Mosquitoes in the Cx. vishnui subgroup can be reliably identified in the larval stage. However, because females of these species are very similar, it is difficult to distinguish among them using morphology. We developed a polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) assay for the identification of these species. Three species-specific primers were developed for the PCR assay based on a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) in the ribosomal DNA gene array. The primers, CT2REV, CP1REV, and CV1REV were designed to amplify a single DNA fragment each from Cx. triteniorhynchus, Cx. pseudovishnui, and Cx. vishnui, respectively, when paired with a single forward primer that is complementary to the highly conserved 18S rDNA gene. The amplified fragments were separated easily and identified on an agarose gel to facilitate species identification. C1 Univ Ryukyus, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Lab Med Zool, Okinawa 9030215, Japan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,PHS,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Toma, T (reprint author), Univ Ryukyus, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Lab Med Zool, 207 Uehara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 554 EP 558 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.4.554 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 359RF UT WOS:000089625300009 PM 10916296 ER PT J AU Nasci, RS Moore, CG Biggerstaff, BJ Panella, NA Liu, HQ Karabatsos, N Davis, BS Brannon, ES AF Nasci, RS Moore, CG Biggerstaff, BJ Panella, NA Liu, HQ Karabatsos, N Davis, BS Brannon, ES TI La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes triseriatus; Aedes canadensis; La Crosse encephalitis virus; mosquito ecology ID AEDES-TRISERIATUS; LACROSSE ENCEPHALITIS; CALIFORNIA ENCEPHALITIS; ENDEMIC AREA; MOSQUITOS; CONTAINERS; INFECTIONS; MINNESOTA; WISCONSIN; ILLINOIS AB Aedes triseriatus (Say) population density patterns and La Crosse encephalitis virus infection rates were evaluated in relation to a variety of habitat parameters over a 14-wk period. Ovitraps and landing collections were used in a La Crosse virus-enzootic area in Nicholas County, WV. Studs sites were divided into categories by habitat type and by proximity to the residences of known La Crosse encephalitis cases. Results demonstrated that Ae. triseriatus population densities were higher in sugar maple/red maple habitats than in hemlock/mixed hardwood habitats or in a site characterized by a large number of small red maple trees. Sites containing artificial containers had higher population densities than those without. La Crosse virus minimum infection rates in mosquitoes collected as eggs ranged fi om 0.4/1,000 to 7.5/1,000 in the 12 study sites, but did not differ significantly among sites regardless of habitat type or proximity to human case residences. La Crosse virus infection rates in landing Ae. triseriatus mosquitoes ranged from 0.0/1,000 to 27.0/1,000. La Crosse virus was also isolated from host-seeking Ae. canadensis (Theobald) in two study sites, at rates similar to those found in the Ae. triseriatus populations. The Ae. triseriatus oviposition patterns and La Crosse virus infection rates suggest that this mosquito species disperses readily in the large woodlands of central West Virginia. The La Crosse enzootic habitats in Nicholas County, WV, are contrasted with those studied in other geographic regions where La Crosse virus is found. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. W Virginia State Dept Hlth & Human Resources, Div Surveillance & Dis Control, Charleston, WV 25301 USA. RP Nasci, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 46 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 559 EP 570 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.4.559 PG 12 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 359RF UT WOS:000089625300010 PM 10916297 ER PT J AU Rodes, B Liu, H Johnson, S George, R Steiner, B AF Rodes, B Liu, H Johnson, S George, R Steiner, B TI Molecular cloning of a gene (polA) coding for an unusual DNA polymerase I from Treponema pallidum SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MYCOBACTERIUM-LEPRAE; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; GENOME SEQUENCE; OXYGEN; SPIROCHETE; REDUCTION; PROTEINS; TOXICITY; REPAIR AB The gene coding for the DNA polymerase I from Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, was cloned and sequenced. Depending on which of the two alternative initiation codons was used, the protein was either 997 or 1015 amino acids long and the predicted protein had a molecular mass of either 112 or 114 kDa, Sequence comparisons with other polA genes showed that all three domains expected in the DNA polymerase I class of enzymes were present in the protein (5'-3' exonuclease, 3'-5' exonuclease and polymerase domains). Additionally, there were four unique insertions of 20-30 amino acids each, not seen ill other DNA polymerase I enzymes. Two of the inserts were near the boundary of the two exonuclease domains and the other two interrupted the 3'-5' exonuclease domain which is involved in proofreading. The predicted amino-acid sequence had an exceptionally high content of cysteine (2.4% compared with <0.05% for most other sequenced DNA polymerase I enzymes). The polA gene was further cloned into pProEX(TM)HTa for expression and purification, The transformants expressed a protein of 115 kDa, Antibodies raised against synthetic peptide fragments of the putative DNA polymerase I recognised the 115-kda band in Western blot analysis. No DNA synthesis activity could be demonstrated on a primed single-stranded template. Although significant quantities of the protein were produced in the host Escherichia coli carrying the plasmid, it was not capable of complementing a polA(-) mutant in the replication of a polA-dependent plasmid. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Steiner, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-2615 J9 J MED MICROBIOL JI J. Med. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 49 IS 7 BP 657 EP 667 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 327FB UT WOS:000087782300011 PM 10882092 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Lee, B Thompson, M Glass, R Lee, RC Figueroa, D Gilman, R Taylor, D Stephenson, C AF Zhang, Y Lee, B Thompson, M Glass, R Lee, RC Figueroa, D Gilman, R Taylor, D Stephenson, C CA Diarrhea Working Grp TI Lactulose-mannitol intestinal permeability test in children with diarrhea caused by rotavirus and Cryptosporidium SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; diarrhea; intestinal permeability; lactulose; mannitol; rotavirus ID AUTOMATED ENZYMATIC ASSAYS; PARVUM INFECTION; ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION; PERUVIAN CHILDREN; RURAL BANGLADESH; MALNUTRITION; GASTROENTERITIS; ASSOCIATION; ABSORPTION; BACTERIAL AB Background: The relationship between intestinal permeability and acute secretory diarrheal syndromes caused by rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum in infants less than 36 months of age was studied using the lactulose-mannitol excretion assay. Methods: An oral solution containing 0.4 g/kg lactulose and 0.1 g/kg mannitol was administered to 15 infants with rotavirus. 7 with Cryptosporidium infection and a control group of 7 with secretory diarrhea admitted to the Oral Rehydration Unit of the National Children's Hospital in Lima, Peru. Urinary sugar excretion was measured using an enzymatic spectrophotometric method. The ratio of urinary excretion of lactulose to mannitol was used to measure intestinal mucosal permeability, with higher ratios indicative of increased intestinal permeability. Infants in all three groups were retested 20 days after the initial test. Results: The (mean +/- SE) lactulose:mannitol (L:M) excretion ratios during the acute phase (day 1) of diarrhea in infants with rotavirus or Cryptosporidium and control infants were 0.67 +/- 0.1. 0.76 +/- 0.16. and 0.26 +/- 0.04, respectively. In the convalescent phase (day 20) the ratios were 0.19 +/- 0.02, 0.28 +/- 0.05, and 0.29 +/- 0.07, respectively. Significant reductions in L:hl ratios were noted in rotavirus patients between days 1 and 20 (paired t-test; P < 0.01), Cryptosporidium patients between days 1 and 20 (paired t-test; P < 0.05), and between control subjects on day 1 and rotavirus patients on day 1 and Cryptosporidium patients on day 1 (unpaired t-tests; P < 0.05 for both). There were no significant differences in control subjects between days 1 and 20, control subjects and rotavirus patients on day 20, or control subjects and Cryptosporidium patients on day 20. Conclusions: The results indicate that increased intestinal permeability caused by rotavirus or cryptosporidium infections in Peruvian infants less than 36 months of age is a significant but reversible phenomenon. The temporal relationship observed in the current study and the contribution of such alterations in intestinal mucosal integrity to the burden of diarrheal disease and the development of malnutrition in developing countries is discussed. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Family Med, Res Sect, DTM&H, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Asociac Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Peru. Inst Salud Ninos, Lima, Peru. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Enter Infect, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Thompson, M (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Family Med, Res Sect, DTM&H, Box 354696, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 16 EP 21 DI 10.1097/00005176-200007000-00006 PG 6 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 329TL UT WOS:000087924200006 PM 10896065 ER PT J AU El-Bassel, N Schilling, RF Gilbert, L Faruque, S Irwin, KL Edlin, BR AF El-Bassel, N Schilling, RF Gilbert, L Faruque, S Irwin, KL Edlin, BR TI Sex trading and psychological distress in a street-based sample of low-income urban men SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS LA English DT Article DE sex trading; urban men ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HIV-INFECTION; MALE PROSTITUTES; RISK BEHAVIOR; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; COCAINE CRACK; USERS; GAY; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; TRANSMISSION AB This article examines the relationship between sex trading and psychological distress and assesses sexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors and HIV seroprevalence in a sample of young men recruited from the streets of Harlem. The authors interviewed 477 men, aged 18 to 29 years, of whom 43 (9.0 %) had received money or drugs in exchange for sex in the preceding 30 days and were categorized as sex traders. Psychological distress was measured by using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Sex traders scored significantly higher than non-sex traders on the General Severity Index and on all nine subscales of the BSI. According to multivariate analysis after adjusting for perceived HIV risk, current regular crack cocaine use and homelessness, sex traders scored 0.173 units higher on the General Severity Index than non-sex traders (p < .001). More of the sex traders tested positive for HIV (41% versus 19%, p < .001). The alarmingly high HIV seroprevalence rate in sex traders in this sample underscores the need to redouble HIV prevention efforts for this population. The high levels of psychological distress and crack cocaine dependence among sex traders may undermine their ability to adopt safer sex behaviors and should be considered in intervention designs. C1 Columbia Univ, Sch Social Work, Social Intervent Grp, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Social Work, Dept Social Welfare, New York, NY USA. Assoc Drug Abuse Prevent & Treatment, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP El-Bassel, N (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Sch Social Work, Social Intervent Grp, 622 W 113th St, New York, NY 10025 USA. OI Edlin, Brian/0000-0001-8172-8797 FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU204582] NR 58 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 6 U2 6 PU HAIGHT-ASHBURY PUBL PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 409 CLAYTON ST, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94117 USA SN 0279-1072 J9 J PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS JI J. Psychoact. Drugs PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 32 IS 3 BP 259 EP 267 PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical; Substance Abuse SC Psychology; Substance Abuse GA 363VK UT WOS:000089858200003 PM 11061676 ER PT J AU Gist, DH Turner, TW Congdon, JD AF Gist, DH Turner, TW Congdon, JD TI Chemical and thermal effects on the viability and motility of spermatozoa from the turtle epididymis SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY LA English DT Article ID SPERM MOTILITY; STORAGE; SEMEN; INITIATION; FISH AB The viability and motility of spermatozoa harvested from the epididymides of turtles were estimated to elucidate properties that might enable them to be stored over long periods of time. Spermatozoa from the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, were analysed and compared with spermatozoa from two other turtles, Trachemys scripta and Sternotherus odoratus using the Cellsoft analysis system for videotaped images. Spermatozoa from C. picta and T. scripta, suspended in F-10 medium, showed low motility (3-6% motile) and motion velocities, whereas the motility of spermatozoa from S. odoratus was higher (40% motile). Spermatozoa from C. picta and S, odoratus, but not T. scripta, had higher motilities and motion velocities when incubated at 2 degrees C before analyses. C. picta spermatozoa were unresponsive to calcium concentrations ranging from 10(-8) to 10(-1) mol l(-1), potassium concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mmol l(-1), and to pH values in the range 5.9-8.4. Spermatozoa from C. picta were sensitive to hypoosmotic media, and showed reduced motility at 25% of normal osmolarity and no motility at 10% of normal osmolarity. Distorted cells and missing flagellae were noted at 50% of normal osmolarity. C. picta spermatozoa were viable up to 40 days after harvest when incubated at 4 degrees C; during this time, both motility and motion velocity were increased in response to 0.5 mmol 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine l(-1). Spermatozoa from turtles have osmotic properties and resistance to changing chemical environments similar to spermatozoa from other vertebrates that have internal fertilization, and appear to be stable over long periods of time compared with spermatozoa from other vertebrate species. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Expt Toxicol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29801 USA. RP Gist, DH (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOURNALS OF REPRODUCTION FERTILITY LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 0022-4251 J9 J REPROD FERTIL JI J. Reprod. Fertil. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 119 IS 2 BP 271 EP 277 DI 10.1530/reprod/119.2.271 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 335BZ UT WOS:000088223300012 PM 10864839 ER PT J AU Echevarria, JE Erdman, DD Meissner, HC Anderson, L AF Echevarria, JE Erdman, DD Meissner, HC Anderson, L TI Rapid molecular epidemiologic studies of human parainfluenza viruses based on direct sequencing of amplified DNA from a multiplex RT-PCR assay SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE human parainfluenza viruses; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; molecular epidemiology ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; HEMAGGLUTININ-NEURAMINIDASE GENE; TRACT INFECTIONS; HN GENE; TYPE-3; CHILDREN; OUTBREAK; PARAMYXOVIRUSES; IDENTIFICATION AB Sequencing studies of limited regions of the human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) genomes have helped describe patterns of virus circulation and characterize institutional outbreaks of HPIVs-associated respiratory illness. In this study, we sequenced reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-amplified HPIVs RNA obtained from a multiplex RT-PCR assay described previously for simultaneous detection of HPIV-1, 2 and 3. Differences in the nucleotide sequences of limited regions of the HN gene allowed us to distinguish temporally and geographically diverse HPIV isolates (43 HPIV-1, 7 HPIV-2, 12 HPIV-3 isolates from this and previously published studies). In addition, an outbreak of HPIV-3-associated illness among infants on a pediatric ward was investigated by comparing sequences of three ward isolates with three matched community controls. Sequences of all ward isolates were identical and differed from those of the community controls, suggesting a single introduction and nosocomial transmission of the virus. Combining multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays with direct sequencing of the PCR products can provide an integrated system for rapid diagnosis and characterization of HPIVs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Nacl Microbiol, Serv Microbiol Diagnost, E-28220 Madrid, Spain. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Echevarria, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Echevarria, Juan E./F-7913-2016 OI Echevarria, Juan E./0000-0001-7522-850X NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JUL PY 2000 VL 88 IS 1 BP 105 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00163-4 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 333TW UT WOS:000088147700012 PM 10921847 ER PT J AU Tumpey, TM Lu, XH Morken, T Zaki, SR Katz, JM AF Tumpey, TM Lu, XH Morken, T Zaki, SR Katz, JM TI Depletion of lymphocytes and diminished cytokine production in mice infected with a highly virulent influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from humans SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-DEATH APOPTOSIS; A VIRUSES; HONG-KONG; GAMMA-INTERFERON; CLEAVAGE SITE; LYMPH-NODES; INDUCTION; CHICKENS; IMMUNITY; NEURAMINIDASE AB Previously, we observed that several virulent influenza A (H5N1) viruses which caused severe or fatal disease in humans were also lethal in BALB/c mice following dissemination of the virus to solid organs, including the brain. In contrast, one particular human H5N1 virus was nonlethal in mice and showed no evidence of systemic spread. To compare H5N1 viruses of varying pathogenicity for their ability to alter the mammalian immune system, mice were infected with either influenza A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK/483) (lethal) or A/Hong Kong/486/97 (HK/486) (nonlethal) virus and monitored for lymphocyte depletion in the blood, lungs, and lymphoid tissue. Intranasal infection with HK/483 resulted in a significant decrease in the total number of circulating leukocytes evident as early as day 2 postinfection. Differential blood counts demonstrated up to an 80% drop in lymphocytes by day 4 postinfection. In contrast, nonlethal HK/486-infected mice displayed only a transient drop of lymphocytes during the infectious period. Analysis of lung and lymphoid tissue from HK/483-infected mice demonstrated a reduction in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and reduced synthesis of the cytokines interleukin-lp and gamma interferon and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein compared with HK/486-infected mice. In contrast, the cytokine and chemokine levels were increased in the brains of mice infected with HK/483 but not HK/486. Evidence of apoptosis in the spleen and lung of HK/483-infected mice was detected in situ, suggesting a mechanism for lymphocyte destruction. These results suggest that destructive effects on the immune system may be one factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of H5N1 viruses in mammalian hosts. C1 US Dept HHS, Influenza Branch, NCID, DVRD,Publ Hlth Serv,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Katz, JM (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Influenza Branch, NCID, DVRD,Publ Hlth Serv,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 60 TC 191 Z9 205 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 74 IS 13 BP 6105 EP 6116 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.13.6105-6116.2000 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 322GH UT WOS:000087501500043 PM 10846094 ER PT J AU Tripp, RA Jones, L Anderson, LJ AF Tripp, RA Jones, L Anderson, LJ TI Respiratory syncytial virus G and/or SH glycoproteins modify CC and CXC chemokine mRNA expression in the BALB/c mouse SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID T-CELLS; RSV CHALLENGE; INFECTION; MICE; IMMUNIZATION; MIP-1-ALPHA; RESPONSES; EOSINOPHILIA; RECEPTOR; RANTES AB Chemokine mRNA expression by pulmonary leukocytes following infection of BALB/c mice with two strains of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and one strain of parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) was determined. The results suggest that RSV G and/or SH proteins inhibit early MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, MIP-2, MCP-1, and IP-10 mRNA expression. TCA-3 mRNA expression was found to be increased during PIV-3 infection. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctrs Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tripp, RA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctrs Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Tripp, Ralph/0000-0002-2924-9956 NR 33 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 74 IS 13 BP 6227 EP 6229 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.13.6227-6229.2000 PG 3 WC Virology SC Virology GA 322GH UT WOS:000087501500061 PM 10846112 ER PT J AU Maslia, ML Sautner, JB Aral, MM Reyes, JJ Abraham, JE Williams, RC AF Maslia, ML Sautner, JB Aral, MM Reyes, JJ Abraham, JE Williams, RC TI Using water-distribution system modeling to assist epidemiologic investigations SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID TYPHIMURIUM OUTBREAK; QUALITY MODELS; MISSOURI; GIDEON AB An epidemiologic study of childhood leukemia and central nervous system cancers that occurred in the period 1979 through 1996 in Dover Township, N.J., is being conducted. Because groundwater contamination has been documented historically in public- and private-supply wells, there is the possibility of exposure through this pathway. The Dover Township area has been primarily served by a public water supply that relies solely on groundwater; therefore, a protocol has been developed for using a water-distribution model such as EPANET as a tool to assist the exposure assessment component of epidemiologic investigation. The model is being used to investigate the question of human exposure to groundwater contaminants. Because of the unavailability of historical data, the model was calibrated to the present-day (1998) water-distribution system characteristics. Pressure data were gathered simultaneously at 25 hydrants throughout the distribution system using continuous recording pressure data loggers during 48 h tests in March and August 1998. Data for storage tank water levels, system demand, and pump and well status (on/off) were also obtained. Field data gathering procedures, calibration results, and water-quality simulation using a naturally occurring element (barium), as well as an analysis indicating the percent of water originating from points of entry to the water-distribution system for 1998 conditions, are presented. C1 ATSDR, Div Hlth Assessment & Consultat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Multimedia Envir Simulat Lab, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. ATSDR, Ofc Reg Operat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ATSDR, Div Hlth Assessment & Consultat, Exposure Invest & Consultat Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ATSDR, US Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Maslia, ML (reprint author), ATSDR, Div Hlth Assessment & Consultat, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 126 IS 4 BP 180 EP 198 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:4(180) PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 324YW UT WOS:000087650400003 ER PT J AU Hogben, M St Lawrence, JS AF Hogben, M St Lawrence, JS TI HIV/STD risk reduction interventions in prison settings SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID INCARCERATED WOMEN; HIV RISK; JAIL; BEHAVIORS; CITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, BIRB, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hogben, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, BIRB, MS E-44,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 BP 587 EP 592 DI 10.1089/15246090050118107 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 347HG UT WOS:000088922000001 PM 10957746 ER PT J AU Vogt, RF Whitfield, WE Henderson, LO Hannon, WH AF Vogt, RF Whitfield, WE Henderson, LO Hannon, WH TI Fluorescence intensity calibration for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry SO METHODS-A COMPANION TO METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; fluorescence intensity; molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome; MESF; antibody-binding capacity; ABC; cell receptors; quality control; standardization ID STANDARDS; QUANTITATION; EXPRESSION; SYSTEM; ANTIGENS; BINDING; CELLS AB Fluorescence intensity (FI) is the basis far classifying phenotypes by fluorescence-label Row cytometry. Fl is customarily recorded as an arbitrary relative value, but with proper calibration it can be expressed in stoichiometric units called molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) that reflect the concentrations of the fluorescent conjugates and the receptors they stain. Forthcoming availability of authoritative standards and consensus methods will alleviate many of the difficulties encountered in making valid MESF measurements. Fl calibration establishes the true Values for the critical parameters of the fluorescence measurement, a useful feature for quality control. It further allows the establishment of a comparable window of analysis across different times and laboratories, and it permits numeric assessment of antibody-binding capacity (ABC) values in selected cell populations. The relation between ABC values and receptor expression is complicated by several factors, but careful assessment of the binding chemistry can establish the actual number of receptors on cells stained by fluorescent conjugates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Diabet Lab, Atlanta, GA 30340 USA. RP Vogt, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Diabet Lab, Atlanta, GA 30340 USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-2023 J9 METHODS JI Methods PD JUL PY 2000 VL 21 IS 3 BP 289 EP 296 DI 10.1006/meth.2000.1009 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 332RC UT WOS:000088086400010 PM 10873483 ER PT J AU Pinner, RW Jernigan, DB Sutliff, SM AF Pinner, RW Jernigan, DB Sutliff, SM TI Electronic laboratory-based reporting for public health SO MILITARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Military Public Health Laboratory Symposium and Workshop CY SEP 21-23, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Dept Defense Global Emerging Infect Surveillance & Response Syst, Armed Forces Inst Pathol AB This article describes the role of laboratory-based reporting for public health in the United States and outlines a vision for electronic laboratory-based reporting (ELR). It emphasizes the importance of adoption and implementation of standards to the successful development of ELR. In particular, it describes the role of Health Level 7 as a standard for electronic message formats and the roles of LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes) and SNOMED (Systematized Nomenclature for Human and Veterinary Medicine) as standards for test names and results, respectively. In addition, the article describes ongoing and planned ELR projects. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pinner, RW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, C12,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSN MILITARY SURG US PI BETHESDA PA 9320 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0026-4075 J9 MIL MED JI Milit. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 165 IS 7 SU S BP 20 EP 24 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335WF UT WOS:000088267200010 PM 10920632 ER PT J AU McGuire, DB DeLoney, VG Yeager, KA Owen, DC Peterson, DE Lin, LS Webster, J AF McGuire, DB DeLoney, VG Yeager, KA Owen, DC Peterson, DE Lin, LS Webster, J TI Maintaining study validity in a changing clinical environment SO NURSING RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th National Conference on Cancer Nursing Research CY JAN, 1997 CL PANAMA CITY BEACH, FLORIDA SP Amer Canc Soc DE study validity; clinical research ID REQUIRE OUTCOME MEASURES; NURSING INTERVENTION; TRANSPLANTATION AB Background: Nurse scientists who conduct intervention research in a variety of clinical settings find themselves facing numerous challenges posed by today's changing and sometimes complex health care environment. Maintaining study validity thus becomes a major focus of interventional research, but existing literature does not fully address challenges to study validity nor offer potential solutions. Objectives: The purposes of this paper are to 1) discuss methodologic challenges to maintaining study validity of intervention research that is conducted in a changing clinical environment, and 2) share strategies for maximizing study validity. Methods: A recently completed intervention study is used as an example to discuss two specific areas that affected study validity, provide examples of selected threats to validity, and outline strategies used to minimize these threats. Results: Careful definition of goals, thoughtful decision making, and implementation of specific strategies to maintain study validly helped increased the rigor of the research. Conclusions: Investigators conducting intervention research in changing clinical settings can reduce threats to study validity and increase design rigor by considering clinical realities (e.g., clinician-researcher role conflict) when making methodologic decisions, becoming familiar with the setting, and involving clinicians in the research. C1 Univ Penn, Sch Nursing, Oncol Adv Practice Nurse Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, SE AIDS Training & Educ Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollin Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Nursing, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Connecticut, Sch Dent Med, Dept Oral Diag, Farmington, CT 06032 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS & TB Prevent, Stat & Data Management Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Canc Specialists, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McGuire, DB (reprint author), Univ Penn, Sch Nursing, Oncol Adv Practice Nurse Program, 420 Guardian Dr,Room 2010, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU PHS HHS [1RO103929] NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-6562 J9 NURS RES JI Nurs. Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 49 IS 4 BP 231 EP 235 DI 10.1097/00006199-200007000-00007 PG 5 WC Nursing SC Nursing GA 453LQ UT WOS:000169917700007 PM 10929695 ER PT J AU Hager, WD Schuchat, A Gibbs, R Sweet, R Mead, P Larsen, JW AF Hager, WD Schuchat, A Gibbs, R Sweet, R Mead, P Larsen, JW TI Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infection: Current controversies SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLONIZATION; DELIVERY; AMPICILLIN; DISEASE; URINE; RISK AB Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the most frequent cause of neonatal sepsis in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued guidelines for its prevention in 1996. This article details areas of controversy with those guidelines and offers recommendations for resolution. We recommend that a prevention policy be adopted by all hospitals. If a screening-based policy is chosen, compliance is essential. Penicillin is the antibiotic of choice for GBS prevention. Increasing resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin might eliminate them as alternative choices in patients allergic to penicillin. Group B streptococcal prophylaxis might not be necessary in women who have repeat elective cesarean delivery. In asymptomatic women, a positive urine culture for GBS should be considered clinically equivalent to a positive vaginal or rectal sample for screening. Neonatal sepsis caused by organisms other than GBS must be monitored carefully by all hospitals providing obstetrics services. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:141-5. (C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.). C1 Univ Kentucky, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Denver, CO USA. Magee Womens Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol & Reprod Sci, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Vermont, Coll Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Washington, DC USA. RP Hager, WD (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. NR 17 TC 29 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 96 IS 1 BP 141 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(00)00848-6 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 330CK UT WOS:000087945100029 PM 10862856 ER PT J AU McNeill, FE Stokes, L Brito, JAA Chettle, DR Kaye, WE AF McNeill, FE Stokes, L Brito, JAA Chettle, DR Kaye, WE TI Cd-109 K x ray fluorescence measurements of tibial lead content in young adults exposed to lead in early childhood SO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE lead; environment; childhood ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SMELTER WORKERS; BONE LEAD; INVIVO; VIVO AB Objectives-Tibia lead measurements were performed in a population of 19-29 year old people who had been highly exposed to lead in childhood to find whether lead had persisted in the bone matrix until adulthood. Methods-Cd-109 K x ray fluorescence was used to measure the tibia lead concentrations of 262 exposed subjects and 268 age and sex matched controls. Questionnaire data allowed a years of residence index to be calculated for exposed subjects. A cumulative blood lead index was calculated from the time weighted integration of available data of blood lead. Results-The mean (SEM) difference between exposed and control men was 4.51 (0.35) mu g Pb/g bone mineral, and between exposed and control women was 3.94 (0.61) mu g Pb/g bone mineral. Grouped mean bone lead concentrations of exposed subjects were predicted best by age. When exposed and control subjects' data were combined, grouped mean bone lead concentrations were predicted best by cumulative blood lead index. The years of residence index was neither a good predictor of bone lead concentrations for exposed subjects nor for exposed and control subjects combined. Finally, exposed subjects had increased current blood lead concentrations that correlated significantly with bone lead values. Conclusion-Bone lead concentrations of exposed subjects were significantly increased compared with those of control subjects. Lead from exposure in early childhood had persisted in the bone matrix until adulthood. Exposed subjects had increased blood lead concentrations compared with controls. Some nf this exposure could be related to ongoing exposure. However, some of the increase in blood lead concentration in adult exposed subjects seemed to be a result of endogenous exposure from increased bone lead stores. The endogenous exposure relation found for men was consistent with reported data, but the relation found for women was significantly lower. Further research is needed to find whether the observed differences are due to sex, or pregnancy and lactation. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div Hlth Studies, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Lisbon, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal. RP McNeill, FE (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. OI Brito, Jose/0000-0002-8558-6754 NR 23 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1351-0711 J9 OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 57 IS 7 BP 465 EP 471 DI 10.1136/oem.57.7.465 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 328CF UT WOS:000087830700006 PM 10854499 ER PT J CA Sinus Allergy Hlth Partnership TI Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis - Executive summary SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY-TRACT PATHOGENS; ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; NASOPHARYNGEAL COLONIZATION; COMMON COLD; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; MORAXELLA-CATARRHALIS; INVASIVE DISEASE C1 Sinus & Allergy Hlth Partnership, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Henry Ford Hosp, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Albany Med Coll, Dept Med, Albany, NY 12208 USA. Albany Med Coll, Dept Pharmacol, Albany, NY 12208 USA. Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Pharm, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. US FDA, Div Anti Infect Drug Prod, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Childrens Hosp, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Sinus & Allergy Hlth Partnership, 1990 M St NW,Suite 680, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 95 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0194-5998 EI 1097-6817 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 123 IS 1 SU S BP S1 EP S32 DI 10.1067/mhn.2000.107873 PN 2 PG 32 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA 338RK UT WOS:000088432900001 ER PT J AU Rolett, A Kiely, JL AF Rolett, A Kiely, JL TI Maternal sociodemographic characteristics as risk factors for preterm birth in twins versus singletons SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GESTATIONAL-AGE; UNITED-STATES; PREGNANCIES; FERTILIZATION; POPULATION; OUTCOMES; DELIVERY; SMOKING; IMPACT; WEIGHT AB Many studies have examined associations between sociodemographic variables and preterm birth in singletons. However, almost no research has been published on whether variables such as maternal age, race, ethnicity, level of education and smoking are associated with preterm birth among twins in the same way. The purpose of this study was to examine such associations in twins and singletons comparatively. The study population consisted of all 567 796 twins and 23 297 909 singleton births recorded in the US birth records for 1990-95. Gestational age data were rigorously 'cleaned' to solve the problem of biologically implausible birthweight/gestation combinations in vital records. Preterm birth was defined as gestational age < 35 weeks. Some 25.8% of twins and 3.2% of singletons were preterm by this definition. Crude and adjusted relative risks (RR) were estimated using a modified Mantel-Haenszel procedure. We found several characteristics associated with preterm birth in both twins and singletons, e.g. for twins: race (black adjusted RR = 1.30 compared with white non-Hispanic); marital status (unmarried adjusted RR = 1.15 compared with married); and age (less than or equal to 17 years adjusted RR = 1.39 compared with 20-29 years). A similar analysis of singletons revealed stronger associations between the same characteristics and preterm birth, e.g. the adjusted RR for black race was 2.3. These differences in RRs suggest that sociodemographic characteristics have weaker effects on preterm birth among twins than among singletons. Care must be taken in interpreting differences in preterm birth in twins and singletons, as their gestational age distributions differ so markedly. C1 Childrens Hosp Med Ctr Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infant & Child Hlth Studies Branch, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Kiely, JL (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Med Ctr Cincinnati, 231 Bethesda Ave,ML 0541, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 211 EP 218 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2000.00268.x PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 346FG UT WOS:000088859700004 PM 10949212 ER PT J AU Xiao, L Morgan, UM Fayer, R Thompson, RCA Lal, AA AF Xiao, L Morgan, UM Fayer, R Thompson, RCA Lal, AA TI Cryptosporidium systematics and implications for public health SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY LA English DT Review ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; GENETIC-CHARACTERIZATION; PARVUM APICOMPLEXA; BIOLOGY; POLYMORPHISM; TRANSMISSION; GENOTYPES; ANIMALS; OOCYSTS; GENUS AB There is controversy in the taxonomy of Cryptosporidium parasites and the public health significance of Cryptosporidium isolates from various animals. Recent advances in molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium parasites have allowed the re-examination of species structure of the genus Cryptosporidium. Non-parvum Cryptosporidium spp and new C. parvum genotypes in immunocompromised humans can now be clearly detected. In this article, Lihua Xiao and colleagues summarize the current biological and molecular evidence for different Cryptosporidium spp, and the public health importance of these species and new C. parvum genotypes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Murdoch Univ, World Hlth Organ Ctr Mol Epidemiol Parasit Infect, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Murdoch Univ, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, Div Bet & Biomed Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Xiao, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 31 TC 109 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-4758 J9 PARASITOL TODAY JI Parasitol. Today PD JUL PY 2000 VL 16 IS 7 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0169-4758(00)01699-9 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 331BQ UT WOS:000087997800008 PM 10858647 ER PT J AU Gilchrist, J Schieber, RA Leadbetter, S Davidson, SC AF Gilchrist, J Schieber, RA Leadbetter, S Davidson, SC TI Police enforcement as part of a comprehensive bicycle helmet program SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE bicycling; child; head protective devices; head injury; legislation ID SAFETY HELMETS; HEAD-INJURIES; LEGISLATION; EDUCATION; CHILDREN; LAW AB Background. Bicycle-related head injuries cause >150 deaths and 45 000 nonfatal injuries among children in the United States annually. Although bicycle helmets are highly effective against head injury, only 24% of US children regularly wear one. Georgia mandated bicycle helmet use for children, effective July 1993. During that summer, 1 rural Georgia community passed an ordinance instructing police officers to impound the bicycle of any unhelmeted child. We evaluated the effect of active police enforcement of this ordinance, combined with a helmet giveaway and education program. Methods. During April 1997, similar to 580 children in kindergarten through grade 7 received free helmets, fitting instructions, and safety education. Police then began impounding bicycles of unhelmeted children. We conducted an observational study, unobtrusively observing helmet use just before helmet distribution, several times during the next 5 months, and once 2 years later. Results. Before the program began, none of 97 observed riders wore a helmet. During the next 5 months, helmet use among 358 observed children averaged 45% (range: 30%-71%), a significant increase in all race and gender groups. In contrast, adult use did not change significantly. Police impounded 167 bicycles during the study, an average of 1 per day. Two years after program initiation, 21 of 39 child riders (54%) were observed wearing a helmet. Conclusions. Without enforcement, the state and local laws did not prompt helmet use in this community, yet active police enforcement, coupled with helmet giveaways and education, was effective and lasting. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Injury Control Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gilchrist, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,mail Stop K63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 17 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2000 VL 106 IS 1 BP 6 EP 9 DI 10.1542/peds.106.1.6 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 330YZ UT WOS:000087990400016 PM 10878141 ER PT J AU Franzini, L Rosenthal, J Spears, W Martin, HS Balderas, L Brown, M Milne, G Drutz, J Evans, D Kozinetz, C Oettgen, B Hanson, C AF Franzini, L Rosenthal, J Spears, W Martin, HS Balderas, L Brown, M Milne, G Drutz, J Evans, D Kozinetz, C Oettgen, B Hanson, C TI Cost-effectiveness of childhood immunization reminder/recall systems in urban private practices SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE cost; cost-effectiveness; reminder/recall systems; infant; immunizations ID GENERATED TELEPHONE MESSAGES; BENEFIT-ANALYSIS; CHILDREN; VACCINATION; PROGRAM; VISITS AB Objective. To assess cost and cost-effectiveness of immunization reminder/recall systems in the private sector. Methods. A manual postcard system (mail) was compared with a computer-based telephone system (autodialer) and control. Costs included time costs and the cost of equipment and supplies. The cost per child and the incremental cost of the intervention relative to control were computed. Cost-effectiveness ratios were computed for return visits and for immunizations delivered. Results. The average cost per child was $2.28 for the mail group and $1.47 for the autodialer group. The incremental visit cost relative to the control was higher for the mail group ($9.52) than for the autodialer group ($3.48). The autodialer was more cost-effective in delivering immunizations: $4.06 per extra immunization (autodialer) versus $12.82 (mail). Conclusions. Excluding start-up costs, the autodialer system was most cost-effective. Including autodialer equipment costs, the autodialer system is more cost-effective only for larger practices. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. N End Med Ctr, St Paul, MN USA. RP Hanson, C (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, 6621 Fannin,MC 1-3291, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2000 VL 106 IS 1 SU S BP 177 EP 183 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 334XP UT WOS:000088211800004 PM 10888689 ER PT J AU Hillis, SD Anda, RF Felitti, VJ Nordenberg, D Marchbanks, PA AF Hillis, SD Anda, RF Felitti, VJ Nordenberg, D Marchbanks, PA TI Adverse childhood experiences and sexually transmitted diseases in men and women: A retrospective study SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE sexually transmitted diseases; child abuse; domestic violence; alcoholism; children of impaired parents; drug abuse ID PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; ABUSE; PREVALENCE; RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTION AB Objective. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may have long-term consequences on at-risk behaviors that lead to an increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) during adulthood. Therefore, we examined the relationship between ACEs and subsequent STDs for both men and women. Methods. A total of 9323 (4263 men and 5060 women) adults greater than or equal to 18 years of age participated in a retrospective cohort study evaluating the association between ACEs and self-reported STDs. Participants were adult members of a managed care organization who underwent routine medical evaluations and completed standardized questionnaires about 7 categories of ACEs, including emotional, physical, or sexual abuse; living with a battered mother; and living with a substance-abusing, mentally ill, or criminal household member. Logistic regression was used to model the association between the cumulative categories of ACEs (range: 0-7) and a history of STDs. Results. We found that 59% (2986) of women and 57% (2464) of men reported 1 or more categories of adverse experiences during childhood. Among those with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 to 5, and 6 to 7 ACEs, the proportion with STDs was 4.1%, 6.9%, 8.0%, 11.6%, 13.5%, and 20.7% for women and 7.3%, 10.9%, 12.9%, 17.1%, 17.1%, and 39.1% for men. After adjustment for age and race, all odds ratios for reporting an STD had confidence intervals that excluded 1. Among those with 1, 2, 3, 4 to 5, and 6 to 7 ACEs, the odds ratios were 1.45, 1.54, 2.22, 2.48, and 3.40 for women and 1.46, 1.67, 2.16, 2.07, and 5.3 for men. Conclusions. We observed a strong graded relationship between ACEs and a self-reported history of STDs among adults. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Kaiser Permanente, So Calif Permanente Med Grp, Dept Prevent Med, San Diego, CA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-34,Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 35 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2000 VL 106 IS 1 AR e11 DI 10.1542/peds.106.1.e11 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 330YZ UT WOS:000087990400003 PM 10878180 ER PT J AU Jonas, BS Mussolino, ME AF Jonas, BS Mussolino, ME TI Symptoms of depression as a prospective risk factor for stroke SO PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE depression; stroke; prospective studies; longitudinal studies; incidence; risk factors ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS; PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS; MORTALITY; HYPERTENSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ADULTS; SAMPLE AB Objective: The objective of this study was to assess baseline levels of depression as a risk factor for stroke among white and black men and women. Methods: A population-based cohort of 6095 stroke-free white and black men and women aged 25 to 74 years in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study were followed for an average of 16 years to a maximum of 22 years. The association between stroke and baseline self-reported depressive symptomatology was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for baseline age, race, sex, education, smoking status, body mass index, alcohol use, nonrecreational physical activity, serum cholesterol level, history of diabetes, history of heart disease, and systolic blood pressure. Hospital records and death certificates were used to identify stroke cases; a total of 483 cases were identified. Results: In age-adjusted models for all persons, white men, white women, and black persons of both sexes, depression was predictive of stroke. In risk-adjusted models for all persons (relative risk (RR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-2.31) and for white men (RR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.02-2.75), depression remained predictive of stroke. For white women, depression (RR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.97-2.38) reached borderline significance (p = .07). For black persons, depression (RR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.40-4.80) demonstrated a higher risk of stroke. A series of supplemental analyses also supported the association between depression and stroke. Conclusions: Depression is predictive of stroke across all strata. This nationally representative study gives evidence of a prospective association between depression and stroke. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Jonas, BS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Room 730,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Tanne, David/F-2560-2010 OI Tanne, David/0000-0002-6699-2220 NR 51 TC 181 Z9 184 U1 2 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0033-3174 J9 PSYCHOSOM MED JI Psychosom. Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 62 IS 4 BP 463 EP 471 PG 9 WC Psychiatry; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA 339VF UT WOS:000088498000001 PM 10949089 ER PT J AU Rosa, RR Bonnet, MH AF Rosa, RR Bonnet, MH TI Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography SO PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE insomnia; EEG sleep; sleepiness; mood; performance ID STATE MISPERCEPTION; DAYTIME ALERTNESS; ONSET INSOMNIA; PERFORMANCE; PATTERNS AB Objective: Several behavioral, physiological, and subjective variables were examined in subjects reporting chronic insomnia (IN group) and subjects with no complaint of insomnia (NC group) to determine factors predictive of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography (EEG sleep). Methods: A total of 177 subjects (121 in the IN group and 56 in the NC group) were evaluated on the basis of EEG sleep, subjective sleep, sleepiness, performance, mood, personality, and metabolic parameters during a 36-hour laboratory stay. Results: Equal percentages of subjects in each group had 0, 1, or 2 nights of poor EEG sleep, indicating that the IN group was not more likely to have impaired sleep in the laboratory. Results of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory showed that subjects in the IN group had more pathological personality profiles, and results of laboratory studies showed that these subjects had worse mood ratings, less subjective sleepiness, poorer memory performance, and longer midafternoon sleep latencies. Subjects in the IN group also rated their laboratory sleep as poorer in quality with more time awake after sleep onset and longer sleep latencies, but no differences in EEG sleep were observed. Poor nights of EEG sleep were associated with being male, increasing age, and a history of more time awake after sleep onset; among the laboratory tests, poor EEG sleep was associated with worse mood ratings, poorer memory performance, longer sleep latencies (as indicated by higher scores on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test), higher sleep/wake ratios for metabolic parameters, lower ratings of sleep quality, and longer perceived sleep latencies. Conclusions: A history of chronic insomnia does not predict poor EEG sleep. Both chronic insomnia and poor EEG sleep are associated independently with dysphoria, hyperarousal, diminished waking function, and negative subjective sleep quality. Separate arousal and sleep systems are posited to account for these results. C1 NIOSH, Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Dayton VA Hosp, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Wright State Univ, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Rosa, RR (reprint author), NIOSH, Taft Labs, C-24,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 28 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0033-3174 J9 PSYCHOSOM MED JI Psychosom. Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 62 IS 4 BP 474 EP 482 PG 9 WC Psychiatry; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA 339VF UT WOS:000088498000003 PM 10949091 ER PT J AU Zwerling, C Torner, JC Clarke, WR Voelker, MD Doebbeling, BN Barrett, DH Merchant, JA Woolson, RF Schwartz, DA AF Zwerling, C Torner, JC Clarke, WR Voelker, MD Doebbeling, BN Barrett, DH Merchant, JA Woolson, RF Schwartz, DA TI Self-reported postwar injuries among Gulf War veterans SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID US VETERANS; MORTALITY AB Objective. From September 1995 to May 1996, the authors conducted a telephone survey of Iowa military personnel who had served in the regular military or activated National Guard or Reserve during the Gulf War period, To assess the association between military service in a combat zone and subsequent traumatic injury requiring medical consultation, the authors analyzed veterans' interview responses. Methods. Using data from the larger survey, the authors compared rates of self-reported postwar injuries requiring medical consultation in a sample of Iowa Gulf War veterans to the rates in a sample of Iowa military personnel who served at the same time, but not in the Persian Gulf Results, Of 3695 veterans, 605 (16%) reported a traumatic injury in the previous three months requiring medical consultation. Self-reported injuries were associated with service in the Persian Gulf (odds ratio 1.26; 95% confidence interval 1.02, 1.55). Conclusion. This finding is consistent with the results of earlier studies of traumatic injury mortality rates among war veterans. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Iowa City, IA USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Zwerling, C (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, 100 Oakdale Campus,126 IREH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RI Doebbeling, Bradley/C-6620-2009 FU NIMH NIH HHS [5 T32 MH 15158-23]; PHS HHS [U50/CCU711513] NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 115 IS 4 BP 346 EP 349 DI 10.1093/phr/115.4.346 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 364WL UT WOS:000089917000017 PM 11059428 ER PT J AU Dietz, VJ Roberts, JM AF Dietz, VJ Roberts, JM TI National surveillance for infection with Cryptosporidium parvum, 1995-1948: What have we learned? SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; COMMUNITY; WATER AB Objective. Infection with Cryptosporidium parvum generally causes a self-limiting diarrheal illness. Symptoms can, however, last for weeks and can be severe, especially in immunocompromised individuals, in 1994, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommended that cryptosporidiosis be a nationally notifiable disease, Forty-seven states have made infection with C. parvum notifiable to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and laboratories in the three remaining states report cases to state health departments, which may report them to the CDC. To see what the data show about patterns of infection, the authors reviewed the first four years of reports to the CDC. Methods. The authors analyzed reports of laboratory-confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis for 1995-1998, Results. During 1995-1998, 11,612 laboratory-confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported to the CDC, All ages and both sexes were affected. An increase in case reporting was observed in late summer during each year of surveillance for people <20 years of age, Conclusion. The first national data on laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis cases, although incomplete, provide useful information on the burden of disease in the nation as well as provide baseline data for monitoring of Future trends. C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Dietz, VJ (reprint author), US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS-F22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 115 IS 4 BP 358 EP 363 DI 10.1093/phr/115.4.358 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 364WL UT WOS:000089917000019 PM 11059430 ER PT J AU Moorman, WJ Ahlers, HW Chapin, RE Daston, GP Foster, PMD Kavlock, RJ Morawetz, JS Schnorr, TM Schrader, SM AF Moorman, WJ Ahlers, HW Chapin, RE Daston, GP Foster, PMD Kavlock, RJ Morawetz, JS Schnorr, TM Schrader, SM TI Prioritization of NTP reproductive toxicants for field studies SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prioritization; reproductive toxicants; NTP; RACE; NOES; HSDB AB Population studies that evaluate human reproductive impairment are time consuming, expensive, logistically difficult, and with limited resources must be prioritized to effectively prevent the adverse health effects in humans. Interactions among health scientists, unions, and industry can serve to identify populations exposed to potential hazards and develop strategies to evaluate and apply appropriate controls. This report describes a systematic method for prioritizing chemicals that may need human reproductive health field studies. Rodent reproductive toxicants identified from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding (RACB) protocol were prioritized on the basis of potency of toxic effect and population at risk. This model for prioritization links NTP findings with data fi om the National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) and the Hazardous Substance Data Base (HSDB) or the High Production Volume Chemical Database (HPVC) to prioritize chemicals for their potential impact on worker populations. The chemicals with the highest priority for field study were: dibutyl phthalate, boric acid, tricresyl phosphate, and N,N-dimethylformamide. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Miami Valley Labs, Cincinnati, OH USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ICWU, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Moorman, WJ (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 15 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 293 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00089-7 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 340TH UT WOS:000088550700002 PM 10908832 ER PT J AU Aguilar, C Navarro, ML Romieu, I AF Aguilar, C Navarro, ML Romieu, I TI Evolution of air pollution and impact of control programs in three Megacities of Latin America - Reply SO SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO LA Spanish DT Letter C1 Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Salud Poblac, Direcc Ciencias Ambientales, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. Org Panamer Salud, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Aguilar, C (reprint author), Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Salud Poblac, Direcc Ciencias Ambientales, Ave Univ 655, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU INST NACIONAL SALUD PUBLICA PI CUERNAVACA PA AV UNIVERSIDAD 655, COL SANTA MARIA AHUACATITLAN, CUERNAVACA 62508, MORELOS, MEXICO SN 0036-3634 J9 SALUD PUBLICA MEXICO JI Salud Publica Mexico PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 42 IS 4 BP 272 EP 273 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 357UG UT WOS:000089518800002 ER PT J AU Farley, TA Kahn, RH Johnson, G Cohen, DA AF Farley, TA Kahn, RH Johnson, G Cohen, DA TI Strategies for syphilis prevention - Findings from surveys in a high-incidence area SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; UNITED-STATES; EPIDEMIOLOGIC SYNERGY; TRANSMISSION; ELIMINATION; INFECTION; HEALTH; RATES AB Background: The persistence of syphilis in the United States suggests that a better understanding is needed of the potential for various public health approaches to prevent the spread of the disease. Study Design: The authors conducted surveys of 92 persons with early syphilis, 56 uninfected sexual contacts, and 143 neighborhood controls in the Baton Rouge, Louisiana area. The surveys collected information regarding sexual behavior, access to and use of healthcare services, encounters at sites at which serologic screening for syphilis could be done, and exposure to interventions designed to prevent HIV infection. Results: All groups reported high-risk sexual behavior. Cases and contacts were more likely than controls to report tno or more sex partners in the previous year, but the three groups were similar in the percentage reporting five or more sex partners, Cases had poor access to health care and by some measures this access was less than that of controls. The potential screening site visited most frequently by cases was the public hospital emergency room (40%). Cases mere less likely to have been exposed to programs designed to prevent HIV infection than uninfected contacts and controls combined (odds ratios, 0.51-0.66). Conclusions: Persons with syphilis were not unlike others in their neighborhoods, suggesting that syphilis is a sentinel event that indicates an entire neighborhood is at risk. Improvements in access to health care for sexually transmitted disease-related symptoms, screening in sites such as public hospital emergency rooms, and emphasizing sexual risk-reduction interventions may limit the spread of syphilis in these neighborhoods. To prevent syphilis in the long term, public health programs should also try to better understand and change other community-level socioeconomic factors that influence sexual behavior. C1 Louisiana Off Publ Hlth, New Orleans, LA 70160 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Farley, TA (reprint author), Louisiana Off Publ Hlth, POB 60630, New Orleans, LA 70160 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 6 BP 305 EP 310 DI 10.1097/00007435-200007000-00001 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 329VV UT WOS:000087929900001 PM 10907903 ER PT J AU Wasserheit, JN AF Wasserheit, JN TI Syphilis - A barometer of community health SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; UNITED-STATES; TRANSMISSION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wasserheit, JN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 6 BP 311 EP 312 DI 10.1097/00007435-200007000-00002 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 329VV UT WOS:000087929900002 PM 10907904 ER PT J AU Aral, SO AF Aral, SO TI Behavioral aspects of sexually transmitted diseases - Core groups and bridge populations SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID SPREAD; PATTERNS; THAILAND; HIV-1 C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, NCHSTP, Informat Technol Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Aral, SO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, NCHSTP, Informat Technol Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 6 BP 327 EP 328 DI 10.1097/00007435-200007000-00005 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 329VV UT WOS:000087929900005 PM 10907907 ER PT J AU Golden, MR Schillinger, JA Markowitz, L St Louis, ME AF Golden, MR Schillinger, JA Markowitz, L St Louis, ME TI Duration of untreated genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis - A review of the literature SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASE; TUBAL FACTOR INFERTILITY; TRACT INFECTION; NONGONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS; GONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CLINICAL EFFICACY; TEENAGE GIRLS; CELL-CULTURE; GUINEA-PIGS AB Background: Estimates of the duration of untreated genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis vary. Accurately estimating the distribution of the duration of infection would be useful in the counseling patients, and is essential when modeling the burden of chlamydial disease and the potential impact of prevention programs. Goal: The authors review the scientific literature to summarize what is known about the duration of genital chlamydial infection and the factors that affect it. Study Design: Literature review of animal and human studies. Results: Animal studies document a longer duration of infection in primates than in mice or guinea pigs. Although animals spontaneously become culture negative over time, numerous studies document persistent nonculture evidence of chlamydiae in the upper genital tract. Studies in which women have been serially cultured suggest that most untreated infections remain culture positive for more than 60 days. Small series report that some infections may persist for years. Most infections eventually become culture negative; however, non-culture evidence of chlamydiae often persist in women with negative cultures, The duration of chlamydial infection is reduced in animals previously exposed to chlamydiae and in older humans, suggesting that partial immunity may result from exposure. Data are inadequate to define the median duration of untreated infection or to derive a curve that describes the natural history of untreated genital chlamydial infections. Conclusion: Current data do not allow one to reliably estimate the duration of genital infections with C trachomatis. Systematic retesting could help to better define the duration of infection in patients who, against medical advice, delay treatment for genital chlamydial infections. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & STD, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Golden, MR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & STD, 1001 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 82 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 6 BP 329 EP 337 DI 10.1097/00007435-200007000-00006 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 329VV UT WOS:000087929900006 PM 10907908 ER PT J AU Gunn, RA Fitzgerald, S Aral, SO AF Gunn, RA Fitzgerald, S Aral, SO TI Sexually transmitted disease clinic clients at risk for subsequent gonorrhea and chlamydia infections - Possible 'core' transmitters SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SELECTIVE SCREENING CRITERIA; TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; CHAIN-REACTION; WOMEN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; URINE; PATTERNS; STRATEGY; FIELD AB Background: From an sexually transmitted disease (STD) intervention perspective, developing a practical way to identify persons in core transmitter groups has been difficult. However, persons who have repeated STD infections may be in such groups. Goal: To evaluate a self-administered risk assessment approach that would identify STD clinic clients who were at an increased risk of being involved in gonorrhea (GC) or chlamydia (CT) transmission in the subsequent year. Study Design: Prospective cohort of consecutive STD clinic clients with a 1-year follow-up period. Results: During a 6-month period in 1995, 2576 STD clinic clients in San Diego completed a risk assessment. Of those clients, 204 (7.9%) had a subsequent STD and 79 (3.1%) had a subsequent GC or CT infection during the 1-year follow-up period. The strongest predictor of a subsequent GC/CT was having a recent history or current clinic visit diagnosis of GC or CT (6.1% subsequent GC/CT rate). The more past episodes of GC or CT, the higher the subsequent GC/CT rate. Unsafe sexual behavior had little effect on further increasing subsequent GC/CT risk. Conclusion: STD clinic clients,vith a recent history of GC or CT and a high risk of subsequent GC/CT mag be core transmitters who could likely benefit from risk reduction, periodic screening for GC/CT, symptom recognition counseling, and preventive treatment-the essential elements of STD-prevention case management. C1 Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, STD Control Program, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gunn, RA (reprint author), Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, STD Control Program, P511B,3851 Rosecrans St, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. NR 28 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 6 BP 343 EP 349 DI 10.1097/00007435-200007000-00008 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 329VV UT WOS:000087929900008 PM 10907910 ER PT J AU Snawder, JE Savage, RE Swaminathan, S Frederickson, SM Reznikoff, CA AF Snawder, JE Savage, RE Swaminathan, S Frederickson, SM Reznikoff, CA TI Characterization of cytochrome P450-dependent and glutathione transferase activities in SV40-immortalized uroepithelial cell lines: Possible role in transformation and tumor formation SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE CYP450; glutathione transferase; SV40-transformed uroepithelial cells ID HUMAN LIVER-MICROSOMES; RAT-LIVER; ENZYMES; CANCER; 4-AMINOBIPHENYL; DEALKYLATION; OXIDATION AB An in vitro/in vivo transformation system has been developed as a model for bladder tumorigenesis. SV40-immortalized human uroepithelial cells are exposed to putative carcinogens and then implanted into athymic nude mice to test for tumorigenesis. Studies with 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) demonstrated that one cell line, SV-HUC-PC, was sensitive to chemical-induced transformation and another line, SV-HUC-BC, was refractory. We are currently testing this system as a model to identify occupational carcinogens and develop biomarkers of exposure and effects of exposure. As part of this study, we examined P450-dependent metabolism, glutathione transferase, and the effects of chemicals on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and repair in SV-HUC-PC and SV-HUC-BC. Activities for CYP1A1/1A2, CYP3A, and CYP2B1/2B2 were estimated by determining o-dealkylation of ethoxy-, benzoxy-, and pentoxy-resorufin, respectively. Coumarin hydroxylase and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase were used to estimate CYP2A and CYP2E1, respectively. SV-HUC-PC microsomes had fivefold greater CYP1A1/1A2 activity and twofold higher CYP3A activity than SV-HUC-BC. CYP2B1/2B2 and CYP2A activities and glutathione transferase were not different between the two cell Lines. DNA synthesis and repair, by BrdU incorporation, was not different between the two lines when N-methyL-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or other reactive metabolites were tested; however SV-HUC-PC was more sensitive to n-nitrosodimethylamine, 4-ABP, and 4,4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA). The data demonstrate that, while these cells have retained form-specific P450 activities, SV-HUC-PC has greater CYP1A1/1A2 and CYP3A activities. C1 NIOSH, Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Dept Oncol, Madison, WI USA. RP Snawder, JE (reprint author), NIOSH, Taft Labs, MS-C23,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 195 EP 201 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 350JV UT WOS:000089098300003 ER PT J AU Gabastou, JM Proano, J Vimos, A Jaramillo, G Hayes, E Gage, K Chu, M Guarner, J Zaki, S Bowers, J Guillemard, C Tamayo, H Ruiz, A AF Gabastou, JM Proano, J Vimos, A Jaramillo, G Hayes, E Gage, K Chu, M Guarner, J Zaki, S Bowers, J Guillemard, C Tamayo, H Ruiz, A TI An outbreak of plague including cases with probable pneumonic infection, Ecuador, 1998 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE plague; Yersinia pestis; pneumonic plague; outbreak; Ecuador AB During February and March of 1998, 12 sudden deaths were reported among residents of a high-Andean community in Ecuador. All 12 fatalities were members of the same extended family and some had apparent exposure to sick guinea-pigs. Following an initial investigation by public health officials, an additional death was reported in a nearby community in April, also associated with exposure to sick guinea-pigs. Blood samples from humans, dogs, and a rodent were tested for antibody to the Fl antigen of Yersinia pestis by passive haemagglutination assay. Tissue from rodents was subjected to direct fluorescent antibody staining using fluorescein-labelled monoclonal antibody to Y. pestis Fl antigen. Formalin-fixed specimens from the 2 autopsies were evaluated using a 2-step alkaline phosphatase immunoassay with a monoclonal antibody to Y. pestis Fl antigen, and tissues that had not been embedded in paraffin were tested for the presence of DNA encoding the Fl structural antigen by polymerase chain reaction. Serological evaluation of close contacts of the fatalities revealed positive titres to Fl antigen of Y, pestis, the aetiological agent of plague, in 3 contacts from the first community and 1 from the second. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues collected from 2 of the fatalities provided evidence that both had pneumonic plague. Five of 14 dogs found in the communities were seropositive for plague antibody, providing evidence of a recent epizootic plague in the area. C1 WHO, PAHO, Quito, Ecuador. Minist Hlth, Natl Direct Epidemiol, Quito, Ecuador. Prov Direct Epidemiol, Chimborazo, Ecuador. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. CDC, NCID, Infect Dis Pathol Activ, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, PAHO, Washington, DC USA. PROCED, Quito, Ecuador. RP Gabastou, JM (reprint author), OPS, OMS, Ave Amazonas 2889, Quito, Ecuador. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 4EY, ENGLAND SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 94 IS 4 BP 387 EP 391 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90114-7 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 351ME UT WOS:000089161600010 PM 11127240 ER PT J AU De Cock, KM Weiss, HA AF De Cock, KM Weiss, HA TI The global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Daan Mulder Memorial Symposium on Current Status of Knowledge on the Epidemiology, Natural History and Control of HIV/AIDS CY DEC 15, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND DE Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology; HIV infections epidemiology; World Health ID HIV-1; INFECTION AB The HIV pandemic continues to evolve, in both magnitude and diversity. In this paper, we briefly review the global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, reflecting on the differences by region, and the challenges posed by the evolving epidemics in terms of prevention and surveillance. Despite the reduction in numbers of new AIDS cases in the US and Western Europe due to advances in treatment, a constant number of new HIV infections persists every year, with evidence that in some settings high-risk behaviour has increased, indicating failure in primary prevention. However, the vast majority of new infections still occur in developing countries. The two giants, India and China, are set to determine Asia's ultimate contribution to the pandemic, but currently it is Africa that remains in the eye of the storm, with rapidly increasing epidemics in many countries in the south and east of the continent impacting on all levels of society. C1 Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Infect Dis Epidemiol Unit, MRC, Trop Epidemiol Grp, London WC1E 7HT, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Weiss, HA (reprint author), Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Infect Dis Epidemiol Unit, MRC, Trop Epidemiol Grp, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, England. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD JUL PY 2000 VL 5 IS 7 BP A3 EP A9 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 345GH UT WOS:000088807900009 PM 10964276 ER PT J AU Takahashi, H Pool, V Tsai, TF Chen, RT AF Takahashi, H Pool, V Tsai, TF Chen, RT CA VAERS Working Grp TI Adverse events after Japanese encephalitis vaccination: review of post-marketing surveillance data from Japan and the United States SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE Japanese encephalitis vaccine; vaccine adverse events; post-marketing surveillance ID IMMEDIATE-TYPE REACTIONS; VACCINES; GELATIN AB We determined the reporting rates for adverse events following the administration of inactivated mouse-brain derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JEV) based on post-marketing surveillance data from Japan and the United States. The rate of total adverse events per 100,000 doses was 2.8 in Japan and 15.0 in the United States. In Japan, 17 neurological disorders were reported from April 1996 to October 1998 for a rate of 0.2 per 100,000 doses. In the United States, no serious neurological adverse events temporally associated with JEV were reported from January 1993 to June 1999. Rates for systemic hypersensitivity reactions were 0.8 and 6.3 per 100,000 doses in Japan and the United States, respectively. Passively collected VAERS surveillance data indicate that characteristic hypersensitivity reactions with a delayed onset continue to occur among JEV recipients and that conservative recommendations limiting its use to travelers at high risk of infection with Japanese encephalitis are appropriate. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Safety & Dev Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Chen, RT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Safety & Dev Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Mail Stop E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 26 BP 2963 EP 2969 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00111-0 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 329DC UT WOS:000087890000006 PM 10825597 ER PT J AU Weldon, MM Smolinski, MS Maroufi, A Hasty, BW Gilliss, DL Boulanger, LL Balluz, LS Dutton, RJ AF Weldon, MM Smolinski, MS Maroufi, A Hasty, BW Gilliss, DL Boulanger, LL Balluz, LS Dutton, RJ TI Mercury poisoning associated with a Mexican beauty cream SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Objectives To describe demographic characteristics, patterns of use, and symptoms associated with mercury poisoning among persons who used a Mexican beauty cream containing mercurous chloride and to estimate the prevalence of cream use in Texas near the Mexico border. Design Case series and cross-sectional survey. Setting Border communities of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. Participants Persons who used the cream and contacted a health department in response to announcements about the cream and households that participated in the Survey of Health and Environmental Conditions in Texas Border Counties and Colonias, 1997. Main outcome measures Urine mercury concentrations, self-reported symptoms, and prevalence of cream use among households. Results Of 330 cream users who contacted their health department, 96% were women, and 95% were Hispanic. The mean urine mercury concentration was 146.7 mu g/L (reference range: 0-20 mu g/L). In 5% of 2,194 randomly selected Texas households near the Mexico border, at least 1 person had used "Crema de Belleza-Manning" (Laboratorios Vida Natural, SA., Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico) in the previous year. Conclusions Most cream users had increased urine mercury concentrations. Cream use was common in Texas near the Mexico border. Physicians should consider toxicity in patients with neurologic symptoms of unclear cause and use public health departments when investigating unusual illnesses. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Ctr Dis Control, San Diego Dept Hlth Serv, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, San Diego, CA USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Ctr Dis Control, New Mexico Dept Hlth, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Santa Fe, NM USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Weldon, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU B M J PUBLISHING INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 221 MAIN ST, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94120-7690 USA SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 173 IS 1 BP 15 EP 18 DI 10.1136/ewjm.173.1.15 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 329VQ UT WOS:000087929500011 PM 10903281 ER PT J AU Aultman, KS Walker, ED Gifford, F Severson, DW Ben Beard, C Scott, TW AF Aultman, KS Walker, ED Gifford, F Severson, DW Ben Beard, C Scott, TW TI Research ethics - Managing risks of arthropod vector research SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION; DISEASE C1 NIAID, Parasitol & Int Programs Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Philosophy, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Aultman, KS (reprint author), NIAID, Parasitol & Int Programs Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 30 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5475 BP 2321 EP 2322 DI 10.1126/science.288.5475.2321 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 329NP UT WOS:000087913400021 PM 10917830 ER PT J AU Kiss, E Ferenczi, F Vegh, E Lun, K AF Kiss, E Ferenczi, F Vegh, E Lun, K TI Prevalence of cigarette smoking among secondary school students - Budapest, Hungary, 1995 and 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 438-441, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Div Hlth Promot & Protect, Dept Child & Youth Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Metropolitan Inst State Publ Hlth, Budapest, Hungary. Publ Hlth Officer Serv, Budapest, Hungary. CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Epidemiol Branch, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kiss, E (reprint author), Div Hlth Promot & Protect, Dept Child & Youth Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 28 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 24 BP 3190 EP 3191 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 326TY UT WOS:000087753900010 ER PT J AU Shilkret, K Liu, Z Santos, F Dillon, M Schulman, ME Kreiswirth, B Bifani, P Moghazeh, S Mathema, B AF Shilkret, K Liu, Z Santos, F Dillon, M Schulman, ME Kreiswirth, B Bifani, P Moghazeh, S Mathema, B TI Misdiagnoses of tuberculosis resulting from laboratory cross-contamination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures - New Jersey, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 413-416, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. Publ Hlth Res Inst, TB Ctr, New York, NY USA. CDC, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shilkret, K (reprint author), New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 28 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 24 BP 3191 EP 3193 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 326TY UT WOS:000087753900012 ER PT J AU Robbins, AS Chao, SY Coil, GA Fonseca, VP AF Robbins, AS Chao, SY Coil, GA Fonseca, VP TI Costs of smoking among active duty US Air Force personnel - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 441-445, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 USAF, Off Prevent & Hlth Serv Assessment, Med Operat Agcy, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Robbins, AS (reprint author), USAF, Off Prevent & Hlth Serv Assessment, Med Operat Agcy, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 28 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 24 BP 3193 EP 3195 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 326TY UT WOS:000087753900014 ER PT J AU Fiore, MC Bailey, WC Cohen, SJ Dorfman, SF Fox, BJ Goldstein, MG Gritz, E Hasselblad, V Heyman, RB Jaen, CR Jorenby, D Kottke, TE Lando, HA Mecklenburg, RE Mullen, PD Nett, L Piper, M Robinson, L Stitzer, M Tommasello, A Welsch, S Villejo, L Wewers, ME Baker, TB AF Fiore, MC Bailey, WC Cohen, SJ Dorfman, SF Fox, BJ Goldstein, MG Gritz, E Hasselblad, V Heyman, RB Jaen, CR Jorenby, D Kottke, TE Lando, HA Mecklenburg, RE Mullen, PD Nett, L Piper, M Robinson, L Stitzer, M Tommasello, A Welsch, S Villejo, L Wewers, ME Baker, TB CA Tobacco Use Dependence Clin Prac TI A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence - A US Public Health Service report SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SMOKING-CESSATION; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; NICOTINE GUM; MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION; QUIT; ADVICE; PROGRAMS; PATTERNS; BENEFITS; SMOKERS AB Objective To summarize the recently published US Public Health Service report Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. A Clinical Practice Guideline, which provides recommendations for brief clinical interventions, intensive clinical interventions, and system changes to promote the treatment of tobacco dependence. Participants An independent panel of 18 scientists, clinicians, consumers, and methodologists selected by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. A consortium of 7 governmental and nonprofit organizations sponsored the update. Evidence Approximately 6000 English-language, peer-reviewed articles and abstracts, published between 1975 and 1999, were reviewed for data that addressed assessment and treatment of tobacco dependence. This literature served as the basis for more than 50 meta-analyses. Consensus Process One panel meeting and numerous conference calls and staff meetings were held to evaluate meta-analytic and other results, to synthesize the results, and to develop recommendations. The updated guideline was then externally reviewed by more than 70 experts and revised. Conclusions This evidence-based, updated guideline provides specific recommendations regarding brief and intensive tobacco cessation interventions as well as system-level changes designed to promote the assessment and treatment of tobacco use. Brief clinical approaches for patients willing and unwilling to quit are described. Major conclusions and recommendations include: (1) Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that warrants repeated treatment until long-term or permanent abstinence is achieved. (2) Effective treatments for tobacco dependence exist and all tobacco users should be offered those treatments. (3) Clinicians and health care delivery systems must institutionalize the consistent identification, documentation, and treatment of every tobacco user at every visit. (4) Brief tobacco dependence treatment is effective, and every tobacco user should be offered at least brief treatment. (5) There is a strong dose-response relationship between the intensity of tobacco dependence counseling and its effectiveness. (6) Three types of counseling were found to be especially effective-practical counseling, social support as part of treatment, and social support arranged outside of treatment. (7) Five first-line pharmacotherapies for tobacco dependence-sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride, nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, and nicotine patch-are effective, and at least 1 of these medications should be prescribed in the absence of contraindications. (8) Tobacco dependence treatments are cost-effective relative to other medical and disease prevention interventions; as such, all health insurance plans should include as a reimbursed benefit the counseling and pharmacotherapeutic treatments identified as effective in the updated guideline. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Ctr Tobacco Res & Intervent, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Arizona, Prevent Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Bayer Inst Hlth Care Commun, Portland, OR USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Duke Clin Res Inst, Durham, NC USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Elk Grove Village, IL USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Natl Lung Hlth Educ Program, Denver, CO USA. Philadelphia Dept Hlth, Philadelphia, PA USA. Johns Hopkins Bayview Med Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Pharm, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Agcy Hlth Care Res & Qual, Rockville, MD USA. NIDA, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Fiore, MC (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Ctr Tobacco Res & Intervent, 1930 Monroe St,Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 43 TC 474 Z9 491 U1 9 U2 80 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 28 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 24 BP 3244 EP 3254 PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 326TY UT WOS:000087753900039 ER PT J AU Cookson, ST AF Cookson, ST TI Misconceptions about tuberculosis among immigrants to the United States SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Migrat Hlth Assessment Sect, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cookson, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Migrat Hlth Assessment Sect, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUN 24 PY 2000 VL 320 IS 7251 BP 1726 EP 1727 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 329UJ UT WOS:000087926400032 PM 10917699 ER PT J AU Spiegel, PB Salama, P AF Spiegel, PB Salama, P TI War and mortality in Kosovo, 1998-99: an epidemiological testimony SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS; SOMALIA; FAMINE; BOSNIA; SUDAN AB Background The total number, rates, and causes of mortality in Kosovo during the last war remain unclear despite intense international attention. Understanding mortality that results from modern warfare, in which 90% of casualties are civilian, and identifying vulnerable civilian groups, are of critical public-health importance. Methods In September 1999 we conducted a two-stage cluster survey among the Kosovar Albanian population in Kosovo. We collected retrospective mortality data, including cause of death, for the period of the conflict. Findings The survey included 1197 households comprising 8605 people. From February, 1998, through June, 1999, 67 (64%) of 105 deaths in the sample population were attributed to war-related trauma, corresponding to 12 000 (95% CI 5500-18 300) deaths in the total population. The crude mortality rate increased 2.3 times from the pre-conflict level to 0.72 per 1000 a month. Mortality rates peaked in April 1999 at 3.25 per 1000 a month, coinciding with an intensification of the Serbian campaign of "ethnic cleansing". Men of military age (15-49 years) and men 50 years and older had the highest age-specific mortality rates from war-related trauma. However, the latter group were more than three times as likely to die of war-related trauma than were men of military age (relative risk 3.2). Interpretation Raising awareness among the international humanitarian community of the increased risk of mortality from war-related trauma among men of 50 years and older in some settings is an urgent priority. Establishing evacuation programmes to assist older people to find refuge may prevent loss of life. Such mortality data could be used as evidence that governments and military groups have violated international standards of conduct during warfare. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDC, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Spiegel, PB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 9 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 24 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9222 BP 2204 EP 2209 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02404-1 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 327DX UT WOS:000087779000012 PM 10881894 ER PT J AU Woods, CW Sackey, SO Bugri, S Perkins, BA Rosenstein, NE AF Woods, CW Sackey, SO Bugri, S Perkins, BA Rosenstein, NE TI Meningococcal immunisation in Ghana - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter ID VACCINATION STRATEGIES; MENINGITIS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ghana Minist Hlth, Accra, Ghana. RP Rosenstein, NE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 24 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9222 BP 2252 EP 2253 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)72751-3 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 327DX UT WOS:000087779000054 ER PT J AU Ridzon, R Curtis, A Hargreaves, J AF Ridzon, R Curtis, A Hargreaves, J TI Tuberculosis in a child in North Dakota. Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Altru Hlth Care Syst, Grand Forks, ND 58206 USA. RP Ridzon, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 22 PY 2000 VL 342 IS 25 BP 1918 EP 1919 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 325YK UT WOS:000087704700017 ER PT J AU Hathcock, AL Nace, C Johnson, D Quimbo, R Venezia, R Chapin, A Cline, JS Buckheit, K Webb, P Ball, R Scruggs, N Jenkins, S Peipins, LA Monti, M Brooks, M AF Hathcock, AL Nace, C Johnson, D Quimbo, R Venezia, R Chapin, A Cline, JS Buckheit, K Webb, P Ball, R Scruggs, N Jenkins, S Peipins, LA Monti, M Brooks, M TI Surveillance for possible estuary-associated syndrome - Six states, 1998-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 372-374, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Delaware Dept Hlth & Social Serv, New Castle, DE 19720 USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. S Carolina Dept Hlth & Environm Control, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. CDC, Virginia Dept Hlth, Hlth Studies Br,Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effec, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hathcock, AL (reprint author), Delaware Dept Hlth & Social Serv, New Castle, DE 19720 USA. RI Sapkota, Amy/A-6046-2011 NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 21 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 23 BP 3062 EP 3063 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 323PV UT WOS:000087574900011 ER PT J AU Harrison, P Kassler, WJ AF Harrison, P Kassler, WJ TI Alcohol policy and sexually transmitted disease rates - United States, 1981-1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 346-349, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Brandeis Univ, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. CDC, New Hampshire Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Harrison, P (reprint author), Brandeis Univ, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 21 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 23 BP 3063 EP 3064 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 323PV UT WOS:000087574900013 ER PT J CA CDC TI Prevalence of leisure-time and occupational physical activity among employed adults - United States, 1990 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 420, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Phys Act & Hlth Br, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Cardiovasc Hlth Br, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Phys Act & Hlth Br, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 21 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 23 BP 3064 EP 3065 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 323PV UT WOS:000087574900015 ER PT J AU Fapore, D Lurie, P Moll, M Weltman, A Rankin, J AF Fapore, D Lurie, P Moll, M Weltman, A Rankin, J TI Public health aspects of the rainbow family of living light annual gathering - Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 324-326, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Penn Dept Hlth, Epidemiol Program Off, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fapore, D (reprint author), Penn Dept Hlth, Epidemiol Program Off, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 21 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 23 BP 3065 EP 3066 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 323PV UT WOS:000087574900017 ER PT J AU Perdue, DG Bulkow, LR Gellin, BG Davidson, M Petersen, KM Singleton, RJ Parkinson, AJ AF Perdue, DG Bulkow, LR Gellin, BG Davidson, M Petersen, KM Singleton, RJ Parkinson, AJ TI Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in Alaskan residents aged 10 years and older before and after infant vaccination programs SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID REDUCES OROPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; HEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; CONJUGATE VACCINE; B DISEASE; ADULTS; INFECTIONS; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SPECTRUM; BACTEREMIA AB Context The introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination of children has led to a decline in incidence of Hib disease in young Alaskan children, How ever, the impact of vaccination on unimmunized Alaskan adolescents and adults has not been studied. Objective To characterize trends in incidence of and mortality due to invasive H influenzae disease in Alaskan residents aged 10 years and older prior to and after the introduction of a statewide Hib infant vaccination program. Design and Setting Population-based, descriptive correlational study conducted 1980-1996 in Alaska, Subjects One hundred twenty-nine individuals (31 Alaska Natives and 98 nonnative Alaska residents) aged 10 years and older in whom H influenzae was cultured from a normally sterile site. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of H influenzae infection before (1980-1990) vs after (1991-1996) vaccination program initiation; serotype, biotype, and p-lactamase production of isolates. Results The overall annual incidence of invasive H influenzae in those aged 10 years and older declined 33%, from 2.1 per 100000 persons per year to 1.4 per 100000 persons per year (P=.03) after initiation of statewide infant Hib vaccination programs in 1991. This reduction appeared to be the result of a decrease in serotype b disease (82%; P<.001). Infection with other H influenzae serotypes and nontypeable strains increased from 0.5 per 100000 persons per year to 1.1 per 100000 persons per year (P =.01). Incidence declined from 4.2 per 100000 persons per year to 1.2 per 100000 persons per year in Alaska Natives (P=.005) and from 1.7 per 100000 persons per year to 1.4 per 100000 persons per year in non native Alaska residents (P =.37). Pneumonia (43%), sepsis (26%), and meningitis (16%) were the most common clinical presentations. Alcohol/drug abuse was comorbid in 15% of patients, while 13% of patients were pregnant women. beta-Lactamase production occurred in 35% of isolates and was stable throughout the surveillance. The overall case-fatality rate was 15%. Conclusion The overall statewide incidence of invasive H influenzae infections in unimmunized persons aged 10 years and older decreased after the initiation of an infant Hib vaccine program, perhaps by decreasing Hib carriage in child reservoirs. An increase in non-serotype b strains was observed. This trend justifies the need for continued surveillance of invasive disease caused by H influenzas. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA USA. Alaska Native Med Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. Alaska Native Tribal Hlth Consortium, Anchorage, AK USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. RP Parkinson, AJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 30 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 21 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 23 BP 3089 EP 3094 DI 10.1001/jama.283.23.3089 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 323PV UT WOS:000087574900033 PM 10865303 ER PT J AU Bobo, JK Lee, NC Thames, SF AF Bobo, JK Lee, NC Thames, SF TI Findings from 752081 clinical breast examinations reported to a national screening program from 1995 through 1998 SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID CANCER; MAMMOGRAPHY; WOMEN; GUIDELINES; AGE AB Background and Methods: Mammography programs have received extensive study, but little is known about the outcome of clinical breast examinations (CBEs) performed in community settings. Consequently, we analyzed data from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program on CBEs provided to low-income women from 1995 through 1998 and determined the percentage of CBEs considered to be abnormal, suspicious for cancer; the rates of cancer detection; and the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of CBEs. Results: We analyzed data from 752081 CBEs and found that 6.9% of all CBEs were coded abnormal, suspicious for cancer, and that 5.0 cancers were detected per 1000 examinations (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.9-5.2), The values observed for sensitivity (58.8%) and specificity (93.4%) were comparable to those reported for the CBE component of clinical trials. The observed positive predictive value was 4.3%. About 74% of all records also reported mammography results. The cancer-detection rate among records reporting an abnormal CBE and normal mammography was 7.4 cancers per 1000 records (95% CT = 6.3-8.4), When the CBE was normal but the mammography was abnormal, the rate was 42.0 cancers per 1000 records (95% CI = 39.9-44.1), When both CBE and mammography results were abnormal, the rate was 170.3 cancers per 1000 records (95% CT = 162.7-177.9), Cancer detection could not be attributed entirely to CBE or mammography on 38% of the records in the latter subset because the tests were performed on the same day. Conclusion: CBEs performed in community-based screening programs can detect breast cancers as effectively as CBEs performed in clinical trials and may modestly improve early-detection campaigns. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Bobo, JK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, MS K55,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 32 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD JUN 21 PY 2000 VL 92 IS 12 BP 971 EP 976 DI 10.1093/jnci/92.12.971 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 326KX UT WOS:000087735600009 PM 10861308 ER PT J AU Herwaldt, BL de Arroyave, KR Roberts, JM Juranek, DD AF Herwaldt, BL de Arroyave, KR Roberts, JM Juranek, DD TI A multiyear prospective study of the risk factors for and incidence of diarrheal illness in a cohort of peace corps volunteers in Guatemala SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TRAVELERS DIARRHEA; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; UNITED-STATES; MEXICO; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTION; POPULATION; RESIDENTS; LOCATION AB Background: Diarrheal illness is the most common medical disorder among travelers from developed to developing countries and is common among expatriate residents in developing countries. Objective: To assess the risk factors for and incidence of diarrheal illness among Americans living in a developing country. Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Setting: Rural Guatemala. Patients: Cohort of 36 Peace Corps volunteers. Measurements: Collection of daily dietary and symptom data for more than 2 years; identification by multivariate Poisson regression analyses of risk factors for clinically defined episodes of diarrheal illness. Results: The 36 Peace Corps volunteers in this study had 307 diarrheal episodes (median, 7 per person), which lasted a median of 4 days (range, 1 to 112) and a total of 10.1% of the 23 689 person-days in the study. The incidence density (episodes per person-year) was 4.7 for the study as a whole, 6.1 for the first 6-month period, 5.2 for the second 6-month period, and 3.6 thereafter. Statistically significant risk factors for diarrheal illness included drinking water whose source (for example, the tap) and, therefore, quality, was unknown to the person; eating food prepared by a Guatemalan friend or family; eating food at a small, working-class restaurant; eating fruit peeled by someone other than a Peace Corps volunteer; drinking an iced beverage; and eating ice cream, ice milk, or flavored ices. The relative risks comparing the presence of these exposures during the first 6-month period overseas with their absence during the second year of residence ranged from 1.90 to 2.67, and the summary attributable risk percentage (that is, the percentage of diarrheal episodes that could be ascribed to the exposures) was 75.4%. Exposures generally were riskier if they occurred during travel elsewhere in Guatemala rather than in the person's usual work area. Conclusions: Diarrheal illness of mild-to-moderate severity continued to occur throughout Peace Corps service but decreased in incidence as length of stay increased. Various dietary behaviors increased the risk for diarrheal illness, which suggests that avoidance of potentially risky foods and beverages is beneficial. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Peace Corps Med Off, Guatemala City, Guatemala. RP Herwaldt, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JUN 20 PY 2000 VL 132 IS 12 BP 982 EP 988 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 325HU UT WOS:000087670800008 PM 10858182 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Hanson, DL AF Dworkin, MS Hanson, DL TI Epidemiologic relation between HIV and invasive pneumococcal disease in San Francisco county, California SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dworkin, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JUN 20 PY 2000 VL 132 IS 12 BP 1009 EP 1009 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 325HU UT WOS:000087670800028 PM 10858168 ER PT J AU Bush, RM Smith, CB Cox, NJ Fitch, WM AF Bush, RM Smith, CB Cox, NJ Fitch, WM TI Effects of passage history and sampling bias on phylogenetic reconstruction of human influenza A evolution SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Variation and Evalution in Plants and Micro-organisms - Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years after Stebbins CY JAN 27-29, 2000 CL IRVINE, CALIFORNIA SP Natl Acad Sci ID VIRUS; CELLS AB In this paper we determine the extent to which host-mediated mutations and a known sampling bias affect evolutionary studies of human influenza A. Previous phylogenetic reconstruction of influenza A (H3N2) evolution using the hemagglutinin gene revealed an excess of nonsilent substitutions assigned to the terminal branches of the tree. We investigate two hypotheses to explain this observation, The first hypothesis is that the excess reflects mutations that were either not present or were at low frequency in the viral sample isolated from its human host, and that these mutations increased in frequency during passage of the virus in embryonated eggs. A set of 22 codons known to undergo such "host-mediated" mutations showed a significant excess of mutations assigned to branches attaching sequences from egg-cultured las opposed to cell-cultured) isolates to the tree. Our second hypothesis is that the remaining excess results from sampling bias. Influenza surveillance is purposefully biased toward sequencing antigenically dissimilar strains in an effort to identify new variants that may signal the need to update the vaccine. This bias produces an excess of mutations assigned to terminal branches simply because an isolate with no close relatives is by definition attached to the tree by a relatively long branch. Simulations show that the magnitude of excess mutations we observed in the hemagglutinin tree is consistent with expectations based on our sampling protocol. Sampling bias does not affect inferences about evolution drawn from phylogenetic analyses. However, if possible, the excess caused by host-mediated mutations should be removed from studies of the evolution of influenza viruses as they replicate in their human hosts. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bush, RM (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 321 Steinhaus, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [1R01AI44474-01, R01 AI044474] NR 8 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 20 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 13 BP 6974 EP 6980 DI 10.1073/pnas.97.13.6974 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 327UH UT WOS:000087811600014 PM 10860959 ER PT J AU Garcia, JB Morzunov, SP Levis, S Rowe, J Calderon, G Enria, D Sabattini, M Buchmeier, MJ Bowen, MD St Jeort, SC AF Garcia, JB Morzunov, SP Levis, S Rowe, J Calderon, G Enria, D Sabattini, M Buchmeier, MJ Bowen, MD St Jeort, SC TI Genetic diversity of the Junin virus in Argentina: Geographic and temporal patterns SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID CHANGE; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; ENDEMIC AREA; PROGRESSIVE EXTENSION; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR-BASIS; STRAINS; GLYCOPROTEIN AB RNA was purified from 39 strains of cell-cultured Junin virus (JUN) from central Argentina, which included both human- and rodent-derived isolates (a total of 26 and 13, respectively), as well as from 2 laboratory JUN strains, XJ CI3 and XJ #44. JUN-specific primers were used to amplify a 511-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the nucleocapsid protein gene and a 495-nt fragment of the glycoprotein 1 (GP1) gene. Genetic diversity among JUN strains studied was up to 13% at the nt lever and up to 9% at the amino acid (aa) level for the GP1 gene and up to 9% (nt) and 4% (aa) for the NP gene. Phylogenetic analyses of both genes revealed three distinct clades. The first clade was composed of the JUN strains from the center of the endemic area and included the majority of JUN strains analyzed in the current study. The second clade contained 4 JUN strains isolated between 1963 and 1971 from Cordoba Province, the western-most edge of the known endemic area. The third clade contained 4 JUN strains that originated from Calomys musculinus trapped in Zarate, the northeastern edge of the known endemic area. Certain JUN sequences, which were obtained from GenBank and identified as XJ, XJ #44, and Candid #1 strains, appeared to form a separate clade. Over 400 nt of the GP1 and GP2 genes were additionally sequenced for 7 JUN strains derived from patients with different clinical presentations and outcomes of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Analysis of the corresponding aa sequences did not allow us to attribute any particular genetic marker to the changing severity or clinical farm of the human disease. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Microbiol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Inst Nacl Enfermedades Virales Humanas, Pergamino, Argentina. Univ Nevada, Dept Pathol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Nevada State Hlth Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP St Jeort, SC (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Microbiol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI36418, AI39808, AI45059] NR 42 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUN 20 PY 2000 VL 272 IS 1 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0345 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 330EG UT WOS:000087949400013 PM 10873755 ER PT J AU Thacker, SB AF Thacker, SB TI Midline versus mediolateral episiotomy SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Thacker, SB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUN 17 PY 2000 VL 320 IS 7250 BP 1615 EP 1616 DI 10.1136/bmj.320.7250.1615 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 326KG UT WOS:000087734200001 PM 10856042 ER PT J AU Chapman, LE Green, TA Ahmed, F Parekh, BS Rimland, D Kaplan, JE Thompson, MA Folks, TM AF Chapman, LE Green, TA Ahmed, F Parekh, BS Rimland, D Kaplan, JE Thompson, MA Folks, TM TI Effect of clinical events on plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in persons with CD4+T-lymphocyte counts of more than 500 x 10(6) cells/l SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV-1 infection; immunizations; immune activation; infections; plasma viral load ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; VIRAL LOAD; HIV-1-INFECTED PATIENTS; IMMUNE ACTIVATION; COMBINATION THERAPY; INDUCED DISEASE; TYPE-1 LOAD; IN-VITRO; INFECTION AB Objective: Immune stimulation of CD4 lymphocytes is thought to enhance HIV-1 replication in vivo. Therefore, we sought to define the impact of clinical events identified as putative immune activators on the variability of plasma HIV-I RNA levels in persons with CD4 cell counts greater than 500 x 10(6) cells/l. Design: We prospectively recorded clinical events and measured plasma HIV-1 RNA levels weekly for 24 weeks in 16 HIV-l-infected adults who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy and who had CD4 cell counts greater than 500 x 106 cells/l. Methods: Standard weekly interviews were conducted to capture potential immune activators (e.g., infections, immunizations, and allergic reactions). All plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were measured using the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor assay (Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, New Jersey, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results: Participants had remarkably stable viral loads during the 6 month study period. Infections were significantly more frequent during the 7 days prior to individual HIV-1 RNA measurements that exceeded the assay variation thresholds determined for this study (+/- 0.324 log) than during the comparable time periods preceding stable measurements (P = 0.023). As a group, the eight participants who had one to four HIV-1 RNA measurements that exceeded the thresholds experienced more infections and declining CD4 cell counts over the study course compared to the eight participants whose measurements all fell within the thresholds (P = 0.058 and 0.053 respectively). Conclusions: Our study suggests that in untreated HIV-1-infected persons with CD4 cell count greater than 500 X 10(6) cells/l, viral load is generally quite stable, although acute minor infections are associated with transient fluctuations generally lasting no more than 1 week. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, DASTLR, NCID,CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, DASTLR, NCID,CDC, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, DASTLR, NCID,CDC, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. AIDS Res Consortium Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chapman, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, DASTLR, NCID,CDC, Mailstop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN 16 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1135 EP 1146 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006160-00010 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 326KY UT WOS:000087735700010 PM 10894277 ER PT J AU Smith, DK Gwinn, M Selik, RM Miller, KS Dean-Gaitor, H Ma'at, PI De Cock, KM Gayle, HD AF Smith, DK Gwinn, M Selik, RM Miller, KS Dean-Gaitor, H Ma'at, PI De Cock, KM Gayle, HD TI HIV/AIDS among African Americans: progress or progression? SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE African Americans; epidemiology; seroprevalence; sexual behavior; drug users; mortality; HIV; AIDS ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK-REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS; ARMY RESERVE COMPONENTS; AIDS BEHAVIORAL SURVEYS; INJECTION-DRUG USERS; UNITED-STATES; HIV-INFECTION; NATIONAL SURVEY AB Objectives: To review data on the extent of HIV infection and associated risk behaviors, the occurrence of AIDS, and HIV-related mortality in African Americans and to suggest what can be done to reduce HIV exposure and infection in this population. Design/methods: Review of epidemiologic, published, multisite data on HIV infection in, and related behaviors of, African Americans. Results: On every epidemiologic measure in common use, African Americans, compared with the four other federally recognized racial/ethnic groups, have the most severe epidemic. The trend data show continuing growth in the African American epidemic despite the availability of effective behavioral interventions and biomedical treatments. Few published intervention studies with African American populations have been adequately evaluated; nor have they focused proportionately on men who have sex with men, a group in the African American community with continuing high rates of infection. Conclusions: Rates of HIV transmission and disease among African Americans are high, disproportionate, and are not declining as significantly in response to effective interventions as they are among whites. Attention is urgently needed to increase our understanding of risk behaviors, social networks, and specific factors in the African American community that can be altered to reduce HIV infection. Macroenvironmental factors - poverty, social class, racism - need to be studied to suggest possible intervention components to reduce rates of HIV transmission and to increase the use of therapies that are more effectively slowing disease progression and lowering death rates among whites. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Smith, DK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 92 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN 16 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1237 EP 1248 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006160-00022 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 326KY UT WOS:000087735700022 PM 10894289 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, SD Holtgrave, DR DiFranceisco, W Semaan, S Coyle, SL Johnson-Masotti, AP AF Pinkerton, SD Holtgrave, DR DiFranceisco, W Semaan, S Coyle, SL Johnson-Masotti, AP TI Cost-threshold analyses of the National AIDS Demonstration Research HIV prevention interventions SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE cost-effectiveness; prevention; modeling; injection drug use; economic analysis; HIV ID RISK-REDUCTION; NEEDLE-EXCHANGE; DRUG-USERS; INFECTION; MODEL; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE AB Objective: The goal of the multisite National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) program was to reduce the sexual and drug injection-related HIV risks of out-of-treatment injection drug users and their sex partners. Previous analyses have established that the NADR interventions were effective at changing participants' risky behaviors. This study was to determine whether the NADR program also was cost-effective. Methods: Data from eight NADR study sites were included in the analysis. A mathematical model was used to translate reported sexual and injection-related behavior changes into an estimate of the number of infections prevented by the NADR interventions and then to calculate the corresponding savings in averted HIV/AIDS medical care costs and quality-adjusted years of life, assuming United Stares values for these parameters. Because cost data were not collected in the original NADR evaluation, the savings in averted medical care costs were compared with the cost of implementing a similar intervention program for injection drug users. Results: The eight NADR interventions prevented approximately 129 infections among 6629 participants and their partners. Overall, the NADR program would be cost saving (i.e. provide net economic savings) ii it cost less than US$2107 per person and would be cast-effective ii it cost less than US$10 264 per person. Both of these estimates are considerably larger than the US$273 per person cost of the comparison intervention. There was substantial cross-site variability. Conclusions: The results of this analysis strongly suggest that the NADR interventions were cost-saving overall and were; at the very least, cost-effective at all eight sites. In the United States and other developed counties, investments in HIV-prevention interventions such as these have the potential to save substantial economic resources by averting HIV-related medical care expenses among injection drug users. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Pinkerton, SD (reprint author), Med Coll Wisconsin, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU513481-01] NR 51 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN 16 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1257 EP 1268 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006160-00024 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 326KY UT WOS:000087735700024 PM 10894291 ER PT J AU Dai, RJ Frejtag, W He, B Zhang, Y Mivechi, NF AF Dai, RJ Frejtag, W He, B Zhang, Y Mivechi, NF TI c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase targeting and phosphorylation of heat shock factor-1 suppress its transcriptional activity SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; STRESS-INDUCED APOPTOSIS; MAP KINASE; DNA-BINDING; FACTOR HSF1; FACTOR-I; CELLS; FAMILY; GENE; REPRESSION AB The mammalian heat shock transcription factor HSF-1 regulates the expression of the heat shock proteins, molecular chaperones that are involved in cellular processes from higher order assembly to protein degradation. HSF-1 is a phosphorylated monomer under physiological growth conditions and is located mainly in the cytoplasm. Upon activation by a variety of environmental stresses, HSF-I is translocated into the nucleus, forms trimers, acquires DNA binding activity, is hyperphosphorylated, appears as punctate granules, and increases transcriptional activity of target genes. As cells recover from stress, the punctate granules gradually disappear, and HSF-I appears in a diffused staining pattern in the cytoplasm and nucleus. We have previously shown that the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK phosphorylates and suppresses HSF-l-driven transcription. Here, Re show that c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) also phosphorylates and inactivates HSF-I. Overexpression of JNK facilitates the rapid disappearance of HSF-1 punctate granules after heat shock Similar to ERE, JNK binds to HSF-1 in the conserved mitogen-activated protein kinases binding motifs and phosphorylates HSF-1 in the regulatory domain. The overexpression of an HSF-l-green fluorescent protein fusion construct lacking JNK phosphorylation sites causes this HSF-1 mutant to form nuclear granules that remain longer in the nucleus after heat shock. Taken together, these findings indicate that JNK phosphorylates HSF-1 and suppresses its transcriptional activity by rapidly clearing HSF-1 hom the sites of transcription. C1 Med Coll Georgia, Inst Mol Med & Genet, Gene Regulat Grp, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. Med Coll Georgia, Dept Radiol, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Mivechi, NF (reprint author), Med Coll Georgia, Inst Mol Med & Genet, Gene Regulat Grp, 1120 15th St,CB2803, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA62130] NR 56 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUN 16 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 24 BP 18210 EP 18218 DI 10.1074/jbc.M000958200 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 325CU UT WOS:000087659400042 PM 10747973 ER PT J AU Ford, ES AF Ford, ES TI Serum copper concentration and coronary heart disease among US adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cohort studies; copper; coronary disease ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LONG-TERM VARIABILITY; HEALTHY-ADULTS; ARTERY DISEASE; TRACE-ELEMENTS; PROSPECTIVE POPULATION; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; EASTERN FINLAND; PLASMA COPPER AB Copper, a strong prooxidant, may play a role in atherogenesis. The author examined the association between serum copper concentration and mortality from coronary heart disease using data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1992). Serum copper concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. After various exclusions, 151 deaths from coronary heart disease occurred among 4,574 participants aged 230 years. At baseline, the age-adjusted serum copper concentration was about 5% higher among participants who died from coronary heart disease than among those who did not (p = 0.072). After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, smoking status, systolic blood pressure. serum cholesterol, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, recreational activity, nonrecreational activity, history of diabetes, and white blood cell count, the hazard ratios for death from coronary heart disease for serum copper concentrations in the second, third, and fourth quartiles (versus the first quartile) were 1.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93, 3.66), 2.14 (95% CI: 1.21, 3.77), and 2.87 (95% CI: 1.57, 5.25), respectively. Several prospective studies, including the present analysis, have found elevated serum copper concentrations to be associated with cardiovascular disease. Whether copper directly affects atherogenesis or is a marker of inflammation associated with atherosclerosis remains to be established. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 69 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 12 BP 1182 EP 1188 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 325JP UT WOS:000087672700006 PM 10905530 ER PT J AU Doebbeling, BN Clarke, WR Watson, D Torner, JC Woolson, RF Voelker, MD Barrett, DH Schwartz, DA AF Doebbeling, BN Clarke, WR Watson, D Torner, JC Woolson, RF Voelker, MD Barrett, DH Schwartz, DA TI Is there a Persian Gulf War syndrome? Evidence from a large population-based survey of veterans and nondeployed controls SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEALTH; SYMPTOMS; MODEL AB PURPOSE: Concerns have been raised about whether veterans of the Gulf War have a medical illness of uncertain etiology. We surveyed veterans to look for evidence of an illness that was unique to those deployed to the Persian Gulf and was not seen in comparable military controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based sample of veterans (n = 1,896 from 889 units) deployed to the Persian Gulf and other Gulf War-era controls (n = 1799 from 893 units) who did not serve in the Gulf were surveyed in 1995-1996. Seventy-six percent of eligible subjects, including 91% of located subjects, answered questions about commonly reported and potentially important symptoms. We used factor analysis, a statistical technique that can identify patterns of related responses, on a random subset of the deployed veterans to identify latent patterns of symptoms. The results from this derivation sample were compared with those obtained from a separate validation sample of deployed veterans, as well as the nondeployed controls, to determine whether the results were replicable and unique. RESULTS: One half (50%) of the deployed veterans and 14% of the nondeployed controls reported health problems that they attributed to military service during 1990-1991. Compared with the nondeployed controls, the deployed veterans had significantly greater prevalences of 123 of 137 (90%) symptoms; none was significantly lower. Factor analysis identified three replicable symptom factors (or patterns) in the deployed veterans (convergent correlations greater than or equal to 0.85). However, these patterns were also highly replicable in the nondeployed controls (convergent correlations of 0.95 to 0.98). The three factors also accounted for similar proportions of the common variance among the deployed veterans (35%) and nondeployed controls (30%). CONCLUSIONS: The increased prevalence of nearly every symptom assessed from all bodily organ systems among the Gulf War veterans is difficult to explain pathophysiologically as a single condition. Identification of the same patterns of symptoms among the deployed veterans and nondeployed controls suggests that the health complaints of Gulf War veterans are similar to those of the general military population and are not consistent with the existence of a unique Gulf War syndrome. Am J Med. 2000;108:695-704. (C)2000 by Excerpta Medica, Inc. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Iowa City Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Iowa City, IA USA. Iowa City Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Doebbeling, BN (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, SE 625 GH,200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RI Doebbeling, Bradley/C-6620-2009; Watson, David/D-8129-2011 FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU711513] NR 39 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 650 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 108 IS 9 BP 695 EP 704 DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00405-8 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 338YG UT WOS:000088450400001 PM 10924645 ER PT J AU Lipsitch, M Dykes, JK Johnson, SE Ades, EW King, J Briles, DE Carlone, GM AF Lipsitch, M Dykes, JK Johnson, SE Ades, EW King, J Briles, DE Carlone, GM TI Competition among Streptococcus pneumoniae for intranasal colonization in a mouse model SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus pneumoniae; serotype replacement; nasopharyngeal carriage; mathematical models; in vivo models ID NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; PNEUMOCOCCI; VACCINATION AB Widespread use of conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, by reducing carriage of S. pneumoniae serotypes included in the vaccine, may result in an increase in nasopharyngeal carriage of - and disease from - nonvaccine serotypes of the same species. Mathematical models predict that the extent of such replacement will depend positively on the degree to which carriage of vaccine-type S. pneumoniae inhibits acquisition of nonvaccine-type pneumococci, and may depend negatively on the inhibition of vaccine-type pneumococci by nonvaccine-type pneumococci. We used a mouse model of intranasal carriage of pneumococci to test whether such inhibition occurs between different pneumococcal strains. Mice carrying a streptomycin-resistant derivative of S. pneumoniae BG9163 (serotype 6B) as a resident strain showed reduced levels of colonization when challenged intranasally by optochin-resistant derivatives of the same strain and of a serotype 23F pneumococcus, BG8826. Inhibition could be overcome by increasing the dose of the challenge strain. Carriage of optochin-resistant BG9163 did not inhibit acquisition of the streptomycin-resistant variant. Colonization by a challenge strain did not significantly affect the level of colonization with the resident strain. These results provide evidence that is consistent with several hitherto untested assumptions of mathematical models of serotype replacement and suggest that a biological mechanism exists that could account for serotype replacement that is observed in clinical trials. The findings provide a basis for further studies of in vivo interactions between strains of S. pneumoniae. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Lipsitch, M (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 18 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 25 BP 2895 EP 2901 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00046-3 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 323LT UT WOS:000087567400017 PM 10812233 ER PT J AU Shi, YP Das, P Holloway, B Udhayakumar, V Tongren, JE Candal, F Biswas, S Ahmad, R Hasnain, SE Lal, AA AF Shi, YP Das, P Holloway, B Udhayakumar, V Tongren, JE Candal, F Biswas, S Ahmad, R Hasnain, SE Lal, AA TI Development, expression, and murine testing of a multistage Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine candidate SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE P. falciparum; vaccine; immune response ID CLASS-II MOLECULES; B-CELL EPITOPES; MHC CLASS-II; T-CELL; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SYNTHETIC GENES; DNA FRAGMENTS; CODON USAGE; BACULOVIRUS AB A synthetic gene encoding twelve B cell epitopes, six T-cell proliferative epitopes, and three cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from nine stage-specific antigens, representing the sporozoite, liver stage, asexual blood-stage, and sexual-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum, was constructed by assembling overlapping oligonucleotides followed by PCR extension and annealing. A three-step PCR protocol using twelve long oligonucleotides was employed to generate a 1053 base-pair synthetic gene, the identity of which was confirmed by sequencing. This synthetic gene, named CDC/NII MAL VAC-1, was cloned, and the recombinant protein was expressed in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). The selection of malarial epitopes for inclusion in this vaccine construct was based on immunoepidemiological studies in malaria endemic area, in vitro, and in vivo protection studies in model systems. The 41 kDa BEVS-expressed recombinant protein reacted with mouse antibodies specific for individual B cell epitopes in the vaccine construct and with sera from clinically immune Kenyan adults. An immunization study in three strains of mice that differ at the H-2 locus demonstrated that the BEVS-expressed recombinant protein is immunogenic; the candidate vaccine antigen induced high titer antibodies, and lymphocyte proliferative and IFN-gamma responses. These results demonstrate that individual B and T cell epitopes can be assembled to create synthetic genes that encode proteins capable of eliciting specific antibody and T cell responses. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Vaccine Sect, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Inst Immunol, Eukaryot Gene Express Lab, New Delhi 110067, India. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sci Resources Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Malaria Res Ctr, Delhi, India. Ctr DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnost, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Lal, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Vaccine Sect, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI HASNAIN, SEYED/C-1492-2009; OI Qadri, Raies A./0000-0001-6018-4786 NR 44 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 25 BP 2902 EP 2914 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00045-1 PG 13 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 323LT UT WOS:000087567400018 PM 10812234 ER PT J CA CDC TI Entry into prenatal care - United States, 1989-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 393-398, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Stat & Comp Resources Br, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Program Svcs & Dev Br, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Pregnancy & Infant Hlth Br, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Reprod Stat Br, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Stat & Comp Resources Br, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 14 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 22 BP 2924 EP 2924 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 321XL UT WOS:000087480600010 ER PT J AU Wamae, CN Mwanza, J AF Wamae, CN Mwanza, J CA CDC TI Palmar pallor as an indicator for anthelminthic treatment among ill children aged 2-4 years - Western Kenya, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 278-281, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Kenya Med Res Inst, Nairobi, Kenya. Minist Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Int Child Survival & Emerging Infect Program, Support Act & Epidemiol Br, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wamae, CN (reprint author), Kenya Med Res Inst, Nairobi, Kenya. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 14 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 22 BP 2925 EP 2926 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 321XL UT WOS:000087480600012 ER PT J AU Maher, JP Worth, JA Arvay, J Raum, K Iampetro, L Welte, JR AF Maher, JP Worth, JA Arvay, J Raum, K Iampetro, L Welte, JR CA CDC TI Scombroid fish poisoning - Pennsylvania, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 398-400, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Chester Cty Hlth Dept, W Chester, PA USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Bur Labs, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Maher, JP (reprint author), Chester Cty Hlth Dept, W Chester, PA USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 14 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 22 BP 2927 EP 2927 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 321XL UT WOS:000087480600014 ER PT J AU Hendricks, K Larsen, R Suarez, L AF Hendricks, K Larsen, R Suarez, L CA CDC TI Neural tube defect surveillance and folic acid intervention - Texas-Mexico border, 1993-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 1-4, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Texas Dept Hlth, Texas Neural Tube Defect Project, Austin, TX 78756 USA. CDC, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Br, Div Birth Defects Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hendricks, K (reprint author), Texas Dept Hlth, Texas Neural Tube Defect Project, Austin, TX 78756 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 14 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 22 BP 2928 EP 2929 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 321XL UT WOS:000087480600016 ER PT J AU Mannino, DM Gagnon, RC Petty, TL Lydick, E AF Mannino, DM Gagnon, RC Petty, TL Lydick, E TI Obstructive lung disease and low lung function in adults in the United States - Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY-DISEASE; INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS; BRONCHODILATOR THERAPY; MORTALITY; SMOKING; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; SAMPLE; ASTHMA; COPD AB Background: Obstructive lung disease (OLD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the US adult population. Potentially treatable mild cases of OLD often go undetected. This analysis determines the national estimates of reported OLD and low lung function in the US adult population. Methods: We examined data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a multistage probability representative sample of the US population. A total of 20050 US adults participated in NHANES III from 1988 to 1994. Our main outcome mea; sures were low lung function (a condition determined to be present if the forced expiratory volume in 1 second-forced vital capacity ratio was less than 0.7 and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second was less than 80% of the predicted value), a physician diagnosis of OLD (chronic bronchitis, asthma, or emphysema), and respiratory symptoms. Results: Overall a mean (SE) of 6.8% (0.3%) of the population had low lung function, and 8.5% (0.3%) of the population reported OLD. Obstructive lung disease (age-adjusted to study population) was currently reported among 12.5% (0.7%) of current smokers, 9.4% (0.6%) of former smokers, 3.1% (1.1%) of pipe or cigar smokers, and 5.8% (0.4%) of never smokers. Surprisingly, 63.3% (0.2%) of the subjects with documented low lung function had no prior or current reported diagnosis of any OLD. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that OLD is present in a substantive number of US adults. In addition, many US adults have low lung function but no reported OLD diagnosis, which may indicate the presence of undiagnosed lung disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Collegeville, PA USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. RP Mannino, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 36 TC 406 Z9 415 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JUN 12 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 11 BP 1683 EP 1689 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.11.1683 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 320XT UT WOS:000087426700017 PM 10847262 ER PT J AU Izurieta, HS Thompson, WW Shay, DK AF Izurieta, HS Thompson, WW Shay, DK TI Influenza and hospitalizations in children SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID IMPACT C1 Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Izurieta, HS (reprint author), Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC 20037 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 8 PY 2000 VL 342 IS 23 BP 1753 EP 1753 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 321HD UT WOS:000087449300015 ER PT J AU Hay, A Gust, I Hampson, A Nerome, K Tashiro, M Canas, L Lavanchay, D Levandowski, R AF Hay, A Gust, I Hampson, A Nerome, K Tashiro, M Canas, L Lavanchay, D Levandowski, R CA CDC TI Update: Influenza activity - United States and worldwide, 1999-2000 season, and composition of the 2000-2001 influenza vaccine (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 375-381, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Natl Med Inst Med Res, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, London, England. WHO, Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, Parkville, Vic, Australia. Natl Inst Infect Dis, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, Tokyo, Japan. Armstrong Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. WHO, Natl Influenza Ctr, Div Emerging & Other Communicable Dis Surveillanc, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO, Natl Resp Enter Virus Surveillance Syst Collabora, Sentinel Phys Influenza Surveillance Syst, Geneva, Switzerland. US FDA, Div Virol, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Br, WHO Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hay, A (reprint author), Natl Med Inst Med Res, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, London, England. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 7 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 21 BP 2781 EP 2782 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 320BQ UT WOS:000087381500013 ER PT J AU Bender, MB Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Hunt, C Bates, B Murayi, T Feigley, P Boeselager, G Pullen, P Hesser, J AF Bender, MB Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Hunt, C Bates, B Murayi, T Feigley, P Boeselager, G Pullen, P Hesser, J CA CDC TI Health-related quality of life among adults with arthritis - Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 11 states, 1996-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 366-369, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Br, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bender, MB (reprint author), CDC, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Br, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 7 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 21 BP 2783 EP 2784 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 320BQ UT WOS:000087381500015 ER PT J CA CDC TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 253-258, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Country Off, Kinshasa, Zaire. UNICEF, Country Program, Kinshasa, Zaire. WHO, Reg Off Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. UNICEF, Reg Off W & Cent Africa Reg, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. UNICEF, New York, NY USA. WHO, Vaccines & Biol Dept, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP CDC (reprint author), WHO, Country Off, Kinshasa, Zaire. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 7 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 21 BP 2785 EP 2786 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 320BQ UT WOS:000087381500017 ER PT J AU Perkins, BA AF Perkins, BA TI New opportunities for prevention of meningococcal disease SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; VACCINE; EPIDEMIOLOGY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Perkins, BA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 7 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 21 BP 2842 EP 2843 DI 10.1001/jama.283.21.2842 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 320BQ UT WOS:000087381500041 PM 10838655 ER PT J AU Harcourt, BH Tamin, A Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Anderson, LJ Bellini, WJ Rota, PA AF Harcourt, BH Tamin, A Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Anderson, LJ Bellini, WJ Rota, PA TI Molecular characterization of Nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS; EQUINE MORBILLIVIRUS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; MESSENGER-RNAS; MEASLES-VIRUS; SENDAI VIRUS; MARBURG VIRUS; HENDRA-VIRUS; V-PROTEIN; GENE AB Recently, a new paramyxovirus, now known as Nipah virus (NV), emerged in Malaysia and Singapore, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory syndrome in pigs. Initial studies had indicated that NV is antigenically and genetically related to Hendra virus (HV). We generated the sequences of the N, P/C/V, M, F, and G genes of NV and compared these sequences with those of HV and other members of the family Paramyxoviridae. The intergenic regions of NV were identical to those of HV, and the gene start and stop sequences of NV were nearly identical to those of HV. The open reading frames (ORFs) for the V and C proteins within the P gene were found in NV, but the ORF encoding a potential short basic protein found in the P gene of HV was not conserved in NV. The N, P, C,V, M, F, and G ORFs in NV have nucleotide homologies ranging from 88% to 70% and predicted amino acid homologies ranging from 92% to 67% in comparison with HV. The predicted fusion cleavage sequence of the F protein of NV had a single amino acid substitution (K to R) in comparison with HV. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that although HV and NV are closely related, they are clearly distinct from any of the established genera within the Paramyxoviridae and should be considered a new genus, (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rota, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 52 TC 179 Z9 193 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUN 5 PY 2000 VL 271 IS 2 BP 334 EP 349 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0340 PG 16 WC Virology SC Virology GA 323KR UT WOS:000087565000015 PM 10860887 ER PT J AU Castillo, LC Gracia, F Roman, GC Levine, P Reeves, WC Kaplan, J AF Castillo, LC Gracia, F Roman, GC Levine, P Reeves, WC Kaplan, J TI Spinocerebellar syndrome in patients infected with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/HTLV-II): report of 3 cases from Panama SO ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA LA English DT Article DE human retroviruses; HTLV-I; HTLV-II; cerebellar disorders; tropical spastic paraparesis; magnetic resonance imaging; Panama ID TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS; SPORADIC OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHY; MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS; HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY; DISEASE; SYSTEM; DNA AB Cerebellar symptoms at onset are unusual in HTLV-I/II-associated tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). A prospective study of neurological disorders in Panama (1985-1990) revealed 13 patients with TSP and 3 with HTLV-I/II-associated spinocerebellar syndrome (HSCS) presenting at onset loss of balance, wide-based stance and gait, truncal instability, and mild leg ataxia (vermian cerebellar syndrome), with absent upper limb dysmetria but with postural tremor, downbeat nystagmus, and dysarthria. In 4-5 years, spinal cord manifestations of TSP developed, including spastic paraparesis, pyramidal signs, bladder and sphincter disturbances. Two patients were infected with HTLV-I and another one, a Guaymi Amerindian woman, with HTLV-II. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated cerebellar atrophy involving predominantly the superior vermis. Mild axonal peripheral neuropathy in the lower limbs, dorsal column involvement and inflammatory myopathy were found by neurophysiology studies. There are 14 similar cases reported in Japan and Canada, but to our knowledge these are the first documented cases of HSCS in the tropics. A cerebellar syndrome constitutes another form of presentation of HTLV-I/II infection of the nervous system. C1 Gorgas Mem Lab, Div Epidemiol, Panama City, Panama. NINDS, Neuroepidemiol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Div Neurol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. NCI, Viral Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Roman, GC (reprint author), POB 460746, San Antonio, TX 78246 USA. NR 54 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0001-6314 J9 ACTA NEUROL SCAND JI Acta Neurol. Scand. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 101 IS 6 BP 405 EP 412 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.80180.x PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 319HP UT WOS:000087335700009 PM 10877159 ER PT J AU Miller, KS Forehand, R Kotchick, BA AF Miller, KS Forehand, R Kotchick, BA TI Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority groups: A multisystem perspective SO ADOLESCENCE LA English DT Article ID RISK; PREDICTORS; IMPACT; AIDS AB Adolescents are at high risk for a number of negative health consequences associated with early and unsafe sexual activity, such as infection with HN and other sexually transmitted diseases, as well as unintended pregnancy. In the present study, a multisystem model was applied to one adolescent sexual behavior, penile-vaginal intercourse. Nine hundred seven Black and Hispanic adolescents (aged 14 to 17 years) and their mothers were interviewed. Factors from three systems (self, family, and extrafamilial) that are influential in the lives of adolescents were evaluated using four outcome measures. Factors from most or all systems emerged as predictors of each outcome measure. A cumulative risk index suggested a linear relationship between the number of systems identified as being at risk and indicators of adolescent sexual behavior. The implications for prevention are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Miller, KS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 5 PU LIBRA PUBLISHERS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 3089C CLAIREMONT DR SUITE 383, SAN DIEGO, CA 92117 USA SN 0001-8449 J9 ADOLESCENCE JI Adolescence PD SUM PY 2000 VL 35 IS 138 BP 313 EP 333 PG 21 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 357ZA UT WOS:000089531600007 PM 11019774 ER PT J AU Fisk, WJ Faulkner, D Sullivan, D Mendell, MJ AF Fisk, WJ Faulkner, D Sullivan, D Mendell, MJ TI Particle concentrations and sizes with normal and high efficiency air filtration in a sealed air-conditioned office building SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDOOR AIR; PENETRATION; DEPOSITION AB During parts of 7 consecutive weeks, indoor and outdoor particle number concentrations and particle sizes were measured versus time in a large sealed air-conditioned office building without tobacco smoking, Building ventilation rates were also measured, During some periods, the normal filters in the building's air handling systems were replaced with high efficiency filters, A mass balance model was used to help interpret the study data, For all particle sizes, indoor number concentrations varied considerably between weeks and within a single work day, Even with the normal air filters, which have a low efficiency for submicron-size particles, indoor number concentrations of submicron particles were a factor of 3-6 smaller than outdoor particle number concentrations, For the range of particle sizes measured (> 0.3 mu m), the indoor particle mass concentration was considerably less than outdoor particle mass concentration, The high efficiency filters dramatically reduced the indoor-outdoor particle concentration ratio for submicron particles (i.e., the decrease was 70% to 95%, depending on particle size), For larger particles, the decreases in indoor concentrations were substantially smaller, Comparisons of model predictions with measured data provide evidence of a large rate of removal of submicron indoor particles by some process other than ventilation or air filtration and also provide evidence of significant indoor generation or resuspension of particles larger than 1 mu m. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Indoor Environm Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Fisk, WJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Indoor Environm Dept, MS 90-3058, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 32 IS 6 BP 527 EP 544 DI 10.1080/027868200303452 PG 18 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 318XM UT WOS:000087310000002 ER PT J AU O'Leary, A Martins, P AF O'Leary, A Martins, P TI Structural factors affecting women's HIV risk: a life-course example SO AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Structural Barriers and Facilitators in HIV Prevention Meeting CY FEB 22-23, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE structural interventions; policy; HIV risk reduction; woman; childhood sexual abuse ID WHITE-AMERICAN-WOMEN; FEMALE SEX WORKERS; AFRO-AMERICAN; ABUSE; DRUGS; VICTIMIZATION; EXPERIENCES; STREETS; MEN AB AIDS and HIV incidence among women continues to escalate in the United States and globally. While several behavior-change interventions have shown promise in helping some women to reduce their risk of HIV infection, numerous barriers continue to prevent many at-risk women from protecting themselves effectively. This paper explores structural interventions that may influence women's HIV risk directly or indirectly. We present the life course of Bobbie, a quasi-hypothetical woman whose circumstances and behaviors are based on those of a woman with whom the first author worked in an HIV risk-reduction program. Her circumstances also reflect those of numerous women who have become infected with HIV. Bobbie's risk-enhancing life events are presented chronologically and, at each step, structural interventions are described that might have had the potential to prevent movement to the next stage. Thus, each stage represents a 'missed opportunity' for employing social and societal interventions to prevent movement along the trajectory leading to HIV infection. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Leary, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Behav Intervent Res Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 SU 1 BP S68 EP S72 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006001-00011 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349NB UT WOS:000089050200011 PM 10981478 ER PT J AU Parker, RG Easton, D Klein, CH AF Parker, RG Easton, D Klein, CH TI Structural barriers and facilitators in HIV prevention: a review of international research SO AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Structural Barriers and Facilitators in HIV Prevention Meeting CY FEB 22-23, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE international HIV prevention; structural interventions; policy ID INJECTING DRUG-USERS; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; AIDS-PREVENTION; PUBLIC-HEALTH; WOMEN; HIV/AIDS; INTERVENTION; PRIORITIES; INFECTION; AFRICA AB Objectives: This article provides an overview of a growing body of international research focusing on the structural and environmental factors that shape the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and create barriers and facilitators in relation to HIV-prevention programs. Overview of structural-factors literature: Most of the research on structural and environmental factors can be grouped into a small number of analytically distinct but interconnected categories: economic (under)development and poverty; mobility, including migration, seasonal work, and social disruption due to war and political instability; and gender inequalities. An additional focus in research on structural and environmental factors has been on the effects of particular governmental and intergovernmental policies in increasing or diminishing HIV vulnerability and transmission. Interventions: A smaller subset of the research on structural factors describes and/or evaluates specific interventions in detail. Approaches that have received significant attention include targeted interventions developed for heterosexual women, female commercial sex workers, male truck drivers, and men who have sex with men. Conclusions: The structural and environmental factors literature offers important insights and reveals a number of productive intervention strategies that might be explored in both resource-rich and -poor settings. However, new methodologies are required to document and evaluate the effects of the structural interventions, which by their very nature involve large-scale elements that cannot be easily controlled by experimental or quasi-experimental research designs. Innovative, interdisciplinary approaches are needed that can move beyond the limited successes of traditional behavioral interventions and explicitly attempt to achieve broader social and structural change. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 ABIA, BR-20091020 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Sociomed Sci Div, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Hiv Ctr Clin & Behav Studies, New York, NY USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Social Med, Dept Hlth Policies & Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Res Intervent Branch, Div HIV AIDS prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Parker, RG (reprint author), ABIA, Rua Candelaria 79,10 Andar, BR-20091020 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. NR 96 TC 243 Z9 246 U1 4 U2 20 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 SU 1 BP S22 EP S32 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006001-00004 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349NB UT WOS:000089050200004 PM 10981471 ER PT J AU Sumartojo, E Doll, L Holtgrave, D Gayle, H Merson, M AF Sumartojo, E Doll, L Holtgrave, D Gayle, H Merson, M TI Introduction - Enriching the mix: incorporating structural factors into HIV prevention SO AIDS LA English DT Editorial Material ID HIV/AIDS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch MS E37, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Sumartojo, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch MS E37, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 SU 1 BP S1 EP S2 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006001-00001 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349NB UT WOS:000089050200001 PM 10981468 ER PT J AU Sumartojo, E AF Sumartojo, E TI Structural factors in HIV prevention: concepts, examples, and implications for research SO AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Structural Barriers and Facilitators in HIV Prevention Meeting CY FEB 22-23, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE HIV prevention; structural factors; risk factors ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CONDOM USE; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; AIDS-PREVENTION; UNITED-STATES; DRUG-USERS; HEALTH; INFECTION; RISK AB Introduction: HIV-prevention behavior is affected by the environment as well as by characteristics of individuals at risk. HIV related structural factors are defined as barriers to, or facilitators of, an individual's HIV prevention behaviors; they may relate to economic, social, policy, organizational or other aspects of the environment. Impact of structural interventions: A relatively small number of intervention studies demonstrates the potential of structural interventions to increase HIV prevention in the United Stales and internationally The promise of structural interventions has also been shown in studies of interventions to prevent disease or promote public health in areas other than HIV. Framework of structural factors: Frameworks help define and exemplify structural barriers and facilitators for HIV prevention. One framework developed at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention gives examples of structural facilitators in terms of the economic resources, policy supports, societal attitudes, and organizational structures and functions associated with governments, service organizations, businesses, workforce organizations, faith communities, justice systems, media organizations, educational systems, and healthcare systems. Frameworks should assist researchers and health officials to identify important areas for structural research and programming. Conclusions: A structural approach is timely and innovative. Despite limitations, including the challenge of a new perspective on prevention and the difficulty of evaluating their effects, researchers and public health officials are urged to pursue structural interventions to prevent HIV. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch MS E37, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sumartojo, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch MS E37, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 65 TC 185 Z9 190 U1 6 U2 16 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 SU 1 BP S3 EP S10 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006001-00002 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349NB UT WOS:000089050200002 PM 10981469 ER PT J AU Taussig, JA Weinstein, B Burris, S Jones, TS AF Taussig, JA Weinstein, B Burris, S Jones, TS TI Syringe laws and pharmacy regulations are structural constraints on HIV prevention in the US SO AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Structural Barriers and Facilitators in HIV Prevention Meeting CY FEB 22-23, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE HIV; injection drug users; HIV prevention/education; syringe access; pharmacy; syringe laws ID INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; INJECTION PATTERNS; VIRUS; ASSOCIATION; NEEDLES; SALES AB Objective: To review the legal and regulatory barriers that restrict pharmacy sales of syringes to injection drug users (IDUs) and to discuss how reducing these barriers can facilitate access to sterile syringes for IDUs and improve HIV prevention. Background: IDUs' access to sterile syringes from community pharmacies in the United States is limited by stale laws and regulations governing syringe sales. Restricted availability of sterile syringes from pharmacies is a structural barrier that greatly impedes HIV prevention for IDUs, who often share and reuse syringes because they cannot obtain and possess sterile syringes. These high-risk behaviors contribute to the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne pathogens among IDUs, their sexual partners, and their children. State experiences: In Connecticut, because of high HIV prevalence among IDUs, restrictive syringe laws were changed. After the legal changes in Connecticut, both pharmacy sales of syringes in areas of high drug use and pur chases of syringes in pharmacies (reported by IDUs) increased, while syringe sharing (reported by IDUs) decreased. Maine and Minnesota have made similar changes in laws. Conclusions: Increasing access to sterile syringes through pharmacies requires the repeal or modification of legal barriers. Pharmacy sale of syringes to IDUs is an inexpensive HIV prevention intervention with the potential to substantially reduce HIV transmission. Further studies are needed to document how changes to legal barriers can influence HIV prevention for IDUs. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Taussig, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 SU 1 BP S47 EP S51 DI 10.1097/00002030-200006001-00007 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 349NB UT WOS:000089050200007 PM 10981474 ER PT J AU Kennedy, MG Mizuno, Y Hoffman, R Baume, C Strand, J AF Kennedy, MG Mizuno, Y Hoffman, R Baume, C Strand, J TI The effect of tailoring a model HIV prevention program for local adolescent target audiences SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article AB In five U.S. sites (Nashville, Tenessee; Newark, New Jersey; northern Virginia; Phoenix, Arizona; and Sacramento, California), HN risk-reduction workshops were mounted as a part of the Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI). Ln four of the five sites, the workshop curriculum was a version of Be Proud! Be Responsible! (Jemmott, Jemmott, & McCaffree, 1996) that had been tailored to fit the needs of local target audiences. This article describes the evaluation of the PMI workshops. Protective effects on several behavioral determinants and behavioral outcome measures were observed 1 month after the workshops. Based on the overall pattern of results, it was concluded that the PMI workshops reduced the likelihood of unprotected sex among participants. The intervention developed by Jemmott and colleagues appears to have retained its effectiveness after it was tailored to meet perceived local needs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Conwal Inc, Mclean, VA USA. Acad Educ Dev, Washington, DC USA. RP Kennedy, MG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 225 EP 238 PG 14 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 334XF UT WOS:000088210700004 PM 10926126 ER PT J AU Ryder, RW Batter, V Kaseka, N Behets, F Sequeira, D M'Boly, E Kanda, M Tshibambe, M Morgan, M AF Ryder, RW Batter, V Kaseka, N Behets, F Sequeira, D M'Boly, E Kanda, M Tshibambe, M Morgan, M TI Effect of HIV-1 infection on tuberculosis and fertility in a large workforce in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID HIV-1-SEROPOSITIVE WOMEN; ZAIRE; SPOUSES; RISK AB To determine the effect of an HIV counseling service on the incidence of HIV and tuberculosis infection and on the fertility rate in a large workforce cohort of adult men and women from Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), we conducted a 2-year prospective longitudinal cohort study, two large Kinshasa businesses (a commercial bank and a textile factory). We determined baseline HIV-1 seroprevalence, HIV-1 and tuberculosis mortality/morbidity, and fertility rates during 24 months of follow-up on 8866 employees and 6411 wives of male employees. The baseline HIV-1 seroprevalence was 2.8% in male employees (n = 6657), 8.4% in female employees (n = 417), and 2.4% in the wives of male employees (n = 4692). The HIV-1 seroincidence per 100 person-years of follow-up in these three groups was 0.9, 0.5 and 0.8, respectively. The incidence of tuberculosis was 2.4/100 person years in persistently seropositive individuals compared with a 0.38 rate in persistently seronegative individuals (p < 0.01). The annual fertility rate in persistently seronegative women was 250.0/1000 women compared with a rate of 140/1000 in persistently seropositive women (p < 0.001). Forty-eight (44%) of 105 male employees and 17 (26%) of 60 wives of male workers who died during follow-up were HIV-1 seropositive. HIV infection was responsible for nearly one half of all deaths in this large workforce. Tuberculosis incidence was six times higher in HIV-1-infected compared with uninfected individuals. Counseling of HIV-infected women and their husbands appeared to be effective as their cumulative fertility rate was 44% lower than the rate in similarly aged uninfected women. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Projet SIDA, Kinshasa, Zaire. CDC, Div HIV AIDS, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ryder, RW (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, 60 Coll St,POB 208034, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 BP 297 EP 304 DI 10.1089/10872910050046313 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 329DR UT WOS:000087891300004 PM 10897501 ER PT J AU Welch, KJ AF Welch, KJ TI Correlates of alcohol and/or drug use among HIV-infected individuals SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article AB The purpose of this article is to describe the psychosocial factors associated with alcohol and/or drug (AOD) use among HIV-infected individuals. Their attitudes toward AOD use are also examined. Three hundred and three HIV-infected adults completed a survey on AOD use while waiting for their appointment at the largest, HIV-outpatient clinic in the Gulf South. Logistic regression showed that associating with others who use drugs and hospitalization for a mental illness were associated with current AOD use. Variables derived from the AIDS Risk Reduction Model that integrates elements of the Health Belief Model, efficacy theory, and social network theory, indicated that 14% of the sample admitted to having an AOD problem. Twenty-six percent of the AOD users reported that they have little social support to help them stop their AOD use. A disturbing finding was that 24% of the AOD users have actively sought help or treatment for their AOD problem and have not been able to find help. These patients differ significantly from the AOD users who could find help in that they are primarily African-American and 46% have been hospitalized for a mental illness. Motivational strategies and mental health interventions are necessary, which provide peer counseling and social support, factors that have been found to greatly influence behavior change. The intervention may also need to include spiritual and humor components because the vast majority of AOD users are interested in treatment approaches that include these two elements. C1 CDC, Adult Spectrum Dis Study, Med Ctr Louisiana HIV Outpatient, Louisiana Off Publ Hlth, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RP Welch, KJ (reprint author), CDC, Adult Spectrum Dis Study, Med Ctr Louisiana HIV Outpatient, Louisiana Off Publ Hlth, 136 S Roman St,3rd Fl, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.1089/10872910050046340 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 329DR UT WOS:000087891300007 PM 10897504 ER PT J AU Holtgrave, DR Thomas, CW Chen, H Edlavitch, S Pinkerton, SD Fleming, P AF Holtgrave, DR Thomas, CW Chen, H Edlavitch, S Pinkerton, SD Fleming, P TI HIV prevention community planning and communities of color: Do resources track the epidemic? SO AIDS & PUBLIC POLICY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Community Planning Leadership Summit CY MAR, 1999 CL PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA AB The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funds provided to state, local, and territorial health departments for HIV-prevention activities are prioritized with the substantial involvement of HIV-prevention community planning groups (CPGs). This article examines whether or not these funds (more than $261 million in fiscal year 1998) are allocated in a way that mirrors the HIV/AIDS epidemic in terms of race/ethnicity. Aids prevalence data were used to reflect disease burden, and were compared to budget data submitted by health departments to the CDC. The budget data report expenditures by race/ethnicity for two major types of activities: (I) health education and risk reduction (more than $104 million); and (2) counseling, testing, referral, and partner notification (more than $91 million). The rank order correlation between funding and AIDS prevalence data for the five specific racial/ethnic categories was .900 (n = 5, p < .05) for health education and risk reduction (HERR) activities, and 1.000 (n = 5, p < .05) for counseling, testing, referral, and partner notification (CTRPN) activities. From 1997 to 1998, the proportion of funds targeted and accounted. for by race/ethnicity increased from 79 percent to 88 percent for HERR, and from 71 percent to 84 percent for CTRPN activities. With regard to race/ethnicity, health departments and CPGs appear to be actively targeting and accounting for HIV prevention resources, and we will argue that relatively small changes in counseling and testing resources for African-American and Latino/Latina communities would result in a close match between AIDS prevalence data and devoted resources. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Program Evaluat Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. RP Holtgrave, DR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Program Evaluat Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV PUBLISHING GROUP PI HAGERSTOWN PA 17100 COLE RD #312, HAGERSTOWN, MD 21740-6901 USA SN 0887-3852 J9 AIDS PUBLIC POLICY J JI Aids Public Policy J. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 75 EP 81 PG 7 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 468TK UT WOS:000170774100003 PM 11519369 ER PT J AU Hinman, AR Orenstein, WA Papania, MJ AF Hinman, AR Orenstein, WA Papania, MJ TI Invited commentary: Epidemiology of transmissible diseases after elimination SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; MEASLES; VACCINATION C1 Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hinman, AR (reprint author), Task Force Child Survival & Dev, 750 Commerce Dr,Suite 400, Decatur, GA 30030 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 BP 1049 EP 1052 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 320EZ UT WOS:000087390000002 ER PT J AU Bang, KM Kim, JH AF Bang, KM Kim, JH TI Cigarette smoking prevalence by occupation and industry in the United States. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 330 BP S83 EP S83 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400331 ER PT J AU Berg, G Mansley, E AF Berg, G Mansley, E TI Behavioral factors and health outcomes: Using econometric methods to avoid the estimation of biased odds ratios. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 74 BP S19 EP S19 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400076 ER PT J AU Blanck, HM Khan, LK Serdula, M AF Blanck, HM Khan, LK Serdula, M TI Over-the-counter weight loss product use among US adults in 1997-1998. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 235 BP S59 EP S59 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400234 ER PT J AU Buchholz, U Mermin, J Rios, R Cassagrande, T Galey, F Lee, M Quattrone, A Werner, B AF Buchholz, U Mermin, J Rios, R Cassagrande, T Galey, F Lee, M Quattrone, A Werner, B TI 'Tis the season of discontent: A foodborne outbreak caused by contamination of salt by an agricultural pesticide. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Mermin, Jonathan/J-9847-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA L2 BP S91 EP S91 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400362 ER PT J AU Cannon, MJ Dollard, SM Smith, DK Klein, RS Schuman, P Rich, J Vlahov, D Pellett, PE AF Cannon, MJ Dollard, SM Smith, DK Klein, RS Schuman, P Rich, J Vlahov, D Pellett, PE TI Evidence of blood-borne transmission of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) among women with HIV risk behaviors. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Cannon, Michael/E-5894-2011 OI Cannon, Michael/0000-0001-5776-5010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 58 BP S15 EP S15 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400060 ER PT J AU Fedeyko, H Lollar, D AF Fedeyko, H Lollar, D TI Using the ICIDH-2 to measure activity limitation, 1994-95 National Health Interview Survey, disability supplement. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Disabil & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 350 BP S88 EP S88 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400351 ER PT J AU Foster, SO Schubauer-Berigan, MK Waters, KM AF Foster, SO Schubauer-Berigan, MK Waters, KM TI The specificity of the National Death Index and Social Security Administration death master file when information on Social Security Number is lacking. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Hlth Related Energy Res Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/B-3149-2009 OI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/0000-0002-5175-924X NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 170 BP S43 EP S43 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400172 ER PT J AU Galuska, DA Fulton, JE Powell, KE Pratt, M Burgeson, CR AF Galuska, DA Fulton, JE Powell, KE Pratt, M Burgeson, CR TI Do US pediatricians counsel about preventive health topics? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 284 BP S71 EP S71 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400284 ER PT J AU Grajewski, B Whelan, EA Nguyen, MM Kwan, LC Cole, RJ AF Grajewski, B Whelan, EA Nguyen, MM Kwan, LC Cole, RJ TI Sleep disturbance among female flight attendants and teachers in a reproductive biomonitoring study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 327 BP S82 EP S82 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400326 ER PT J AU Hillis, S Anda, R Felitti, V Nordenberg, D Marchbanks, P AF Hillis, S Anda, R Felitti, V Nordenberg, D Marchbanks, P TI Childhood adversity and at-risk sexual behaviors. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 204 BP S51 EP S51 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400204 ER PT J AU Kaiser, R Henderson, A Daley, R Naughton, M Khan, M Rahman, M Rubin, C AF Kaiser, R Henderson, A Daley, R Naughton, M Khan, M Rahman, M Rubin, C TI Blood lead levels among children attending primary school in Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 2000. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA L6 BP S92 EP S92 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400366 ER PT J AU Lathrop, S Bunning, M Singer, D Tiwari, T Reiter, P Baber, L Biggerstaff, B Thirion, J Mendez, J Mante, BR Robinson, J Rawlings, J Vorndam, V Waterman, S Clark, G Hayes, E AF Lathrop, S Bunning, M Singer, D Tiwari, T Reiter, P Baber, L Biggerstaff, B Thirion, J Mendez, J Mante, BR Robinson, J Rawlings, J Vorndam, V Waterman, S Clark, G Hayes, E TI Risk factors for dengue transmission in the Laredo/Nuevo Laredo border community. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 63 BP S16 EP S16 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400063 ER PT J AU Liu, Y Yang, Q Correa, A Erickson, JE AF Liu, Y Yang, Q Correa, A Erickson, JE TI Reproductive history of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), maternal alcohol consumption and risk of IUGR. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 32 BP S8 EP S8 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400033 ER PT J AU Massoudi, MS Santoli, JM Wattigney, W Kalinowski, A Lane, K Rodewald, LE AF Massoudi, MS Santoli, JM Wattigney, W Kalinowski, A Lane, K Rodewald, LE TI Why do children use health department immunization clinics in Indiana? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 226 BP S57 EP S57 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400227 ER PT J AU McQuillian, G Kruszon-Moran, D Wharton, M AF McQuillian, G Kruszon-Moran, D Wharton, M TI Tetanus and diphtheria immunity in the United States: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 56 BP S14 EP S14 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400057 ER PT J AU Mosure, DJ Fine, D Levine, WC AF Mosure, DJ Fine, D Levine, WC CA Region X Chlamydia Project TI The impact of screening and treatment on chlamydia positivity in women attending family planning clinics. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 40 BP S10 EP S10 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400041 ER PT J AU Murray, KO Komar, N McLean, R Glaser, L Eidson, M Sorhage, F Nelson, R Mostashari, F Khan, A Rotz, L Gubler, D AF Murray, KO Komar, N McLean, R Glaser, L Eidson, M Sorhage, F Nelson, R Mostashari, F Khan, A Rotz, L Gubler, D TI Multi-state, multi-jurisdictional avian mortality surveillance as a detection method for geographical spread and reemergence of West Nile Virus. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA L3 BP S91 EP S91 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400364 ER PT J AU Newman, DR Kamb, ML Peterman, TA Douglas, JM Zenilman, J Bolan, G Rhodes, F Rogers, J AF Newman, DR Kamb, ML Peterman, TA Douglas, JM Zenilman, J Bolan, G Rhodes, F Rogers, J CA Project RESPECT Study Grp TI Validity of patient-reported sexually transmitted disease. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 173 BP S44 EP S44 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400174 ER PT J AU Painter, JA Farley, T AF Painter, JA Farley, T TI Preventable risk factors for SIDS in the "back to sleep" era, Louisiana, 1991-1998. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Louisiana Off Publ Hlth, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA L7 BP S92 EP S92 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400368 ER PT J AU Santoli, JM Massoudi, MS Wattigney, W Kalinowski, A Lane, K Rodewald, LE AF Santoli, JM Massoudi, MS Wattigney, W Kalinowski, A Lane, K Rodewald, LE TI Many children served by health department immunization only clinics could be vaccinated elsewhere. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 225 BP S57 EP S57 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400225 ER PT J AU Shults, RA Guerrero, JL Jones, BH AF Shults, RA Guerrero, JL Jones, BH TI Disability among adults injured in motor vehicle crashes: United States. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 65 BP S17 EP S17 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400066 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Sanderson, W Calvert, G AF Steenland, K Sanderson, W Calvert, G TI Kidney disease and arthritis among workers exposed to silica. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45215 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 190 BP S48 EP S48 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400191 ER PT J AU Tierney, EF Geiss, LS Engelgau, MM Hebert, PL McBean, AM Riley, G AF Tierney, EF Geiss, LS Engelgau, MM Hebert, PL McBean, AM Riley, G TI Diabetes prevalence, incidence and mortality in the medicare population, 1994. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 152 BP S38 EP S38 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400153 ER PT J AU Ward, EM Schulte, P Grajewski, B Andersen, A Patterson, DG Turner, W Jellum, E Deddens, JA Friedland, J Roeleveld, N Waters, M Butler, MA AF Ward, EM Schulte, P Grajewski, B Andersen, A Patterson, DG Turner, W Jellum, E Deddens, JA Friedland, J Roeleveld, N Waters, M Butler, MA TI Serum organochlorine levels and breast cancer: A nested case-control study of Norwegian women. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Roeleveld, Nel/B-4242-2008; Waters, Martha/B-7441-2011 OI Roeleveld, Nel/0000-0002-3390-4466; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 2 BP S1 EP S1 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400004 ER PT J AU Wong, LY Paulozzi, L AF Wong, LY Paulozzi, L TI Survival of infants with spina bifida and encephalocele: A population study, 1979-1994. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 21 BP S6 EP S6 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400022 ER PT J AU Xu, FJ Sternberg, M Schillinger, J Markowitz, L AF Xu, FJ Sternberg, M Schillinger, J Markowitz, L TI Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among reproductive aged women in the United States, 1988-1994. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 11 SU S MA 54 BP S14 EP S14 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321MZ UT WOS:000087460400056 ER PT J AU Prince, MM Ward, EM Ruder, AM Salvan, A Roberts, DR AF Prince, MM Ward, EM Ruder, AM Salvan, A Roberts, DR TI Mortality among rubber chemical manufacturing workers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; occupational cohort mortality; rubber manufacturing; ischemic heart disease ID COMMUNITY OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE; CARBON-DISULFIDE; HEALTHY WORKER; SHIFT-WORK; HEART-DISEASE; INTERVENTION; RISK AB Background A retrospective cohort mortality study evaluated ischemic heart disease (IHD) among workers in the "rubber chemicals " manufacturing department of a Western New York plant. A previous study at the plant found elevated chest pain and angina among workers in this department. Methods Mortality experience of workers employed from 1946-1988 was followed through December 31, 1994. Mortality was compared to U.S. population rates and to local Niagara county rates by using the NIOSH life table analysis system. Poisson regression was used to examine patterns of IHD within the cohort, Results The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for IHD among workers in the rubber chemicals department was 1.51 (U.S. rates) and 1.19 (Niagara county rates). Increased mortality from IHD in the rubber chemicals department was most pronounced at younger ages (< 50, SMR = 2.4); workers in a second chemical production department also had an elevated (but not statistically significant) SMR of 1.5 for II-ID. Conclusions IHD mortality among workers in the rubber chemicals department was elevated, particularly among those under 50 years of age. Potential occupational risk factors for IHD include the rotating shift pattern for employees assigned to two chemical production departments and chemical exposures present in the robber chemicals department. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Ind Studies Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. CNR, LADSEB, I-35127 Padua, Italy. RP Prince, MM (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Ind Studies Branch, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,Mailstop R-16, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Ruder, Avima/I-4155-2012 OI Ruder, Avima/0000-0003-0419-6664 NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 590 EP 598 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(200006)37:6<590::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 310EA UT WOS:000086812500003 PM 10797502 ER PT J AU Manangan, LP Banerjee, SN Jarvis, WR AF Manangan, LP Banerjee, SN Jarvis, WR TI Association between implementation of CDC recommendations and ventilator-associated pneumonia at selected US hospitals SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; MOISTURE EXCHANGERS; DEFINITIONS; HEAT; PREVENTION; SYSTEM; NNIS AB Background: To assess whether selected recommendations in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia" were being implemented and having an impact on the: occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) at US hospitals, we surveyed hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infections: Surveillance (NNIS) system. Methods: We mailed a questionnaire to the infection control practitioner of each NNIS hospital in 1995 and used data from the NNIS system to calculate annual rates of VAP. Results: Of the 188 hospitals surveyed, 179 (95%) returned completed questionnaires. Of these, 175 (98%) had implemented the recommended change of mechanical-ventilator breathing circuits at 48-hour or greater intervals. Of 110 hospitals using the hygroscopic condenser-humidifiers or heat-moisture exchangers with ventilators, 102 (93%) changed the hygroscopic condenser-humidifiers or heat-moisture exchangers routinely, and of 98 hospitals using bubbling humidifiers, 96 (98%) used sterile water to fill these humidifiers. Other practices for which the guideline provides no recommendation and their frequency of use by NNIS hospitals include use of hygroscopic condenser-humidifiers or heat-moisture exchangers (110/179 [61%]) and use of bacterial filters in anesthesia machines (128/171 [61%]). There was a significant decrease in the VAP rate from 1987 to 1998. Conclusion: Most NNIS hospitals had implemented selected recommendations in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia" before the final publication of the revised guideline. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of these recommendations on the occurrence of VAP. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Manangan, LP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD JUN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 222 EP 227 DI 10.1067/mic.2000.106278 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 324DR UT WOS:000087607000002 PM 10840341 ER PT J AU Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Jarvis, WR AF Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Jarvis, WR TI Evaluation of a satellite education program on the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD JUN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 267 EP 268 DI 10.1067/mic.2000.104060 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 324DR UT WOS:000087607000010 PM 10840349 ER PT J AU Gostin, LO Lazzarini, Z Neslund, VS Osterholm, MT AF Gostin, LO Lazzarini, Z Neslund, VS Osterholm, MT TI Water quality laws and waterborne diseases: Cryptosporidium and other emerging pathogens SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID DRINKING-WATER; CANCER INCIDENCE; TAP WATER; OUTBREAK; TRIHALOMETHANES; SURVEILLANCE; WISCONSIN; INFECTION; PARVUM; POOL AB Waterborne diseases, such as cryptosporidiosis, cause many cases of serious illness in the United States annually. Water quality is regulated by a complex system of federal and stare legal provisions and agencies, which has been poorly studied. The authors surveyed state and territorial agencies responsible for water quality about their laws, regulations, policies, and practices related to water quality and surveillance of cryptosporidiosis related to drinking water. In this commentary they review the development and current status of federal drinking water regulations, identify conflicts or gaps in legal authority between federal agencies and state and territorial agencies, and describe court-imposed limitations on federal authority with regard to regulation of water quality. Recommendations are made for government actions that would increase the efficiency of efforts to ensure water quality; protect watersheds; strengthen waterborne disease surveillance; and protect the health of vulnerable populations. C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Program Med Human Hlth Law & Eth, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Connecticut, Sch Med, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Georgetown Johns Hopkins Program Law & Publ Hlth, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Gen Counsel, Atlanta, GA USA. Infect Control Advisory Network, Prairie, MN USA. RP Lazzarini, Z (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Program Med Human Hlth Law & Eth, 263 Farmington Ave,MC-6325, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. NR 54 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2000 VL 90 IS 6 BP 847 EP 853 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.6.847 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 319HQ UT WOS:000087335800005 PM 10846499 ER PT J AU Nelson, DE Thompson, BL Davenport, NJ Penaloza, LJ AF Nelson, DE Thompson, BL Davenport, NJ Penaloza, LJ TI What people really know about their health insurance: A comparison of information obtained from individuals and their insurers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MEDICAL-CARE; MANAGED CARE; COVERAGE; SYSTEM AB Objectives. This study determined the validity of self-reported data on selected health insurance characteristics. Methods. We obtained telephone survey data on the presence of health insurance, source of insurance, length of time insured, and type of insurance (managed care or fee-for-service) from a random sample of 351 adults in 3 Wisconsin counties and compared findings with data from respondents' health insurers. Results. More than 97% of the respondents correctly reported that they were currently insured. For source of insurance among persons aged 18 to 64 years, sensitivity was high for those covered through private health insurance (93.8%) but low for those covered through public insurance (6.7%). Only 33.1% of the respondents accurately categorized length of enrollment in their current plan. Overall estimates for managed care enrollment were similar for the 2 sources, but individual validity was low: 83.2% of those in fee-for-service believed that they were in managed care. Conclusions. Information obtained from the general population about whether they have health insurance is valid but self-reported data on source of insurance, length of time insured, and type of insurance are suspect and should be used cautiously. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Wisconsin Extens, WisconsinSurvey Res Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Nelson, DE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MC K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2000 VL 90 IS 6 BP 924 EP 928 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.6.924 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 319HQ UT WOS:000087335800018 PM 10846510 ER PT J AU Young, JC Hansen, GR Graves, TK Deasy, MP Humphreys, JG Fritz, CL Gorham, KL Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Metzger, KB Peters, CJ AF Young, JC Hansen, GR Graves, TK Deasy, MP Humphreys, JG Fritz, CL Gorham, KL Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Metzger, KB Peters, CJ TI The incubation period of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; RODENT AB In 1993 Sin Nombre virus was recognized as the cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) was identified as the reservoir host. Surveillance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state health departments includes investigation to determine the likely site(s) and activities that led to infection, an environmental assessment of the home and workplace, and possibly rodent trappings at these sites. As of December 31, 1998, there were 200 confirmed cases from 30 states (43% case-fatality ratio). The national HPS case registry was examined to determine the incubation period of HPS. Review of 11 case-patients with well-defined and isolated exposure to rodents suggests that the incubation period of HPS is 9 to 33 days, with a median of 14-17 days. Case investigations allow a better understanding of the incubation time of HPS and may define highrisk behaviors that can be targeted for intervention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Bur Epidemiol & Dis Prevent, Epidemiol Serv, Topeka, KS 66612 USA. Oklahoma State Dept Hlth, Epidemiol Serv, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Div Communicable Dis Epidemiol, Harrisburg, PA 17111 USA. Indiana Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Indiana, PA 15705 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Vector Borne Dis Sect, Sacramento, CA 94234 USA. RP Young, JC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A26,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 15 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 6 BP 714 EP 717 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 419EU UT WOS:000167937000011 PM 11304061 ER PT J AU Deitchman, S Decker, H Santis, L AF Deitchman, S Decker, H Santis, L TI Carbon monoxide poisoning: How about more precise analytic and preanalytic techniques? Reply SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 NIOSH, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Makers Explos, Washington, DC USA. RP Deitchman, S (reprint author), NIOSH, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 35 IS 6 BP 630 EP 631 PG 2 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 321HU UT WOS:000087450700018 PM 28140265 ER PT J AU Li, RK Ciblak, MA Nordoff, N Pasarell, L Warnock, DW McGinnis, MR AF Li, RK Ciblak, MA Nordoff, N Pasarell, L Warnock, DW McGinnis, MR TI In vitro activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; ASPERGILLUS; EFFICACY; UK-109,496; PATHOGENS; RESISTANT; COMMON AB The in vitro activity of voriconazole was compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against the mold forms of 304 isolates of three dimorphic fungi, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. MICs were determined by a broth microdilution adaptation of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A procedure. RPMI 1640 medium was used for tests with voriconazole and itraconazole, whereas Antibiotic Medium 3 with 2% glucose was used for amphotericin B. Minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were also determined. Amphotericin B was active against all three dimorphic fungi, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited (MIC(90)s) of 0.5 to 1 mu g/ml. Itraconazole had MIC(90)s of 0.06 mu g/ml for H. capsulatum, 0.125 mu g/ml for B. dermatitidis, and 1 mu g/ml for C. Bnmitis. The MIC(90)s of voriconazole were 0.25 mu g/ml for all three fungi. Amphotericin B was fungicidal for B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum with MFCs at which 90% of strains tested are killed (MFC(90)s of 0.5 and 2 mu g/ml, respectively. It was less active against C. immitis, with MFCs ranging from 0.5 to >16 mu g/ml. Voriconazole and itraconazole were lethal for most isolates of B. dermatitidis, with MFC(50)s and MFC(90)s of 0.125 and 4 mu g/ml, respectively. Both azoles were fungicidal for some isolates of H. capsulatum, with MFC(50)s of 2 and 8 ug/ml for itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively; neither had a lethal effect upon C. immitis. Our results suggest that voriconazole possesses promising activity against these important human pathogens. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RP Warnock, DW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1734 EP 1736 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.6.1734-1736.2000 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 316FC UT WOS:000087156100058 PM 10817743 ER PT J AU Sulaiman, IM Morgan, UM Thompson, RCA Lal, AA Xiao, LH AF Sulaiman, IM Morgan, UM Thompson, RCA Lal, AA Xiao, LH TI Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-CULTURE; PARVUM; PCR; OOCYSTS; EUKARYOTES; SEQUENCES; EVOLUTION; FAMILY AB We have characterized the nucleotide sequences of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) genes of Cryptosporidium baileyi, C. felis, C. meleagridis, C. muris, C. serpentis, C. wrairi, and C. parvum from various animals. Results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of several genetically distinct species in the genus Cryptosporidium and eight distinct genotypes within the species C. parvum. Some of the latter may represent cryptic species. The phylogenetic tree constructed from these sequences is in agreement with our previous results based on the small-subunit rRNA genes of Cryptosporidium parasites. The Cryptosporidium species formed two major clades: isolates of C. muris and C. serpentis formed the first major group, while isolates of C. felis, C. meleagridis, C. wrairi, and eight genotypes of C. parvum formed the second major group. Sequence variations were also observed between C. muris isolates from ruminants and rodents. The HSP70 gene provides another useful locus for phylogenetic analysis of the genus Cryptosporidium. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlt & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Murdoch Univ, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlt & Human Serv, Bldg 22,Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM LAX0@CDC.GOV RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 39 TC 131 Z9 150 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 6 BP 2385 EP 2391 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.6.2385-2391.2000 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 319TP UT WOS:000087358700016 PM 10831415 ER PT J AU Satten, GA Carroll, RJ AF Satten, GA Carroll, RJ TI Conditional and unconditional categorical regression models with missing covariates SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE case-control study; endometrial cancer; likelihood; matching; missing at random; missing data; two-stage sample AB We consider methods for analyzing categorical regression models when some covariates (Z) are completely observed but other covariates (X) are missing for some subjects. When data on X are missing at random (i.e., when the probability that X is observed does not depend on the value of X itself), we present a likelihood approach for the observed data that allows the same nuisance parameters to be eliminated in a conditional analysis as when data are complete. An example of a matched case-control study is used to demonstrate our approach. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-57030]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P30-ESO9106] NR 7 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1441 I ST, NW, SUITE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2210 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 2000 VL 56 IS 2 BP 384 EP 388 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00384.x PG 5 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 325LR UT WOS:000087677500008 PM 10877293 ER PT J AU Curtin, SC Mathews, TJ AF Curtin, SC Mathews, TJ TI US obstetric procedures, 1998 SO BIRTH-ISSUES IN PERINATAL CARE LA English DT Editorial Material ID BIRTH CERTIFICATES; VALIDATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat,Reprod Stat Branch, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. US Dept HHS, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Curtin, SC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat,Reprod Stat Branch, Room 820,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0730-7659 J9 BIRTH-ISS PERINAT C JI Birth-Issue Perinat. Care PD JUN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 2 BP 136 EP 138 DI 10.1046/j.1523-536x.2000.00136.x PG 3 WC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 324XW UT WOS:000087648100011 PM 11251492 ER PT J AU Stevenson, MR Hamer, P Finch, CF Elliot, B Kresnow, MJ AF Stevenson, MR Hamer, P Finch, CF Elliot, B Kresnow, MJ TI Sport, age, and sex specific incidence of sports injuries in Western Australia SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE injury incidence; prospective study; time at risk ID EXERCISE; RECREATION; DISEASE; HEALTH AB Objective-To describe the trends in recreational sports injury in Perth, Western Australia. Design-A prospective cohort study of sports injuries during the 1997 winter season (May to September). Setting-Sample of Australian football, field hockey, basketball, and netball players from the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia. Methods-A cohort of sports participants was followed over the five month winter sports season. Before the season, participants completed a baseline questionnaire and during the season were interviewed every four weeks by telephone. Results-Overall, 92% of participants (n = 1391) who completed a baseline questionnaire completed at least one follow up telephone interview. About half (51%) of the cohort sustained one or more injuries during the winter season accounting for a total of 1034 injuries. Most injuries were of moderate (58%, n = 598) or minor (40%, n = 412) severity, with only 3% (n = 24) requiring emergency department treatment or a hospital stay. The injury incidence rate was greatest for football (20.3/1000 hours of participation), similar for field hockey and basketball (15.2/1000 hours and 15.1/1000 hours respectively), and lowest for netball (12.1/1000 hours). The incidence of injury was greatest in the first four weeks of the season, and participants aged between 26 and 30 years had about a 55% greater risk of injury than those aged less than 18 years. Conclusions-This is one of the first studies to show that recreational sports are safe. Although the likelihood of injury was greatest in the first month of the season, few injuries required admission to hospital or emergency department treatment. A greater emphasis on prevention in the early part of the season should help to reduce the elevated incidence of injury found at this time. C1 Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Western Australia, Dept Human Movement & Exercise Sci, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Deakin Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Stevenson, MR (reprint author), Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. OI Stevenson, Mark/0000-0003-3166-5876 NR 32 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 6 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0306-3674 J9 BRIT J SPORT MED JI Br. J. Sports Med. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 34 IS 3 BP 188 EP 194 DI 10.1136/bjsm.34.3.188 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 320RW UT WOS:000087415000010 PM 10854018 ER PT J AU Petersen, MR Deddens, JA AF Petersen, MR Deddens, JA TI Effects of omitting a covariate in Poisson models when the data are balanced SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF STATISTICS-REVUE CANADIENNE DE STATISTIQUE LA English DT Article DE generalized linear model; maximum-likelihood estimation; Poisson model AB The authors show that for balanced data, the estimates of effects of interest and of their standard errors are unaffected when a covariate is removed from a multiplicative Poisson model. As they point out, this is not verified in the analogous linear model, nor in the logistic model. In the first case, only the estimated coefficients remain the same, while in the second case, both the estimated effects and their standard errors can change. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Petersen, MR (reprint author), NIOSH, Mail Stop R13,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN JOURNAL STATISTICS PI OTTAWA PA 675 DENBURY AVENUE, OTTAWA, ON K2A 2P2, CANADA SN 0319-5724 J9 CAN J STAT JI Can. J. Stat.-Rev. Can. Stat. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 439 EP 445 DI 10.2307/3315990 PG 7 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 367AL UT WOS:000090039100016 ER PT J AU Coughlin, SS Uhler, RJ AF Coughlin, SS Uhler, RJ TI Breast and cervical cancer screening practices among Asian and Pacific Islander women in the United States, 1994-1997 SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; AMERICAN WOMEN; MAMMOGRAPHY USE; RISK; ETHNICITY; MINORITY AB Recent studies suggest that Asian and Pacific Islander women in the United States may underuse cancer screening tests. We examined the breast and cervical cancer screening practices of 6048 Asian and Pacific Islander women in 49 states from 1991 through 1997 using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. About 71.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 66.3-77.0%] of women in this sample aged greater than or equal to 50 Sears had a mammogram in the past 2 years, and 69.5% (95% CI, 63.9-75.1%) had a clinical breast exam in the past 2 years. About 73.7% (95% CI, 71.3-76.0%) of women aged greater than or equal to 18 years who had not undergone a hysterectomy had a Papanicolaou test in the past 3 Sears. Women with health insurance and those who had seen a physician in the past year were more likely to have been screened. These results underscore the need for continued efforts to ensure that Asian and Pacific Islander women who are medically underserved, including those without health insurance, have access to cancer screening services. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Coughlin, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE K-55, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 BP 597 EP 603 PG 7 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 324RC UT WOS:000087634300011 PM 10868695 ER PT J AU Lawn, SD Labeta, MO Arias, M Acheampong, JW Griffin, GE AF Lawn, SD Labeta, MO Arias, M Acheampong, JW Griffin, GE TI Elevated serum concentrations of soluble CD14 in HIV- and HIV+ patients with tuberculosis in Africa: prolonged elevation during anti-tuberculosis treatment SO CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CD14; macrophage; tuberculosis; HIV; immune activation ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; IMMUNE ACTIVATION; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RECEPTOR; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; HUMAN MONOCYTES; EXPRESSION; RELEASE; LIPOARABINOMANNAN; MACROPHAGES AB Data are limited regarding serum concentrations of soluble CD14 (sCD14), a marker of macrophage activation, in patients with active tuberculosis (TB) and during drug treatment. In this study, concentrations of sCD 14 were measured in serum samples obtained from 105 African subjects who were categorized into one of four groups: persons with pulmonary TB alone (TB+HIV-, n = 30), pulmonary TB and HIV co-infection (TB+HIV+, n = 20), or HIV infection alone (TB-HIV+, n = 25), and healthy controls (TB-HIV-, n = 30). Mean total sCD14 was significantly increased in serum of patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (mean = 6.6 g/ml, s.d. = 1.6 g/ml) compared with healthy controls (mean = 3.1 g/ml, s.d. = 0.6 g/ml; P < 0.0001), and this elevation comprised proportionate increases in the alpha (2.1-fold greater, P < 0.0001) and beta (2.0-fold greater, P < 0.0001) forms of sCD14. Total sCD14 was also increased in serum of HIV-infected patients (mean = 4.1 g/ml, s.d. = 1.9 g/ml; P < 0.01), but the highest concentrations were observed in patients with pulmonary TB and HIV coinfection (mean = 8.7 g/ml, s.d. = 3.1 g/ml; P < 0.0001). Analysis of serum samples prospectively collected from TB+HIV- patients during the first 3 months of successful anti-TB treatment demonstrated steep reductions in mean concentrations of the acute-phase protein, C-reactive protein, and the soluble lymphocyte activation marker, sCD25. In contrast, levels of sCD14 increased during the first month of treatment and slowly declined thereafter. These data indicate that the serum concentration of sCD14 is not a sensitive index of response to anti-TB treatment and suggest that cellular activation resolves more slowly in the macrophage pool compared with the lymphocyte pool during anti-TB treatment. C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Div Communicable Dis, London, England. Univ Wales Coll Med, Dept Med, Cardiff CF4 4XN, S Glam, Wales. Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Med, Kumasi, Ghana. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lawn, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB & Mycobacteriol Branch, Mail Stop G-35,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0009-9104 J9 CLIN EXP IMMUNOL JI Clin. Exp. Immunol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 120 IS 3 BP 483 EP 487 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01246.x PG 5 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 323FT UT WOS:000087554900013 PM 10844527 ER PT J AU Anderson, FP Jayne, EC Ethridge, SF Miller, WG Waymack, PP Karageorge, LS AF Anderson, FP Jayne, EC Ethridge, SF Miller, WG Waymack, PP Karageorge, LS TI The effect of fasting vs. non-fasting samples on four homogenous LDL-cholesterol assays. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 403 BP A106 EP A106 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600405 ER PT J AU Granade, TC Branson, B Fridlund, C Woehrle, T Parekh, B AF Granade, TC Branson, B Fridlund, C Woehrle, T Parekh, B TI Performance characteristics of rapid, whole-blood HIV antibody diagnostic assays. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Los Angeles Cty HIV Epidemiol Program, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 185 BP A49 EP A49 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600186 ER PT J AU Mei, JV Jensen, RJ Brown, SA Smith, SJ AF Mei, JV Jensen, RJ Brown, SA Smith, SJ TI Preparation of candidate reference materials for thyroid stimulating hormone-enriched dried whole blood spots on filter paper. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Qual Assurnace Working Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. Int Soc Neonatal Screening, Parramatta, NSW, Australia. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 231 BP A62 EP A62 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600233 ER PT J AU Miller, WG Waymack, PP Anderson, FP Ethridge, SF Jayne, EC Karageorge, LS AF Miller, WG Waymack, PP Anderson, FP Ethridge, SF Jayne, EC Karageorge, LS TI Homogeneous LDL-cholesterol performance of four methods on the Hitachi 911. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 404 BP A106 EP A106 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600406 ER PT J AU Rej, R Norton-Wenzel, CS Leary, ET Goetsch, J Aggoune, T Hassemer, D Schaeve, M Kimberly, MM AF Rej, R Norton-Wenzel, CS Leary, ET Goetsch, J Aggoune, T Hassemer, D Schaeve, M Kimberly, MM TI Accuracy of cholesterol measurements as assessed by proficiency testing programs: The role of the cholesterol reference method laboratory network. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Pacific Biometr Res Fdn, Seattle, WA USA. Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 359 BP A94 EP A95 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600361 ER PT J AU Vesper, HW Demers, LM Eastell, R Garnero, P Kleerekoper, M Robins, SP Srivastava, AK Warnick, RG Watts, NB AF Vesper, HW Demers, LM Eastell, R Garnero, P Kleerekoper, M Robins, SP Srivastava, AK Warnick, RG Watts, NB TI Guidelines on preanalytical criteria for the measurement of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline as bone resorption markers in urine. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. No Gen Hosp, Sheffield S5 7AU, S Yorkshire, England. INSERM, U403, F-69008 Lyon, France. Synarc, Lyon, France. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA. Rowett Res Inst, Aberdeen, Scotland. Jerry L Pettis Mem Vet Adm Med Ctr, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA. Pacific BioMetr Res Fdn, Seattle, WA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Eastell, Richard/G-5851-2011 OI Eastell, Richard/0000-0002-0323-3366 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 139 BP A37 EP A37 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600140 ER PT J AU Waymack, PP Miller, WG Ethridge, SF Anderson, FP Jayne, EC Karageorge, LS AF Waymack, PP Miller, WG Ethridge, SF Anderson, FP Jayne, EC Karageorge, LS TI Homogeneous LDL-cholesterol performance of three methods on the Abbott Alcyon. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 405 BP A106 EP A106 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600407 ER PT J AU Waymack, PP Ethridge, SF Miller, WG Anderson, FP Jaynes, E Karageorge, L Chen, W AF Waymack, PP Ethridge, SF Miller, WG Anderson, FP Jaynes, E Karageorge, L Chen, W TI Use of frozen serum for accuracy transfer from CDC LDL-betaquantification reference method to three homogeneous LDL-cholesterol methods. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 392 BP A103 EP A103 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600394 ER PT J AU Waymack, PP Chen, W Ethridge, SF Myers, GL AF Waymack, PP Chen, W Ethridge, SF Myers, GL TI Accuracy and precision issues in modification of the serum volume requirement of the CDC betaquantification reference method for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 5 mL to 2 mL. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 SU S MA 391 BP A102 EP A103 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 326GU UT WOS:000087725600393 ER PT J AU Wheat, LJ Chetchotisakd, P Williams, B Connolly, P Shutt, K Hajjeh, R AF Wheat, LJ Chetchotisakd, P Williams, B Connolly, P Shutt, K Hajjeh, R TI Factors associated with severe manifestations of histoplasmosis in AIDS SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME AB We report factors associated with severe manifestations of histoplasmosis (such as shock, respiratory failure, and death) in patients with AIDS during an outbreak. Severe disease was present in 28 of 155 patients (17.9%). The following factors were associated with severe disease: black race (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CT], 1.2-6.2); hemoglobin lever <9.5 g/dL (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-6.4), partial thromboplastin time >45 s (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-9.3); alkaline phosphatase level >2.5 times normal (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.7); aspartate aminotransferase level >2.5 times normal (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.7-10.0); bilirubin level concentration >1.5 mg/dL (OR, 9.2; 95% CI, 2.5-34.3); creatinine concentration >2.1 mg/dL (OR, 8.3; 95% CI, 2.2-31.9); and albumin concentration <3.5 g/dL (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.3-16.4). Zidovudine use was associated with decreased risk of severe disease (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7). Multivariate analysis showed that a creatinine value >2.1 mg/dL (OR, 9.5; 95% CI, 1.7-52) and an albumin value <3.5 g/dL (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.0-22) were associated with an increased risk of severe disease, and zidovudine therapy remained associated with a decreased risk (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6). Findings associated with severe histoplasmosis should be recognized early and the cases managed aggressively. C1 Histoplasmosis Reference Lab, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Indianapolis, IN USA. Dept Vet Affairs Hosp, Indianapolis, IN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Khon Kaen Univ, Dept Med, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. RP Wheat, LJ (reprint author), Histoplasmosis Reference Lab, 1001 W 10th St,OPW 430, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. OI Shutt, Kathleen/0000-0003-3376-6152 FU NIAID NIH HHS [U01AI25859] NR 7 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 6 BP 877 EP 881 DI 10.1086/313824 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 340GU UT WOS:000088525400008 PM 10854363 ER PT J AU Gage, KL Dennis, DT Orloski, KA Ettestad, P Brown, TL Reynolds, PJ Pape, WJ Fritz, CL Carter, LG Stein, JD AF Gage, KL Dennis, DT Orloski, KA Ettestad, P Brown, TL Reynolds, PJ Pape, WJ Fritz, CL Carter, LG Stein, JD TI Cases of cat-associated human plague in the western US, 1977-1998 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; BUBONIC PLAGUE; DOMESTIC CAT AB Exposure to cats infected with Yersinia pestis is a recently recognized risk for human plague in the US. Twenty-three cases of cat-associated human plague (5 of which were fatal) occurred in 8 western states from 1977 through 1998, which represent 7.7% of the total 297 cases reported in that period. Bites, scratches, or other contact with infectious materials while handling infected cats resulted in 17 cases of bubonic plague, 1 case of primary septicemic plague, and 5 cases of primary pneumonic plague. The 5 fatal cases were associated with misdiagnosis or delays in seeking treatment, which resulted in overwhelming infection and various manifestations of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Unlike infections acquired by flea bites, the occurrence of cat-associated human plague did not increase significantly during summer months. Plague epizootics in rodents also were observed less frequently at exposure sites for cases of cat-associated human plague than at exposure sites for other cases. The risk of cat-associated human plague is likely to increase as residential development continues in areas where plague foci exist in the western US. Enhanced awareness is needed for prompt diagnosis and treatment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. New Mexico Dept Hlth, Santa Fe, NM USA. New Mexico Environm Dept, Santa Fe, NM USA. RP Gage, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 28 TC 87 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 6 BP 893 EP 900 DI 10.1086/313804 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 340GU UT WOS:000088525400010 PM 10852811 ER PT J AU Lowther, SA Dworkin, MS Hanson, DL AF Lowther, SA Dworkin, MS Hanson, DL CA Adult Adolescent Spectrum HIV Dis TI Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the United States SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HOMOSEXUAL MEN; AMEBIASIS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; DISEASE AB We describe the incidence of and laboratory and clinical characteristics associated with Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar infection diagnosed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-infected persons enrolled in the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project, From 1 January 1990 to 1 January 1998 (82,518 person-years of follow-up), 111 patients (98% men) were diagnosed with E. histolytica/E. dispar infection. Among HIV-infected patients in the United States, the incidence of diagnosed E. histolytica disease is low (13.5 cases per 10,000 person-years [95% confidence interval, 7.7-22.2], with diagnosis most common in those patients exposed to HIV through male-male sex. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dworkin, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 6 BP 955 EP 959 DI 10.1086/313811 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 340GU UT WOS:000088525400029 PM 10880314 ER PT J AU Breiman, RF Ginsberg, AM AF Breiman, RF Ginsberg, AM TI An Overview of the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development and Evaluation: Recognizing and addressing the barriers SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Vaccine Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIAID, Div Microbiol & Infect Dis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Breiman, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Vaccine Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 30 SU 3 BP S199 EP S200 DI 10.1086/313882 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 341DR UT WOS:000088576200001 ER PT J AU Shinnick, TM AF Shinnick, TM TI Diagnostic test needs for evaluating antituberculosis vaccines SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development and Evaluation CY AUG 26-28, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Thoracic Soc, Natl Inst Allergy & Infect Dis, Int Union Against Tuberculosis & Lung Dis, WHO ID SKIN-TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBACTERIOLOGY; ACID AB To aid in the evaluation of preexposure and postinfection vaccines to prevent tuberculosis, diagnostic tests are needed that can clearly distinguish immunologic protection from vaccine failure in a timely manner. The currently available tests to detect infected persons (tuberculin skin-lest) and confirm active disease (conventional culture methods) have limitations in specificity, sensitivity, or timeliness, Research to identify (1) surrogate markers of infection, disease, or protection and (2) stage-specific antigens or immune responses holds some promise for the development of new tests that can distinguish the various outcomes of an infection or a vaccination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shinnick, TM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G35,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 30 SU 3 BP S276 EP S278 DI 10.1086/313873 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 341DR UT WOS:000088576200018 PM 10875799 ER PT J AU Snider, DE AF Snider, DE TI Ethical issues in tuberculosis vaccine trials SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development and Evaluation CY AUG 26-28, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Thoracic Soc, Natl Inst Allergy & Infect Dis, Int Union Against Tuberculosis & Lung Dis, WHO ID TRANSMISSION PREVENTION TRIALS; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; HIV TRANSMISSION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; THIRD-WORLD; METAANALYSIS; STANDARD; THAILAND; AFRICA AB Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccines are widely used, even though estimates of efficacy have ranged from zero to 80%. BCG is a relatively safe vaccine, but it can cause disseminated infection, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Thus, the development of a more reliably efficacious and safer vaccine is important to the control of tuberculosis, The testing of any new vaccine in human populations presents a number of ethical challenges that must be addressed. These include (1) the appropriateness of conducting such trials in developing countries; (2) the use of a BCG-vaccinated population as the control group; (3) the provision of tuberculin skin-test screening and preventive therapy to study participants; (4) the involvement of various "communities" in the trial(s); (5) the structure and process of ethical review; (6) establishing an effective method of obtaining informed consent; and (7) the roles and responsibilities of researchers and others in ensuring that trial results are available to the study population after the trial ends. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Snider, DE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop D-50,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 30 SU 3 BP S271 EP S275 DI 10.1086/313872 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 341DR UT WOS:000088576200017 PM 10875798 ER PT J AU Unger, ER AF Unger, ER TI In situ diagnosis of human papillomavirus SO CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CATALYZED REPORTER DEPOSITION; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; CERVICAL-CARCINOMA; AMPLIFICATION; WORKSTATION; LESIONS AB In situ hybridization (ISH) is the demonstration of specific genetic information within a morphologic context. For HPV, colorimetric ISH has the advantage that it can be applied to routine formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. This conserves patient material and permits histologic selection of optimal material for testing. ISH allows for precise spatial localization of viral sequences within tissues. ISH also allows the integration status of HPV to be determined. The major limitations of the method are the potential for error in HPV typing because of probe cross-hybridization and relatively low sensitivity if the method is not fully optimized. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Human Papillomarvirus Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Unger, ER (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Human Papillomarvirus Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 17 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0272-2712 J9 CLIN LAB MED JI Clin. Lab. Med. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 289 EP + PG 14 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 325QP UT WOS:000087688100005 PM 10863642 ER PT J AU Tripp, RA Moore, D Anderson, LJ AF Tripp, RA Moore, D Anderson, LJ TI Th-1- and Th-2-type cytokine expression by activated T lymphocytes from the lung and spleen during the inflammatory response to respiratory syncytial virus SO CYTOKINE LA English DT Article DE activation; lymphocytes; murine; RSV; Th-1; Th-2 ID INFECTION; CELLS; MICE; PATHOGENESIS; DISEASE AB RSV is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and the elderly worldwide. The components involved in immunity and those that contribute to inflammation of RSV-induced disease are not clearly understood. To address the relationship between activation antigen and cytokine expression, intracellular levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma were determined for CD3, CD44, CD49d, CD54, CD62L and CD102 lymphocytes from the bronchoalveolar lavage and spleen. To examine activation at the DNA level, lymphocytes expressing IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 or IFN-gamma were analysed for G2 + M DNA content or phosphatidylserine expression (apoptosis). Trafficking of lymphocytes to the BAL was detected at day 5 p.i., peaked day 7 p.i., and predominately involved CD54(+) and CD102(+) lymphocytes expressing high levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma. Lymphocytes expressing CD44(+), CD49d(+) and CD62L(lo) were also observed, however they expressed these cytokines to a lesser extent. DNA analysis of lymphocytes expressing IL-2 or IFN-gamma revealed higher G2'M levels compared to lymphocytes expressing IL-4 or IL-5, suggesting greater activation of Th-1-type lymphocytes in the lung. These data demonstrate that RSV-induced pulmonary inflammation involves extensive cellular activation and cytokine expression, particularly by CD54+ and CD102(+) lymphocytes in the lung. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tripp, RA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Tripp, Ralph/0000-0002-2924-9956 NR 15 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 1043-4666 J9 CYTOKINE JI Cytokine PD JUN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 6 BP 801 EP 807 DI 10.1006/cyto.1999.0615 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 321YC UT WOS:000087482100041 PM 10843768 ER PT J AU Vinicor, F Burton, B Foster, B Eastman, R AF Vinicor, F Burton, B Foster, B Eastman, R TI Healthy people 2010: Diabetes SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CARE; MELLITUS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Vinicor, F (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K10, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD JUN PY 2000 VL 23 IS 6 BP 853 EP 855 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.6.853 PG 3 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 318ZF UT WOS:000087314000025 PM 10841008 ER PT J AU Padmalayam, I Karem, K Baumstark, B Massung, R AF Padmalayam, I Karem, K Baumstark, B Massung, R TI The gene encoding the 17-kDa antigen of Bartonella henselae is located within a cluster of genes homologous to the virB virulence operon SO DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIVISION PROTEIN FTSZ; CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; DNA TRANSFER; BACILLIFORMIS; CELLS; PROTEOBACTERIA; INFECTION AB A Bartonella henselae genomic lambda library was screened with antiserum generated in mice against live B. henselae. One of the immunoreactive clones expressed a 17-kDa antigen that was characterized previously as an immunodominant protein of B. henselae. Sequence analysis of the recombinant clone, pBHIM-2, revealed that the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the 17-kDa antigen was situated between homologs of virB4 and virB6, two genes that belong to the virB operon. The virB operon has been associated with the transfer of oncogenic T-DNA in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and with secretion of the pertussis toxin in Bordetella pertussis. Downstream of the virB6 gene within pBHIM-2 was a partial open reading frame that was homologous to the virB8 gene. Rescreening of the library by plaque hybridization using probes specific to the 5' and 3' ends of the pBHIM-2 insert resulted in the isolation of recombinant clones containing additional virB genes. Assembly of the sequences obtained from the recombinant clones revealed that eight of the open reading frames encode homologs of the VirB proteins. The homology and colinearity with the virB genes suggest that the gene encoding the 17-kDa antigen is expressed within the virB locus of B. henselae. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Padmalayam, I (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1044-5498 J9 DNA CELL BIOL JI DNA Cell Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 377 EP 382 DI 10.1089/10445490050043344 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 329BB UT WOS:000087885300006 PM 10882236 ER PT J AU Franks, JR Murphy, WJ Johnson, JL Harris, DA AF Franks, JR Murphy, WJ Johnson, JL Harris, DA TI Four earplugs in search of a rating system SO EAR AND HEARING LA English DT Article ID STANDARD LABORATORY PROTOCOL; HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES; FIELD ATTENUATION; NOISE AB Objective: The performance of four insert earplugs was evaluated by determining the Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) and the Subject-Fit Noise Reduction Rating [NRR(SF)], The NRR and NRR(SF) were calculated from real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT) data collected using the experimenter-fit protocol described in the now-rescinded ANSI S3.19-1974 (American National Standards Institute, 1974) and the subject-fit protocol of the recently revised ANSI S12.6-1997 (American National Standards Institute, 1997) standards for REAT measurement. Design: A comparison of the experimenter-fit and subject-fit REAT performance was conducted using four pools of subjects, one pool per protector. Each device was tested with at least 20 subjects, the minimum size necessary to estimate the NRR(SF) for an earplug. The REAT was measured with third-octave narrowband noise stimuli for center frequencies at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3.15, 4, 6.3, and 8 kHz. The REAT means and standard deviations were compared with the manufacturer data. Results: This study showed that the NRR(SF) is typically lower than the NRR and that the NRR(SF) is not well-predicted by the NRR derating schemes recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Conclusion: The difference between the present NRR on hearing protector labels and the NRR(SF) is sufficiently large and unpredictable enough to render the application of derating schemes meaningless even though these schemes attempt to account for the difference between the laboratory and real-world outcomes. The only way to provide a protector noise rating that is predictive of a real-world outcome is to retest the protector according to the subject-fit method of ANSI S12.6-1997 (American National Standards Institute, 1997). C1 NIOSH, Hearing Loss Prevent Sect, Engn & Phys Agents Branch, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA. USA MEDDAC, Hearing Conservat, Ft Hood, TX USA. RP Franks, JR (reprint author), NIOSH, Hearing Loss Prevent Sect, Engn & Phys Agents Branch, Div Appl Res & Technol, Mail Stop C-27,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. FU PHS HHS [75090527] NR 15 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0196-0202 J9 EAR HEARING JI Ear Hear. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 3 BP 218 EP 226 DI 10.1097/00003446-200006000-00005 PG 9 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Otorhinolaryngology SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 326CW UT WOS:000087715900005 PM 10890730 ER PT J AU Lemasters, GK Perreault, SD Hales, BF Hatch, M Hirshfield, AN Hughes, CL Kimmel, GL Lamb, JC Pryor, JL Rubin, C Seed, JG AF Lemasters, GK Perreault, SD Hales, BF Hatch, M Hirshfield, AN Hughes, CL Kimmel, GL Lamb, JC Pryor, JL Rubin, C Seed, JG TI Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: Reproductive health in children and adolescents work group summary SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children; fetal; gametes; gonads; reproduction; sexual development; urogenital system ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; MAMMARY TUMORIGENESIS; TESTICULAR TOXICITY; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; MULTICOLOR FISH; UNITED-STATES; ENDOCRINE; SPERM; RAT AB This work group report addresses the central question: What are the critical windows during development (preconception through puberty) when exposure to xenobiotics may have the greatest adverse impact on subsequent reproductive health? The reproductive system develops in stages, with sex-specific organogenesis occurring prenatally and further maturational events occurring in the perinatal period and at puberty. Complex endocrine signals as well as other regulatory factors (genetics, growth factors) are involved at all stages. Evidence from animal models and human studies indicates that many specific events can be perturbed by a variety of toxicants, with endocrine-mediated mechanisms being the more widely studied. Prioritized research needs include basic studies on the cellular-molecular and endocrine regulation of sexual differentiation and development; increased efforts regarding potential adverse effects on development in females, including breast development; expanded animal studies on different classes of chemicals, comparing responses during development (prenatal and postnatal) with responses in adults; and, more extensive explorations regarding the reproductive biology and toxicology of puberty in humans. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC USA. Blasland Bouck & Lee Inc, Reston, VA USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Perreault, SD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 505 EP 509 DI 10.2307/3454542 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400021 PM 10852850 ER PT J AU Adams, J Barone, S LaMantia, A Philen, R Rice, DC Spear, L Susser, E AF Adams, J Barone, S LaMantia, A Philen, R Rice, DC Spear, L Susser, E TI Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: Neurobehavioral work group summary SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE abnormal neurological development; behavioral teratology; behavioral testing methodology; delayed neurotoxicity; developmental disorders; developmental neurotoxicology; environmental health; neurobiological substrates of function; neuronal plasticity ID RETINOIC ACID EXPOSURE; LEVEL LEAD-EXPOSURE; ANIMAL DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; PRENATAL COCAINE EXPOSURE; SPANNING 3 DECADES; RAT-BRAIN; QUANTITATIVE COMPARABILITY; RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS; MENTAL-RETARDATION AB This paper summarizes the deliberations of a work group charged with addressing specific questions relevant to risk estimation in developmental neurotoxicology. We focused on eight questions. a) Does it make sense to think about discrete windows of vulnerability in the development of the nervous system? If it does, which time periods are of greatest importance? b) Are there cascades of developmental disorders in the nervous system? For example, are there critical points that determine the course of development that can lead to differences in vulnerabilities at later times! c) Can information on critical windows suggest the most susceptible subgroups of children (i.e., age groups, socioeconomic status, geographic areas, race, etc.)! di What are the gaps in existing data for the nervous system or end points of exposure to it! e) What are the best ways to examine exposure-response relationships and estimate exposures in vulnerable life stages! f) What other exposures that affect development at certain ages may interact with exposures of concern! g) How well do laboratory animal data predict human response! h) How can all of this information be used to improve risk assessment and public health (risk management)? In addressing these questions, we provide a brief overview of brain development from conception through adolescence and emphasize vulnerability to toxic insult throughout this period. Methodological issues focus on major Variables that influence exposure or its detection through disruptions of behavior, neuroanatomy, or neurochemical end points. Supportive evidence from studies of major neurotoxicants is provided. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, Boston, MA 02125 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Environm Res Lab, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Mol Physiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hazards Epidemiol Sect, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Ctr Dev Psychobiol, Dept Psychol, Binghamton, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY USA. RP Adams, J (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125 USA. NR 98 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 535 EP 544 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400023 PM 10852852 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Bishop, RD Baldy, LM Thompson, SG Wilson, SA Ray, BJ Griffin, PM AF Altekruse, SF Bishop, RD Baldy, LM Thompson, SG Wilson, SA Ray, BJ Griffin, PM TI Vibrio gastroenteritis in the US Gulf of Mexico region: the role of raw oysters SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID INFECTIONS; SURVEILLANCE; CONSUMPTION; VULNIFICUS; CONSUMER; COAST AB We examined clinical and epidemiological features of 575 laboratory-confirmed cases of vibrio gastroenteritis in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas from 1988 to 1997 (the US Gulf of Mexico Regional Vibrio Surveillance System). Illnesses occurred year round, with peaks in spring and autumn, Illnesses lasted a median of 7 days and included fever in half of patients and bloody stools in 25 % of patients with relevant information. Seventy-two percent of patients reported no underlying illnesses. In the week before onset, 236 (53 %) of 445 patients for whom data were available ate raw oysters, generally at a restaurant or bar. Educational efforts should address the risk of vibrio gastroenteritis for raw oyster consumers, including healthy individuals. Further studies should examine environmental conditions affecting vibrio counts on seafood and processing technologies to enhance the safety of raw oysters. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. TRW Co Inc, Atlanta, GA USA. Louisiana Dept Hlth & Hosp, Off Publ Hlth, Baton Rouge, LA 70821 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Griffin, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd A38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 124 IS 3 BP 489 EP 495 DI 10.1017/S0950268899003714 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 349GQ UT WOS:000089037700017 PM 10982073 ER PT J AU Elbasha, EH AF Elbasha, EH TI Discrete time representation of the formula for calculating DALYs SO HEALTH ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE age-weighting; cost-effectiveness analyses; disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); discounting; time-aggregation bias ID GLOBAL BURDEN; DISEASE; DISABILITY AB The global burden of disease (GBD) was measured using a new indicator called disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The formula to calculate DALYs is based on the idea of time being a continuous variable, which is not consistent with the way economic and health data are collected and reported, and is also different from the concept of time used in the vast majority of policy analyses. Use of this formula gives rise to a time-aggregation bias in the estimates of GBD. Based on discrete time representation and the key principles outlined in the GBD study, a new formula for estimating DALYs is derived in this paper. The properties of the two formulae are compared and contrasted and the implications of using the new formula are discussed. The results show that there is an appreciable difference in percentage terms (14.06%) between the burden of cataract in Sub-Saharan Africa in 1990 calculated using the new and the old formulae. The global burden of diseases and injuries as previously reported in the GDB study may, therefore, be underestimated and the relative positions of some diseases and injuries, and hence the relative priorities of related interventions, may shift if the more appropriate, discrete:time formula is used. The difference is greatest for diseases of short duration (e.g. infectious diseases). Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Elbasha, EH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop K-73,2877 Brandywine Rd, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1057-9230 J9 HEALTH ECON JI Health Econ. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 353 EP 365 DI 10.1002/1099-1050(200006)9:4<353::AID-HEC519>3.3.CO;2-M PG 13 WC Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Business & Economics; Health Care Sciences & Services GA 329KN UT WOS:000087906300006 PM 10862078 ER PT J AU Luby, S Khanani, R Zia, M Vellani, Z Ali, M Qureshi, AH Khan, AJ Mujeeb, SA Shah, SA Fisher-Hoch, S AF Luby, S Khanani, R Zia, M Vellani, Z Ali, M Qureshi, AH Khan, AJ Mujeeb, SA Shah, SA Fisher-Hoch, S TI Evaluation of blood bank practices in Karachi, Pakistan, and the government's response SO HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE; HEPATITIS; INFECTION AB Background: National legislation in Pakistan regulating blood banks has been introduced several times, but has never been passed. To support provincial-level efforts to develop legislation we conducted a study to evaluate blood-banking practices in Karachi, Pakistan, to identify areas that could be improved. Methods: Thirty-seven blood banks were randomly selected from a list of 87 Karachi blood banks. The research team interviewed blood bank personnel, inspected available facilities and equipment, and observed blood collection using structured questionnaires and observation forms. Results: Of the 37 selected facilities, 25 were operational and 24 agreed to participate. Twelve (50%) of the facilities reported regularly utilizing paid blood donors, while only six (25%) actively recruited volunteer donors. During observation only 8% of facilities asked donors about injecting drug use, and none asked donors any questions about high-risk sexual behaviour. While 95% of blood banks had appropriate equipment and reagents to screen for hepatitis B, only 55% could screen for HIV and 23% for hepatitis C. Twenty-nine percent of the facilities were storing blood products outside the WHO recommended temperature limits. Implications: Practices at most Karachi blood banks fell well below WHO standards. Findings from this study were instrumental in developing and passing legislation to regulate blood transfusion throughout Sindh Province, and suggest a method for improving blood transfusion practices in other developing countries. C1 Aga Khan Univ, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Karachi, Pakistan. Civikl Hosp, Sindh Med Coll, Karachi, Pakistan. Jinnah Post Grad Med Ctr, Blood Transfus Serv, Karachi, Pakistan. Aga Khan Univ, Sindh AIDS Control Program, Karachi, Pakistan. Aga Khan Univ, Dept Pathol, Karachi, Pakistan. RP Luby, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Mailstop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30087 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1080 J9 HEALTH POLICY PLANN JI Health Policy Plan. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 217 EP 222 DI 10.1093/heapol/15.2.217 PG 6 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 327NE UT WOS:000087799300012 PM 10837045 ER PT J AU Gibbons, RV Rupprecht, C AF Gibbons, RV Rupprecht, C TI Twelve common questions about human rabies and its prevention SO INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; BITE C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gibbons, RV (reprint author), Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, MS G-13,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1056-9103 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN PRAC JI Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. PD JUN-JUL PY 2000 VL 9 IS 5 BP 202 EP 207 DI 10.1097/00019048-200009050-00005 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 326VZ UT WOS:000087758900005 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS Narayan, KMV Williamson, DF Valdez, R AF Kahn, HS Narayan, KMV Williamson, DF Valdez, R TI Relation of birth weight to lean and fat thigh tissue in young men SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE anthropometry; birth weight; epidemiology; obesity; risk factors ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; BODY-MASS INDEX; MIDDLE-AGED MEN; SIMPLE ANTHROPOMETRIC INDEXES; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; FETAL GROWTH; ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ADULT LIFE; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY AB BACKGROUND: Birth weight is positively associated with body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) in later life, but is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk. To understand this paradox, we examined the relationships between birth weight, adult BMI, and estimations of lean and fat tissue in young men. METHODS: From 192 applicants for military service (ages 17-22y, mean BMI 23.2 kg/m(2)) with known birth weights we measured the circumference and anterior skinfold thickness at midthigh to estimate thigh muscle + bone area and subcutaneous fat area. Linear regression models including birth weight as the independent variable were adjusted for race and adult height. RESULTS: BMI was linearly associated with birth weight (standardized regression coefficient, [SRC] = + 0.27; P = 0.0004), as was the thigh muscle + bone area (SRC = + 0.22; P = 0.0029), but not the thigh subcutaneous fat area (SRC = + 0.13; P = 0.086). The BMI-birth weight association was reduced by 68% when the regression model was further adjusted for thigh muscle + bone area. Separate adjustment for thigh subcutaneous fat, however, reduced the BMI-birth weight association by only 30%, Waist circumference was also associated with birth weight (SRC = + 0.24; P = 0.0014), sagittal abdominal diameter was weakly associated (SRC = + 0.17; P = 0,028), but waist/thigh ratio and abdominal diameter index were not associated with birth weight. INTERPRETATION: The larger BMI associated with higher birth weight may reflect increments in lean tissue more than increments in fat. Birth weight's influence on lean tissue is observed in the thigh and, among fit young men, perhaps at the waist. Increased muscularity in young men may partly explain the cardiovascular benefit in middle age ascribed to higher birth weight. C1 CDC, Div Diabet Translat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), CDC, Div Diabet Translat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, MS K-68,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012; OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405; Kahn, Henry/0000-0003-2533-1562 NR 46 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 24 IS 6 BP 667 EP 672 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801211 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 321QN UT WOS:000087466300001 PM 10878671 ER PT J AU Punnotok, J Shaffer, N Naiwatanakul, T Pumprueg, U Subhannachart, P Ittiravivongs, A Chuchotthaworn, C Ponglertnapagorn, P Chantharojwong, N Young, NL Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD AF Punnotok, J Shaffer, N Naiwatanakul, T Pumprueg, U Subhannachart, P Ittiravivongs, A Chuchotthaworn, C Ponglertnapagorn, P Chantharojwong, N Young, NL Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD TI Human immunodeficiency virus-related tuberculosis and primary drug resistance in Bangkok, Thailand SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; drug resistance; HIV; Thailand; Asia ID HIV-INFECTED PERSONS; NEW-YORK-CITY; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; COTE-DIVOIRE; CHIANG-RAI; HIV-1-INFECTED PATIENTS; ABIDJAN; MORTALITY; EMERGENCE; THERAPY AB SETTING: Central Chest Hospital, a 500-bed referral hospital near Bangkok with a large out-patient department. OBJECTIVES: TO determine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and compare HIV-positive and HN-negative TB patients. DESIGN: From July 1995 through June 1996, a cross-sectional study was conducted of newly registered adults (greater than or equal to 16 years old) with suspected pulmonary TB. RESULTS: Of 2587 newly registered patients with suspected pulmonary TB, 2019 (78%) received HN pretest counseling and 1816 (90%) consented to testing. Of these, 364 (20%) were HIV-seropositive. Among 1091 patients with bacteriologically confirmed TB, HIV seroprevalence was 22%. HIV-positive patients were more likely to be young, unemployed, single men and to have a history of injection drug use. HN-positive patients with first-episode TB were more likely to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid (10.9% vs 3.5%; P< 0.001), rifampicin (9.4% vs 2.9%; P < 0.001), and at least isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug-resistant TB [MDR-TB]; 5.2% vs 0.4%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevalence is high among TB patients at this Bangkok hospital and is associated with drug resistance, including a 12 times higher risk of MDR-TB. These findings underscore the urgent need to assure adherence to complete, effective TB treatment regimens for all patients, including persons who are potentially difficult to manage such as injection drug users. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Cent Chest Hosp, Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Communicable Dis Control, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mastro, TD (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 4 IS 6 BP 537 EP 543 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 320FG UT WOS:000087390700008 PM 10864184 ER PT J AU Lockman, S Sheppard, JD Mwasekaga, M Kenyon, TA Binkin, NJ Braden, CR Woodley, CL Rumisha, DW Tappero, JW AF Lockman, S Sheppard, JD Mwasekaga, M Kenyon, TA Binkin, NJ Braden, CR Woodley, CL Rumisha, DW Tappero, JW TI DNA fingerprinting of a national sample of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, Botswana, 1995-1996 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; DNA fingerprinting; RFLP; Botswana; Africa ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB DNA fingerprinting may be useful to elucidate tuberculosis (TB) transmission in community settings, but its utility is limited if only few fingerprint patterns are observed or band numbers are low. We performed DNA fingerprinting on a national, population-based sample of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Botswana. During 1995-1996, a random sample of 213 isolates, representing 5% of all smear-positive TB cases, underwent DNA fingerprinting using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) IS6110 analysis. Eighty-two (38%) of the 213 isolates belonged to one of 18 clusters, with 2-9 isolates/cluster: The median number of bands was 10 (range 1-19); 183 (86%) had six or more bands. Sixty-three (49%) of 128 patients tested were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), The degree of RFLP pattern heterogeneity and high band number support the feasibility of a prospective DNA fingerprinting study in Botswana. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Botswana Minist Hlth, Natl Hlth Labs, Mycobacteriol Lab, Gaborone, Botswana. Botswana Minist Hlth, BOTUSA TB Project, Gaborone, Botswana. Botswana Minist Hlth, Communicable Dis Sect, Gaborone, Botswana. RP Binkin, NJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 4 IS 6 BP 584 EP 587 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 320FG UT WOS:000087390700016 PM 10864192 ER PT J AU Kennedy, M Angulo, FJ AF Kennedy, M Angulo, FJ CA FoodNet Working Grp TI Incidence of foodborne illnesses: 1999 data from FoodNet SO IRISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Emerging Issues in Food Safety CY JUN, 2000 CL UNIV COLL CORK, CORK, IRELAND SP Univ Coll Cork, Us-Ireland Co-operat Agr Sci & Technol HO UNIV COLL CORK DE foodborne illness; FoodNet; surveillance AB Foodborne illnesses represent a large burden on the US population and public health system. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) collects data on foodborne diseases in eight US sites. Since 1997, there has been a 19% decline in the incidence of bacterial foodborne infections. The 1999 FoodNet data indicated a 19% decrease in incidence of Campylobacter infections and a 44% decrease in incidence of Shigella infections from 1998 to 1999. In 1999 the rate of Salmonella infections increased, whereas the rate of E. coli O157 infections decreased. These declines were concurrent with several interventions, including implementation of mandated changes in meat and poultry processing plants, increased attention to 'good agricultural practices', and increased consumer awareness. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kennedy, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS D-63, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEAGASC PI DUBLIN PA 19 SANDYMOUNT AVE, DUBLIN 4, IRELAND SN 0791-6833 J9 IRISH J AGR FOOD RES JI Irish J. Agr. Food Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 39 IS 2 BP 295 EP 300 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 334BJ UT WOS:000088165000018 ER PT J AU Waldo, CR McFarland, W Katz, MH MacKellar, D Valleroy, LA AF Waldo, CR McFarland, W Katz, MH MacKellar, D Valleroy, LA TI Very young gay and bisexual men are at risk for HIV infection: The San Francisco Bay Area young men's survey II SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE young gay men; sexual behavior; STDs; HIV; psychosocial; drug use; risk factors ID PREVENTION INTERVENTION; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENTS; PATTERNS; CITIES AB Objectives: To compare HIV seroprevalence and sexual risk behavior among very young gay and bisexual men (aged 15-17 years) and their older counterparts (aged 18-22 years). To examine drug-use patterns and correlates of sexual risk behavior in both of these age groups. Design and Methods: An interviewer-administered cross-sectional survey of 719 gay and bisexual males between 15 and 22 years old was conducted through a venue-based sampling design. Blood specimens were collected and rested for HIV antibodies, hepatitis B, and syphilis. Interviews assessed sexual and drug-use behavior as well as psychosocial variables believed to be related to sexual risk-taking, including self-acceptance of gay or bisexual identity, perceptions of peer norms concerning safer sex, and perceptions of the ability to practice safer sex (safer sex self-efficacy). Results: Of the 719 participants, 100 (16.2%) were aged between 15 and 17 years. HIV seroprevalence was somewhat lower among those aged 15 to 17 years (2.0%) compared with those aged 18 to 22 years (6.8%). Overall, the prevalence of hepatitis-B core antibody was significantly lower in the younger age group (5.0%) than in the older group (14.1%). The men aged 15 to 17 years used alcohol, ecstasy, and heroin less frequently than those aged 18 to 22 years. The age groups did not differ in the proportion of men who reported any unprotected anal intercourse in the previous 6 months (31.2%). in both age groups, use of amphetamines, ecstasy, and amyl nitrate was associated with unprotected anal intercourse. Self-acceptance of gay or bisexual identity was related to less sexual risk for those aged 15 to 17 years. In both age groups, greater safer sex self-efficacy was linked to less HIV sexual risk-taking. In the younger group, perceptions of peer norms that support safer sex were related to less risk behavior. Conclusions: Very young gay and bisexual men engage in unprotected anal sex at rates comparable with those for their somewhat older counterparts, raising serious concern over their risk of acquiring HIV infection. To prevent seroconversions, interventions must target those <18 years of age, and prevention programs should address the use of certain drugs in relation to sex and sexual risk-taking. To be most effective, programs should develop innovative communication strategies to take into account lack of self-acceptance of gay or bisexual identity and low self-efficacy for practicing safer sex. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, AIDS Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Waldo, CR (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, AIDS Res Inst, 74 New Montgomery St,Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH42459] NR 23 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 24 IS 2 BP 168 EP 174 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 339QU UT WOS:000088490100011 PM 10935693 ER PT J AU LaClaire, LL Facklam, RR AF LaClaire, LL Facklam, RR TI Comparison of three commercial rapid identification systems for the unusual gram-positive cocci Dolosigranulum pigrum, Ignavigranum ruoffiae, and Facklamia species SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN CLINICAL SPECIMENS; MIDDLE-EAR FLUID; SP. NOV.; GEN-NOV; VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; STREP; ENTEROCOCCI; AEROCOCCUS; ORGANISMS AB We evaluated three rapid identification systems-The Biomerieux rapid ID 32 STREP (ID32), the BBL Crystal rapid gram-positive identification (Crystal), and the Remel IDS RapID STR (IDS) systems-for their ability to identify 7 strains of Alloiococcus otitidis, 27 strains of Dolosigranulum pigrum, 3 strains of Ignavigranum ruoffiae, and 18 strains of 4 different Facklamia species, Since none of these six species of gram-positive cocci are included in the identification databases for these systems, the correct identification for the strains tested should be "unacceptable ID" for the ID32 and Crystal systems or "no choice" for the IDS system. The ID32 system identified all 27 strains of D. pigrum, 6 of 18 Facklamia species, and 2 of 3 cultures of I. rouffiae as "unacceptable ID." The Crystal system identified 10 of 27 D. pigrum, 2 of 18 Facklamia species, and 2 of 3 I. ruoffiae strains as "unacceptable ID." The IDS system identified only 1 culture of D. pigram as "no choice," but it also identified 2 cultures of D. pigrum as a "questionable microcode" and 19 cultures of D, pigrum as an "inadequate ID, E. faecalis 90%, S. intermedius 9%." A total of 2 of the 18 cultures of Facklamia and ail 3 of the I. ruoffiae cultures were correctly identified as "no choice." The most common misidentifications of Facklamia species by the ID32 and IDS systems were as various Streptococcus species and as Gemella species. In the Crystal system, the most common erroneous identification was Micrococcus luteus, These data indicate the need for the commercial manufacturers of these products to update their databases to include newly described species of gram-positive cocci. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Facklam, RR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 2037 EP 2042 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 320YR UT WOS:000087428600003 PM 10834950 ER PT J AU Plikaytis, BD Goldblatt, D Frasch, CE Blondeau, C Bybel, MJ Giebink, GS Jonsdottir, I Kayhty, H Konradsen, HB Madore, DV Nahm, MH Schulman, CA Holder, PF Lezhava, T Elie, CM Carlone, GM AF Plikaytis, BD Goldblatt, D Frasch, CE Blondeau, C Bybel, MJ Giebink, GS Jonsdottir, I Kayhty, H Konradsen, HB Madore, DV Nahm, MH Schulman, CA Holder, PF Lezhava, T Elie, CM Carlone, GM TI An analytical model applied to a multicenter pneumococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay study SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIBODY-LEVELS; REFERENCE SERUM AB Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines will eventually be licensed after favorable results from phase III efficacy trials. After licensure of a conjugate vaccine for invasive pneumococcal disease in infants, new conjugate vaccines will likely be licensed primarily on the basis of immunogenicity data rather than clinical efficacy. Analytical methods must therefore be developed, evaluated, and validated to compare immunogenicity results accurately within and between laboratories for different vaccines. At present no analytical technique is uniformly accepted and used in vaccine evaluation studies to determine the acceptable level of agreement between a laboratory result and the assigned value for a given serum sample. This multicenter study describes the magnitude of agreement among 12 laboratories quantifying an identical series of 48 pneumococcal serum specimens from 24 individuals (quality-control sera) by a consensus immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed For this study. After provisional or trial antibody concentrations were assigned to the quality-control serum samples for this study, four methods for comparison of a series of laboratory-determined values with the assigned concentrations were evaluated. The percent error between assigned values and laboratory-determined concentrations proved to be the most informative of the four methods. We present guidelines that a laboratory may follow to analyze a series of quality-control sera to determine if it can reproduce the assigned antibody concentrations within an acceptable level of tolerance. While this study focused on a pneumococcal IgG ELISA, the methods that we describe are easily generalizable to other immunological assays. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Immunobiol Unit, London, England. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Div Bacterial Prod, Bethesda, MD 20014 USA. Pasteur Merieux Connaught, Clin Seroimmunol Lab, Val De Reuil, France. Pasteur Merieux Connaught, Clin Serol, Swiftwater, PA USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Pediat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Natl Univ Hosp Reykjavik, Dept Immunol, Reykjavik, Iceland. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Helsinki, Finland. Statens Serum Inst, Div Microbiol, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, W Henrietta, NY USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Rochester, NY USA. Merck Res Labs, Dev Human Vaccine Serol, West Point, PA USA. RP Plikaytis, BD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mailstop C09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bdp1@cdc.gov RI Goldblatt, David/C-5972-2008; OI Goldblatt, David/0000-0002-0769-5242; Nahm, Moon/0000-0002-6922-1042 NR 13 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 2043 EP 2050 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 320YR UT WOS:000087428600004 PM 10834951 ER PT J AU Spira, TJ Lam, L Dollard, SC Meng, YX Pau, CP Black, JB Burns, D Cooper, B Hamid, M Huong, J Kite-Powell, K Pellett, PE AF Spira, TJ Lam, L Dollard, SC Meng, YX Pau, CP Black, JB Burns, D Cooper, B Hamid, M Huong, J Kite-Powell, K Pellett, PE TI Comparison of serologic assays and PCR for diagnosis of human herpesvirus 8 infection SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; DNA-SEQUENCES; HUMAN-HERPESVIRUS-8 DNA; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; ANTIBODIES; AIDS; IDENTIFICATION; INDIVIDUALS AB A variety of assays for the diagnosis human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection have been reported. We compared several such assays with a panel of 88 specimens from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (current-KS patients; n = 30), HIV-infected patients who later developed KS (later-KS patients; n = 13), HIV-infected patients without KS (no-KS patients; n = 25), and healthy blood donors (n = 20). PCR assays were also performed with purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to confirm positive serologic test results. The order of sensitivity of the serologic assays (most to Least) in detecting HHV-8 infection in current-KS patients was the mouse monoclonal antibody-enhanced immunofluorescence assay (MIFA) for lytic antigen (97%), the orfK8.1 peptide enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (87%), the orf65 peptide EIA (87%), MIFA for latent antigen (83%), the Advanced Biotechnologies, Inc, EIA (80%), and the orf65 immunoblot assay (80%). Combination of the results of the two peptide EIAs (combined peptide EIAs) increased the sensitivity to 93%. For detection of infection in later-KS patients, the MIFA for lytic antigen (100%), the orfK8.1 peptide EIA (85%), and combined peptide EIAs (92%) were the most sensitive. Smaller percentages of no-KS patients were found to be positive (16 to 56%). Most positive specimens from the current-KS and later-KS groups were positive by multiple assays, while positive specimens from the no-KS group tended to be positive only by a single assay. PCR with PBMCs for portions of the HHV-8 orf65 rind gB genes were positive for less than half of current-KS and later-KS patients and even fewer of the no-KS patients. The concordance between serologic assays was high. We propose screening by the combined peptide EIAs. For specimens that test weakly positive, we recommend that MIFA for lytic antigen be done. A positive result with a titer of greater than or equal to 1:40 would be called HHV-8 positive. A negative or low titer would be called HHV-8 negative. If a population has a high percentage of persons who test positive by the combined peptide EIAs, then a MIFA could be performed with the negative specimens to determine if any positive specimens are being missed. Alternatively, if a population has a low percentage that test positive, then a MIFA could be performed with a subset of the negative specimens for the same reason. As described above, only a titer of greater than or equal to 1:40) would be considered HHV-8 positive. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Spira, TJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,A25, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 48 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 2174 EP 2180 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 320YR UT WOS:000087428600025 PM 10834972 ER PT J AU Tardei, G Ruta, S Chitu, V Rossi, C Tsai, TF Cernescu, C AF Tardei, G Ruta, S Chitu, V Rossi, C Tsai, TF Cernescu, C TI Evaluation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG enzyme immunoassays in serologic diagnosis of West Nile virus infection SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; EPIDEMIC; ROMANIA; FEVER AB A unique urban encephalitis epidemic in Romania signaled the emergence of neurological infection due to West Nile (WN) virus as a novel public health threat in Eastern Europe and provided an opportunity to evaluate patterns of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM reactivity in IgM capture and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). WN virus infection was diagnosed scrologically in 236 of 290 patients from whom acute serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were available. In 37% of serum samples and in 258 of CSF samples collected in the first week of illness, anti-WN virus IgM antibody was detected in the absence of virus-specific Igc, The switch to an IgG antibody response occurred after 4 to 5 days of illness and earlier in CSF than in serum. A specific humoral immune response was detected in the CSF before the serum in some patients for whom paired CSF and serum samples from the same day were available. IBM antibody in convalescent serum samples persisted beyond 2 months after the onset of illness in more than 50% of patients. ELISA optical density values and antibody concentrations were well correlated for both IgM and IgG immunoassays. Anti-WN virus IgM antibody in acute-phase samples did not cross-react significantly with flaviviruses in other antigenic groups. C1 Inst Virol, Bucharest, Romania. Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Bucharest, Romania. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Tsai, TF (reprint author), Wyeth Lederle Vaccines, 401 N Middletown Rd, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA. RI Ruta, Simona/A-9569-2010 OI Ruta, Simona/0000-0002-2492-6073 NR 32 TC 120 Z9 138 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 2232 EP 2239 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 320YR UT WOS:000087428600035 PM 10834982 ER PT J AU Arthington-Skaggs, BA Motley, M Warnock, DW Morrison, CJ AF Arthington-Skaggs, BA Motley, M Warnock, DW Morrison, CJ TI Comparative evaluation of PASCO and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A broth microdilution methods for antifungal drug susceptibility testing of yeasts SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; AMPHOTERICIN-B; CANDIDA SPP.; MACRODILUTION; RESISTANCE; FLUCONAZOLE; SYSTEM; PANELS AB The PASCO antifungal susceptibility test system, developed in collaboration with a commercial company, is a broth microdilution assay which is faster and easier to use than the reference broth microdilution test performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) document M27-A guidelines. Advantages of the PASCO system include the system's inclusion of quality-controlled, premade antifungal panels containing 10, twofold serial dilutions of drugs and a one-step inoculation system whereby all wells are simultaneously inoculated in a single step. For the prototype panel, we chose eight antifungal agents for in vitro testing (amphotericin B. flucytosine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and terconazole) and compared the results with those of the NCCLS method for testing 74 yeast isolates (14 Candida albicans, 10 Candida glabrata, 10 Candida tropicalis, 10 Candida krusei, 10 Candida dubliniensis, 10 Candida parapsilosis, and 10 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates). The overall agreements between the methods were 91% for fluconazole, 89% for amphotericin B and ketoconazole, 85% for itraconazole, 80% for flucytosine, 77% for terconazole, 66% for miconazole, and 53% for clotrimazole. In contrast to the M27-A reference method, the PASCO method classified as resistant seven itraconazole-susceptible isolates (9%), two fluconazole-susceptible isolates (3%), and three flucytosine-susceptible isolates (4%), representing 12 major errors. In addition, it classified two fluconazole-resistant isolates (3%) and one flucytosine-resistant isolate (1%) as susceptible, representing three very major errors. Overall, the agreement between the methods was greater than or equal to 80% for four of the seven species tested (C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. neoformans). The lowest agreement between methods was observed fur miconazole and clotrimazole and for C. krusei isolates tested against terconazole. When the data for miconazole and clotrimazole were removed from the analysis, agreement was greater than or equal to 80% for all seven species tested. Therefore, the PASCO method is a suitable alternative procedure for the testing of the antifungal susceptibilities of the medically important Candida spp. and C. neoformans against a range of antifungal agents with the exceptions only of miconazole and clotrimazole and of terconazole against C. krusei isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. RP Morrison, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 2254 EP 2260 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 320YR UT WOS:000087428600038 PM 10834985 ER PT J AU Marano, NN Daniels, NA Easton, AN McShan, A Ray, B Wells, JG Griffin, PM Angulo, FJ AF Marano, NN Daniels, NA Easton, AN McShan, A Ray, B Wells, JG Griffin, PM Angulo, FJ TI A survey of stool culturing practices for Vibrio species at clinical laboratories in Gulf Coast states SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; INFECTIONS; DIARRHEA AB Non-cholera Vibrio infections are an important public health problem. Non-cholera Vibrio species usually cause sporadic infections, often in coastal states, and have also caused several recent nationwide outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. We report a survey of laboratory stool culturing practices for Vibrio among randomly selected clinical laboratories in Gulf Coast states (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas). Interviews conducted with the microbiology supervisors of 201 clinical laboratories found that 164 (82%) received stool specimens for culture. Of these, 102 (62%) of 164 processed stool specimens on site, and 20 (20%) of these 102 laboratories cultured all stool specimens for Vibrio, indicating that at least 34,463 (22%) of 152,797 stool specimens were cultured for Vibrio. This survey suggests that despite an increased incidence of non-cholera Vibrio infections in Gulf Coast states, a low percentage of clinical Laboratories routinely screen all stool specimens, and fewer than 25% of stool specimens collected are routinely screened for non-cholera Vibrio. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Off Minority & Womens Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Epidemic Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Meharry Med Coll, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Marano, NN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-CO9, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 2267 EP 2270 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 320YR UT WOS:000087428600040 PM 10834987 ER PT J AU Li, RK Elie, CM Clayton, GE Ciblak, MA AF Li, RK Elie, CM Clayton, GE Ciblak, MA TI Comparison of a new colorimetric assay with the NCCLS broth microdilution method (M-27A) for antifungal drug MIC determination SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CANDIDA-ALBICANS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; FLUCONAZOLE AB We evaluated a new microtiter assay for antifungal susceptibility testing based on a colorimetric reaction to monitor fungal substrate utilization. This new method (rapid susceptibility assay [RSA]) provides quantitative endpoint readings in less than 8 h compared with visual determination of MIC by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) broth microdilution method, which requires a minimum of 48 h of incubation, In this study, we tested clinical isolates from each of the following species: Candida albicans (20 isolates), C. glabrata (20 isolates), C. krusei (19 isolates), C. tropicalis (19 isolates), and C. parapsilosis (28 isolates). RSA and NCCLS broth dilution methods were used to determine the MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, and 5-flucytosine for all 106 isolates. RPMI 1640 medium buffered with morpholinopropanesulfonic acid was used for both methods; however, glucose and inoculum concentrations in the RSA were modified. RSA MICs were determined as the lowest drug concentration that prevented glucose consumption by the organism after 6 h of incubation. MICs obtained from the RSA were compared with those obtained from the NCCLS M-27A method read at 24 and 48 h. MIC pairs were considered in agreement when the difference between the pairs was within 2 twofold dilutions. For the 106 isolates tested, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine demonstrated the highest agreement in MICs between the two methods (100 and 98%, respectively), whereas fluconazole and itraconazole produced less favorable MIC agreement (63.2 and 61.3%, respectively). The azole MIC differences between the two methods were significantly reduced when lower inocula were used with a prolonged incubation time. This preliminary comparison suggests that this rapid procedure may be a reliable tool for the in vitro determination of MICs of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine and warrants further evaluation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Li, RK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 2334 EP 2338 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 320YR UT WOS:000087428600051 PM 10834998 ER PT J AU Beeker, C Kraft, JM Southwell, BG Jorgensen, CM AF Beeker, C Kraft, JM Southwell, BG Jorgensen, CM TI Colorectal cancer screening in older men and women: Qualitative research findings and implications for intervention SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Article DE colorectal cancer screening ID ADHERENCE; PARTICIPATION AB As part of the formative research for developing interventions to increase colorectal cancer screening in men and women aged 50 and older, 14 focus groups were conducted to identify (1) knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about colorectal cancer and colorectal cancer screening, (2) barriers to screening, and (3) strategies for motivating and supporting behavior change. Participants had either private insurance or Medicare and reported different levels of experience with colorectal cancer screening. Overall, they were poorly informed about colorectal cancer and the possible benefits of screening, reporting little or no information from physicians or mass media, negative attitudes toward screening procedures, and fear of cancer. Despite references to the subject matter as embarrassing or private, both men and women, African Americans and whites, appeared to talk candidly and comfortably in the permissive context of the focus group. This study's findings suggest that public education campaigns, decision aids, and targeted interventions are urgently needed to put colorectal cancer screening on the public's "radar screen," to increase awareness of the prevention and early detection benefits of screening, and to encourage people 50 and older-and the health care providers who serve them-to make screening a high priority. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Beeker, C (reprint author), Mail Stop K-48,4770 Buford Highway,NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 31 TC 117 Z9 118 U1 5 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC-HUMAN SCIENCES PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0094-5145 J9 J COMMUN HEALTH JI J. Community Health PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 263 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1005104406934 PG 16 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 321HW UT WOS:000087450900007 PM 10868818 ER PT J AU Espelage, DL Bosworth, K Simon, TR AF Espelage, DL Bosworth, K Simon, TR TI Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence SO JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID SCHOOL STUDENTS; AGGRESSION; VICTIMS; DELINQUENCY; ADJUSTMENT; CHILDREN; BULLIES; YOUTH AB Familial end adult influences, peer relations, and distal contextual factors were tested as correlates of a continuous measure of bullying behavior within a sample of 558 middle school students. Only 19.5% of the sample reported exhibiting no bullying behavior in the past 30 days. Parental physical discipline, time spent without adult supervision, negative peer influences, and neighborhood safety concerns were each positively associated with bullying behavior. In contrast, positive adult role models were associated with less bullying behavior. Results suggest that counselors should focus prevention and intervention efforts on the risk factors within the larger social context of an adolescent's life. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Educ, Dept Educ Psychol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Espelage, DL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Educ, Dept Educ Psychol, 226 Educ Bldg,1310 S 6th St, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 36 TC 161 Z9 163 U1 5 U2 29 PU AMER COUNSELING ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 5999 STEVENSON AVE, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22304-3300 USA SN 0748-9633 J9 J COUNS DEV JI J. Couns. Dev. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 326 EP 333 PG 8 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 333AZ UT WOS:000088107700009 ER PT J AU Coulter, ID Marcus, M Freed, JR Der-Martirosian, C Cunningham, WE Andersen, RM Maas, WR Garcia, I Schneider, DA Genovese, B Shapiro, MF Bozzette, SA AF Coulter, ID Marcus, M Freed, JR Der-Martirosian, C Cunningham, WE Andersen, RM Maas, WR Garcia, I Schneider, DA Genovese, B Shapiro, MF Bozzette, SA TI Use of dental care by HIV-infected medical patients SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE HIV; use of dental care ID SERVICE USE; DENTISTS ATTITUDES; SELF-DISCLOSURE; AIDS; SIMILARITIES; EXPERIENCE; KNOWLEDGE; ACCESS; PEOPLE; RISK AB Although increasing attention has been paid to the use of dental care by HIV patients, the existing studies do not use probability samples, and no accurate population estimates of use can be made from this work. The intent of the present study was to establish accurate population estimates of the use of dental services by patients under medical care. The study, part of the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS), created a representative national probability sample, the first of its kind, of HN-infected adults in medical care. Both bivariate and logistic regressions were conducted, with use of dental care in the preceding 6 months as the dependent variable and demographic, social, behavioral, and disease characteristics as independent variables. Forty-two percent of the sample had seen a dental health professional in the preceding 6 months. The bivariate logits for use of dental care show that African-Americans, those whose exposure to HIV was caused by hemophilia or blood transfusions, persons with less education, and those who were employed were less likely to use dental care (p < 0.05). Sixty-five percent of those with a usual source of care had used dental care in the preceding 6 months. Use was greatest among those obtaining dental care from an AIDS clinic (74%) and lowest among those without a usual source of dental care (12%). We conclude that, in spite of the high rate of oral disease in persons with HIV, many do not use dental care regularly, and that use varies by patient characteristics and availability of a regular source of dental care. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Dent, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA 90407 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, Bethesda, MD USA. US Hlth Care Financing Adm, Baltimore, MD 21207 USA. Vet Affairs San Diego Hlth Care Syst, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Coulter, ID (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Dent, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [U01 HS 08578] NR 33 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 79 IS 6 BP 1356 EP 1361 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 325TZ UT WOS:000087693600002 PM 10890713 ER PT J AU Wallace, DJ Van Gilder, T Shallow, S Fiorentino, T Segler, SD Smith, KE Shiferaw, B Etzel, R Garthright, WE Angulo, FJ AF Wallace, DJ Van Gilder, T Shallow, S Fiorentino, T Segler, SD Smith, KE Shiferaw, B Etzel, R Garthright, WE Angulo, FJ CA Foodnet Working Grp TI Incidence of foodborne illnesses reported by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet)-1997 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB In 1997, the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Program (FoodNet) conducted active surveillance for culture-confirmed cases of Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium in five Emerging Infections Program sites. FoodNet is a collaborative effort of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Infectious Diseases, the United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service, the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and state health departments in California, Connecticut, Georgia, Minnesota, and Oregon. The population under active surveillance for foodborne infections was approximately 16.1 million persons or roughly 6% of the United States Population. Through weekly or monthly contact with all clinical laboratories in these sites, 8,576 total isolations were recorded: 2,205 cases of salmonellosis, 1,273 cases of shigellosis, 468 cases of cryptosporidiosis, 340 of E. coli O157:H7 infections, 139 of yersiniosis, 77 of listeriosis, 51 of Vibrio infections, and 49 of cyclosporiasis. Results from 1997 demonstrate that while there are regional and seasonal differences in reported incidence rates of certain bacterial and parasitic diseases, and that some pathogens showed a change in incidence from 1996, the overall incidence of illness caused by pathogens under surveillance was stable. More data over more years are needed to assess if observed variations in incidence reflect yearly fluctuations or true changes in the burden of foodborne illness. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Emerging Infect Program, San Francisco Off, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Connecticut Emerging Infect Program, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Georgia Emerging Infect Program, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR 97232 USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Epidemiol & Risk Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Wallace, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 63 IS 6 BP 807 EP 809 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 322ZD UT WOS:000087538900017 PM 10852576 ER PT J AU Lantz, PM Richardson, LC Sever, LE Macklem, DJ Hare, ML Orians, CE Henson, R AF Lantz, PM Richardson, LC Sever, LE Macklem, DJ Hare, ML Orians, CE Henson, R TI Mass screening in low-income populations: The challenges of securing diagnostic and treatment services in a national cancer screening program SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLITICS POLICY AND LAW LA English DT Article ID UNCOMPENSATED CARE; HEALTH-CARE; MANAGED CARE; HOSPITALS; ACCESS; TRENDS; POLICY AB Funding for many mass screening programs for low-income and uninsured populations provides resources for screening tests, yet only rarely does it provide coverage for necessary follow-up diagnostic and treatment services. The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP), a federally funded initiative that provides cancer screening to low-income uninsured and under insured women, covers some diagnostic follow-up tests and no treatment services. We conducted in-depth case studies of seven state programs participating in the NBCCEDP to investigate the strategies and approaches being used to secure diagnostic and treatment services. The results suggest that the program relies on a patchwork of resources-at state and local levels-to provide diagnostic and treatment services. This includes a number of components of local safety nets, all of which are unstable and have uncertain futures. Public health disease-screening initiatives need to reconsider the feasibility of continued reliance on case-by-case appeals to the local safety net for diagnostic follow-up and treatment services. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Lantz, PM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU DUKE UNIV PRESS PI DURHAM PA 905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, NC 27701 USA SN 0361-6878 J9 J HEALTH POLIT POLIC JI J. Health Polit. Policy Law PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 451 EP 471 DI 10.1215/03616878-25-3-451 PG 21 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Medicine, Legal; Social Issues; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Legal Medicine; Social Issues; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 324YC UT WOS:000087648700002 PM 10946385 ER PT J AU Tripp, RA Jones, L Anderson, LJ Brown, MP AF Tripp, RA Jones, L Anderson, LJ Brown, MP TI CD40 ligand (CD154) enhances the Th1 and antibody responses to respiratory syncytial virus in the BALB/c mouse SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PURIFIED FUSION PROTEIN; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; IN-VIVO; CD40-DEFICIENT MICE; ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY; ADENOVIRUS VECTORS; SUBUNIT VACCINE; T-LYMPHOCYTES; RSV CHALLENGE; NITRIC-OXIDE AB CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a cell surface costimulatory molecule expressed mainly by activated T cells. CD40L is critically important for T-B cell and T cell-dendritic cell interactions. CD40L expression promotes Th1 cytokine responses to protein Ags and is responsible for Ig isotype switching in B cells. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen of young children and the elderly, which causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia, Studies of mice infected with RSV suggest that a Th2 cytokine response may be responsible for enhanced pulmonary disease. To investigate the effect CD40L has on RSV immunity, mice were infected simultaneously with RSV and either an empty control adenovirus vector or one expressing CD40L or were coimmunized with plasmid DNA vectors expressing CD40L and RSV F and/or G proteins and subsequently challenged with RSV, The kinetics of the intracellular and secreted cytokine responses, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor frequency, NO levels in lung lavage, rates of virus clearance, and anti-RSV Ab titers were determined. These studies show that coincident expression of CD40L enhances the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) cytokine responses, increases the expression of TNF-alpha and NO, accelerates virus clearance, and increases the anti-F and anti-G Ab responses. These data suggest that CD40L may have the adjuvant properties needed to optimize the safety and efficacy of RSV vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Cell & Gene Therapy Program, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. RP Tripp, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Tripp, Ralph/0000-0002-2924-9956; Brown, Michael/0000-0002-5796-1932 NR 71 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 11 BP 5913 EP 5921 PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 316EN UT WOS:000087154800047 PM 10820273 ER PT J AU Peret, TCT Hall, CB Hammond, GW Piedra, PA Storch, GA Sullender, WM Tsou, C Anderson, LJ AF Peret, TCT Hall, CB Hammond, GW Piedra, PA Storch, GA Sullender, WM Tsou, C Anderson, LJ TI Circulation patterns of group A and B human respiratory syncytial virus genotypes in 5 communities in North America SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Meeting of the American-Society-for-Virology CY JUL 11-15, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Amer Soc Virol ID GROUP-A; SUBGROUP-A; ATTACHMENT PROTEIN; GENETIC DIVERSITY; VARIABLE REGION; G-GLYCOPROTEIN; STRAINS; HETEROGENEITY; EPIDEMICS; INFECTION AB Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of serious lower respiratory tract illness in infants, young children, and the elderly. To characterize the circulation patterns of HRSV strains, nucleotide sequencing of the C-terminal region of the G protein gene was performed on 34-53 isolates obtained from 5 communities during 1 epidemic year, representing distinct geographical locations in North America. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 5-7 HRSV genotypes, including 1 or 2 predominant strains, circulated in each community. The patterns of genotypes were distinct between communities, and less diversity was seen between strains of the same genotype within than between communities. These findings are consistent with HRSV outbreaks' being community based in nature, although transmission of viruses between communities may occur. Several strains are probably introduced or circulate endemically in communities each year, and local factors-possibly immunity induced by previous years) strains-determine which strains predominate during an HRSV season. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Virus Sect,Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Rochester, NY USA. Cadham Prov Lab, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. St Louis Childrens Hosp, St Louis, MO 63178 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Anderson, LJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Virus Sect,Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A-34,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 153 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 6 BP 1891 EP 1896 DI 10.1086/315508 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 329TH UT WOS:000087923900003 PM 10837167 ER PT J AU Lawn, SD Subbarao, S Wright, TC Evans-Strickfaden, T Ellerbrock, TV Lennox, JL Butera, ST Hart, CE AF Lawn, SD Subbarao, S Wright, TC Evans-Strickfaden, T Ellerbrock, TV Lennox, JL Butera, ST Hart, CE TI Correlation between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels in the female genital tract and immune activation associated with ulceration of the cervix SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Keystone Symposium on AIDS Pathogenesis CY JAN, 1999 CL KEYSTONE, COLORADO ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; TUMOR-NECROSIS; HIV-INFECTION; CLASS-II; TRANSMISSION; REPLICATION; EXPRESSION; DNA; SECRETIONS AB To address the hypothesis that local immune activation resulting from genital ulceration enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and shedding into the genital tract, paired plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples were obtained from 12 HIV-infected women before and after treatment of cervical intraepithelial lesions. Two weeks after treatment, inflammation and ulceration of the cervix were accompanied by major increases in mean concentrations of HIV-1 RNA (200-fold), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and soluble markers shed by activated lymphocytes and macrophages (sCD25 and sCD14, respectively) in CVL samples (P < .01 for each), but not plasma. Strong temporal and quantitative correlations were observed between concentrations of immunological markers and HIV-1 load in this compartment during a 10-week follow-up, Furthermore, in the presence of genital ulceration, HIV-1 in CVL samples was more readily captured by antibodies directed against virion-associated HLA-DR, a marker of host-cell activation, compared with virus in plasma. We suggest that local immune activation increases HIV-1 load in genital secretions, potentially increasing the risk of HIV-1 transmission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS Sexually Transmitted Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY USA. RP Lawn, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB & Mycobacteriol Branch, Mail Stop G-35,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Lennox, Jeffrey/D-1654-2014 OI Lennox, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2064-5565 NR 45 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 6 BP 1950 EP 1956 DI 10.1086/315514 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 329TH UT WOS:000087923900010 PM 10837174 ER PT J AU Chuachoowong, R Shaffer, N VanCott, TC Chaisilwattana, P Siriwasin, W Waranawat, N Vanprapar, N Young, NL Mastro, TD Lambert, JS Robb, ML AF Chuachoowong, R Shaffer, N VanCott, TC Chaisilwattana, P Siriwasin, W Waranawat, N Vanprapar, N Young, NL Mastro, TD Lambert, JS Robb, ML CA Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HI TI Lack of association between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody in cervicovaginal lavage fluid and plasma and perinatal transmission, in Thailand SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MATERNAL VIRAL LOAD; VAGINAL SECRETIONS; WOMEN; ZIDOVUDINE; RISK; IGG; MUCOSAL; BANGKOK; HIV-1 AB To determine the association between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-specific antibody and RNA levels in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples and plasma, zidovudine treatment, and perinatal transmission, HIV subtype E gp160-specific IgG and IgA were serially measured in a subset of 74 HIV-infected women in a placebo-controlled trial of zidovudine, beginning at 36 weeks of gestation. HIV IgG was detected in 100% of plasma and 97% of CVL samples; HIV IgA was consistently detected in 62% of plasma and 31% of CVL samples. Antibody titers in CVL samples correlated better with the RNA level in CVL samples than with plasma antibody titers, Zidovudine did not affect antibody titers, Perinatal HIV transmission was not associated with antibody in CVL samples or plasma. HIV-specific antibody is present in the cervicovaginal canal of HIV-infected pregnant women; its correlation with the RNA level in CVL fluid suggests local antibody production. However, there was no evidence that these antibodies protected against perinatal HIV transmission. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Rajavithi Hosp, Bangkok, Thailand. Queen Sirikit Natl Inst Child Hlth, Bangkok, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Henry M Jackson Fdn, Rockville, MD USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Rockville, MD USA. RP Chuachoowong, R (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. FU FIC NIH HHS [D43TW00010] NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 6 BP 1957 EP 1963 DI 10.1086/315499 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 329TH UT WOS:000087923900011 PM 10837175 ER PT J AU Papa, A Spiropoulou, C Nichol, S Antoniadis, A AF Papa, A Spiropoulou, C Nichol, S Antoniadis, A TI Tracing Dobrava hantavirus infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Aristotelian Univ Salonika, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol,WHO, Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Arboviruses & H, GR-54006 Salonika, Greece. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Papa, A (reprint author), Aristotelian Univ Salonika, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol,WHO, Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Arboviruses & H, GR-54006 Salonika, Greece. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 6 BP 2116 EP 2117 DI 10.1086/315491 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 329TH UT WOS:000087923900043 PM 10837207 ER PT J AU Siscovick, D Alexander, R Davidson, M Leinonen, M O'Connor, S Ewald, P Meier, C Puolakkainen, M Hughes, J Nieto, J AF Siscovick, D Alexander, R Davidson, M Leinonen, M O'Connor, S Ewald, P Meier, C Puolakkainen, M Hughes, J Nieto, J TI Collaborative multidisciplinary workshop report: The role of epidemiology studies in determining a possible relationship between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherothrombotic diseases SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Cardiovasc Hlth Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. MedStar Res Inst, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Amherst Coll, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Oulu, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Virol, Helsinki, Finland. Kantonsspital, Dept Innere Med, Abt Klin Pharmakol, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland. RP Alexander, R (reprint author), 5661 Beach Dr SWE, Seattle, WA 98136 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 181 SU 3 BP S430 EP S431 DI 10.1086/315598 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 331MY UT WOS:000088023900009 PM 10839730 ER PT J AU Tompkins, LS Schachter, J Boman, J Dowell, S Gaydos, CA Levison, ME Maass, M Madico, G Orfila, J Ouchi, K Peeling, RW Taylor-Robinson, D Stamm, WE Wang, SP Blasi, F Relman, D AF Tompkins, LS Schachter, J Boman, J Dowell, S Gaydos, CA Levison, ME Maass, M Madico, G Orfila, J Ouchi, K Peeling, RW Taylor-Robinson, D Stamm, WE Wang, SP Blasi, F Relman, D TI Collaborative multidisciplinary workshop report: Detection, culture, serology, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Chlamydia pneumoniae SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Stanford Univ, Ctr Med, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Ctr Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Chlamydia Lab, Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. VA Palo Alto Hlth Care SYst, Palo Alto, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Allegheny Univ Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Philadelphia, PA USA. Univ Umea Hosp, Dept Clin Virol, S-90185 Umea, Sweden. Med Univ Lubeck, Inst Med Microbiol & Hyg, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany. Ctr Hosp Reg Amiens, Lab Bacteriol Immunol Gen, Amiens, France. Saiseikai Shimonoseki Gen Hosp, Yamaguchi, Japan. Hlth Canada, Ctr Dis Control, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Chalfont, St Giles, Bucks, England. Univ Milan, Osped Maggiore, IRCCS, Inst Resp Dis, Milan, Italy. RP Tompkins, LS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Ctr Med, Dept Med, H 1537J, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Gaydos, Charlotte/E-9937-2010 NR 0 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 181 SU 3 BP S460 EP S461 DI 10.1086/315599 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 331MY UT WOS:000088023900019 PM 10839740 ER PT J AU Boyle, CA Decoufle, P AF Boyle, CA Decoufle, P TI Contributions of low and very low birth weight to developmental disabilities: A population-based perspective SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD JUN-AUG PY 2000 VL 44 MA 109 BP 216 EP 216 PN 3-4 PG 1 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 343HV UT WOS:000088697700110 ER PT J AU Brann, AW Rubin, L AF Brann, AW Rubin, L TI Consultation to the Republic of Georgia to improve services for children with developmental disabilities and their families SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, WHO CDC Collaborating Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Kennedy Krieger Inst, Marcus Inst, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD JUN-AUG PY 2000 VL 44 MA 117 BP 218 EP 218 PN 3-4 PG 1 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 343HV UT WOS:000088697700118 ER PT J AU Page, EH Esswein, EJ Petersen, MR Lewis, DM Bledsoe, TA AF Page, EH Esswein, EJ Petersen, MR Lewis, DM Bledsoe, TA TI Natural rubber latex: Glove use, sensitization, and airborne and latent dust concentrations at a Denver Hospital SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID OPERATING-ROOM NURSES; SPINA-BIFIDA; IGE ANTIBODIES; BLOOD-DONORS; RISK-FACTORS; ALLERGY; PREVALENCE; CHILDREN; STAFF; SENSITIVITY AB Exposure to natural rubber latex may cause immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Published latex sensitization prevalence rates range from 2.9% to 22% among health care workers, and from 0.12% to about 20% of occupationally unexposed populations. In this study, self-administered questionnaires addressed job and personal characteristics, glove use, and symptoms in two groups of hospital workers: those who regularly used Inter gloves and those who did not. Serum was tested for latex-specific immunoglobulin E. Air, surface, and air-filter dust samples for natural rubber Inter were collected. The prevalence of Inter sensitization was 6.3% in the non-users and 6.1% in the latex glove users (P = 0.9); 81.3% of sensitized workers were atopic compared with 59.5% of non-sensitized workers (P < 0.05). Reporting of work-related hand dermatitis was more common in the latex glove users (23.4%) than in the non-users (4.9%), as were rhino-conjunctivitis (16.3% and 7.9%, respectively, [P < 0.01]), and hand urticaria (9.9% and 2.1%, respectively, [P < 0.01]). There was no significant difference in work-related symptoms between the sensitized and non-sensitized workers. Environmental concentrations of latex were higher in the work areas of the non-sensitized workers, but higher in the clinical than in the non-clinical areas. Occupational latex glove use was not a risk factor for sensitization. C1 NIOSH, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Page, EH (reprint author), NIOSH, Epidem Intelligence Serv, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS R-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 50 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 42 IS 6 BP 613 EP 620 DI 10.1097/00043764-200006000-00010 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 325ZC UT WOS:000087706300009 PM 10874654 ER PT J AU Eberhard, ML Ortega, YR Hanes, DE Nace, EK Do, RQ Robl, MG Won, KY Gavidia, C Sass, NL Mansfield, K Gozalo, A Griffiths, J Gilman, R Sterling, CR Arrowood, MJ AF Eberhard, ML Ortega, YR Hanes, DE Nace, EK Do, RQ Robl, MG Won, KY Gavidia, C Sass, NL Mansfield, K Gozalo, A Griffiths, J Gilman, R Sterling, CR Arrowood, MJ TI Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Attempts were made to develop an animal model for Cyclospora cayetanensis to identify a practical laboratory host for studying human cyclosporiasis. Oocysts collected from stool of infected humans in the United States, Haiti, Guatemala, Peru, and Nepal were held in potassium dichromate solution to allow development of sporozoites. The following animal types were inoculated: 9 strains of mice, including adult and neonatal immunocompetent and immune-deficient inbred and outbred strains, rats, sandrats, chickens, ducks, rabbits, jirds, hamsters, ferrets, pigs, dogs, owl monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and cynomolgus monkeys. Most animals were inoculated by gavage, although some of the primates were fed oocysts on food items. The animals were examined for signs of infection, particularly diarrhea, and stool samples were examined for 4-6 wk after inoculation. None of the animals developed patent infections or signs of infection. We conclude that none of the animals tested is susceptible to infection with C. cayetanensis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Eberhard, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Gavidia, Cesar Miguel/0000-0003-3936-5077 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00168]; PHS HHS [U01-A135894-03] NR 13 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 86 IS 3 BP 577 EP 582 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 322KH UT WOS:000087508400024 PM 10864257 ER PT J AU Strauss, RS Barlow, SE Dietz, WH AF Strauss, RS Barlow, SE Dietz, WH TI Prevalence of abnormal serum aminotransferase values in overweight and obese adolescents SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID FATTY LIVER; NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS; FOLLOW-UP; NATURAL-HISTORY; CHILDREN; ALCOHOL AB Objectives: (1) To determine the prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes in overweight and obese adolescents and (2) to determine the relationship of alcohol ingestion and serum antioxidants to the presence of abnormal liver enzymes in overweight and obese adolescents. Methods: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were measured in 2450 children between the ages of 12 and 18 years, enrolled in the National Health and Examination Surveys cycle III (NHANES III). Obesity was defined as a body mass index >95th percentile for age and sex. Overweight was defined as a body mass index >85th percentile for age and sex. Nutritional intake was assessed by 24-hour dietary recall and food frequency questionnaires. Serum antioxidants were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results: Sixty percent of adolescents with elevated ALT levels were either overweight or obese. Overall, 6% Of overweight adolescents had elevated ALT levels (odds ratio: 3.4 [95% CI: 3.5-12.8]). Ten percent of obese adolescents had elevated ALT levels (odds ratio: 6.7 [95% CI: 3.5-12.8]). In addition, approximately 1% of obese adolescents demonstrated ALT levels over twice normal. Approximately 50% of of obsese adolescents who reported modest alcohol ingestion (4 times per month or more) had elevated ALT levels (odds ratio: 10.8, 95% CI: 1.5-77). Other factors associated with elevated ALT levels in overweight and obese adolescents include increased age, elevated glycolated hemoglolin, elevated triglycerides, and decreased levels of serum antioxidants-vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity are the most common findings in adolescents with elevated ALT levels. Even modest alcohol consumption may significantly increase the likelihood of obese adolescents developing obesity-related liver disease. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Cardinal Glennon Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Hepatol, St Louis, MO 63104 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Strauss, RS (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, 1 Robert Wood Johnson Pl, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NR 31 TC 233 Z9 246 U1 2 U2 4 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 136 IS 6 BP 727 EP 733 DI 10.1067/mpd.2000.102940 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 326AX UT WOS:000087710600004 PM 10839867 ER PT J AU Ramos, HC Ribeiro, H Mitchell, CJ Novo, MT Baptista, S Sousa, CA Almeida, PG Pedro, MJ Easton, ER Anselmo, ML AF Ramos, HC Ribeiro, H Mitchell, CJ Novo, MT Baptista, S Sousa, CA Almeida, PG Pedro, MJ Easton, ER Anselmo, ML TI On Coquillettidia crassipes, a new record for Macau, with a key to adults of the subgenera and species groups of the genus SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Coquillettidia crassipes; new record; Macau; systematics AB Coquillettidia (Coquilletidia) crassipes is recorded for the 1st time in the Territory of Macau, southern China. The systematics of the genus is examined, new species groups are proposed, and a key to subgenera and species groups of Coquillettidia is provided. C1 Inst Invest Cient Trop, Ctr Zool, P-1300 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Higiene & Med Trop, Unidade Entomol Med, P-1300 Lisbon, Portugal. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Macau, Ctr Estudos PreUniv, Taipa 3001, Macao. RP Ramos, HC (reprint author), Inst Invest Cient Trop, Ctr Zool, Rua Junqueira 14, P-1300 Lisbon, Portugal. RI Sousa, Carla /G-6531-2012; Novo, Maria Teresa/J-8587-2012; Almeida, Antonio Paulo Gouvei/I-2541-2012; OI Sousa, Carla /0000-0002-2386-7577; Almeida, Antonio Paulo Gouvei/0000-0003-0751-4488; Novo, Maria Teresa/0000-0003-0484-3374; Simoes, Maria Joao/0000-0001-7514-5923 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 66 EP 70 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 324YR UT WOS:000087650000002 PM 10901628 ER PT J AU Okolo, SN Onwuanaku, C Okonji, M VanderJagt, DJ Millson, M Churchwell, C Glew, RH AF Okolo, SN Onwuanaku, C Okonji, M VanderJagt, DJ Millson, M Churchwell, C Glew, RH TI Concentration of eight trace minerals in milk and sera of mother-infant pairs in northern Nigeria SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article AB Breastmilk from 15 healthy lactating women (21-31 years of age) from the hot, semi-arid sahel of Africa were analysed for copper, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus. Relative to published data from other populations worldwide, the milk of the Jos women appeared to contain adequate levels of magnesium, manganese, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and iron, but relatively low concentrations of zinc (1.07 mu g/ml) and copper (170 mu g/l). The sera of the exclusively breastfed infants nursed by these mothers contained levels of all these minerals that are within the international reference range of values. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the level of a particular mineral in the mothers' milk and the sera of their nursing infants. C1 Univ Jos, Teaching Hosp, Dept Paediat, Jos, Nigeria. Univ Jos, Teaching Hosp, Fed Sch Med Lab Sci, Jos, Nigeria. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Okolo, SN (reprint author), POB 10349, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-6338 J9 J TROP PEDIATRICS JI J. Trop. Pediatr. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 160 EP + DI 10.1093/tropej/46.3.160 PG 4 WC Pediatrics; Tropical Medicine SC Pediatrics; Tropical Medicine GA 331WJ UT WOS:000088041400007 PM 10893917 ER PT J AU Williams, S Sehgal, M Falter, K Dennis, R Jones, D Boudreaux, J Homa, D Raskin-Hood, C Brown, C Griffith, M Redd, S AF Williams, S Sehgal, M Falter, K Dennis, R Jones, D Boudreaux, J Homa, D Raskin-Hood, C Brown, C Griffith, M Redd, S TI Effect of asthma on the quality of life among children and their caregivers in the Atlanta empowerment zone SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE asthma; health-related quality of life; pediatrics ID OF-LIFE; HEALTH AB Background and Objective. Asthma is the most common chronic pediatric disease and exacts a toll on the health-related quality of life of affected children and their primary caregivers. This investigation describes the relationship between the clinical severity of asthma among inner-city children and their quality of life and that of their primary adult caregivers. Methods. Telephone interview data were collected from individual adult caregivers of 5-12-year-old children with asthma. Questions addressed the history, diagnosis, and management of the child's asthma, the child's family and social background, the family's socioeconomic status, the caregiver's knowledge and attitude about asthma, and the health-related quality of life of both the child and the caregiver. An asthma severity score was calculated from the caregiver's responses to questions about their child's wheezing frequency, nocturnal and early morning symptoms, and speaking during an asthma attack, as well as the impact of the disease on their child's physical activity and breathing during the prior 4-month period. A clinical asthma triage score was determined from information collected at the emergency department about the child's oxygen saturation, alertness, use of accessory respiratory muscles, extent of breathlessness, and peak expiratory flow. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to identify association between quality of life and disease severity, caretaker's asthma knowledge, and functional impact of asthma symptoms. Results. Data from 240 of 755 eligible children were analyzed. Most children were younger than 11 years, male, black, and non-Hispanic. The children's median duration of asthma diagnosis was 86% of their life (range less than 1 to 11.3 years, median 5.0 years). Of the primary caregivers, 69% had at least completed high school, and 90% reported a total monthly household income of $1,600 or less. The maximum possible quality-of-lire score and the median for caregivers were 91 and 70, respectively; for children, the same scores were 69 and 58, respectively. In addition, there was significant negative correlation of the quality-of-life scores of both the caregivers and children with the number of schooldays the children missed (r = -0.24 and r = -0.26, respectively, P < .001 for both) and the caregivers' and children's asthma severity scores (r = -0.39 and r = 0-.47, respectively, P < .001 for both). The quality-of-life scores of the children and caregivers did not correlate significantly with the asthma triage scores. Conclusions. The questionnaires captured baseline quality-of-life information about this urban population and will facilitate longitudinal monitoring. The fact that the quality-of-life scores of children with asthma correlated with those of their adult caregivers, but not with their clinical triage scores, highlights the impact of asthma on families and the importance of having a long-term comprehensive management plan that is not based on exacerbations, but that includes both the children and their primary caregivers. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hughes Spalding Children Hosp, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Williams, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Mailstop E17,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD JUN PY 2000 VL 77 IS 2 BP 268 EP 279 DI 10.1007/BF02390538 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 315MP UT WOS:000087117800013 PM 10856008 ER PT J AU Barbour, EK El Jurdi, LH Faroon, OM Daghir, NJ Bouljihad, M AF Barbour, EK El Jurdi, LH Faroon, OM Daghir, NJ Bouljihad, M TI Chronological recognition by chicken of antigenic polypeptides in Salmonella Enteritidis with different plasmid profiles: Relationship to infection rate SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antigen; chicken; Salmonella Enteritidis ID UNITED-STATES; PHAGE TYPES; BROILER-CHICKENS; OUTBREAKS; FIMBRIAE; PROTEINS; POULTRY AB The antigenic polypeptides in Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) were chronologically recognized by the chicken immune system, using Western immunoblotting. Broiler chicks challenged at three days of age with SE strain carrying the most prevalent plasmid profile of 14.1 and about (similar to) 50 kb were bled at 17, 24, 31, 38 and 45 days of age. Pooled sera of blood collected at each age was reacted by Western immunoblotting with banded polypeptides of three predominant SE strains that acquired the following respective plasmid profiles: 14.1 kb; 14.1 and similar to 50.0 kb; and 1.8, 14.1 and similar to 50.0 kb. The immunoblots of each pooled sera collected at a specific age against the three SE strains were similar. More specifically, the early immune response at 17 days of age had antibodies recognizing only one polypeptide in the three SE strains namely, the 35.8 kDa. At 24 or 31 days of age, the acquired immunity to infection had antibodies recognizing five similar polypeptides in the three SE strains namely, the 14.4 (fimbriae protein), 21.5 (fimbriae protein), 30.5, 35.8, and 66.2 kDa. At 38 and 45 days of age, the antibodies recognized additional polypeptides namely, the 41.5 and 55.6 kDa, respectively. The recognition of the 41.5 and 55.6 kDa polypeptides at 45 days of age was associated with higher invasiveness of SE to spleens and livers (15.6%) and in higher cecal colonization (59.4%) in comparison to absence of recognition to the two polypeptides at 31 days of age associated with low infectivity to spleens (0%), livers (3.1%), and ceca (9.4%). C1 Amer Univ Beirut, Fac Agr & Food Sci, Dept Anim Sci, New York, NY 10022 USA. Ctr Dis Control, US PHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Vet Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Barbour, EK (reprint author), Amer Univ Beirut, Fac Agr & Food Sci, Dept Anim Sci, 850 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10022 USA. RI barbour, elie/P-6166-2014 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC VET SCI PI TOKYO PA UNIV TOKYO, 1-1-1 YAYOI, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 103, JAPAN SN 0916-7250 J9 J VET MED SCI JI J. Vet. Med. Sci. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 6 BP 565 EP 570 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 333JD UT WOS:000088126400002 PM 10907680 ER PT J AU Smith, SA Mullin, NP Parkinson, J Shchelkunov, SN Totmenin, AV Loparev, VN Srisatjaluk, R Reynolds, DN Keeling, KL Justus, DE Barlow, PN Kotwal, GJ AF Smith, SA Mullin, NP Parkinson, J Shchelkunov, SN Totmenin, AV Loparev, VN Srisatjaluk, R Reynolds, DN Keeling, KL Justus, DE Barlow, PN Kotwal, GJ TI Conserved surface-exposed K/R-X-K/R motifs and net positive charge on poxvirus complement control proteins serve as putative heparin binding sites and contribute to inhibition of molecular interactions with human endothelial cells: a novel mechanism for evasion of host defense SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFLAMMATION MODULATORY PROTEIN; VACCINIA VIRUS ENCODES; TERMINAL REGION; DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; FACTOR-I; IDENTIFICATION; ACTIVATION; SEQUENCE; VARIOLA; PEPTIDE AB Vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) has been shown to possess the ability to inhibit both classical and alternative complement pathway activation. The newly found ability of this protein to bind to heparin has been shown in previous studies to result in uptake by mast cells, possibly promoting tissue persistence. It has also been shown to reduce chemotactic migration of leukocytes by blocking chemokine binding. In addition, this study shows that VCP - through its ability to bind to glycosaminoglycans (heparin-like molecules) on the surface of human endothelial cells - is able to block antibody binding to surface major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Since heparin binding is critical for many functions of this protein, we have attempted to characterize the molecular basis for this interaction. Segments of this protein, generated by genetic engineering of the DNA encoding VCP into the Pichia pastoris expression system, were used to localize the regions with heparin binding activity, These regions were then analyzed to more specifically define their properties for binding. It was found that the number of putative binding sites (K/R-X-K/R), the overall positive charge, and the percentage of positively charged amino acids within the protein were responsible for this interaction. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh Ctr Prot Technol, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland. State Res Ctr Virol & Biotechnol, Dept Mol Biol Genomes, Koltsov 633159, Novosibirsk Reg, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch,Posvirus Sec, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kotwal, GJ (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. EM gjkotw01@gwise.louisville.edu RI Parkinson, John/A-4424-2008; Barlow, Paul/G-2853-2011 OI Parkinson, John/0000-0001-9815-1189; NR 32 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 74 IS 12 BP 5659 EP 5666 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.12.5659-5666.2000 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 317RL UT WOS:000087240700032 PM 10823874 ER PT J AU Owen, SM Masciotra, S Novembre, F Yee, J Switzer, WM Ostyula, M Lal, RB AF Owen, SM Masciotra, S Novembre, F Yee, J Switzer, WM Ostyula, M Lal, RB TI Simian immunodeficiency viruses of diverse origin can use CXCR4 as a coreceptor for entry into human cells SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENETICALLY DIVERGENT STRAINS; LINE-TROPIC HIV-1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; T-CELL; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS; CCR5 CORECEPTOR; VIRAL ENTRY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FUSION COFACTOR; WEST-AFRICA AB Primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolated from sooty mangabey (SIVsm [n = 6]), stumptail (SIVstm [n = 1]), mandrill (SIVmnd [n = 1]), and African green (SIVagm [n = 1]) primates were examined for their ability to infect human cells and for their coreceptor requirements. All isolates infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a CCR5(+/+) donor, and seven of eight isolates tested also infected CCR5(-/-) PBMCs. Analysis of coreceptor utilization using GHOST and U87 cell lines revealed that all of the isolates tested used CCR5 and the orphan receptors STRL33 and GPR15. Coreceptors such as CCR2b, CCR3, CCR8, and CX3CR1 were also utilized by some primary SIV isolates. More importantly, we found that CXCR4 was used as a coreceptor by the SIVstm, the SIVagm, and four of the SIVsm isolates in GHOST and U87 cells. These data suggest that primary SIV isolates from diverse primate species can utilize CXCR4 for viral entry, similar to what has been described for human immunodeficiency viruses. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nat Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nat Ctr Infect Dis, TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Reg Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Natl Museum Kenya, Primate Res Inst, Div Virol, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), CDC, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, MS D-12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIMHD NIH HHS [L60 MD003100] NR 47 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 74 IS 12 BP 5702 EP 5708 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.12.5702-5708.2000 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 317RL UT WOS:000087240700036 PM 10823878 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, CM Wayman, J Green, C Gelb, CA AF Jorgensen, CM Wayman, J Green, C Gelb, CA TI Using health communications for primary prevention of skin cancer: CDC's choose your cover campaign SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHILDREN; MELANOMA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Olgilvy Publ Relat Worldwide, Washington, DC USA. RP Jorgensen, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 5 BP 471 EP 475 DI 10.1089/15246090050073530 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 330WD UT WOS:000087983400002 PM 10883937 ER PT J AU Roche, RA Simpson, DM Suarez, L AF Roche, RA Simpson, DM Suarez, L TI Texas physician immunization practices SO MEDICAL CARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Medical Directors Forum of the Texas-Medical-Association CY JUN 05, 1997 CL AUSTIN, TEXAS SP Texas Med Assoc DE immunization; practice guidelines; physician's practice patterns ID MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; IMPROVE; CHILDREN; DELIVERY; PEDIATRICIANS; TRACKING; VACCINE; PROGRAM AB INTRODUCTION. Immunization levels among young children could be improved if physicians administered immunizations at both well and urgent visits, provided simultaneous vaccinations, and knew the guidelines on valid contraindications, part of the Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices (Standards). We report on a survey measuring the immunization knowledge and practice of Texas pediatricians, family practitioners, and general practitioners. METHODS. A survey was mailed to a random sample of physicians. Questionnaire items covered 8 of the 18 Standards. RESULTS. The response rate was 62% (608 of 976 eligible physicians). The mean summary adherence-to-Standards score was 4.1 for pediatricians, 3.6 for family practitioners, and 3.0 for general practitioners. Specialty and practice location were significant predictors of the summary score, whereas gender, managed-care participation, and graduation year were not. DISCUSSION. Our study results suggest that in Texas, pediatricians and rural physicians most often adhere to the Standards. Improving the reimbursement level of administrative costs for immunization delivery, educating physicians on the Standards, and encouraging the use of patient immunization tracking systems are actions that could potentially improve immunization rates. C1 Texas Dept Hlth, Associateship Dis Control & Prevent, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Roche, RA (reprint author), Texas Dept Hlth, Associateship Dis Control & Prevent, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX 78756 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0025-7079 J9 MED CARE JI Med. Care PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 6 BP 686 EP 692 DI 10.1097/00005650-200006000-00010 PG 7 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 320WH UT WOS:000087423500010 PM 10843316 ER PT J AU Bauder, B Kubber-Heiss, A Steineck, T Kuttin, ES Kaufman, L AF Bauder, B Kubber-Heiss, A Steineck, T Kuttin, ES Kaufman, L TI Granulomatous skin lesions due to histoplasmosis in a badger (Meles meles) in Austria SO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Austria; badger; Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum histoplasmosis ID AIDS PATIENT AB We describe the first case of histoplasmosis due to infection with Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in a wild badger (Meles meles) in Austria. Diagnosis was established by histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of yeast forms in skin lesions and lymph nodes. Although Austria has yet to be regarded as an endemic region for H. capsulatum, infections of animals and humans exposed to contaminated soil cannot be excluded. C1 Univ Vet Med, Inst Pathol & Forens Vet Med, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. Univ Vet Med, Res Inst Wildlife Ecol, Vienna, Austria. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bauder, B (reprint author), Univ Vet Med, Inst Pathol & Forens Vet Med, Vet Pl 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU B I O S SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS LTD PI OXFORD PA 9 NEWTEC PLACE, MAGDALEN RD, OXFORD OX4 1RE, ENGLAND SN 1369-3786 J9 MED MYCOL JI Med. Mycol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 249 EP 253 DI 10.1080/714030938 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences GA 329PV UT WOS:000087916900010 PM 10892994 ER PT J AU Walton, C Handley, JM Tun-Lin, W Collins, FH Harbach, RE Baimai, V Butlin, RK AF Walton, C Handley, JM Tun-Lin, W Collins, FH Harbach, RE Baimai, V Butlin, RK TI Population structure and population history of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in southeast Asia SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Anopheles dirus; mitochondrial DNA; cytochrome oxidase I; homoplasy; population expansion; malaria vectors ID HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; STATISTICAL TESTS; GENE FLOW; GAMBIAE; COMPLEX; GROWTH; IDENTIFICATION; NEUTRALITY; SEQUENCES; THAILAND AB Separating the confounding effects of long-term population history from gene flow can he difficult. Here, we address the question of what inferences about gene flow can be made from mitochondrial sequence data in three closely related species of mosquitoes, Anopheles dirus species A, C, and D, from southeast Asia. A total of 84 sequences of 923 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene were obtained from 14 populations in Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. The genealogy of sequences obtained from two populations of Ail. dirus C indicates no contemporary gene flow between them. The F-ST value of 0.421 therefore probably represents a recent common history, perhaps involving colonization events. Anopheles dirus A and D are parapatric. yet no differentiation was seen either within or between species. The starlike genealogy of their haplotypes, smooth unimodal mismatch distributions, and excess of low frequency mutations indicate population expansion in Ail. dirus A and D. This, rather than widespread gene flow, explains their low within-species F-ST values (0.018 and 0.022). The greater genetic diversity of An. dirus D suggests that expansion occurred first in species D and subsequently in species A. The current geographical separation and low hybrid fitness of these species also argue against ongoing interspecific gene how. They suggest instead either historical introgression of mtDNA from An. dirus D into species A followed by independent range expansions, or a selective sweep of mtDNA that originated in An. dirus D. While not excluding contemporary gene flow, historical population processes are sufficient to explain the data in An. dirus A and D. The genealogical relationships between haplotypes could not be used to make inferences of gene flow because of extensive homoplasy due to hypervariable sites and possibly also recombination. However, it is concluded that this approach, rather than the use of fixation indices, is required in the future to understand contemporary gene flow in these mosquitoes. The implications of these results Tor understanding gene flow in another important and comparable group of malaria vector mosquitoes in Africa, the An. gambiae complex, are also discussed. C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Minist Hlth, Dept Med Res, Yangon, Myanmar. Ctr Dis Control, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Entomol, London SW7 5BD, England. Mahidol Univ, Dept Biol, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. RP Walton, C (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RI Butlin, Roger/F-7709-2013 OI Butlin, Roger/0000-0003-4736-0954 NR 43 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 17 IS 6 BP 962 EP 974 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 319FV UT WOS:000087331600014 PM 10833203 ER PT J AU Gelman, IH Unger, ER Mawle, AC Nisenbaum, R Reeves, WC AF Gelman, IH Unger, ER Mawle, AC Nisenbaum, R Reeves, WC TI Chronic fatigue syndrome is not associated with expression of endogenous retroviral p15E SO MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue syndrome; endogenous retrovirus; p15E; RT-PCR; peripheral-blood lymphocyte ID PROTEIN; TUMORS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY USA. RP Reeves, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS A-15, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE INC MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PI PHILADELPHIA PA CURTIS CENTER, INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 1084-8592 J9 MOL DIAGN JI Mol. Diagn. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 5 IS 2 BP 155 EP 156 DI 10.1054/xd.2000.7776 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 342WK UT WOS:000088668200009 PM 11066017 ER PT J AU El-Shehabi, FS Kamhawi, SA Schantz, PM Craig, PS Abdel-Hafez, SK AF El-Shehabi, FS Kamhawi, SA Schantz, PM Craig, PS Abdel-Hafez, SK TI Diagnosis of canine echinococcosis: Comparison of coproantigen detection with necropsy in stray dogs and red foxes from northern Jordan SO PARASITE-JOURNAL DE LA SOCIETE FRANCAISE DE PARASITOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Echinococcus granulosus; conine echinococcosis; coproantigens; Jordan ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; GRANULOSUS INFECTION; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; HYDATIDOSIS; PREVALENCE AB The sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as a diagnostic test for Echinococcus granulosos infection by detecting coproantigens in 94 stray dogs Canis familiaris and eight red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from northern Jordan. The results were analyzed in relation to actual helminth infection as revealed by necropsy. The infection rate of dogs with E. gronulosus was 13.8 % with a worm load ranging between 3 - > 10,000 per infected dog. In contrast, eight of 13 E. granulosus infected dogs were coproantigen positive (overall sensitivity 61.5 %). The sensitivity increased to 82.5 % and 100 % in dogs harboring > 20 and > 100 worms/dog, respectively. The specificity of coproantigen-ELISA was 91 %. The greatest cross-reactivity was found in dogs infected with Dipylidium caninum. The positive and negative predictive values for the coproantigen-ELISA test were 50 % and 94.2 %, respectively. Thus, a coproantigen negative dog is most probably truly negative for E. granulosus. In contrast, a coproantigen positive dog may not be truly positive for E. granulosus, except if it has a high worm burden of > 100 worms/animal. C1 Yarmouk Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Irbid, Jordan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Salford, Dept Biol Sci, Salford M5 4WT, Lancs, England. RP Abdel-Hafez, SK (reprint author), Yarmouk Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Irbid, Jordan. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-45194] NR 25 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCEPS EDITIONS PI ISSY MOULINEAUX PA 64 AVENUE CHARLES DE GAULLE, 92130 ISSY MOULINEAUX, FRANCE SN 1252-607X J9 PARASITE JI Parasite-J. Soc. Fr. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 7 IS 2 BP 83 EP 90 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 324RY UT WOS:000087636200003 PM 10887653 ER PT J AU Frederick, T Thomas, P Mascola, L Hsu, HW Rakusan, T Mapson, C Weedon, J Bertolli, J AF Frederick, T Thomas, P Mascola, L Hsu, HW Rakusan, T Mapson, C Weedon, J Bertolli, J TI Human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents: a descriptive study of older children in New York City, Los Angeles County, Massachusetts and Washington, DC SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th World AIDS Conference CY JUN 28-JUL 03, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND DE human immunodeficiency virus; infection; adolescents; pediatrics; acquired immunodeficiency virus ID UNITED-STATES; TRENDS; WOMEN AB Background. Children infected with HIV are entering adolescence with challenging and changing medical and social needs. Through chart review we describe certain medical and social characteristics of adolescents who acquired HIV as children. Methods, HIV-infected children 12 years of age and older in 1995 were monitored through the Pediatric Spectrum of HPV Disease study from four US sites. In addition to standard 6-month medical chart reviews, a special chart abstraction in 1997 collected available psychosocial and sexual history information, Results. A total of 131 adolescents HIV-infected as children were studied: 52 infected perinatally; 44 infected through a contaminated blood transfusion; 30 through receipt of contaminated blood products for hemophilia; and 5 with unknown transmission mode, Mean age at last medical contact was 15.5 years, 67% were Hispanic or African-American, 12% were employed, 66% attended regular school, 66% knew their HIV status and 48% (8% for the perinatally infected) lived with their biologic mother. Information on sexual activity showed that 18% had sexual relations, 28% did not and for 53% sexual activity was not recorded in the medical chart. Four percent used illicit drugs, which along with sexual activity showed a positive association with age. Forty-two percent had an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection, and 56% had a recent CD4(+) lymphocyte count <200 cell/mu l. Conclusions. Adolescents in this study represent a heterogeneous group of surviving HIV-infected children some of whom are sexually active and potential sources of HPV transmission. Clinicians who treat HIV-infected and high risk adolescents face the challenges of providing care and prevention services appropriate to adolescent development. C1 Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles Cty Pediat Spectrum Dis, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Med & Hlth Res Assoc, New York, NY USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Jamaica Plains, MA USA. Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20010 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Frederick, T (reprint author), Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles Cty Pediat Spectrum Dis, 313 N Figueroa St,Room 203, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU903270-12] NR 20 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 551 EP 555 DI 10.1097/00006454-200006000-00012 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 324ZM UT WOS:000087651900012 PM 10877172 ER PT J AU Olsen, SJ Swerdlow, DL AF Olsen, SJ Swerdlow, DL TI Risk of infant botulism from corn syrup SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter DE Clostridium botulinum; corn syrup; infant botulism; infant feeding ID CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM; UNITED-STATES; SPORES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Olsen, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 584 EP 585 DI 10.1097/00006454-200006000-00026 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 324ZM UT WOS:000087651900025 PM 10877185 ER PT J AU Diaz, T Sturm, T Matte, T Bindra, M Lawler, K Findley, S Maylahn, C AF Diaz, T Sturm, T Matte, T Bindra, M Lawler, K Findley, S Maylahn, C TI Medication use among children with asthma in East Harlem SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE asthma; children; medication use; inner-city school ID CHILDHOOD ASTHMA; PUERTO-RICAN; INNER-CITY; INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS; CARE; QUALITY; WHITE; BLACK; RATES; HOSPITALIZATION AB Purpose. To examine daily use of antiinflammatory medication among children with asthma in East Harlem, where hospitalization rates for asthma are among the highest in the United States. Methods. We analyzed parent/guardian reports of medications used by children with current asthma (defined as physician diagnosis and wheezing during the previous 12 months) identified from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2 elementary schools. Results. From an overall sample of 1319 children, 298 with current asthma were included in this analysis. Most of those with asthma were Puerto Rican (136 [46%]) or black (98 [33%]), 168 (57%) were boys, and the median age was 8 years old. Overall, 65 (22%) were using antiinflammatory medication on a daily basis. A subgroup of 107 children with asthma had been hospitalized during the previous 12 months or had used beta(2)-agonist on a daily basis, suggesting persistent or severe asthma. Of these 107 children, 42 (39%) were taking antiinflammatory medication on a daily basis. Multivariate analysis of these 107 children revealed that daily use of antiinflammatory medication was associated with using a spacer tube (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27,7.47) and having seen a physician in the past 6 months (AOR: 3.46; CI: 1.01,11.9). Compared with Puerto Ricans, blacks (AOR: .32; CI: .12,.89) or children of other races/ethnicities (AOR: .27; CI: .09,.85) were less likely to use antiinflammatory medication on a daily basis. Conclusion. Daily use of antiinflammatory medication for children with persistent or severe asthma in East Harlem was underused. Differences in access to care may explain some findings; however, reasons for ethnic differences in use remain unclear. Both community interventions and additional provider education are needed. C1 New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban Epidemiol Studies, New York, NY 10029 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Urban Res Ctr Act, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Ctr AIDS Drugs & Community Hlth, New York, NY 10021 USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Populat & Famil Hlth, New York, NY 10027 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. RP Matte, T (reprint author), New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban Epidemiol Studies, Room 556,1216 5th Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 35 TC 93 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 6 BP 1188 EP 1193 DI 10.1542/peds.105.6.1188 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 321EA UT WOS:000087441400017 PM 10835056 ER PT J AU O'Brien, K Schwartz, B Lesko, SM Vezina, RM Mitchell, AA AF O'Brien, K Schwartz, B Lesko, SM Vezina, RM Mitchell, AA TI Necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Amer Indian & Alaskan Native Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Slone Epidemiol Unit, Brookline, MA 02446 USA. RP O'Brien, K (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Amer Indian & Alaskan Native Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 6 BP 1373 EP 1373 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 321EA UT WOS:000087441400052 PM 10877671 ER PT J AU Ahluwalia, IB Tessaro, I Grummer-Strawn, LM MacGowan, C Benton-Davis, S AF Ahluwalia, IB Tessaro, I Grummer-Strawn, LM MacGowan, C Benton-Davis, S TI Georgia's breastfeeding promotion program for low-income women SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE breastfeeding; evaluation; the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program; for Women, Infants, and Children ID HEALTH; DURATION; INFANTS; ILLNESS; BLACK; LIFE AB Objective. Beginning in 1990, Georgia's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) initiated 5 new strategies to promote breastfeeding among its pregnant and postpartum clients. These strategies were implemented in 1991, each to be provided as an addition to its standard program of counseling on breastfeeding and distributing appropriate literature: 1) enhanced breastfeeding education, 2) breast pump loans, 3) hospital-based programs, 4) peer counseling, and 5) community coalitions. The enhanced breastfeeding education strategy provides access to a hotline as well as periodic training of staff, and the breast pump loan provides free breast pumps to mothers who want to use them. The hospital-based strategy provides bedside support and counseling to women who have just given birth and includes staff training, as well as a hotline number for women to call after they leave the hospital. The peer-counseling strategy focuses on identifying former WIC participants who have successfully breastfed their infants; these women are recruited to provide support and encouragement to current WIC participants. Finally, the community coalitions approach is designed to identify existing community attitudes about breastfeeding, establish plans to address gaps in breastfeeding services, to develop resource guides on breastfeeding for the community, and to advocate at the community level to support breastfeeding women. The objective of our research was to evaluate the impact of breastfeeding promotion strategies on breastfeeding initiation among WIC participants in Georgia. Methods. Using data from the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS) for 1992-1996, we examined breastfeeding initiation rate during this period and compared rates among 6 different intervention strategies. Also, we used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) to assess breastfeeding initiation and duration among WIC enrollees. We conducted 13 focus groups to understand the experiences of program participants. Ten focus groups were conducted with women who were breastfeeding their infants, 3 each with women from the community coalitions, hospital-based programs, and standard education programs, and 1 with women from the breast pump loan program. Three focus groups were conducted with women who were feeding their infants formula. Results. PNSS data show that breastfeeding initiation increased in the Georgia WIC program from 31.6% in 1992 to 39.5% in 1996. PRAMS data confirmed the increase in breastfeeding initiation from 33.6% (standard error [SE]: 2.2) in 1993 to 42.1% (SE: 2.4) in 1996 among WIC participants. Both datasets (PRAMS and PNSS) showed breastfeeding initiation to be well below the year 2000 goal of 75%. Overall, PRAMS data show a high breastfeeding initiation among non-WIC participants (range: 64.7% [SE: 2.2]) for 1994 to 70.1% (SE: 2.2) in 1996. The percent change between 1993 and 1996 was 8% for non-WIC participants, and it was 25% for the WIC participants among those responding to the PRAMS questionnaire. Data from PRAMS indicated no statistical change in the percentage of WIC enrollees who breastfed their infants for 8 weeks or more; this estimate was 18.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.9-21.8) in 1993 and 19.4% (95% CI: 15.7-23.2) in 1996, well below the Healthy People 2000 objective of 50% at 6 months. According to PNSS data, the largest increases in breastfeeding initiation for 1992 to 1996 were among younger women (less than or equal to 19 and 20-24 years old), those with no college (less than high school and high school only), unmarried, and black women (see Table 1). The smallest increases during this period were among older women (30+), those with more than a high school education, and women who were white, Hispanic, or from other ethnic or racial groups. The PRAMS data (1993-1996) generally display similar results, but the pattern by marital status demonstrated larger increases for married women than for unmarried women. Most programs demonstrated an increase in the breastfeeding initiation from 1992 to 1996. The breast pump loan program had the highest initiation rate (55.6%) in 1992, and the hospital-based program had the highest initiation rate (52.2%) in 1996. In 1996, 4 of the 6 strategies had an initiation rate over 40%. Women in the hospital-based program had a larger change in breastfeeding initiation (75%) than did women in the other 5 programs (see Table 2). The breast pump loan program was the only 1 of the 6 programs associated with a decrease (11.2%), but this group had the highest rate in 1992 (55.6%) and one of the highest rates in 1996 (49.4%). Focus group interviewees said they benefited from breastfeeding promotion services and the assistance provided by lactation consultants. Very few participants said that they did not want to breastfeed, most recognized the benefits of breastfeeding, but many could not overcome the barriers they experienced. Focus group participants also described receiving inconsistent advice from WIC staff, their own pediatricians, or other health personnel. Many women believed they lacked important information, such as how and when to introduce supplements, what they themselves should be eating while lactating, and the effects of specific foods on the infant. It seems that interventions by the Georgia WIC program to promote breastfeeding among low-income women have been successful, as seen by the increases in breastfeeding initiation. The best of the expanded breastfeeding promotion programs seem to be the ones that go beyond the standard education strategies and individualize education and support services, to the extent possible, offered through the interventions. Conclusions. Enhanced programs seem to be more successful at getting low-income women, participating in the WIC program, to start breastfeeding their infants. Women value the professional advice about breastfeeding and need support to initiate and continue breastfeeding their infants. Evaluation of WIC breastfeeding promotion efforts can provide insights about programs that are successful. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Community Med, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Georgia Dept Hlth, Special Supplemental Nutr Program Women Infants &, Atlanta, GA USA. Food Serv, Supplemental Nutr Program, USDA, Atlanta, GA USA. Nutr Serv, Supplemental Nutr Program, USDA, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ahluwalia, IB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 6 BP art. no. EP e85 DI 10.1542/peds.105.6.e85 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 321EA UT WOS:000087441400014 PM 10835098 ER PT J AU Norris, SL Grothaus, LC Buchner, DM Pratt, M AF Norris, SL Grothaus, LC Buchner, DM Pratt, M TI Effectiveness of physician-based assessment and counseling for exercise in a staff model HMO SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE counseling; exercise; patient education ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; PRIMARY-CARE; ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRES; ACTIVITY INTERVENTION; PROJECT PACE; LIFE-STYLE; WOMEN; POPULATION; BEHAVIOR AB Background. Few primary care physicians routinely counsel for exercise, despite the benefits of physical activity and the high prevalence of inactivity. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of Physician-Based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise (PACE), a brief, behavior-based tool for primary care providers counseling healthy adults, Methods. This study is a randomized controlled trial of 812 patients age 30 years or older registered for well visits at 32 primary care physician offices at a staff model health maintenance organization. Intervention physicians were trained to deliver PACE exercise counseling protocols at the index visit, and one reminder telephone call occurred at 1 month. An enhanced intervention group received additional activity reminders. Results. At the 6-month follow-up, the control group did not differ significantly from the intervention group for energy expended (2048 kcal/week versus 2108 kcal/week, P = 0.77), time spent in walking or other moderate to vigorous activities (202 min/week versus 187 min/week, P = 0.99), mental health, physical function, or behaviors previously shown to predict activity change. Among the intervention patients, the stages-of-change score for Contemplators increased significantly compared with controls (P = 0.03), but without a significant change in energy expended, Baseline levels of physical activity counseling were high (50%), as were baseline patient physical activity levels (61% exercised at least three times a week). Conclusions. These results suggest that a one-time PACE counseling session with minimal reinforcement, in a setting with high baseline levels of activity, does not further increase activity. The finding that Contemplators advanced in stage of behavior change suggests that further studies are needed to examine long-term, repeated counseling interventions. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, NW Ctr Outcomes Res Older Adults, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Washington, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Norris, SL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, MS K10,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU-009654] NR 47 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 6 BP 513 EP 523 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0673 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 324RD UT WOS:000087634400008 PM 10901494 ER PT J AU Macera, CA Pratt, M AF Macera, CA Pratt, M TI Public health surveillance of physical activity SO RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Measurement and Evaluation Symposium of the American-Association-for-Active-Lifestyles-and-Fitness CY OCT, 1999 CL COOPER INST, DALLAS, TEXAS SP Amer Assoc Act Lifestyles & Fitness, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mars Inc, McNeil Consumer Prod Co, Sagamore Publishing, Polar Electro Inc, Univ N Texas, Coll Educ, Univ N Texas, Dept Kinesiol Hlth Promot & Recreat, Comp Sci & Applicat Inc, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New Lifestyles, Amer Alliance Hlth Phys Educ Recreat & Dance HO COOPER INST DE exercise; moderate; sedentary; vigorous ID UNITED-STATES; INACTIVITY; DISEASE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Phys Act & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Macera, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Phys Act & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ALLIANCE HEALTH PHYS EDUC REC & DANCE PI RESTON PA 1900 ASSOCIATION DRIVE, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0270-1367 J9 RES Q EXERCISE SPORT JI Res. Q. Exerc. Sport PD JUN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 SU S BP S97 EP S103 PG 7 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Psychology, Applied; Psychology; Sport Sciences SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Psychology; Sport Sciences GA 328UF UT WOS:000087868000014 PM 10925831 ER PT J AU Washburn, RA Heath, GW Jackson, AW AF Washburn, RA Heath, GW Jackson, AW TI Reliability and validity issues concerning large-scale surveillance of physical activity SO RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Measurement and Evaluation Symposium of the American-Association-for-Active-Lifestyles-and-Fitness CY OCT, 1999 CL COOPER INST, DALLAS, TEXAS SP Amer Assoc Act Lifestyles & Fitness, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mars Inc, McNeil Consumer Prod Co, Sagamore Publishing, Polar Electro Inc, Univ N Texas, Coll Educ, Univ N Texas, Dept Kinesiol Hlth Promot & Recreat, Comp Sci & Applicat Inc, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New Lifestyles, Amer Alliance Hlth Phys Educ Recreat & Dance HO COOPER INST DE physical activity; surveillance; reliability; validity ID MIDDLE-AGED MEN; ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; COLLEGE-STUDENTS; CHRONIC DISEASE; RISK; EXERCISE; ACCURACY C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Kinesiol, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Kinesiol Hlth Promot & Recreat, Denton, TX 76203 USA. RP Washburn, RA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Kinesiol, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. NR 33 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ALLIANCE HEALTH PHYS EDUC REC & DANCE PI RESTON PA 1900 ASSOCIATION DRIVE, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0270-1367 J9 RES Q EXERCISE SPORT JI Res. Q. Exerc. Sport PD JUN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 SU S BP S104 EP S113 PG 10 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Psychology, Applied; Psychology; Sport Sciences SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Psychology; Sport Sciences GA 328UF UT WOS:000087868000015 PM 10925832 ER PT J AU Crosby, AE Cheltenham, MP Sacks, JJ AF Crosby, AE Cheltenham, MP Sacks, JJ TI Suicidal ideation in the United States - Reply SO SUICIDE AND LIFE-THREATENING BEHAVIOR LA English DT Letter ID GENERAL POPULATION C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Crosby, AE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0363-0234 J9 SUICIDE LIFE-THREAT JI Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 178 EP 179 PG 2 WC Psychiatry; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA 327QK UT WOS:000087804100008 ER PT J AU Deol, I Robledo, L Meza, A Visvesvara, GS Andrews, RJ AF Deol, I Robledo, L Meza, A Visvesvara, GS Andrews, RJ TI Encephalitis due to a free-living amoeba (Balamuthia mandrillaris): Case report with literature review SO SURGICAL NEUROLOGY LA English DT Review DE amebiasis; encephalitis; granulomatous infection (chronic); parasites ID GRANULOMATOUS AMEBIC ENCEPHALITIS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; LEPTOMYXID-AMEBA; NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS; OPPORTUNISTIC AMEBAS; ACANTHAMOEBA; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; INFECTIONS; PATIENT; ANIMALS AB BACKGROUND Amebic infections can spread to the central nervous system with a lengthy but usually fatal course. A typical case is presented to raise awareness of this increasingly reported infectious process that may have a more favorable outcome if diagnosed in its early stages. CASE DESCRIPTION A 38-year-old male presented with an ulcerating 10 x 8 cm mass on his thigh and smaller skin nodules. In less than 6 months seizures developed due to granulomatous lesions of the brain. Biopsies/excisions of the thigh lesion, a subcutaneous nodule, and a brain lesion were performed. Ile failed to respond to broad spectrum antibiotics and antineoplastic agents, and died within 6 weeks of the initial MRI scan of the brain. Rare amebic trophozoites were appreciated in the biopsy specimens on post-mortem review, and Balamuthia mandrillaris confirmed as the infecting agent on immunofluorescence studies. CONCLUSIONS Granulomatous amebic encephalitis is a parasitic infection with a lengthy clinical course before rapid deterioration due to extensive brain lesions is noted. Either early treatment with antimicrobials or-in rare cases-excision of the brain lesion(s) may offer the chance of a cure. (C) 2000 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Neurosurg, El Paso, TX 79905 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, El Paso, TX 79905 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Surg, El Paso, TX 79905 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Internal Med, El Paso, TX 79905 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Andrews, RJ (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Neurosurg, 4800 Alberta Ava, El Paso, TX 79905 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-3019 J9 SURG NEUROL JI Surg. Neurol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 53 IS 6 BP 611 EP 616 DI 10.1016/S0090-3019(00)00232-9 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Surgery SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Surgery GA 343UZ UT WOS:000088722000036 PM 10940434 ER PT J AU Soucie, JM Erdman, DD Evatt, BL Anderson, LJ Torok, TJ El-Jamil, M Barnhart, E Tepper, M Burrill, HN Pickett, AM Mengeling, WL AF Soucie, JM Erdman, DD Evatt, BL Anderson, LJ Torok, TJ El-Jamil, M Barnhart, E Tepper, M Burrill, HN Pickett, AM Mengeling, WL TI Investigation of porcine parvovirus among persons with hemophilia receiving Hyate : C porcine factor VIII concentrate SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID INHIBITORS AB BACKGROUND: Porcine clotting factor has been used for more than 15 years to treat severe bleeding episodes in persons with hemophilia who have antibodies to human clotting factor. In 1996, QC procedures revealed for the first time the presence of porcine parvovirus (PPV) in the product. This report describes an investigation to determine the extent of product contamination and to evaluate past recipients of porcine clotting factor (Hyate:C, Speywood Biopharm) for evidence of PPV infection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Stored specimens from 22 lots of previously released Hyate:C were tested for the presence of PPV DNA by PCR and nested PCR assays. Serum specimens from 98 recipients of Hyate:C and 24 controls who did not receive Hyate:C were tested for PPV antibodies by an immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: PPV DNA was detected in product from 21 of the 22 lots of Hyate:C, primarily by nested PCR testing, In contrast, none of the serum specimens from the 98 Hyate:C recipients tested positive for PPV IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION: The risk of human disease from percutaneous exposure to low levels of PPV seems to be low. Nevertheless, the theoretical risk of human infection with PPV has led to manufacturing changes, including PCR screening of all porcine plasma, which are designed to eliminate this risk. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp & Enterovirus Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. RP Soucie, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E64, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 708 EP 711 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40060708.x PG 4 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 325JE UT WOS:000087671800017 PM 10864993 ER PT J AU Karasin, AI Schutten, MM Cooper, LA Smith, CB Subbarao, K Anderson, GA Carman, S Olsen, CW AF Karasin, AI Schutten, MM Cooper, LA Smith, CB Subbarao, K Anderson, GA Carman, S Olsen, CW TI Genetic characterization of H3N2 influenza viruses isolated from pigs in North America, 1977-1999: evidence for wholly human and reassortant virus genotypes SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE influenza A virus; H3N2; pig; reassortment; phylogenetic analysis ID 1918 SPANISH INFLUENZA; A VIRUSES; SWINE; HEMAGGLUTININ; EVOLUTION; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; STRAINS; HOST; NUCLEOPROTEIN AB Since 1998, H3N2 viruses have caused epizootics of respiratory disease in pigs throughout the major swine production regions of the U.S. These outbreaks are remarkable because swine influenza in North America had previously been caused almost exclusively by H1N1 viruses. We sequenced the full-length protein coding regions of all eight RNA segments from four H3N2 viruses that we isolated from pigs in the Midwestern U.S. between March 1998 and March 1999, as well as from H3N2 viruses recovered from a piglet in Canada in January 1997 and from a pig in Colorado in 1977. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the 1977 Colorado and 1997 Ontario isolates are wholly human influenza viruses. However, the viruses isolated since 1998 from pigs in the Midwestern U.S. are reassortant viruses containing hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and PBI polymerase genes from human influenza viruses, matrix, non-structural and nucleoprotein genes from classical swine viruses, and PA and PB2 polymerase genes from avian viruses. The HA proteins of the Midwestern reassortant swine viruses can be differentiated from those of the 1995 lineage of human H3 viruses by 12 amino acid mutations in HAI. In contrast, the Sw/ONT/97 virus, which did not spread from pig-to-pig, lacks 11 of these changes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ImmTech Biol LLC, Bucyrus, KS 66013 USA. Univ Guelph, Hlth Anim Lab, Guelph, ON N1H 6R8, Canada. RP Olsen, CW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, 2015 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 55 TC 156 Z9 178 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 71 EP 85 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00154-4 PG 15 WC Virology SC Virology GA 336BN UT WOS:000088282200008 PM 10930664 ER PT J AU Mocarelli, P Gerthoux, PM Ferrari, E Patterson, DG Kieszak, SM Brambilla, P Vincoli, N Signorini, S Tramacere, P Carreri, V Sampson, EJ Turner, WE Needham, LL AF Mocarelli, P Gerthoux, PM Ferrari, E Patterson, DG Kieszak, SM Brambilla, P Vincoli, N Signorini, S Tramacere, P Carreri, V Sampson, EJ Turner, WE Needham, LL TI Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID WOOD PRESERVATIVES; AIR-POLLUTION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; SEVESO; EXPOSURE; BIRTHS; SERUM; TCDD; SPERMATOZOA; CHEMICALS AB Background 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin), is commonly considered the most toxic man-made substance. We have previously shown that high serum concentrations of TCDD in parents from Seveso, Italy, were linked to their having a relative increase in the number of female births after the parents exposure to a release of dioxin in 1976. We have continued the study to determine whether the parents' sex and/or age at exposure affected the sex ratio of their children. Methods We measured the TCDD concentrations in serum samples from potentially exposed parents collected in 1976 and 1977, and investigated the sex ratio of their offspring. Findings Serum samples were collected from 239 men and 296 women. 346 girls and 328 boys were born to potentially exposed parents between 1977 and 1996, showing an increased probability of female births (lower sex ratio) with increasing TCDD concentrations in the serum samples from the fathers (p=0008). This effect starts at concentrations less than 20 ng per kg bodyweight. Fathers exposed when they were younger than 19 years of age sired significantly more girls than boys (sex ratio 0.38 [95% CI 0.30-0.47]). Interpretation Exposure of men to TCDD is linked to a lowered male/female sex ratio in their offspring, which may persist for years after exposure. The median concentration of dioxin in fathers in this study is similar to doses that induce epididymal impairments in rats and is about 20 times the estimated average concentration of TCDD currently found in human beings in industrialised countries. These observations could have important public-health implications. C1 Univ Milano Bicocca, Hosp Desio, Dept Lab Med, I-20033 Desio Milano, Italy. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth Reg Lobardia, Dept Prevent Med, Milan, Italy. RP Mocarelli, P (reprint author), Univ Milano Bicocca, Hosp Desio, Dept Lab Med, Via Benefattori 2, I-20033 Desio Milano, Italy. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01ES07171] NR 37 TC 255 Z9 269 U1 3 U2 27 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 27 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9218 BP 1858 EP 1863 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02290-X PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 318VZ UT WOS:000087306500012 PM 10866441 ER PT J AU Chua, KB Bellini, WJ Rota, PA Harcourt, BH Tamin, A Lam, SK Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ Goldsmith, CS Gubler, DJ Roehrig, JT Eaton, B Gould, AR Olson, J Field, H Daniels, P Ling, AE Peters, CJ Anderson, LJ Mahy, BWJ AF Chua, KB Bellini, WJ Rota, PA Harcourt, BH Tamin, A Lam, SK Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ Goldsmith, CS Gubler, DJ Roehrig, JT Eaton, B Gould, AR Olson, J Field, H Daniels, P Ling, AE Peters, CJ Anderson, LJ Mahy, BWJ TI Nipah virus: A recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; PROTEIN AB A paramyxovirus virus termed Nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. The outbreak was first noted in late September 1998 and by mid-June 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in Singapore. Electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic studies indicate that this virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is mast closely related to the recently discovered Hendra virus. We suggest that these two viruses are representative of a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Like Hendra virus. Nipah virus is unusual among the paramyxoviruses in its ability to infect and cause potentially fatal disease in a number of host species, including humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Malaya, Med Ctr, Dept Med Microbiol, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Ctr Dis Control, Div Vector Borne Dis, NCID, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. CSIRO, Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia. Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Anim Res Inst, Yeerongpilly, Qld 4105, Australia. Singapore Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Singapore 0316, Singapore. RP Bellini, WJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI LAM, SAI KIT/B-5231-2010; Daniels, Peter/H-1966-2013 NR 23 TC 567 Z9 620 U1 8 U2 87 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 26 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5470 BP 1432 EP 1435 DI 10.1126/science.288.5470.1432 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 318EL UT WOS:000087270900053 PM 10827955 ER PT J AU Alonso-Echanove, J Richards, CJ Horan, TC AF Alonso-Echanove, J Richards, CJ Horan, TC TI Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce surgical-wound infections SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alonso-Echanove, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 25 PY 2000 VL 342 IS 21 BP 1613 EP 1613 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 316XJ UT WOS:000087193100024 PM 10841687 ER PT J AU Fine, A Layton, M Hakim, A Smith, P AF Fine, A Layton, M Hakim, A Smith, P TI Serogroup W-135 meningococcal disease among travelers returning from Saudi Arabia - United States, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 345-346, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Maimonides Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fine, A (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 24 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 20 BP 2647 EP 2647 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 314FP UT WOS:000087046000011 ER PT J AU Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Clark, T Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K MacIntyre, K Tasheff, J Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Buescher, P Shireley, L Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M AF Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Clark, T Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K MacIntyre, K Tasheff, J Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Buescher, P Shireley, L Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M TI Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity among overweight adults - United States, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 326-330, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Behav Surveillance Branch, Div Adult Community Hlth, Div Nutr & Phys Act,Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent &, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cook, J (reprint author), CDC, Behav Surveillance Branch, Div Adult Community Hlth, Div Nutr & Phys Act,Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent &, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 24 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 20 BP 2650 EP 2650 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 314FP UT WOS:000087046000015 ER PT J CA CDC TI Progress toward global poliomyelitis eradication, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 349-354, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Vaccines & Biol Div, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), WHO, Vaccines & Biol Div, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 24 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 20 BP 2651 EP 2652 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 314FP UT WOS:000087046000017 ER PT J AU Ackers, ML Puhr, ND Tauxe, RV Mintz, ED AF Ackers, ML Puhr, ND Tauxe, RV Mintz, ED TI Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States - Antimicrobial resistance on the rise SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID DRUG-RESISTANCE; PHAGE TYPES; FEVER; INDIA; TRAVEL AB Context Multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi infections have been reported worldwide, but data on the incidence of resistant strains in the United States are lacking. Objectives To determine the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi infections and to identify risk factors for infection, Design Cross-sectional laboratory-based surveillance study. Setting and Participants A total of 293 persons with symptomatic typhoid fever who had Salmonella Typhi isolates and epidemiological information submitted to US public health departments and laboratories from June 1, 1996, to May 31, 1997, Main Outcome Measures Proportion of Salmonella Typhi isolates demonstrating resistance to 12 antimicrobial agents; patient epidemiological factors associated with drug-resistant infections. Results Median age was 21 years (range, 3 months to 84 years); 56% were male, Two hundred twenty-eight (80%) were hospitalized; 2 died. In the 6 weeks before illness onset, 81% of patients had traveled abroad. Seventy-four Salmonella Typhi isolates (25%) were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobial agent, and 51 (17%) were resistant to 5 or more agents, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi [MDRST]). Although no resistance to ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone was observed, 20 isolates (7%) were nalidixic acid-resistant (NARST). Patients with MDRST and NARST infections were more likely to report travel outside the United States, particularly to the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) (odds ratio [OR], 29.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.8-126.7; P<.001 and OR, 35.9; 95% CI, 3.4-377.3; P<.001, respectively). Conclusions Our data suggest that ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are appropriate empirical therapy for suspected typhoid fever; however, resistance may be anticipated. Continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella Typhi strains will help determine vaccination and treatment policies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mintz, ED (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 114 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 24 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 20 BP 2668 EP 2673 DI 10.1001/jama.283.20.2668 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 314FP UT WOS:000087046000034 PM 10819949 ER PT J AU Heffelfinger, JD Dowell, SF Jorgensen, JH Klugman, KP Mabry, LR Musher, DM Plouffe, JF Rakowsky, A Schuchat, A Whitney, CG AF Heffelfinger, JD Dowell, SF Jorgensen, JH Klugman, KP Mabry, LR Musher, DM Plouffe, JF Rakowsky, A Schuchat, A Whitney, CG CA Drug Resistant Streptococcus Pneum TI Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance - A report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ANTIMICROBIAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; PENICILLIN-RESISTANT; UNITED-STATES; REQUIRING HOSPITALIZATION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; BACTERIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; ORAL CEPHALOSPORINS; RISK-FACTORS; MENINGITIS AB Objective: To provide recommendations for the management of community-acquired pneumonia and the surveillance of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP). Methods: We addressed the following questions: (1) Should pneumococcal resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobial agents influence pneumonia treatment? (2) What are suitable empirical antimicrobial regimens for outpatient treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the DRSP era! (3) What are suitable empirical antimicrobial regimens for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the DRSP era! and (4) How should clinical laboratories report antibiotic susceptibility patterns for S pneumoniae, and what drugs should be included in surveillance if community-acquired pneumonia is the syndrome of interest? Experts in the management of pneumonia and the DRSP Therapeutic Working Group, which includes clinicians, academicians, and public health practitioners, met at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in March 1998 to discuss the management of pneumonia in the era of DRSP. Published and unpublished data were summarized from the scientific literature and experience of participants. After group presentations and review of background materials, subgroup, chairs prepared draft responses, which were discussed as a group. Conclusions: When implicated in cases of pneumonia, S pneumoniac should be considered susceptible if penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is no greater than 1 mu g/mL, of intermediate susceptibility if MIC is 2 mu g/ Int, and resistant if MIC is no less than 4 mu g/mL. For outpatient treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, suitable empirical oral antimicrobial agents include a macrolide leg, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin), doxycycline (or tetracycline) for children aged 8 years or older, or an oral beta-lactam with good activity against pneumococci (eg, cefuroxime axetil, amoxicillin, or a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium). Suitable empirical antimicrobial regimens for inpatient pneumonia include an intravenous beta-lactam, such as cefuroxime, ceftriaxone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, or a combination of ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium plus a macrolide. New fluoroquinolones with improved activity against 5 pneumoniae can also be used to treat adults with community-acquired pneumonia. To limit the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, the neu fluoroquinolones should he limited to adults (1) for whom one of the above regimens has already failed, (2) who are allergic to alternative agents, or (3) who have a documented infection with highly drug-resistant pneumococci (eg, penicillin MIC greater than or equal to 4 mu g/mL). Vancomycin hydrochloride is not routinely indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia or pneumonia caused by DRSP. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Comm Clin Lab Stand, Wayne, PA USA. S African Inst Med Res, Johannesburg, South Africa. Amer Acad Family Physicians, Leahwood, MO USA. Coll Amer Pathologists, Northfield, IL USA. Ohio State Univ, Med Ctr, Infect Dis Sect, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Heffelfinger, JD (reprint author), 2820 W Barrett St, Seattle, WA 98199 USA. NR 80 TC 413 Z9 445 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAY 22 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 10 BP 1399 EP 1408 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.10.1399 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 315PJ UT WOS:000087121900001 PM 10826451 ER PT J AU Davidson, K Jonas, BS Dixon, KE Markovitz, JH AF Davidson, K Jonas, BS Dixon, KE Markovitz, JH TI Do depression symptoms predict early hypertension incidence in young adults in the CARDIA study? SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; FOLLOW-UP; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; NATIONAL-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; RISK FACTOR; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ANXIETY; PREVALENCE AB Background: Hypertension has been linked to several psychological factors, including depression, but the relation between hypertension incidence and depressive symptoms has not been adequately examined. Objective: To determine if depressive symptoms independently predict hypertension incidence. Design and Setting: A prospective, multicenter, epidemiological cohort of young adults (aged 23-35 years at study entry) from the general community without hypertension followed up for 5 years. Subjects: A sample of 3343 adults from 4 urban areas stratified fur race (black and white) from the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Main Outcome Measure Hypertension incidence, which was defined as blood pressure higher than 160/95 mm Hg (assessed on a single occasion) or the use of prescribed antihypertensive medication. Results: Participants with high scores (greater than or equal to 16) on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale were at significant risk for hypertension incidence compared with those with low CES-D scores (less than or equal to 7; odds ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.61) after adjustment for other hypertension risk factors leg, age, resting systolic blood pressure at the 5-year examination, physical activity, daily alcohol use, parental history of hypertension, education, presence of diabetes mellitus or heart disease, sex, and race) in fixed logistic models. Those with intermediate depressive symptoms (CES-D scores 8-15) were also at significant risk (adjusted odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.98). These associations were significant in blacks alone but were not found in whites, who had a lower hypertension incidence (29 [2%] of 1806) than blacks (89 [6%] of 1537). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms were predictive of later hypertension incidence in young adults, and young blacks with depressive symptoms were at high risk of developing hypertension. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Psychol, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Prevent Med, Birmingham, AL USA. RP Davidson, K (reprint author), CUNY, Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Zena & Michael A Wiener Cardiovasc Inst, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl,Box 1030, New York, NY 10029 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-48047, N01-HC-48048, N01-HC-48049] NR 37 TC 189 Z9 205 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAY 22 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 10 BP 1495 EP 1500 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.10.1495 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 315PJ UT WOS:000087121900014 PM 10826464 ER PT J AU Subbarao, S Vanichseni, S Hu, DJ Kitayaporn, D Choopanya, K Raktham, S Young, NL Wasi, C Sutthent, R Luo, CC Ramos, A Mastro, TD AF Subbarao, S Vanichseni, S Hu, DJ Kitayaporn, D Choopanya, K Raktham, S Young, NL Wasi, C Sutthent, R Luo, CC Ramos, A Mastro, TD TI Genetic characterization of incident HIV type 1 subtype E and B strains from a prospective cohort of injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; ENVELOPE V3 LOOP; CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS; SYNCYTIUM FORMATION; PRIMARY INFECTION; 2 SUBTYPES; DOMAIN; TRANSMISSION; PHENOTYPE; SEQUENCES AB We obtained specimens from 128 HIV-1 seroconverters identified from 1995 through 1998 in a prospective cohort study of 1209 HIV-negative injecting drug users (IDUs) in Bangkok, Thailand. Epidemiologic data indicated that parenteral transmission accounted for nearly all infections. HIV-1 DNA from the C2-V4 env region was sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses determined that 102 (79.7%) of the specimens were subtype E and 26 (20.3%) subtype B strains. All subtype B strains clustered with strains often referred to in previous studies as Thai B or B', The interstrain nucleotide distance (C2-V4) within subtype E strains was low (mean, 6.8%), and pairwise comparisons with a prototype subtype E strain, CM244, showed limited divergence (mean, 5.6%), The subtype B stains showed greater interstrain divergence (mean, 9.2%) and were significantly divergent from the prototype B strain HIV-MN (mean, 13.0%; p < 0.0001). The subtype E strains had significantly lower mean V3 loop charge than did subtype B strains (p = 0.017) and, on the basis of analysis of amino acid sequences, were predicted to be predominantly (91%) non-syncytium-inducing (NSI), chemokine coreceptor CCR5-using (CCR5(+)) viruses. The subtype B strains had a higher mean V3 loop charge, and a smaller proportion (23 %) were predicted to be NSI/CCR5(+) viruses. This study demonstrates that most incident HIV-1 infections among Bangkok IDUs are due to subtype E viruses, with a narrow spectrum of genetic diversity. The characterization of incident HIV-1 strains from 1995 to 1998 will provide important baseline information for comparison with any breakthrough infections that occur among IDUs in Bangkok who are participating in an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial initiated in 1999. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch MS G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bangkok Metropolitan Adm, Bangkok 10200, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, Bangkok 10408, Thailand. Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. RP Mastro, TD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch MS G19, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 48 TC 61 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAY 20 PY 2000 VL 16 IS 8 BP 699 EP 707 DI 10.1089/088922200308693 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 315AF UT WOS:000087089900001 PM 10826476 ER PT J AU Downing, R Pieniazek, D Hu, DJ Biryahwaho, B Fridlund, C Rayfield, MA Sempala, SDK Lal, RB AF Downing, R Pieniazek, D Hu, DJ Biryahwaho, B Fridlund, C Rayfield, MA Sempala, SDK Lal, RB TI Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 subtype C from Uganda SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID GROUP-O; TYPE-1 AB To better understand the emergence of subtype C and its potential impact on vaccine efforts in Uganda, we have characterized subtype C sequences from Uganda (n = 13), Zimbabwe (n = 11), Mozambique (n = 5), South Africa (n = 4), and India (n = 3). Phylogenetic analysis of subtype C sequences in the env gp41 gene region revealed multiple subclusters within subtype C, Further, while most Ugandan specimen subclustered together, other subclusters did not reflect a clear geographic location. The nucleotide divergence within the Ugandan subset was 8.2% (6.1-9.8%) compared with 9.5% (2.5-15%) for the other subtype C gp41 sequences. The protein sequence alignment revealed marked sequence conservation of major immunodominant epitopes within the gp41 region. C1 Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, Uganda. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Activ Branch,NCHSTP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Mail Stop D-12,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAY 20 PY 2000 VL 16 IS 8 BP 815 EP 819 DI 10.1089/088922200308819 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 315AF UT WOS:000087089900013 PM 10826488 ER PT J AU Balter, S Benin, A Wyton, S Pinto, L Teixeira, LM Alvim, GG Luna, E Jackson, D LaClaire, L Elliott, J Facklam, R Schuchat, A AF Balter, S Benin, A Wyton, S Pinto, L Teixeira, LM Alvim, GG Luna, E Jackson, D LaClaire, L Elliott, J Facklam, R Schuchat, A TI Epidemic nephritis in Nova Serrana, Brazil SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID FOOD-BORNE OUTBREAK; STREPTOCOCCUS-ZOOEPIDEMICUS; GROUP-C; ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; PHARYNGITIS; DYSGALACTIAE; INFECTION; CHILDREN AB Background Outbreaks of nephritis have been rare since the 1970s. From December, 1997, to July, 1998, 253 cases of acute nephritis were identified in Nova Serrana, Brazil. Seven patients required dialysis, and three patients died. We did a case-control study to investigate the cause of the outbreak. Methods Using a matched cluster design, we examined seven recent patients, their family members (n=23), and members of neighbourhood-matched control households (n=22). We subsequently interviewed 50 patients and 50 matched controls about exposure to various dairy products. We also cultured daily foods and took udder-swab and milk samples from cows. Findings associated with group C Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, a cause of bovine mastitis. S zooepidemicus was detected in four of seven case households (six of 30 people) and no control households (p=0.09). Patients were more likely than matched controls to have consumed a locally produced cheese called queijo fresco (matched odds ratio 2.1, p=0.05). The nephritis attach rate was 4.5 per 1000 in Nova Serrana but 18 per 1000 in the village Quilombo do Gaia (p=0.003). The largest supplier of unpasteurised queijo fresco was a farm in Quilombo do Gaia. S zooepidemicus was not detected in food samples or in swabs collected from cows in August, 1998, although mastitis was evident among cows on the suspected farm. Throat cultures of the two women who prepared cheese on this farm yielded the outbreak strain of S zooepidemicus. After the cheese was removed from the distribution system, no further cases were reported. Interpretation A large outbreak of glomerulonephritis was attributed to S zooepidemicus in unpasteurised cheese. This outbreak highlights the dangers of consuming unpasteurised daily products and need for global efforts to promote food safety. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hosp Sao Joao de Deus, Dept Nephrol, Divinopolis, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Microbiol, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Dept Hlth, Nova Serrana, Brazil. Ctr Nacl Epidemiol, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Balter, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Luna, Expedito/B-7948-2012 NR 29 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 20 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9217 BP 1776 EP 1780 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 315RE UT WOS:000087126100012 PM 10832828 ER PT J AU Sterling, TR Stanley, RL Thompson, D Brubach, GA Madison, A Harrington, S Bishai, WR Chaisson, RE Betz-Thomas, J Bur, S Baruch, N Benjamin, GC Driver, CR Kreiswirth, B AF Sterling, TR Stanley, RL Thompson, D Brubach, GA Madison, A Harrington, S Bishai, WR Chaisson, RE Betz-Thomas, J Bur, S Baruch, N Benjamin, GC Driver, CR Kreiswirth, B CA CDC TI HIV-related tuberculosis in a transgender network - Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City area, 1998-2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 317-320, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Baltimore City Hlth Dept, Baltimore, MD 21204 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, TB Control Program, New York, NY 10013 USA. Publ Hlth Res Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Diagnost Mycobacterial Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, TB Mycobacteriol Br, Immunol & Mol Pathogenesis Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Surveillance & Epidemiol Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Field Serv Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sterling, TR (reprint author), Baltimore City Hlth Dept, Baltimore, MD 21204 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 17 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 19 BP 2515 EP 2516 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 312VL UT WOS:000086964600009 ER PT J AU Bergmire-Sweat, D Marengo, L Pendergrass, P Hendricks, K Garcia, M Drumgoole, R Baldwin, T Kingsley, K Walsh, B Lang, S Prine, L Busby, T Trujillo, L Perrotta, D Hathaway, A Jones, B Jaiyeola, A AF Bergmire-Sweat, D Marengo, L Pendergrass, P Hendricks, K Garcia, M Drumgoole, R Baldwin, T Kingsley, K Walsh, B Lang, S Prine, L Busby, T Trujillo, L Perrotta, D Hathaway, A Jones, B Jaiyeola, A CA CDC TI Escherichia coli O111 : H8 outbreak among teenage campers - Texas, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 321-324, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Tarrant Cty Hlth Dept, Ft Worth, TX 76101 USA. USDA, Food Sagety Inspect Svc, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodbourne & Diarrheal Dis Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bergmire-Sweat, D (reprint author), Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 17 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 19 BP 2517 EP 2517 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 312VL UT WOS:000086964600011 ER PT J AU Pierce, J Carter, S Orlando, D Hortman, P Risko, T Powell, KE AF Pierce, J Carter, S Orlando, D Hortman, P Risko, T Powell, KE CA CDC TI Corporate action to reduce air pollution - Atlanta, Georgia, 1998-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 153-156, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Georgia Power Co, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Air Pesticides & Tox Management Div, Reg Off 4, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 17 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 19 BP 2519 EP 2520 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 312VL UT WOS:000086964600014 ER PT J AU Breon, FM Jackson, DL Bates, JJ AF Breon, FM Jackson, DL Bates, JJ TI Calibration of the Meteosat water vapor channel using collocated NOAA/HIRS 12 measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RADIOSONDE; SATELLITE; MODEL; VALIDATION; INVERSION; RADIANCES; HUMIDITY AB The Meteosat geostationary satellites carry a filtered radiometer channel centered at 6.2 mu m for the measurement of upper tropospheric humidity. The opetational calibration is derived from radiative transfer calculations applied to radiosonde measurements; large fluctuations in the calibration have been noticed. Here, we apply another method based on collocations with NOAA/High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder (HIRS) channel 12. Radiative transfer calculations show that Meteosat measurements can be accurately predicted from HIRS channel 12 brightness temperatures. In addition, the HIRS instrument has onboard calibration of the complete optics, which makes it suitable as a reference for the calibration of other spaceborne radiometers. Application of the method to 3 years of Meteosat-5 data shows calibration fluctuations significantly smaller than those provided by the operational method. This result indicates that the short-term stability of the instrument calibration is much better than 5%, the variability given by the operational calibration. The proposed calibration coefficient is smaller by about 10-15%, which results in equivalent brightness temperatures biased by about 3-4 K and 35-50% relative error on the upper tropospheric humidity. Hypotheses of the causes for such large differences between the two calibration procedure results are proposed. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NOAA, ERL, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Breon, FM (reprint author), CEA, DSM, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM fmbreon@cea.fr; jbates@etl.noaa.gov RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009; Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015; Breon, Francois-Marie/M-4639-2016 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406; Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866; Breon, Francois-Marie/0000-0003-2128-739X NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 16 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D9 BP 11925 EP 11933 DI 10.1029/2000JD900031 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 315RA UT WOS:000087125700032 ER PT J AU Lee, LM Wortley, PM Fleming, PL Eldred, LJ Gray, RH AF Lee, LM Wortley, PM Fleming, PL Eldred, LJ Gray, RH TI Duration of human immunodeficiency virus infection and likelihood of giving birth in a medicaid population in Maryland SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th World AIDS Conference CY JUN 28-JUL 03, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND DE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; birth rate; fertility; HIV; pregnancy; women ID HIV-1 INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; WOMEN; AIDS; PREGNANCY; FERTILITY; DISEASE; RATES; RISK AB The objective of this study was to examine the effect of duration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on a woman's likelihood of giving birth. Using longitudinal data from the Maryland state Human Immunodeficiency Virus Information System and a retrospective cohort design, the authors compared 1,642 women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to 8,443 uninfected women enrolled in the Medicaid program between 1985 and 1995. The decade before AIDS diagnosis was divided into four 2.5-year periods. Proximity to AIDS diagnosis served as a proxy for duration of infection. An extension of the Cox model was used to estimate the relative risk for giving birth, with adjustment for covariates and repeated outcomes. The average number of births per 100 person-years was 6.0 for HIV-infected women and 11.1 for uninfected women (adjusted relative risk = 0.63; 95% confidence interval (Cl): 0.57, 0.68). Accounting for duration of infection, the adjusted relative risks for birth among HIV-infected women, as compared with uninfected women, were 0.85 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.03), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.86), 0.55 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.64), and 0.45 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.55) for successive 2.5-year periods before AIDS diagnosis. Demographic characteristics, contraception, abortion, fetal loss, or drug use could not fully explain the reductions. These results suggest that HIV-infected women experience a progressive reduction in births years before the onset of AIDS. This may compromise estimation of HIV prevalence and interpretation of time trends from serosurveillance of pregnant women. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, AIDS Adm, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Lee, LM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mail Stop E-47,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [5P30HD06268] NR 41 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 10 BP 1020 EP 1028 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 313JL UT WOS:000086996500012 PM 10853641 ER PT J AU Rowe, AK Hamel, MJ Flanders, WD Doutizanga, R Ndoyo, J Deming, MS AF Rowe, AK Hamel, MJ Flanders, WD Doutizanga, R Ndoyo, J Deming, MS TI Predictors of correct treatment of children with fever seen at outpatient health facilities in the Central African Republic SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acute disease; case management; child health services; developing countries; epidemiologic methods; malaria; primary health care; quality assurance, health care ID CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA AB To identify factors associated with improved performance of health care workers who treat ill children in developing countries, the authors analyzed a sample of consultations of children with malaria (defined as any fever) from a national health facility survey conducted in the Central African Republic from December 1995 to January 1996. Twenty-eight health care workers and 204 children were studied. A univariate analysis revealed the following significant predictors of correct treatment, as defined by the Central African malaria control program: high fever (odds ratio (OR) = 3.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47, 7.17); correct health care worker diagnosis (OR = 2.59, 95% Cl: 1.39, 4.85); and the caregiver's reporting the child's fever to the health care worker (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.32, 3.62). There was an unexpected inverse association between the presence of a fever treatment chart and correct treatment (OR - 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.91). Correct treatment was marginally associated with a longer consultation time (p value for trend = 0.058), Neither in-service training in the treatment of fever nor supervision was significantly associated with correct treatment. For child health programs to improve, targeted studies are needed to understand which factors, alone or in combination, improve health care worker performance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Child Survival & Emerging Infect Program Supp, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Minist Populat & Publ Hlth, Directorate Prevent Med, Bangui, Cent Afr Republ. RP Rowe, AK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Child Survival & Emerging Infect Program Supp, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 10 BP 1029 EP 1035 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 313JL UT WOS:000086996500013 PM 10853642 ER PT J AU Shedlofsky, SI Tosheva, RT Snawder, JA AF Shedlofsky, SI Tosheva, RT Snawder, JA TI Depression of constitutive murine cytochromes P450 by staphylococcal enterotoxin B SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE staphylococcal enterotoxin B; lipopolysaccharide; murine; C3H; HeJ mice; cytokines; cytochrome P450; mixed-function oxidases; nitric oxide ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION; P450-MEDIATED DRUG-METABOLISM; NITRIC-OXIDE; DOWN-REGULATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; ENDOTOXIN-RESISTANT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RAT HEPATOCYTES; 2C11 CYP2C11 AB Most in vivo studies demonstrating decreased activities of hepatic cytochromes P450 with inflammation have used Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the inflammatory stimulant. But products of Gram-positive bacteria, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), also stimulate inflammatory mediators, albeit with a different pattern than LPS. Therefore, effects of SEE on the regulation of murine constitutive P450s were determined in this study and compared with those of LPS. LPS-responsive C3H/HeN and LPS-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice were injected with either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or SEE (0.66 to 6.6 mg/kg), and hepatic cytochromes P450 and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, nitrate/nitrite, and serum amyloid A concentrations were determined up to 24 hr. HeJ mice were generally less responsive than HeN mice to both stimuli, with lower cytokine, nitrate/nitrite, and serum amyloid A responses. However, in both mouse strains SEE caused more prolonged cytokine, higher nitrate/nitrite, and lower serum amyloid A concentrations than LPS. Despite these differences, in HeN mice, after both SEE and LPS administration, total P450 concentrations were equally depressed by 40%. Both SEE and LPS depressed CYP1A1 and 1A2 microsomal protein concentrations by 45 and 30%, respectively; CYP2E1 by 64%; and CYP3A by 70%. There was comparable inhibition of enzymatic activities. In HeJ mice, SEE was only slightly more effective in depressing P450s than LPS, as might be expected. These data showed that the Gram-positive bacterial inflammatory stimulant SEE caused effects on murine hepatic cytochromes P450 similar to those of LPS, even though the pattern of inflammatory mediators induced after SEB exposure was different. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Lexington, KY USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Shedlofsky, SI (reprint author), VA Hosp, Dept Med 3, Cooper Dr, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. NR 52 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0006-2952 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 59 IS 10 BP 1295 EP 1303 DI 10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00250-1 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 306PL UT WOS:000086605000013 PM 10736430 ER PT J AU Ries, LAG Wingo, PA Miller, DS Howe, HL Weir, HK Rosenberg, HM Vernon, SW Cronin, K Edwards, BK AF Ries, LAG Wingo, PA Miller, DS Howe, HL Weir, HK Rosenberg, HM Vernon, SW Cronin, K Edwards, BK TI The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer SO CANCER LA English DT Article DE neoplasm; incidence rate; mortality; race; surveillance; colon; rectum; joinpoint; screening ID FATAL COLON-CANCER; BREAST-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; REDUCED RISK; MORTALITY; THERAPY; TRENDS; RATES; PREVENTION; SURVIVAL AB BACKGROUND. This annual report to the nation addresses progress in cancer prevention and control in the U.S. with a special section on colorectal cancer. This report is the joint effort of the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). METHODS. Age-adjusted rates were based on cancer incidence data from the NCI and NAACCR and underlying cause of death as compiled by NCHS. Joinpoint analysis was based on NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program incidence rates and NCHS death rates for 1973-1997. The prevalence of screening examinations for colorectal cancer was obtained from the CDC's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the NCHS's National Health Interview Survey. RESULTS. Between 1990-1997, overall cancer incidence and death rates declined. Joinpoint analyses of cancer incidence and death rates confirmed the declines described in earlier reports. The incidence trends for colorectal cancer have shown recent steep declines for whites in contrast to a leveling off of the rates for blacks. State-to-state variations occurred in colorectal cancer screening prevalence as well as incidence and death rates. CONCLUSIONS. The continuing declines in overall cancer incidence and death rates are encouraging. However, a few of the top ten incidence or mortality cancer sites continued to increase or remained level. For many cancer sites, whites had lower incidence and mortality rates than blacks but higher rates than Hispanics, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and American Indians/Alaska Natives. The variations in colorectal cancer incidence and death rates by race/ethnicity, gender, age, and geographic area may be related to differences in risk factors, demographic characteristics, screening, and medical practice. New efforts currently are underway to increase awareness of screening benefits and treatment for colorectal cancer. Cancer 2000;88:2398-424. (C) 2000 American Cancer Society. C1 NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. N Amer Assoc Cent Canc Registries, Springfield, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. RP Ries, LAG (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, 6130 Execut Blvd,EPN 343J, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 66 TC 533 Z9 550 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 88 IS 10 BP 2398 EP 2424 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000515)88:10<2398::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-I PG 27 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 310DD UT WOS:000086810500026 PM 10820364 ER PT J AU Sarasua, SM Vogt, RF Henderson, O Jones, PA Lybarger, JA AF Sarasua, SM Vogt, RF Henderson, O Jones, PA Lybarger, JA TI Serum immunoglobulins and lymphocyte subset distributions in children and adults living in communities assessed for lead and cadmium exposure SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID CELLULAR IMMUNE FUNCTION; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; SURVEY NHANES-III; UNITED-STATES; WORKERS; POPULATION; SYSTEM AB This study assessed the impact of environmental cadmium and lead exposure on the immune system of more than 2000 children and adults. Serum immunoglobulins [immunoglobulins (Ig) A, C, and M] and peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and CD4/CD8 subsets) were measured in a total of 2041 children and adults Ir ho lived Either in sites with elevated soil levels of cadmium and lead (n = 1561) or in comparison communities (n = 480). The blood lead and urine cadmium levels of participants were somewhat higher than national averages. Mean blood lead levels M cre 7 mu g/dl for participants aged 6-35 mo; 5 mu g/dl for participants aged 36-71 mo, 4 mu g/dl for participants aged 6-15 yr; and 4.3 mu g/dl for participants aged 16-75 yr. Multivariate analysis indicated no marked differences in any of the immune marker distributions attributed to lead for adults or children over 3 yr of age. However, in children under age 3, increased blood lead levels, principally those over 15 mu g/dl were associated with increases in IgA, IgG, IgM, and circulating B lymphocytes. Among adults, urine cadmium levels over 1.5 mu g/g were associated with higher levels of IgA and circulating B lymphocytes. No evidence of immunosuppression was noted The findings of potential immunologic effects at lead levels >15 mu g/dl in young children and at urine cadmium levels >1.5 mu g/g in adults are interesting, but too few participants had these high levels to delineate a threshold. Therefore, we iind these results intriguing, but requiring confirmation in populations with higher exposure levels. C1 ATSDR, Hlth Invest Branch, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Agcy Toxi Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Hlth Invest Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lybarger, JA (reprint author), ATSDR, Hlth Invest Branch, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD MAY 12 PY 2000 VL 60 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1080/009841000156556 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 309KX UT WOS:000086768000001 PM 10832614 ER PT J AU Ching, WM Zhang, Z Dasch, GA Olson, JG AF Ching, WM Zhang, Z Dasch, GA Olson, JG TI Improved diagnosis of typhus rickettsiae using a chemically methylated recombinant S-layer protein fragment. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Med Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. CDCP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 463 BP A1391 EP A1391 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400496 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF Kupronis, BA Zell, ER Shay, DK AF Dowell, SF Kupronis, BA Zell, ER Shay, DK TI Mortality from pneumonia in children in the United States, 1939 through 1996 SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY NOV 18-21, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID US CHILDREN; DISEASE; MANAGEMENT; INFECTIONS; REDUCTION; INFLUENZA; MEDICAID; CARE AB Background and Methods: Pneumonia remains an important cause of childhood deaths throughout the world, but in developed countries, the mortality rate is decreasing. We reviewed death records for children in the United States from 1939 through 1996. A plot of the annual rates of change in the number of deaths from pneumonia was used to generate hypotheses about the influence of various events and interventions. We used data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, the Medicaid program, and published reports to test these hypotheses. Results: During the 58-year study period, the number of children who died from pneumonia declined by 97 percent, from 24,637 in 1939 to 800 in 1996. During the same period, the rate of mortality from other causes declined by 82 percent. There were steep declines in the mortality rates for pneumonia from 1944 to 1950, although the rate increased among older children in 1957, and there were sustained declines in all age groups from 1966 to 1982. From 1966 to 1982, the mortality declined by an average of 13.0 percent annually, and these decreases coincided with increases in the proportion of poor children covered by Medicaid, increases in rates of hospitalization for pneumonia, a narrowing of the gap between the mortality rate for black children and the rate for white children, and a convergence between the mortality rate in the South and the rates in the other three census regions. Conclusions: Since 1939, the rate of mortality from pneumonia in children in the United States has declined markedly. We hypothesize that the steep declines in the late 1940s are attributable to the use of penicillin, that the peak in 1957 was due to the influenza A pandemic, and that the sustained decline from 1966 through 1982 may be attributable in part to improved access to medical care for poor children. (N Engl J Med 2000;342:1399-407.) (C)2000, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Res & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop C-23,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 NR 37 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 342 IS 19 BP 1399 EP 1407 DI 10.1056/NEJM200005113421904 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 312JR UT WOS:000086940600004 PM 10805825 ER PT J AU Cooper, J Miller, J Bennett, P White, D Smith, P AF Cooper, J Miller, J Bennett, P White, D Smith, P CA CDC TI Surveillance for West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes - New York, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 178-179, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York City Dept Pk & Recreat, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. New York City Dept Environm Protect, New York, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cooper, J (reprint author), New York City Dept Pk & Recreat, New York, NY USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 18 BP 2380 EP 2380 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 310CD UT WOS:000086808200009 ER PT J CA CDC TI Progress in development of immunization registries - United States, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 274-278, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Syst Dev Branch, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Syst Dev Branch, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 18 BP 2381 EP 2381 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 310CD UT WOS:000086808200011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Age-specific excess deaths associated with stroke among racial/ethnic minority populations - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 94-97, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 18 BP 2382 EP 2383 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 310CD UT WOS:000086808200013 ER PT J AU Lynfield, R White, K Danila, R Roome, A Linardos, H Hadler, J AF Lynfield, R White, K Danila, R Roome, A Linardos, H Hadler, J CA CDC TI Adoption of perinatal group B streptococcal disease prevention recommendations by prenatal-care providers - Connecticut and Minnesota, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 228-232, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. CDC, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Emerging Infect Program Network, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lynfield, R (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 18 BP 2384 EP 2384 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 310CD UT WOS:000086808200015 ER PT J AU van Steenbergen, JE van den Hof, S Langendam, MW van de Kerkhof, JHTC Ruijs, WLM AF van Steenbergen, JE van den Hof, S Langendam, MW van de Kerkhof, JHTC Ruijs, WLM TI Measles outbreak - Netherlands, April 1999-January 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 299-303, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Municipal Hlth Serv, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Municipal Hlth Serv, Rivierenland, Netherlands. WHO, European Reg Off, Communicable Dis & Immunizat Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark. WHO, Vaccines & Biol Dept, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 10 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 18 BP 2385 EP 2386 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 310CD UT WOS:000086808200017 ER PT J AU Cole, TJ Bellizzi, MC Flegal, KM Dietz, WH AF Cole, TJ Bellizzi, MC Flegal, KM Dietz, WH TI Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BODY-MASS INDEX; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; YOUNG-ADULTS; ADOLESCENTS AB Objective To develop an internationally acceptable definition of child overweight and obesity, specifying the measurement, the reference population, and the age and sex specific cut off points. Design International survey of six large nationally representative cross sectional growth studies. Setting Brazil, Great Britain, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United States. Subjects 97 876 males and 94 851 females from birth to 25 years of age. Main outcome measure Body mass index (weight/height(2)). Results For each of the surveys, centile curves were drawn that at age 18 years passed through the widely used cut off points of 25 and 30 kg/m(2) for adult overweight and obesity. The resulting curves were averaged to provide age and sex specific cut off points from 2-18 years. Conclusions The proposed cut off points, which are less arbitrary and more internationally based than current alternatives, should help to provide internationally comparable prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in children. C1 Inst Child Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England. Int Obes Task Force Secretariat, London NW1 2NS, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Cole, TJ (reprint author), Inst Child Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, England. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; Cole, Tim/B-7883-2008; OI Cole, Tim/0000-0001-5711-8200; Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X FU Medical Research Council [G9827821, G9827821(62595)] NR 15 TC 7114 Z9 7431 U1 79 U2 609 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD MAY 6 PY 2000 VL 320 IS 7244 BP 1240 EP 1243 DI 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 313CF UT WOS:000086981400017 PM 10797032 ER PT J AU Dezzutti, CS Guenthner, PC Green, TA Cohen, OJ Spira, TJ Lal, RB AF Dezzutti, CS Guenthner, PC Green, TA Cohen, OJ Spira, TJ Lal, RB TI Stromal-derived factor-1 chemokine gene variant is associated with the delay of HIV-1 disease progression in two longitudinal cohorts SO AIDS LA English DT Letter ID CCR5; INFECTION; HETEROZYGOSITY; POLYMORPHISMS; PATHOGENESIS; CXCR4 C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIAID, Immunoregulat Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Dezzutti, CS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAY 5 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 7 BP 894 EP 896 DI 10.1097/00002030-200005050-00018 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 312XK UT WOS:000086969100018 PM 10839599 ER PT J AU Bidol, S Stobierski, MG Robinson-Dunn, B Massey, J Hall, W Boulton, M Warwick, M Wiedlocher, MB AF Bidol, S Stobierski, MG Robinson-Dunn, B Massey, J Hall, W Boulton, M Warwick, M Wiedlocher, MB CA CDC TI Salmonellosis associated with chicks and ducklings-Michigan and Missouri, Spring 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 297-299, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Missouri Dept Hlth, State Br, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 3 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 17 BP 2229 EP 2230 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 307UB UT WOS:000086671600007 ER PT J AU Schwartz, F Drach, F Guroy, ME Olson, J Rabban, J Sanchez, H Ascher, MS Glaser, CA Werner, SB Vugia, DJ AF Schwartz, F Drach, F Guroy, ME Olson, J Rabban, J Sanchez, H Ascher, MS Glaser, CA Werner, SB Vugia, DJ CA CDC TI Fatal yellow fever in a traveler returning from Venezuela, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 303-305, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Marin Cty Hlth Dept, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Br, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Surveillance & Epidemiol Br, Div Quarantine, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schwartz, F (reprint author), Marin Cty Hlth Dept, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 3 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 17 BP 2230 EP 2231 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 307UB UT WOS:000086671600008 ER PT J AU Bayard, V Ortega, E Garcia, A Caceres, L Castillo, Z Quiroz, E Armien, B Gracia, F Serrano, J Guerrero, G Kant, R Pinifla, E Bravo, L Munoz, C de Mosca, IB Rodriguez, A Campos, C Diaz, MA Munoz, B Crespo, F Villalaz, I Rios, P Morales, E Sitton, JMT Reneau-Vernon, L Libel, M Castellanos, L Ruedas, L Tinnin, D Yates, T AF Bayard, V Ortega, E Garcia, A Caceres, L Castillo, Z Quiroz, E Armien, B Gracia, F Serrano, J Guerrero, G Kant, R Pinifla, E Bravo, L Munoz, C de Mosca, IB Rodriguez, A Campos, C Diaz, MA Munoz, B Crespo, F Villalaz, I Rios, P Morales, E Sitton, JMT Reneau-Vernon, L Libel, M Castellanos, L Ruedas, L Tinnin, D Yates, T CA CDC TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - Panama, 1999-2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 205-207, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama City, Panama. Complejo Hosp AAM, Social Secur Hosp Syst, Panama City, Panama. Santo Tomas Hosp, Panama City, Panama. Pan Amer Hlth Org, Panama City, Panama. PAHO, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Museum Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87101 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Special Pathogens Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bayard, V (reprint author), Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama City, Panama. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 3 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 17 BP 2232 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 307UB UT WOS:000086671600011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Motor-vehicle occupant fatalities and restraint use among children aged 4-8 years - United States, 1994-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 135-137, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 3 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 17 BP 2233 EP 2234 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 307UB UT WOS:000086671600013 ER PT J AU Quinlan, KP Brewer, RD Sleet, DA Dellinger, AM AF Quinlan, KP Brewer, RD Sleet, DA Dellinger, AM TI Characteristics of child passenger deaths and injuries involving drinking drivers SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Pediatric-Academic-Societies CY MAY 01-04, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Pediat Acad Soc ID ALCOHOL; OFFENDERS; INTERVENTIONS; CRASHES AB Context Motor vehicle-related injury is the leading cause of death for children and young adults aged 1 to 24 years in the United States. Approximately 24% of child traffic deaths involve alcohol. Objective To examine characteristics of crashes involving child passenger deaths and injuries associated with drinking drivers to identify opportunities for prevention. Design, Setting, and Participants Descriptive epidemiological analysis of 1985-1996 data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System on deaths among US child passengers (aged 0-14 years) and 1988-1996 data from the General Estimates System on nonfatal injuries. Main Outcome Measures Child passenger death or injury by driver characteristics (eg, driver age, blood alcohol concentration, and driving history). Results In 1985-1996, there were 5555 child passenger deaths involving a drinking driver. Of these deaths, 3556 (64.0%) occurred while the child was riding with a drinking driver; 67.0% of these drinking drivers were old enough to be the parent or caregiver of the child, Of all drivers transporting a child who died, drinking drivers were more likely than nondrinking drivers to have had a previous license suspension (17.1% vs 7.1%) or conviction for driving while intoxicated (7.9% vs 1.2%). Child restraint use decreased as both the child's age and the blood alcohol concentration of the child's driver increased. In 1988-1996, an estimated 149 000 child passengers were nonfatally injured in crashes involving a drinking driver. Of these, 58 000 (38.9%) were riding with a drinking driver when injured in the crash. Conclusions These data indicate that the majority of drinking driver-related child passenger deaths in the United States involve a child riding unrestrained in the same vehicle with a drinking driver. Typically, the drinking driver transporting the child is old enough to be the child's parent or caregiver. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off,Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Quinlan, KP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off,Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS K-63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 3 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 17 BP 2249 EP 2252 DI 10.1001/jama.283.17.2249 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 307UB UT WOS:000086671600031 PM 10807383 ER PT J AU Inglesby, TV Dennis, DT Henderson, DA Bartlett, JG Ascher, MS Eitzen, E Fine, AD Friedlander, AM Hauer, J Koerner, JF Layton, M McDade, J Osterholm, MT O'Toole, T Parker, G Perl, TM Russell, PK Schoch-Spana, M Tonat, K AF Inglesby, TV Dennis, DT Henderson, DA Bartlett, JG Ascher, MS Eitzen, E Fine, AD Friedlander, AM Hauer, J Koerner, JF Layton, M McDade, J Osterholm, MT O'Toole, T Parker, G Perl, TM Russell, PK Schoch-Spana, M Tonat, K CA Working Grp Civilian Biodefense TI Plague as a biological weapon - Medical and public health management SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID YERSINIA-PESTIS INFECTION; EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIC PLAGUE; DOXYCYCLINE; CIPROFLOXACIN; MICE AB Objective The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has developed consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals following the use of plague as a biological weapon against a civilian population. Participants The working group included 25 representatives from major academic medical centers and research, govern ment, military, public health, and emergency management institutions and agencies. Evidence MEDLINE databases were searched from January 1966 to June 1998 for the Medical Subject Headings plague, Yersinia pestis, biological weapon, biological terrorism, biological warfare, and biowarfare, Review of the bibliographies of the references identified by this search led to subsequent identification of relevant references published prior to 1966. In addition, participants identified other unpublished references and sources. Additional MEDLINE searches were conducted through January 2000. Consensus Process The first draft of the consensus statement was a synthesis of information obtained in the formal evidence-gathering process. The working group was convened to review drafts of the document in October 1998 and May 1999. The final statement incorporates all relevant evidence obtained by the literature search in conjunction with final consensus recommendations supported by all working group members. Conclusions An aerosolized plague weapon could cause fever, cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis with signs consistent with severe pneumonia 1 to 6 days after exposure. Rapid evolution of disease would occur in the 2 to 4 days after symptom onset and would lead to septic shock with high mortality without early treatment. Early treatment and prophylaxis with streptomycin or gentamicin or the tetracycline or fluoroquinolone classes of antimicrobials would be advised. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Johns Hopkins Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Johns Hopkins Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, McLean, VA 22102 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, Off Communicable Dis, New York, NY 10013 USA. US Dept HHS, Off Emergency Preparedness, Rockville, MD USA. Infect Control Advisory Network Inc, Eden Prairie, MN USA. RP Inglesby, TV (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Johns Hopkins Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Sch Med, Candler Bldg,Suite 850,111 Market Pl, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. OI /0000-0003-3225-9968 NR 72 TC 543 Z9 559 U1 4 U2 48 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 3 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 17 BP 2281 EP 2290 DI 10.1001/jama.283.17.2281 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 307UB UT WOS:000086671600037 PM 10807389 ER PT J AU Koplan, JP AF Koplan, JP TI The AAMC and the CDC as strategic partners: Why? And why now? SO ACADEMIC MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Koplan, JP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA SN 1040-2446 J9 ACAD MED JI Acad. Med. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 75 IS 5 BP 406 EP 407 DI 10.1097/00001888-200005000-00005 PG 2 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services GA 313JQ UT WOS:000086996900005 PM 10824761 ER PT J AU Kaleebu, P Yirrell, D French, N Lyagoba, F Rutebemberwa, A Cheingsong-Popov, R Gilks, C Biryahwaho, B Weber, J Whitworth, J AF Kaleebu, P Yirrell, D French, N Lyagoba, F Rutebemberwa, A Cheingsong-Popov, R Gilks, C Biryahwaho, B Weber, J Whitworth, J TI An improved algorithm for determining HIV type 1 subtypes in a primary laboratory in Uganda SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; GENETIC SUBTYPES; AIDS VIRUS; THAILAND; ASSAY AB A pilot study was undertaken with the objective of developing a simple, economical, and efficient algorithm through which to subtype HIV-1 in a large epidemiological cohort study in Uganda, A peptide enzyme immunoassay (PEIA) employing both V3 and gp41 regions and a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) were evaluated in comparison with DNA sequencing, Of 146 samples selected, 115 (79%) were successfully sequenced. Taking sequence data as the "gold standard," other assays were compared with these data, The HMA correctly identified 95 (83%) of the samples, and only 1 sample was wrongly identified. The V3 PEIA alone and in combination with gp41 peptides correctly identified 76 and 78% of the samples, respectively; however, the number of wrongly identified samples was four times less with the combination compared with V3 peptides alone (4 versus 16%). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for serotype A and D samples were greater for the combination than V3 peptides alone. We have described a new algorithm to segregate subtypes A and D, This algorithm uses the two peptide assays followed by HMA and then DNA sequencing for untypable samples, giving an accuracy of 95% at a cost of 37 and 21% for consumables compared with subtyping all the samples by HMA or DNA sequencing, respectively. This proposed approach is suitable for epidemiological studies in Uganda and other regions with a predominance of A and D subtypes. C1 Uganda Virus Res Inst, MRC, Programme AIDS Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda. Univ Edinburgh, Ctr HIV Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Genital Urinary Med, London W2 1PG, England. RP Kaleebu, P (reprint author), Uganda Virus Res Inst, MRC, Programme AIDS Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda. RI French, Neil/A-2994-2012; Gilks, Charles/B-4184-2012 NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 16 IS 7 BP 621 EP 625 DI 10.1089/088922200308846 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 309QX UT WOS:000086781700002 PM 10791872 ER PT J AU O'Brien, RJ Cohn, DL AF O'Brien, RJ Cohn, DL TI Family practice and the elimination of tuberculosis SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV TB & STD Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Res & Evaluat Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Brien, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV TB & STD Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat, Res & Evaluat Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 USA SN 0002-838X J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 61 IS 9 BP 2629 EP + PG 3 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 314TF UT WOS:000087073100012 PM 10821148 ER PT J AU Zimmer, AT Biswas, P AF Zimmer, AT Biswas, P TI Mechanistic understanding of aerosol emissions from a brazing operation SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE aerosols; brazing; chemical; equilibrium analysis fumes; welding ID EQUILIBRIUM-ANALYSIS; WASTE INCINERATORS; METAL EMISSIONS; TEMPERATURE; PARTICLES; GROWTH AB Welding operations produce gaseous and aerosol by-products that can have adverse health effects. A laboratory furnace study was conducted to aid understanding of the chemical and aerosol behavior of a widely used, self-fluxing brazing alloy (89% Cu, 6% Ag, 5% P) that is also used with a supplemental fluxing compound to prevent oxidation at the molten metal surface. The results indicate that the aerosols generated by the alloy are transient (produced over a short duration of time) and are associated with mass transfer of phosphorus species from the molten metal surface to the surrounding gas. In contrast, when the alloy was used in conjunction with the supplemental fluxing compound, a relatively nontransient, submicron-size aerosol was generated that was several orders of magnitude higher in concentration. Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis suggests that fluoride (a major constituent in the fluxing compound) played a significant role in reacting with the brazing alloy metals to form gas phase metal fluoride compounds that had high vapor pressures when compared with their elemental or oxide forms. As these metal-fluoride vapors cooled, submicron-size particles were formed mainly through nucleation and condensation growth processes. In addition, the equilibrium results revealed the potential formation of severe pulmonary irritants (HF and BF3) from heating the supplemental fluxing compound. These results demonstrated the importance of fluxing compounds in the formation of brazing fumes, and suggest that fluxing compounds could be selected that serve their metallurgical intention and suppress the formation of aerosols. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NIOSH, Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Zimmer, AT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 61 IS 3 BP 351 EP 361 DI 10.1080/15298660008984543 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326PR UT WOS:000087744400004 PM 10885884 ER PT J AU Pedersen, DH AF Pedersen, DH TI Industrial responses to constrained OSHA regulation SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE OSHA; safety and health; regulatory activity ID INJURY RATES; ENFORCEMENT; COOPERATION; SAFETY; IMPACT AB As part of the effort to reduce the size and economic impact of the federal establishment, congressional conservatives are proposing legislation to restrict the regulatory activity of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). These proposals push OSHA toward a purely consultative role, at a corresponding cost in direct regulatory capability The Clinton administration's reinvention of government initiative is also moving OSHA toward a consultative role based on a strategy of cooperative compliance or industry self-regulation with a strong coercive foundation. Since both camps appear to agree that self-regulation can assure a safe and healthy workplace, the remaining debate concerns the extent to which coercive regulation is still needed. National survey data on the industrial provision of occupational safety and health services in the manufacturing sector were used to measure changes in industrial safety and health activity between 1972-74 and 1981-83. in conjunction with data on OSHA command-and-control regulatory activity from 1972 to 1979, these data permitted an examination of the relationship between command-and-control regulatory activities and changes in industrial behavior that could be regarded as a form of self-regulation. This analysis showed that coercive regulation by OSHA in the 1970s was significantly related to industry self-regulation efforts, although the relationship varied by industrial facility employment size and type of regulatory coercion. These results indicate that coercive regulation should be retained as an industrial incentive in any self-regulation policy paradigm. The results also provide evidence that OSHA regulatory policy should be based on anticipated differences in industrial response to Various coercive measures. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Hlth Related Energy Res Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Pedersen, DH (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Hlth Related Energy Res Branch, MS R-44,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 58 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 61 IS 3 BP 381 EP 387 DI 10.1080/15298660008984547 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326PR UT WOS:000087744400008 PM 10885888 ER PT J AU Aizenberg, V Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Smith, J Baron, PA AF Aizenberg, V Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Smith, J Baron, PA TI Performance characteristics of the button personal inhalable aerosol sampler SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE inhalable aerosols; personal sampling; wind tunnel evaluation ID OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE; FILTER CASSETTES; EFFICIENCY; SURFACE; FLOW AB The button inhalable aerosol sampler with a curved porous inlet recently was developed and evaluated as a stationary sampler in the laboratory and in the field. The present study focused on investigating its suitability far personal inhalable aerosol sampling. The button sampler was tested at two wind velocities (0.5 and 2.0 m/sec), three particle sizes (7, 29, and 70 mu m) and three orientations to the wind (0, 90, and 180 degrees). The performance characteristics of the button sampler were compared with those of three other personal samplers-the IOM (Institute of Occupational Medicine), GSP, and 37-mm closed-face filter cassette. The experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel with the samplers mounted on a full-size manikin. The direction-specific sampling efficiency of the button sampler was found to be essentially independent of the wind direction and dependent on the wind velocity to a much smaller degree than that of the three other samplers. When direction-averaged, the fit of its sampling efficiency curve to the inhalability curve was found to be better than that of the 37-mm closed-face cassette, comparable with that of the GSP sampler, and less than that of the IOM sampler. The precision of the button sampler was found to be generally equal to or better than the precision of the comparison samplers. it was concluded that the button sampler can be successfully used as a personal inhalable aerosol sampler. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Aerosol Res & Exposure Assessment Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Grinshpun, SA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Aerosol Res & Exposure Assessment Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. FU CIT NIH HHS [T42/CCT510420]; NIOSH CDC HHS [R01-OH-03328] NR 29 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 5 U2 12 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 61 IS 3 BP 398 EP 404 DI 10.1080/15298660008984550 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326PR UT WOS:000087744400011 PM 10885891 ER PT J AU Ashley-Koch, A Yang, Q Olney, RS AF Ashley-Koch, A Yang, Q Olney, RS TI Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) allele and sickle cell disease: A HuGE review SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE anemia; sickle cell; epidemiology; genetics; Hb S; hemoglobin; sickle; public health; sickle cell trait ID RISK-FACTORS; DEATH; HAPLOTYPES; MORTALITY; CHILDREN; ANEMIA; KENYA; RATES AB Sickle cell disease is caused by a variant of the beta-globin gene called sickle hemoglobin (Hb S). Inherited autosomal recessively, either two copies of Hb S or one copy of Hb S plus another beta-globin variant (such as Hb C) are required for disease expression. Hb S carriers are protected from malaria infection, and this protection probably led to the high frequency of Hb S in individuals of African and Mediterranean ancestry. Despite this advantage, individuals with sickle cell disease exhibit significant morbidity and mortality. Symptoms include chronic anemia, acute chest syndrome, stroke, splenic and renal dysfunction, pain crises, and susceptibility to bacterial infections. Pediatric mortality is primarily due to bacterial infection and stroke. In adults, specific causes of mortality are more varied, but individuals with more symptomatic disease may exhibit early mortality. Disease expression is variable and is modified by several factors, the most influential being genotype. Other factors include beta-globin cluster haplotypes, alpha-globin gene number, and fetal hemoglobin expression. In recent years, newborn screening, better medical care, parent education, and penicillin prophylaxis have successfully reduced morbidity and mortality due to Hb S. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ashley-Koch, A (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Genet, Box 3445,026 CARL Bldg, Durham, NC 27710 USA. OI Ashley-Koch, Allison/0000-0001-5409-9155 NR 25 TC 196 Z9 201 U1 11 U2 64 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 9 BP 839 EP 845 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 308ER UT WOS:000086698000001 PM 10791557 ER PT J AU Botto, LD Yang, QH AF Botto, LD Yang, QH TI 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants and congenital anomalies: A HuGE review SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE abnormalities; A1298C; C677T; epidemiology; genetics; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; neural tube defects; spinal dysraphism ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; METHYLENE-TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; THERMOLABILE METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; MATERNAL VITAMIN USE; RISK FACTOR; COMMON MUTATION; C677T MUTATION; SPINA-BIFIDA AB The enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is involved in folate metabolism. The MTHFR gene is located on chromosome 1 (1p36.3), and two common alleles, the C677T (thermolabile) allele and the A1298C allele, have been described. The population frequency of C677T homozygosity ranges from 1% or less among Blacks from Africa and the United States to 20% or more among Italians and US Hispanics. C677T homozygosity in infants is associated with a moderately increased risk for spina bifida (pooled odds ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 2.2). Maternal C677T homozygosity also appears to be a moderate risk factor (pooled odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.5, 2.8). The A1298C allele combined with the C677T allele also could be associated with an increased risk for spina bifida. Some data suggest that the risk for spina bifida associated with C677T homozygosity may depend on nutritional status (e.g., blood folate levels, intake of vitamins) or on the genotype of other folate-related genes (e.g., cystathionine-beta-synthase and methionine synthase reductase). Studies of the C677T allele in relation to oral clefts, Down syndrome, and fetal anticonvulsant syndrome either have yielded conflicting results or have not been yet replicated. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Botto, LD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, MS F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 109 TC 650 Z9 684 U1 4 U2 32 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 9 BP 862 EP 877 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 308ER UT WOS:000086698000003 PM 10791559 ER PT J AU Botto, LD Mulinare, J Erickson, JD AF Botto, LD Mulinare, J Erickson, JD TI Occurrence of congenital heart defects in relation to maternal multivitamin use SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abnormalities; heart defects; congenital; heart septal defects; ventricular; vitamins ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; RISK FACTOR; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; PERICONCEPTIONAL USE; BIRTH-DEFECTS; SUPPLEMENTATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETIOLOGY; DISEASE; FOLATE AB The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between maternal multivitamin use and risk for cardiac defects in the offspring, using a population-based approach. The Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control study is a population-based case-control study of infants born between 1968 and 1980 to mothers residing in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. The 958 case infants with nonsyndromic cardiac defects were actively ascertained from multiple sources. The 3,029 infants without birth defects (control infants) were selected from birth certificates by stratified random sampling. Periconceptional multivitamin use, defined as reported regular use of multivitamins from 3 months before pregnancy through the first 3 months of pregnancy, was contrasted with no use during the same time period. Periconceptional multivitamin use was associated with a reduced risk for nonsyndromic cardiac defects in the offspring (odds ratio (OR) = 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60, 0.97). The risk reduction was strongest for outflow tract defects (OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.86) and ventricular septal defects (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.99). No risk reduction was evident when multivitamin use was begun after the first month of pregnancy. If these associations are causal, the results suggest that approximately one in four major cardiac defects could be prevented by periconceptional multivitamin use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Botto, LD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 31 TC 144 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 9 BP 878 EP 884 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 308ER UT WOS:000086698000004 PM 10791560 ER EF