FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Durkee, DP Pohl, EA Mykytka, EF AF Durkee, DP Pohl, EA Mykytka, EF GP IEEE TI Input data characterization factors for complex systems affecting availability estimation accuracy SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2002 PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium CY JAN 28-31, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP IEEESAE, IIE, Soc Reliabil Engineers, IEST, SLE, RAMS DE availability; design of experiments; importance measures; sensitivity analysis AB Reliability analysts are often faced with the challenge of characterizing the behavior of system components based on limited data. Insights into which data is most significant and how much data is necessary to achieve desired accuracy requirements would improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the data collection and data characterization processes. This research assesses potential significant factors in the probabilistic characterization of component failure and repair behavior with respect to their effect on system availability estimates. Potential factors were screened for significance utilizing a Plackett-Burman experimental design for several system models. Two input data characterization factors were found to have a significant affect on availability estimation accuracy: the size of the system and the number of data points used for component failure and repair distributional fitting, The estimating error was minimized when the structures analyzed were small and many data points (in this case, 25) were used for the distributional fittings. Surprisingly, the assumption of constant component failure rates and the use of empirical repair distributions were found to be equally effective component characterization methods. The results of this study also indicate that there is no apparent benefit in concentrating on 'important' components for the highest fidelity distributional fittings. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dayton, OH USA. RP Durkee, DP (reprint author), USAF, Warner Robbins AFB, GA USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 0-7803-7348-0 J9 P A REL MAI PY 2002 BP 80 EP 89 DI 10.1109/RAMS.2002.981624 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BU19P UT WOS:000175295600014 ER PT S AU Oxley, ME Magnus, AL AF Oxley, ME Magnus, AL BE Priddy, KL Keller, PE Angeline, PJ TI Confusion-based fusion of classifiers SO APPLICATIONS AND SCIENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Applications and Science of Computational Intelligence CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE classifier; fusion; confusion set; expertise set; arrogant classifier AB Given a finite collection of classifiers trained on two-class data one wishes to fuse the classifiers to form a new classifier with improved performance. Typically, the fusion is done at the output level using logical ANDs and ORs. The proposed fusion is based on the location of the feature vector with respect to the expertise sets and confusion sets of the classifiers. Given a feature vector x, if any one of the classifiers is an expert on x then the fusion rule should be an OR. If the classifiers are confused at x then the fusion rule should be defined is such a way to reflect this confusion or uncertainty. We give this fusion rule that is based upon the confusion sets as well as the expertise sets. We believe that this fusion rule will produce classifiers that perform better than classifiers that resulted from other fusion rules. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Oxley, ME (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4489-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4739 BP 120 EP 128 DI 10.1117/12.458704 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BU57X UT WOS:000176406100012 ER PT S AU Johnson, DA AF Johnson, DA BE Braun, AA McKeighan, PC Nicolson, AM Lohr, RD TI Automated deformation mapping in fatigue and fracture SO APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY IN FATIGUE AND FRACTURE TESTING AND ANALYSIS, VOL 4 SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Automation Technology in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Analysis, Vol 4 CY NOV 15, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP ASTM, Comm E8 Fatigue & Fracture DE fatigue-crack growth; mixed mode; deformation mapping; image analysis; closure; crack opening displacement; crack sliding displacement ID DIGITAL-IMAGE CORRELATION AB Automated deformation mapping in fatigue and fracture. C1 USAF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Res Lab, MLLMN, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Johnson, DA (reprint author), USAF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Res Lab, MLLMN, Bldg 655,Suite 1,2230 10th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2890-8 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2002 VL 1411 BP 220 EP 232 DI 10.1520/STP10613S PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Computer Science; Materials Science GA BU05J UT WOS:000174874600013 ER PT S AU Manfra, JL Claypoole, RL AF Manfra, JL Claypoole, RL BE Tescher, AG TI Translation and rotation invariant multiscale image registration SO APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING XXV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXV CY JUL 08-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE image registration; continuous wavelet transform; multiscale transform; shift-invariant wavelet transform; rotation-invariant wavelet transform; masking ID CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM AB With recent advances in bandwidth, sensor resolution, and UAV technology, image data is being collected in large quantities. A fast, automated, accurate method to register images is needed because human analysis of this data is time consuming and inaccurate. Once registered, images can be utilized more effectively. Applications where image registration algorithms are used include super-resolution, target recognition, and computer vision. Recent research involved registering images with translation and rotation differences using one iteration of the redundant discrete wavelet transform (rDWT). We extend this work by creating a new multiscale transform to register images with translation or rotation differences. Our two-dimensional multiscale transform uses lowpass filtering and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to mimic the two-dimensional rDWT, providing subbands at various scales while maintaining the desirable properties of the rDWT. Our multiscale transform produces data at integer scales, whereas the rDWT produces results only at dyadic scales. We also impose exclusion zones to create spatial separation between significant coefficients. This added flexibility improves registration accuracy without greatly increasing computational complexity and permits accurate registration. Our algorithm's performance is demonstrated by registering test images at various rotations and translations, in the presence of additive white noise. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Manfra, JL (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4557-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4790 BP 33 EP 44 DI 10.1117/12.452378 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV78G UT WOS:000179998100004 ER PT S AU Suter, BW Pearlman, WA Cho, S Han, KJ AF Suter, BW Pearlman, WA Cho, S Han, KJ BE Tescher, AG TI Field tests of Error-Resilient 3-D SPIHT vs. MPEG-2 SO APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXV CY JUL 08-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE video compression; embedded bitstream; error resilience; SPIHT; MPEG-2 ID NOISY CHANNELS; VIDEO AB Error Resilient and Error Concealment 3-D SPIHT (ERC-SPIHT) is a joint source channel coder developed to improve the overall performance against channel bit errors without requiring automatic-repeat-request (ARQ). The objective of this research is to test and validate the properties of two competing video compression algorithms in a wireless environment. The property focused on is error resiliency to the noise inherent in wireless data communication. ERC-SPIHT and MPEG-2 with forward error correction (FEC) are currently undergoing tests over a satellite communication link. The initial test indicates that ERC-SPIHT gives excellent results in noisy channel conditions is shown to have superior performance over MPEG-2 with FEC when communicated over a military satellite channel. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Ctr Integrated Transmiss & Exploitat, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Ctr Integrated Transmiss & Exploitat, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. EM suterb@rl.af.mil; pearlw@rpi.edu; chos@rpi.edu; hank@rl.af.mil OI Pearlman, William/0000-0002-4978-6812 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4557-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4790 BP 244 EP 251 DI 10.1117/12.457261 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV78G UT WOS:000179998100026 ER PT J AU Fournier, D Halasz, A Spain, J Fiurasek, P Hawari, J AF Fournier, D Halasz, A Spain, J Fiurasek, P Hawari, J TI Determination of key metabolites during biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine with Rhodococcus sp strain DN22 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 1,3,5-TRIAZA-1,3,5-TRINITROCYCLOHEXANE RDX; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE TNT; BIOTRANSFORMATION; SOIL; MINERALIZATION; DEGRADATION AB Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 can convert hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to nitrite, but information on degradation products or the fate of carbon is not known. The present study describes aerobic biodegradation of RDX (175 muM) when used as an N source for strain DN22. RDX was converted to nitrite (NO(2)(-)) (30%), nitrous oxide (N(2)O) (3.2%), ammonia (10%), and formaldehyde (HCHO) (27%), which later 20) converted to carbon dioxide. In experiments with ring-labeled [(15)N]-RDX, gas chromatographic/mass spectrophotometric (GC/MS) analysis revealed N(2)O with two molecular mass ions: one at 44 Da, corresponding to (14)N(14)NO, and the second at 45 Da, corresponding to (15)N(14)NO. The nonlabeled N(2)O could be formed only from -NO(2), whereas the (15)N-labeled one was presumed to originate from a nitramine group ((15)N-(14)NO(2)) in RDX. Liquid chromatographic (LC)-MS electrospray analyses indicated the formation of a dead end product with a deprotonated molecular mass ion [M-H] at 118 Da. High-resolution MS indicated a molecular formula of C(2)H(5)N(3)O(3). When the experiment was repeated with ring-labeled [(15)N]-RDX, the [M-H] appeared at 120 Da, indicating that two of the three N atoms in the metabolite originated from the ring in RDX. When [U-(14)C] -RDX was used in the experiment, 64% of the original radioactivity in RDX incorporated into the metabolite with a molecular weight MW of 119 (high-pressure LC/radioactivity) and 30% in (14)CO(2). (mineralization) after 4 days of incubation, suggesting that one of the carbon atoms in RDX was converted to CO(2) and the other two were incorporated in the ring cleavage product with an MW of 119. Based on the above stoichiometry, we propose a degradation pathway for RDX based on initial denitration followed by ring cleavage to formaldehyde and the dead end product with an MW of 119. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Biotechnol Res Inst, Montreal, PQ H4P 2R2, Canada. USAF, Res Lab, Panama City, FL 32403 USA. RP Hawari, J (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Biotechnol Res Inst, 6100 Royalmount Ave, Montreal, PQ H4P 2R2, Canada. EM jalal.hawari@nrc.ca NR 31 TC 106 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 1 BP 166 EP 172 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.1.166-172.2002 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 508JM UT WOS:000173085000022 PM 11772623 ER PT J AU Meyer, BJ de la Torre, JC Southern, PJ AF Meyer, BJ de la Torre, JC Southern, PJ TI Arenaviruses: Genomic RNAs, transcription, and replication SO ARENAVIRUSES I SE CURRENT TOPICS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID LYMPHOCYTIC-CHORIOMENINGITIS-VIRUS; ZINC-BINDING PROTEIN; L-GENE ENCODES; S-RNA; PICHINDE VIRUS; FINGER PROTEIN; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTIONS; PERSISTENT INFECTION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE C1 USAF, Tech Applicat Ctr, Patrick AFB, FL 32925 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, Div Virol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Meyer, BJ (reprint author), USAF, Tech Applicat Ctr, Patrick AFB, FL 32925 USA. NR 97 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 2002 VL 262 BP 139 EP 157 PG 19 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BU22M UT WOS:000175396700007 PM 11987804 ER PT J AU Poretti, E Buzasi, D Laher, R Catanzarite, J Conrow, T AF Poretti, E Buzasi, D Laher, R Catanzarite, J Conrow, T TI Asteroseismology from space: The delta Scuti star theta(2) Tauri monitored by the WIRE satellite SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE methods : data analysis; techniques : photometric; stars : individual : theta(2) Tau; stars : oscillations; stars : variable : delta Sct ID AMPLITUDE VARIATIONS; MULTISITE CAMPAIGN; FREQUENCIES; PULSATION; CLUSTER AB The bright variable star theta(2) Tau was monitored with the star camera on the Wide{Field Infrared Explorer satellite. Twelve independent frequencies were detected down to the 0.5 mmag amplitude level. Their reality was investigated by searching for them using two different algorithms and by some internal checks: both procedures strengthened our confidence in the results. All the frequencies are in the range 10.8-14.6 cd(-1). The histogram of the frequency spacings shows that 81% are below 1.8 cd(-1); rotation may thus play a role in the mode excitation. The fundamental radial mode is not observed, although it is expected to occur in a region where the noise level is very low (55 mumag). The rms residual is about two times lower than that usually obtained from successful ground-based multisite campaigns. The comparison of the results of previous campaigns with the new ones establishes the amplitude variability of some modes. C1 Osserv Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate, Italy. USAF Acad, Dept Phys, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. CALTECH, SIRTF Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Interferometry Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Poretti, E (reprint author), Osserv Astron Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 382 IS 1 BP 157 EP 163 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20011623 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 515XT UT WOS:000173522500018 ER PT S AU Westerkamp, L Wild, T Meredith, D Morrison, SA Mossing, JC AF Westerkamp, L Wild, T Meredith, D Morrison, SA Mossing, JC CA Automatic Target Recognizer Workin BE Sadjadi, FA TI Problem set guidelines to facilitate ATR research, development, and performance assessments SO AUTOMATIC TARGET RECOGNITION XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Conference on Automatic Target Recognition CY APR 02-04, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE problem sets; ATRWG; DUSD; experimentation; ATR performance prediction; and algorithm assessment AB In November of 2000, the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology Sensor Systems (DUSD (S&T/SS)) chartered the Automatic Target Recognizer Working Group (ATRWG) to develop guidelines for sanctioned Problem Sets. Such Problem Sets are intended for development and test of Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) algorithms and contain comprehensive documentation of the data in them. A Problem Set provides a consistent basis for examining ATR performance and growth. Problem Sets will, in general, serve multiple purposes. First, they will enable informed decisions by government agencies sponsoring ATR development and transition. Problem Sets standardize the testing and evaluation process, offering a consistent assessment of ATR performance. Second, they will measure and guide ATR development progress within this standardized framework. Finally, they quantify the state-of-the-art for the community. Problem Sets provide clearly defined operating condition coverage. This encourages ATR developers to consider these critical challenges and allows evaluators to assess over them. The widely distributed development and self-test portions, along with a documented disciplined methodology, permit ATR developers to address critical issues and describe their accomplishments, while the sequestered portion permits government assessment of state-of-the-art and of transition readiness. This paper discusses the elements of an ATR Problem Set as a package of data and information that presents a standardized ATR challenge relevant to one or more scenarios. The package includes training and test data containing targets and clutter, truth information, required experiments, and a standardized analytical methodology to assess performance. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, SNAA,Sensors Directorate, Washington, DC USA. RP Westerkamp, L (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, SNAA,Sensors Directorate, Washington, DC USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4476-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4726 BP 310 EP 315 DI 10.1117/12.477039 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV20N UT WOS:000178156400031 ER PT J AU Smith, SD AF Smith, SD TI Characterizing the effects of airborne vibration on human body vibration response SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE aircraft noise; whole-body vibration; human tolerance; vibroacoustic disease AB Background: Exposure to high intensity, low frequency noise can cause whole-body vibration. Such exposures to airborne vibration can reach the limits of human tolerance and have been associated with physiological and pathological disorders. The objective of this study was to characterize human body vibration response during exposures to operational airborne vibration. Methods: Triaxial body accelerations were collected at multiple anatomical sites with the subject located at selected crew positions during ground-based engine runup tests on several military tactical aircraft. The acceleration time histories were processed in one-third octave frequency bands and compared with the one-third octave band noise data. Results: The most significant finding was the occurrence of a resonance peak in the fore-and-aft (X) chest acceleration in the frequency bands between 63 and 100 Hz. Both the chest acceleration and associated noise level increased as the subject moved aft of the exhaust outlet, coinciding with the report of increasing chest vibration. A relatively linear relationship was found between the overall chest accelerations and noise levels between 5 and 250 Hz. An approach to developing combined noise and vibration exposure criteria was proposed. Conclusions: The resonance observed in the upper torso strongly suggested that airborne vibration in the 60 to 100 Hz frequency band may be an important contributing factor in the generation of subjective symptoms and possibly physiological and pathological disorders. Additional field and laboratory studies are required to validate the relationship between the biodynamic responses, noise levels, and physiological and pathological consequences. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, HLCB, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Smith, SD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, HLCB, 2610 7th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 73 IS 1 BP 36 EP 45 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 509UA UT WOS:000173167000007 PM 11817618 ER PT J AU Butler, WP Topper, SM Dart, TS AF Butler, WP Topper, SM Dart, TS TI USAF treatment table 8: Treatment for altitude decompression sickness SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE altitude decompression sickness; DCS; treatment table; TT8 ID GROUND-LEVEL OXYGEN AB Introduction: Altitude decompression sickness (DCS) has been treated with hyperbaric therapy since 1941. Treatment has essentially followed the diving DCS paradigm. Expanding space operations and higher flying, more remotely placed military aircraft have stimulated a re-examination of this paradigm. Can the oxygen and pressure-producing resources in these austere environs be reduced without sacrificing treatment efficacy? Method: A prospective series of 12 patients was treated with a new treatment table. USAF Treatment Table 8 (TT8) consists of 100% oxygen delivered at 2 ATA for four 30-min periods with intervening 10-min air breaks (a total oxygen dose of 2 h). Inclusion spanned 1985-1989. Results: There were 10 patients who were treated 11 times for Type 1 altitude decompression sickness. Treatment was successful in 91%. There was one failure (a recurrence of elbow pain) requiring further therapy. Two patients were treated for Type 11 altitude decompression sickness. Treatment was successful in 50%. There was one failure (incomplete clearance of sensory deficits and weakness in the shoulder) requiring further therapy. Conclusion: Although TT8 had two failures, its successes suggest that a new protocol for the treatment of altitude decompression sickness is viable. In addition, its successes further suggest that a more extensive clinical trial is in order. C1 USAF, Sch Aerosp Med, Davis Hyperbar Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. 9th Physiol Support Squadron, Beale AFB, CA USA. RP Butler, WP (reprint author), USAF, MC, 13050 Pk Crossing 301, San Antonio, TX 78217 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 73 IS 1 BP 46 EP 49 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 509UA UT WOS:000173167000008 PM 11817619 ER PT J AU Gajsek, P Walters, TJ Hurt, WD Ziriax, JM Nelson, DA Mason, PA AF Gajsek, P Walters, TJ Hurt, WD Ziriax, JM Nelson, DA Mason, PA TI Empirical validation of SAR values predicted by FDTD modeling SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE dosimetry; electromagnetic fields (EMF); finite difference time domain (FDTD); microwaves; radio frequency radiation ID TIME-DOMAIN METHOD; MICROWAVE-RADIATION; ABSORPTION; FREQUENCY; TRANSCEIVERS; EXPOSURES; TISSUE; ENERGY; HEAD; RATS AB Rapid increase in the use of numerical techniques to predict current density or specific absorption rate (SAR) in sophisticated three dimensional anatomical computer models of man and animals has resulted in the need to understand how numerical solutions of the complex electrodynamics equations match with empirical measurements. This aspect is particularly important because different numerical codes and computer models are used in research settings as a guide in designing clinical devices, telecommunication systems, and safety standards. To ensure compliance with safety guidelines during equipment design, manufacturing and maintenance, realistic and accurate models could be used as a bridge between empirical data and actual exposure conditions. Before these tools are transitioned into the hands of health safety officers and system designers, their accuracy and limitations must be verified under a variety of exposure conditions using available analytical and empirical dosimetry techniques. In this paper, empirical validation of SAR values predicted by finite difference time domain (FDTD) numerical code on sphere and rat is presented. The results of this study show a good agreement between empirical and theoretical methods and, thus, offer a relatively high confidence in SAR predictions obtained from digital anatomical models based on the FDTD numerical code. Bioelectromagnetics 23:37-48, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Bioeffects Div, Brooks AFB, TX USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Trinity Univ, Dept Biol, San Antonio, TX 78212 USA. Veridian Engn, San Antonio, TX USA. USN, Hlth Res Ctr Detachment, Brooks AFB, TX USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Ctr Biomed Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Mason, PA (reprint author), USAF AFRL HEDR, Bldg 1162,8315 Hawks Rd, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. EM Patrick.Mason@brooks.af.mil NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PD JAN PY 2002 VL 23 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1002/bem.96 PG 12 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA 507XR UT WOS:000173057000005 PM 11793404 ER PT J AU Seaman, RL Parker, JE Kiel, JL Mathur, SP Grubbs, TR Prol, HK AF Seaman, RL Parker, JE Kiel, JL Mathur, SP Grubbs, TR Prol, HK TI Ultra-wideband pulses increase nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophages incubated in nitrate SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE gamma interferon; lipopolysaccharide; nitric oxide synthase; GTEM cell ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; MECHANISMS; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS AB The possible effects of ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses on cellular nitric oxide production were tested by measuring nitrite in the medium bathing UWB exposed RAW 264.7 macrophages. A 30 min exposure to 1 ns UWB pulses, repeated at 600 Hz with an estimated SAR of 0.106 W/kg, did not change nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 cells, with or without stimulation by gamma interferon and lipopolysaccharide. However, when nitrate was added to the medium of stimulated cells, nitric oxide production increased after UWB exposure, indicating a possible action of UWB pulses on induced nitric oxide synthase under certain conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 23:83-87, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, lnc.dagger. C1 McKessonHBOC Clin & Biol Serv, Clin & Biol Serv, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. USA, Microwaves Bioeffects Branch, Med Res Detachment, Brooks AFB, TX USA. USAF, Directed Energy Bioeffects Div, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX USA. RP Seaman, RL (reprint author), McKessonHBOC Clin & Biol Serv, Clin & Biol Serv, POB 35460, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PD JAN PY 2002 VL 23 IS 1 BP 83 EP 87 DI 10.1002/bem.100 PG 5 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA 507XR UT WOS:000173057000009 PM 11793408 ER PT J AU Shaughnessy, PJ Ornstein, D Ririe, D Callander, N Anderson, JE Pollack, MS Freytes, CO Cruz, J Rodriquez, T Bachier, C LeMaistre, CF AF Shaughnessy, PJ Ornstein, D Ririe, D Callander, N Anderson, JE Pollack, MS Freytes, CO Cruz, J Rodriquez, T Bachier, C LeMaistre, CF TI Phase II study of a moderate-intensity preparative regimen with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for hematologic diseases: The Texas Transplant Consortium experience SO BIOLOGY OF BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article DE allogeneic stem cell transplantation; regimen-related toxicity; graft-versus-malignancy; reduced intensity preparative regimen ID BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; GRAFT-VERSUS-LEUKEMIA; CHRONIC MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; MYELOABLATIVE CONDITIONING REGIMEN; DONOR LEUKOCYTE INFUSIONS; MULTIPLE-MYELOMA; HOST DISEASE; AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION; RELAPSED LEUKEMIA; HUMAN RECIPIENTS AB Conventional preparative regimens for allogeneic stem cell transplantation are associated with excessive regimen-related toxicity (RRT) in some patients because of underlying comorbidities, advanced age, or prior treatment. We studied a preparative regimen designed to reduce RRT, yet allow for adequate engraftment and development of a graft-versus-malignancy effect. Thirty patients (median age, 57 years) were entered on study. Twenty-nine patients received stem cells from HLA-identical siblings and 1 from a sibling mismatched for 1 antigen at the A locus. Sixteen patients had received previous stem cell transplants (6 allogeneic and 10 autologous). The preparative regimen consisted of fludarabine 30 mg/m(2) per day IV on day -10 to day -5, busulfan 1 mg/kg per dose PO (n = 6) or 0.8 mg/kg per dose IV (n = 24) for 8 doses every 6 hours on day -6 to day -5, and horse-derived antithymocyte globulin 5 mg/kg per day IV (n = 12) or 15 mg/kg per day IV (n = 18) on day -4 to day -1. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine (CYA) 3 mg/kg BID PO starting on day -3 (n = 13) or CYA and methotrexate 15 mg/m(2) IV on day +1 and 10 mg/m(2) IV on day +3 and day +6 (n = 17). The median number of CD34(+) cells transplanted was 3.19 x 10(6)/kg. All patients demonstrated recovery of hematopoietic function. Twenty-six. (89%) of 29 evaluable patients achieved greater than 90% donor cell chimerism before day 100. Three patients never achieved greater than 90% donor chimerism, and another 3 patients subsequently lost donor chimerism. All 6 of these patients had autologous reconstitution with progressive disease. RRT was minimal; 7 patients had greater than grade II nonhematologic toxicity and there were no toxic deaths attributable to the conditioning regimen. Transplantation-related mortality was 7% (95% confidence interval [Cl], 6%-8%) at 3 months and 28% (95% CI, 23%-34%) at 12 months after transplantation. Non-relapse-related mortality was most often due to infection. Grade II or greater GVHD developed in 56% of evaluable patients, and all patients with disease response developed GVHD. Actuarial estimates of overall and disease-free survival at 12 months were 52% (95% CI, 43%-63%) and 30% (95% CI, 24%-37%), respectively. Although this preparative regimen allowed adequate engraftment with minimal RRT, GVHD and infectious complications caused significant morbidity and mortality. Further study to define appropriate patient populations for this regimen, while limiting GVHD and infection risks, is needed. C1 Texas Transplant Inst, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. Audie L Murphy Vet Adm, San Antonio, TX USA. Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Shaughnessy, PJ (reprint author), Texas Transplant Inst, 8201 Ewing Halsell Suite 280, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARDEN JENNINGS PUBL CO LTD PI CHARLOTTESVILLE PA BLAKE CTR, STE 200, 1224 W MAIN ST, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA SN 1083-8791 J9 BIOL BLOOD MARROW TR JI Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. PY 2002 VL 8 IS 8 BP 420 EP 428 DI 10.1053/bbmt.2002.v8.pm12234167 PG 9 WC Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation SC Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation GA 590FL UT WOS:000177807600003 PM 12234167 ER PT J AU Gorbunov, V Fuchigami, N Stone, M Grace, M Tsukruk, VV AF Gorbunov, V Fuchigami, N Stone, M Grace, M Tsukruk, VV TI Biological thermal detection: Micromechanical and microthermal properties of biological infrared receptors SO BIOMACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLYMERIC MATERIALS; SCANNING PROBE; MICROSCOPY; FILMS; ULTRASTRUCTURE AB Bioinspired design of biomimetic sensors relies upon the complete understanding of properties and functioning of biological analogues in conjunction with an understanding of their microstructural organization at various length scales, In the spirit of this approach, the microscopic properties of infrared (IR) receptors of snakes with "infrared vision" were studied with scanning thermal microscopy and micromechanical analysis. Low surface thermal conductivity of 0.11 W/(m K) was measured for the IR receptor surfaces as compared to the nonspecific skin areas. This difference in surface thermal conductivity should result in a significant local temperature gradient around the receptor areas. Micromechanical analysis showed that pit organs were more compliant than surrounding skin areas with an elastic modulus close to 40 MPa. In addition, the maximum elastic modulus was detected for the outermost layer with gradually reduced elastic resistance for the interior. The porous microstructure of the underlying tissue combined with the highly branched microfibrillar network (Biomacromolecules 2001, 2, 757) is thought to be responsible for such a combination of biomaterial properties. Considering these biomaterials features, we postulated a possible design of an artificial photothermal detector inspired by the microstructure of natural receptors. This bioinspired design would include a microfabricated cavity filled with an ordered lattice of microspheres with a gradient periodicity from the surface to the interior. Such a "photonic cavity" could provide an opportunity for multiple scattering at wavelength tuned to 8-12 mum as a range of highest sensitivity. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. TM Microscopes, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA. USAF, Res Lab, MLPJ, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Florida Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. RP Tsukruk, VV (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 30 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1525-7797 J9 BIOMACROMOLECULES JI Biomacromolecules PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 3 IS 1 BP 106 EP 115 DI 10.1021/bm015591f PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 528RJ UT WOS:000174256500015 PM 11866562 ER PT J AU Bruno, JG Kiel, JL AF Bruno, JG Kiel, JL TI Use of magnetic beads in selection and detection of biotoxin aptamers by electrochemiluminescence and enzymatic methods SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO SELECTION; RNA LIGANDS; DNA; FLUORESCENCE; MOLECULES; INVITRO; SPORES AB Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to develop DNA ligands (aptamers) to cholera whole toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Affinity selection of aptamers was accomplished by conjugating the biotoxins to tosyl-activated magnetic beads. The use of magnetic beads reduces the volumes needed to perform aptamer selection. thus obviating alcohol precipitation and allowing direct PCR amplification from the bead surface. Following five rounds of SELEX, 5'-biotinylated aptamers were bound to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and used for the detection of ruthenium trisbypyridine [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)]-labeled cholera toxin and SEB by an electrochemiluminescence methodology A comparison of control (double-stranded) aptamer binding was made with aptamers that were heat denatured at 96degreesC (single-stranded) and allowed to cool (conform) in the presence of biotoxin-conjugated magnetic beads. Results suggest that control aptamers performed equally well when compared to heat-denatured DNA aptamers in the cholera toxin electrochemiluminescence assay and a colorimetric microplate assay employing peroxidase-labeled cholera toxin and 5'-amino terminated aptamers conjugated to N-oxysuccinimide-activated microtiter wells. Interestingly, however in the SEB electrochemiluminescence assay, double-stranded aptamers exceeded the performance of single-stranded aptamers. The detection limits of all aptamer assays were in the low nanogram to low picogram ranges. C1 OmniSite BioDiagnost Inc, Austin, TX 78701 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Bruno, JG (reprint author), OmniSite BioDiagnost Inc, 101 W 6th St,Suite 200, Austin, TX 78701 USA. NR 17 TC 98 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 31 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD JAN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 1 BP 178 EP + PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 511VL UT WOS:000173286200030 PM 11808691 ER PT J AU Ornstein, DL Ririe, DW Shaughnessy, PJ Neuhauser, T Bee, C AF Ornstein, DL Ririe, DW Shaughnessy, PJ Neuhauser, T Bee, C TI Nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multifocal extramedullary plasmacytomas progressing after autologous transplantation SO BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article DE nonmyeloablative allogeneic PBSCT; extramedullary plasmacytoma; multiple myeloma ID MULTIPLE-MYELOMA; BONE AB Multifocal extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP) are an uncommon manifestation of plasma cell malignancies. We report two patients with multiple EMP who developed rapidly progressive and ultimately fatal disease shortly after undergoing nonmyeloablative, matched-related donor allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). We have not observed a similar course in patients transplanted for multiple myeloma without extramedullary manifestations and hypothesize that the intense immunosuppression associated with the fludarabine, busulfan and anti-thymocyte globulin conditioning regimen may have contributed to rapid disease progression in the two EMP patients. Our observations support the assertion that extramedullary disease is a marker for an aggressive, refractory plasma cell malignancy and suggest that patients should be treated intensively from the time of diagnosis. The utility of a graft-versus-tumor effect and the role of nonmyeloablative allogeneic PBSCT is yet to be defined in patients with extramedullary plasma cell malignancies, but it is logical to consider using it at the time of minimal residual disease rather than at disease relapse or progression. Nevertheless, we recommend circumspection in the administration of highly immunosuppressive conditioning regimens to patients with refractory EMP and encourage further clinical research in this area. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Hematol Oncol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Ornstein, DL (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Hematol Oncol, 59th MDW-MMIH,2200 Bergquist Dr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0268-3369 J9 BONE MARROW TRANSPL JI Bone Marrow Transplant. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 1 BP 71 EP 74 DI 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703320 PG 4 WC Biophysics; Oncology; Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation SC Biophysics; Oncology; Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation GA 518LW UT WOS:000173670700012 PM 11840148 ER PT J AU Albanese, RA Banks, HT Evans, MV Potter, LK AF Albanese, RA Banks, HT Evans, MV Potter, LK TI Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for the transport of trichloroethylene in adipose tissue SO BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DISPERSION MODEL; YOUNG-RATS; METABOLITES; TOXICITY; CARCINOGENICITY; ELIMINATION; EXPOSURE; MICE AB In this paper we present three physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the systemic transport of trichloroethylene (TCE), with a focus on the adipose, or fat tissue. TCE is a widespread environmental contaminant, and has been shown to produce toxic effects in both animals and humans. A key characteristic of TCE is its tendency to accumulate in fat tissue, which has a major impact on the overall systemic disposition of TCE. Here we use PBPK models to predict the dynamics of TCE in the various tissues and organs, including the adipose tissue. The first model utilizes the standard 'perfusion-limited' compartmental model for the fat tissue, while the second model uses a 'diffusion-limited' model to describe the transport through the adipose tissue. Both of these ODE models are based on 'well-mixed' and rapid equilibrium assumptions, and do not take into account the specific and largely heterogeneous physiology of adipose tissue. The third model we discuss is a PBPK hybrid model with an axial-dispersion type model for the adipose tissue. This PDE-based model is designed to capture key physiological heterogeneities of fat tissue, including widely varying fat cell sizes, lipid distribution, and blood flow properties. Model simulations demonstrate. (C) 2002 Society for Mathematical Biology. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Res Sci Computat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Albanese, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 52 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0092-8240 J9 B MATH BIOL JI Bull. Math. Biol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 64 IS 1 BP 97 EP 131 DI 10.1006/bulm.2001.0268 PG 35 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 519VK UT WOS:000173746000005 PM 11868339 ER PT J AU Ogale, AA Lin, C Anderson, DP Kearns, KM AF Ogale, AA Lin, C Anderson, DP Kearns, KM TI Orientation and dimensional changes in mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE carbon fibers; graphitization; X-ray diffraction; scanning electron microscopy; microstructure ID PAN FIBERS; COMPOSITES; CARBONIZATION AB The dimensional changes and microstructure evolution of AR-mesophase pitch fibers are reported as a function of heat treatment temperatures (HTTs) that ranged from 300 to 3000 degreesC. The length measurements for AR fibers indicate that starting from an oxidized state, there is partial relaxation of orientation in the range of 600-900 degreesC, and the length of the fibers shrinks about 8% relative to that in the stabilized state. Above 900 degreesC, the fiber length does not decrease; instead, it increases slightly. Thus, fibers heat treated to 2400 degreesC on average have a length that is bigger than those heat-treated to 900 degreesC. The small increase in length of fibers heat treated to high temperatures (>900 degreesC) is likely a consequence of alignment of the graphene layer planes along the fiber axis that can result in an expansion along the longitudinal direction. The small minimum in the length profile at 900 degreesC corresponds to a small maximum in the misorientation angle of the graphene layer planes measured by wide-angle X-ray diffraction on the fiber bundles. Single filament orientation measurements, using monochromated synchrotron radiation, show a similar maximum misorientation at 600 degreesC. The fiber microstructure, characterized by scanning electron microscopy, also reveals that the first major change is observed at 900 degreesC, where a radial texture is observed. At higher HTTs, the development of radial texture is more pronounced and by 2400 degreesC the graphene-layer planes are seen very clearly. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Ctr Adv Engn Fibers & Films, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ogale, AA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, 203 Earle Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 2002 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1309 EP 1319 AR PII S0008-6223(01)00300-1 DI 10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00300-1 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 565KQ UT WOS:000176369400019 ER PT B AU Caswell, DJ Lamont, GB AF Caswell, DJ Lamont, GB GP IEEE IEEE TI Wire-antenna geometry design with multiobjective genetic algorithms SO CEC'02: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI2002) CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Network Soc, IEE, Evolut Programming Soc AB Two different multiobjective genetic algorithms, built using the GENOCOP III system are employed, for the design of wire antenna geometries. Designs are examined using a priori and a posteriori decision criteria. The relative advantages of each of these criteria and their applicability to the problem domain are examined. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM dcaswell@afit.af.mil; lamont@afit.af.mil NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7282-4 J9 IEEE C EVOL COMPUTAT PY 2002 BP 103 EP 108 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BW11H UT WOS:000180919800018 ER PT B AU Day, R Zydallis, J Lamont, G Pachter, R AF Day, R Zydallis, J Lamont, G Pachter, R GP IEEE IEEE TI Analysis of fine granularity and building block sizes in the parallel fast messy CA SO CEC'02: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI2002) CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Network Soc, IEE, Evolut Programming Soc AB This paper presents two methods designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the parallel fast messy GA used in solving the Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) problem. The first is an application of a farming model - targeting algorithm efficiency. The second successful method addresses the building block sizes used in the algorithm - targeting algorithm effectiveness. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Mgmt, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Day, R (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Mgmt, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Richard.Day@afit.edu; Jesse.Zydallis@afit.edu; Gary.Lamont@afit.edu; Ruth.Pachter@wpafb.af.mil NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7282-4 J9 IEEE C EVOL COMPUTAT PY 2002 BP 127 EP 132 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BW11H UT WOS:000180919800022 ER PT B AU Kadrovach, BA Zydallis, JB Lamont, GB AF Kadrovach, BA Zydallis, JB Lamont, GB GP IEEE IEEE TI Use of Mendelian pressure in a multi-objective genetic algorithm SO CEC'02: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI2002) CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Network Soc, IEE, Evolut Programming Soc AB Significant work has been conducted in developing techniques for multi-objective problem (MOP) optimizations. This paper investigates the use of a Mendel-like dominance scheme for improving the efficiency of a MOP genetic algorithm. This paper shows, for the selected MOP test suite, that the mendelian GA outperforms a simple GA. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Kadrovach, BA (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM brian.kadrovach@afit.edu; jesse.zydallis@afit.edu; gary.lamont@afit.edu NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7282-4 J9 IEEE C EVOL COMPUTAT PY 2002 BP 962 EP 967 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BW11H UT WOS:000180919800164 ER PT B AU Anchor, KP Williams, PD Gunsch, GH Lamont, GB AF Anchor, KP Williams, PD Gunsch, GH Lamont, GB GP IEEE IEEE TI The Computer Defense Immune System: Current and future research in intrusion detection SO CEC'02: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI2002) CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Network Soc, IEE, Evolut Programming Soc AB The Computer Defense Immune System is an artificial immune system for detecting computer viruses and network intrusions. This paper discusses the system architecture, presents current research and results in enhancing the system, and discusses planned future research topics that will be used to improve the system's capabilities. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. RP Anchor, KP (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 2950 P St,Bldg 640, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. EM kevin.anchor@fit.edu; paul.williams@alackland.af.mil; gregg.gunsch@afit.edu; gary.lamont@afit.edu NR 22 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7282-4 J9 IEEE C EVOL COMPUTAT PY 2002 BP 1027 EP 1032 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BW11H UT WOS:000180919800175 ER PT B AU Anchor, KP Lamont, GB Gunsch, GH AF Anchor, KP Lamont, GB Gunsch, GH GP IEEE IEEE TI An evolutionary programming approach for detecting novel computer network attacks SO CEC'02: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI2002) CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Network Soc, IEE, Evolut Programming Soc AB Attacks against computer networks are becoming more sophisticated, with adversaries using new attacks or modifying exiting attacks. This research presents an initial step in using an evolutionary programming approach to develop a system for automatically detecting attacks with features similar to known attacks. Initial testing shows the algorithm performs satisfactorily. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Anchor, KP (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 2950 P St,Bldg 640, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM kevin.anchor@afit.edu; gary.lamont@afit.edu; gregg.gunsch@afit.edu NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7282-4 J9 IEEE C EVOL COMPUTAT PY 2002 BP 1618 EP 1623 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BW11H UT WOS:000180919800275 ER PT S AU Senft, DC Pierrottet, DF AF Senft, DC Pierrottet, DF BE Gardner, PJ TI Development of a high speed wavelength agile CO(2)Local oscillator for heterodyne DIAL measurements SO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SENSING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemical and Biological Sensing III CY APR 02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE ID DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR; SYSTEM AB A high repetition rate, wavelength agile CO2 laser has been developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory for use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne detection receiver. Fast wavelength selection is required for measurements of airborne chemical vapors using the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique. Acousto-optic modulators are used to tune between different wavelengths at high speeds without the need for moving mechanical parts. Other advantages obtained by the use of acousto-optic modulators are laser output power control per wavelength and rugged packaging for field applications. The local oscillator design is described, and the results from laboratory DIAL measurements are presented. The coherent remote optical sensor system (CROSS) is an internal research project being conducted by the Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate, Active Remote Sensing Branch. The objective of the project is to develop a new long-range standoff spectral sensor that takes advantage of the enhanced performance capabilities coherent detection can provide. Emphasis of the development is on a low cost, compact, and rugged active sensor exclusively designed for heterodyne detection using the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique. State of the art technologies in waveguide laser construction and acousto-optics make feasible the next generation of lasers capable of supporting coherent (heterodyne) lidar system requirements. Issues addressed as part of the development include optoelectronic engineering of a low cost rugged system, and fast data throughput for real time chemical concentration measurements. All hardware used in this sensor are off-the-shelf items, so only minor hardware modifications were required for the system as it stands. This paper describes a high-speed heterodyne detection CO2 DIAL system that employs a wavelength agile, acousto-optically tuned local oscillator in the receiver. Sample experimental data collected in a controlled environment are presented as well. Chemical detection using 12 wavelengths at 200 pulses per second has been demonstrated. Initial progress on experiments to make a direct, simultaneous comparison of heterodyne and direct detection DIAL systems will also be described. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Act Remote Sensing Branch, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Senft, DC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Act Remote Sensing Branch, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4472-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4722 BP 72 EP 77 DI 10.1117/12.472264 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BV08M UT WOS:000177781000008 ER PT J AU Chiang, LY Padmawar, PA Canteenwala, T Tan, LS He, GS Kannan, R Vaia, R Lin, TC Zheng, QD Prasad, PN AF Chiang, LY Padmawar, PA Canteenwala, T Tan, LS He, GS Kannan, R Vaia, R Lin, TC Zheng, QD Prasad, PN TI Synthesis of C-60-diphenylaminofluorene dyad with large 2PA cross-sections and efficient intramolecular two-photon energy transfer SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID 2-PHOTON ABSORPTION AB The first, highly two-photon active C-60 derivative comprised of a A-sp(3)-D conjugate structure was synthesized showing effective two-photon absorption cross-sections (sigma(2)' = 196 x 10(-48) cm(4) sec(-1) molecule(-1)) in the nanosecond regime among the best values for diphenylaminofluorene-based AFX chromophores. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem, Inst Nanosci & Engn, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Ctr Condensed Matter Sci, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. AF Res Lab, MLBP, Polymer Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Inst Lasers Photon & Biophoton, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Chiang, LY (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem, Inst Nanosci & Engn, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. RI Zheng, Qingdong/G-7492-2011; Tan, Loon-Seng/F-6985-2012; OI Tan, Loon-Seng/0000-0002-2134-9290; Zheng, Qingdong/0000-0002-6324-0648 NR 9 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2002 IS 17 BP 1854 EP 1855 DI 10.1039/b202681c PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 588ER UT WOS:000177688900026 PM 12271642 ER PT J AU Ornstein, DL Zacharski, LR AF Ornstein, DL Zacharski, LR TI Activity of heparins in experimental models of malignancy: Possible explanations for anticancer effects in humans SO CLINICAL HEMORHEOLOGY AND MICROCIRCULATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th European Symposium on Clinical Hemorheology CY SEP 19-22, 2000 CL ROUEN, FRANCE ID LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; FIBROBLAST-GROWTH-FACTOR; UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN; IN-VITRO; PERIOPERATIVE HEPARIN; TUMOR-METASTASIS; RECEPTOR-BINDING; P-SELECTIN; ANGIOGENESIS; CANCER AB Heparin and heparin-like compounds appear to possess anticancer properties apart from their anticoagulant activities. This paper reviews recent data on heparins in experimental models of tumor growth and metastasis and discusses various mechanisms by which heparins may inhibit cancer progression. The growing body of evidence supporting the antineoplastic activity of heparins provides the rationale for their widespread testing in cancer patients for the purpose of improving cancer-related survival. Their improved safety, convenience and ease of outpatient administration compared to unfractionated heparin, as well as the suggestion of superior anticancer activity, make the low molecular weight heparins the preferred agents to test in prospective cancer trials. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, MDW MMIH 59, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dartmouth Med Sch, Hanover, NH 03756 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, White River Jct, VT 05009 USA. RP Ornstein, DL (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, MDW MMIH 59, 2200 Bergquist Dr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 52 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-0291 J9 CLIN HEMORHEOL MICRO JI Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. PY 2002 VL 26 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 551BN UT WOS:000175539800005 PM 11904469 ER PT S AU Hopper, DG AF Hopper, DG BE Hopper, DG TI Defense display strategy and roadmaps SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IX: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Conference on Cockpit Displays CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE defense; electronic displays; high definition; micro-display; 25-megapixel; true 3D; novel and intelligent displays AB The Department of Defense (DoD) is developing a new strategy for displays. The new displays science and technology roadmap will incorporate urgent warfighter needs as well as investment opportunities where military advantage is foreseen. Thrusts now ending include the High Definition System (HDS) program and related initiatives, like flexible displays, at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Continuing thrusts include a variety of Service-led programs to develop micro-displays for virtual image helmet-/rifle-mounted systems for pilots and soldiers, novel displays, materials, and basic research. New thrusts are being formulated for ultra-resolution, true 3D, and intelligent displays (integration of computers and communication functions into screens). The new strategy is Service-led. RP Hopper, DG (reprint author), 2255 H St,Bldg 248, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4462-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4712 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1117/12.480917 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV28T UT WOS:000178459400001 ER PT S AU Desjardins, DD Hopper, DG AF Desjardins, DD Hopper, DG BE Hopper, DG TI Military display market: third comprehensive edition SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IX: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Conference on Cockpit Displays CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB Defense displays comprise a niche market whose continually high performance requirements drive technology. The military displays market is being characterized to ascertain opportunities for synergy across programs, and needs for new technology. All weapons systems are included. Some 382,585 displays are either now in use or planned in DoD weapons systems over the next 15 years, comprising displays designed into direct-view, projection-view, and virtual-image-view applications. This defense niche market is further fractured into 1163 micro-niche markets by the some 403 program offices who make decisions independently of one another. By comparison, a consumer electronics product has volumes of tens-of-millions of units fora single fixed design. Some 81% of defense displays are ruggedized versions of consumer-market driven designs. Some 19% of defense displays, especially in avionics cockpits and combat crewstations, are custom designs to gain the additional performance available in the technology base but not available in consumer-market-driven designs. Defense display sizes range from 13.6 to 4543 mm. More than half of defense displays are now based on some form of flat panel display technology, especially thin-film-transistor active matrix liquid crystal display (TFT AMLCD); the cathode ray tube (CRT) is still widely used but continuing to drop rapidly in defense market share. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Desjardins, DD (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, 2255 H St,Bldg 248 Rm 300, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4462-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4712 BP 35 EP 47 DI 10.1117/12.480944 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV28T UT WOS:000178459400005 ER PT S AU Aleva, DL AF Aleva, DL BE Hopper, DG TI Operators' wish list of cockpit map display features SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IX: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Conference on Cockpit Displays CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB A representative sample of Air Force operational units was surveyed with regard to their mission-specific mapping, charting and geodesy (MC&G) information requirements. Current human factors issues associated with use of MC&G data were documented as well as potential problems associated with the transition from paper to digital map displays. One of the products of this survey is a wish list of digital map display features and capabilities desired by the users. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Aleva, DL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4462-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4712 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1117/12.480952 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV28T UT WOS:000178459400011 ER PT S AU Daniels, R Ericson, MA French, GA AF Daniels, R Ericson, MA French, GA BE Hopper, DG TI Improved performance from integrated audio video displays SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IX: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Conference on Cockpit Displays CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE electronic displays; aural displays; visual displays; spatial audio; 3-D audio AB Several laboratory studies and flight demonstrations have indicated the potential benefits to operators/pilots of combined audio/visual displays (McKinley and Ericson, 1997). The primary focus of these previous studies was cockpit applications but significant laboratory and field work was accomplished in command and control applications. However, most audio and visual displays and their associated symbologies have been developed independently and therefore were not integrated in a human factors sense. Potential benefits from developing integrated audio/visual displays and symbologies include: reduced operator response time, improved situation awareness, reduced search excursions, improved visual target detection ranges, improved target discrimination, and reduced workload. In order to realize these, and other potential benefits, research is needed to truly integrate aural and visual displays and symbologies. The purpose of this paper is to present the results from previous studies and describe a plan to improve the integration of audio/visual displays and symbologies. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Crew Syst Interface Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Daniels, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Crew Syst Interface Div, 2255 H St,Bldg 248,Rm 300, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4462-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4712 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.1117/12.480950 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV28T UT WOS:000178459400012 ER PT S AU Hopper, DG Haralson, DG Simpson, M AF Hopper, DG Haralson, DG Simpson, M BE Hopper, DG TI Review of ultra-resolution (10-100 megapixel) visualization systems built by tiling commercial display components SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IX: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Conference on Cockpit Displays CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE visualization systems; electronic displays; commercial components; tiling; ultra-resolution; command centers; C4ISR mission crew stations; simulators; trainers; advanced aerospace cockpits ID PROJECTION AB Ultra-resolution visualization systems are achieved by the technique of tiling many direct or projection-view displays. During the past few years, several such systems have been built from commercial electronics components (displays, computers, image generators, networks, communications links,, and software). Civil applications Ariving this development have independently determined that they require images at 10-100 megapixel(Mpx) resolution to enable state-of-the-art research, engineering, design, stock exchanges, flight simulators, business information and enterprise control centers, education, art, and entertainment. Military applications also press the art of the possible to improve the productivity of warfighters and lower the cost of providing for the national defense. The environment in some 80% of defense applications can be addressed by the ruggedization of commercial components. This paper reviews the status of ultra-resolution systems based on commercial components and describes a vision for their integration into advanced yet affordable military command centers, simulator/trainers, and, eventually, crew stations in air, land, sea and space systems. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hopper, DG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2255 H St,Bldg 248, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4462-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4712 BP 282 EP 299 DI 10.1117/12.480949 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV28T UT WOS:000178459400027 ER PT S AU Meyer, FM Aleva, DL Longo, SJ Trissell, TL Schwartz, RF Hopper, DG AF Meyer, FM Aleva, DL Longo, SJ Trissell, TL Schwartz, RF Hopper, DG BE Hopper, DG TI Reflective display characterization: temporal and spatial viewability measurements of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) display samples SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IX: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Conference on Cockpit Displays CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE reflective display measurements; temporal response; refresh rate; persistence AB Holographically formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) materials meet the requirements for a video rate reflective display. In order to produce a saturated color from a Bragg reflector, the number of index changing layers becomes critical. The fabrication process affects the number of layers forming the reflector, and, as a result, the bandwidth and optical characteristics, including reflection intensity, direction, and spread, of the reflector. The cell thickness and the liquid crystal mixture affect the voltage at which the cell operates and the speed at which the liquid crystal material can switch from the reflective to non-reflective state. The cell designer is forced to work with all of these design parameters simultaneously. This research continues previous work evaluating reflective HPDLC display samples including a method to measure temporal response and refine color reflection characterization. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Meyer, FM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL-HECV 2255 H St,Bldg 248 Rm 300, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4462-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4712 BP 373 EP 387 DI 10.1117/12.480918 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV28T UT WOS:000178459400036 ER PT S AU Wodke, KE Hopper, DG AF Wodke, KE Hopper, DG BE Hopper, DG TI Reliability of display technologies in A-10 cockpit based on field experience SO COCKPIT DISPLAYS IX: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Conference on Cockpit Displays CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE avionics; displays; reliability; cockpit; combat environment; precision engagement; 25-yr life cycle AB The 25-year old A-10A aircraft is being upgraded to last an additional 25 years. Precision engagement capability is being added. The reliability of current displays is analyzed to assess the performance achieved with the technologies involved in regular operations. Opportunities for upgrades that would save operational costs over the next 10 years are identified. The current assessment also includes end-user feedback to capture lessons learned to guide upgrades in other. systems and to guide science and technology planning to address near- and far-term problems with fielded display technologies. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wodke, KE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2255 H St,Bldg 248 Rm 300, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4462-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4712 BP 454 EP 460 DI 10.1117/12.480935 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV28T UT WOS:000178459400044 ER PT S AU Maguire, JF Benedict, M Woodcock, LV LeClair, SR AF Maguire, JF Benedict, M Woodcock, LV LeClair, SR BE Takeuchi, I Newsam, JM Wille, LT Koinuma, H Amis, EJ TI Artificial intelligence in materials science: Application to molecular and particulate simulations SO COMBINATORIAL AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Combinatorial and Artificial Intelligence Methods in Materials Science held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-29, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID THIN HARD-RODS; DYNAMICS; MATTER; SAND AB We illustrate how emerging methods in artificial intelligence (AI) may be useful in materials science. Historically, these methods were developed in the area of materials process control and, more recently, in the nascent field of materials discovery. However, machine intelligence is of much broader import and our primary objective here is to illustrate how such methods may be used to circumvent some serious roadblocks in the computer simulation of a significant class of computationally hard problems in materials science. This is illustrated by a new approach to solving the dynamics of the N-body problem for large numbers of objects of essentially arbitrarily complex geometry or interaction potential. The approach, based on a particulate artificial neural net dynamics algorithm (PANNDA) is more than two orders of magnitude faster than existing methods when applied to large systems and is only marginally slower (similar to10%) than the theoretical lower limiting case of hard spheres. In this method an artificial neural net is trained to predict accurately the time to next collision for binary encounters spanning the Hilbert space of relative positions, orientations and momenta (linear and angular). This approach, which can be extended to soft complex systems, enables construction of exact, albeit numerical, models for the thermodynamic, transport and non-equilibrium properties of very large ensembles of hard or soft objects of arbitrarily complex shape or interaction potential. Our results open up the possibility of immediate application to an usually wide spectrum of contemporary computationally intractable "hard" problems ranging from granular materials with asperities through inclusion of complex many-body terms in the intermolecular interaction in molecular dynamics calculations of complex fluids and polymers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. RP Maguire, JF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-636-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 700 BP 241 EP 252 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BU86X UT WOS:000177251700032 ER PT B AU Ebrahimi, HB Merkle, CL AF Ebrahimi, HB Merkle, CL BE Kuo, KK DeLuca, LT TI A numerical simulation of a pulse detonation engine with hydrogen fuels SO COMBUSTION OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Special Topics in Chemistry Propulsion (5-ISICP) CY JUN 18-22, 2000 CL STRESA, ITALY SP USN, Off Naval Res, USA Res Lab, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Off Naval Res Europe, USA Res Dev & Standardizat Grp, Re Acad China, Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Taiwan, Penn State Univ, Politecn Milano, Univ Maryland AB The present computational study explores some issues concerning the operational performance of Pulse Detonation Engines (PDE) with hydrogen/oxygen propellants. One- and two-dimensional, transient CFD calculations are employed assuming finite-rate chemical kinetic approximations for hydrogen/oxygen combustion based upon eight chemical species and 16 reactions. The CFD model was applied to compute the physical attributes of various global detonation phenomena including shock speed, pressure spike behaviors, and Chapman-Jouquet detonation conditions. Methods for ensuring detonation initiation in the computations by means of a specified high-pressure shock initiation region are also examined. To provide insight into the numerical detonation initiation process, the details of initiation at closed and open ends are contrasted. The open-end initiation results help to verify the computational methodology and to gain additional insight into the behavior of the closed-end solutions. The effects of reducing ambient pressure at the exit of the cylinder for multicycle operations are investigated. The results indicate that at sufficiently low ambient pressures the flow conditions at the exit of the open-ended cylinder remain choked throughout the entire cycle except during refueling. Two-dimensional calculations were performed to study potential pre-combustion effects due to cyclic refueling processes in the engine. Results indicate that elevated chamber wall temperatures (approximately 1500 K) simulating multiple cycle heating produce some reactions near the wall without predetonation during refueling process. Overall, one-dimensional and two-dimensional approximations are in close agreement. Thrust and specific impulse are computed for a variety of conditions to give an indication of potential performance of a PDE. C1 Sverdrup Technol Inc, AEDC Grp, Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Ebrahimi, HB (reprint author), Sverdrup Technol Inc, AEDC Grp, Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BEGELL HOUSE, INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 1-56700-198-X PY 2002 BP 662 EP 672 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science GA BU91W UT WOS:000177398300060 ER PT J AU Wisnowski, JW Simpson, JR Montgomery, DC AF Wisnowski, JW Simpson, JR Montgomery, DC TI An improved compound estimator for robust regression SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-SIMULATION AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE robust regression; multiple outliers; compound estimator; Monte Carlo simulation ID COVARIANCE DETERMINANT ESTIMATOR; MULTIVARIATE DATA; MULTIPLE OUTLIERS; BOUNDED-INFLUENCE; HIGH BREAKDOWN; IDENTIFICATION; ALGORITHM AB Advances in statistical computing software have led to a substantial increase in the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models in the engineering and applied statistics communities. Empirical evidence suggests that data sets can routinely have 10% or more outliers in many processes. Unfortunately, these outliers typically will render the OLS parameter estimates useless. The OLS diagnostic quantities and graphical plots can reliably identify a few outliers; however, they significantly lose power with increasing dimension and number of outliers. Although there have been recent advances in the methods that detect multiple outliers, improvements are needed in regression estimators that can fit well in the presence of outliers. We introduce a robust regression estimator that performs well regardless of outlier quantity and configuration. Our studies show that the best available estimators are vulnerable when the outliers are extreme in the regressor space (high leverage). Our proposed compound estimator modifies recently published methods with an improved initial estimate and measure of leverage. Extensive performance evaluations indicate that the proposed estimator performs the best and consistently fits the bulk of the data when outliers are present. The estimator, implemented in standard software, provides researchers and practitioners a tool for the model-building process to protect against the severe impact from multiple outliers. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Math Sci, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. Florida A&M & Florida State Univ, Dept Ind Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Ind Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0361-0918 J9 COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C JI Commun. Stat.-Simul. Comput. PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 653 EP 672 DI 10.1081/SAC-120004318 PG 20 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 605JZ UT WOS:000178675900010 ER PT J AU Huybrechts, SM Meink, TE Wegner, PM Ganley, JM AF Huybrechts, SM Meink, TE Wegner, PM Ganley, JM TI Manufacturing theory for advanced grid stiffened structures SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE tooling; tow; fibres; advanced grid stiffened structures AB Lattices of rigidly connected ribs, known as advanced grid stiffened (AGS) structures, have many advantages over traditional construction methods, which use panels, sandwich cores and/or expensive frameworks. The technology behind these structures has progressed significantly during the past five years to the point where these structures are being integrated into operational systems. Two tooling methods for fabricating these structures using composite materials have proven to be highly effective at achieving high quality, low cost AGS structures: the hybrid tooling method and the expansion block method, Both methods rely on a precise understanding of tooling behavior during cure to achieve proper consolidation, often determined through trial and error. This paper proposes a theory governing the behavior of both tooling types during the cure cycle in order to minimize the trial and error required to understand tooling expansion during cure. The theory is validated by experimental data. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, VSSV, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Huybrechts, SM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, VSSV, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 6 TC 31 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 2002 VL 33 IS 2 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00113-0 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 511EM UT WOS:000173251700002 ER PT J AU Welsh, JS Adams, DF AF Welsh, JS Adams, DF TI An experimental investigation of the biaxial strength of IM6/3501-6 carbon/epoxy cross-ply laminates using cruciform specimens SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE laminates; strength; mechanical testing; cruciform specimens ID STRESS AB Several variations of a thickness-tapered cruciform. specimen have previously been used to experimentally determine the biaxial strength of an AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy cross-ply laminate. The present work represents a follow-up study of the original specimen design, and incorporates numerous specimen improvements made in an attempt to generate more accurate biaxial results. A total of 52 tests were performed at numerous biaxial stress ratios, utilizing six different specimen configurations. The experimental data generated in the present study for all specimen geometries, as well as a complete biaxial failure envelope in sigma(1)-sigma(2) Stress space for this laminate configuration, are presented. A desirable failure mode in the gage section of the specimen was achieved for all specimens tested in the present study, indicating that accurate biaxial stress states were being generated at ultimate specimen failure, The ability of the thickness-tapered cruciform specimen to determine the biaxial strength of composite materials at any stress ratio has been demonstrated. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Mech Engn, Composite Mat Res Grp, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Welsh, JS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave,SE Bldg 472, Kirtland AFB, NM 87111 USA. NR 26 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 2002 VL 33 IS 6 BP 829 EP 839 AR PII S1359-835X(01)00142-7 DI 10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00142-7 PG 11 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 565BH UT WOS:000176347800007 ER PT J AU Tolle, TB Anderson, DP AF Tolle, TB Anderson, DP TI Morphology development in layered silicate thermoset nanocomposites SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nanocomposite ID EPOXY-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; NYLON 6-CLAY HYBRID; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; MONTMORILLONITE; EXFOLIATION AB The role of processing temperature on the morphology development of organically modified montmorillonite-epoxy nanocomposites was examined to determine the sensitivity of exfoliation to processing and the potential to achieve desired morphologies through processing routes. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering studies were performed to relate the initiation and levels of exfoliated morphologies with time and temperature. Scattering data was correlated with key stages in morphology development to provide insight into the process-morphology relationship. Absolute temperature as well as heating rate was shown to directly affect the development of exfoliated nanocomposite morphology. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Tolle, TB (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 26 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 62 IS 7-8 BP 1033 EP 1041 AR PII S0266-3538(02)00039-8 DI 10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00039-8 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 558JH UT WOS:000175962200011 ER PT J AU McCartney, LN Schoeppner, GA AF McCartney, LN Schoeppner, GA TI Predicting the effect of non-uniform ply cracking on the thermoelastic properties of cross-ply laminates SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anisotropy; damage mechanics; elastic properties; laminates; transverse cracking ID VARIATIONAL APPROACH; STRESS-FIELDS AB When damage in the form of ply cracks in laminated composites arises during loading, the cracks are in general non-uniformly spaced due to property and geometrical inhomogeneities in the laminate. The objective of this paper is to establish the validity of an approximation that can be made when analysing the stress and displacement distributions in multiple-ply cross-ply laminates having arrays of non-uniformly spaced ply cracks. The approximation assumes that the stress and displacement distributions in the region between the planes containing neighbouring ply cracks are the same as those arising in an identical laminate having uniformly spaced ply cracks of the same separation. The validity of this approach is established by comparing predictions of the thermo-elastic constants of the cracked laminates generated by two distinct stress-transfer models. The first model, that generates the approximations for non-uniform ply crack spacings, is based on a stress-transfer analysis that was specifically developed for uniformly spaced ply cracks while the second model accurately takes account of the effects of the non-uniformity of ply crack spacing on the stress distribution. It is shown, following a comprehensive analysis of various laminate types and crack patterns for both carbon fibre and glass fibre systems, that the approximation suggested provides highly accurate predictions of effective thermo-elastic constants over a wide range of laminate parameter variations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Phys Lab, NPL Mat Ctr, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP McCartney, LN (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, NPL Mat Ctr, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. NR 29 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 62 IS 14 BP 1841 EP 1856 AR PII S0266-3538(02)0091-X DI 10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00091-X PG 16 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 596CK UT WOS:000178146300005 ER PT S AU Huang, C Litton, CW Reshchikov, MA Yun, F King, T Baski, AA Morkoc, H AF Huang, C Litton, CW Reshchikov, MA Yun, F King, T Baski, AA Morkoc, H BE Arakawa, Y Hirayama, Y Kishino, K Yamaguchi, H TI Improvement in crystal quality of GaN films with quantum dots as buffer layers grown on sapphire substrates by molecular beam epitaxy SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 2001 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS 2001) CY OCT 01-04, 2001 CL UNIV TOKYO, TOKYO, JAPAN SP Seiken Shoreikai (FRIS), Inst Ind Sci, Electr Soc, Inst Electr, Informat & Communicat Engineers Japan, IEEE Soc Appl Phys, IEEE Electron Device Soc, IEEE Electron Device Soc, Japan Chapter, IEEE Laser & Elecro-Optics Soc, Murata Sci Fdn, Fdn Promot Mat Sci & Technol Japan, ASEC Inc, Appl EPI Inc, Clean Act Inc, Daido Air Products Inc, Fujikura Ltd, Fujitsy Ltd, Fujitsu Quantum Devices Ltd, Furukawa Elect Co Ltd, Hakuto Co Ltd, Hitachi Ltd, Hitachi Cable Ltd, Matsushita Elect Ind Co Ltd, Mitsubishi Elect Corp, Moritani & Co Ltd, NEC Corp, Nichia Corp, Nippon Sanso Corp, Nisshin Elect Co Ltd, NTT Corp, NTT Electr Corp, Oki Elect Ind Co Ltd, ROHM Co Ltd, Sharp Corp, Showa Denko K K, Sony Corp, Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd, Sumitomo 3M Ltd, Texas Instruments Japan Ltd, Tomoe Shokai Co Ltd, Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd, Vieetech Japan Co Ltd HO UNIV TOKYO ID DENSITY AB This paper reports the improvement in the crystal quality of GaN films by using multiple layers of quantum dots (QDs) as part of a strain-relieving buffer layer in molecular beam epitaxy. Two sets of GaN samples were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates, one included a buffer containing a few AlN and GaN layers grown at different temperatures and another set contained a buffer layer into which additional QD structures were inserted. As compared to samples without QDs, samples with QDs generally showed narrower X-ray diffraction peaks and higher photoluminescence efficiency. The density of dislocations was examined by pit revealing wet chemical etching and AFM imaging. It was found that insertion of multiple GaN/AlN QD layers into the buffer layer effectively reduces the density of dislocations in the epitaxial layers. Compared to dislocation densities similar to10(10)cm(-2) typically observed in GaN films grown on AlN buffer layers, a density of similar to5x 10(7) cm(-2) was demonstrated in the GaN films grown on GaN/AlN multiple QD layers. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Phys, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. USAF, Res Lab AFRL MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Huang, C (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Phys, Med Coll Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0856-7 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2002 IS 170 BP 707 EP 711 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV44V UT WOS:000179011200116 ER PT S AU Huang, D Litton, CW Reshchikov, MA Visconti, P Yun, F King, T Baski, AA Jasinski, J Liliental-Weber, Z Morkoc, H AF Huang, D Litton, CW Reshchikov, MA Visconti, P Yun, F King, T Baski, AA Jasinski, J Liliental-Weber, Z Morkoc, H BE Arakawa, Y Hirayama, Y Kishino, K Yamaguchi, H TI Characterization of GaN/AIN films with different polarities grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 2001 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS 2001) CY OCT 01-04, 2001 CL UNIV TOKYO, TOKYO, JAPAN SP Seiken Shoreikai (FRIS), Inst Ind Sci, Electr Soc, Inst Electr, Informat & Communicat Engineers Japan, IEEE Soc Appl Phys, IEEE Electron Device Soc, IEEE Electron Device Soc, Japan Chapter, IEEE Laser & Elecro-Optics Soc, Murata Sci Fdn, Fdn Promot Mat Sci & Technol Japan, ASEC Inc, Appl EPI Inc, Clean Act Inc, Daido Air Products Inc, Fujikura Ltd, Fujitsy Ltd, Fujitsu Quantum Devices Ltd, Furukawa Elect Co Ltd, Hakuto Co Ltd, Hitachi Ltd, Hitachi Cable Ltd, Matsushita Elect Ind Co Ltd, Mitsubishi Elect Corp, Moritani & Co Ltd, NEC Corp, Nichia Corp, Nippon Sanso Corp, Nisshin Elect Co Ltd, NTT Corp, NTT Electr Corp, Oki Elect Ind Co Ltd, ROHM Co Ltd, Sharp Corp, Showa Denko K K, Sony Corp, Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd, Sumitomo 3M Ltd, Texas Instruments Japan Ltd, Tomoe Shokai Co Ltd, Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd, Vieetech Japan Co Ltd HO UNIV TOKYO ID GAN AB This paper reports the characterization of typical Ga- and N-polar GaN films gown on sapphire substrates by MBE. The Ga-polar films were grown on high temperature AlN buffers while the N-polar films were grown on GaN buffers. Atomic force microscopy shows that the Ga-polar films have flat and pitted surface while the N-polar surface is rougher with isolated columns. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the Ga-polar films may have a low density of inversion domains, while a much higher density of inversion domains was observed in the N-polar films. Despite their rough surfaces and the high density of inversion domains, N-polar films with low dislocation density were demonstrated. In addition, higher PL efficiency was observed for the N-polar films than for the Ga-polar films. X-ray diffraction spectra show that the width of the [002] symmetric peak from the Ga-polar films is narrower than that from the N-polar films. In contrast, the width of the [104] asymmetric peak is not very different for films of different polarities. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Phys, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. CNR, Ist Studio Nuovi Mat Elettron, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Huang, D (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Med Coll Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012; VISCONTI, PAOLO/L-7214-2015 OI VISCONTI, PAOLO/0000-0002-4058-4042 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0856-7 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2002 IS 170 BP 771 EP 776 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV44V UT WOS:000179011200127 ER PT S AU Chandler, PR Pachter, M Nygard, KE Swaroop, D AF Chandler, PR Pachter, M Nygard, KE Swaroop, D BE Murphey, R Pardalos, PM TI Cooperative control for target classification SO COOPERATIVE CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION SE APPLIED OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Cooperative Control and Optimization CY DEC, 2000 CL GAINESVILLE, FL SP USAF Res Lab, Univ Florida Coll Engn DE cooperative control; autonomous control AB An overview is presented of ongoing work in cooperative control for unmanned air vehicles, specifically wide area search munitions, which perform search, target classification, attack, and damage assessment. The focus of this paper is the cooperative use of multiple vehicles to maximize the probability of correct target classification. Capacitated transhipment and market based bidding are presented as two approaches to team and vehicle assigment for cooperative classification. Templates are developed and views are combined to maximize the probability of correct target classification over various aspect angles. Optimal trajectories are developed to view the targets. A false classification matrix is used to represent the probability of incorrectly classifying nontargets as targets. A hierarchical distributed decision system is presented that has three levels of decomposition: The top level performs task assignment using a market based bidding scheme; the middle subteam level coordinates cooperative tasks; and the lower level executes the elementary tasks, eg path planning. Simulations are performed for a team of eight air vehicles that show superior classification performance over that achievable when the vehicles operate independently. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Flight Control Div, AFRL,VACA, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Chandler, PR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Flight Control Div, AFRL,VACA, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-6485 BN 1-4020-0549-0 J9 APPL OPTIMIZAT PY 2002 VL 66 BP 1 EP 19 PG 19 WC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BV16H UT WOS:000178037400001 ER PT S AU Clough, BT AF Clough, BT BE Murphey, R Pardalos, PM TI Unmanned aerial vehicles: Autonomous control challenges, a researcher's perspective SO COOPERATIVE CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION SE APPLIED OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Cooperative Control and Optimization CY DEC, 2000 CL GAINESVILLE, FL SP USAF Res Lab, Univ Florida Coll Engn DE unmanned vehicles; autonomous control AB AFRL is pressing ahead with development of truly autonomous UAV control systems. As we go from systems where the human is the pilot, through systems where the human is the operator, to systems where the human is the supervisor; with the ultimate goal simply to have the human as customer of UAV ops, we are running into numerous challenges. Yes, we face the typical technological questions of "What types of human tasks can we replace with on-board algorithms?" and "How big of a processor is required on-board to do this?". What are usually not asked are other questions, maybe not technically exciting, but with enormous practical impact: "How can we affordably add more code to already costly flight critical software programs?" "How do I flight certify a system that has non-deterministic attributes?" "What is the impact of implementing distributed, coordinated, info-centric control systems that now have flight critical data links susceptible to electronic and information warfare?" "How do I convince the FAA, and foreign governments, that it's safe to let autonomous vehicles roam the skies?" These, and other questions, have just as great, if not greater, impact on systems development as the raw autonomous technology itself. This paper examines some of these challenges, how current AFRL research is addressing them, and points the way to future research that will allow truly autonomous operations. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Control Sci Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Clough, BT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Control Sci Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-6485 BN 1-4020-0549-0 J9 APPL OPTIMIZAT PY 2002 VL 66 BP 35 EP 53 PG 19 WC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BV16H UT WOS:000178037400003 ER PT S AU Gillen, DP Jacques, DR AF Gillen, DP Jacques, DR BE Murphey, R Pardalos, PM TI Cooperative behavior schemes for improving the effectiveness of autonomous wide area search munitions SO COOPERATIVE CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION SE APPLIED OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Cooperative Control and Optimization CY DEC, 2000 CL GAINESVILLE, FL SP USAF Res Lab, Univ Florida Coll Engn DE cooperative engagement; cooperative behavior; autonomous munitions; wide area search munitions AB The problem being addressed is how to best find and engage an unknown number of targets in unknown locations (some moving) using multiple autonomous wide area search munitions. In this research cooperative behavior is being investigated to improve the overall mission effectiveness. A computer simulation was used to emulate the behavior of autonomous wide area search munitions and measure their overall expected performance. This code was modified to incorporate the capability for cooperative engagement based on a parameterized decision rule. Using Design of Experiments (DOE) and Response Surface Methodologies (RSM), the simulation was run to achieve optimal decision rule parameters for given scenarios and to determine the sensitivities of those parameters to the precision of the Autonomous Target Recognition (ATR) algorithm, lethality and guidance precision of the warhead, and the characteristics or the battlefield. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, AFIT, ENY, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Gillen, DP (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, AFIT, ENY, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-6485 BN 1-4020-0549-0 J9 APPL OPTIMIZAT PY 2002 VL 66 BP 95 EP 120 PG 26 WC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BV16H UT WOS:000178037400006 ER PT S AU Murphey, R AF Murphey, R BE Murphey, R Pardalos, PM TI An introduction to collective and cooperative systems SO COOPERATIVE CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION SE APPLIED OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Cooperative Control and Optimization CY DEC, 2000 CL GAINESVILLE, FL SP USAF Res Lab, Univ Florida Coll Engn DE team theory; decentralized control; cooperative control; hierarchies ID HIERARCHIES AB Cooperative systems are introduced to the reader as a part of a broader class of collective systems. A taxonomy of collective systems is defined such that each class within the taxonomy is rigorously defined based upon the mathematical constructs of team theory. It is shown that this taxonomy leads to a precise definition of cooperation and clearly separates intentional cooperation from serendipitous complementary behavior. Concepts of precedence, hierarchy, and supervision are made clear in the presence of information such that team theory and decentralized control theory are generalized into the single framework of collective systems. It is anticipated that this framework will lead to a consistent representation of cooperation in future research and new methods for solving the hard problem of non nested information structures in team theory. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Murphey, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 330, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-6485 BN 1-4020-0549-0 J9 APPL OPTIMIZAT PY 2002 VL 66 BP 171 EP 197 PG 27 WC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BV16H UT WOS:000178037400009 ER PT S AU Pachter, M Hebert, J AF Pachter, M Hebert, J BE Murphey, R Pardalos, PM TI Cooperative aircraft control for minimum radar exposure SO COOPERATIVE CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION SE APPLIED OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Cooperative Control and Optimization CY DEC, 2000 CL GAINESVILLE, FL SP USAF Res Lab, Univ Florida Coll Engn DE cooperative control; radar exposure AB Two aircraft exposed to illumination by a tracking radar are considered and the optimization problem of cooperatively steering them to a prespecified rendezvous point is addressed. First, the problem of a single aircraft exposed to illumination by a tracking radar is considered and the problem of determining in optimal planar trajectory connecting two prespecified points is addressed. The solution is shown to exist only if the angle phi(integral) formed by the lines connecting the radar to the two prespecified trajectory points, is less than 60degrees. In addition, expressions are given for the optimal path length, l*, and optimal cost. When the angle phi(integral) greater than or equal to 60degrees, an unconstrained optimal solution does not exist, and in order to render the optimization problem well posed, a path length constraint is imposed. Numerical optimization techniques are used to obtain optimal aircraft trajectories for the constrained case. Finally, the problem of isochronous rendezvous of the two aircraft is addressed using an optimization argument and the analytic results previously derived for a single aircraft trajectory. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Pachter, M (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-6485 BN 1-4020-0549-0 J9 APPL OPTIMIZAT PY 2002 VL 66 BP 199 EP 211 PG 13 WC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BV16H UT WOS:000178037400010 ER PT J AU Poindexter, RH Wright, EF Murchison, DF AF Poindexter, RH Wright, EF Murchison, DF TI Comparison of moist and dry heat penetration through orofacial tissues SO CRANIO-THE JOURNAL OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB Application of superficial moist heat has been shown to have a beneficial effect on Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) symptoms and is often recommended for patients with this disorder. A review of the literature shows that few studies have compared the effects of moist to dry heat. Throughout this study, moist and dry heat were applied through a commercial heating pad alternately for 20 minute intervals. The application sequence was randomized and all individuals received both moist and dry modalities. Intraoral and extraoral thermocouples were positioned on the mid-cheek area of 46 volunteers to record temperature readings. Dry and moist heat applications were equally effective in both maximum tissue temperature rise and the rate of thermal transfer (p > 0.05). However, in a small number of subjects moist heat was preferred. As there seems to be little difference between using moist rather than dry heat, patients may be counseled to employ the superficial heating option that: 1. is an individual's personal preference or 2. improves convenience and optimizes compliance. C1 USAF, Randolph AFB, TX USA. RP Wright, EF (reprint author), 83 Cross Canyon, San Antonio, TX 78247 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHROMA INC PI CHATTANOOGA PA PO BOX 8887, CHATTANOOGA, TN 37414 USA SN 0886-9634 J9 CRANIO JI Cranio-J. Craniomandib. Pract. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 20 IS 1 BP 28 EP 33 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 513YM UT WOS:000173408700008 PM 11831341 ER PT J AU Heyse, E Augustijn, D Rao, PSC Defino, JJ AF Heyse, E Augustijn, D Rao, PSC Defino, JJ TI Nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution and soil organic matter sorption in porous media: Review of system similarities SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE hydrophobic organic compounds; sorption dissolution; soil equilibrium partitioning; mass transfer ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; DENSE CHLORINATED SOLVENTS; MASS-TRANSFER RATES; SATURATED SUBSURFACE SYSTEMS; LONG-TERM SORPTION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; HYDROPHOBIC POLLUTANTS; NATURAL SEDIMENTS AB We examine similarities in constraints to mass transfer of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) between the aqueous and various organic phases in porous media at the grain scale. Published research and data are reviewed regarding equilibrium coefficients and first-order rate constants for mass transfer of HOCs between water and natural organic matter present in various geosorbents (e.g., soils, sediments, and aquifer solids), and several oils (petroleum products, decane, and coal tar). We propose how these equilibrium and mass-transfer coefficients can be estimated by methods common to all organic phases. Equilibrium coefficients can be reliably estimated using Raoult's law. First-order rate constants obtained from extensive literature data appear to be dependent on aqueous-phase diffusion and duration of exposure (or contact). The aqueous diffusion domain may be either an interfacial film (for low viscosity oil ganglia) or a retarded immobile water zone (for geosorbents). C1 Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Program Hydrol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Bioenvironm Engn Flight, Patrick AFB, FL 32925 USA. Univ Twente, Dept Civil Engn & Management, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Heyse, E (reprint author), Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Program Hydrol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 142 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 9 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 32 IS 4 BP 337 EP 397 DI 10.1080/10643380290813471 PG 61 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 612JT UT WOS:000179071600002 ER PT S AU Lowry, HS Simpson, WR Nicholson, RA Crosswy, FL Selman, JD AF Lowry, HS Simpson, WR Nicholson, RA Crosswy, FL Selman, JD BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Cryogenic optical system development for AEDC's 10V Chamber SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments IX CY JUL 08, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE space simulation; cryogenic optics; space sensor testing; vacuum chamber; closed-loop testing AB The 10V Chamber Test Facility at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) is being upgraded to provide a closed-loop capability to assess multi-band electro-optical sensor performance under realistic operational scenarios against evolving threats. This test facility will leverage existing facilities and expertise from several Government agencies including AEDC, Army/AMCOM, and USAF/KHILS to investigate performance issues during ground testing at cryogenic conditions. Radiometrically accurate simulated scenes will be presented to the test article using dual-band infrared point sources, a dual-band infrared emitter array projector, and a visible array projector. Various optical assemblies will be required to project the images from these radiometric source systems onto the sensor aperture. The infrared point sources will be positioned in the XY plane using two-stage linear translators, which must meet stringent spatial coverage and position accuracy requirements to create realistic closed-loop target motion. A large two-axis steering mirror will simulate sensor line of sight movements for the blackbody sources. A high-speed jitter mirror will simulate high frequency image motion for the emitter arrays. These mirror systems must be vibrationally isolated to minimize the jitter induced in other optical elements. Narcissus and ghost image effects will be minimized using appropriate fabrication, shielding, and calibration techniques. A multi-spectral calibration and alignment system will be integrated into the facility to ensure proper radiometric and goniometric operation of the various target sources. The target and optical systems must all meet performance specifications at cryo-vacuum conditions. Code V will be the primary tool used to evaluate wave front error and distortion coating performance for ghosting/polarization /transmission effects, optical manufacturing errors, and energy-on-detector (EOD). Finite element models of the facility will be used to analyze the structural rigidity and dynamics of the components due to the cryogenic environment. C1 Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Lowry, HS (reprint author), Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, 1077 Ave C, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4590-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4822 BP 82 EP 93 DI 10.1117/12.451803 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BV91M UT WOS:000180378400008 ER PT S AU Diggs, DE Grote, JG Davis, AA Zhang, CH Zetts, JS Nelson, RL Dalton, LR Yaney, PP Hopkins, FK AF Diggs, DE Grote, JG Davis, AA Zhang, CH Zetts, JS Nelson, RL Dalton, LR Yaney, PP Hopkins, FK BE Lal, RB Frazier, DO Ramachandran, N TI Materials characterization for nonlinear optic polymer waveguide modulator design SO CRYSTAL MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR OPTICAL DEVICES AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal Materials for Nonlinear Optical Devices and Microgravity Science CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture DE nonlinear optic polymer; opto-electronic; electro-optic modulator; conductive polymer; dielectric constant ID ELECTROOPTIC MODULATORS; CLADDING LAYERS; CHROMOPHORES; DEVICE; REFLECTION; SYSTEMS AB For accurate design and modeling of nonlinear optic polymer electro-optic (EO) waveguide devices, potential materials need to be thoroughly characterized. Presented here are the properties of several state of the art materials used for nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer devices, such as Cheng Larry Dalton (CLD) based NLO polymers as well as conductive polymers and epoxies. This characterization includes refractive index, propagation loss, conductivity, nonlinearity, and low and high frequency dielectric constant measurements, as well as materials compatibility. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MLPS, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Diggs, DE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MLPS, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4581-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4813 BP 94 EP 102 DI 10.1117/12.453940 PG 9 WC Crystallography; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Optics; Physics GA BV72V UT WOS:000179912800010 ER PT S AU Smith, SR Capano, MA Evwaraye, AO AF Smith, SR Capano, MA Evwaraye, AO BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Johnson, NM Sopori, BL Okushi, H TI Characterization of SiC implanted with B or Al using thermal admittance spectroscopy SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS AND DEVICES III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors and Devices III held at the 2002 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID ION-IMPLANTATION; BORON; CARBIDE; ACCEPTORS; ALUMINUM; 4H AB We have measured the thermal activation energies of electrically active defects in 4H- and 6H-SiC implanted with either Al or B ions, using Thermal Admittance Spectroscopy. The net acceptor concentrations were monitored using room temperature low frequency Capacitance-Voltage measurements. The substrates were n/n+ epilayers. The implantations plus annealing produced p-type layers that were acceptable for characterization. The specimens were annealed in Ar at 1600 degreesC, after which Ni Schottky diodes were fabricated on the specimens. Annealing times were 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. In some of the specimens, a shallow level was found that did not correspond to known levels. As the annealing progressed, energy shifts were noted for some of the detected levels. In some specimens, the implanted p-type impurity and the n-type residual dopants in the substrate were simultaneously detected. Measurements of electrically active p-type species were compared to "control" specimens implanted with Ar. From this comparison, we conclude that at least one shallow donor level is introduced into the bandgap by the implantation process, and is not annealed out. The defects associated with the implantation may affect actual device performance of diodes by destabilizing the lattice occupation of the implanted dopant atoms (energy shift with annealing), and act as lifetime killers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Smith, SR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, 3005 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-665-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 719 BP 325 EP 330 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BV34P UT WOS:000178622200047 ER PT S AU Foshee, JJ Tahim, RS Chang, K AF Foshee, JJ Tahim, RS Chang, K BE Rao, RM Dianat, SA Zoltowski, MD TI Pseudo full-duplex phased array antennas SO DIGITAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Digital Wireless Communications IV CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB High data rate networks are now being designed to rapidly exchange high value sensor and video information among various users located on the surface and airborne. Phased array antennas can provide rapid switching amongst the members in addition to the gain necessary to connect these members. For many applications, these antennas would be configured to either transmit or receive. Designing a phased array antenna that is full duplex significantly complicates the design because much of the emphasis in the design is placed on keeping the transmit energy out of the receive channel. A phased array antenna could be designed to receive only when the antenna is not transmitting; thus the design would only need to protect the receiver components during, the transmission. The antenna would be then full duplex. This paper describes a small pseudo full duplex wideband multi-frequency band (X, Ku and K) phased array antenna with +/-27 degrees of the beam scanning, using a novel multi-line time delay phase shifter controlled by a piezoelectric transducer (PET). This antenna design is simple, arid would use no more space than an antenna used solely for either transmit or receive. Also, some of the isolation between the transmit and receive channels is achieved using novel low-cost fabrication techniques. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Foshee, JJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4490-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4740 BP 207 EP 218 DI 10.1117/12.472957 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV08Q UT WOS:000177782000022 ER PT S AU Kiel, JL Parker, JE Gifford, H Stribling, LJV Alls, JL Meltz, ML McCreary, RP Holwitt, EA AF Kiel, JL Parker, JE Gifford, H Stribling, LJV Alls, JL Meltz, ML McCreary, RP Holwitt, EA BE Gibbs, EPJ Bokma, BH TI Basis for the extraordinary genetic stability of anthrax SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL/WILDLIFE INTERFACE: ISSUE FOR DISEASE CONTROL, CONSERVATION, SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION, AND EMERGING DISEASES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Wildlife and Livestock, Disease and Sustainability CY JUL 22-27, 2001 CL PILANESBERG NATL PK, SOUTH AFRICA SP Soc Trop Vet Med, Wildlife Dis Assoc, Bayer, Merial Anim Hlth, Novartis, Pfizer, USDA, Wellcom Trust DE anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; genetic stability ID BACILLUS-ANTHRACIS AB Over 500 isolates of anthrax bacillus from around the world represent one of the most genetically homogeneous microbes. There are three possibilities for this genetic stability: (1) anthrax has an extraordinarily high fidelity repair system, (2) genetic damage to anthrax is usually lethal, and/or (3) a highly demanding and selective process exists in its environment that is necessary for the completion of its life cycle. Using probes made from genes selected by growth of an Escherichia coli expression vector Bacillus anthracis library on hypertrophic high nitrate concentration medium, genes unique to B. anthracis were isolated. High nitration conditions generated stable chromosomal mutants that displayed altered morphology and life-cycle progression. Therefore, life-cycle progression connected to nitration, associated with host inflammatory response, selects for mutants that show life-cycle progression tightly coupled to progression of the inflammatory response to anthrax. Significant variation from this coupled progression leads to failure of anthrax to complete its life-cycle at the death of its host. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Bioeffects Div, HEDB,Human Effectiveness Directorate, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Veridian Inc, San Antonio, TX 78216 USA. Beam Tech Inc, San Antonio, TX 78268 USA. Litton TASC, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. Conceptual MindWorks Inc, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. RP Kiel, JL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Bioeffects Div, HEDB,Human Effectiveness Directorate, 2503 Gillingham Dr, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-438-2 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2002 VL 969 BP 112 EP 118 PG 7 WC Immunology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Immunology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA BV61H UT WOS:000179507800020 PM 12381574 ER PT J AU Fiorino, ST Correia, J AF Fiorino, Steven T. Correia, James, Jr. TI Analysis of a Mesoscale Gravity Wave Event Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Meteorological instruments or techniques; Mesoscale meteorology; Synoptic-scale meteorology; Techniques applicable in 3 or more fields AB A method is detailed that filters mesoscale gravity wave signals from synoptic-level observation data using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). Similar EOF analyses have been used to study many oceanographic and meteorological features by allowing the examination of the variance associated with the principal orthogonal components of a time series in both spatial and temporal formats. Generally, EOF components are tied only to the underlying physical phenomena driving the observations when they represent a significantly large portion of the cumulative EOF variance. This work demonstrates a case in which a physically significant gravity wave event is recovered from the synoptic signal using EOF components that represent a small percentage of the total signal variance. In this case this EOF filtering technique appears to offer several advantages over more traditional digital filtering methods; namely, it appears to capture more of the gravity wave amplitude, it requires less preconditioning of the time series data, and it provides filtered solutions at the first time step. C1 [Fiorino, Steven T.; Correia, James, Jr.] Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Fiorino, ST (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Engn Phys, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM sfiorin@met.fsu.edu RI Correia, Jr, James/A-9455-2010 OI Correia, Jr, James/0000-0003-1092-8999 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2002 VL 6 AR 1 DI 10.1175/1087-3562(2002)006<0001:AOAMGW>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA V04NY UT WOS:000207066300001 ER PT S AU Cooper, TM McLean, DG Rogers, JE AF Cooper, TM McLean, DG Rogers, JE BE Jabbour, GE Sariciftci, NS TI The relationship between molecular structure and spectroscopic properties of a series of transition metal-containing phenylacetylene oligomers and polymers SO ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL AND OPTOELECTRONIC POLYMERS AND OLIGOMERS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Polymers and Oligomers held at the 2001 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 17-20, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID MAIN-CHAIN; ETHYNYL; STATES; PLATINUM; SINGLET; YNES AB To develop novel nonlinear dyes for photonic applications, we synthesized a series of transition metal-containing phenylacetylene oligomers and polymers. The optical properties of these compounds were measured by UV/Vis, fluorescence, and flash photolysis experiments. As the number of oligomer units increased, the transition energies decreased. A solvatochromism experiment suggested the fluorescing state was different from the absorbing state. As a group, the spectra of the polymeric versions of these complexes were red shifted from the spectra of the oligomers. The polymeric complexes had less clear trends relating the number of oligomer units to transition energies. A comparison of a low molecular weight and a high molecular weight polymer showed the degree of polymerization caused spectroscopic shifts comparable to the number of phenylacetylene units in the monomer unit. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Cooper, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-601-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 665 BP 139 EP 144 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU83X UT WOS:000177163000018 ER PT S AU Dudis, DS McKellar, BR AF Dudis, DS McKellar, BR BE Jabbour, GE Sariciftci, NS TI Electron accepting oligomers and polymers: Chain scission under quaternization conditions SO ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL AND OPTOELECTRONIC POLYMERS AND OLIGOMERS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Polymers and Oligomers held at the 2001 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 17-20, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID RIGID-ROD POLYMERS; PARA-AROMATIC POLYMERS; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; MAIN CHAIN; UNITS AB The methylation of polybenzobisthiazole in dimethylsulfate produces an n-dopable polymer which has previously been shown to have high electrical conductivity. The reaction conditions have been shown to chemically degrade the polymer chains, decreasing the molecular weight to about 20% of the original value. A methylation-demethylation scheme has been used to clarify the degree of chain scission. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorat, Polymer Core Technol Area,AFRL,MLBP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Dudis, DS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorat, Polymer Core Technol Area,AFRL,MLBP, 2941 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-601-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 665 BP 289 EP 293 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU83X UT WOS:000177163000039 ER PT S AU Alexander, MD Sankaran, B McKellar, BR Dudis, DS AF Alexander, MD Sankaran, B McKellar, BR Dudis, DS BE Jabbour, GE Sariciftci, NS TI Materials characterization and synthesis of conductive aromatic-bis(benzothiazoles) SO ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL AND OPTOELECTRONIC POLYMERS AND OLIGOMERS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Polymers and Oligomers held at the 2001 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 17-20, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Functionalized aromatic-bis(benzothiazoles) have been synthesized by our group and have shown promise as conductive n-dopable polymers and oligomers. When reduced (n-doped) these materials typically exhibit conductivity on the order of tens of S/cm. Here we examine the material properties of this family of derivatized, conductive aromatic-bis(benzothiazoles). A variety of synthetic approaches have been examined to produce these polymers and oligomers, and will be discussed. Material characterization has been accomplished by spectro-electrochemistry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron spin resonance (ESR), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and direct current (DC) conductivity. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Polymer Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Alexander, MD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Polymer Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-601-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 665 BP 365 EP 370 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU83X UT WOS:000177163000051 ER PT S AU Trias, E Mathias, K AF Trias, E Mathias, K BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Using advanced technology repositories to accelerate simulation scenario development SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE repository; information; retrieval; JIMM; suppressor; XML AB One of the more difficult problems facing an analyst wishing to use a simulation is the task of collecting data and transforming it into a correctly formatted scenario. Raw data is often available from a variety of sources: multi-spectral force deployment (MSFD) documents, the electronic warfare integrated reprogramming database (EWIRDB), free text documents such as intelligence reports, pre-existing simulation scenarios, and scenarios taken from other simulations. The task of transforming this data into a usable scenario involves searching for the relevant information, followed by a manual transformation of the original format to the correct simulation format. This problem can be greatly alleviated by using a combination of three technologies: automatic parser generation, repository architectures using extensible markup language (XML), and information retrieval (IR) techniques. Automatic parser generation tools like JavaCC can automatically generate source code capable of reading data sources such as old Joint Integrated Mission Model (JIMM) or Suppressor input files. For simulations that regularly add scenario keywords to support changing needs, this can greatly reduce redevelopment time and cost for supporting tools. The objects parsed by this source can then be encapsulated in XML and stored into a repository. Using information retrieval techniques, objects can then be queried from the repository and transformed into the appropriate format for use in a scenario. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, ENG, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Trias, E (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, ENG, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 2950 P St Bldg 640, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 26 EP 34 DI 10.1117/12.474928 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600004 ER PT S AU Busch, TE AF Busch, TE BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Modeling of air operations for course of action determination SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB This paper introduces the concept of using simulation for both plan tracking and state estimation and prediction. Given some set of objectives the military commander must devise a sequence of actions that transform the current state to the desired one. The desire to do this in faster than real-time so that many courses of action can be considered motivates us to investigate modeling techniques that explicitly produce such courses of action. This class of problem can be modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP) whose principal solution is stochastic dynamic programming. In this paper we consider the extension of a MDP model of air operations to the partially observed case. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Modeling & Simulat Complex Syst, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Busch, TE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Modeling & Simulat Complex Syst, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 35 EP 40 DI 10.1117/12.474944 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600005 ER PT S AU Alexander, SM Ross, DO Vinarskai, JS Farr, SD AF Alexander, SM Ross, DO Vinarskai, JS Farr, SD BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Modeling soft factors in computer based wargames SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB Computer-based wargames have seen much improvement in recent years due to rapid increases in computing power. Because these games have been developed for the entertainment industry, most of these advances have centered on the graphics, sound, and user interfaces integrated into these wargames with less attention paid to the game's fidelity. However, for a wargame to be useful to the military, it must closely approximate as many of the elements of war as possible. Among the elements that are typically not modeled or are poorly modeled in nearly all military computer-based wargames are systematic effects, command and control, intelligence, morale, training, and other human and political factors. These aspects of war, with the possible exception of systematic effects, are individually modeled quite well in many board-based commercial wargames. The work described in this paper focuses on incorporating these elements from the board-based games into a computer-based wargame. This paper will also address the modeling and simulation of the systemic paralysis of an adversary that is implied by the concept of Effects Based Operations (EBO). Combining the fidelity of current commercial board wargames with the speed, ease of use, and advanced visualization of the computer can significantly improve the effectiveness of military decision making and education. Once in place, the process of converting board wargames concepts to computer wargames will allow the infusion of soft factors into military training and planning. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFSB, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Alexander, SM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFSB, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 94 EP 98 DI 10.1117/12.474903 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600011 ER PT S AU Hanna, JP Hillman, RG AF Hanna, JP Hillman, RG BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI SPEEDES for distributed information enterprise modeling SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE information enterprise; enterprise modeling; distributed simulation; high performance computing AB The Air Force is developing a Distributed Information Enterprise Modeling and Simulation (DIEMS) framework under sponsorship of the High Performance Computer Modernization Office Common High Performance Computing Software Support Initiative (HPCMO/CHSSI). The DIEMS framework provides a design analysis environment for deployable distributed information management systems. DIEMS establishes the necessary analysis capability allowing developers to identify and mitigate programmatic risk early within the development cycle to allow successful deployment of the associated systems. The enterprise-modeling framework builds upon the Synchronous Parallel Environment for Emulation and Discrete-Event Simulation (SPEEDES) foundation. This simulation framework will utilize "Challenge Problem" class resources to address more than five million information objects and hundreds of thousands of clients comprising the future information based force structure. The simulation framework will be capable of assessing deployment aspects such as security, quality of service, and fault tolerance. SPEEDES provides an ideal foundation to support simulation of distributed information systems on a multiprocessor platform. SPEEDES allows the simulation builder to perform optimistic parallel processing on high performance computers, networks of workstations, or combinations of networked computers and HPC platforms. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Adv Comp Architectures Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Hanna, JP (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Adv Comp Architectures Branch, 26 Elect Pkwy, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 160 EP 166 DI 10.1117/12.474909 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600018 ER PT S AU Plotz, GA Dibble, S AF Plotz, GA Dibble, S BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Applying model abstraction techniques to the Advanced Low Altitude Radar Model (ALARM) SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE meta-model; model abstraction; ALARM; factorial design; and regression analysis AB Modeling of real systems relies on the arduous task of describing the physical phenomena in terms of mathematical models, which often require excessive amounts of computation time when used in simulations. In the last few years there has been a growing acceptance of model abstraction whose emphasis rests on the development of more manageable models. Abstraction refers to the intelligent capture of the essence of the behavior of a model, without all the details. In the past, model abstraction techniques have been applied to complex models, such as Advanced Low Altitude Radar Model (ALARM) to simplify analysis. The scope of this effort is to apply model abstraction techniques to ALARM; a DoD prototype radar model for simulating the volume detection capability of low flying targets within a digitally simulated environment. Due to the complexity of these models it is difficult to capture and assess the relationship between the model parameters and the performance of the simulation. Under this effort ALARM parameters were modified and/or deleted and the impact on the simulation run time assessed. In addition, several meta-models were developed and used to assess the impact of ALARM parameters on the simulation run time. This paper establishes a baseline for ALARM from which additional meta-models can be compared and analyzed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Plotz, GA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1117/12.474914 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600022 ER PT S AU Trevisani, DA Sisti, AF Mayhew, MJ AF Trevisani, DA Sisti, AF Mayhew, MJ BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Model abstraction and the simulation sandbox SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE mixed resolution modeling; multiresolution modeling; model abstraction; hierarchical simulation AB The Air Force Hierarchy of Models, often referred to as the "Great Pyramid", depicts the four disparate levels of resolution in which models are typically categorized. These levels range from an Engineering/Component level at the bottom, to Theater/Campaign level at the apex of the pyramid. Today, the landscape of simulations has evolved from uni-purpose, stove-piped simulations to those that provide a Joint Vision encompassing a much broader scope. Within the simulation community, there exists the desire for model reuse, particularly when it involves the reuse of validated legacy codes. Much effort has been put forth to integrate existing models into a federated system. Integrating models of similar resolution is difficult enough; yet, even more difficult is the more prevalent situation where models are represented at different levels of resolution. Often referred to as Mixed Resolution Modeling (or Multiresolution Modeling), it is arguably the most pressing problem facing the simulation research community today. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informate Directorate, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Trevisani, DA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informate Directorate, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 211 EP 217 DI 10.1117/12.474915 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600023 ER PT S AU Burns, CL AF Burns, CL BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Instantiating the art of war for effects-based operations SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE Effects-based operations; decision support; courses of action; center of gravity/target system analysis AB Effects-Based Operations (EBO) is a mindset, a philosophy and an approach for planning, executing and assessing military operations for the effects they produce rather than the targets or even objectives they deal with. An EBO approach strives to provide economy of force, dynamic tasking, and reduced collateral damage. The notion of EBO is not new. Military Commanders certainly have desired effects in mind when conducting military operations. However, to date EBO has been an art of war that lacks automated techniques and tools that enable effects-based analysis and assessment. Modeling and simulation is at the heart of this challenge. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) EBO Program is developing modeling techniques and corresponding tool capabilities that can be brought to bear against the challenges presented by effects-based analysis and assessment. Effects-based course-of-action development, center of gravity/target system analysis, and wargaming capabilities are being developed and integrated to help give Commanders the information decision support required to achieve desired national security objectives. This paper presents an introduction to effects-based operations, discusses the benefits of an EBO approach, and focuses on modeling and analysis for effects-based strategy development. An overview of modeling and simulation challenges for EBO is presented, setting the stage for the detailed technical papers in the subject session. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Burns, CL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.1117/12.474917 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600025 ER PT S AU Mrozinski, DP Zeh, JM Reich, GW AF Mrozinski, DP Zeh, JM Reich, GW BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Simulation-based research and development; technology assessment process SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB This paper presents an exploration of the Simulation Based Research and Development through an in-house technology assessment of a Sensorcraft concept. The goals of SBR&D are: to reduce the time and cost for developing and maturing promising technology, to integrate the technologist and the warfighter into the Science and Technology (S&T) acquisition process, and to provide analytical input into the Air Force S&T planning process. SBR&D combines a variety of critical research and technology-development capabilities, including engineering-level modeling, design, and analysis tools, mission- and campaign-level simulations, cost analysis tools, and database tools in a networked, distributed environment. Early SBR&D capabilities combine high fidelity manned and unmanned vehicle simulations to create a common synthetic battlespace for technology assessment in a mission environment. The simulation environment is being combined with engineering models, design tools, and an intelligent database to allow differing degrees of fidelity to be used at different times and in different parts of a simulation analysis. The study presented here represents an attempt to show the SBR&D process in action and to identify deficiencies in the process. Once established, the SBR&D process will provide the capability for researchers to evaluate the impact of different technologies in a warfighting environment, providing a link between AFRL technologies and warfighter mission needs. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, AFRL,VAAI, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Mrozinski, DP (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, AFRL,VAAI, 2130 8th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 286 EP 294 DI 10.1117/12.474924 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600031 ER PT S AU McQuay, WK AF McQuay, WK BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Distributed decision support for the 21(st) century mission space SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE collaboration; collaborative environment; simulation; analysis; mission space AB The past decade has produced significant changes in the conduct of military operations: increased humanitarian missions, asymmetric warfare, the reliance on coalitions and allies, stringent rules of engagement, concern about casualties, and the need for sustained air operations. Future mission commanders will need to assimilate a tremendous amount of information, make quick-response decisions, and quantify the effects of those decisions in the face of uncertainty. Integral to this process is creating situational assessment-understanding the mission space, simulation to analyze alternative futures, current capabilities, planning assessments, course-of-action assessments, and a common operational picture-keeping everyone on the same sheet of paper. Decision support tools in a distributed collaborative environment offer the capability of decomposing these complex multitask processes and distributing them over a dynamic set of execution assets. Decision support technologies can semi-automate activities, such as planning an operation, that have a reasonably well-defined process and provide machine-level interfaces to refine the myriad of information that is not currently fused. The marriage of information and simulation technologies provides the mission commander with a collaborative virtual environment for planning and decision support. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, AFRL,IFSD, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP McQuay, WK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, AFRL,IFSD, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 295 EP 304 DI 10.1117/12.474925 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600032 ER PT S AU Blocher, TW AF Blocher, TW BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Information visualization in a distributed virtual decision support environment SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE information visualization; JView; decision support; decision quality information; Situational awareness AB The visualization of and interaction with "decision quality" information is critical for effective decision makers in today's data rich environments. The generation and presentation of intuitively meaningful decision support information is the challenge. In order to investigate various visualization approaches to improve the timeliness and quality of Commander decisions, a robust, distributed virtual simulation environment, based on AFRL's Global Awareness Virtual Testbed (GAVTB), is being developed to represent an Air Operations Center (AOC) environment. The powerful JView visualization technology is employed to efficiently and effectively utilize the simulation products to experiment with various decision quality representations and interactions required by military commanders. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFSB, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Blocher, TW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFSB, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 323 EP 329 DI 10.1117/12.474927 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600035 ER PT S AU Moore, JA AF Moore, JA BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI JView, an information visualization paradigm SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE Java; visualization; 3D; 2D AB The framework for JView, a Java based runtime re-configurable simulation visualizer, was described in two previous publications'. Many augmentations and substitutions have taken place in the JView API, brought about by working closely with customers from various agencies as well using the API on internal projects. However, the core mantra that JView is based upon has made it through these alterations unscathed and with more concrete proof of its utility. JView demystifies the world of 3D graphics programming, allowing users to concentrate solely on the task of visualization instead of concentrating their efforts on the art of complicated 3D graphics. It is a cross platform technology that is engineered to save time, money, and effort while meeting a variety of visualization needs. Its Java implementation, which provides cross-platform functionality while utilizing the OpenGL API, allows for platform dependent hardware acceleration. This paper contains concepts that the JView architecture utilizes as well as a brief introduction to its new 2D engine concepts. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Moore, JA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome Res Site, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4466-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4716 BP 367 EP 374 DI 10.1117/12.474933 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV18E UT WOS:000178075600040 ER PT B AU Nicholas, T AF Nicholas, T BE Chan, KS Liaw, PK Bellows, RS Zogas, T Soboyejo, WO TI Step loading, coaxing and small crack thresholds in Ti-6Al-4V under high cycle fatigue SO FATIGUE - DAVID L. DAVIDSON SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT David L Davidson Symposium on High Cycle Fatigue held at the 2002 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 17-21, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc ID PROPAGATION; HISTORY AB The conventional method for determining fatigue strength at high cycle counts is to either extrapolate S-N data from lower cycle counts or to generate S-N data in the high cycle count regime using specialized high frequency test machines. As an alternative, a step-loading method may be employed, but the question arises regarding any effect due to coaxing, a phenomenon that causes an elevation of the fatigue stress due to prior cycling below the fatigue limit. Data have been obtained which validate the step-loading methodology in Ti-6AI-4V for determination of both the fatigue limit stress for smooth bars, and crack growth thresholds for cracked bodies. It is shown that fatigue limits for small cracks are not drastically altered from uncracked material when using stress rather than stress intensity as the governing parameter with which to characterize threshold behavior. Some observations on the fatigue process in smooth bars tested at negative stress ratios are presented. C1 USAF, AFRL ML, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Nicholas, T (reprint author), USAF, AFRL ML, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-518-2 PY 2002 BP 91 EP 106 PG 16 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BU50H UT WOS:000176155600007 ER PT B AU Harvey, GJ Vroblesky, DA AF Harvey, GJ Vroblesky, DA BE Breh, W Gottlieb, J Hotzl, H Kern, F Liesch, T Niessner, R TI Tree coring as a potential site characterization tool of shallow groundwater contamination SO FIELD SCREENING EUROPE 2001 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Strategies and Techniques for the Investigation and Monitoring of Contaminated Sites CY MAY 14-16, 2001 CL KARLSRUHE, GERMANY SP Fed Environm Agcy, State Inst Environm Protect, Karlsruhe Res Ctr C1 USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Environm Safety & Hlth Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Harvey, GJ (reprint author), USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Environm Safety & Hlth Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-0739-6 PY 2002 BP 207 EP 211 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BV16G UT WOS:000178036900033 ER PT S AU Brower, RW Stevens, KS AF Brower, RW Stevens, KS BE Peled, DA Vardi, MY TI Congruent weak conformance, a partial order among processes SO FORMAL TECHNIQUE FOR NETWORKED AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS - FORTE 2002, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference on Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems CY NOV 11-14, 2002 CL RICE UNIV, HOUSTON, TEXAS SP IFIP WG6 1 HO RICE UNIV ID SEMANTICS; BISIMULATION; PREORDER AB This paper presents a new property between processes arising from a set of relations called weak conformations. The largest, called weak conformance, is analogous to Milner's observational equivalence. Unlike observational equivalence, however, weak conformance is not an equivalence but rather a preorder between processes. Like the previous property of logic conformance, weak conformance allows behaviors in the implementation that are unreachable in the specification. Unlike logic conformance, however, weak conformance exploits output concurrencies and allows interleaving of extrapeous output actions in the implementation. Finally, reasonable restrictions in CCS syntax strengthen weak conformance to a precongruence. The resulting property, congruent weak conformance, forms a partial ordering among processes. As a precongruence, it models safe substitution of hardware. C1 USAF, Embedded Informat Syst Engn Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Intel Corp, Strateg CAD Labs, Portland, OR USA. RP Brower, RW (reprint author), USAF, Embedded Informat Syst Engn Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-00141-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2002 VL 2529 BP 34 EP 49 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BW68T UT WOS:000182827100003 ER PT S AU Voelz, DG Belsher, JF Ulibarri, L Gamiz, V AF Voelz, DG Belsher, JF Ulibarri, L Gamiz, V BE Voelz, DG Ricklin, JC TI Ground-to-space laser imaging: Review 2001 SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND LASER IMAGING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Laser Imaging CY JUL 30-31, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE laser imaging; active imaging; satellite imaging; imaging correlography; sheared-beam imaging; sheared coherent interferometric photography; Fourier telescopy; speckle imaging; interferometry ID LOW-LIGHT LEVELS; SPECKLE PATTERNS; PHASE; NOISE; VERIFICATION; SIMULATIONS; LIMITS AB Significant progress has been made over the last 15 years in our understanding and development of laser imaging systems for observing space objects from the ground. We review theoretical and experimental work on three techniques that have received much of the attention: imaging correlography, sheared-beam imaging and Fourier telescopy. We summarize signal-to-noise analyses that account for low-light levels and speckle noise, we discuss atmospheric turbulence compensation attributes, and we reference work on issues specific to each technique including measurement noise, effects of partial coherence and wave front reconstruction. Laboratory results are summarized and their impact on our understanding of the techniques is discussed. A brief discussion of field experiment programs is presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, DEBS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Voelz, DG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, DEBS, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4203-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4489 BP 35 EP 47 AR UNSP 4489-04 DI 10.1117/12.453240 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BU16A UT WOS:000175177000004 ER PT S AU Erdmann, R AF Erdmann, R BE Ricklin, JC Voelz, DG TI Proposed methods of addressing some rate and range limits in quantum cryptography SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND LASER IMAGING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Laser Imaging II CY JUL 09-11, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol AB Progress in the last decade has enabled the generation and detection of both single and entangled photons for use in new applications of quantum cryptography, secure key distribution (QKD) in particular. Nevertheless, fundamental and practical restrictions restrict the implementation to prototype systems. Methods to circumvent certain of those are presented in configurations that retain the features essential to single photon and photon pair signal processing. C1 USAF, SNDP, Rome, NY USA. RP Erdmann, R (reprint author), USAF, SNDP, Rome, NY USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4589-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4821 BP 486 EP 493 DI 10.1117/12.451334 PG 8 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BV91L UT WOS:000180378300049 ER PT J AU Taccetti, JM Intrator, TP Wysocki, FJ Forman, KC Gale, DG Coffey, SK Degnan, JH AF Taccetti, JM Intrator, TP Wysocki, FJ Forman, KC Gale, DG Coffey, SK Degnan, JH TI Magnetic field measurements inside a converging flux conserver for magnetized target fusion applications SO FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE solid liner; magnetized target fusion; fusion ID ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPLOSION; LINER AB Two experiments showing continuous, real-time measurements of the radial convergence of a high-aspect-ratio aluminum flux conserver are presented. These results were obtained by measuring the compression of both axial and radial components of an internal low-intensity magnetic field. Repeatable flux conserver compressions of this type, uniform to 10:1 compression ratio, form a step toward achieving magnetized target fusion, where a plasma of appropriate temperature and density would be introduced into the flux conserver for compression to fusion conditions. While X radiographs show this compression ratio was achieved, the magnetic field probe signals were cut off earlier. Axial component measurements resulted in compression ratios of 7:1 and 6.3:1, for the first and second compressions, before the magnetic probe signals were lost. Radial component measurements disagree with the axial probe results. Although the discrepancy between axial and radial probe measurements is not completely understood, possible explanations are presented. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. NumerEx, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Taccetti, JM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 1536-1055 J9 FUSION SCI TECHNOL JI Fusion Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 41 IS 1 BP 13 EP 23 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 503HZ UT WOS:000172794200002 ER PT J AU Bohn, CA Lamont, GB AF Bohn, CA Lamont, GB TI Load balancing for heterogeneous clusters of PCs SO FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE pile of PCs; heterogeneous cluster; load balancing AB With commercial supercomputers and homogeneous clusters of PCs, static load balancing is accomplished by assigning equal tasks to each processor. With heterogeneous clusters, the system designers have the option of quickly adding newer hardware that is more powerful than the existing hardware. When this is done, the assignment of equal tasks to each processor results in suboptimal performance. This research addresses techniques by which the size of the task assigned to a processor is a suitable match. Thus, the more powerful processors do more work and the less powerful processors perform less work. We find that when the range of processing power is narrow, some benefit can be achieved with asymmetric load balancing. When the range of processing power is broad, dramatic improvements in performance are realized-our experiments have shown up to 92% improvement when asymmetrically load balancing a modified version of the computationally intensive NAS Parallel Benchmarks' LU application on a heterogeneous cluster of Linux-powered PCs. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bohn, CA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, 2015 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 17 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-739X J9 FUTURE GENER COMP SY JI Futur. Gener. Comp. Syst. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 389 EP 400 DI 10.1016/S0167-739X(01)00058-9 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 510FP UT WOS:000173198300006 ER PT S AU Fellows, JA Yeo, YK Hengehold, RL Krasnobaev, L AF Fellows, JA Yeo, YK Hengehold, RL Krasnobaev, L BE Northrup, JE Neugebauer, J Look, DC Chichibu, SF Riechert, H TI Electrical and optical studies of Si-implanted GaN SO GAN AND RELATED ALLOYS-2001 SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on GaN and Related Alloys-2001 held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-30, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID ION-IMPLANTATION; TEMPERATURE; ACTIVATION; DAMAGE AB The electrical and optical properties of Si-implanted GaN have been investigated as a function of ion dose, anneal temperature, and implantation temperature using Hall-effect measurements and photoluminescence. Implantation of 200 keV Si ions was made at room temperature and 800 T into MBE-grown GaN capped with 500 Angstrom AIN at six different doses ranging from 1 x 10(13) to 5 x 10(15) cm(-2). The samples were proximity cap annealed from 1050 to 1350 degreesC for 5 min to 20 s using either a conventional furnace or rapid thermal annealing. For a given dose, electrical activation efficiencies and mobilities increase as the anneal temperature increases from 1050 to 1350 T. Generally, the higher the dose, the greater the activation efficiency for any given anneal temperature. For a sample implanted with a dose of 1 x 10(-15) cm(-2) and annealed at 1350 T for 20 s. an electrical activation efficiency of 100% was obtained. Exceptional carrier concentrations and mobilities were obtained on all Si-implanted samples, and a comparison of the results was made between room temperature and 800 degreesC implantation. Photo luminescence measurements were also performed in an effort to better understand the electrical activation behavior of the Si implants in GaN. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Fellows, JA (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-629-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 693 BP 407 EP 412 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BV02P UT WOS:000177647000065 ER PT S AU Phillips, GT Perram, GP Roh, WB AF Phillips, GT Perram, GP Roh, WB BE Davis, SJ Heaven, MC TI Spatially-resolved temperature diagnostic for the chemical oxygen-iodine laser based on a variant of saturation spectroscopy SO GAS AND CHEMICAL LASERS AND INTENSE BEAM APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Gas and Chemical Lasers Intense Beam Applications CY JAN 22-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, AF Off Sci Res DE saturation spectroscopy; iodine; hyperfine spectrum; linewidth; pressure broadening; temperature diagnostic; Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL); cross-relaxation; velocity-changing collisions AB The Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL) depends upon a supersonic mixing nozzle to produce optical gain on the P-2(1/2) - P-2(3/2) atomic iodine transition at lambda = 1.315 mum. The translational temperature in the gain generator is particularly important, as the yield of singlet oxygen required to reach lasing threshold decreases from 17% at room temperature to 6% at T = 150K. We have demonstrated an optical technique for measuring the gas temperature in the COIL supersonic expansion region with a spatial resolution of less than 12 mm(3) using a novel variant of saturated laser spectroscopy. The sub-Doppler hyperfine spectrum of the visible I-2 X(1)Sigma(g)(+)--> B(3)Pi(0(u)(+)) transition exhibits 15 or 21 transitions and has been recorded using laser saturation spectroscopy with a resolution of about 10 MHz. Pressure broadening of the hyperfine components and cross-relaxation effects have been studied and depend significantly on rotational level. By altering the saturation spectroscopy apparatus so that the pump and probe beams are nearly co-propagating, a Doppler profile, limited to the iodine sample in the volume of the overlapped beams, is obtained. Temperature, as derived from the Doppler profile, is spatially resolved and used to examine the flow from a small supersonic nozzle assembly. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, ENP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Phillips, GT (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, ENP, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. OI Perram, Glen/0000-0002-4417-3929 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4370-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4631 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.1117/12.465776 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU69Y UT WOS:000176733500014 ER PT S AU Wisniewski, CF Manke, GC Hager, GD Crowell, PG Truman, RC AF Wisniewski, CF Manke, GC Hager, GD Crowell, PG Truman, RC BE Davis, SJ Heaven, MC TI Tunable diode laser gain measurements of the HF(2-0) overtone transitions in a small scale HF laser SO GAS AND CHEMICAL LASERS AND INTENSE BEAM APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Gas and Chemical Lasers Intense Beam Applications CY JAN 22-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, AF Off Sci Res ID 1.315 MU-M; CHEMICAL-LASER; IODINE; BAND; FLOW AB A tunable diode laser was used to probe the overtone gain medium of a small-scale HF laser. Two-dimensional, spatially resolved small signal gain and temperature maps were generated for the P(3) ro-vibrational transition in the first HF overtone band. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Washington, DC 20350 USA. RP Wisniewski, CF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Washington, DC 20350 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4370-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4631 BP 167 EP 177 DI 10.1117/12.465779 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU69Y UT WOS:000176733500017 ER PT S AU Manke, GC Hager, GD AF Manke, GC Hager, GD BE Davis, SJ Heaven, MC TI A review of recent experiments and calculations relevant to the kinetics of the HF laser SO GAS AND CHEMICAL LASERS AND INTENSE BEAM APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Gas and Chemical Lasers Intense Beam Applications CY JAN 22-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, AF Off Sci Res ID DOUBLE-RESONANCE MEASUREMENTS; ROTATIONAL ENERGY-TRANSFER; HIGHLY EXCITED DIATOMICS; VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; MOLECULAR-BEAM; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; IUPAC SUBCOMMITTEE; CROSS-SECTIONS; EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS; PHOTOCHEMICAL DATA AB An abbreviated review of rate coefficients relevant to HF laser kinetics modeling is presented. The literature has been surveyed from the last published review in 1983 to the present. Updated HF Einstein emission coefficients are tabulated. This brief summary of a more detailed review addresses rate coefficients relevant to HF generation, reactive quenching, self-relaxation, and vibrational relaxation by a selection of atoms and molecules. In addition, a review of recent experiments and theoretical calculations relevant to the role of rotational non-equilibrium in HF lasers is presented. A list of recommended temperature dependent expressions for critical reaction rate coefficients is given. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Manke, GC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 124 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4370-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4631 BP 192 EP 208 DI 10.1117/12.465768 PG 17 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU69Y UT WOS:000176733500020 ER PT S AU Cox, JL Dolezal, MW Franklin, RE Perram, GP AF Cox, JL Dolezal, MW Franklin, RE Perram, GP BE Davis, SJ Heaven, MC TI Energy transfer dynamics in the A(0(u)(+)) state of Bi-2 SO GAS AND CHEMICAL LASERS AND INTENSE BEAM APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Gas and Chemical Lasers Intense Beam Applications CY JAN 22-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, AF Off Sci Res DE bismuth dimmer; spectroscopy; predissociation; quenching; vibrational energy transfer; rotational energy transfer; laser induced fluorescence ID X BAND SYSTEM; COLLISIONAL DYNAMICS; LASER; BI2 AB Laser induced fluorescence, pulsed and CW, techniques have been used to study energy transfer within the A(0(u)(+)) state of Bi-2. In particular, electronic quenching in the vibrational levels near predissociation, v'=18-25, have been examined for rare gas and nitrogen collision partners. The quenching from non-predissociated levels is independent of vibrational state and are rather rapid, 2.3 - 8.5 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-s for v'=22. The quenching from the first significantly predissociated level, v'=23, is even faster with rate coefficients ranging from 7.4 - 15.7 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-s. Heterogeneous predissociation is very rapid for 21less than or equal to v' less than or equal to39, with rates, Gamma = k(pd)(v') J (J+1), of k(pd) as large as 1.5 x 10(5) s(-1). Vibrational-to-translational energy transfer probabilities for the lowest vibrational levels, v'=0-4, range from 0.75 - 1.75% per collision, considerably lower than would be anticipated for these highly non-adiabatic collisions. Spectrally resolved emissions from collisionally populated rotational levels of Bi-2(A,v'=1) were observed for helium, neon and argon collision partners after laser excitation of the high rotational levels J'=171, 201, and 231. Total rotational removal rates from the initially prepared state range from 2.8 - 8.9 x 10(-10) cm(3)/molecule-s. Collisional population of rotational states with \DeltaJ\ less than or equal to 56 was observed at pressures of 0.09 - 1.4 torr. The state-to-state rates are adequately modeled by the energy based statistical power gap law. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MNGS, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Cox, JL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MNGS, 101 W Eglin Blvd Suite 287, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. OI Perram, Glen/0000-0002-4417-3929 NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4370-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4631 BP 244 EP 253 DI 10.1117/12.465784 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU69Y UT WOS:000176733500025 ER PT J AU Naranyani, RI Brady, C AF Naranyani, RI Brady, C TI GI bleeding from ileocecal Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA. RP Naranyani, RI (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0016-5107 J9 GASTROINTEST ENDOSC JI Gastrointest. Endosc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1 BP 83 EP 83 DI 10.1067/mge.2002.118960 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 509TN UT WOS:000173165900020 PM 11756924 ER PT J AU Couture, F AF Couture, F TI Telecommuting and virtual offices: Issues & opportunities SO GOVERNMENT INFORMATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Book Review C1 Pope AFB Lib, Pope AFB, NC 28308 USA. RP Couture, F (reprint author), Pope AFB Lib, 396 Son St, Pope AFB, NC 28308 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0740-624X J9 GOV INFORM Q JI Gov. Inf. Q. PY 2002 VL 19 IS 4 BP 430 EP 431 AR PII S0740-624X(02)00125-9 DI 10.1016/S0740-624X(02)00125-9 PG 2 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 633LT UT WOS:000180285300008 ER PT J AU Stokes, GN Shelton, JB Zahn, CM Kendall, BS AF Stokes, GN Shelton, JB Zahn, CM Kendall, BS TI Association of CD44 isoform immunohistochemical expression with myometrial and vascular invasion in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma SO GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE uterus; endometrial carcinoma; invasion; cell adhesion molecule; CD44v6 ID CELL-ADHESION MOLECULE; TUMOR PROGRESSION; VARIANT ISOFORMS; PROGNOSTIC VALUE; CANCER; METASTASIS AB Objective. Appropriate clinical management of cases of FIGO Grade I and 11 endometrial carcinoma relies heavily on the determination of myometrial invasion (MI). There are no reports addressing expression of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 in the subset of Grade I and II endometrioid carcinoma (EC) as it relates to prognosis, including MI. Methods. Immunohistochemical staining for CD44s and CD44v6 was evaluated in 40 hysterectomy specimens with Grade I and 11 EC, including 11 noninvasive ECs, 14 with MI < 50% of myometrial thickness, and 15 with deep invasion (MI >50%). Staining characteristics according to the presence of MI and vascular space invasion (VSI) were evaluated. Strong membranous staining of > 10% of tumor cells was interpreted as positive. Results. CD44v6 staining was positive in 20% (8/40) of cases, including 45% (5/11) of EC without MI but only 10% (3/29) with MI (P = 0.025). CD44v6 staining was not present in deeply invasive tumors (0/15), while it was present in 8/25 superficially or noninvasive tumors (P = 0.016). Sensitivity and specificity were 25 and 100%, respectively, using CD44v6 in evaluating deep myometrial invasion. CD44s showed a trend toward positive staining when comparing noninvasive versus invasive tumors and noninvasive/superficially invasive versus deeply invasive tumors (P = 0.08 and 0.12, respectively). CD44s or CD44v6 staining was highly specific for absence of VSI, although statistical comparison did not reach significance. Conclusion. Deeply invasive EC was associated with a consistent lack of CD44v6 expression. This may have potential clinical utility if this finding is demonstrated in further study of prehysterectomy sampling specimens containing EC. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Third Med Grp, Dept Pathol, Elmendorf AFB, AK 99506 USA. Brooke Army Med Ctr, Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. RP Kendall, BS (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0090-8258 J9 GYNECOL ONCOL JI Gynecol. Oncol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 84 IS 1 BP 58 EP 61 DI 10.1006/gyno.2001.6770 PG 4 WC Oncology; Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Oncology; Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 510UL UT WOS:000173225600011 PM 11748977 ER PT S AU Marasco, PL AF Marasco, PL BE Rash, CE Reese, CE TI The impact of helmet-mounted display visor spectral characteristics on visual performance SO HELMET- AND HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE helmet-mounted display; HMD; visor; visual performance; coatings AB Visors are an important component in modern helmet-mounted displays (HMDs). In addition to their more conventional use as eye protection, they can be used as the final element in the optical system that relays visual information to the observer. To enhance their usefulness as the final optical element (as a beam splitter or "image combiner"), visors are sometimes coated to increase their reflectivity and improve the efficiency of the optics. However, pilots often object to the addition of reflective patches, indicating, among other reasons, that they decrease observed target contrast and, therefore, decrease target detection range. This paper will examine the impact of the additional reflective coating on visual performance through a helmet-mounted display visor. It will propose design parameters based on the spectral nature of the coating that might make it more useful to both the M 413 designer and to the HMD wearer. Finally, this paper will examine visual phenomena that may affect visual performance through a coated visor. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, AFRL,HECV, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Marasco, PL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, AFRL,HECV, 2255 H St,Bldg 248,Rm 300, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Peter.Marasco@wpafb.af.mil NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4461-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4711 BP 174 EP 184 DI 10.1117/12.478869 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18C UT WOS:000178074000017 ER PT S AU Angel, SDP Franck, DL AF Angel, SDP Franck, DL BE Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Aircrew acceptance of fixed-focus eyepieces for night vision goggles by NVG-wearing aircrew SO HELMET- AND HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE diopter; night vision goggles (NVG); field of view (FOV) AB The wide field of view night vision goggles (WNVG) are the next generation of night vision goggles (NVGs). They have a significantly increased horizontal field of view and a weight similar to the current AN/AVS-9, which only has a 40 degree circular field-of-view (FOV). Due to complicated optics and weight issues, the WNVG will have a fixed-focus eyepiece; this is different from the AN/AVS-9 (Figure 1), which has a continuously adjustable +2.0 to -6.0 diopter (D) range for each eyepiece. Site visits were made to several Special Operations Squadrons to survey aircrew members about the WNVG with a fixed-focus eyepiece and optional clip-on lenses. This paper addresses aircrew acceptance of the use of snap-on/helper lenses in place of continuously adjustable eyepieces. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Angel, SDP (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4461-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4711 BP 185 EP 193 DI 10.1117/12.478870 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18C UT WOS:000178074000018 ER PT S AU Jenkins, JC Reis, GA Havig, PR Geiselman, EE AF Jenkins, JC Reis, GA Havig, PR Geiselman, EE BE Rash, CE Reese, CE TI An evaluation of off-boresight helmet-mounted display symbology formats for interpretation of ownship status information SO HELMET- AND HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE helmet-mounted display; symbology; flight reference; off-boresight AB Three variations of the non-distributed flight reference (NDFR) off-boresight helmet-mounted display (HMD) symbology were evaluated along with the Mil-Std-1787C HUD symbology and an off-boresight HMD symbology called the Visually Coupled Acquisition and Targeting System (VCATS), for interpretation of ownship status information. Using twenty predetermined flight path segments lasting 3 to 5 seconds each, the NDFR, NDFR plus climb-dive angle reference, mini-arc NDFR, Standard HUD, and VCATS symbologies were compared for recall of ownship status information. Twelve military or civilian rated pilots participated. Pilots viewed all five symbology formats with ownship status information recalled at the end of each flight path. Pilots provided feedback of ownship status using a free recall methodology. Mil-Std-1787C HUD served as the baseline measure of comparison with the primary comparison of interest being the off-boresight HMD symbology formats. The study's aim was to evaluate the baseline NDFR format along with alternate symbology designs to arrive at an HMD symbology for off-boresight applications that is highly usable in terms of awareness of aircraft state and orientation. The results of the study showed that, although no single NDFR format proved best-for all information categories, taken as a group, the NDFR symbology proved to be the preferred symbology format for the information categories investigated. The NDFR format equaled recall performance for Standard HUD and outperformed or equaled the VCATS off-boresight symbology. Further evaluation of the NDFR concept is planned using pilot-in-the-loop HMD simulations evaluating modifications to the NDFR for trend information and attitude determination and investigating display compatibility with the virtual HUD concept. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jenkins, JC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4461-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4711 BP 328 EP 340 DI 10.1117/12.478884 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18C UT WOS:000178074000030 ER PT S AU Jenkins, JC Thurling, AJ Havig, PR Geiselman, EE AF Jenkins, JC Thurling, AJ Havig, PR Geiselman, EE BE Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Flight test evaluation of the non-distributed flight reference off-boresight helmet-mounted display symbology SO HELMET- AND HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE helmet-mounted display; symbology; unusual attitude; flight reference; off-boresight AB The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has been working to optimize helmet-mounted display (HMD) symbology for off-boresight use. One candidate symbology is called the non-distributed flight reference (NDFR). NDFR symbology allows ownship status information to be directly referenced from the HMD regardless of pilot line of sight. The symbology is designed to aid pilot maintenance of aircraft state awareness during the performance of off-boresight tasks such as air-to-ground and air-to-air target acquisition. Previous HMD symbology research has shown that pilots spend longer periods of time off-boresight when using an HMD and therefore less time referencing primary displays in the aircraft cockpit. NDFR may provide needed information for the pilot to safely spend longer periods of search time off-boresight. Recently, NDFR was flight tested by the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, CA, aboard the VISTA F-16 (Variable Stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft) during operationally representative air-to-air and air-to-ground tasks, as well as unusual attitude recoveries. The Mil-Std-178713 head-up display (HUD) symbology and another off-boresight HMD symbology called the Visually Coupled Acquisition and Targeting System (VCATS) were evaluated as comparison symbol sets. The results of the flight test indicate a clear performance advantage afforded by the use of off-boresight symbology compared to HUD use alone. There was a significant increase in the amount of time pilots looked off-boresight with both the NDFR and VCATS symbologies. With the NDFR, this increase was achieved without an associated primary task performance tradeoff. This was true for both air-to-ground and air-to-air tasks. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jenkins, JC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4461-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4711 BP 341 EP 355 DI 10.1117/12.478885 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18C UT WOS:000178074000031 ER PT S AU Martinsen, GL Havig, PR Heft, EL LaCreta, JM Post, DL AF Martinsen, GL Havig, PR Heft, EL LaCreta, JM Post, DL BE Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Luminance contrast requirements for colored symbols in helmet-mounted displays SO HELMET- AND HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE luminance contrast ratio; helmet-mounted display; color recognition; legibility AB Previously, we presented an experiment in which we defined minimum, but I not sufficient, luminance contrast ratios for color recognition and legibility for helmet-mounted display (HMD) use(1). In that experiment, observers made a subjective judgment of their ability to recognize a color by stopping the incremental increase in contrast ratio of a static display. For some target color/background combinations, there were extremely high error rates and in these cases sufficient contrast ratios were not achieved. In the present experiment, we randomly presented one of three target colors on one of five backgrounds. The contrast ratio of the target on the background ranged from 1.025:1 up to 1.3:1 in steps of 0.025. As before, we found that observers could accurately identify the target colors at very low contrast ratios. In addition, we defined the range in which color recognition and legibility became sufficient (greater than or equal to95% correct). In a second experiment we investigated how well observers did when more than one color appeared in the symbology at one time. This allowed observers to compare target colors against each other on the five backgrounds. We discuss our results in terms of luminance contrast ratio requirements for both color recognition as well as legibility in HMDs. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Martinsen, GL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4461-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4711 BP 356 EP 364 DI 10.1117/12.478886 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18C UT WOS:000178074000032 ER PT S AU Havig, PR Jenkins, JC Geiselman, EE AF Havig, PR Jenkins, JC Geiselman, EE BE Rash, CE Reese, CE TI A comparison of HMD ownship status symbology and frame of reference orientation during two aircraft control tasks SO HELMET- AND HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE helmet-mounted display; symbology; attitude; flight reference; off-boresight ID HELMET; SYSTEM AB Recent technological advances allow symbology to be displayed on the pilot's visor. A major benefit of this is that the pilot will be able to take this information with them when they look off-boresight. However, when looking off-boresight the question arises as to what is the best orientation, or frame of reference, for attitude symbology against the horizon (i.e., forward or line-of-sight) in order to maximize interpretation and performance. This study tested five different symbologies (standard HUD, visually coupled acquisition and targeting symbology, arc segmented attitude reference, theta ball, and non-distributed flight reference) of which three have both forward and line-of-sight orientations. The experiment consisted of two different tasks, with the pilots performing either facing the monitor or rotated 90degrees and looking over their shoulder (off-boresight). In the first task, pilots maintained straight and level flight with simulated turbulence. The second task had pilots interpret a static representation of their attitude and respond via a key press, and then the display went live and they had to fly to a new commanded attitude. This second task was similar to a recovery from unusual attitude methodology, except the end. p state was never straight and level. Instead, a second unknown end state attitude was commanded by the experiment. Results indicate that performance is better when the symbology is forward as opposed to line-of-sight referenced. Further, performance was best in both tasks for the non-distributed flight reference. We discuss these results in terms of implications for helmet-mounted display symbology design. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Havig, PR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4461-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4711 BP 365 EP 376 DI 10.1117/12.478887 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18C UT WOS:000178074000033 ER PT S AU Lamberson, SE AF Lamberson, SE BE Phipps, CR TI The Airborne Laser SO HIGH-POWER LASER ABLATION IV, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Power Laser Ablation IV CY APR 22-26, 2002 CL TAOS, NM SP SPIE, Los Alamos Natl Lab, USAF Windows Sci Program DE ABL; beam control; fire control; high energy lasers; illuminator lasers AB The US Air Force Airborne Laser (ABL) is an airborne, megawatt-class laser system with a state-of-the-art atmospheric compensation system to destroy enemy ballistic missiles at long ranges. This system will provide both deterrence and defense against the use of such weapons during conflicts. This paper provides an overview of the ABL weapon system including: the notional operational concept, the development approach and schedule, the overall aircraft configuration, the technologies being incorporated in the ABL, and the risk reduction approach being utilized to ensure program success. C1 USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Airborne Laser Syst Program Off, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Lamberson, SE (reprint author), USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Airborne Laser Syst Program Off, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4524-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4760 BP 25 EP 33 DI 10.1117/12.482116 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV52U UT WOS:000179254400004 ER PT S AU Wisniewski, CF Manke, GC Hager, GD Crowell, PG Truman, CR AF Wisniewski, CF Manke, GC Hager, GD Crowell, PG Truman, CR BE Phipps, CR TI Tunable diode laser gain measurements of the HF(2-0) overtone transitions in a small scale HF laser SO HIGH-POWER LASER ABLATION IV, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Power Laser Ablation IV CY APR 22-26, 2002 CL TAOS, NM SP SPIE, Los Alamos Natl Lab, USAF Windows Sci Program ID 1.315 MU-M; CHEMICAL-LASER; IODINE; BAND; FLOW AB A turnable diode laser was used to probe the overtone gain medium of a small-scale HF laser. Two-dimensional, spatially resolved small signal gain and temperature maps were generated for the P(3) ro-vibrational transition in the first HF overtone band. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Wisniewski, CF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4524-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4760 BP 526 EP 536 DI 10.1117/12.482124 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV52U UT WOS:000179254400057 ER PT S AU Larson, CW Mead, FB Kalliomaa, WM AF Larson, CW Mead, FB Kalliomaa, WM BE Phipps, CR TI Energy conversion in laser propulsion III SO HIGH-POWER LASER ABLATION IV, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Power Laser Ablation IV CY APR 22-26, 2002 CL TAOS, NM SP SPIE, Los Alamos Natl Lab, USAF Windows Sci Program DE laser propulsion; plasma propulsion; laser ablation; lightcraft; high power laser; carbon dioxide laser; air plasma; Delrin; plug nozzle; aerospike AB Conversion of pulses Of CO2 laser energy (18 microsecond pulses) to propellant kinetic energy was studied in a Myrabo Laser Lightcraft (MLL) operating with laser heated STP air and laser ablated delrin propellants. The MLL incorporates an inverted parabolic reflector that focuses laser energy into a toroidal volume where it is absorbed by a unit of propellant mass that subsequently expands in the geometry of the plug nozzle aerospike. With Delrin propellant, measurements of the coupling coefficients and the ablated mass as a function of laser pulse energy showed that the efficiency of conversion of laser energy to propellant kinetic energy was similar to 54%. With STP air, direct experimental measurement of efficiency was not possible because the propellant mass associated with measured coupling coefficients was not known. Thermodynamics predicted that the upper limit of the efficiency of conversion of the internal energy of laser heated air to jet kinetic energy, a, is similar to 0.30 for EQUILIBRIUM expansion to I bar pressure. For FROZEN expansion alpha similar to 0.27. These upper limit efficiencies are nearly independent of the initial specific energy from I to 110 MJ/kg. With heating of air at its Mach 5 stagnation density (5.9 kg/m(3) as compared to STP air density of 1.18 kg/m(3)) these efficiencies increase to about 0.55 (equilibrium) and 0.45 (frozen). Optimum blowdown from 1.18 kg/m(3) to I bar occurs with expansion ratios similar to 1.5 to 4 as internal energy increases from I to 100 MJ/kg. Optimum expansion from the higher density state requires larger expansion ratios, 8 to 32. Expansion of laser ablated Delrin propellant appears to convert the absorbed laser energy more efficiently to jet kinetic energy because the effective density of the ablated gaseous Delrin is significantly greater than that of STP air. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Larson, CW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4524-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4760 BP 887 EP 898 DI 10.1117/12.482043 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV52U UT WOS:000179254400090 ER PT S AU Restaino, SR Baker, JT Payne, D AF Restaino, SR Baker, JT Payne, D BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Gruneisen, MT TI New liquid crystal devices for adaptive optics SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Controls - Methods, Devices, and Applications III CY AUG 01-03, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID WAVE-FRONT CORRECTION; PHASE MODULATOR; LIGHT; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEM AB The idea of using liquid crystal as adaptive optics components has been proposed by several authors. In recent years a vigorous research effort has been carried out, and it is still flourishing, in several countries. Mainly the research and experimental work has been concentrated in US, U.K. and Russia. There are several reasons why liquid crystal may represent a valid alternative to he traditional deformable mirror technology that has been used for the past two decades or so. The main attractiveness of LC is resides in the cost. Current deformable minor technology has a range of price going from $2K to $15K per channel. LC technology promises to be at leas a couple of order of magnitude cheaper. Other reasons are connected with reliability, tow power consumption and with a huge technological momentum based on a wide variety of industrial applications. In this paper I present some of the experimental results of a 5 years, on going, research effort at the Air Force Research Lab. Most of the work has been on the development of suitable devices with extremely high optical quality, individually addressable pixels, fast switching time. The bulk of the work has been concentrated in the arena of the untwisted nematic material. However new devices are now under development using dual-frequency nematic material and high tilt angle ferroelectric material. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Restaino, SR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4207-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4493 BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1117/12.454726 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU20Q UT WOS:000175311500006 ER PT S AU Hall, HJ Magee, EP Cowan, WD AF Hall, HJ Magee, EP Cowan, WD BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Gruneisen, MT TI Control of line-addressable micromirror phase arrays using electromechanical bistability SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Controls - Methods, Devices, and Applications III CY AUG 01-03, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE micromirror arrays; MEMs; electromechanical bistability; line-addressing; SUMMiT; MUMPs ID LIGHT-MODULATOR AB This research involves the design and implementation of a complete line-addressable control system for a 3202 electrostatic piston-actuated micromirror array device. Line addressing reduces the number of control lines from N-2 to 2N making it possible to design larger arrays and arrays with smaller element sizes. The system utilizes the electromechanical bistability of individual elements to hold arbitrary bistable phase patterns, a technique previously used on tilt arrays. The control system applies pulse width modulated (PWM) signals to the rows and columns of the device to generate a static phase pattern across the array. Three modes of operation are considered and built into the system. The first is the traditional signal scheme which requires the array to be reset before a new pattern can be applied. The second is an original scheme that allows dynamic switching between bistable patterns. The third and final mode considered is an effective voltage ramp across the device by operating above mechanical cutoff. Device characterization and control system testing are conducted on samples from two different foundry processes. The test results showed that the control system was successfully integrated, however individual bistable control was not successfully demonstrated on the micromirror arrays tested. The inability to demonstrate bistable control is attributed to flaws in the device and variations in snap-down voltage with the application of PWM signals below mechanical cutoff. Methods to correct these flaws for a future redesigned line-addressable device are proposed. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hall, HJ (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4207-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4493 BP 129 EP 140 DI 10.1117/12.454705 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU20Q UT WOS:000175311500016 ER PT S AU Marker, DK Patrick, B Rotge, J Gierow, P AF Marker, DK Patrick, B Rotge, J Gierow, P BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Gruneisen, MT TI Net-shape polymer mirrors SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Controls - Methods, Devices, and Applications III CY AUG 01-03, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID DYNAMIC ABERRATIONS; MEMBRANE OPTICS AB The Directed Energy Directorate is developing a large space-based optical membrane telescope. The goal is to develop technologies that will enable 20-meter, or greater, diameter telescopes, with areal densities of less than 1 kilogram per square meter. The challenges include the development of a new material process that dramatically improves the optical quality of available films, choosing a process that is conceivably scalable to these larger diameters, and designing new structural concepts to meet surface accuracy requirements and areal density restrictions. A significant part of the realization of these goals relies on the development of a stress-coated net-shape film. A stress-coated net-shape film is a bilaminate system comprised of a pre-shaped polymer substrate coated with a compressive dielectric coating. This article is restricted to a discussion of surface data information on a 40-centimeter diameter, 10 Mm thick, uncoated net-shape film. Passively forming these films to a near final shape (i.e. net-shape) will reduce the force, power, and range burden of the actuation system required to acquire and maintain the optical figure. Additionally, passively maintaining the form of these film structures will reduce the stiffness requirements of the supporting structure. The union of the polymer substrate and dielectric coating is still under development and will be reported on at a later date. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Marker, DK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4207-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4493 BP 212 EP 215 DI 10.1117/12.492508 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU20Q UT WOS:000175311500026 ER PT S AU Gruneisen, MT Martinez, T Lubin, DL AF Gruneisen, MT Martinez, T Lubin, DL BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Gruneisen, MT TI Dynamic holography for high-dynamic-range two-dimensional laser wavefront control SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Controls - Methods, Devices, and Applications III CY AUG 01-03, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; computer-generated holography; nonmechanical beam steering; laser wavefront control AB "Dynamic holography is demonstrated as a technique for high-dynamic-range, multi-function laser wavefront control. In this paper, we describe three variations for hologram generation and display. These include all-optical holography for severe aberration compensation, computer-processed holography for high-optical-efficiency severe aberration compensation and computer-generated holography for multi-function laser wavefront control including dynamic tip, tilt, focus and aberration control. A prototype hologram display system operates with total optical efficiencies up to 93% and with refresh rates on the order of 10 Hz. The prototype system has resolution sufficient to introduce about 200 waves of diffractive wavefront control at 532 rim optical wavelength." C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Gruneisen, MT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4207-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4493 BP 224 EP 238 DI 10.1117/12.454718 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU20Q UT WOS:000175311500028 ER PT S AU Restaino, SR Martinez, T Andrews, JR Teare, SW AF Restaino, SR Martinez, T Andrews, JR Teare, SW BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Restaino, SR Tyson, R TI On the characterization of Large Format LC devices for adaptive and active optics. SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS IV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices and Applications IV CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol ID CRYSTAL PHASE MODULATOR; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEM AB The idea of using liquid crystal devices as an adaptive optics component has been proposed by several authors. In recent years a vigorous research effort has been carried out, and it is still flourishing, in several countries. Mainly the research and experimental work has been concentrated in the USA, U.K. and Russia. There are several reasons why liquid crystals may represent a valid alternative to the traditional deformable mirror technology that has been used for the past two decades or so. The main attractiveness of LC resides in the cost. Current deformable mirror technology has a range of price going from $2K to $15K per channel. LC technology promises to be at least a couple of orders of magnitude cheaper. Other reasons are connected with reliability, low power consumption and with a huge technological momentum based on a wide variety of industrial applications: In this paper we present some preliminary characterizations of a new, large format device. Such devices have the potential for extremely high-resolution wave-front control due to the over 10,000 corrective elements. The characterization of the device, so far, consists of measurements of the overall optical quality and of the phase control relationship. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Restaino, SR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Code 7215, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4593-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4825 BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1117/12.457853 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV91Q UT WOS:000180379800006 ER PT S AU Gruneisen, MT Dymale, RC Rotge, JR Lubin, DL AF Gruneisen, MT Dymale, RC Rotge, JR Lubin, DL BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Restaino, SR Tyson, R TI Near-diffraction-limited compensated imaging and laser wavefront control with programmable diffractive optics SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices and Applications IV CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE adaptive optics; diffractive optics; computer-generated holography; compensated imaging; laser wavefront control; non-mechanical beam steering ID HOLOGRAPHIC COMPENSATION AB "A prototype programmable diffractive optics system demonstrates large aberration compensation and versatile laser wavefront control. This high-resolution phase modulator compensates large aberrations with high fidelity and high-optical efficiency via modulo-2pi phase subtraction. Demonstrations include compensated imaging with monochromatic light, laser beam steering with aberration compensation, and both on-axis and off-axis aberration compensation in a telescope system. Compensated wavefront fidelities approach the diffraction limit." C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Gruneisen, MT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4593-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4825 BP 147 EP 157 DI 10.1117/12.453883 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV91Q UT WOS:000180379800018 ER PT S AU Gruneisen, MT Rotge, JR Dymale, RC Lubin, DL AF Gruneisen, MT Rotge, JR Dymale, RC Lubin, DL BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Restaino, SR Tyson, R TI Programmable diffractive optics for high-fidelity wavefront control SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices and Applications IV CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE adaptive optics; computer-generated holography; non-mechanical beam steering; laser wavefront control; diffractive optics ID SPATIAL LIGHT-MODULATOR; HOLOGRAPHIC COMPENSATION; EFFICIENCY; GRATINGS; SYSTEMS AB "High-fidelity wavefront control is demonstrated via programmable modulo-2pi two-dimensional phase profiles displayed on a high-resolution computer-addressable phase modulator system. This prototype setup operates with 307,200 independently addressable elements and a fill-factor and interpixel influence function that are controlled via spatial filtering in a Fourier plane. Nonlinearities in the phase response are compensated computationally. Aberration compensation with better than 1/4-wave peak-to-peak fidelity is demonstrated." C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Gruneisen, MT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4593-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4825 BP 166 EP 176 DI 10.1117/12.453489 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV91Q UT WOS:000180379800020 ER PT S AU Rhoadarmer, TA Barchers, JD AF Rhoadarmer, TA Barchers, JD BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Restaino, SR Tyson, R TI Noise analysis for complex field estimation using a self-referencing interferometer wave front sensor SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices and Applications IV CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE adaptive optics; interferometers; scintillation; wave front sensors ID PHASE; RECONSTRUCTION; TURBULENCE; COMPONENTS; OPTICS AB A noise analysis is presented for complex field estimation using a self-referencing interferometer wave front sensor with an amplified reference. The wave front sensor is constructed from a phase-shifting, point diffraction interferometer. The reference field is created by coupling a part of the incident wave front into a single mode fiber where it is optically amplified. The noise characteristics of this wave front sensor are examined in terms of the field estimation Strehl. The effects of several system parameters are examined-shot noise, read noise, quantization noise, spontaneous emission from the amplifier, the relative intensities of the signal and reference fields, and temporal phase shifting. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Rhoadarmer, TA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4593-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4825 BP 215 EP 227 DI 10.1117/12.450472 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV91Q UT WOS:000180379800025 ER PT S AU Rogers, KL Barchers, JD AF Rogers, KL Barchers, JD BE Gonglewski, JD Vorontsov, MA Restaino, SR Tyson, R TI Evaluation of the use of a first order finite element model for modeling of a continuous facesheet deformable mirror SO HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVEFRONT CONTROL: METHODS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Resolution Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices and Applications IV CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE adaptive optics; deformable mirrors AB A calibration procedure is described for improved modeling of a continuous facesheet deformable mirror. A resistive force of each actuator as it attempts to move to its commanded position is modeled as a linear spring force. A force associated with the resistance of the facesheet to bending is modeled as a moment that exerts a force on the actuators. The resultant first order finite element model is parameterized by a gain on each actuator channel and a ratio relating the average actuator spring constant and the facesheet bending moment coefficient. Example experimental results are presented indicating that modeling accuracy is improved by use of the first order finite element model. C1 USAF, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Rogers, KL (reprint author), USAF, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4593-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4825 BP 257 EP 263 DI 10.1117/12.454636 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV91Q UT WOS:000180379800029 ER PT S AU Andersen, G Knize, RJ Palisoc, A Cassapakis, C AF Andersen, G Knize, RJ Palisoc, A Cassapakis, C BE MacEwen, HA TI Large diameter, holographically corrected membrane telescope SO HIGHLY INNOVATIVE SPACE TELESCOPE CONCEPTS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Highly Innovative Space Telescope Concepts CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE, Int Commiss Opt, Amer Astron Soc, European SO Observ, Int Astron Union DE next generation space telescope; lightweight mirrors; holography; telescope design; aberrations ID TECHNOLOGY; MIRROR AB Next generation space telescopes with apertures >10m will require novel technologies to permit lightweight primaries to operate at the diffraction limit in the optical regime. One solution is to construct a telescope from a lightweight, membrane primary, which is holographically corrected for surface distortions, in situ. We have demonstrated the correction of >10,000 waves of error in a 1-m diameter primary having an areal mass of just 17 grams per square meter. C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Andersen, G (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4628-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4849 BP 348 EP 355 DI 10.1117/12.460451 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV96Y UT WOS:000180549200035 ER PT S AU Foshee, JJ Tang, SN Colegrove, J AF Foshee, JJ Tang, SN Colegrove, J BE Hsu, D Chen, J Sheng, YL TI Holographically-formed photonic polymers and their optoelectronic applications SO HOLOGRAPHY, DIFFRACTIVE OPTICS, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Holography, Diffractive Optics and Applications CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Opt Soc ID CIRCUITS; DIVISION; DEVICES; OPTICS AB Photonic polymers exhibit many unique properties that are particularly useful for producing the next generation of optoelectronic integrated circuits. These micro-structured materials that can be effectively formed by using holographic technology contain a periodically modulated dielectric constant on a length scale comparable to the wavelength of light. In this paper, we will present some of our research progress in forming unique photonic polymers using holographic technology and its novel applications in optical true-time-delay circuits, optical clock signal distribution circuits, and micro-scale wavelength division de-multiplexers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Foshee, JJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4713-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4924 BP 95 EP 105 DI 10.1117/12.481516 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV65C UT WOS:000179640100015 ER PT J AU Ree, MJ Carretta, TR AF Ree, MJ Carretta, TR TI g2K SO HUMAN PERFORMANCE LA English DT Review ID JOB-PERFORMANCE; BRAIN SIZE; PSYCHOMOTOR ABILITIES; COGNITIVE-ABILITY; RANGE RESTRICTION; INTELLIGENCE; VALIDITY; TESTS; FORCE; KNOWLEDGE AB To answer the questions posed by the organizers of the millennial debate on g, or general cognitive ability, we begin by briefly reviewing its history. We tackle the question of what g is by addressing g as a psychometric score and examining its psychological and physiological correlates. Then tacit knowledge and other non-g characteristics are discussed. Next, we review the practical utility of g in personnel selection and conclude by explaining its importance to both organizations and individuals. C1 Our Lady Lake Univ, Ctr Leadership Studies, San Antonio, TX 78207 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ree, MJ (reprint author), Our Lady Lake Univ, Ctr Leadership Studies, 411 S W 24th St, San Antonio, TX 78207 USA. NR 104 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0895-9285 J9 HUM PERFORM JI Hum. Perform. PY 2002 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 23 PG 21 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 557RC UT WOS:000175920700002 ER PT J AU Chen, G Webber, SS Bliese, PD Mathieu, JE Payne, SC Born, DH Zaccaro, SJ AF Chen, G Webber, SS Bliese, PD Mathieu, JE Payne, SC Born, DH Zaccaro, SJ TI Simultaneous examination of the antecedents and consequences of efficacy beliefs at multiple levels of analysis SO HUMAN PERFORMANCE LA English DT Article ID WORK-RELATED PERFORMANCE; SELF-EFFICACY; TEAM EFFECTIVENESS; ORGANIZATIONAL-BEHAVIOR; PERSONALITY; ORIENTATION; ACHIEVEMENT; MULTILEVEL; ABILITY; CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AB Theoretical models have assumed that efficacy beliefs operate similarly (i.e., are homologous) across levels of analysis (e.g., Lindsley, Brass, & Thomas, 1995), yet limited empirical support exists to confirm this supposition. This research empirically tested a multilevel model to determine if individual-level and team-level relations involving experience, achievement motivation, efficacy beliefs, and performance are in fact homologous across levels. Members of action teams in both lab and field settings completed measures assessing individual differences and efficacy beliefs. Subsequent ratings of individual performance and objective team performance were obtained following multiple performance episodes. Results revealed both similarities and dissimilarities between individual-level and team-level antecedents and consequences of efficacy beliefs, suggesting the assumption of homology in models of efficacy beliefs should be revisited. Contributions and implications to efficacy research and other multilevel research are discussed. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Concordia Univ, Dept Management, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Management, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Psychol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Psychol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Chen, G (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NR 69 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0895-9285 J9 HUM PERFORM JI Hum. Perform. PY 2002 VL 15 IS 4 BP 381 EP 409 DI 10.1207/S15327043HUP1504_05 PG 29 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 606EM UT WOS:000178721100005 ER PT S AU Heath, TS Robertson, MA Keller, JG Howlett, TB AF Heath, TS Robertson, MA Keller, JG Howlett, TB BE Casasent, DP Tescher, AG TI Segmentation of MPEG-2 motion imagery within the compressed domain SO HYBRID IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hybrid Image and Signal Processing VIII CY APR 04, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE MPEG-2 segmentation; motion imagery segmentation; motion imagery exploitation; airborne surveillance; scene change detection ID VIDEO AB Temporal segmentation of video in the compressed domain is becoming increasingly popular due to its computational advantages over video decompression followed by pixel-domain segmentation. This paper discusses the advantages of compressed-domain processing, and proposes a computationally-efficient method of detecting scene changes without reconstructing the video. The target application provides requirements that allow the algorithm to avoid complicated processing that searches for unnatural scenes changes such as dissolves, fades, and wipes that are common studio effects. The paper provides experimental results to demonstrate operation of the algorithm on real data. C1 Northrop Grumman Informat Technol, Rome, NY USA. RP Robertson, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFEC, 32 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4485-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4735 BP 13 EP 21 DI 10.1117/12.470108 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV08P UT WOS:000177781400002 ER PT J AU Agee, FJ AF Agee, FJ TI Review of induced gamma emission and gamma-ray laser research SO HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd AFOSR Isomer Workshop held in conjunction with the 24th International Conference on LASERS 01 CY DEC, 2001 CL TUCSON, AZ DE gamma-ray laser; spin isomers; induced gamma emission; k-mixing ID ISOMER; DEEXCITATION; TA-180(M); HF-178 AB Induced gamma emission with the potential for substantial energy gain is an exciting area of research. This paper reviews related work done internationally, including some that has potential for a gamma-ray laser. C1 USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Agee, FJ (reprint author), USAF, Off Sci Res, 801 N Randolph St,Rm 732, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3843 J9 HYPERFINE INTERACT JI Hyperfine Interact. PY 2002 VL 143 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1023/A:1024065030535 PG 6 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 688QZ UT WOS:000183448500002 ER PT J AU Agee, FJ Carroll, JJ Rivlin, LA Vuletic, V AF Agee, FJ Carroll, JJ Rivlin, LA Vuletic, V TI Proposal for observation of a hidden nuclear population inversion SO HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd AFOSR Isomer Workshop held in conjunction with the 24th International Conference on LASERS 01 CY DEC, 2001 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA DE recoil-assisted nuclear gamma-lasing; laser cooling of atoms ID GAMMA AB Observation of a hidden nuclear population inversion, as a precursive experimental proof of the concept of recoil-assisted gamma-ray lasing, can be accomplished by pure optical methods due to spectral shift of atomic transitions. This paper presents numerical estimates and a proposal for such a proof-of-principle experiment. C1 USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Youngstown State Univ, Ctr Photon Induced Proc, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. MIREA Tech Univ, Moscow 117454, Russia. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Agee, FJ (reprint author), USAF, Off Sci Res, NE 801 N Randolph St, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3843 J9 HYPERFINE INTERACT JI Hyperfine Interact. PY 2002 VL 143 IS 1-4 BP 7 EP 11 DI 10.1023/A:1024021331444 PG 5 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 688QZ UT WOS:000183448500003 ER PT J AU Carroll, JJ Burnett, J Drummond, T Lepak, J Propri, R Smith, D Karamian, SA Adam, J Stedile, F Agee, FJ AF Carroll, JJ Burnett, J Drummond, T Lepak, J Propri, R Smith, D Karamian, SA Adam, J Stedile, F Agee, FJ TI Initial search for triggered gamma emission from Hf-178(m2) using the YSU miniball array SO HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd AFOSR Isomer Workshop held in conjunction with the 24th International Conference on LASERS 01 CY DEC, 2001 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA DE triggered gamma emission; Hf-178(m2); nuclear batteries; multidetector systems ID X-RAY-IRRADIATION; NUCLEAR-SPIN ISOMERS; 31-YR ISOMER; ACCELERATED EMISSION; LASER; DEEXCITATION; DEPOPULATION; EXCITATION; TA-180(M); DECAY AB Experiments with the long-lived, high-K isomer Hf-178(m2) have been recognized as intriguing tests of multi-quasiparticle state structures and their interactions with external radiation. A triggered release of the energy stored by this isomer, 2.5 MeV per nucleus or 1.2 GJ/gram, in the form of a gamma-ray burst might prove valuable for numerous applications. The observation of "accelerated" decay of Hf-178(m2) during irradiation by 90-keV bremsstrahlung has already been reported, but with poor statistical accuracy due to the experimental approach. That approach employed single Ge detectors to seek increases in the areas of peaks at energies corresponding to transitions in the spontaneous decay of the isomer. The need for better quality data to confirm those results has motivated the development of improved detection concepts. One such concept was utilized here to perform an initial search for low-energy (< 20 keV) triggered gamma emission from Hf-178(m2) using the YSU miniball detector array. C1 Youngstown State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Photon Induced Proc, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia. Univ Stuttgart, Inst Strahlenphys, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. USAF, Off Sci Res, AFOSR NE, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Carroll, JJ (reprint author), Youngstown State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Photon Induced Proc, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. RI Adam, Jindrich /G-9788-2014 NR 36 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3843 J9 HYPERFINE INTERACT JI Hyperfine Interact. PY 2002 VL 143 IS 1-4 BP 37 EP 54 DI 10.1023/A:1024033601402 PG 18 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 688QZ UT WOS:000183448500006 ER PT J AU Roberts, HE Helba, M Carroll, JJ Burnett, J Drummond, T Lepak, J Propri, R Zhong, Z Agee, FJ AF Roberts, HE Helba, M Carroll, JJ Burnett, J Drummond, T Lepak, J Propri, R Zhong, Z Agee, FJ TI Gamma spectroscopy of Hf-178m2 using synchrotron X-rays SO HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd AFOSR Isomer Workshop held in conjunction with the 24th International Conference on LASERS 01 CY DEC, 2001 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA DE Hf-178m2; nuclear isomer; isomer triggering; synchrotron radiation; gamma spectroscopy ID 31-YR ISOMER; IRRADIATION; EMISSION AB Preliminary survey experiments have been performed to examine the triggering of gamma emission from the 31-year Hf-178m2 isomer using intense monochromatic synchrotron radiation from the X15A beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Initial studies were performed to probe incident photon energies over the L-1, L-2, and L-3 X-ray edges of Hf and the 12-13 keV range. Resonances larger than the experimental minimum detectable level of 10(-25) cm(2) keV were not observed. C1 SRS Technol, Syst Technol Grp, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Youngstown State Univ, Ctr Photon Induced Proc, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Roberts, HE (reprint author), SRS Technol, Syst Technol Grp, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3843 J9 HYPERFINE INTERACT JI Hyperfine Interact. PY 2002 VL 143 IS 1-4 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1023/A:1024073315514 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 688QZ UT WOS:000183448500012 ER PT B AU Day, R Zydallis, J Lamont, G AF Day, R. Zydallis, J. Lamont, G. BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Solving the Protein Structure Prediction problem through a multiobjective genetic algorithm SO ICCN 2002: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CY APR 21-25, 2002 CL San Juan, PR SP Appl Computat Res Soc, DARPA, Amer Phys Soc, Soc Ind & Appl Math, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne, TIMA CMP Lab, Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Coll Engn, Int Assoc Math & Comp Modeling, Accelrys Inc, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo PC, Motorola, ANSYS Inc DE multiobjective optimization; energy minimization; Protein Structure Prediction problem; fast messy genetic algorithm AB The Protein Structure Prediction problem, which involves correctly predicting the geometrical conformation of a fully folded protein, is extremely difficult to solve and there currently is no "best" method of generating solutions. This paper focuses on an energy minimization technique and the use of a multiobjective genetic algorithm, the multiobjective fast messy genetic algorithm (fmGA) to obtain solutions to this problem. We extend the fmGA to generate solutions to the PSP problem as a multiobjective problem using the CHARMm energy function. Further, the results of the multiobjective fmGA formulation compare very favorably to our previous results from the single objective fmGA formulation. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Day, R (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Richard.Day@afit.edu; Jesse.Zydallis@afit.edu; Gary.Lamont@afit.edu NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9708275-6-3 PY 2002 BP 32 EP 35 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BEY39 UT WOS:000240119600010 ER PT B AU Day, R Zydallis, J Lamont, G AF Day, R. Zydallis, J. Lamont, G. BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Competitive template analysis of the fast messy Genetic Algorithm when applied to the Protein Structure Prediction problem SO ICCN 2002: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CY APR 21-25, 2002 CL San Juan, PR SP Appl Computat Res Soc, DARPA, Amer Phys Soc, Soc Ind & Appl Math, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne, TIMA CMP Lab, Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Coll Engn, Int Assoc Math & Comp Modeling, Accelrys Inc, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo PC, Motorola, ANSYS Inc DE energy minimization; Protein Structure Prediction problem; genetic algorithm; fast messy genetic algorithm AB The Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) problem is a Grand Challenge problem among biochemists, computer scientists and engineers alike. Solving this problem involves correctly predicting the geometrical conformation of a fully folded protein. This paper focuses on CHARMm energy minimization and the use of a genetic algorithm, the fast messy genetic algorithm (fmGA), to obtain solutions to this optimization problem. The fmGA is a novel algorithm that explicitly manipulates building blocks (BBs) in order to obtain "good" solutions to an optimization problem. In order to obtain these "good" solutions, fully specified competitive templates are used within the fmGA to evaluate the BBs found. This paper presents "good" results of an analysis of various competitive template schemes for the application of the fmGA to the PSP of [Met]-Enkephelin and the much larger Polyalanine peptide. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Day, R (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Richard.Day@afit.edu; Jesse.Zydallis@afit.edu; Gary.Lamont@afit.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9708275-6-3 PY 2002 BP 36 EP 39 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BEY39 UT WOS:000240119600011 ER PT J AU Chen, CL Spector, SJ Blumgold, RM Neidhard, RA Beard, WT Yost, DR Knecht, JM Chen, CK Fritze, M Cerny, CL Cook, JA Wyatt, PW Keast, CL AF Chen, CL Spector, SJ Blumgold, RM Neidhard, RA Beard, WT Yost, DR Knecht, JM Chen, CK Fritze, M Cerny, CL Cook, JA Wyatt, PW Keast, CL TI High-performance fully-depleted SOI RF CMOS SO IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE CMOS; fully-depleted SOI; low-noise Si MOSFET; microwave MOSFET; microwave T-gate FET; silicon-on-insulator; SOI ID TECHNOLOGY AB T-gate structure has been implemented in the fabrication of fully depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs. The T-gate process is fully compatible with the standard CMOS and the resulting reduction of gate-resistance significantly improved the RF performance. Measured f(max) is 76 GHz and 63 GHz for n- and p-MOSFET with 0.2-mum gate length, respectively. At 2 GHz, a minimum noise figure of 0.4 dB was measured on an n-MOSFET with the T-gate structure. C1 MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Chen, CL (reprint author), MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. NR 8 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0741-3106 J9 IEEE ELECTR DEVICE L JI IEEE Electron Device Lett. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 23 IS 1 BP 52 EP 54 DI 10.1109/55.974810 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 511JA UT WOS:000173259800018 ER PT J AU Moore, GT AF Moore, GT TI Resonant sum-frequency generation SO IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE nonlinear optics; optical frequency conversion; optical mixers; optical mixing ID CONTINUOUS-WAVE; EXTERNAL RESONATOR; NM; CONVERSION; LIB3O5; CAVITY; PHASE AB A theoretical and numerical analysis of doubly or singly resonant sum-frequency generation of two laser beams in an external cavity is presented. The plane-wave equations for three-wave mixing-as applied to Gaussian beams using a Boyd-Kleinman overlap integral-are found to give excellent agreement with 3-D numerical simulations. In many regimes of practical interest, the present theory is also in excellent agreement with earlier work of Kaneda and Kubota. In particular, the generation of 589-nm CW sodium-resonance radiation in lithium triborate using two Nd: YAG lasers is considered. Matching the photon flux of the two laser beams is generally optimal. A suitable choice of input-coupler reflectivities (decreasing as the flux level increases) results in high-efficiency conversion with acceptable tolerance to input flux imbalance. C1 USAF, Directed Energy Directorate, AFRL DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Moore, GT (reprint author), USAF, Directed Energy Directorate, AFRL DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9197 J9 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT JI IEEE J. Quantum Electron. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 BP 12 EP 18 DI 10.1109/3.973314 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 506XB UT WOS:000172996100002 ER PT B AU Webster, RT Anwar, AFM Heaton, JL Nichols, K Duncan, S AF Webster, RT Anwar, AFM Heaton, JL Nichols, K Duncan, S GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI AlGaAsSb/InGaAs/AlGaAsSb metamorphic HEMTs SO IEEE LESTER EASTMAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DEVICES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Lester Eastman Conference on High Performance Devices CY AUG 06-08, 2002 CL UNIV DELAWARE, NEWARK, DE SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Techn Soc, Off Naval Res, AF Off Sci Res, Aixtron Corp HO UNIV DELAWARE ID HIGH-ELECTRON-MOBILITY; GAAS AB Deep quantum well In0.8GGa0.2As/AlGaAsSb MHEMTs on GaAs are described. The step-graded AlGaAsSb strain-relief buffer layer provided a high-quality surface for growth of the MHEMT layers. AlGaAsSb barrier layers offer flexibility in choosing the channel composition and the barrier height. Typical Hall mobilities were 11,000 cm(2)/V-sec at 300K for carrier concentrations of 2.4 x 10(12) cm(-2). Extrinsic DC transconductance of 820 mS/mm was obtained for an MHEMT with a 0.15 mum x 64 mum gate. Typical extrinsic unity current gain cutoff, f(t), was 173 GHz with maximum frequency of oscillation, f(max), of 474 GHz. Aside from layer growth, the MHEMTs were fabricated using only small changes from conventional GaAs PHEMT processing. This technology promises affordable production costs for high performance millimeter-wave low noise amplifiers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Webster, RT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHA, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7478-9 PY 2002 BP 315 EP 323 DI 10.1109/LECHPD.2002.1146770 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BV65M UT WOS:000179659100045 ER PT J AU Douville, PL AF Douville, PL TI Measured and predicted synthetic aperture radar target comparison SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID ATR AB The DARPA Image Understanding program publicly released measured and predicted synthetic aperture radar (SAR) targets were compared by means of correlation. The training set consisted of three classes (BMP-2, T-72, and BTR-70) at 17 deg depression and 233 azimuths. The test set consisting of seven different serial-numbered targets at 15 deg depression was tested at 196 azimuths. After segmentation and normalization, each test image was correlated with all the training images to generate correlation and classification statistics. Measured correlation scores were higher and more consistent for same serial number training than variant training. The average in-class (0.837) and between-class (0.734) means for measured correlations were higher than both the average in-class (0.707) and between-class (0.675) means for predicted correlations; however, the corresponding variances for in-class (0.056) and between-class (0.048) predicted correlations were higher than in-class (0.026) and between-class (0.036) measured variances. The measured training data declared the target correctly almost 100% of the time; the T-72 and BTR-70 model-predicted data declared the target correctly 80% of the time. The correlation scores varied approximately sinusoidally with aspect. Correlation plots between a single orientation target and the entire training sets showed that a target was highly correlated at both the correct aspect angle and the correct angle rotated 180 deg. C1 SNAT, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45440 USA. RP Douville, PL (reprint author), SNAT, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45440 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9251 J9 IEEE T AERO ELEC SYS JI IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 BP 25 EP 37 DI 10.1109/7.993226 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 531KE UT WOS:000174413900003 ER PT J AU Guo, JJ Tsang, L Ding, KH Chang, ATC Chen, CT AF Guo, JJ Tsang, L Ding, KH Chang, ATC Chen, CT TI Frequency dependence of scattering by dense media of small particles based on Monte Carlo simulation of Maxwell equations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic wave scattering; Monte Carlo method; passive microwave remote sensing ID SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; QUASI-CRYSTALLINE APPROXIMATION; SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; CLASSIFICATION; SPHERES; COVER; MODEL AB The frequency dependence of extinction and scattering by geophysical medium at microwave frequencies is an important scattering topic because multifrequency measurements are used in remote sensing applications. Classical independent scattering theory states that if the particles are small, scattering is proportional to the fourth power in three-dimensional (3-D) scattering and the third power in two-dimensional (2-D) scattering. In this paper, we present Monte Carlo simulation results of dense media scattering. The dense media consists of densely packed small particles. Solutions are based on rigorous methods of generating dense media and subsequent numerical solutions of Maxwell's equation. Numerical simulations indicate that the frequency dependence of densely packed sticky particles is weaker than independent scattering. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Guo, JJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2002 VL 40 IS 1 BP 153 EP 161 DI 10.1109/36.981357 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 517VY UT WOS:000173632200014 ER PT B AU Cooley, T Anderson, GP Felde, GW Hoke, ML Ratkowski, AJ Chetwynd, JH Gardner, JA Adler-Golden, SM Matthew, MW Berk, A Bernstein, LS Acharya, PK Miller, D Lewis, P AF Cooley, T Anderson, GP Felde, GW Hoke, ML Ratkowski, AJ Chetwynd, JH Gardner, JA Adler-Golden, SM Matthew, MW Berk, A Bernstein, LS Acharya, PK Miller, D Lewis, P GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI FLAASH, a MODTRAN4-based atmospheric correction algorithm, its application and validation SO IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS: REMOTE SENSING: INTEGRATING OUR VIEW OF THE PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Waterloo, Natl Resouces Candad, Canadian Space Agcy, Environm Canada, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Natl Polar-Orbit Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technol, Int Union Radio Sci ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; MODIS; RESOLUTION; FASCODE; AEROSOL; MODEL; SKY AB Terrain categorization and target detection algorithms applied to Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI) typically operate on the measured reflectance (of sun and sky illumination) by an object or scene. Since the reflectance is a non-dimensional ratio, the reflectance by an object is nominally not affected by variations in lighting conditions. Atmospheric Correction (also referred to as Atmospheric 'Compensation', 'Characterization' etc.) Algorithms (ACAs) are used in applications of remotely sensed HSI data to correct for the effects of atmospheric propagation on measurements acquired by air and space-borne systems. The Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) algorithm is an ACA created for HSI applications in the visible through shortwave infrared (Vis-SWIR) spectral regime. FLAASH derives its 'physics-based' mathematics from MODTRAN4. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Cooley, T (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 32 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 19 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7536-X J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2002 BP 1414 EP 1418 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV48S UT WOS:000179116800462 ER PT S AU Meyer, GJ Gustafson, SC Arnold, GD AF Meyer, GJ Gustafson, SC Arnold, GD BE Dougherty, ER Astola, JT Egiazarian, KO TI Using procrustes distance and shape space for automatic target recognition SO IMAGE PROCESSING: ALGORITHMS AND SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image Processing - Algorithms and Systems CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE ATR; Kendall coordinates; Procrustes distance; target identification; shape space; similarity transforms AB Equating objects based on shape similarity (for example scaled Euclidean transformations) is often desirable to solve the Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) problem. The Procrustes distance is a metric that captures the shape of an object independent of the following transformations: translation, rotation, and scale. The Procrustes metric assumes that all objects can be represented by a set of landmarks (i.e. points), that they have the same number of points, and that the points are ordered (i.e., the exact correspondence between the points is known from one object to the next). Although this correspondence is not known for many ATR problems, computationally feasible methods for examining all possible combinations are being explored. Additionally, most objects can be mapped to a shape space where translation, rotation, and scaling are removed, and distances between object points in this space can then form another useful metric. To establish a decision boundary in any classification problem, it is essential to know the a priori probabilities in the appropriate space. This paper analyzes basic objects (triangles) in two-dimensional space to assess how a known distribution in Euclidean space maps to the shape space. Any triangles whose three coordinate points are uniformly distributed within a two-dimensional box transforms to a bivariate independent normal distribution with mean (0,0) and standard deviations of 2 in Kendall shape space (two points of the triangle are mapped to {-1/2,0} and {1/2,0}). The Central Limit Theorem proves that the limit of sums of finite variance distributions approaches the normal distribution. This is a reasonable model of the relationship between the three Euclidean coordinates relative to the single Kendall shape space coordinate. This paper establishes the relationship between different objects in the shape space and the Procrustes distance, which is an established shape metric, between these objects. Ignoring reflections (because it is a special case), the Procrustes distance is isometric to the shape space coordinates. This result demonstrates that both Kendall coordinates and Procrustes distance are useful features for ATR. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Meyer, GJ (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4407-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4667 BP 66 EP 73 DI 10.1117/12.468018 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU75K UT WOS:000176916200007 ER PT S AU Ruyten, W AF Ruyten, W BE Dougherty, ER Astola, JT Egiazarian, KO TI Subpixel localization of synthetic references in digital images by use of noncomposite and composite augmented templates SO IMAGE PROCESSING: ALGORITHMS AND SYSTEMS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image Processing - Algorithms and Systems CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE synthetic references; fiducial marks; normalized correlation; similarity measures; subpixel localization; search template; augmented template; binary targets; sampled correlation interpolation; centroiding ID MACHINE VISION; REGISTRATION; ALGORITHMS; FIDUCIALS; DESIGN AB A new method is presented for the localization of synthetic references (SRs) in digital images based on normalized correlation. An augmented search template is used, which consists not only of occupied pixel fractions of the SR, but also of derivatives of these fractions with respects to shifts along the image axes. Resulting correlation values are higher than those based on standard correlation, especially for small SRs and unfavorable subpixel displacements between template and scene. The augmented template is also used to determine the location of the SR to subpixel accuracy. The precision of this determination is affected less by systematic and random error than is the case for centroiding or sampled correlation interpolation, and can be estimated explicitly from the calculated correlation value. Numerical examples are given and the algorithm is demonstrated on data taken in wind-tunnel tests under different lighting conditions. In particular, the situation is considered in which imaged SRs display poor contrast, mixed contrast, or are affected by other experimental artifacts such as specular reflection and partial occlusion. In these cases, successful subpixel localization is accomplished by treating the template as a composite set of overlapping 3-by-3 subtemplates. C1 Sverdrup Technol Inc, Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Sverdrup Technol Inc, Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, 690 2nd St, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. EM wim.ruyten@arnold.af.mil NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4407-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4667 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1117/12.467975 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU75K UT WOS:000176916200015 ER PT S AU Gustafson, SC Claypoole, RL Magee, EP Loomis, JS AF Gustafson, SC Claypoole, RL Magee, EP Loomis, JS BE Dougherty, ER Astola, JT Egiazarian, KO TI Optimal image interpolation using local low-order surfaces SO IMAGE PROCESSING: ALGORITHMS AND SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image Processing - Algorithms and Systems CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE AB Desirable features of any digital image resolution-enhancement algorithm include exact interpolation (for "distortionless" or "lossless" processing) adjustable resolution, adjustable smoothness, and ease of computation. A given low-order polynomial surface (linear, quadratic, cubic, etc.) optimally fit by least squares to a given local neighborhood of a pixel to be interpolated can enable all of these features. For example, if the surface is cubic, if a pixel and the 5-by-5 pixel array surrounding it are selected, and if interpolation of this pixel must yield a 4-by-4 array of sub-pixels, then the 10 coefficients that define the surface may be determined by the constrained least squares solution of 25 linear equations in 10 unknowns, where each equation sets the surface value at a pixel center equal to the pixel gray value and where the constraint is that the mean of the surface values at the sub-pixel centers equals the gray value of the interpolated pixel. Note that resolution is adjustable because the interpolating surface for each pixel may be subdivided arbitrarily, that smoothness is adjustable (within each pixel) because the polynomial order and number neighboring pixels may be selected, and that the most computationally demanding operation is solving a relatively small number of simultaneous linear equations for each pixel. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Gustafson, SC (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4407-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4667 BP 157 EP 159 DI 10.1117/12.467977 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU75K UT WOS:000176916200017 ER PT S AU Meyers, JP Schott, JR Brown, SD AF Meyers, JP Schott, JR Brown, SD BE Shen, SS TI Incorporation of polarization into the DIRSIG synthetic image generation model SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry VIII CY JUL 08-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE polarization; synthetic image generation; hyperspectral; BRDF; modeling; DIRSIG AB The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Synthetic Image Generation (DIRSIG) model uses a quantitative first principles approach to generate synthetic hyperspectral imagery. This paper presents the methods used to add modeling of polarization phenomenology. The radiative transfer equations were modified to use Stokes vectors for the radiance values and Mueller matrices for the energy-matter interactions. The use of Stokes vectors enables a full polarimetric characterization of the illumination and sensor reaching radiances. The bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) module was rewritten and modularized to accommodate a variety of polarized and unpolarized BRDF models. Two new BRDF models based on Torrance-Sparrow and Beard-Maxwell were added to provide polarized BRDF estimations. The sensor polarization characteristics are modeled using Mueller matrix transformations on a per pixel basis. All polarized radiative transfer calculations are performed spectrally to preserve the hyperspectral capabilities of DIRSIG. Integration over sensor bandpasses is handled by the sensor module. C1 Rochester Inst Technol, Chester F Carlson Ctr Imaging Sci, USAF, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Meyers, JP (reprint author), Rochester Inst Technol, Chester F Carlson Ctr Imaging Sci, USAF, 54 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4584-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4816 BP 132 EP 143 DI 10.1117/12.451545 PG 12 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BV73W UT WOS:000179917000014 ER PT S AU Caefer, CE Rotman, SR Silverman, J Yip, PW AF Caefer, CE Rotman, SR Silverman, J Yip, PW BE Shen, SS TI Algorithms for point target detection in hyperspectral imagery SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry VIII CY JUL 08-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE hyperspectral data; point target detection AB Two techniques for detecting point targets in hyperspectral imagery are described. The first technique is based on the principal component analysis of hyperspectral data. We combine the information of the first two principal component analysis images; the result is a single image display "summary" of the data cube. The summary frame is used to define image segments. The statistics, means and variances, of each segment for the principal component images is calculated and a covariance matrix is constructed. The local pixel statistics and the segment statistics are then used to evaluate the extent to which each pixel differs from its surroundings. Point target pixels will have abnormally high values. The second technique operates on each band of the hypercube. A local anti-median of each pixel is taken and is weighted by the standard deviation of the local neighborhood. The results of each band are then combined. Results will be shown for visible, SWIR,and MWIR hyperspectral imagery. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHI, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Caefer, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHI, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RI ROTMAN, STANLEY/F-1390-2012 NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4584-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4816 BP 242 EP 257 DI 10.1117/12.451543 PG 16 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BV73W UT WOS:000179917000024 ER PT S AU Silverman, J Rotman, SR Caefer, CE AF Silverman, J Rotman, SR Caefer, CE BE Shen, SS TI Segmentation of hyperspectral images based on histograms of principal components SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry VIII CY JUL 08-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE hyperspectral; segmentation; histograms; principal components; entropy AB Further refinements are presented on a simple and fast way to cluster/segment hyperspectral imagery. In earlier work, it was shown that, starting with the first 2 principal component images, one could form a 2-dimensional histogram and cluster all pixels on the basis of the proximity to the peaks. Issues that we analyzed this year are the proper weighting of the different principal components as a function of the peak shape and automatic methods based on an entropy measure to control the number of clusters and the segmentation of the data to produce the most meaningful results. Examples from both visible and infrared hyperspectral data will be shown. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Silverman, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RI ROTMAN, STANLEY/F-1390-2012 NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4584-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4816 BP 270 EP 277 DI 10.1117/12.451537 PG 8 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BV73W UT WOS:000179917000026 ER PT S AU Maestas, TD LeVan, PD AF Maestas, TD LeVan, PD BE Shen, SS TI Novel, three-octave, infrared hyperspectral imaging with a single multi-waveband FPA SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry VIII CY JUL 08-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE infrared; focal plane array; spectral imaging; multi-waveband; electro-optics ID HGCDTE AB The traditional approach for achieving hyperspectral imaging over a broad range of infrared (IR) wavelengths involves multiple focal plane arrays (FPAs), dispersive elements, and optical beamsplitters. It has been shown that the current state-of-the-art in dual-band infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) technology allows spectral imagery to be obtained in two wavebands simultaneously with a single FPA, therefore reducing cryo-cooler and power requirements. The new approach described here advances the capabilities of the current state-of-the-art one step further and achieves a spectrometer concept based on a tri-band IRFPA. The tri-band spectrometer concept would lead to spectral imagery collected simultaneously in the SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions with high efficiency. To achieve this a unique characteristic of a dispersive grating, that of overlapping spectral orders, would be exploited to allow simultaneous focusing of three spectral bands onto the multi-waveband FPA, thereby creating co-registered spectral images. The capabilities of a multi-waveband FPA then allow integration of spectra independently in the various orders. In addition, spectral images would be perfectly registered bot ' h spatially and spectrally, a difficult prospect for the traditional approach. By providing hyperspectral imagery in the SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions, we capture the bulk of reflected and thermally emissive target and background phenomenology, within the constraints of atmospheric transmission. The characteristics of a suitable tri-band FPA are derived on the basis of our modeling efforts. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Maestas, TD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4584-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4816 BP 363 EP 371 DI 10.1117/12.451542 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BV73W UT WOS:000179917000036 ER PT S AU Lawton, J Daskiewich, D Gorniak, M Richards, D AF Lawton, J Daskiewich, D Gorniak, M Richards, D BE Truszkowski, W Rouff, C Hinchey, M TI Intelligent software agents technology at the air force research laboratory SO INNOVATIVE CONCPTS FOR AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radical Agent Concepts CY JAN 16-18, 2002 CL MCLEAN, VIRGINIA SP GSFC, Jet Propuls Lab, Sci Applicat Int Corp AB Intelligent software agents are a key technology needed to achieve the capabilities required of future military information systems. The Information Technology Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Information Directorate has partnered with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop a broad-spectrum of agent technologies through a collection of research programs. These programs, funded by the Information Technology Office (ITO) at DARPA, are collectively researching nearly all areas of software agents technology: from fundamental modeling of agent-based systems to the application of mature agents technology in military information systems. This article presents the scope of these programs and their state of progress. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Lawton, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40725-1 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2002 VL 2564 BP 150 EP 154 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX62U UT WOS:000185937000011 ER PT S AU Watson, EA McManamon, PF Brewer, CD AF Watson, EA McManamon, PF Brewer, CD BE Mait, JN VanderGracht, J TI Overview of active, multi-dimensional sensing SO INTEGRATED COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE OSA TRENDS IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Integrated Computational Imaging Systems CY NOV, 2001 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Opt Soc Amer, IEEE LEOS, IEEE Signal Procssing Soc, SIAM, SPIE DE laser radar; optical radar; ladar; multifunction laser ID LASER-RADAR AB "Active" sensors (systems that employ lasers as an illumination source) have several advantages. In particular, multiple phenomenologies can be measured. This paper describes the types of measurements possible and the required source and receiver components. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Dircectorate, AFRL,SNJ, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Watson, EA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Dircectorate, AFRL,SNJ, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-5695 BN 1-55752-689-3 J9 OSA TRENDS OPT PHOTO PY 2002 VL 66 BP 193 EP 195 PG 3 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV35N UT WOS:000178663300020 ER PT S AU Burger, JW Baum, CE Prather, WD Torres, R Abdalla, MD Skipper, MC Cockreham, BC McLemore, D AF Burger, JW Baum, CE Prather, WD Torres, R Abdalla, MD Skipper, MC Cockreham, BC McLemore, D BE Brandt, HE TI Design and development of a high voltage, coaxial hydrogen switch SO INTENSE MICROWAVE PULSES IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intense Microwave Pulses IX CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE high voltage; hydrogen switch; transformer; insulator; electrostatic analysis AB The high power microwave program at the Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) includes high power source development in narrow band and wideband technologies. The H2 source is an existing wideband source that was developed at the AFRL. A recent AFRL requirement for a wideband impulse generator to use in materials tests has provided the need to update the H2 source for the current test requirements. The H2 source is composed of a dual resonant transformer that charges a short length of coaxial transmission line. The transmission line is then discharged into an output coaxial transmission line with a self-break Hydrogen switch. The dual resonant transformer is driven by a low inductance primary capacitor bank operating through a self-break gas switch. The upgrade of the coaxial Hydrogen output switch is the focus of this paper. The Hydrogen output switch was developed through extensive electrical and mechanical simulations. The switch insulator is made of Ultem 2300 and is designed to operate with a mechanical factor of safety equal to 4.0 at 1,000 psi. The design criteria, design data and operational data will be presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Burger, JW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Albuquerque, NM USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4470-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4720 BP 43 EP 58 DI 10.1117/12.469843 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18G UT WOS:000178076100006 ER PT S AU Agee, FJ Davanloo, F Camase, T Collins, CB AF Agee, FJ Davanloo, F Camase, T Collins, CB BE Brandt, HE TI High power stacked Blumlein pulsers commutated by a photoconductive switch treated with amorphic diamond SO INTENSE MICROWAVE PULSES IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intense Microwave Pulses IX CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE stacked Blumlein pulsers; photoconductive switching; amorphic diamond; rectifying heterojunctions; commutation with a single switch ID PLASMA DISCHARGE SOURCE; FILMS; ENHANCEMENTS; COATINGS AB Photoconductive switching of the Stacked Blumlein pulsers, developed at the University of Texas at Dallas (UTD), currently produces high power, nanosecond pulses with risetimes on the order of 200 ps. The device has a compact geometry and is commutated by a single GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) triggered by a low power laser diode array. Filamentation of the conductivity associated with high gain GaAs switches produces such high current density that the switches are damaged near the metal-semiconductor interface and the lifetime is limited. The semiconductor properties of amorphic; diamond can be employed to improve the PCSS longevity by coating the switch cathode or anode areas or both. For example if the switch cathode is coated, the tunneling of electrons from amorphic diamond to GaAs during the off-state stage of PCSS operation provides pre-avalanche sites that diffuse conduction current upon switch activation. This report presents the progress toward improving the high gain switch operation and lifetime by advanced treatments with amorphic diamond coatings. A significant improvement in switch lifetime is demonstrated by testing the diamond-coated switch performance in a stacked Blumlein prototype pulser. C1 USAF, Off Sci Res, NE, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Agee, FJ (reprint author), USAF, Off Sci Res, NE, 801 N Randolph St, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4470-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4720 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.1117/12.469844 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV18G UT WOS:000178076100007 ER PT J AU Wilson, GF AF Wilson, GF TI Flight psychophysiology SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USAF, Res Lab, HECP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wilson, GF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HECP, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1201_1 PG 2 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 561BL UT WOS:000176116400001 ER PT J AU Wilson, GF AF Wilson, GF TI An analysis of mental workload in pilots during flight using multiple psychophysiological measures SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMBULATORY BLOOD-PRESSURE; HEART-RATE; EEG; RESPIRATION; MISSIONS AB Piloting an aircraft is a complex task that places demands on several aspects of a pilot's cognitive capabilities. Because of the multifaceted nature of flying, several measures are required to identify the effects of these demands on the pilot. Several psychophysiological measures were recorded so that a wider understanding of the effects of these demands could be achieved. Heart rate, heart rate variability, eye blinks, electrodermal activity, topographically recorded electrical brain activity, and subjective estimates of mental workload were recorded. Ten pilots flew an approximately 90-min scenario containing both visual and instrument flight conditions. To determine the reliability of the psychophysiological measures, the pilots flew. the same scenario twice. The responses during the 2 flights were essentially identical. Cardiac and electrodermal measures were highly correlated and exhibited changes in response to the various demands of the flights. Heart rate variability was less sensitive than heart rate. Alpha and delta bands of the brain activity showed significant changes to the varying demands of the scenarios. Blink rates decreased during the more highly visually demanding segments of the flights. C1 USAF, Res Lab, HECP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wilson, GF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HECP, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 19 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 4 U2 18 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 3 EP 18 DI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1201_2 PG 16 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 561BL UT WOS:000176116400002 ER PT J AU Bonner, MA Wilson, GF AF Bonner, MA Wilson, GF TI Heart rate measures of flight test and evaluation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PILOT WORKLOAD; RESPIRATION AB One of the goals of aircraft test and evaluation is to determine whether the crew can operate a new system safely and effectively. Because flying is a complex task, several measures are required to derive the best evaluation. This article describes the use of heart rate to augment the typical performance and subjective measures used in test and evaluation. Heart rate can be nonintrusively collected and provides additional information to the test team. Example data illustrate the nature of the results provided by heart rate during the test and evaluation of a transport aircraft. Comparison with subjective workload estimates shows discrepancies that provide valuable insights into the crews' responses to the demands of the test missions. Heart rate should be considered as an additional measure in the test and evaluation tool kit. C1 USAF, Res Lab, HECP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. AFOTEC Det 5OL KM, Keesler AFB, MS USA. RP Wilson, GF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HECP, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 63 EP 77 DI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1201_6 PG 15 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 561BL UT WOS:000176116400006 ER PT J AU Svensson, EAI Wilson, GF AF Svensson, EAI Wilson, GF TI Psychological and psychophysiological models of pilot performance for systems development and mission evaluation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MENTAL WORKLOAD; AIRCRAFT AB The purpose of our study was to analyze the effects of mission complexity on pilot mental workload, situational awareness, and pilot performance and to develop models by means of structural equation modeling. Earlier studies indicate that mission complexity affects mental workload and that mental workload affects situational awareness, which, in turn, affects pilot performance. In the first phase of this study, 20 fighter pilots performed 150 missions. In the second phase, 15 pilots performed 40 simulated missions. The pilots answered questionnaires on mission complexity, mental workload, mental capacity, situational awareness, and performance. During the simulated missions we measured eye fixation rate, heart rate, and blink rate. Model analyses show that mission complexity affects workload and that workload affects situational awareness and performance. Significant relationships occur between heart rate and rated workload, mental capacity, situational awareness, and performance. Model analyses show a workload factor combining psychological and physiological aspects and a performance factor combining situational awareness and pilot performance. Significant relationships occur among heart rate, eye fixation rate, and blink rate. C1 Swedish Def Res Agcy, Man Syst Internact, SE-58111 Linkoping, Sweden. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Svensson, EAI (reprint author), Swedish Def Res Agcy, Man Syst Internact, POB 1165, SE-58111 Linkoping, Sweden. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 95 EP 110 DI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1201_8 PG 16 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 561BL UT WOS:000176116400008 ER PT J AU Wilson, GF AF Wilson, GF TI A comparison of three cardiac ambulatory recorders using flight data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEART-RATE; WORKLOAD; RESPONSES; PILOTS; EEG AB Several ambulatory recording devices are available to record pilots' electrocardiograms (ECG) during flight. The procedures these devices use to record these data vary a great deal. Some record the data in analog form, others in digital form, and others save only the interbeat intervals. With the variety of available devices the comparability of their resulting data needs to be verified for researchers to be confident of their results when sharing data among laboratories. Three ECG recording devices were compared using data collected from pilots during an approximately 60-min flight. The data were simultaneously recorded from the pilots by all 3 recorders. The results show that the devices provide essentially identical heart rate data. C1 USAF, Res Lab, HECP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wilson, GF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HECP, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1201_9 PG 9 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 561BL UT WOS:000176116400009 ER PT J AU Stewart, JE Dohme, JA Nullmeyer, RT AF Stewart, JE Dohme, JA Nullmeyer, RT TI US Army initial entry rotary-wing transfer of training research SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Early fixed-wing research demonstrated that potential cost and training benefits could be derived from simulation-augmented primary flight training. More recent research in this area has been the exception, not the rule, This is especially true for rotary-wing aircrew training research. Currently, the U.S. Army does not use simulation in the primary (contact) phase of initial entry rotary-wing (IERW) training. Research performed by the Army Research Institute showed that a combination of synthetic flight simulation and criterion-based training during the primary phase of IERW had the potential for saving training time and costs in the aircraft. This research was performed using a low-cost simulator based upon the UH-1 helicopter. In the 4 quasi-experiments reported, positive transfer effectiveness ratios (TERs) were observed for most flight maneuvers pretrained in the simulator; student pilots in the simulator group required fewer iterations than control participants to reach proficiency on most flight maneuvers in the UH-1 training aircraft. As the visual display and flight modeling systems were upgraded, greater TERs were observed, and differences among groups tended to become significant. C1 USA, Res Inst, Rotary Wing Aviat Res Unit, Ft Rucker, AL 36362 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Stewart, JE (reprint author), USA, Res Inst, Rotary Wing Aviat Res Unit, Bldg 5100, Ft Rucker, AL 36362 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 359 EP 375 DI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1204_3 PG 17 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 622KE UT WOS:000179645600003 ER PT J AU McCleese, DL LaPuma, PT AF McCleese, DL LaPuma, PT TI Using Monte Carlo simulation in life cycle assessment for electric and internal combustion vehicles SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE battery; Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA); criteria pollutants; electric vehicle; energy; life cycle assessment (LCA); life cycle inventory (LCI); lifecycle; Monte Carlo, probabilistic ID EMISSIONS AB 1 Background. The U.S. Government has encouraged shifting from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to alternatively fueled vehicles such as electric vehicles (EVs) for three primary reasons: reducing oil dependence, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing Clean Air Act criteria pollutant emissions. In comparing these vehicles, there is uncertainty and variability in emission factors and performance variables, which cause wide variation in reported outputs. 2 Objectives. A model was developed to demonstrate the use of Monte Carlo simulation to predict life cycle emissions and energy consumption differences between the ICEV versus the EV on a per kilometer (km) traveled basis. Three EV technologies are considered: lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel metal hydride batteries. 3 Methods. Variables were identified to build life cycle inventories between the EVs and ICEV. Distributions were selected for each of the variables and input to Monte Carlo Simulation software called Crystal Ball 2000(R). 4 Results and Discussion. All three EV options reduce U,S. oil dependence by shifting to domestic coal. The life cycle energy consumption per kilometer (km) driven for the EVs is comparable to the ICEV; however, there is wide variation in predicted energy values. The model predicts that all three EV technologies will likely increase oxides of sulfur and nitrogen as well as particulate matter emissions on a per km driven basis, The model shows a high probability that volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide emissions are reduced with the use of EVs. Lead emissions are also predicted to increase for lead-acid battery EVs. The EV will not reduce greenhouse gas emissions substantially and may even increase them based on the current U.S. reliance on coal for electricity generation. The EV may benefit public health by relocating air pollutants from urban centers, where traffic is concentrated, to rural areas where electricity generation and mining generally occur. The use of Monte Carlo simulation in life cycle analysis is demonstrated to be an effective tool to provide further insight on the likelihood of emission outputs and energy consumption. C1 Wright Patterson AFB, AF Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP LaPuma, PT (reprint author), Wright Patterson AFB, AF Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 28 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 33 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0948-3349 J9 INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS JI Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. PY 2002 VL 7 IS 4 BP 230 EP 236 DI 10.1067/lca2002.020.73 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 580YR UT WOS:000177264800007 ER PT J AU Bieler, TR Semiatin, SL AF Bieler, TR Semiatin, SL TI The origins of heterogeneous deformation during primary hot working of Ti-6Al-4V SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY LA English DT Article DE grain boundaries; phase transformation; microstructures; thermomechanical processes; crystal plasticity; inhomogeneous; metallic; polycrystalline material; electron microscopy ID PLASTIC-FLOW; INTRAGRANULAR BEHAVIOR; TITANIUM-ALLOYS; TI-64 SHEET; TEXTURE; MICROSTRUCTURE; TRANSFORMATION; GLOBULARIZATION; COMPRESSION; PREDICTION AB A Ti-6Al-4V cylindrical specimen with a large grain colony microstructure was upset forged to 35% reduction at 815 degreesC at a nominal strain rate of 0.1 s(-1). An orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) analysis was conducted in two representative areas, near the center with all estimated von Mises strain of 1.6, and 0.8 about midway from the center to the outer edge. The process of physically breaking up the lamellar microstructure (globularization) was examined, focusing on how the globularization efficiency was affected by the initial colony orientation. Microstructural maps based upon the electron backscattered pattern quality, crystal orientation, and an estimated Taylor factor (using a continuum assumption) were used to identify and quantify heterogeneous deformation phenomena. These analyses show that in regions where both prism and basal slip systems were not operational, macro shear bands developed, leading to kinked lamellar microstructural features. The shear bands concentrated shear in localized regions that were able to flow easily around remaining hard regions, leaving remnants of the hard regions intact. Also, development of large misorientations of 50-90degrees from the parent grain arising from a transformation from beta to alpha are quantified and related to the globularization efficiency. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL,MLLM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bieler, TR (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017 NR 31 TC 103 Z9 107 U1 4 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0749-6419 J9 INT J PLASTICITY JI Int. J. Plast. PY 2002 VL 18 IS 9 BP 1165 EP 1189 AR PII S0749-6419(01)00057-2 DI 10.1016/S0749-6419(01)00057-2 PG 25 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 576YC UT WOS:000177033900002 ER PT J AU Kharoufeh, JP Chandra, MJ AF Kharoufeh, JP Chandra, MJ TI Statistical tolerance analysis for non-normal or correlated normal component characteristics SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The paper presents a simple approximation technique for statistical tolerance analysis, namely, the allocation of component tolerances based on a known assembly tolerance. The technique utilizes a discretized, multivariate kernel density estimate and a simple transformation to approximate the probability distribution of the overall assembly characteristic. The data-driven approach is suitable for real-world settings in which components are randomly selected from their respective manufacturing processes to form mechanical assemblies. Demonstrated is the numerical approach in two dimensions for two distinct cases: first, when component characteristics are non-normal, independent random variables, and second, when they are highly correlated, normal random variables. The results are promising in initial test problems. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, ENS, Dept Operat Sci, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Ind & Mfg Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Kharoufeh, JP (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, ENS, Dept Operat Sci, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7543 J9 INT J PROD RES JI Int. J. Prod. Res. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 40 IS 2 BP 337 EP 352 DI 10.1080/00207540110079112 PG 16 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 515MC UT WOS:000173498800005 ER PT J AU Schillerstrom, JE Seaman, JS AF Schillerstrom, JE Seaman, JS TI Modafinil augmentation of mirtazapine in a failure-to-thrive geriatric inpatient SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE modafinil; mirtazapine; failure-to-thrive; geriatrics ID DEPRESSION; OLDER AB The failure-to-thrive syndrome in geriatric patients is marked by social withdrawal, apathy, depression, anorexia, and cognitive impairment. For therapy to be effective, the treatment plan must target several of these areas. This case report describes one such course of treatment for a patient with multiple myeloma with failure-to-thrive who was successfully treated with modafinil and mirtazapine. By using combination pharmacotherapy, we were able to achieve immediate results in a gravely ill patient. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Schillerstrom, JE (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Psychiat, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BAYWOOD PUBL CO INC PI AMITYVILLE PA 26 AUSTIN AVE, AMITYVILLE, NY 11701 USA SN 0091-2174 J9 INT J PSYCHIAT MED JI Int. J. Psychiatr. Med. PY 2002 VL 32 IS 4 BP 405 EP 410 PG 6 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 680XK UT WOS:000183005200009 PM 12779190 ER PT S AU Wilkes, JS AF Wilkes, JS BE Rogers, RD Seddon, KR TI Ionic liquids in perspective: The past with an eye toward the industrial future SO IONIC LIQUIDS: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FOR GREEN CHEMISTRY SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Green Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquid CY APR 01-05, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc ID CHLOROALUMINATE MOLTEN-SALTS; ALUMINUM-CHLORIDE; RAMAN-SPECTRA; TEMPERATURE; ELECTRODEPOSITION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ALLOYS; MELTS; VISCOSITY; MIXTURES AB Molten salts have a long and important history in industrial chemistry, but ionic liquids have found industrial applications more recently. The "modern" history of ionic liquids started with the development of aluminum chloride-based salts for electroplating in 1948. Since then basic research efforts have shown that ionic liquids may be used for batteries, organic synthesis, extractions, and alloy electrodepositions. The most commonly used type of cation in ionic liquids is the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ion. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Chem, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Wilkes, JS (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Chem, 2355 Fairchild Dr,Suite 2N225, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 53 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3789-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 818 BP 214 EP 229 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW16K UT WOS:000181052100017 ER PT S AU Salita, S Belew, PW AF Salita, S Belew, PW GP ISA ISA TI Integration of automation PLC development with real-time simulation SO ISA 2002 TECHNOLOGY UPDATE, VOL LVII, PT 2 SE TECHNICAL PAPERS OF ISA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Fall Conference of the Instrumentation-Systems-and-Automation-Society CY OCT 21-23, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat Syst & Automat Soc DE real-time; simulation; reflective memory AB A development environment to support major plant automation efforts at Arnold Engineering Development Center is described. Both reflective memory and Ethernet networks are employed to integrate a tunnel model and a simulation PLC (for I/O simulation) with PLC-based automation systems. The strategy and development process of the "glue" required to produce a usable simulation environment is discussed. Benefits have been realized in minimizing the time required to integrate the system and in providing a platform for operator training. C1 Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Salita, S (reprint author), Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTRUMENT SOC AMER PI RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PA 67 ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 12277, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27709 USA SN 1054-0032 J9 TECH PAPERS ISA PY 2002 VL 423 BP 11 EP 20 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW52W UT WOS:000182317200002 ER PT S AU Patterson, G Bennett, M AF Patterson, G Bennett, M GP ISA ISA TI Smart sensor usage in jet engine testing SO ISA 2002 TECHNOLOGY UPDATE, VOL LVII, PT 2 SE TECHNICAL PAPERS OF ISA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Fall Conference of the Instrumentation-Systems-and-Automation-Society CY OCT 21-23, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat Syst & Automat Soc DE smart sensors; jet engine testing; instrumentation systems; instrumentation setup; snap-in/snap-out AB The installation, of a jet engine for testing in an altitude test cell requires a number of electronic and mechanical connections to the engine. Presently, in order to configure the test facility to acquire measured data, a multitude of aerodynamic pressure lines (up to 600) and electrical cables for instrumentation measurement and excitation (up to 800) are routed through patch panels to pressure scanners, power supply/signal conditioners, analog-to-digital (A/D) systems, and acquisition systems for processing, display, recording, analysis, and transmission of the data. The process is manpower intensive in both setup and configuration control. The use of smart sensors with calibrations and measurement information on the sensors plus consolidation of all sensor outputs before they exit the engine test stand offers the opportunity to reduce the number of connections for measured data to one or at most a few wires. Since the measurement information is stored with the sensor, the probability of configuring the instrumentation system incorrectly is also reduced. A process called Snap-In/Snap-Out (SISO) is presented, describing the use of smart sensors to reduce test facility/engine instrumentation setup time, reduce costs of setup and configuration management, and eliminate the present front-end data acquisition components and their associated maintenance costs. C1 Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Aeropropuls Programs Dept, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Patterson, G (reprint author), Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Aeropropuls Programs Dept, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTRUMENT SOC AMER PI RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PA 67 ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 12277, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27709 USA SN 1054-0032 J9 TECH PAPERS ISA PY 2002 VL 423 BP 21 EP 32 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW52W UT WOS:000182317200003 ER PT S AU Combs, VT Linderman, M AF Combs, VT Linderman, M BE Arnold, K Gao, GR Ghosh, S TI A jini-based publish and subscribe capability SO JAVA/JINI TECHNOLOGIES AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE PERVASIVE COMPUTING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Java/Jini Technologies and High-Performance Pervasive Computing CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE joint battlespace infosphere; JBI; jini; XML; publish and subscribe AB This paper describes a Publish and Subscribe capability developed under the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) project. The paper will give a brief description of the JBI and it's core service components of publish, subscribe and query. A detailed description of the Pub/Sub system design and implementation will then be given describing how and where Java, Jini, and XML technologies were used to describe information objects, match subscribers to appropriate dissemination nodes, and disseminate information objects to subscribing clients. Finally we describe a number of applications that are currently using the Pub/Sub capability. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. RP Combs, VT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4642-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4863 BP 59 EP 69 DI 10.1117/12.472945 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV27E UT WOS:000178401700006 ER PT J AU Beaudoin, AJ Srinivasan, R Semiatin, SL AF Beaudoin, AJ Srinivasan, R Semiatin, SL TI Microstructure modeling and prediction during thermomechanical processing SO JOM-JOURNAL OF THE MINERALS METALS & MATERIALS SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Engn, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat Proc Proc Sci, AFRL ML, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Beaudoin, AJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Engn, POB 4348, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. RI SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-J MIN MET MAT S JI JOM-J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 54 IS 1 BP 25 EP 29 DI 10.1007/BF02822601 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 514ME UT WOS:000173443100003 ER PT J AU Bieler, TR Glavicic, MG Semiatin, SL AF Bieler, TR Glavicic, MG Semiatin, SL TI Using OIM to investigate the microstructural evolution of Ti-6Ai-4V SO JOM-JOURNAL OF THE MINERALS METALS & MATERIALS SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HOT-WORKING; CAVITY COALESCENCE; TI-64 SHEET; TI-6AL-4V; CAVITATION; FLOW; GLOBULARIZATION; TRANSFORMATION; NUCLEATION; BEHAVIOR AB Orientation imaging microscopy provides both microstructural and crystallographic-texture information that allows a coupled analysis of changes in texture and microstructure. This capability has been used to determine how microstructure develops by transformation from beta to alpha in Ti-6Al-4V and by subsequent hot working to develop a fine-grain microstructure that is technologically desirable for secondary processes such as rolling and superplastic forming. With this technique, the mechanisms that account for the retention of large clusters of grains with similar grain orientation, heterogeneous deforination phenomena such as shear banding, and cavity nucleation and growth, can be elucidated. From such examinations, the development of physically based constitutive models and new forming strategies to improve the homogeneity of the microstructure are possible. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL MLLM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bieler, TR (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017 NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-J MIN MET MAT S JI JOM-J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 54 IS 1 BP 31 EP 36 DI 10.1007/BF02822602 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 514ME UT WOS:000173443100004 ER PT J AU Paul, D Kelly, L Venkayya, V Hess, T AF Paul, D Kelly, L Venkayya, V Hess, T TI Evolution of US military aircraft structures technology SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB A survey of the major structures technology developments that have influenced modern aircraft design is presented. The authors' perspectives on the key materials and design concepts that are presently driving U.S. Air Force and Navy military airframes are presented. The current focus of research and development (R&D) structural development resources and the reasons for this focus are addressed. Some thoughts on how to approach future designs are provided, and the structures technologies that are expected to be the focus of future R&D efforts are identified. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Struct Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USN, Air Syst Command, Aircraft Div, Patuxent River, MD 20670 USA. RP Paul, D (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Struct Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 48 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 18 EP 29 DI 10.2514/2.2920 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 520BH UT WOS:000173759700003 ER PT J AU Moorhouse, DJ AF Moorhouse, DJ TI Detailed definitions and guidance for application of technology readiness levels SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article C1 USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, VASD, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45305 USA. RP Moorhouse, DJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, VASD, 2210 8th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45305 USA. NR 1 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 190 EP 192 DI 10.2514/2.2916 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 520BH UT WOS:000173759700027 ER PT J AU Buttram, JW Hagan, L AF Buttram, JW Hagan, L TI Chronic cough, masquerading as a fixed obstruction, alleviated with Baclofen SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 109 IS 1 SU S MA 1072 BP S345 EP S345 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(02)82207-2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 519UX UT WOS:000173744801069 ER PT J AU Coleman, NV Spain, JC Duxbury, T AF Coleman, NV Spain, JC Duxbury, T TI Evidence that RDX biodegradation by Rhodococcus strain DN22 is plasmid-borne and involves a cytochrome p-450 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEXAHYDRO-1,3,5-TRINITRO-1,3,5-TRIAZINE RDX; CONTAMINATED SOIL; LINEAR-PLASMID; N-OXIDATION; POTENTIAL INHIBITORS; GLYCEROL TRINITRATE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; IN-VITRO; DEGRADATION; CATABOLISM AB Aims: To investigate the biodegradation of the explosive compound RDX in Rhodococcus strain DN22, a bacterium previously isolated for its ability to grow on RDX as sole nitrogen source. Methods and Results: Analysis of the rates of RDX degradation and nitrite production indicated that 2 mol nitrite were produced per mole RDX degraded. Cells of strain DN22 had the highest activity against RDX during the exponential phase and low activity in the stationary phase. Nitrite production from RDX was inhibited by metyrapone, menadione, piperonyl butoxide, n -octylamine and carbon monoxide and inducible by pyrrolidine, pyridine and atrazine. Acridine orange treatment yielded RDX-minus derivatives of strain DN22 at a curing rate of 1.5% and all of the cured derivatives had lost a large plasmid. Conclusions: RDX biodegradation in strain DN22 appears to involve a plasmid-encoded cytochrome p-450 enzyme. Significance and Impact of the Study: Plasmid-borne RDX degradation genes could potentially be transferred between bacteria. Our research into RDX metabolism in strain DN22 will facilitate future applications of this bacterium for bioremediation. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MLQL, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. Univ Sydney, Dept Microbiol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Coleman, NV (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MLQL, Bldg 1117,139 Barnes Dr, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. NR 54 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2002 VL 93 IS 3 BP 463 EP 472 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01713.x PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 583AC UT WOS:000177382500013 PM 12174045 ER PT J AU Tringe, J Nocerino, J Tallon, R Kemp, W Shafarman, W Marvin, D AF Tringe, J Nocerino, J Tallon, R Kemp, W Shafarman, W Marvin, D TI Ionizing radiation effects in copper indium gallium diselenide thin-film solar cells SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DAMAGE; SEMICONDUCTORS; PROGRESS AB Cu(In, Ga)Se-2/CdS/ZnO thin-film solar cells were exposed to doses up to 5x10(8) rad(Si) of 50 keV x rays. Device performance consistently showed very little degradation, implying that previously observed radiation-induced performance reductions were likely the result of displacement damage. Subsequent experiments showed that cells recovered to near beginning-of-life performance with only short anneals under 50 degreesC. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Aerosp Corp, Albuquerque, NM 87119 USA. Univ Delaware, Inst Energy Convers, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 1 BP 516 EP 518 DI 10.1063/1.1417986 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 504AX UT WOS:000172835600082 ER PT J AU Cliver, EW Kamide, Y Ling, AG AF Cliver, EW Kamide, Y Ling, AG TI The semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity: phases and profiles for 130 years of aa data SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE geomagnetic activity; semiannual variation; equinoctial hypothesis ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; AP AB We determined the phases of the maxima (spring, fall) and minima (summer, winter) in the curve of smoothed daily averages of the aa geomagnetic index, available from 1868 to 1998. The dates we obtained are consistent with the equinoctial hypothesis which has aberration-adjusted theoretical maxima, for a similar to440 km s(-1) (modern epoch) average solar wind speed, on 25 March (experimentally determined to be 27 March, with an uncertainty of +/-2 days) and 27 September (27 September) and minima on 25 June (26 June) and 26 December (27 December). We also show that the overall shape of the 30-day smoothed modulation curve throughout the year (broad minima, narrow peaks) bears greater fidelity (\r\ = 0.96) to the aberration-shifted solar declination delta (the controlling angle, on average, for the seasonal variation under the equinoctial hypothesis) than to the solar B-o angle (r = 0.76; axial hypothesis) or the solar P angle (r = 0.86; Russell-McPherron effect). Lastly, a three-parameter fit of the smoothed annual variation of the aa data with a function consisting of the sum of the smoothed yearly curves for the delta, B-o, and P angles yielded an amplitude of 0.58 +/- 0.07 for the delta component vs. 0.16 +/- 0.03 for B-o and 0.20 +/- 0.04 for P. Thus, the phases and profiles of the 6-month wave in the long-running mid-latitude aa range index are consistent with control by a dominant equinoctial mechanism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa, Japan. Radex Inc, Bedford, MA USA. RP Cliver, EW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 64 IS 1 BP 47 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00093-1 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513LD UT WOS:000173379100006 ER PT J AU Cliver, EW Hudson, HS AF Cliver, EW Hudson, HS TI CMEs: How do the puzzle pieces fit together? SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st STEP-Results, Applications and Modeling Phase Conference (S-RAMP) CY OCT, 2000 CL SAPPORO, JAPAN SP Int Council Sci Unions, Sci Comm Solar Terrestrial Phys DE Coronal Mass Ejections; solar activity ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; CONFIGURATIONS SUPPORTING PROMINENCES; HELICAL MAGNETIC-FIELDS; SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS; POST-FLARE LOOPS; X-RAY; FLUX ROPES; TRANSEQUATORIAL LOOPS; LASCO OBSERVATIONS; ELECTRIC-CURRENTS AB This review consists of questions to participants in the S-RAMP Symposium (S3) on CMEs and Coronal Holes, as well as to a few others, and their responses in a "town meeting" format (originally conducted on Hugh Hudson's website). Here we deal only with CMEs. The questions we ask aim at probing the weaknesses of existing models and highlighting controversies, thereby providing guidance toward a more complete view of solar eruptions. Topics covered include: the "solar flare myth", flux ropes, new phenomena (EIT waves, dimmings, global brightenings), helicity and sigmoids, and transequatorial loops (as sources of CMEs). Although this is a review, we're more concerned here with what is not known than what is already agreed upon. We asked people to speculate freely in advance of the observational, analytical, and theoretical work that will provide definitive answers-this is not the standard Scientific Method at work! (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicle Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, SPRC, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. RP Cliver, EW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicle Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM edward.cliver@hanscom.af.mil NR 145 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 64 IS 2 BP 231 EP 252 AR PII S1364-6826(01)00086-4 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00086-4 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 523NZ UT WOS:000173963100010 ER PT J AU Meink, TE Huybrechts, S Shen, MHH AF Meink, TE Huybrechts, S Shen, MHH TI Processing induced warpage of filament wound composite cylindrical shells SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID SPRING-IN; DEFORMATIONS; STRESSES; CURE AB In this paper a systematic procedure is developed to eliminate the processing induced warpage in filament wound and fiber placed composite parts. This is accomplished by first developing a through-thickness strain model based on fiber/resin cure consolidation (also referred to as a compaction) and tooling thermal expansion. The lay-up or stacking sequence can be arbitrary (i.e., symmetric or asymmetric). The strain profile model is then integrated into classical laminate theory and solutions for predicting and eliminating warpage are obtained. The accuracy of both solutions is evaluated by comparison with experimental data. To facilitate this, cylindrical test specimens were manufactured and the cure consolidation and warpage measured. It was found that the predictions were accurate and the warpage Could be reduced and eliminated in most cases. The majority of cure consolidation in composites results from resin bleed-out and evacuation of entrapped air (voids). The magnitude is dependent on manufacturing parameters including cure pressure, winding tension, and material characteristics (i.e., pre-preg fiber volume fraction, resin viscosity, etc.). The strain profile that develops is set once the resin cures and is therefore not a hygrothermal phenomenon and is independent of cure temperature, or finished part operational environment. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL VSSV, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Meink, TE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL VSSV, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2002 VL 36 IS 9 BP 1025 EP 1047 DI 10.1106/002199802023496 PG 23 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 562AP UT WOS:000176175500001 ER PT J AU Kim, BW Nairn, JA AF Kim, BW Nairn, JA TI Observations of fiber fracture and interfacial debonding phenomena using the fragmentation test in single fiber composites SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE single fiber composites; fragmentation test; fiber fracture; interfacial debonding; photoelastic birefringence; epoxy; AS4-carbon fiber; E-glass fiber; energy method ID MODEL COMPOSITES; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; RESIDUAL-STRESSES; CARBON-FIBERS; MICROMECHANICS; DEFORMATION; MICROBOND; STRENGTH AB Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being studied for many applications because of their potential for outstanding mechanical properties. To be used in new applications, composites have to be more fully understood. The fiber, the matrix, and the fiber/matrix interface are the building blocks that need study. This research has concentrated on the interface where debonds, or damage need to be studied more thoroughly. The experimental work here focused on the fragmentation test. The specimens used were AS4-carbon/Epoxy and E-glass/Epoxy composites. The fragmentation process was continuously monitored with careful attention to debonding at each break and debonding growth at higher strain as a function of applied tensile strain. Photoelastic birefringence patterns in the specimen were observed in more detail than ever to accurately monitor interfacial debonding and damage. The fiber fracture and the debonding length between the fiber and the matrix were measured only by visual observation using the photoelastic patterns rather than the Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS) which has usually been used in measuring interfacial debonding length or damage. This visual measurement technique provides the much simpler and more precise method than traditional LRS in measuring the fiber fracture and the interfacial damage in fiber-embedded composites. From the experimental data of fiber breaks and interfacial debond length, the interfacial toughness between the fiber and the matrix was analyzed for each composite system using the energy method. The interfacial debond energy, Gamma(d), of AS4-Carbon/Fpoxy was 220J/m(2) and 130 J/m(2) for instantaneous debond and whole debond, respectively. For E-glass/Epoxy, Gamma(d) was obtained as 105 J/m(2) and 98 J/m(2) for instantaneous debond and whole debond, respectively. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicle Directorate, Struct Design & Dev Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Kim, BW (reprint author), VASD AFRL, Bldg 146,Room 301,2210 8th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Ben.Kim@wpafb.af.mil NR 29 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 24 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 EI 1530-793X J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2002 VL 36 IS 15 BP 1825 EP 1858 DI 10.1177/0021998302036015243 PG 34 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 583NC UT WOS:000177413100003 ER PT J AU Birman, V Byrd, LW AF Birman, V Byrd, LW TI Effect of matrix cracks on damping in unidirectional and cross-ply ceramic matrix composites SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE ceramic matrix composites; matrix cracks; damping ID ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BEHAVIOR AB The paper elucidates the methods of estimating damping in ceramic matrix composites (CMC) with matrix cracks. Unidirectional composites with bridging matrix cracks and cross-ply laminates with tunneling cracks in transverse layers and bridging cracks in longitudinal layers are considered. It is shown that bridging matrix cracks dramatically increase damping in unidirectional CMC due to a dissipation of energy along damaged sections of the fiber-matrix interface (interfacial friction). Such friction is absent in the case of tunneling cracks in transverse layers of cross-ply laminates where the changes in damping due to a degradation of the stiffness remain small. However, damping in cross-ply laminates abruptly increases, if bridging cracks appear in the longitudinal layers. C1 Univ Missouri, Engn Educ Ctr, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL VASM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Birman, V (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Engn Educ Ctr, 8001 Nat Bridge Rd, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2002 VL 36 IS 15 BP 1859 EP 1877 DI 10.1106/002199802026247 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 583NC UT WOS:000177413100004 ER PT J AU Huybrechts, S Maji, A Lao, J Wegner, P Meink, T AF Huybrechts, S Maji, A Lao, J Wegner, P Meink, T TI Validation of the quadratic composite failure criteria with out-of-plane shear terms SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE failure criteria; composite materials; composite structures; composite failure criteria; composite beam bending; quadratic failure criteria; Tsai-Wu failure criteria; out-of-plane shear failure AB The Tsai-Wu Quadratic Failure Criterion is a modified tensor polynomial criterion, that is widely used and the most readily accepted failure criterion for orthotropic materials. While it is an excellent criterion for the majority of composite structures, there is limited experimental validation of this criterion when predicting the failure envelope for "combined shear" failures or, better stated, failures that involve both 2-D (in-plane) and 3-D (out-of-plane) shear stresses in an orthotropic material or laminate. Since several common types of material failure involve complex stress states, the ability to incorporate the effect of 3-D shear stress into failure prediction is attractive. The 3-D Tsai-Wu quadratic failure criterion that incorporates multiple shear stresses is presented in this text and tests were conducted on several laminate specimens in an effort to validate this criterion. Failure load predictions were made to validate the modified 3-D criterion and compare the results with the 2-D Tsai-Wu criterion for specialized cases where multiple shear stresses were present at failure. This testing clearly shows strong agreement between the 3-D criterion's predictions and experiments for these cases, implying that the standard 2-D Tsai-Wu quadratic failure criterion can be safely extended, through the addition of terms, to 3-D cases. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, AFRL VSSV, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Huybrechts, S (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, AFRL VSSV, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2002 VL 36 IS 15 BP 1879 EP 1888 DI 10.1106/002199802026250 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 583NC UT WOS:000177413100005 ER PT J AU Tandon, GP Kim, RY Bechel, VT AF Tandon, GP Kim, RY Bechel, VT TI Fiber-matrix interfacial failure characterization using a cruciform-shaped specimen SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID SCS-6/TI-6AL-4V COMPOSITE; NORMAL STRENGTH; PUSH-OUT AB In this study, a cruciform-shaped test specimen is utilized to characterize the fiber-matrix interface under transverse and combined (tensile and shear) loading. We first present an overview of past references of how the cruciform geometry is optimized to promote interfacial failure. We then discuss a modification of the cruciform specimen where face-sheets are adhesively bonded to reinforce the sample. These face-sheets serve a twofold purpose, namely, to prevent premature failure in the fillet region and to encourage debond initiation at the center of the gage length. Finally, an off-axis cruciform geometry, in which the wings of the cruciform sample are inclined at an angle with respect to the loading direction, is introduced to characterize the fiber-matrix interface under combined transverse and shear loading. Using the measured value of applied stress at debond initiation, and the evaluated stress concentration factor at the fiber-matrix interface, a mixed-mode failure envelope is then constructed in the normal-shear stress space, and a quadratic failure criterion is proposed. C1 Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Tandon, GP (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Res Inst, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. EM G.Tandon@wpafb.af.mil NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2002 VL 36 IS 23 BP 2667 EP 2691 DI 10.1106/002199802028686 PG 25 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 628PX UT WOS:000180006100004 ER PT J AU Lampert, WV Eiting, CJ Smith, SA Mahalingam, K Grazulis, L Haas, TW AF Lampert, WV Eiting, CJ Smith, SA Mahalingam, K Grazulis, L Haas, TW TI Homoepitaxy of 6H-SiC by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy using C-60 and Si effusion cells SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE transmission electron microscopy; molecular beam epitaxy; step-flow growth; fullerenes; silicon carbide; semiconducting silicon compounds ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; LOW-TEMPERATURE GROWTH; SIC(0001) SURFACE; DIFFRACTION; SI(111); FILMS; ADSORPTION; LEED AB High quality homoepitaxial 6H-SiC films have been grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using C-60 and Si effusion cells. Scanning electron micrographs show terraced surfaces indicative of step-flow growth. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy results demonstrate extremely good epitaxial growth with no hint of dislocations, double-positioning boundaries, or 3C inclusions. We believe this is the first report of homoepitaxy of 6H-SiC using C-60 and the first instance of silicon carbide (SiC) epitaxy using a Si effusion cell in the evaporation rather than the sublimation mode. This combination of solid-source MBE and determination of appropriate growth conditions have led to superior homoepitaxial growth of 6H-SiC. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MLPS, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Lampert, WV (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MLPS, Mat & Mfg Directorate, 3005 P St STE 6, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 2002 VL 234 IS 2-3 BP 369 EP 372 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01726-2 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 507XX UT WOS:000173057500015 ER PT J AU Zhang, H Zelmon, DE AF Zhang, H Zelmon, DE TI Crystal growth of a new hybrid nonlinear optical compound [(18C6)K][Cd(SCN)(3)] from aqueous solution SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE growth from solutions; organic compounds; nonlinear optic materials ID ORGANIC SPACERS; <(12C4)(2)CD>; POLYMERS; CATION AB It is reported here, for the first time, that high quality, large single crystals of [(18C6)K][Cd(SCN)(3)] can be grown from aqueous solution via evaporation or temperature lowering techniques. The crystal of [(18C6)K][Cd(SCN)(3)] exhibits efficient second order nonlinear optical effects (as demonstrated by second harmonic generation) and has a wide optical transparency range from 220 to 3300 nm, covering continuously the entire near-ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectral regions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 AFRL, MLPO, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Zelmon, DE (reprint author), AFRL, MLPO, Bldg 651,3005 P St,Room 243, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 2002 VL 234 IS 2-3 BP 529 EP 532 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01641-4 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 507XX UT WOS:000173057500041 ER PT J AU Givens, ML Luszczak, M AF Givens, ML Luszczak, M TI Breast disorders: A review for emergency physicians SO JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE breast; breast cancer; breast trauma; mastitis; lactation ID DIAGNOSIS; LACTATION AB Breast complaints are a common reason for women to seek medical attention. While true emergencies involving the breast are rare, the fact that one out of every eight women will develop breast cancer increases the sense of urgency for patients presenting with concerns related to the breast. This article reviews the evaluation and treatment of true breast emergencies as well as less urgent but more common concerns relating to the breast such as trauma, infection, pain, discharge, postoperative problems, complications of breast cancer, and use of medications by lactating women. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Brooke Army Med Ctr, San Antonio Uniformed Serv Hlth Educ Consortium, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. Darnall Army Community Hosp, Dept Emergency Med, Ft Hood, TX 76544 USA. RP Givens, ML (reprint author), Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0736-4679 J9 J EMERG MED JI J. Emerg. Med. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1 BP 59 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 PG 7 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 514DN UT WOS:000173423000009 PM 11809557 ER PT J AU Arana, CA Sekar, B Mawid, MA Graves, CB AF Arana, CA Sekar, B Mawid, MA Graves, CB TI Determination of thermoacoustic response in a demonstrator gas turbine engine SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 45th International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY MAY 08-11, 2000 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID REHEAT BUZZ; COMBUSTION AB This paper describes an analytical and experimental investigation to obtain the thermoacoustic response of a demonstrator gas turbine engine combustor The combustor acoustic response for two different fuel injector design configurations was measured. It was found that the combustor maximum peak to peak pressure fluctuations were 0. 6 psi to 2 psi for configuration A and B, respectively. Based on the measured acoustic response, another experimental investigation it-as conducted to identify the design,features in configuration B that caused the increase in the acoustic response. The data showed that by changing the fuel injector swirler's vane to inner passage discharge area ratio, the engine acoustic response could be lowered to an acceptable level. A simplified analytical model based on the lumped-parameter approach was then developed to investigate the effect geometrical changes upon the engine response. The analytical model predicted the fuel injector/swirlers acoustic response as a function of the swirlers inner passage discharge area ratio and frequency. The predictions were consistent with the experimental observations, in particular, it was predicted that as the area ratio was increased, the system reactance was decreased and as a result the system changed from a damping to an amplifying system. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Engn Res & Anal Co, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. Pratt & Whitney, E Hartford, CT USA. RP Arana, CA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2002 VL 124 IS 1 BP 46 EP 57 DI 10.1115/1.1374200 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 547ML UT WOS:000175336100007 ER PT J AU Cairo, RR Sargent, KA AF Cairo, RR Sargent, KA TI A scientific approach to the process development bonded attachments for high-speed rotor application SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 45th International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY MAY 08-11, 2000 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB The quest for increased work per stage of compression to reduce overall gas turbine engine system cost has placed extreme demands on the high-pressure turbine (HPT) system. As an example, the HPT is required to operate at unprecedented levels of AN(2) (the product of turbine annulus area and mechanical speed squared) to enable compressor performance goals to be met. The typical approach of mechanically attaching blades via firtree or dovetail configured mechanical attachments, limits rotor speed because of the life limiting broach slots (stress concentrators) in the disk rim. Exacerbating this problem is the fact that the disk lugs, which react the blade loading, impose a dead load. Higher disk speed results in higher blade loading requiring a deeper or wider lug to support the blade. This in turn results in a wider disk bore to support the deeper, dead load lug region. The dilemma is that higher speed results in larger stress concentrations at the rim and a wider disk bore to support the added parasitic, rim load. The answer to this dilemma lies in creating an integrally bladed rotor (IBR) in which the blades are integral with the disk. Since typically, for an HPT the blades are single crystal and the disk equiaxed nickel alloys, the IBR design suggested precludes absolute machining as the fabrication approach. A solution lies in metallurgically bonding the blades to the disk rim. Bonded airfoil attachments have the potential to increase AN(2) and component life by 9-10 percent by eliminating broach induced stress concentrations as noted. Moreover, bonded attachments can reduce external rim loading by upward of 15 percent with a corresponding reduction in disk weight. The key to the solution is a controlled, economical process to concurrently join a full complement of HPT blades in a repeatable manner. This paper discusses how a scientific approach and creative design practice can lead to such a process. Three alternative tooling concepts, and one universal toot that allows independent use of two of these concepts, were developed. Tool stresses and deflections, tool load paths, and bond pressure profiles were all quantified through ANSYS finite element analyses and closed-form analytical solutions. Prior experience has shown that joint strength is sensitive to the bond pressure level. Therefore, the tool materials and geometry were iterated upon until the pressure applied to the blade bond plane was as uniform as possible. Since absolute uniformity is elusive when deformable bodies are part of the bond load train, accurately determining the maximum and minimum bond plane pressure is absolutely essential for subsequent joint characterization and design allowable determination. This allows localized working stresses in the designed attachment to be compared to specific, bond pressure driven, allowable strengths rather than cut average strength. This paper will show how applying a scientific approach to the development of a critical technology process can reduce both the cost and risk of process development. C1 Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, W Palm Beach, FL 33410 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, PRTC, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Cairo, RR (reprint author), GE Power Syst, Gas Turbine Technol Ctr, 300 Garlington Rd, Greenville, SC 29602 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2002 VL 124 IS 1 BP 190 EP 195 DI 10.1115/1.1414131 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 547ML UT WOS:000175336100025 ER PT J AU Loraine, GA Burris, DR Li, LX Schoolfield, J AF Loraine, GA Burris, DR Li, LX Schoolfield, J TI Mass transfer effects on kinetics of dibromoethane reduction by zero-valent iron in packed-bed reactors SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE mass transfer; kinetics; cisterns ID METAL; WATER; DEGRADATION; REMOVAL AB Mass transfer effects on the kinetics of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) reduction by zero-valent iron (ZVI) in batch reactors, a laboratory scale packed-bed reactor, and a pilot scale packed-bed reactor are described. EDB was debrominated by ZVI to ethylene and bromide. EDB sorption to the cast iron surface was nonlinear and was described by a Langmuir equation. Laboratory scale column studies showed a nonlinear dependence of EDB removal on flow rate and initial EDB concentration. A nonequilibrium model of EDB sorption and reaction dependent on mass transfer was constructed using the laboratory scale data. The model was verified using data from a larger pilot scale packed-bed reactor that was used to remove EDB from contaminated groundwater. The data showed two distinct removal processes, an initial rapid phase dominated by mass transfer followed by a slower phase where surface reactions dominated. The model successfully predicted the transition from mass transfer controlled to surface reaction controlled conditions in the pilot scale data. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Command, Tyndall AFB, FL 32405 USA. Appl Res Associates Inc, Gulf Coast Div, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. RP Loraine, GA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Command, Tyndall AFB, FL 32405 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2002 VL 128 IS 1 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:1(85) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 512EN UT WOS:000173308300012 ER PT J AU Michalek, JE Pirkle, JL Needham, LL Patterson, DG Caudill, SP Tripathi, RC Mocarelli, P AF Michalek, JE Pirkle, JL Needham, LL Patterson, DG Caudill, SP Tripathi, RC Mocarelli, P TI Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Seveso adults and veterans of operation Ranch Hand SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agent orange; dioxin; pharmacokinetics; TCDD ID 15-YEAR FOLLOW-UP; SERUM DIOXIN; HEALTH-STATUS; VIETNAM; TCDD; HERBICIDES; CHLORACNE; POPULATION; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE AB A combined analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) elimination in Seveso adults and Ranch Hand veterans found a period of fast elimination within the first 0.27 years after exposure in Seveso, followed by a period of slower elimination between 3 and 16.35 years from exposure. The mean TCDD elimination rate within the first 0.27 years after exposure among six adult males in the Seveso cohort was 2.0646 year(-1) (half-life =0.34 years). The mean rate from 3 to 16.35 years was 0.1011 year(-1) (half-life =6.9 years). The mean Ranch Hand elimination rate, 00924 year-1 (half-life =6.9 years), measured between 9 and 33 years after exposure, was significantly less than the Seveso mean in the first 0.27 years after exposure, but not significantly different from the Seveso mean between 3 and 16.35 years after exposure. The fast elimination within the first 0.27 years followed by a slower rate after 3 years is consistent with the expected pattern in a two-compartment open model, with a distribution phase of rapid elimination followed by a slower elimination phase. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Math & Stat, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA. Univ Milan, Dept Lab Med, Milan, Italy. RP Michalek, JE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2606 Doolittle Rd,Bldg 807, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 34 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 44 EP 53 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500201 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 538FB UT WOS:000174803300005 PM 11859432 ER PT J AU Marchio, JD AF Marchio, JD TI Cold War respite: The Geneva Summit of 1955 SO JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY LA English DT Book Review C1 US Transportation Command, Scott AFB, IL USA. RP Marchio, JD (reprint author), US Transportation Command, Scott AFB, IL USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MILITARY HISTORY PI LEXINGTON PA C/O VIRGINIA MILITARY INST, GEORGE C MARSHALL LIBRARY, LEXINGTON, VA 24450-1600 USA SN 0899-3718 J9 J MILITARY HIST JI J. Mil. Hist. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 BP 263 EP 264 DI 10.2307/2677408 PG 2 WC History SC History GA 505BN UT WOS:000172891400067 ER PT J AU Elrod, PD Tippett, DD AF Elrod, PD Tippett, DD TI The "death valley" of change SO JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE organizational change; technological change; response flexibility AB This paper provides an overview of the current body of knowledge surrounding the human response to change and transition. Models of the change process, as perceived by diverse and seemingly unrelated disciplines, are identified, compared, and contrasted by tracing the evolution of these models from seminal works through contemporary research. Surprisingly, a majority of the models studied were found to share two important characteristics: they follow Lewin's 1952 three-phase model of change; and they describe a degradation of capabilities in the intermediate stages of the change process. In a practical example, the authors explain their experimental verification of the change models' applicability to an organizational change involving the introduction of teams. The interrelationship of developmental and change models is discussed. Finally, the importance to leaders and managers of developing an understanding of the current state-of-the-art in human response to change and transition is discussed. C1 Sverdrup Technol Inc, Arnold AFB, TN USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Elrod, PD (reprint author), Sverdrup Technol Inc, Arnold AFB, TN USA. NR 44 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 17 PU EMERALD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4814 J9 J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG JI J. Organ. Chang. Manage. PY 2002 VL 15 IS 3 BP 273 EP 291 PG 19 WC Management SC Business & Economics GA 565BU UT WOS:000176349000004 ER PT J AU Barker, JR AF Barker, JR TI Effective top management teams SO JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Book Review DE top management; teams; leadership; conflict; power C1 USAF Acad, Dept Management, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Barker, JR (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Management, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RI Barker, James/A-1448-2008 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU EMERALD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4814 J9 J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG JI J. Organ. Chang. Manage. PY 2002 VL 15 IS 4 BP 424 EP 425 PG 2 WC Management SC Business & Economics GA 585HQ UT WOS:000177519700007 ER PT J AU Barker, JR AF Barker, JR TI Effective top management teams SO JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Book Review DE top management teams; leadership; conflict; managerial; power C1 USAF Acad, Dept Management, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Barker, JR (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Management, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU EMERALD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4814 J9 J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG JI J. Organ. Chang. Manage. PY 2002 VL 15 IS 6 BP 650 EP 652 PG 3 WC Management SC Business & Economics GA 626FX UT WOS:000179862500008 ER PT J AU Heiser, WH Pratt, DT AF Heiser, WH Pratt, DT TI Thermodynamic cycle analysis of pulse detonation engines SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article AB Pulse detonation engines (PDEs) are currently attracting considerable research and development attention because they promise performance improvements over existing airbreathing propulsion devices. Because of their inherently unsteady behavior, it has been difficult to conveniently classify and evaluate them relative to their steady-state counterparts. Consequently, most PDE studies employ unsteady gasdynamic calculations to determine the instantaneous pressures and forces acting on the surfaces of the device and integrate them over a cycle to determine thrust performance. A classical, closed thermodynamic cycle analysis of the PDE that is independent of time is presented. The most important result is the thermal efficiency of the PDE cycle, or the fraction of the heating value of the fuel that is converted to work that can be used to produce thrust. The cycle thermal efficiency is then used to find all of the traditional propulsion performance measures. The benefits of this approach are 1) that the fundamental processes incorporated in PDEs are clarified; 2) that direct, quantitative comparisons with other cycles (e.g., Brayton or Humphrey) are easily made; 3) that the influence of the entire ranges of the main parameters that influence PDE performance are easily explored; 4) that the ideal or upper limit of PDE performance capability is quantitatively established; and 5) that this analysis provides a basic building block for more complex PDE cycles. A comparison of cycle performance is made for ideal and real PDE, Brayton, and Humphrey cycles, utilizing realistic component loss models. The results show that the real PDE cycle has better performance than the real Brayton cycle only for flight Mach numbers less than about 3, or cycle static temperature ratios less than about 3. For flight Mach numbers greater than 3, the real Brayton cycle has better performance, and the real Humphrey cycle is an overoptimistic (and unnecessary) surrogate for the real PDE cycle. C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Heiser, WH (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 11 TC 104 Z9 117 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 68 EP 76 DI 10.2514/2.5899 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 516VJ UT WOS:000173577200007 ER PT J AU Hargus, WA Cappelli, MA AF Hargus, WA Cappelli, MA TI Interior and exterior laser-induced fluorescence and plasma measurements within a Hall thruster SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID XENON AB We describe results of a study of emissive-probe-based plasma potential measurements and laser-induced flu. orescence velocimetry of neutral and singly ionized xenon in the plume and interior portions of the acceleration channel of a Hall thruster plasma discharge operating at powers ranging from 250 to 725 W. Axial ion and neutral velocity profiles for four discharge voltage conditions (100, 160, 200, and 250 V) are measured as are radial ion velocity profiles in the near-field plume. Axial ion velocity measurements both inside and outside the thruster as well as radial velocity measurements outside the thruster are performed using laser-induced fluorescence with nonresonant signal detection. Neutral axial velocity measurements are similarly performed in the interior of the Hall thruster with resonance fluorescence collection. Optical access to the interior of the Hall thruster is provided by a 1-mm-wide axial slot in the outer insulator wall. The majority of the ion velocity measurements used partially saturated fluorescence to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Probe-based plasma potential measurements extend from 50 mm outside the thruster exit plane to the near anode region for all but the highest discharge voltage condition. For each condition, the axial electric field is calculated from the plasma potential, and the local electron temperature is determined from the difference between the floating and plasma potentials. These two sets of measurements delineate the structure of the plasma and indicate that the ionization and acceleration regions are somewhat separated. Also, these measurements indicate a region of low electric field near the thruster exit, especially at the higher discharge voltages. This region of near constant potential (low electric field) may be a result of oscillations, which enhance the local plasma conductivity. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Thermosci Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Hargus, WA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Spacecraft Prop Branch, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.2514/2.5912 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 516VJ UT WOS:000173577200019 ER PT J AU Montgomery, CJ Cremer, MA Chen, JY Westbrook, CK Maurice, LQ AF Montgomery, CJ Cremer, MA Chen, JY Westbrook, CK Maurice, LQ TI Reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for hydrocarbon fuels SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID N-HEPTANE OXIDATION; COMBUSTION; PYROLYSIS AB Several reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for combustion of ethylene and n-heptane have been generated using CARM, a computer program that automates the mechanism-reduction process. The method uses a set of input test problems to rank species by the error introduced by assuming they are in quasi-steady state. The reduced mechanisms have been compared to detailed chemistry calculations in simple homogeneous reactors and experiments. Reduced mechanisms for combustion of ethylene having as few as 10 species were found to give reasonable agreement with detailed chemistry over a range of stoichiometries. Much better agreement with detailed chemistry was found for ethylene ignition delay when the reduced mechanism was tuned through selection of input test problems. The performance of reduced mechanisms derived from a large detailed mechanism for n-heptane was compared to results from reduced mechanisms derived from a smaller semi-empirical mechanism. The semi-empirical mechanism was clearly advantageous as a starting point for reduction for ignition delay, but the differences were not as notable for perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) calculations. Reduced mechanisms with as few as 12 species gave excellent results for n-heptane/air PSR calculations but 16-25 or more species are needed to simulate n-heptane ignition delay. C1 React Engn Int, Engn Anal Grp, Salt Lake City, UT 84101 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Montgomery, CJ (reprint author), React Engn Int, Engn Anal Grp, 77 West 200 South,Suite 210, Salt Lake City, UT 84101 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 192 EP 198 DI 10.2514/2.5916 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 516VJ UT WOS:000173577200023 ER PT J AU Taff, L Jones, S AF Taff, L Jones, S TI Cesarean scar endometriosis - A report of two cases SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE endometriosis; cesarean section; cesarean scar endometriosis AB BACKGROUND: Extrapelvic endometriosis is a fairly rare phenomenon. The majority of extrapelvic endometriosis involves scar tissue following obstretic/gynecologic procedures. Cesarean section scar endometriosis may be more common than reflected in the literature acid leas a distinct presentation acid treatment. CASES: Two patients with histories of cesarean sections presented with a painful, enlarging mass involving the cesarean section scar. The pain was cyclic and strongest just prior to menstruation. Both patients were treated with surgical excision, and both specimens lead endometriosis confirmed by histopathology. CONCLUSION: Endometriosis involving a cesarean section scar may be more common than thought. Patients typically present with a history of cesarean section or other obstetric/gynecologic surgery and are found to Have a mass involving the scar, with symptoms intensifying prior to each menstrual cycle. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, providing both diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. C1 USAF, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Keesler AFB, MS 39534 USA. RP Taff, L (reprint author), USAF, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 81 MSGS-SGCG,301 Fisher St,Room 1A-132, Keesler AFB, MS 39534 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCI PRINTERS & PUBL INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO DRAWER 12425 8342 OLIVE BLVD, ST LOUIS, MO 63132 USA SN 0024-7758 J9 J REPROD MED JI J. Reprod. Med. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 47 IS 1 BP 50 EP 52 PG 3 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 515XV UT WOS:000173522700011 PM 11838312 ER PT J AU Zaldivar, RJ Kobayashi, RW Dickinson, TJ AF Zaldivar, RJ Kobayashi, RW Dickinson, TJ TI Exposure of polycyanurate and epoxy matrix composites to hypergolic rocket fuel components SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB Polycyanurates are a new class of thermosetting polymers having properties superior to those of epoxies for spacecraft applications. These polymers are gaining wide acceptance due to their lower moisture uptake, reduced outgassing, high glass transition temperature, and excellent resistance to thermally induced microcracks. Polycyanurate composites are being used in current satellite programs and will likely see increased applications in satellite and launch vehicles. It is necessary to determine the compatibility of these composites with spacecraft propellants. The compatibility is examined between two hypergol rocket propellants (anhydrous hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide) and polycyanurate composites composed of T-300 fibers and polycyanurate matrices derived from bisphenol-A. The mechanical performance of polycyanurate composites is compared to T-300/934 epoxy composites, a current state-of-the-art system for these applications. Fiber and neat resin specimens are tested in addition to the composite systems. The tensile strength of the polyacrylonitrile-based T-300 fibers is not affected by 24-h exposures in hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. The neat resin specimens are significantly affected by both fuel (anhydrous hydrazine) and oxidizer (nitrogen tetroxide), as witnessed by changes in mass, surface hardness, and tensile strength. Hydrazine dissolves the polycyanurate, but is absorbed by the epoxy. Nitrogen tetroxide attacks both resins, with degradation occurring twice as fast for the epoxy. Tensile strengths are determined for both exposed and unexposed specimens. Tensile strength decreases are observed to differing degrees for both of these composite systems as a function of propellant and exposure time. Scanning electron microscopy is also used to examine the fracture surfaces and microstructure of both systems before and after exposure. C1 Aerosp Corp, Dept Mat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. USAF, Space & Missiles Command, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. RP Zaldivar, RJ (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, Dept Mat Sci, POB 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 99 EP 105 DI 10.2514/2.3787 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 523AE UT WOS:000173928500014 ER PT J AU Lai, ST Murad, E McNeil, WJ AF Lai, ST Murad, E McNeil, WJ TI Hazards of hypervelocity impacts on spacecraft SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL NOISE; PLASMA; DUST; PROBABILITIES; METEOROIDS; LEONIDS; STREAMS AB Hypervelocity impacts by space particles, such as meteoroids and debris, pose hazards to spacecraft. The limits of velocity of meteoroid and debris are derived. Characteristic properties of hypervelocity impacts are momentum transfer, penetration, plasma production, localization, and suddenness. Using McDonnell's empirical formulas derived from laboratory experiments, impact penetrations and plasma production rates in the space environment are calculated. When the critical temperature theorem for Maxwellian space plasmas is used, the energy of the plasma generated is shown to be too low to induce any significant spacecraft charging. The plasma generated, however, can induce a transient, sustained or avalanche discharge between differentially charged surfaces. The discharge current depends not only on the plasma density generated but also on the neutral gas released on impact. A scenario of impact induced hazard following days of passage of a high-energy plasma cloud, such as a coronal mass ejection cloud, is discussed. Some mitigation methods are discussed. Finally, we discuss whether electrons can be accelerated to high energies in a meteor trail. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Weather Ctr Excellence, Space Vehicles Directorate,Hanscom AFB, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Radex Inc, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. RP Lai, ST (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Weather Ctr Excellence, Space Vehicles Directorate,Hanscom AFB, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 58 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 106 EP 114 DI 10.2514/2.3788 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 523AE UT WOS:000173928500015 ER PT J AU Ketsdever, AD Eccles, BM AF Ketsdever, AD Eccles, BM TI Fiber-optic sensors for the study of spacecraft-thruster interactions: Ion sputtering SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 35th Thermophysics Conference CY JUN 11-14, 2001 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut C1 USAF, Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Aerphys Branch, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Ketsdever, AD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Aerphys Branch, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 158 EP 160 DI 10.2514/2.3798 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 523AE UT WOS:000173928500025 ER PT J AU Henderson, BK Lane, SA Gussy, J Griffin, S Farinholt, KM AF Henderson, BK Lane, SA Gussy, J Griffin, S Farinholt, KM TI Development of an acoustic actuator for launch vehicle noise reduction SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB In many active noise control applications, it is necessary that acoustic actuators be mounted in small enclosures due to volume constraints and in order to remain unobtrusive. However. the air spring of the enclosure is detrimental to the low-frequency performance of the actuator. For launch vehicle noise control applications, mass and volume constraints are very limiting, but the low-frequency performance of the actuator is critical. This work presents a novel approach that uses a nonlinear buckling suspension system and partial evacuation of the air within the enclosure to yield a compact, sealed acoustic driver that exhibits a very low natural frequency. Linear models of the device are presented and numerical simulations are given to illustrate the advantages of this design concept. An experimental prototype was built and measurements indicate that this design can significantly improve the low-frequency response of compact acoustic actuators. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society Of America. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Boeing SVS, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Henderson, BK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 111 IS 1 BP 174 EP 179 DI 10.1121/1.1420383 PN 1 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 513TB UT WOS:000173394400017 PM 11831792 ER PT J AU Evilsizer, ME Gilkey, RH Mason, CR Colburn, HS Carney, LH AF Evilsizer, ME Gilkey, RH Mason, CR Colburn, HS Carney, LH TI Binaural detection with narrowband and wideband reproducible noise maskers: I. Results for human SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MASKING LEVEL DIFFERENCES; AUDITORY-NERVE FIBERS; INFERIOR COLLICULUS; SIGNAL-DETECTION; BAND NOISE; TONE; RESPONSES; FREQUENCY; DETECTABILITY; NEURONS AB This study investigated binaural detection of tonal targets (500 Hz) using sets of individual masker waveforms with two different bandwidths. Previous studies of binaural detection with wideband noise maskers show that responses to individual noise waveforms are correlated between diotic, (N0S0) and dichotic (N0Spi) conditions [Gilkey et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 1207-1219 (1985)]; however, results for narrowband maskers are not correlated across interaural configurations [Isabelle and Colburn, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 352-359 (1991)]. This study was designed to allow direct comparison, in detail, of responses across bandwidths and interaural configurations. Subjects were tested on a binaural detection task using both narrowband (100-Hz bandwidth) and wideband (100 Hz to 3 kHz) noise maskers that had identical spectral components in the 100-Hz frequency band surrounding the tone frequency. The results of this study were consistent with the previous studies: NOSO and NOS, responses were more strongly correlated for wideband maskers than for narrowband maskers. Differences in the results for these two bandwidths suggest that binaural detection is not determined solely by the masker spectrum within the critical band centered on the target frequency, but rather that remote frequencies must be included, in the analysis and modeling of binaural detection with wideband maskers. Results across the set of individual noises obtained with the fixed-level testing were comparable to those obtained with a tracking procedure which was similar to the procedure used in a companion study of rabbit subjects [Zheng et all, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 346 -356 (2002)]. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Hearing Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Psychol, Dayton, OH USA. USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Carney, LH (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Inst Sensory Res, Dept Bioengn & Neurosci, 621 Skytop Rd, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. FU NIDCD NIH HHS [DC01641, R01 DC001641, DC00100] NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 111 IS 1 BP 336 EP 345 DI 10.1121/1.1423929 PN 1 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 513TB UT WOS:000173394400032 PM 11831806 ER PT J AU Dahlke, SR McKay, BE AF Dahlke, SR McKay, BE TI Optimal trajectories for secondary payloads from geosynchronous transfer orbits to the moon SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB Trajectories that provide fuel-efficient transfers from Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits (GTO) to the Moon are examined in this paper. These trajectories are becoming more important as relatively inexpensive launch options to GTO are now available by launching as a secondary payload. The main focus of this research is to explore possibilities for reaching lunar orbit via methods other than launching directly into the lunar orbit plane or waiting in a parking orbit for orbit perturbations to create favorable transfer conditions. Through the use of carefully chosen bi-elliptic type transfers or transfer orbits with optimally placed plane changes, this research shows that relatively efficient transfers to the Moon can be obtained from GTO. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Astronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Dahlke, SR (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Astronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 639KK UT WOS:000180627400001 ER PT J AU Granholm, GR Proulx, RJ Cefola, PJ Nazarenko, AI Yurasov, VS AF Granholm, GR Proulx, RJ Cefola, PJ Nazarenko, AI Yurasov, VS TI Requirements for accurate near-real time atmospheric density correction SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 14-17, 2000 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS ID SATELLITE AB Several theories have been presented in regard to creating a neutral density model that is corrected or calibrated in near-real time using data from space catalogs. These theories are usually limited to a small number of frequently tracked "calibration satellites" about which information such as mass and cross-sectional area is known very accurately. This work, however, attempts to validate a methodology by which drag information from all available low-altitude space objects is used to update any given density model on a comprehensive basis. A technique to estimate true ballistic factors is derived in detail. A full simulation capability is independently verified. The process is initially demonstrated using simulated range, azimuth, and elevation observations so that issues such as required number and types of calibration satellites, density of observations, and susceptibility to atmospheric conditions can be examined. C1 USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. MIT, Lincoln Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Ctr Program Studies, Moscow 117810, Russia. Space Res Ctr Kosmos, Moscow 129345, Russia. RP Granholm, GR (reprint author), USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 50 IS 1 BP 71 EP 97 PG 27 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 639KK UT WOS:000180627400005 ER PT J AU Barchers, JD AF Barchers, JD TI Application of the parallel generalized projection algorithm to the control of two finite-resolution deformable mirrors for scintillation compensation SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID LASER-BEAM PROJECTION; PHASE; OPTICS; DESIGN AB A modification of the parallel generalized projection algorithm is presented that allows for the use of projections in a weighted norm. Convergence properties of the modified algorithm, denoted the weighted parallel generalized projection algorithm, are developed. The weighted parallel generalized projection algorithm is applied to the control of two finite-resolution deformable mirrors to compensate for both the amplitude and the phase fluctuations that result from propagation through a turbulent medium. Numerical results are shown that indicate that a two-deformable-mirror system can provide improved performance over that of a single-deformable-mirror system. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Starfire Opt Range, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Barchers, JD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Starfire Opt Range, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3232 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 19 IS 1 BP 54 EP 63 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.19.000054 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 505TA UT WOS:000172930600008 PM 11778733 ER PT J AU Ponnappan, R AF Ponnappan, R TI Novel groove-shaped screen-wick miniature heat pipe SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article AB Miniature heat pipes (MHP) are passive heat transport devices mainly considered in electronics packaging for high heat flux acquisition and transport. Their applications could include thermal management of a variety of electronic devices such as computer processors and laser diodes. A novel screen-wick design suitable for MHP is described. The new design promises improved performance and ease of fabrication and is recommended in place of the familiar forms of rectangular groove design MHP Design and fabrication details, along with steady-state horizontal orientation performance test results of a proof-of-concept rectangular copper-water heat pipe are presented. Heat flux, temperature difference, and heat transfer coefficient data are compared with the literature data of a comparable flat MHP with a machined groove wick. The performance of the new design matches the comparable groove design. The highest applied evaporator heat flux at the heater surface was 115 W/cm(2) at an operating temperature of 90degreesC and evaporator-to-adiabatic temperature difference of 37degreesC. Results on the heat transfer coefficients are also presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Energy Storage & Thermal Sci Branch, Power Div,Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ponnappan, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Energy Storage & Thermal Sci Branch, Power Div,Prop Directorate, 1950 5th St,Bldg 18, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 17 EP 21 DI 10.2514/2.6668 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 513ZB UT WOS:000173410200002 ER PT J AU Gimelshein, SF Levin, DA Drakes, JA Karabadzhak, GF Plastinin, Y AF Gimelshein, SF Levin, DA Drakes, JA Karabadzhak, GF Plastinin, Y TI Modeling of ultraviolet radiation in steady and transient high-altitude plume flows SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article AB Ultraviolet radiation from hydrazine spacecraft thruster plumes interacting with ambient atomic oxygen is modeled for low-Earth-orbit conditions. Two numerical techniques that employ the direct simulation Monte Carlo method are applied for the first time to the modeling of space plume radiation transient and three-dimensional flows. These efficient procedures allow one to analyze the effect of atomic oxygen penetration of the thruster plume, which is a key factor in modeling rarefied space plume radiation. The overlay technique is used to model the transient flow evolution during the first several seconds after motor ignition. Good agreement between modeling and experiment are obtained before 1-s motor burn time. The sensitivity of the plume radiation to the molecular total collision model is analyzed using the overlay technique, and the radiation spatial distribution was found to be strongly dependent on the temperature exponent of the coefficient of viscosity. Three-dimensional computations are conducted for different angles between the plume axis and the freestream directions, and the radiation maps for OH(A) and NH(A) are presented. Significant difference between OH(A) and NH(A) radiation fields as a function of the angle of attack is shown. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, Sverdrup Technol Inc, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. TsNNIIMASH, Dept Radiat Proc Gases, Korolev 141070, Russia. RP Gimelshein, SF (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 58 EP 67 DI 10.2514/2.6652 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 513ZB UT WOS:000173410200008 ER PT J AU Wysong, IJ Dressler, RA Chiu, YH Boyd, ID AF Wysong, IJ Dressler, RA Chiu, YH Boyd, ID TI Direct simulation Monte Carlo dissociation model evaluation: comparison to measured cross sections SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID COLLISION-INDUCED DISSOCIATION; ION-MOLECULE REACTIONS; STRONG SHOCK-WAVES; VIBRATION-DISSOCIATION; ENERGY-DEPENDENCE; PARTICLE SIMULATION; RATE COEFFICIENTS; NONEQUILIBRIUM; EXCITATION; RATES AB Recent measurements of collision-induced dissociation (CID) cross sections for Ar(2)(+)-Ar collisions for vibrationally cold and hot cases are utilized to test and compare several CID models that have been proposed for the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique. The idea that the CID process is strongly favored by vibrational energy is discussed relative to the various models. The Ar(2)(+) data do not show any vibrational favoring of the CID cross sections. The predictions of the DSMC models are examined using values of their adjustable parameters suggested in the literature. It is shown that some DSMC CID models have much more physically realistic behavior in terms of their cross sections than others. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Aerophys Branch, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Wysong, IJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Aerophys Branch, Prop Directorate, PSC 802,Box 14, Edwards AFB, CA USA. EM ingrid.wysong@edwards.af.mil RI Wysong, Ingrid/E-6592-2011 OI Wysong, Ingrid/0000-0003-0591-6862 NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 83 EP 93 DI 10.2514/2.6655 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 513ZB UT WOS:000173410200011 ER PT J AU Bons, JP Sondergaard, R Rivir, RB AF Bons, JP Sondergaard, R Rivir, RB TI The fluid dynamics of LPT blade separation control using pulsed jets SO JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th International Congress and Exhibition on Gas Turbines and Aeroengines CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA ID AIRFOIL AB The effects of pulsed vortex generator jets on a naturally separating low-pressure turbine boundary layer have been investigated experimentally. Blade Reynolds numbers in the linear turbine cascade match those for high-altitude aircraft engines and industrial turbine engines with elevated turbine inlet temperatures. The vortex generator jets (30 deg pitch and 90 deg skew angle) are pulsed over a wide range of frequency at constant amplitude and selected duty cycles. The resulting wake loss coefficient versus pulsing frequency data add to previously presented work by the authors documenting the loss dependency on amplitude and duty cycle. As in the previous studies, vortex generator jets are shown to be highly effective in controlling laminar boundary, layer separation. This is found to be true at dimension less forcing frequencies (F+) well below unity and with low (10 percent) duty cycles. This unexpected low-frequency effectiveness is due to the relatively long relaxation time of the boundary layer as it resumes its separated state. Extensive phase-locked velocity measurements taken in the blade wake at an F+ of 0.01 with 50 percent duty cycle (a condition at which the flow is essentially quasi-steady) document the ejection of bound vorticity associated with a low-momentum fluid packet at the beginning of each jet pulse. Once this initial fluid event has swept down the suction surface of the blade, a reduced wake signature indicates the presence of an attached boundary layer until just after the jet termination. The boundary layer subsequently relaxes back to its naturally separated state. This relaxation occurs on a timescale which is five to six times longer than the original attachment due to the starting vortex. Phase-locked boundary layer measurements taken at various stations along the blade chord illustrate this slow relaxation phenomenon. This behavior suggests that some economy of jet flow may be possible by optimizing the pulse ditty cycle and frequency for a particular application. At higher pulsing frequencies, for which the flow is fully dynamic, the boundary layer is dominated by periodic shedding and separation babble migration, never recovering its fully separated (uncontrolled) state. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bons, JP (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Bons, Jeffrey/N-9854-2014 NR 21 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 11 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0889-504X J9 J TURBOMACH JI J. Turbomach.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2002 VL 124 IS 1 BP 77 EP 85 DI 10.1115/1.1425392 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 547PP UT WOS:000175341200010 ER PT J AU Van Treuren, KW Simon, T von Koller, M Byerley, AR Baughn, JW Rivir, R AF Van Treuren, KW Simon, T von Koller, M Byerley, AR Baughn, JW Rivir, R TI Measurements in a turbine cascade flow under ultra low Reynolds number conditions SO JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th International Congress and Exhibition on Gas Turbines and Aeroengines CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE turbine cascade; low Reynolds number flow AB With the new generation of gas turbine engine, low Reynolds number flows have become increasingly important. Designers must properly account for, transition front laminar to turbulent flow, and separation of the flow, front the suction surface, which is strongly dependent upon transition. Of interest to industry, are Reynolds numbers based upon suction surface length and flow, exit velocity below 150,000 and as low as 25,000. In this paper, the extreme low end of this Reynolds number range is documented by way of pressure distributions, loss coefficients, and identification of separation zones. Reynolds numbers of 25,000 and 50,000 and with I percent and 8-9 percent turbulence intensity of the approach flow (free-stream turbulence intensity, FSTI) were investigated, At 25,000 Reynolds number and low FSTI. the suction surface displayed a strong and steady separation region. Raising the turbulence intensity resulted in a very unsteady separation region of nearly the same size on the suction surface, Vortex generators were added to the suction surface, but they appeared to do very little at this Reynolds number At the higher Reynolds number of 50,000, the low-FSTI case was strongly separated on the downstream portion of the suction surface. The separation zone was eliminated when the turbulence level was increased to 8-9 percent. Vortex generators were added to the suction surface of the low-FSTI case. In this instance, the vortices it-ere able to provide the mixing needed to re-establish flow attachment. This paper shows that massive separation at very, low Reynolds numbers (25,000) is persistent, in spite of elevated FSTI and added vortices. However, at a higher Reynolds number; there is opportunity for flow, reattachment either with elevated free-stream turbulence or with added vortices. This may be the first documentation of flow behavior at such low, Reynolds numbers. Although it is undesirable to operate under these conditions. it is important to know what to expect and how performance may be improved if such conditions tire unavoidable. C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Engn, Waco, TX 76798 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Bundesamt Wehrtech & Beschaffung, Koblenz, Germany. USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USAF, Wright Labs, Aero Prop & Power Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Van Treuren, KW (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Engn, Waco, TX 76798 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0889-504X J9 J TURBOMACH JI J. Turbomach.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2002 VL 124 IS 1 BP 100 EP 106 DI 10.1115/1.1415736 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 547PP UT WOS:000175341200012 ER PT J AU Gallentine, ML Wright, FH AF Gallentine, ML Wright, FH TI Ligation of the native ureter in renal transplantation SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ureter; kidney transplantation; nephrectomy; ligation ID PYELOURETEROSTOMY; NEPHRECTOMY; COMPLICATIONS; MANAGEMENT AB Purpose: Native ureteral ligation may be required in renal transplantation when ureteroureterostomy is performed. Native nephrectomy has been done to avoid the complication of hydronephrosis after native ureteral ligation. We reviewed the records of renal transplant recipients who underwent native ureteral ligation to determine the incidence of post-ligation symptoms and need for native nephrectomy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,275 renal transplants performed from January 1986 through September 1999, including 278 cases (22%) of native ureteral ligation. The majority of patients had anuria or oligouria before transplantation, although 3 were not dialysis dependent. Followup was 1 to 140 months. Charts were reviewed for flank pain, infection and the need for native nephrectomy. Results: Six of 278 patients (2.2%) required native nephrectomy 7 to 82 months after transplantation with flank pain as the indication in all. The cause of renal failure was polycystic disease in 3 of the 6 cases, unknown in 2 and diabetes in 1. The patient with diabetes had papillary necrosis and bleeding in the nephrectomized kidney. None of the 278 patients had infection and early post-ligation flank pain developed in only 1 (0.4%). Conclusions: The native ureter may be safely ligated during renal transplantation. Late nephrectomy may be required in a small percent of cases, most commonly in those of polycystic disease. The need for nephrectomy is most often related to the original renal disease. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Urol, San Antonio, TX USA. Texas Transplant Inst, Methodist Specialty & Transplant Hosp, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Gallentine, ML (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Urol, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 167 IS 1 BP 29 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65375-X PG 2 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 502CM UT WOS:000172726200007 PM 11743268 ER PT J AU Ross, MD Irrgang, JJ Denegar, CR McCloy, CM Unangst, ET AF Ross, MD Irrgang, JJ Denegar, CR McCloy, CM Unangst, ET TI The relationship between participation restrictions and selected clinical measures following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction SO KNEE SURGERY SPORTS TRAUMATOLOGY ARTHROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE participation restrictions; knee surgery; anterior cruciate ligament; rehabilitation ID INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION; KNEE STABILITY; DISABILITIES; RELIABILITY; IMPAIRMENTS; PATIENT; ARTHROSCOPY; HANDICAPS; STRENGTH; MENISCUS AB This study examined the relationship between participation restrictions in activities of daily living and sports following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and the status of knee structures, performance-based activity limitations, and impairments. Fifty subjects (36 men, 14 women, age=20.6+/-1.3 years) at a mean of 31.0+/-16.3 months following ACLR participated in this study. Participation restrictions in activities of daily living and sports were measured by the combined scores of the Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale and Sports Activity Scale. The status of knee structures was assessed by determining the number of previously injured structures in the knee and the time from the most recent ACLR to testing. Performance-based activity limitations were assessed with the single leg hop for distance test. Impairments included isokinetic quadriceps function and anterior tibiofemoral joint laxity. Forward stepwise regression analysis revealed that while the number of injured knee structures alone accounted for 47% of the variability in patient-reported participation restrictions, the combination of the number of injured knee structures, time from ACLR, and the hop index provided the most effective estimate of participation restrictions. Isokinetic quadriceps function and KT-1000 side-to-side differences were not entered into the regression model and were not significant predictors of participation restrictions. We recommend that clinicians use caution in assuming that isokinetic quadriceps function and anterior tibiofemoral joint laxity provide an effective estimate of participation restrictions. C1 Dept Phys Therapy, Cannon AFB, NM 88101 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Hlth & Rehabil Sci, Dept Phys Therapy, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Kinesiol Orthoped & Rehabil, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Indianapolis, Krannert Sch Phys Therapy, Phys Therapy Program, Indianapolis, IN 46227 USA. USAF Acad, Dept Biol, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Ross, MD (reprint author), Dept Phys Therapy, 208 W Casablanca 27th Med Grp, Cannon AFB, NM 88101 USA. NR 39 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0942-2056 J9 KNEE SURG SPORT TR A JI Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 10 IS 1 BP 10 EP 19 DI 10.1007/s001670100238 PG 10 WC Orthopedics; Sport Sciences; Surgery SC Orthopedics; Sport Sciences; Surgery GA 528MA UT WOS:000174246500004 PM 11819015 ER PT J AU Gresham, VC Jiru, JA AF Gresham, VC Jiru, JA TI There's no place like home, but why is it better? SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 AF Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Mil Justice, Brooks AFB, TX USA. RP Gresham, VC (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 19 EP 20 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 514BE UT WOS:000173415700003 ER PT J AU Smith, ME Beninati, W Kendall, B AF Smith, ME Beninati, W Kendall, B TI Special stains for microorganisms in BAL and bronchial brushing - How does a positive result correlate with culture and clinical management? SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0023-6837 EI 1530-0307 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 82 IS 1 MA 355 BP 87A EP 87A PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 513LJ UT WOS:000173379700368 ER PT S AU Lamberson, SE AF Lamberson, SE BE Basu, S Riker, JF TI The Airborne Laser SO LASER AND BEAM CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser and Beam Control Technologies CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE ABL; beam control; fire control; high energy lasers; illuminator lasers AB The US Air Force Airborne Laser (ABL) is an airborne, megawatt-class laser system with a state-of-the-art atmospheric compensation system to destroy enemy ballistic missiles at long ranges. This system will provide both deterrence and defense against the use of such weapons during conflicts. This paper provides an overview of the ABL weapon system including: the notional operational concept, the development approach and schedule, the overall aircraft configuration, the technologies being incorporated in the ABL, and the risk reduction approach being utilized to ensure program success. C1 USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Airborne Laser Syst Program Off, Kirtland AFB, NM USA. RP Lamberson, SE (reprint author), USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Airborne Laser Syst Program Off, Kirtland AFB, NM USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4371-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4632 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1117/12.469763 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU92W UT WOS:000177420800001 ER PT S AU Zetterlind, VE Magee, EP AF Zetterlind, VE Magee, EP BE Basu, S Riker, JF TI Performance of various branch point tolerant phase reconstructors with finite time delays and measurement noise SO LASER AND BEAM CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser and Beam Control Technologies CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE phase reconstruction; branch points; extended turbulence; adaptive optics ID LASER-BEAM PROJECTION AB This study extends branch point tolerant phase reconstructor research to examine the effect of finite time delays and measurement error on system performance. Branch point tolerant phase reconstruction is particularly applicable to atmospheric laser weapon and communication systems, which operate in extended turbulence. We examine the relative performance of a least squares reconstructor, least squares plus hidden phase reconstructor, and a Goldstein branch point reconstructor for various correction time-delays and measurement noise scenarios. Performance is evaluated using a wave-optics simulation that models a 100km atmospheric propagation of a point source beacon to a transmit/receive aperture. Phase-only corrections are then calculated using the various reconstructor algorithms and applied to an outgoing uniform field. Point Strehl is used as the performance metric. Results indicate that while time delays and measurement noise reduce the performance of branch point tolerant reconstructors, these reconstructors can still outperform least squares implementations in many cases. We also show that branch point detection becomes the limiting factor in measurement noise corrupted scenarios. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, ENG, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Zetterlind, VE (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, ENG, 2950 P St,Bldg 640,Rm 214, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4371-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4632 BP 85 EP 94 DI 10.1117/12.469759 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BU92W UT WOS:000177420800008 ER PT S AU Apostolova, T Huang, D Alsing, P McIver, J Cardimona, DA AF Apostolova, T Huang, D Alsing, P McIver, J Cardimona, DA BE Exarhos, G Guenther, AH Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Effect of laser-induced anti-diffusion on phonon-assisted electron transitions in semiconductor Fokker-Planck equation SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2001 PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Boulder Damage Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY OCT 01-02, 2001 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, BOULDER, CO SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, QinetiQ, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Univ Cent Florida, Off Res & Sch Opt, Cierra Photon Inc, Pacific NW Natl Lab, SPIE HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL ID DOUBLE-QUANTUM WELLS; INDUCED BREAKDOWN; SUBPICOSECOND PULSES; DIELECTRICS; NANOSECOND; FIELD AB By using a first-order time-dependent perturbation theory and including the effect of energy drift from electron transport on the intraband transitions of electrons due to phonons, the kinetic Fokker-Planck equation for conduction electrons in semiconductors is systematically derived in the presence of a laser pulse. A contribution from the anti-diffusion current in the equation is found as a result of the coupling between the spontaneous-phonon emission and the energy drift of electrons due to joule heating by absorbing power from a laser. Analytical expressions for source terms of the equation are given simultaneously up to second-order in perturbation theory, including the stimulated interband optical transitions of electrons from single-photon laser-field absorption, impact ionization due to the Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes, and non-radiative recombination due to the phonon-mediated interaction. Some possible damage mechanisms in semiconductors including optical, electrical, and structural damage are explored. The energy spectra of the electron distribution function are studied and used to analyze the transient behavior of both the conduction electron density and the average kinetic energy of electrons (proportional to the electron temperature). The dynamical effects of anti-diffusion, recombination, thermal diffusion and lattice temperature axe all shown and explained. A new kink-like feature is observed around the edge of the conduction band in the electron distribution function due to anti-diffusion. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSSS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Apostolova, T (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSSS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4418-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4679 BP 124 EP 137 DI 10.1117/12.461694 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BU66B UT WOS:000176632200014 ER PT S AU Blackshire, JL Zakel, A Guha, S AF Blackshire, JL Zakel, A Guha, S BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Interferometric assessment of laser-induced damage to semiconductors SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2002 AND 7TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LASER BEAM AND OPTICS CHARACTERIZATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Annual Boulder Damage Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers/7th International Workshop on Laser Beam and Optics Characterization CY SEP 16-19, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, BOULDER, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Univ Cent Florida, Sch Opt CREOL, Wissensch Gesell Laser Tech, Univ Stuttgart, Inst Strahlwerkzeuge HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE nondestructive evaluation (NDE); optical interferometry; laser damage AB It is important to determine the onset of damage as well as the extent of the damage area when materials are illuminated by intense laser radiation. In this work, an optical interferometric technique was used to assess laser-induced damage in semiconductor materials based on the three-dimensional, topographic characteristics of the damage site. Both antireflection coated and uncoated materials were evaluated for variations of fluence level, focused spot size, and laser repetition rate. The interferometric technique was non-contact and nondestructive in nature, providing a high-resolution capability of assessing damage levels on the surfaces of the materials. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Blackshire, JL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4727-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4932 BP 434 EP 443 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BX06D UT WOS:000184147500051 ER PT S AU Miles, B Land, J Hoffman, A Humbert, W Smith, B Howard, A Cox, J Foster, M Onuffer, D Thompson, S Ramrath, T Harris, C Freedman, P AF Miles, B Land, J Hoffman, A Humbert, W Smith, B Howard, A Cox, J Foster, M Onuffer, D Thompson, S Ramrath, T Harris, C Freedman, P BE Kamerman, GW TI Field testing protocols for evaluation of 3D imaging focal plane array ladar systems SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications VII CY APR 03-04, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB Herein are discussed five straightforward field tests that are appropriate for evaluation of the performance of focal plane array (FPA) based ladar systems capable of generating high-resolution 31) imagery. The tests assess system level performance using traditional imaging targets and ladar specific targets. In addition, the tests allow comparisons to be made between the predicted performance of a ladar system and the actual performance. Analysis of actual field test ladar data is included based on appropriateness and availability of data. In the first test, range resolution is examined when the target is obscured by camouflage; the intent is to provide two pulse returns within the same instantaneous field of view (IFOV) and determine the source of the range report from different pixels within the range image with the emphasis on determining performance based on the pulse detection approach that is implemented. The second series of tests evaluates the lateral and range resolution of the FPA using standard modulation transfer function (MTF) and statistical approaches. The third test (Sect. 3.4) involves a moving target to introduce a dynamic version of the previous spatial frequency dependent tests. The fourth test (Sect. 3.5) assesses the system range performance as a function of received signal, essentially determining the performance of the system as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is varied. The fifth test (Sect. 3.6) assesses the uniformity of the range resolution and range accuracy of the FPA. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Adv Guidance Div, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Miles, B (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Adv Guidance Div, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4473-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4723 BP 43 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.476413 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BV20M UT WOS:000178155700005 ER PT S AU Bochove, EJ AF Bochove, EJ BE Kudryashov, AV TI Spectral beam combining of fiber lasers: tolerances, lens design; and microlens array inclusion SO LASER RESONATORS AND BEAM CONTROL V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control V CY JAN 22-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE AB Defocusing, angular, and linear alignment tolerances, and the effects of transform lens aberrations are calculated for spectral beam combining of fiber lasers, first for a cavity in which no microlens array is used in the collimating optics. Two design criteria are derived and used to compare four lenses: a simple bi-spherical lens, a compound quadruplet, a piano-aspheric lens, and a piano-parabolic lens. The results point to superior performance of simple aspheric lenses over compound lenses with spherical surfaces. A kind of equivalence of efficiency and beam quality is demonstrated. Partial results on the inclusion of a microlens array for improved beam collimation predicts marked increase of the maximum array size and overall efficiency. C1 Univ New Mexico, Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Bochove, EJ (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4368-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4629 BP 31 EP 38 DI 10.1117/12.469502 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BU92V UT WOS:000177419900005 ER PT S AU Culpepper, MA AF Culpepper, MA BE Kudryashov, AV TI Coherent combination of fiber laser beams SO LASER RESONATORS AND BEAM CONTROL V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control V CY JAN 22-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE coherent; fiber; laser; beam; combination; interference; pattern; control AB Coherent combination of free-space beams from continuous-wave, 1547 nm, narrow-band, single-mode fiber-lasers was experimentally investigated. Beams from fiber lasers (in a master oscillator/power amplifier arrangement) were collimated. The beams were then overlapped on a video camera to form an interference pattern. The interference pattern drifted slowly under lab conditions. The drift was observed to mainly be due to: a) wavelength drift of the master oscillator combined with an optical path difference and b) small thermal fluxuations in the optical fibers that, in turn, cause wavefront phase changes. Images from the video camera were acquired by computer and analyzed in real-time. A phase control signal was fed back to a fiber stretcher to achieve a stable interference pattern. The interference pattern peak could also be steered within the beam overlap region to a desired location. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM USA. RP Culpepper, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM USA. NR 1 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4368-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4629 BP 99 EP 108 DI 10.1117/12.469476 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BU92V UT WOS:000177419900014 ER PT S AU Paxton, AH AF Paxton, AH BE Kudryashov, AV TI Aberrations in lenslike antiguides for semiconductor lasers SO LASER RESONATORS AND BEAM CONTROL V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control V CY JAN 22-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE lenslike medium; optical aberration; antiguide; laser; resonator ID UNSTABLE RESONATOR; DESIGN; DIODES AB A lenslike diverging medium is potentially useful in semiconductor lasers (1-6). A laser of this type was previously fabricated and tested(1). The performance was substantially better than a comparable laser without a lenslike region, although refinements of the design were needed to obtain an output beam that was essentially diffraction limited. For this type of laser, the structure of the wafer is designed so that the effective refractive index depends on x, the lateral distance from the center of the wafer. The shape of the wavefronts of the mode depends on the functional form of the index of refraction. In principle, the index can be tailored so that the wavefronts will be cylindrical. In practice, this profile will not be achieved perfectly, and it is important to be able to calculate the aberrations that are introduced. It is also useful to calculate the index profile that would result in ideal cylindrical wavefronts. Equations are derived for the mode wavefronts given the index profile and for the index profile that will result in a given wavefront, and examples are discussed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Paxton, AH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4368-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4629 BP 109 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.469477 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BU92V UT WOS:000177419900015 ER PT S AU Barchers, JD AF Barchers, JD BE Thompson, WE Merritt, PH TI Noise gain and misregistration calculations for a two deformable mirror field conjugation system SO LASER WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Laser Weapons Technology Conference CY APR 01, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE multi-conjugate adaptive optics; propagation; turbulence ID MULTICONJUGATE ADAPTIVE OPTICS; LASER-BEAM PROJECTION; SCINTILLATION COMPENSATION; PERFORMANCE; AMPLITUDE AB A recently developed scheme for closed loop stable control of two deformable mirrors (DMs) for compensation of both amplitude and phase fluctuations is examined. An approximate model describing the two DM system is developed using the Rytov theory. This model is used to evaluate the impact of measurement noise on the performance of the two DM system. The model is also used to evaluate the impact of misregistration on the stability of the two DM system. Wave optical simulation results are used to validate the predictions obtained from the Rytov theory based model. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Starfire Opt Range, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Barchers, JD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Starfire Opt Range, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4474-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4724 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1117/12.472369 PG 16 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV08N UT WOS:000177781200001 ER PT S AU Rhoadarmer, TA AF Rhoadarmer, TA BE Thompson, WE Merritt, PH TI Wave front reconstruction using a second-order model for Shack-Hartmann wave front sensor measurements SO LASER WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Laser Weapons Technology Conference CY APR 01, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; wave front sensors; wave front reconstruction; scintillation ID ADAPTIVE-OPTICS; PHASE; COMPENSATION; TURBULENCE; TELESCOPE; SYSTEM AB Many adaptive optics systems rely on a Shack-Hartmann wave front sensor (WFS) coupled with a traditional least squares reconstructor to estimate the aberrations in the incident wave front. Unfortunately, the performance of this approach degrades in the presence of strong scintillation because, when there are intensity fluctuations in the wave front, the WFS does not measure the average phase gradient within each subaperture as assumed by the reconstruction algorithm. As scintillation increases, branch points in the wave front increase the disparity between what the WFS measures and what the reconstruction algorithm expects. A reconstruction algorithm is presented that attempts to mitigate the branch point problem by using a more realistic model for the Shack-Hartmann WFS measurements. Wave optics simulations over a variety of atmospheric conditions are used to compare the performance of this algorithm against a least squares reconstructor and a complex exponential reconstructor. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Rhoadarmer, TA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4474-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4724 BP 17 EP 29 DI 10.1117/12.472370 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV08N UT WOS:000177781200002 ER PT S AU Riker, JF AF Riker, JF BE Thompson, WE Merritt, PH TI Validation of active tracking laser beam propagation and target signature predictions SO LASER WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Laser Weapons Technology Conference CY APR 01, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB In developing High Energy Laser (HEL) weapons, it is necessary to understand the absolute radiometry associated with propagating the beam to the target. This is important for setting filter attenuation levels for the tracker, laser beacons, and battle damage assessment sensors, along with more traditional calculations of laser fluence on the target. In this paper, we will present the theory and experimental validation for laser beams propagating over large distances through atmospheric turbulence. We conducted several experiments at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Starfire Optical Range (SOR) on Kirtland AFB during 1997 to prove that we can accurately predict the "uplink" irradiance, the target signature, and the power levels or signal received from laser propagation. Specifically, using the Lageos satellite, we were able to predict the absolute signal to within 20% of the measured values. Subsequent experiments verify that the models we developed continue to accurately predict the absolute radiometry associated with laser beam propagation. The results should be useful for laser sensing, modeling and simulation, and exploitation and target recognition. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Riker, JF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4474-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4724 BP 45 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.472373 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV08N UT WOS:000177781200005 ER PT S AU Eaton, FD Kelly, PR Kyrazis, DT Stokes, SS AF Eaton, FD Kelly, PR Kyrazis, DT Stokes, SS BE Thompson, WE Merritt, PH TI Refractivity turbulence observations using a new balloon-ring platform SO LASER WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Laser Weapons Technology Conference CY APR 01, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE refractive index structure parameter; eddy dissipation rate; inner and outer scales; structure function; radar; sodar; balloon-ring platform ID SANDS-MISSILE-RANGE; VHF RADAR OBSERVATIONS; WHITE-SANDS; NEW-MEXICO AB This paper presents new methodology to address critical refractivity turbulence issues for laser propagation using a new measurement system-a portable "balloon-ring" platform with multiple fine wire sensors at several separations. All "raw" data is transmitted to a ground station-allowing spectra to be calculated. The new platform is discussed and preliminary examples of observations, including artifacts, are shown and discussed. This new platform provides capabilities during the daytime as well as nighttime-unlike conventional thermosondes that are used only at night. Such all time observations are important due to the pronounced diurnal variation in the planetary boundary layer where many laser systems are operated. Plans to address the longstanding concern of wake contamination on systems suspended below a balloon quantitatively will be presented. The objective of this effort is to develop the capability that can address several questions related to laser propagation such as: 1) Is the atmosphere isotropic for the scales of interest? 2) Is the turbulence Kolmogorov under various atmospheric conditions, or how often is the structure function represented by the r(2/3) law? 3) What are the profiles of inner and outer scale? 4) To what degree does wake contamination affect conventional thermosonde measurements? 5) Does fine structure within the scattering volume sensed by radar affect refractive index structure parameter (C-n(2)) and eddy dissipation rate (epsilon) estimates? These questions and concerns will be addressed by making the appropriate observations using the balloon-ring platform. Many of the measurements will be taken at Vandenberg AFB since the Western Test Range operates a ground receiving station, balloon launch facility, VHF radar, boundary layer radars, sodars, and instrumented towers that will enhance this effort. This effort provides an observation platform that will ultimately lead to the development and validation of conceptual/statistical/physical models. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Eaton, FD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4474-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4724 BP 78 EP 84 DI 10.1117/12.472364 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV08N UT WOS:000177781200008 ER PT S AU Hartman, M Restaino, S Baker, J Payne, D Bukley, J AF Hartman, M Restaino, S Baker, J Payne, D Bukley, J BE Thompson, WE Merritt, PH TI EAGLE/relay mirror technology development SO LASER WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Laser Weapons Technology Conference CY APR 01, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB EAGLE (Evolutionary Air & Space Global Laser Engagement) is the proposed high power "weapon system" with a high power laser source, a relay mirror constellation, and the necessary ground and communications links. The relay mirror itself will be a satellite composed of two optically-coupled telescopes/mirrors used to redirect laser energy from ground, air, or space based laser sources to distant points on the earth or space. The receiver telescope captures the incoming energy, relays it through an optical system that "cleans up" the beam, then a separate transmitter telescope/mirror redirects the laser energy at the desired target. Not only is it a key component in extending the range of DoD's current laser weapon systems, it also enables ancillary missions. Furthermore, if the vacuum of space is utilized, then the atmospheric effects on the laser beam propagation will be greatly attenuated. Finally, several critical technologies are being developed to make the EAGLE/Relay Mirror concept a reality, and the Relay Mirror Technology Development Program was set up to address them. This paper will discuss each critical technology, the current state of the work, and the future implications of this program. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Hartman, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 1 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4474-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4724 BP 110 EP 117 DI 10.1117/12.472368 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BV08N UT WOS:000177781200012 ER PT J AU Albertini, JG Holck, DEE Farley, MF AF Albertini, JG Holck, DEE Farley, MF TI Zoon's balanitis treated with erbium : YAG laser ablation SO LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide laser; plasma cell balanitis; erbium : YAG laser ID PLASMA-CELL BALANITIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE LASER; ER-YAG; THERMAL-DAMAGE; SKIN ABLATION; WATER; CIRCUMCISION; CO2-LASER; SURGERY; TISSUE AB Background and Objective: Zoon's balanitis (ZB) is an uncommon, benign, idiopathic inflammatory condition affecting uncircumcised males. Definitive treatments include circumcision and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser ablation. We describe an alternative laser modality showing efficacy in the treatment of ZB. Study Design/Materials and Methods: We report the first case of ZB effectively treated with Erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) laser ablation. We review the pathogenesis and medical, surgical, and laser management of ZB. Results: Our patient demonstrated a long-term clinical and histologic cure after Er:YAG laser ablation of ZB. Conclusions: As an alternative to circumcision or continuous wave CO2 laser, we propose a trial of Er:YAG laser ablation as a low risk, first line treatment of ZB. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USAF, Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Albertini, JG (reprint author), USAF, Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-8092 J9 LASER SURG MED JI Lasers Surg. Med. PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 123 EP 126 DI 10.1002/lsm.10037 PG 4 WC Dermatology; Surgery SC Dermatology; Surgery GA 523QU UT WOS:000173967100009 PM 11870791 ER PT S AU Jost, BM Senft, DC Pierrottet, DF Kovacs, M Cardani, J AF Jost, BM Senft, DC Pierrottet, DF Kovacs, M Cardani, J BE Singh, UN TI Doppler spectral scanning differential absorption lidar SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring CY JUL 30-31, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, NASA Langley Res Ctr DE lidar; heterodyne; DIAL; Doppler; satellite AB Preliminary experiments toward the implementation of Doppler spectral scanning differential absorption lidar (DSS DIAL) are described. In separate tests, CO2 laser pulses were reflected from either a ground-based retroreflector (36-km round-trip distance) or a retroreflector on the GEOS-3 satellite (approximately 2000-km round-trip distance). The returns were split into a reference channel and an absorptive gas-cell channel. The light was coherently detected with heterodyne receivers and analyzed. Results from the ground-based system produced data that matched expected values in one case but its repeatability remains to be determined. We are currently investigating the satellite-based system to assess the DSS DIAL technique. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Jost, BM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4198-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4484 BP 120 EP 127 AR UNSP 4484-14 DI 10.1117/12.452771 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BU15H UT WOS:000175162400014 ER PT S AU Power, GJ Gregga, JB AF Power, GJ Gregga, JB BE Harding, KG Miller, JWV TI Toward a comparative analysis of three-dimensional shape measures SO MACHINE VISION AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING SYSTEMS FOR INSPECTION AND METROLOGY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Machine Vision and 3-Dimensional Imaging Systems for Inspection and Metrology CY OCT 29-NOV 08, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE segmentation; shape; image analysis; procrustes; quality; metrics; measures; hausdorff; three-dimensional AB Measuring a system's capability to acquire accurate three-dimensional shape is important for validating the system for a particular application. Various system factors are reviewed that contribute to inaccurate shape. The system factors are classified into various classes based on types of measurement errors produced. As shown in this paper, different shape measures do not do a complete evaluation but provide different information depending on the type of error. A partial-directed hausdorf (PDH) and complex inner product (CIP) measure that were previously introduced to measure two-dimensional shapes are now extended to measure three-dimensional shapes. PDH measures how close the 3-D surface is to the ideal 3-D surface within a predefined acceptable error margin while the CIP measures how well the 3-D surface correlates to the ideal 3-D surface. Two variants of the CIP measure are used in thus paper including a pure phase only filter and a normalized matched filter. The CIP measure is compared to the Procrustes metric for comparing shapes. Using a test case shape, the measures are compared and shown to provide varying information. Alone, any one measure cannot provide complete shape information. Combining measures provides a more robust three-dimensional shape measurement system. The shape measures are demonstrated first on three-dimensional data with controlled variation and then on laser ranging data. C1 AFRL, SNAT, Target Recognit Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Power, GJ (reprint author), AFRL, SNAT, Target Recognit Branch, Bldg 620,2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4295-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4567 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1117/12.455243 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU20X UT WOS:000175314800009 ER PT S AU Haugan, TJ Barnes, PN Nekkanti, RM Maartense, I Brunke, LB Murphy, JP AF Haugan, TJ Barnes, PN Nekkanti, RM Maartense, I Brunke, LB Murphy, JP BE Paranthaman, MP Rupich, MW Salama, K Mannhart, J Hasegawa, T TI Pulsed laser deposition of YBa2Cu3O7-delta thin films in high oxygen partial pressures SO MATERIALS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGIES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for High-Temperature Superconductor Technologies held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-29, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, ANL, IGC SuperPower, LANL, MicroCoating Tech, ORNLL, Univ Wisconsin ID YBCO AB Pulsed laser deposition of YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) coated conductors was studied for the range Of P(O-2) from 120 mTorr to 1200 mTorr, higher than typically used oxygen partial pressures during deposition. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the sensitivity of YBCO film quality to varying P(O-2) for scaled-up fabrication of long-length coated conductors. Deposition at high P(O-2) (greater than or equal to 400 mTorr) gave very high and more consistent critical temperatures (T-c = 92 +/- 0.4 degreesK) than results obtained at lower oxygen partial pressures (less than or equal to 200 mTorr) as determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements. Typically, the lower partial pressures are used although the laser fluence used in this research (3.2 J/cm(2)) is higher than typical. Transport J(c)'s were consistantly high for a wide range of oxygen pressures, 5 - 8 x 10(6) A/cm(2) at 77 K, self-field for P(O-2) = 200 - 1200 mTorr. These results indicate that pulsed laser deposition of YBCO is relatively insensitive to P(O-2) at the higher pressures of oxygen considered. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Haugan, TJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2645 5th St,Suite 13, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-625-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 689 BP 217 EP 221 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BU84A UT WOS:000177163300031 ER PT J AU Bechel, VT Tandon, GP AF Bechel, VT Tandon, GP TI Modified cruciform test for application to graphite/epoxy composites SO MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; PUSH-OUT; INTERFACE PROPERTIES; STRENGTH; ADHESION AB The small size and low transverse modulus of commercial graphite fibers make it difficult to apply the cruciform test [1, 2] to measure interfacial normal strength of graphite/epoxy composites. The implications of cruciform testing composites with graphite fibers are presented through a parametric study of the effects of the fiber diameter, sample thickness, fiber transverse modulus, and fillet radius. Based on the parametric study, the cruciform sample configuration was modified to suppress failure at the fillets. The reflected-light method for detecting interfacial debonding [3] was combined with the new cruciform configuration and initially verified on a previously tested SiC/epoxy model composite. The utility of this modification was demonstrated next on another model composite in which interfacial failure could not be achieved with the original sample geometry. Finally, the cruciform test was applied to epoxy matrix composites with 7.5-mum-diameter graphite fibers with various fiber surface preparations embedded in both transparent and semitransparent matrices. C1 Struct Mat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Bechel, VT (reprint author), AFRL, MLBC, 2941 P St,Rm 136, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM vernon.bechel@afrl.af.mil NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1537-6494 J9 MECH ADV MATER STRUC JI Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 9 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1080/153764902317224842 PG 17 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 629MM UT WOS:000180053500001 ER PT J AU Rizvi, SRH Bensman, EL Kumar, TSVV Chakraborty, A Krishnamurti, TN AF Rizvi, SRH Bensman, EL Kumar, TSVV Chakraborty, A Krishnamurti, TN TI Impact of CAMEX-3 data on the analysis and forecasts of Atlantic hurricanes SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB In the past, various field experiments were conducted using special aircrafts to enhance the observational database of hurricanes. Dropwindsondes (or "dropsondes") are generally deployed to collect additional observations in the vicinity of the hurricane center. In addition to dropsondes, during the Third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3), which was conducted over the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico during August-September 1998, LASE was also used to measure vertical moisture profiles. Four hurricanes: Bonnie, Danielle, Earl and Georges were targeted during this campaign. This paper describes the resulting impact of CAMEX-3 data, especially the LASE moisture profile data, on the hurricane analysis and forecast. The data were analyzed using a spectral statistical interpolation technique and the forecasts were made using the FSUGCM at T126 resolution with 14 sigma-vertical levels. Results indicate that the LASE data had a significant impact on the moisture analysis. The reanalysis was slightly drier away from the hurricane center and wetter close to the center. Spiraling bands, both dry and wet, of moisture were clearly seen for hurricane Danielle. The LASE data did not affect the wind analysis significantly, however when it was used along with dropsonde observations the hurricane intensity and its structure were well represented and the forecast track produced from the reanalyzed initial condition had less forecast errors. The LASE and dropsonde observations were in good agreement. C1 Natl Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasting, Mausam Bhavan, New Delhi 110003, India. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. USAF, Weather Agcy Headquarters, Offutt AFB, NE USA. RP Rizvi, SRH (reprint author), Natl Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasting, Mausam Bhavan, Lodi Rd, New Delhi 110003, India. RI Tallapragada, Vijaya Kumar/A-2421-2008 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2002 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 32 DI 10.1007/s703-002-8226-9 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 524WX UT WOS:000174036800002 ER PT J AU Campbell, AL Naik, RR Sowards, L Stone, MO AF Campbell, AL Naik, RR Sowards, L Stone, MO TI Biological infrared imaging and sensing SO MICRON LA English DT Review DE boid snakes; crotaline snakes; vampire bats; beetles; sun-basking butterflies; electromagnetic radiation; infrared imaging; infrared sensing; morphology; natural infrared detectors; pit organ; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); scanning probe microscopy (SPM); transmission electron microscopy; thermoreceptors; thermomechanical receptors ID MELANOPHILA-ACUMINATA COLEOPTERA; PIT ORGAN; THERMORECEPTORS; BUPRESTIDAE; RECEPTOR; SNAKES AB A variety of thermoreceptors are present in animals and insects, which aid them in hunting, feeding and survival. Infrared (IR) imaging pit organs in Crotaline and Boid snakes enable them to detect, locate and apprehend their prey by detecting the IR radiation they emit. IR pit organs of common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) enable them to detect IR radiation emitted by blood-rich locations on homeothermic prey. The beetle Melanophila acuminata locates forest fires by IR-detecting pit organs in order to lay their eggs in freshly killed conifers. Thermoreceptors located in the wings and antennae of darkly pigmented butterflies (Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamathus plateni) protect them from heat damage while sun basking. Blood-sucking bugs (Triatoma infestans) are speculated to possess thermoreceptors, which enable them to perceive the radiant heat emitted by homeothermic prey and estimate its temperature at a distance. This is a review of the diverse types of biological thermoreceptors, their structure and function, and how electron microscopy has been instrumental in determining their ultrastructure. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Campbell, AL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPJ Bldg 651,Area B,3005 P St,Suite 1, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 8 U2 68 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-4328 J9 MICRON JI Micron PY 2002 VL 33 IS 2 BP 211 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5 PG 15 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 486GF UT WOS:000171809500012 PM 11567889 ER PT J AU Sherman, PM Bridwell, RS AF Sherman, PM Bridwell, RS TI Focal accumulation of a radiopharmaceutical in the liver on technetium-99m gated blood pool and apcitide scintigraphy leading to the diagnosis of superior vena cava obstruction SO MILITARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CT FINDINGS; PEPTIDE AB Focal increased enhancement or radiopharmaceutical uptake in the liver has been associated with superior vena cava syndrome. This report describes the finding in a patient imaged with a relatively new agent, Tc-99m Apcitide. The collateral pathways responsible for the liver "hot spot" are reviewed, as is the role of Tc-99m Apcitide in deep venous thrombosis imaging. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. RP Sherman, PM (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSN MILITARY SURG US PI BETHESDA PA 9320 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0026-4075 J9 MIL MED JI Milit. Med. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 167 IS 1 BP 79 EP 82 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 653DM UT WOS:000181420000018 PM 11799821 ER PT J AU Smith, ME Beninati, W Kendall, B AF Smith, ME Beninati, W Kendall, B TI Special stains for microorganisms in BAL and bronchial brushing - How does a positive result correlate with culture and clinical management? SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0893-3952 EI 1530-0285 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 15 IS 1 MA 355 BP 87A EP 87A PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 513QD UT WOS:000173388900372 ER PT J AU Boxwell, DA AF Boxwell, DA TI The follies of war: Cross-dressing and popular theatre on the British front lines, 1914-18 SO MODERNISM-MODERNITY LA English DT Article C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Boxwell, DA (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PRESS PI BALTIMORE PA JOURNALS PUBLISHING DIVISION, 2715 NORTH CHARLES ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21218-4319 USA SN 1071-6068 J9 MODERNISM-MODERNITY JI Mod.-Mod. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 9 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1353/mod.2002.0003 PG 20 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics GA 539HJ UT WOS:000174864200001 ER PT J AU Schulte, MD Clarson, SJ Natarajan, LV Tomlin, DW Bunning, TJ AF Schulte, MD Clarson, SJ Natarajan, LV Tomlin, DW Bunning, TJ TI Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals: Effect of partial matrix fluorination on polymer bead-based morphology SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE PDLC; fluorine; PIPS; morphology; gelation; electrooptical properties ID GRATINGS; MONOMERS AB The morphology and electrooptical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) with partially fluorinated polymer matrices are investigated. Films were prepared via photoinduced free-radical polymerization of an initially isotropic solution comprised of pentafunctional (5 reactive groups) acrylate monomer and nematic liquid crystal molecules. Phase separation of discrete domains of LC is induced by the photopolymerization. The film morphologies consisted of aggregated polymeric particles dispersed throughout a continuous liquid crystal medium. Changes in morphology and electrooptical properties were observed as trifluoroethyl and hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate were partially substituted for the multifunctional acrylate monomer. Methyl methacrylate was used in control films due to the chemical similarities to fluorinated monomers. The incorporation of fluorinated monomers resulted in better definition of the polymer bead morphology and improvement in contrast ratio, while control films displayed less pronounced changes in optical properties. Real-time transmittance monitoring and polarized optical microscopy (POM) revealed that the monofunctional monomer addition resulted in a delay of the LC phase appearance with increasing comoaomer concentration. However, a LC phase appeared earlier for fluorinated systems as compared to nonfluorinated control films of similar comonomer concentration. This was interpreted as an indication of lower LC solubility in the semifluorinated polymer matrix. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPJ, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept MS & E, Cincinnati, OH USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Dayton, OH USA. Tech Management Concepts Inc, Beavercreek, OH USA. RP Bunning, TJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPJ, Bldg 651,3005 P St,Suite 1, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-725X J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2002 VL 373 BP 155 EP 180 DI 10.1080/10587250210531 PG 26 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 557BE UT WOS:000175886800012 ER PT B AU Mantz, RA Sutto, TE De Long, HC Trulove, PC AF Mantz, RA Sutto, TE De Long, HC Trulove, PC BE Trulove, PC DeLong, HC Mantz, RA Stafford, GR Matsunaga, M TI Ion transport in ionic-liquidipolymer gel electrolytes SO MOLTEN SALTS XIII SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Molten Salts CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Electrochem Soc, Phys Electrochem Div, Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Electrodeposit Div ID TEMPERATURE MOLTEN-SALTS; GRADIENT SPIN-ECHO; LIQUIDS; DIFFUSION AB Pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR has been used to determine the diffusion coefficients of the cation and anion species in 1,2-Dimethy-3-n-butyl imidazolium bis(trifyl)imide (DMBI+ N(SO3CF3)(2)(-)) ionic liquids and poly-vinylidene-difluoro hexfluorophosphate (PVdF/HFP) polymer gels. The transference number of the ionic liquid and the polymer gel has been calculated. The conductivities of both the ionic liquid and polymer gel have been measured as a function of temperature and the activation energies calculated. C1 AFRL, MLBT, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Mantz, RA (reprint author), AFRL, MLBT, 2941 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-343-1 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2002 VL 2002 IS 19 BP 94 EP 101 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW02C UT WOS:000180660100009 ER PT B AU Van Valkenburg, ME Vaughn, RL Williams, M Wilkes, JS AF Van Valkenburg, ME Vaughn, RL Williams, M Wilkes, JS BE Trulove, PC DeLong, HC Mantz, RA Stafford, GR Matsunaga, M TI Ionic liquids as thermal fluids SO MOLTEN SALTS XIII SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Molten Salts CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Electrochem Soc, Phys Electrochem Div, Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Electrodeposit Div ID CHLORIDE; DENSITIES; WATER AB The general properties of ionic liquids match many of the physical and chemical properties required of liquids used as heat transfer fluids. The properties of the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM] [BF4]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) that are relevant to their use as thermal fluids were measured or compiled from the literature. The properties where the ionic liquids compare favorably with established fluids are heat storage capacity, vapor pressure, liquidus range, boiling point, and freezing point. They compare unfavorably in cost. They compare roughly equally in viscosity, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity. Comparison data are still lacking for flammability, toxicity, thermal expansion, volume change at melting and freezing, surface tension, maximum film temperature, and critical point quantities. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Chem, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Van Valkenburg, ME (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Chem, 2355 Fairchild Dr,Suite 2N225, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-343-1 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2002 VL 2002 IS 19 BP 112 EP 123 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW02C UT WOS:000180660100011 ER PT S AU Mahalingam, K Eyink, KG Brown, GJ Dorsey, DL AF Mahalingam, K Eyink, KG Brown, GJ Dorsey, DL BE Plitzko, JM Duscher, G Zhu, Y Ichinose, H TI Quantitative high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of III-V semiconductor interfaces by multivariate statistical analysis of exit-plane wave function images SO NANOSTRUCTURED INTERFACES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanostructured Interfaces held at the 2002 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 02-04, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID HRTEM AB The application of exit-plane wave function (EPWF) images for an atomic-scale compositional mapping of interfaces in the GaAs-A1As system is investigated. Image simulations based on the multislice algorithm were performed to obtain EPWF images over a wide range of compositions and specimen thicknesses. The EPWF-amplitude images were further analyzed by the method of factorial analysis of correspondence. A simultaneous analysis of the effects both thickness and composition on image contrast yielded two eigenvectors representing the individual contributions from the two effects. This separation was however not complete, leaving a residual contribution from thickness on the composition-sensitive eigenvector and vice versa. Extraction of the chemical content from the composition-sensitive eigenvector is still possible by a parameterization of the residual thickness contribution. A simpler procedure for quantifying the composition across an interface is proposed based on the analysis of images of AlxGa(1-x)As with different A1/Ga composition but same specimen thickness. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL,MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Mahalingam, K (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL,MLPS, 3005 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-663-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 727 BP 111 EP 116 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BV71D UT WOS:000179873200015 ER PT J AU Wicker, D Rizki, MM Tamburino, LA AF Wicker, D Rizki, MM Tamburino, LA TI E-Net: Evolutionary neural network synthesis SO NEUROCOMPUTING LA English DT Article DE neural networks; evolutionary learning; genetic algorithms ID REGRESSION AB E-Net is a new distributed evolutionary learning system that evolves neural-network-based pattern recognition systems (PRSs) with limited human interaction. This system orchestrates a multiplicity of evolutionary and classical learning techniques to synthesize feature detectors, select sets of cooperative features, and assemble classifiers. Feature detectors are represented as feed-forward neural networks and recognition systems are defined using a collection of networks. E-Net evolves network topologies and trains weights to form accurate recognition systems using a computationally efficient process that gradually extends primitive network topologies to form increasingly discriminating structures. The evolutionary search process effectively explores the space of candidate topologies by manipulating populations of feature detectors and recognition systems using variation operators such as crossover and mutation. The majority of evolutionary learning techniques have been designed to perform parameter optimization. E-Net is designed to perform both synthesis and optimization. Consequently, many,novel concepts and techniques are introduced in this research that expedite the gradual synthesis of structure, such as the new multitiered selection process used in E-Net's evolutionary algorithm that avoids premature convergence to complex topological structures. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, SNAT, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Wicker, D (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, SNAT, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 55 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-2312 J9 NEUROCOMPUTING JI Neurocomputing PD JAN PY 2002 VL 42 BP 171 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0925-2312(01)00599-9 PG 26 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 495KD UT WOS:000172339000007 ER PT J AU Pardon, MC Gould, GG Garcia, A Phillips, L Cook, MC Miller, SA Mason, PA Morilak, DA AF Pardon, MC Gould, GG Garcia, A Phillips, L Cook, MC Miller, SA Mason, PA Morilak, DA TI Stress reactivity of the brain noradrenergic system in three rat strains differing in their neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress: Implications for susceptibility to stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders SO NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE arousal; elevated-plus maze; fear-potentiated startle; norepinephrine; social interaction; stress ID CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR; ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; LOCUS-CERULEUS NEURONS; FREELY MOVING CATS; STRIA TERMINALIS; BED NUCLEUS; SOCIAL-INTERACTION; CONDITIONED FEAR; RESTRAINT STRESS AB The brain noradrenergic system is activated by stress, modulating the activity of forebrain regions involved in behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress. In this study, we characterized brain noradrenergic reactivity to acute immobilization stress in three rat strains that differ in their neuroendocrine stress response: the inbred Lewis (Lew) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Noradrenergic reactivity was assessed by measuring tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in locus coeruleus, and norepinephrine release in the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Behavioral measures of arousal and acute stress responsivity included locomotion in a novel environment, fear-potentiated startle, and stress-induced reductions in social interaction and open-arm exploration on the elevated-plus maze. Neuroendocrine responses were assessed by plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone. Compared to SD, adrenocorticotropic hormone responses of Lew rats were blunted, whereas those of WKY were enhanced. The behavioral effects of stress were similar in Lew and SD rats, despite baseline differences. Lew had similar elevations of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, and initially greater norepinephrine release in the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during stress, although both noradrenergic responses returned toward baseline more rapidly than in SD rats. WKY rats showed depressed baseline startle and lower baseline exploratory and social behavior than SD. However, unlike the Lew or SD rats, WKY exhibited a lack both of fear potentiation of the startle response and of stress-induced reductions in exploratory and social behavior, indicating attenuated stress responsivity. Acute noradrenergic reactivity to stress, measured by either tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels or norepinephrine release, was also attenuated in WKY rats. Thus, reduced arousal and behavioral responsivity in WKY rats may be related to deficient brain noradrenergic reactivity. This deficit may alter their ability to cope with stress, resulting in the exaggerated neuroendocrine responses and increased susceptibility to stress-related pathology exhibited by this strain. (C) 2002 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Biomed Neurosci, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Veridian Engn Inc, San Antonio, TX USA. USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Div, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Morilak, DA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, MC 7764,7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. OI Pardon, Marie-Christine/0000-0003-4737-9479; Gould, Georgianna/0000-0002-5470-8763 FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH53851] NR 58 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4522 J9 NEUROSCIENCE JI Neuroscience PY 2002 VL 115 IS 1 BP 229 EP 242 AR PII S0306-4522(02)00364-0 DI 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00364-0 PG 14 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 615DX UT WOS:000179231500021 PM 12401336 ER PT S AU Price, SD Carey, SJ Egan, MP AF Price, SD Carey, SJ Egan, MP BE Szczerba, R TI The MSX Galactic plane survey submillimeter results SO NEW RESULTS IN FAR IR AND SUB-MM ASTRONOMY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT E1 4 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission E held at the 33rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL, 2000 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP European Space Agcy, Int Astron Union, SPIE, Comm Space Res ID MIDCOURSE-SPACE-EXPERIMENT; INFRARED-DARK CLOUDS; INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION; MILKY-WAY; CURVE; CORES AB The Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) surveyed the Galactic plane within 5degrees latitude in four mid-infrared spectral bands. A set of full resolution (20") 1.5degreesx1.5degrees images on 6" pixel centers has been created in each spectral band by co-adding all the survey data. A lower (1.2') resolution atlas of 10degreesx10degrees images provide large-scale panoramas of the plane. Both sets of images are valuable resources for identifying interesting objects for further study at other wavelengths. The low-resolution maps are ideally suited for comparison with molecular line surveys and one such comparison probes the star formation rate in the inner Galaxy. A new class of objects has been identified in the images, infrared dark clouds, which are silhouetted against the mid-infrared background emission from the interstellar medium in the Galactic plane. These clouds are dark out to 100 mum as evinced on the IRAS IRSA plates. Submillimeter emission traces the form of the dark cloud and reveals cores indicative of class 0 protostars. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. RP Price, SD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, 29 Randolph Rd, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2002 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2027 EP 2036 AR PII S0273-1177(02)00580-X DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00580-X PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV98P UT WOS:000180590800009 ER PT S AU Blackshire, JL Sathish, S AF Blackshire, JL Sathish, S BE Meyendorf, N Baaklini, GY Michel, B TI Micro-characterization of MEMS ultrasonic transducers using laser interferometry SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND RELIABILITY OF MICRO-AND NANOMATERIAL SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Reliability of Micro- and Nanomaterial Systems CY MAR, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE scanning heterodyne interferometry; MEMS ultrasonic transducer AB A detailed micro-characterization of a MEMS ultrasonic transducer was done using a scanning heterodyne interferometry technique. Both temporal and spatial measurements were made of the out-of-plane displacement levels of the transducer under normal operating conditions. Spatial resolution levels approaching the optical diffraction limit of I gm were achieved, which allowed characterizations of individual micro-transducer elements to be made. The resonance characteristics of individual transducer membranes were evaluated for drive frequencies between 1 MHz and 7 MHz. Although the majority of transducer elements showed nearly identical frequency response characteristics, several of the MEMS elements showed evidence of shifted resonance response features, which dramatically altered their performance level. Displacement levels in excess of 100 nm were observed for peak DC and AC drive voltage input levels. Time-sequenced measurements of the oscillating MEMS structures were also studied, and showed phase-reversal effects near the edges of transducer membranes. The scanning interferometry technique proved to be a very useful NDE tool for micro-characterization, and provided a wealth of information regarding the micro-features of the MEMS ultrasonic transducer which are currently not available with any other advanced NDE. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Blackshire, JL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4451-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4703 BP 184 EP 193 DI 10.1117/12.469622 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy; Optics SC Materials Science; Microscopy; Optics GA BU98M UT WOS:000177554000020 ER PT S AU McLean, DG Rogers, JE Cooper, TM AF McLean, DG Rogers, JE Cooper, TM BE Lawson, CM Meerholz, K TI Spectral and kinetic behavior of phenylacetylene oligomers SO NONLINEAR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION PROCESSES AND ORGANIC PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nonlinear Optical Transmission Processes and Organic Photorefractive Materials CY JUL 31-AUG 02, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE platinum poly-yne; phenylacetylene; triplet-triplet spectra; nonlinear absorption; fluorescence ID PT-ETHYNYL COMPOUND; TRANSITION-METALS; MAIN-CHAIN; SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; PLATINUM; POLYMERS AB To develop novel nonlinear dyes for photonic applications, we synthesized a series of transition metal-containing phenylacetylene oligomers. The optical properties of these compounds were measured by UV/Vis absorption, photoluminescence, and nanosecond flash photolysis experiments. It was found that as the number of oligomer units increased, the transition energies decreased without saturation. The low ground state absorption and UV absorption edge gives rise to solutions that are nearly water clear. A very broad triplet state absorption extending from the absorption edge to the limits of our spectrometer is demonstrated to also be intense. These results enhance the understanding of these materials when used for nonlinear absorption applications and enable the prediction proper-ties for materials extending this class of dyes. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP McLean, DG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4176-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4462 BP 11 EP 16 DI 10.1117/12.452735 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU20N UT WOS:000175310500002 ER PT S AU Duncan, TS Voas, JK Eager, RJ Hearn, RC Johnston, MJ Newey, SC Sichler, MS Wynia, JL AF Duncan, TS Voas, JK Eager, RJ Hearn, RC Johnston, MJ Newey, SC Sichler, MS Wynia, JL BE Quinn, PJ TI High-volume synchronized data collection SO OBSERVATORY OPERATIONS TO OPTIMIZE SCIENTIFIC RETURN III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Observatory Operations to Optimize Scientific Return CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE, Int Commiss Opt, Amer Astron Soc, European SO Observ, Int Astron Union DE data collection; storage; archival; synchronization AB Traditional methods of data collection typically rely on each instrument storing data locally during each data collect run with the files relayed to a central storage location at a later time. For moderate rate systems this is an acceptable paradigm. However, as ultra-high bandwidth instruments become available, this approach presents two significant limitations. First, the bandwidth required for the transfers can become unrealistic, and the transfer times are prohibitive. Second, the increasing complexity, speed, and breadth of instruments presents significant challenges in combining the data into a coherent data set for analysis. The Starfire Optical Range is in the process of implementing a centralized data storage system that provides multi-gigabyte per second transfer rates and allows each instrument to store directly to the primary data store. Additionally, the architecture provides for absolute synchronization of every data sample throughout all sensors. The result is a single data set with data from all instruments frame by frame synchronized. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Star Opt Range, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Duncan, TS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Star Opt Range, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4623-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4844 BP 508 EP 519 DI 10.1117/12.460668 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW25B UT WOS:000181335200056 ER PT J AU Kerrison, JB Lounsbury, D Thirkill, CE Lane, RG Schatz, MP Engler, RM AF Kerrison, JB Lounsbury, D Thirkill, CE Lane, RG Schatz, MP Engler, RM TI Optic neuritis after anthrax vaccination SO OPHTHALMOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th Annual North-American-Neuro-Ophthalmology-Society Meeting CY FEB 18-22, 2001 CL PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA SP N Amer Neuro Ophthalmol Soc ID INFLUENZA VACCINATION; HEPATITIS-B; RUBELLA VACCINATION; BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS; NEUROPATHY; UVEITIS; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; MEASLES; MUMPS; NERVE AB Objective: To report the occurrence of optic neuritis after anthrax vaccination in two patients. Design: Observational case reports, review of literature. Methods: Description of clinical history, examination, neuroimaging, and further studies in two patients experiencing optic neuritis in temporal association with anthrax vaccination. Main Outcome Measures: Visual acuity, visual fields. Results: Two patients, 39 and 23 years of age, were seen with acute optic neuritis 1 month and 2 weeks, respectively, after anthrax booster vaccination and successfully treated with intravenous methylprednisolone. The first patient had a typical presentation and course of unilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis with excellent visual recovery. The second patient had a bilateral anterior optic neuritis and has required chronic immunosuppression to maintain his vision. Retinal and optic nerve autoantibodies were present in the second patient. No cross-reactive epitopes between anthrax vaccine and retina/optic nerve were identified. Conclusion: Optic neuritis is a potential adverse reaction of anthrax vaccination. (C) 2002 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. USN, Med Ctr, London, England. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Ophthalmol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20307 USA. RP Kerrison, JB (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [1P30 EY 12576-01] NR 32 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0161-6420 J9 OPHTHALMOLOGY JI Ophthalmology PD JAN PY 2002 VL 109 IS 1 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00844-2 PG 6 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 507XK UT WOS:000173056400029 PM 11772587 ER PT J AU Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL AF Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL TI Algorithms for correlating severely obscured images in nonoverlapping zero-mean noise SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE pattern recognition; optimal filtering; correlation; associative memory ID PHASE-ONLY FILTER; SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM; JOINT TRANSFORM CORRELATION; TRADE-OFF FILTERS; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY; CORRELATION PEAK; ENHANCEMENT; PERFORMANCE; DEVICES AB In a previous report, we developed optimization algorithms showing how optical correlation filters operating with obscured inputs were affected by disjoint constant background illumination. We extend these studies by upgrading our algorithms to include the theoretical treatment of zero-mean disjoint noise, as well as constant background illumination. Computer simulations involving noise clutter but no background illumination are used to characterize the performance of our upgraded algorithms. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. Lartec Inc, Sudbury, MA 01776 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 41 IS 1 BP 17 EP 25 DI 10.1117/1.1424879 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 516XL UT WOS:000173582000005 ER PT J AU Khoury, J Kane, JS Gianino, PD Woods, CL AF Khoury, J Kane, JS Gianino, PD Woods, CL TI Demultiplexing and phase-locking via a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE optical processing; demultiplexing; phase locking; phase conjugation; photorefractivity ID BARIUM-TITANATE; DETECTOR; SIGNALS; SYSTEM; ARRAY; BEAM AB We demonstrate a new type of time-integrative photorefractlve device using self-pumped phase conjugation. This device can be used for most of the applications related to time-integrative devices, such as demultiplexors and phase-sensitive detectors. A new device for angular multiplexing-to-frequency multiplexing conversion is proposed. By combining this new device with frequency demultiplexing, we show a new architecture for retrieving holograms from different holographic storages and for performing various arithmetic operations on the retrieved information. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 41 IS 1 BP 112 EP 117 DI 10.1117/1.1424880 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 516XL UT WOS:000173582000016 ER PT J AU Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL AF Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL TI Effect of disjoint illumination in optimal correlation filters with obscured inputs SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE pattern recognition; optimal filtering; correlation; template matching; associative memory ID PHASE-ONLY FILTER; SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM; JOINT TRANSFORM CORRELATION; TRADE-OFF FILTERS; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY; CORRELATION PEAK; NOISE; PERFORMANCE; SIGNAL AB We evaluate the target recognition performance of five optimal filter correlators for targets that are partially obscured by a disjoint background pattern of constant illumination. The optimal filters are based on cascading a matched filter with a correction filter to optimize a selected metric. In the two correlators with superior performance, the correction filter includes a term that correlates a phase extracted portion of the template with a phase extracted portion of the input signal. We also propose a restriction on these optimized correction filters, which preserves the conventional sense of template matching. (C) 2002 society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 41 IS 1 BP 118 EP 125 DI 10.1117/1.1425398 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 516XL UT WOS:000173582000017 ER PT S AU Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL AF Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL BE Casasent, DP TI Multipurpose mean-square-error filter for processing obscured images SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIII CY APR 02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE correlation; pattern recognition; signal processing; optical processing AB We develop a generalized minimum mean-square-error image processing filter for recognition and retrieval of noisy, blurred and obscured images. We examined the performance of this filter in four modes: (1) the well-known mean-square-error correlation filter; (2) the phase-only mean-square-error correlation filter; (3) the matched mean-square-error correlation filter, and (4) the image retrieving filter. Our simulation results show that it is possible to retrieve and recognize blurred images that are 90% obscured and whose signal-to-noise ratio is 0.1. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01721 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01721 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4484-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4734 BP 102 EP 107 DI 10.1117/12.458404 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU57W UT WOS:000176405800012 ER PT S AU Gregga, JB Power, GJ Iftekharrudin, KM AF Gregga, JB Power, GJ Iftekharrudin, KM BE Casasent, DP TI Correlators for rank order shape similarity measurement SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIII CY APR 02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE ID DISCRIMINATION AB Correlators have been used for detecting shapes but not as often for measuring shape similarity. The complex inner product (CIP) has been used in various formulations as a shape similarity measure. The CIP is essentially a one-dimensional correlation approach to measuring similarity. One-dimensional variants of the correlation techniques including the matched filter (MF), phase-only filter (POF), and amplitude-modulated phase only filter (AMPOF) are shown to measure shape similarity in a trend that approaches human perception, however, clear performance differences are noted. The results show that the best correlator for measuring shape similarity is not the best correlator for detecting a shape. It is suggested that detection and shape similarity are fundamentally different functions that are in opposition to some degree. Ideal detection and ideal similarity measurement functions are explored. The degree to which various formulations of correlators approach the ideal functions of detection and similarity measurement are shown as well as results from human psychophysical experiments. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rarget Recognit Branch, SNAT, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Gregga, JB (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rarget Recognit Branch, SNAT, Bldg 620,2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4484-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4734 BP 122 EP 131 DI 10.1117/12.458407 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU57W UT WOS:000176405800015 ER PT S AU Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL AF Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL BE Casasent, DP TI Different weighting approaches for performing heterogeneous correlation SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIII CY APR 02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE pattern recognition; signal processing; optical processing; optimal filtering; correlation ID JOINT-TRANSFORM CORRELATOR; OBSCURED INPUTS; FILTERS AB In this paper we introduce three weighting algorithms for performing shift-invariant heterogeneous phase-restricted correlation filters that are capable of identifying an object as belonging to a certain class while rejecting any object that is not a member of that class. We compare the performance of these highly discriminative filters to the performance of the phase-only filter, and the non-discriminative matched correlation filter, in similar circumstances. Even when the proposed filters achieved proper classification, the intensities of the correlations from heterogeneous targets (hetero-correlations) were much smaller than those from homogeneous targets (autocorrelation). To increase the intensities of these hetero-correlation peaks relative to the autocorrelation peaks, we also introduced a fractional power law into the filter's transfer function, thereby controlling the rejection capability of the filter. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01721 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01721 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4484-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4734 BP 148 EP 163 DI 10.1117/12.458410 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU57W UT WOS:000176405800018 ER PT S AU Khoury, J Kane, JS Gianino, PD Hemmer, PL Woods, CL AF Khoury, J Kane, JS Gianino, PD Hemmer, PL Woods, CL BE Casasent, DP TI Imaging objects in an opaque scattering medium SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIII CY APR 02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE imaging in a scattering medium; photorefractive; homodyne and heterodyne detection ID TIME; AMPLIFICATION; HOLOGRAPHY AB In this paper a two-dimensional homodyne and heterodyne technique for imaging objects embedded in an opaque scattering medium is introduced. Our imaging approach is based on heterodyning of light with different Doppler shifts scattered from objects of two different textures or from an opaque object and a textured scattering medium. We report on the initial demonstration of pulling signals out of noise for an object hidden behind a scattering medium. Enhancements of signal-to-noise ratio of the order of 50 have been achieved utilizing a 2-D holographic phase-sensitive detector. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4484-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4734 BP 164 EP 170 DI 10.1117/12.458411 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU57W UT WOS:000176405800019 ER PT S AU Bertrand, WT Prebola, JL Wood, BE AF Bertrand, WT Prebola, JL Wood, BE BE Chen, PTC Uy, OM TI 20K cryogenic temperature satellite materials outgassing facility for ASTM-E1559 standard SO OPTICAL SYSTEM CONTAMINATION: EFFECTS, MEASUREMENTS, AND CONTROL VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical System Contamination - Effects, Measurements, and Control VII CY JUL 09-11, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ Coll Sci, Washington State Univ Coll Engn, Washington State Univ Coll Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington Coll Engn, Univ Washington Ctr Nanotechnol AB This paper describes the development of a facility for material outgassing measurements using quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) operating at temperatures as low as 20K. The objective of this effort was to develop a system that operates in the 4 to 30K temperature range and that provides material outgassing data at much lower temperatures than have previously been available. These measurements are based on the ASTM Standard E 1559 test method. Many space-based infrared sensor systems operate at temperatures much colder (4 to 30K) than the 77K temperature commonly used in the E 1559 test method. The data collected will be used to compare material outgassing data collected at 77 and 20K to determine the differences in total mass loss (TML) measured at the two temperatures. This will provide an answer to the question that for a long time has been associated with the E 1559 test method: "Does the 77K QCM collect essentially all of a material outgassed products??". C1 Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Bertrand, WT (reprint author), Jacobs Sverdrup AEDC Grp, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4541-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4774 BP 246 EP 250 DI 10.1117/12.481657 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV35G UT WOS:000178662100022 ER PT S AU Ratkowski, AJ Murphy, EA Jumper, GY AF Ratkowski, AJ Murphy, EA Jumper, GY BE Kohnle, A Gonglewski, JD Schmugge, TJ TI Summertime atmospheric ozone measurements above the Gap-Tallard Aerodrome, France SO OPTICS IN ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION AND ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics in Atmospheric Propagation and Adaptive Systems IV CY SEP 18-20, 2001 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP SPIE, European Opt Soc, CNES, NASA AB Ozone data are presented which were obtained from seven balloon-borne ECC (Electrochemical Concentration Cell) ozonesonde /radiosonde experiments launched from Gap, France in the Haute Alps between 24 and 27 June 1998. These launches were carried out with the support of the CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). Small, 1200 gram balloons were used to provide in situ measurements of ozone, wind speed, wind direction, humidity, temperature and temperature fluctuations. The balloons were launched during the spring/summer transition, a period of minimum upper air winds. The ozone height profiles obtained from the in situ measurements reveal interesting patterns in the ozone concentrations above and below the tropopause level at 12.5 km. There is some evidence that the ozone concentration is affected by wave activity. The balloon data taken over the period from 24 to 27 June 1998 are within 4% to 5% of the TOMS (Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) data. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Ratkowski, AJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4263-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4538 BP 34 EP 38 AR UNSP 4538-06 DI 10.1117/12.454415 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BU16G UT WOS:000175178600004 ER PT J AU Lin, ZL Pachter, M Banda, S Shamash, Y AF Lin, ZL Pachter, M Banda, S Shamash, Y TI State and output feedback design for robust tracking of linear systems with rate limited actuators SO OPTIMAL CONTROL APPLICATIONS & METHODS LA English DT Article DE actuator rate saturation; piecewise-linear LQ control; low-and-high gain feedback; tracking; flight control ID SATURATING ACTUATORS AB A design technique (Control of Uncertain Systems with Bounded Inputs, Tarbouriech S, Garcia G, (Eds), Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, vol. 227, Springer: Berlin, 1997; 173-186) recently proposed for stabilization of a linear system with rate-limited actuators is utilized to design feedback laws that cause the system output to track a desired command signal. This design technique combines two design techniques recently developed for linear systems with position limited actuators, piecewise-linear LQ control (Automatica, 1994, 30: 403-416) and low-and-high gain feedback (IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 1996, 41: 368-378), and hence takes advantage of both design techniques, while avoiding their disadvantages. In the case that only the output is available for feedback, the performance of the state feedback law is preserved by the use of a fast observer. An open-loop exponentially unstable fighter aircraft is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control design method. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright Lab, FIGC, Flight Dynam Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Coll Engn & Appl Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Lin, ZL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0143-2087 J9 OPTIM CONTR APPL MET JI Optim. Control Appl. Methods PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 23 IS 1 BP 21 EP 43 DI 10.1002/oca.700 PG 23 WC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 522HG UT WOS:000173889900002 ER PT J AU Geri, GA Chaudhry, S Pierce, BJ AF Geri, GA Chaudhry, S Pierce, BJ TI Visual cues to airspeed and altitude in simulated flight over textured terrain SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Link Simulat, Mesa, AZ 85233 USA. Boeing, Mesa, AZ 85233 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mesa, AZ 85233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2002 VL 31 SU S BP 87 EP 87 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 594MZ UT WOS:000178055500267 ER PT S AU Szmulowicz, F Brown, GJ AF Szmulowicz, F Brown, GJ BE Brown, GJ Razeghi, M TI Whither p-type GaAs/AlGaAs QWIP? SO PHOTODETECTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photodetector Materials and Devices VII CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE infrared; detector; quantum well; band gap engineering ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS; QUANTUM-WELLS; PHOTORESPONSE MEASUREMENT; ABSORPTION; BAND AB P-type GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) represent a complementary technology to the well developed and already commercialized n-type GaAs/AlGaAs QWIP technology. Since n-QWIPs require grating couplings for normal incidence absorption, p-type GaAs/AlGaAs QWIPs have emerged as a viable alternative in some applications. In this paper, progress in optimizing the performance of p-type GaAs/AlGaAs QWIPs through modeling, growth, and characterization is described. Our approach begins with the theoretical design of p-QWIPs based on calculations of optical absorption. Next, samples are grown by MBE according to the theoretical designs and their characteristics measured. p-type QWIPs were optimized with respect to the well and barrier widths, alloy concentration, and dopant concentration; resonant cavity devices were also fabricated and the temperature dependent photoresponse was measured. Based on the progress to date, it is now possible to make some comparisons between the n- and p-type approaches. Further avenues for improvement of p-QWIP photoresponse are being explored by exploiting the rich physics of this coupled multi-band system. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Szmulowicz, F (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, 3005 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4389-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4650 BP 158 EP 166 DI 10.1117/12.467659 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BU75E UT WOS:000176913700018 ER PT S AU Brown, GJ Van Nostrand, JE Hegde, SM Siskaninetz, W Xie, QH AF Brown, GJ Van Nostrand, JE Hegde, SM Siskaninetz, W Xie, QH BE Brown, GJ Razeghi, M TI Type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb superlattice for photodetection in the near infrared SO PHOTODETECTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photodetector Materials and Devices VII CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE superlattice; photodetector; InGaAs/GaAsSb; near infrared ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR-TRANSISTORS; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; BRAGG REFLECTORS; PHOTODIODES; GROWTH; INP; DETECTORS AB The optical properties of an In0.52Ga0.48As / GaAS(0.51)Sb(0.49) type-II superlattice lattice matched to InP(001) was characterized by photoluminescence and near infrared photoresponse. The samples were designed for optical emission near 1.8 rhom and were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. At 4K, a strong type-II luminescence at 1.8 mum (689meV) with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 18 meV was observed. Similarly, the onset of the band edge photoresponse occurred at 1.8 mum. (693 meV) at 10K. We believe this to be the first observation of both luminescence and photoresponse from the InGaAs/GaAsSb/InP materials system grown by any technique. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Brown, GJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, 3005 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4389-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4650 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1117/12.467662 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BU75E UT WOS:000176913700021 ER PT S AU Nathan, V Anselm, A Lin, CH Johnson, J AF Nathan, V Anselm, A Lin, CH Johnson, J BE Brown, GJ Razeghi, M TI InAs/InGaSb type2 strained layer superlattice IR detectors SO PHOTODETECTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photodetector Materials and Devices VII CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE AB InAs/InGaSb type2 strained layer superlattice (SLS) combines the advantages of IH-V materials technology with the strong, broad-band absorption, and wavelength tun ability of HgCdTe. In fact, the significantly reduced tunneling and Auger recombination rates in SLS compared to those in HgCdTe should enable SLS detectors to outperform HgCdTe. We report the results of our investigation of InAs/InGaSb type2 strained layer superlattices (SLS)for LWIR photovoltaic detector development. We modeled the band structure, and absorption spectrum of SLS's, and achieved good agreement with experimental data. We systematically investigated the SLS growth conditions, resulting in good uniformity, and the elimination of several defects. We designed, developed and evaluated 16x 16 array of 13 micron cutoff photovoltaic detectors. Photodiodes with cutoff wavelengths of 13 and 18microns were demonstrated, which are the longest wavelengths demonstrated for this material system. Quantum efficiencies commensurate with the superlattice thickness were demonstrated and verified at AFRL. The electrical properties show excessive leakage current, most likely due to trap-assisted tunneling. C1 USAF, RL, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Nathan, V (reprint author), USAF, RL, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4389-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4650 BP 185 EP 198 DI 10.1117/12.467663 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BU75E UT WOS:000176913700022 ER PT S AU Hayduk, MJ Bussjager, RJ Johns, ST Gerhardstein, CM Wicks, GW AF Hayduk, MJ Bussjager, RJ Johns, ST Gerhardstein, CM Wicks, GW BE Donkor, E Hayduk, MJ Pirich, AR Taylor, EW TI Contrast ratio enhancement in a saturable absorber based photonic analog to digital converter SO PHOTONIC AND QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic and Quantum Technologies for Aerospace Applications IV CY APR 01-02, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE saturable absorbers; analog- to- digital converter; InGaAs; Fabry-Perot etalon AB Optical processing techniques are expected to play a key role in the next generation of advanced high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). These techniques will alleviate the current limitations inherent in conventional electronic AM. We are currently developing a novel photonic ADC module that incorporates the use of semiconductor saturable absorbers to perform the data quantization at speeds in the tens of GHz regime. Results will be presented for the experimental material characterization of the semiconductor saturable absorbers used in the data conversion process. Enhancement of the contrast ratio of the saturable absorber between the 'on' state and the 'off state can also be greatly enhanced by the use of an asymmetric Fabry-Perot etalon. Initial experimental results for a saturable absorber contained within an etalon will also be presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Hayduk, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, 25 Elect Pkwy, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4482-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4732 BP 46 EP 52 DI 10.1117/12.477436 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV29Q UT WOS:000178478300007 ER PT S AU Le, DT Morath, CP Huang, DH Norton, HE Cardimona, DA AF Le, DT Morath, CP Huang, DH Norton, HE Cardimona, DA BE Taylor, EW TI Scaling law for responsivity roll-off in quantum-well infrared photodetectors under low-temperature and low-irradiance conditions SO PHOTONICS FOR SPACE ENVIRONMENTS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Conference on Photonics for Space Environments VIII CY JUL 09-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE quantum wells; infrared; photodetector; responsivity; roll-off ID QWIPS AB The peak responsivity of quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) is known to decrease or "roll-off" to a lower plateau value as the frequency of an incoming time-varying photon irradiance increases. The time constant associated with the roll-off frequency depends on the amplitude of the applied DC bias, the incoming irradiance, and the device temperature. In this paper we demonstrate the scaling law for the responsivity roll-off and use it to estimate the quantum-well capacitance by first measuring the roll-off frequency as a function of bias and optical flux and then measuring the device dynamic resistance under similar conditions. The slope of the scatter plot of the roll-off angular frequency versus the inverse dynamic resistance is related to the quantum-well capacitance. Using this approach, we estimate the quantum-well capacitance in a fifty-well, Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs QWIP pixel of area 2.44 x 10(-4) cm(-2) to be similar to 1.22 pF at 50 K. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Le, DT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RI Morath, Christian/B-9147-2008 OI Morath, Christian/0000-0001-5838-9301 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4591-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4823 BP 96 EP 103 DI 10.1117/12.453516 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV91N UT WOS:000180378800011 ER PT S AU Norton, H Cardimona, D Morath, C Le, D Huang, D Krishna, S Raghavan, S Rotella, P AF Norton, H Cardimona, D Morath, C Le, D Huang, D Krishna, S Raghavan, S Rotella, P BE Taylor, EW TI Transient effects in InAs/GaAs quantum dot detectors under low temperature and low background conditions SO PHOTONICS FOR SPACE ENVIRONMENTS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Conference on Photonics for Space Environments VIII CY JUL 09-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE QDIP; quantum dot detector; infrared detection; dark current; transient behavior ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS AB In the presence of a time-dependent external source such as a bias electric field or an incident optical flux, electrons in quantum well and quantum dot devices experience non-adiabatic transport through the barrier layer between two adjacent quantum wells or quantum dots. This non-adiabatic transport process induces charge density fluctuations, resulting in several transient phenomena. When a time-dependent electric field is applied to the system, a dynamical breakdown (i.e., the dark current is dominated by a dielectric displacement current) of the quantum well or quantum dot photodetector is observed. If a chopped time-dependent optical flux is incident on either system, a dynamical drop in the photo-responsivity with increasing chopping frequency is also observed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSSS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Norton, H (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSSS, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RI Morath, Christian/B-9147-2008 OI Morath, Christian/0000-0001-5838-9301 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4591-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4823 BP 104 EP 112 DI 10.1117/12.453513 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV91N UT WOS:000180378800012 ER PT S AU Serna, M AF Serna, M BE Taylor, EW TI Quantum-well-detector concept for hyperspectral, coregistered full-Stokes-vector detection SO PHOTONICS FOR SPACE ENVIRONMENTS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Conference on Photonics for Space Environments VIII CY JUL 09-10, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE polarimeter; coregistered; Stokes vectors; snapshot; polarization uncertainty; pixel ID 3-DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL; GRATING-COUPLER; CAPABILITIES; POLARIMETRY AB By layering quantum well stacks separated by partially transmissive linear gratings, similar to a multi-color QWIP, one may be able to detect the full Stokes vector at a single pixel. Such a detector would greatly aid polarization-based automated algorithms to detect targets from earth-gazing platforms. We report results from a theoretical calculation of normally incident infrared light absorbed by quantum wells in an eight-layer quantum-well/grating structure. The structure, illuminated from the substrate, consists of four quantum-well stacks, of 50 quantum wells each, separated by contact layers and lamellar gratings. The gratings following the first three quantum well stacks are formed by perfectly conducting rectangular strips separated by a transparent dielectric that allows some light to be transmitted. The top grating, following the fourth quantum well stack, is completely reflective. Each of the four lamellar gratings is oriented at a different angle. Incident radiation is diffracted and reflected to different orders and at different angles at each of the four gratings. The model is based on a uniaxial-optics transfer-matrix technique. We calculate the energy absorbed by each of the layers. This in turn allows one to predict and compare which layers will respond for partially- and fully-polarized incident light of either linear or circular polarization. C1 USAF, Res Labs, Space Vehicle Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Serna, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Labs, Space Vehicle Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4591-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4823 BP 113 EP 123 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BV91N UT WOS:000180378800013 ER PT S AU Saleh, MA Evans, DR Shariff, RN Pottenger, TP Lu, L Meltzer, RS Yen, WM Bunning, TJ Guha, S AF Saleh, MA Evans, DR Shariff, RN Pottenger, TP Lu, L Meltzer, RS Yen, WM Bunning, TJ Guha, S BE Yin, S Yu, FTS Coufal, HJ TI Contradirectional two-wave mixing in bulk and multimode fibers of iron-doped lithium niobate SO PHOTOREFRACTIVE FIBER AND CRYSTAL DEVICES: MATERIALS, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS VII, AND OPTICAL DATA STORAGE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photorefractive Fiber and Crystal Devices: Materials, Optical Properties, and Applications VII, and Optical Data Storage CY JUL 29-31, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE iron doped lithium niobate; photorefractivity; single crystal fibers; contradirectional; counterpropagating; two-beam coupling ID CRYSTAL AB Contradirectional two-beam coupling was achieved using a single laser beam incident on fibers grown from congruent, iron doped lithium niobate using the laser heated pedestal growth technique. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a grating has been written in a fiber using a single laser beam and its Fresnel reflection in a 180degrees contradirectional two-beam coupling geometry. Beam-coupling efficiencies were compared as a function of beam spot size for fibers and bulk crystals. At small spot sizes, the fibers outperformed the bulk crystals by reducing the diffraction effect. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPJ, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Evans, DR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPJ, 3005 P St,Bldg 651,Suite 1, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4173-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4459 BP 71 EP 75 DI 10.1117/12.454005 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU20M UT WOS:000175310100009 ER PT S AU Hemmer, PR Turukhin, AV Musser, JA Shahriar, MS AF Hemmer, PR Turukhin, AV Musser, JA Shahriar, MS BE Yin, S Yu, FTS Coufal, HJ TI Raman excited spin coherences in N-V diamond SO PHOTOREFRACTIVE FIBER AND CRYSTAL DEVICES: MATERIALS, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS VII, AND OPTICAL DATA STORAGE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photorefractive Fiber and Crystal Devices: Materials, Optical Properties, and Applications VII, and Optical Data Storage CY JUL 29-31, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE electromagnetically-induced transparency; four-wave mixing; diamond; quantum computing; spectral hole burning memory ID NITROGEN-VACANCY CENTER; GROUND-STATE; STORAGE AB Raman excited spin coherences were experimentally observed in nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) diamond color centers via nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The maximal EIT-induced absorption suppression was found to be 17%, which corresponds to 70% of what is possible given the four possible geometric orientations of the N-V center in diamond. The properties of these coherences are discussed in the context of potential applications to solid-state quantum computing and high-temperature spectral hole burning memories. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Hemmer, PR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RI Shahriar, Selim/B-7270-2009 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4173-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4459 BP 358 EP 363 DI 10.1117/12.454042 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU20M UT WOS:000175310100045 ER PT S AU Liou, LL Crespo, A Sotirelis, P AF Liou, LL Crespo, A Sotirelis, P BE Blood, P Osinski, M Arakawa, Y TI Dielectric optical waveguide coupling analysis using two-dimensional finite-difference in time-domain and frequency-domain simulations SO PHYSICS AND SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices X CY JAN 21-25, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE dielectric optical waveguide; FDTD; 2D-FDTD; Frequency domain simulation ID FDTD AB The coupling length of the dielectric optical waveguide is inversely proportional to the difference of the even- and odd-mode propagation constants. It is important to accurately determine these values, since their difference is in a fraction of 10(-3). To resolve this small difference, simulation using 2-dimensional finite-difference in time-domain method requires long computation time. Moreover, the time-domain method is not efficient to determine the modal functions. Frequency-domain method is cast as an eigenvalue solver, and the modal functions can be directly solved with the corresponding propagation constant. However, this method requires an initial knowledge of the eigenvalue to efficiently determine the modes of interest. This initial knowledge can be provided from the time-domain method. In this study, we conduct analysis of an AlGaN/GaN dielectric optical waveguide coupler combining time- and frequency-domain methods. Taking advantage from both methods, the propagation constants and the modal functions were obtained with a reasonable computation time. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensor Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Liou, LL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensor Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4385-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4646 BP 660 EP 668 DI 10.1117/12.470574 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BU90D UT WOS:000177343700074 ER PT J AU Kuo, SP Lee, SH Kossey, P AF Kuo, SP Lee, SH Kossey, P TI Major enhancement of extra-low-frequency radiation by increasing the high-frequency heating wave power in electrojet modulation SO PHYSICS OF PLASMAS LA English DT Article ID IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATION EXPERIMENTS; POLAR ELECTROJET; ELF RADIATION; THERMAL-INSTABILITY; AURORAL ELECTROJET; VLF WAVES; HEATER FACILITY; GENERATION; TROMSO; EFFICIENCY AB Extra-low-frequency (ELF) wave generation by modulated polar electrojet currents is studied. The amplitude-modulated high-frequency (HF) heating wave excites a stimulated thermal instability to enhance the electrojet current modulation by the passive Ohmic heating process. Inelastic collisions of electrons with neutral particles (mainly due to vibrational excitation of N-2) damp nonlinearly this instability, which is normally saturated at low levels. However, the electron's inelastic collision loss rate drops rapidly to a low value in the energy regime from 3.5 to 6 eV. As the power of the modulated HF heating wave exceeds a threshold level, it is shown that significant electron heating enhanced by the stimulated thermal instability can indeed cause a steep drop in the electron inelastic collision loss rate. Consequently, this instability saturates at a much higher level, resulting to a near step increase (of about 10-13 dB, depending on the modulation wave form) in the spectral intensity of ELF radiation. The dependence of the threshold power of the HF heating wave on the modulation frequency is determined. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Polytech Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Farmingdale, NY 11735 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Kuo, SP (reprint author), Polytech Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Farmingdale, NY 11735 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-664X J9 PHYS PLASMAS JI Phys. Plasmas PD JAN PY 2002 VL 9 IS 1 BP 315 EP 321 DI 10.1063/1.1427726 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 503EN UT WOS:000172785900036 ER PT S AU Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB Gulley, M Spradley, K AF Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB Gulley, M Spradley, K BE Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB Egan, WG Duggin, MJ TI Near infrared imaging polarimetry SO POLARIZATION ANALYSIS, MEASUREMENT, AND REMOTE SENSING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization Analysis, Measurement and Remote Sensing IV CY JUL 29-31, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE polarization; near infrared polarimetry; polarization imaging; Stokes polarimetry ID POLARIZATION AB A near infrared Stokes imaging polarimeter is described. Basic principles of operation are presented, system specifications are given, and polarization elements are characterized. System control software and data reduction techniques are briefly explained. Examples of scenes collected as visible photos, visible and near infrared intensity images, and visible and near infrared polarization images are presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Goldstein, DH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 10 W Eglin Blvd, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4195-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4481 BP 100 EP 108 AR UNSP 4481-16 DI 10.1117/12.452878 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BU15E UT WOS:000175162100013 ER PT S AU Fetrow, MP Wellems, DL Sposato, SH Bishop, KP Caudill, TR Davis, ML Simrell, ER AF Fetrow, MP Wellems, DL Sposato, SH Bishop, KP Caudill, TR Davis, ML Simrell, ER BE Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB Egan, WG Duggin, MJ TI Results of a new polarization simulation SO POLARIZATION ANALYSIS, MEASUREMENT, AND REMOTE SENSING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization Analysis, Measurement and Remote Sensing IV CY JUL 29-31, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE infrared polarization; polarization signatures AB Including polarization signatures of material samples in passive sensing may enhance target detection capabilities. To obtain more information on this potential improvement, a simulation is being developed to aid in interpreting IR polarization measurements in a complex environment. The simulation accounts for the background, or incident illumination, and the scattering and emission from the target into the sensor. MODTRAN, in combination with a dipole approximation to singly scattered radiance, is used to polarimetrically model the background, or sky conditions. The scattering and emission from rough surfaces are calculated using an energy conserving polarimetric Torrance and Sparrow BRDF model. The simulation can be used to examine the surface properties of materials in a laboratory environment, to investigate IR polarization signatures in the field, or a complex environment, and to predict trends in LWIR polarization data. In this paper we discuss the simulation architecture, the process for determining (n,k) and roughness as a function of wavelength, which involves making polarization measurements of flat glass plates at various angles and temperatures in the laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base, and the comparison of the simulation with field data taken at Eglin Air Force Base. The later process entails using the extrapolated index of refraction and surface roughness, and a polarimetric incident sky dome generated by MODTRAN. We also, present some parametric studies in which the sky condition, the sky temperature and the sensor declination angle were all varied. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Fetrow, MP (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4195-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4481 BP 149 EP 162 AR UNSP 4481-44 DI 10.1117/12.452902 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BU15E UT WOS:000175162100019 ER PT S AU Goldstein, DH Deibler, LL Wang, BLB AF Goldstein, DH Deibler, LL Wang, BLB BE Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB TI Measurement of small birefringence in sapphire and quartz plates SO POLARIZATION MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS, AND APPLICATIONS V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization Measurement, Analysis, and Applications V CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci & Coll Engn & Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington, Ctr Nanotechnol DE birefringence; sapphire; quartz; polarimetry ID MUELLER MATRIX; LINEAR BIREFRINGENCE; POLARIMETER AB Birefringence in quartz and sapphire plates was measured at 632.8 nm. The observed birefringence is presumed to be caused by a tilt in the optic axis with respect to the plate geometry. Two instrumental methods were used to make the measurements. A Mueller matrix laser polarimeter was used at the Air Force Research Laboratory, and the Exicor system was used at Hinds. The measurement techniques are described and results are presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Goldstein, DH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 101 W Eglin Blvd, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4587-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4819 BP 20 EP 27 DI 10.1117/12.454834 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BV50J UT WOS:000179185000003 ER PT J AU Park, SY Farmer, BL Lee, JC AF Park, SY Farmer, BL Lee, JC TI The structures of poly(oxyethylene)s having sulfone groups in the side chains SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE X-ray diffraction; poly(oxyethylene); liquid crystal ID COMB-LIKE POLYMERS; ORDERED MESOPHASE STRUCTURES; CRYSTALLINE TPP POLYETHERS; PHASE IDENTIFICATION; COPOLYETHERS; SERIES; ODD AB The structures of (-OCH2CHR-) with R = CH2S(CH2)(6)SO2(CH2)(M)H (ATP-M; M = 5,7,9) or R = CH2SO2(CH2)(6)SO2(CH2)(M)H (ASP-M; M = 5,7,9) were studied using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The X-ray patterns of all ATPs and ASPs studied show a series of ordered reflections in the small angle region and a sharp wide angle reflection at d = similar to4.4 Angstrom, characteristic of a smectic phase. The smectic layer thickness corresponds to twice the most extended side chain length and linearly increases as the side chain length increases with a slope of similar to2.3 Angstrom per methylene spacer. This indicates that all ASPs and ATPs studied have a double layer structure with side chains normal to the main chain and probably an all-trans conformation of the side chains. The correlation lengths measured from the wide angle reflections are in the range of 80 +/- 10 Angstrom for all the polymers except for ASP-5 (similar to 40 Angstrom). These values indicate that quasi-lon--range order exists in the smectic layers whose structures can be defined as smectic B (S-B). The d-spacing of the wide angle reflection, 4.4 Angstrom, suggests that paraffinic side chain crystallization does not occur and that the smectic mesophase develops through dipole-dipole interactions of sulfone groups in the side chains. During heating, ATP-5 shows recrystallization after the first melting. The structure produced during recrystallization has a similar smectic structure but with more dense packing between side chains than before the first melting. In the case of ASP-9, a smectic to smectic transition was observed at similar to 110 degreesC prior to the isotropic temperature at similar to 150 degreesC. Both the correlation length (from the wide angle reflection) and the layer thickness decreased from similar to 80 to similar to 30 Angstrom and from 46 to 40 Angstrom at this transition, respectively, indicating that the order in the smectic layers is lost and the S-B Structure has become a less ordered S-A structure at this transition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Chem Engn, Seoul 151744, South Korea. RP USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM barry.farmer@afrl.af.mil NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN PY 2002 VL 43 IS 1 BP 177 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00571-7 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 484TU UT WOS:000171706300022 ER PT J AU Patnaik, SS Pachter, R AF Patnaik, SS Pachter, R TI A molecular simulations study of the miscibility in binary mixtures of polymers and low molecular weight molecules SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE miscibility; binary mixtures; molecular simulation ID PHASE-BEHAVIOR AB The miscibility behavior of binary mixtures of polymeric and low molecular weight molecules was studied using a combination of modified Flory-Huggins theory and molecular simulation techniques. Three different atomistic approaches were used to investigate the phase behavior and chi parameters of binary mixtures consisting of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). Binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate monomer/5CB and methyl methacrylate oligomer/5CB were also studied. As a first approach, a fast method that calculates the local interaction between a fragment of the polymer and the organic molecule and then extends it to determine the energy of mixing using an estimated coordination number was used. By using modified coordination numbers, we were able to extend this method to include cases where the polymer segment and the small molecules are slightly dissimilar in size. More detailed studies which take into account bulk effects were also carried out where the cohesive energies of the pure compounds were derived from molecular dynamics simulations and the interaction parameters were determined from the differences in the cohesive energies. The concentration and temperature dependence of the chi parameters was evaluated by calculating the energy of mixing from the differences in the cohesive energy densities of the mixed and demixed systems. The present study provides a detailed understanding of the miscibility of PMMA and 5CB as PMMA polymerizes from its monomer, and the results indicate that although methyl methacrylate and 5CB are completely miscible, 5CB is not miscible in PMMA even in small quantities. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLPJ,Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Patnaik, SS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLPJ,Mat & Mfg Directorate, Bldg 651,3005 P St,Suite 1, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN PY 2002 VL 43 IS 2 BP 415 EP 424 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00432-3 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 491MZ UT WOS:000172113500019 ER PT J AU Clay, SB Kander, RG AF Clay, SB Kander, RG TI Measurement of the residual mechanical properties of crazed polycarbonate. I: Qualitative analysis SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INITIATION AB A new technique to quantify the bulk craze density of transparent plates was used to characterize the craze growth behavior of polycarbonate at various stress levels. The craze growth rates were found to exponentially increase with an increase in stress, obeying the Eyring equation for thermally activated processes in the presence of an applied stress. The residual mechanical properties of crazed polycarbonate were then correlated to the crazing stress, relative craze density and strain rate. The results show that increasing the bulk craze density does not affect the yield stress but decreases both the failure stress and ductility of polycarbonate. Also, a crazing stress of 40 MPa was found to cause a much larger degree of degradation of failure properties than a crazing stress of 45 MPa. Correlating the crazing stress to the craze microstructure revealed that fewer, larger crazes form at the lower crazing stress. Therefore, flaw size has a greater effect on the failure properties of polycarbonate than flaw quantity. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Struct Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Clay, SB (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Struct Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 42 IS 1 BP 182 EP 190 DI 10.1002/pen.10939 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 519QM UT WOS:000173737000017 ER PT J AU Clay, SB Kander, RG AF Clay, SB Kander, RG TI Measurement of the residual mechanical properties of crazed polycarbonate. II: Design of experiments analysis SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The Design of Experiments (DOE) approach was used to build quantitative empirical models of the residual mechanical properties of crazed polycarbonate as functions of relative craze density, crazing stress, and strain rate. Crazing did not affect the yielding behavior of polycarbonate, but increasing the strain rate increased the yield stress according to the Eyring theory. The Eyring activation volume for yielding of crazed polycarbonate was measured to fall between reported values for conformational changes of a dilute solution of polycarbonate chains and yielding of uncrazed polycarbonate. Also, with as little as 1% relative craze density, the failure stress was approximately 10% lower and the ductility was, on the average, 50% lower than for uncrazed polycarbonate properties. It was also found that increasing the crazing stress from 40 to 45 MPa increased the failure stress and ductility for a given magnitude of relative craze density. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Struct Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Clay, SB (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Struct Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 42 IS 1 BP 191 EP 202 DI 10.1002/pen.10940 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 519QM UT WOS:000173737000018 ER PT S AU Magnus, AL Oxley, ME AF Magnus, AL Oxley, ME GP IEEE IEEE TI Generalization tools for the multilayer perceptron SO PROCEEDING OF THE 2002 INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 02) CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Networks Soc, Int Neural Network Soc DE multilayer perceptron; partial ordering; chamber; arrangement of hyperplanes; halfspaces AB A multilayer perceptron (MLP) represents a partial ordering over a feature set-an ordering based on the hyperplane arrangement implemented in the MLP's first hidden layer. This paper presents tools for manipulating the partial ordering for better data generalization. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13440 USA. RP Magnus, AL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13440 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1098-7576 BN 0-7803-7278-6 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2002 BP 2911 EP 2916 DI 10.1109/IJCNN.2002.1007611 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BU92F UT WOS:000177402800515 ER PT S AU Jones, K Cross, C AF Jones, K Cross, C GP SPIE SPIE TI On antiresonance in the forced response of mistuned bladed disks SO PROCEEDINGS OF IMAC-XX: STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS VOLS I AND II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th IMAC Conference on Structural Dynamics CY FEB 04-07, 2002 CL LOS ANGELES, CA SP Soc Exptl Mech Inc AB Mistuning in bladed disks usually increases the maximum local forced response leading to shortened component life in turbine engines. This paper investigates mistuning using a transfer function approach where the frequency response functions (FRFs) are described by natural frequencies and antiresonant frequencies. Using this approach, antiresonant frequencies are shown to be a critical factor in determining the maximum local response. Two insights are gained by formulating antiresonant frequencies as the eigenvalues of reduced system matrices: 1) Mistuning a particular blade has no affect on that blade's antiresonant frequencies. 2) Engine orders N and N/2, where N is the number of blades on the disk, tend to produce the highest maximum local response. Numerical examples are given using a lightly damped spring mass oscillator model of a bladed disk. Pole-zero loci of mistuned bladed disks show that increased maximum response is often due to the damping of antiresonant frequencies. An important conclusion is that antiresonant frequencies can be arranged such that a mistuned bladed disk has a lower maximum response than a tuned bladed disk. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jones, K (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, 1950 5th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS INC PI BETHEL PA 7 SCHOOL ST, BETHEL, CT 06801 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-912053-77-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4753 BP 491 EP 498 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BU66N UT WOS:000176646000071 ER PT S AU Cloutier, JR Stansbery, DT AF Cloutier, JR Stansbery, DT GP ACC ACC TI The capabilities and art of state-dependent Riccati equation-based design SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual American Control Conference (ACC) CY MAY 08-10, 2002 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, SICE AB State-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) techniques are general design methods which provide. a systematic and effective means of designing nonlinear controllers, observers, and filters. This paper provides an overview of the capabilities of SDRE control and goes into detail concerning the art of carrying out effective SDRE designs for both systems that conform and do not conform to the basic structure and conditions required by the method. The paper is centered: around the SDRE nonlinear regulator. The following situations which prevent a straightforward application of the SDRE method to the control problem at hand are addressed: the existence of state-independent terms, the existence of state-dependent terms which do not go to zero as the state vector goes to zero, the existence of nonlinearity in the controls, and the existence of uncontrollable and unstable but bounded state dynamics. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 341, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. EM cloutierj@eglin.af.mil; stansbed@eglin.af.mil NR 24 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7298-0 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2002 VL 1-6 BP 86 EP 91 DI 10.1109/ACC.2002.1024785 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BV44D UT WOS:000178974700016 ER PT S AU Cloutier, JR Stansbery, DT AF Cloutier, JR Stansbery, DT GP ACC ACC TI Dynamic conversion of flight path angle commands to body attitude commands SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual American Control Conference (ACC) CY MAY 08-10, 2002 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, SICE AB A state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) based controller with integral servomechanism tracking is designed to convert flight path angle commands to angle-of-attack and bank angle commands for a bank-to-turn air vehicle. This problem is challenging because the controls are highly nonlinear, appearing in the dynamics as products of sines and cosines. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 341, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. EM james.cloutier@eglin.af.mil; stansbed@eglin.af.mil NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7298-0 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2002 VL 1-6 BP 221 EP 225 DI 10.1109/ACC.2002.1024807 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BV44D UT WOS:000178974700038 ER PT S AU Novy, MC Jacques, DR Pachter, M AF Novy, MC Jacques, DR Pachter, M GP ACC ACC TI Air vehicle optimal trajectories between two radars SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual American Control Conference (ACC) CY MAY 08-10, 2002 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, SICE AB The problem of formulating and analyzing the single vehicle path planning problem for radar exposure minimization is addressed. A single vehicle with given initial and final positions is exposed to two radars and the optimal path between the radars is sought. The objective cost of the optimal paths are compared with the direct path (a straight line) as well as trajectories generated using the graphical Voronoi path planning approach. Finally, each radar is given a different weight, simulating differing transmission powers, and optimal paths are sought for the same radar configurations. The objective costs of these trajectories are again compared to the direct path and the weighted Voronoi path. The nonlinear differential equations governing the optimal trajectory against multiple radars constitute a difficult, numerically sensitive two-point boundary value problem. Results indicate that approaching the Voronoi-generated curves in an optimal way from the endpoints may provide for feasible on-line and realtime utilization. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45432 USA. RP Air Force Res Lab, 1864 4th St,Bldg 15, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45432 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7298-0 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2002 VL 1-6 BP 785 EP 790 DI 10.1109/ACC.2002.1024910 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BV44D UT WOS:000178974700136 ER PT S AU Chandler, PR Pachter, M Swaroop, D Fowler, JM Howlett, JK Rasmussen, S Schumacher, C Nygard, K AF Chandler, PR Pachter, M Swaroop, D Fowler, JM Howlett, JK Rasmussen, S Schumacher, C Nygard, K GP ACC ACC TI Complexity in UAV cooperative control SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual American Control Conference (ACC) CY MAY 08-10, 2002 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, SICE AB This paper addresses complexity and coupling issues in cooperative decision and control of distributed autonomous UAV teams. In particular, the recent results obtained by the inhouse research team axe presented. Hierarchical decomposition is, implemented where team vehicles are allocated to subteams using set partition theory. Results axe presented for single assignment and multiple assignment using network flow and auction algorithms. Simulation results are presented for wide area search munitions where complexity and coupling are incrementally addressed in the decision system, yielding radically improved team performance. C1 VACA, AFRL, Flight Control Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP VACA, AFRL, Flight Control Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7298-0 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2002 VL 1-6 BP 1831 EP 1836 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BV44D UT WOS:000178974700316 ER PT S AU Schumacher, C Chandler, PR Rasmussen, SR AF Schumacher, C Chandler, PR Rasmussen, SR GP ACC ACC TI Task allocation for wide area search munitions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual American Control Conference (ACC) CY MAY 08-10, 2002 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, SICE AB This paper addresses the problem of task allocation for wide area search munitions. The munitions are required to search for, classify, attack, and perform battle damage assessment on potential targets. It is assumed that target field information is communicated between all elements of the swarm. A network flow optimization model is used to develop a linear program for optimal resource allocation. Periodically re-solving this optimization problem results in coordinated action by the search munitions. The network optimization model can be initialized such that multiple vehicles can be assigned to service a single target. Memory of previous task assignments is included in the task benefit calculations to reduce churning due to frequent reassignments. Simulation results are presented for a swarm of eight vehicles searching an area containing three potential targets. All targets are quickly classified, attacked, and verified as destroyed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, VACA,Flight Control Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, VACA,Flight Control Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7298-0 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2002 VL 1-6 BP 1917 EP 1922 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BV44D UT WOS:000178974700331 ER PT S AU Ngo, AD Doman, DB AF Ngo, AD Doman, DB GP ACC ACC TI Footprint calculation methods for a reusable launch vehicle SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual American Control Conference (ACC) CY MAY 08-10, 2002 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, SICE AB An important element of an adaptive and reconfigurable guidance and control system is the ability to compute the largest area (footprint) on the earth's surface that is reachable by the autonomous vehicle under the current operating condition. During an abort situation when it suddenly becomes necessary to divert the vehicle from its original landing site, the knowledge of this reachable area can assist in choosing a safe and available landing site. In this paper, a technique based on calculus of variations is applied to-find the footprint of an autonomous vehicle subject to operating constraints. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, VACA, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, VACA, 2210 8th St,Bldg 146, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7298-0 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2002 VL 1-6 BP 1930 EP 1935 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BV44D UT WOS:000178974700333 ER PT S AU Doman, DB Sparks, AG AF Doman, DB Sparks, AG GP ACC ACC TI Concepts for constrained control allocation of mixed quadratic and linear effectors SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual American Control Conference (ACC) CY MAY 08-10, 2002 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, SICE AB Concepts for new constrained control allocation strategies are developed that deal with systems where moments are nonlinearly related to effector deflections such as those encountered in the case of yawing moment contributions from left-right effector pairs on aircraft. These concepts are illustrated by considering single and multiple left-right pair effector mixing problems for moments that lie in the roll-yaw moment plane. Methods for generating the boundary of an attainable moment set for a class of multiple non-linear effectors and for clipping unattainable moment commands with axis prioritization are presented. C1 AFRL, VACA, Control Theory & Optimizat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP AFRL, VACA, Control Theory & Optimizat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM david.doman@wpafb.af.mil; andrew.sparks@wpafb.af.mil NR 4 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7298-0 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2002 VL 1-6 BP 3729 EP 3734 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BV44D UT WOS:000178974700649 ER PT S AU Zulch, P Wicks, M Moran, B Suvorova, S Byrnes, J AF Zulch, P Wicks, M Moran, B Suvorova, S Byrnes, J GP IEEE IEEE TI A new complementary waveform technique for radar signals SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2002 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 22-25, 2002 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP IEEE Los Angeles Council, IEEE Aerosp & Electr Syst Soc, Northrop Grumman Corp, Raytheon Co AB A new phase coding technique for radar signals is introduced which uses novel complementary waveforms constructed to have optimal sidelobe performance. The waveforms are constructed using a modification of the Prometheus Orthonormal Set (PONS) technique. An advantage of a PONS matrix is that it allows for many complementary pairs of waveforms to choose from as well as allowing for multiple pairs to be used simultaneously. It will be shown that sets of waveforms which are complementary in quartets can also be applied for more flexibility. Results showing improved ambiguity properties versus other radar waveform coding techniques will be given. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNRT, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Zulch, P (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNRT, 26 Elect Pkwy, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-7357-X J9 RADAR CONF PY 2002 BP 35 EP 40 DI 10.1109/NRC.2002.999689 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BU50P UT WOS:000176199500007 ER PT S AU Berger, SD AF Berger, SD GP IEEE IEEE TI Nonuniform sampling reconstruction applied to sparse array beamforming SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2002 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 22-25, 2002 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP IEEE Los Angeles Council, IEEE Aerosp & Electr Syst Soc, Northrop Grumman Corp, Raytheon Co AB In this paper, we investigate the application of nonuniform sampling reconstruction to sparse array beamforming to gain insight into its potential and identify additional challenges. The central concept of the nonuniform sampling beamformer is to use the nonuniform samples to reconstruct the samples of a uniform array with the same sampling density as the nonuniform array and then perform conventional beamforming. Our results show the potential of replacing elements in a sparse uniform linear array with uniform linear subarrays and using a nonuniform sampling reconstruction formula in improving the near-in (bandwidth supported by the array sampling density) grating lobes performance. However, this improved performance comes at the expense of significantly worsened performance in the out-of-band region (beyond the near-in grating lobe region). Additionally, the performance of the nonuniform sampling beamformer is extremely sensitive to phase noise. Although increasing the sampling density improved performance, the out-of-band performance and sensitivity are still areas of concern for most sparse arrays. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Berger, SD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSS, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-7357-X J9 RADAR CONF PY 2002 BP 98 EP 103 DI 10.1109/NRC.2002.999701 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BU50P UT WOS:000176199500018 ER PT S AU Bonneau, RJ Wicks, MC AF Bonneau, RJ Wicks, MC GP IEEE IEEE TI Using a wavelet basis for a spectrally tunable phased array SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2002 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 22-25, 2002 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP IEEE Los Angeles Council, IEEE Aerosp & Electr Syst Soc, Northrop Grumman Corp, Raytheon Co AB Conventional phased array radars traditionally use digital filters that are adaptive in frequency on receive and use a fixed transmit pattern to illuminate their targets. Unfortunately such an approach does not take into consideration the spatial diversity of targets and interference sources that the phased array observes as it is electronically pointed throughout its search area. We propose a methodology that uses a wavelet filter bank to selectively transmit and receive radiation that is directionally dependent on the phased array's pointing direction. Such an approach allows us to illuminate with and receive radiation from targets in a way that is frequency selective depending on the pointing direction of the array and also more efficiently detect targets due to the compact spectral model produced by the wavelet filter bank. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNRT, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Bonneau, RJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNRT, 26 Elect Way, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-7357-X J9 RADAR CONF PY 2002 BP 110 EP 112 DI 10.1109/NRC.2002.999704 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BU50P UT WOS:000176199500020 ER PT S AU Chen, PY Wicks, MC AF Chen, PY Wicks, MC GP IEEE IEEE TI A lower confidence limit for the number of signals SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2002 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 22-25, 2002 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP IEEE Los Angeles Council, IEEE Aerosp & Electr Syst Soc, Northrop Grumman Corp, Raytheon Co AB We propose a multi-step procedure for constructing a lower confidence limit for the number of signals present. We derive the probability of a correct estimation, P(CE), and the least favorable configuration (LFC) for our procedure. Under LFC, the P(CE) attains its minimum over the parameter space of all eigenvalues. Therefore a minimum sample size can be determined in order to implement our procedure with a guaranteed probability requirement. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Radar Signal Proc Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Chen, PY (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Radar Signal Proc Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-7357-X J9 RADAR CONF PY 2002 BP 356 EP 361 DI 10.1109/NRC.2002.999744 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BU50P UT WOS:000176199500059 ER PT S AU Hale, TB Temple, MA Raquet, JF Oxley, ME Wicks, MC AF Hale, TB Temple, MA Raquet, JF Oxley, ME Wicks, MC GP IEEE IEEE TI Elevation interferometric STAP using a thinned planar array SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2002 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 22-25, 2002 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP IEEE Los Angeles Council, IEEE Aerosp & Electr Syst Soc, Northrop Grumman Corp, Raytheon Co ID NONHOMOGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS AB The research applies Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) techniques to a pseudo-circular array generated by selectively thinning a rectangular array. A hybrid approach incorporating elevation interferometry and STAP techniques is used. Results show the thinned 16-element pseudo-circular array offers significant detection performance improvement over the baseline Factored Time-Space (FTS) technique operating on a linear array, e.g., an 8-element horizontal linear array. Results are demonstrated for cases with and without range ambiguous clutter. This performance level is achieved using a factor of M less sample support than required for full adaptivity where 11 represents the number of pulses within a coherent processing interval. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, AFIT,ENG, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hale, TB (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, AFIT,ENG, 2950 P St,Bldg 640, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-7357-X J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2002 BP 408 EP 414 DI 10.1109/NRC.2002.999753 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BU50P UT WOS:000176199500068 ER PT B AU Boydstun, F Graul, M Benjamin, P Painter, M AF Boydstun, F Graul, M Benjamin, P Painter, M BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI New perspectives towards modeling depot MRO SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB There are subtle, and yet critical and unique differences that distinguish the depot maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) domain from production manufacturing. These differences motivate the need for more efficient ways to capture the essence of the depot MRO domain dynamics. The authors provide an informal characterization of the depot MRO by highlighting some of the Major differences. Along with this characterization, they propose a set of principles governing the physics of depot MRO operation. Finally, they describe the nature of idealizations needed to model and simulate this domain and a vision for future technologies that could more adequately and directly address these needs. C1 Oklahoma City Air Logist Ctr, Tinker AFB, OK 73145 USA. RP Boydstun, F (reprint author), Oklahoma City Air Logist Ctr, 3001 Staff Dr,Ste 2Y31, Tinker AFB, OK 73145 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 738 EP 746 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500094 ER PT B AU Harris, JW AF Harris, JW BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI The sortie generation rate model SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB This paper presents a sortie generation rate (SGR) model and describes how to use it as a commander's tool. The SGR model was initially developed to generate published sortie rates, but proved to be an expedient commander's tool for planning options. Previously, developing sortie rates required three models, Regional Conflict Model (RCM), Logistics Composite Model (LCOM), and Flyer. Each model required its own input data and they were located in different agencies of the Air Force. The RCM model is no longer supported, LCOM requires large amounts of input data, and Flyer uses output of LCOM as part of its input. The SGR model requires little data and it is a one step process, which runs on a laptop computer. The SGR model uses constraints and events to capture the sortie rate process from a macro level without significantly detailed input. C1 USAF, Studies & Anal Agcy, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Harris, JW (reprint author), USAF, Studies & Anal Agcy, 1570 Air Force Pentagon, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 864 EP 868 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500111 ER PT B AU Jacques, DR AF Jacques, DR BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI Modeling considerations for wide area search munition effectiveness analysis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB There are currently several wide area search munitions in the research and development phase within the Department of Defense. Progress on the individual technologies is promising, but there are insufficient analytical tools for evaluating the effectiveness of these concept munitions. This paper examines some of the modeling aspects of wide area search munitions with Autonomous Target Recognition (ATR) capability. The unique aspect of the munition problem is that a search agent is lost whenever an attack is executed. This significantly impacts the overall effectiveness in a multi-target/false target environment. ATR measures of performance will be introduced, and described in terms of a confusion matrix for the sensor. The single munition/single target and general multi-munition/multi-target cases will be discussed, and a simple application will be used to validate the modeling constructs. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jacques, DR (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, 2950 P St,Suite 201C, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 878 EP 886 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500113 ER PT B AU Dougherty, S Hill, RR Moore, JT AF Dougherty, S Hill, RR Moore, JT BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI Modeling signal latency effects using ARENA (TM) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB Recent military operations have showcased the abilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), particularly in their ability to effectively perform those tasks too dangerous for manned aircraft. We examine non-autonomous operations of an UAV in those instances where the vehicle is used for laser target designation in support of precision guided munitions with non-line-of-sight command and control of the UAV. Non-line of sight UAV control requires a satellite communications link which involves a level of signal delay, or signal latency. This latency may impact the accuracy of the laser designation and thus the accuracy of the guided weapon. A simulation model is defined, built, and used to address the signal latency impacts of our defined UAV targeting scenario. RP Dougherty, S (reprint author), Det 1 28 TS-F-22,6257 Beale Ave, Nellis AFB, NV 89191 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 887 EP 892 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500114 ER PT B AU Beran, PS Lucia, DJ Pettit, CL AF Beran, PS Lucia, DJ Pettit, CL BE Paidoussis, MP TI Reduced order modeling of limit-cycle oscillation for aeroelastic systems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION, AEROELASTICITY, FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION AND NOISE, PTS A AND B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aeroelasticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise CY NOV, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, IMECE, Japan Soc Mech Engineers, Canadian Soc Mech Engn, Assoc Francaise Mecan ID NONLINEAR OSCILLATIONS; FLUTTERING PLATE; AIRFOIL FLUTTER AB Limit-cycle oscillations of a nonlinear panel in supersonic flow are computed using a reduced-order aeroelastic model. Panel dynamics are governed by the large-deflection, nonlinear, von Karman equation as expressed in low-order form through a Galerkin approximation. The aerodynamics are described by the Euler equations, which are reduced in order using proper orthogonal decomposition. The coupled system of equations is implicitly time integrated with second-order temporal accuracy to predict limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) amplitude, and linearly analyzed to predict LCO onset. The fluid is synchronized with the structure in time through subiteration, using only 18 degrees of freedom to describe the aeroelastic system. The Jacobian employed in the fully implicit analysis is of equivalently low rank, enabling rapid analysis. Using the reduced order model, LCO onset is predicted directly at a computational cost of approximately 400 time steps with a high accuracy verified by full-order analysis. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Multidisciplinary Technol Ctr, AFRL,VASD, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Beran, PS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Multidisciplinary Technol Ctr, AFRL,VASD, Bldg 146,2210 8th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3659-2 PY 2002 BP 13 EP 24 PG 12 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Aerospace; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA BAM66 UT WOS:000222851800002 ER PT B AU Thomas, MH Oh, JC AF Thomas, MH Oh, JC BE Caulfield, HJ Chen, SH Duro, R Honavar, V Kerre, EE Lu, M Romay, MG Shih, TK Ventura, D Wang, PP Yang, YY TI Synthetic pheromones for avoiding social dilemmas SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Joint Conference on Information Sciences CY MAR 08-13, 2002 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Assoc Intelligent Machinery, Informat Sci Journal, Duke Univ, Acad Affairs, Tamkang Univ, N Carolina Biotechnol Ctr, GalxoSmithKline, George Mason Univ ID ANT SYSTEM AB Braess' Paradox is a social dilemma that occurs when adding more of a limited resource to a system decreases tile performance of the system rather than increases it as expected. To avoid this paradox, we propose a biologically inspired system of agents that use ant-like pheromones. Using only locally available information in the form of synthetic pheromones, the agents in our system avoid Braess' paradox and perform well compared with agents that don't use pheromones, especially when they weigh the pheromone information more heavily than the path cost to make routing decisions. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Intelligent Informat Syst Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Intelligent Informat Syst Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. EM Matthew.Thomas@rl.af.mil; jcoh@ecs.syr.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC INTELLIGENT MACHINERY PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 90291, DURHAM, NC 27708-0291 USA BN 0-9707890-1-7 PY 2002 BP 655 EP 658 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV54W UT WOS:000179331800151 ER PT J AU Watson, KA Lyons, KM Carter, CD Donbar, JM AF Watson, KA Lyons, KM Carter, CD Donbar, JM TI Simultaneous two-shot CH planar laser-induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry measurements in lifted CH4/air diffusion flames SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID TURBULENT; STABILIZATION; COMBUSTION AB Joint two-shot CH planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements near the stabilization region of lifted methane/air diffusion flames stabilized under different flow conditions are presented. The simultaneous technique allows for a determination of the propagation rate of the CH zone relative to the fuel flow. Simultaneous single-shot CH-PLIF and PIV techniques have been used in the past to examine lifted jet flames; however, the double-shot technique of the current study is desirable because it yields information on flame dynamics-as indicated by sequential CH-PLIF-relative to the unburned mixture. Three flow conditions were examined corresponding to three different liftoff heights. While the average velocity at the stabilization point varies between 0.83 m/s for the lowest flow condition (Re-d = 4800) and 1.28 m/s for the highest (Re-d = 8300), the velocity at the stabilization point during instances of zero CH movement (during the time interval of the CH pulses) is constant for all three flow conditions (1.14 +/- 0.4 m/s). Furthermore, the flame is able to stabilize itself against the incoming unburned mixture only when the gas velocity is below a certain limit, above which the flame is convected downstream with the flow. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Watson, KA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Box 7910, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 1905 EP 1912 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80231-0 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KN UT WOS:000182866500058 ER PT J AU Kothnur, PS Tsurikov, MS Clemens, NT Donbar, JM Carter, CD AF Kothnur, PS Tsurikov, MS Clemens, NT Donbar, JM Carter, CD TI Planar imaging of Ch, Oh, and velocity in turbulent non-premixed jet flames SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID LAYER AB Simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence of the CH and OH radicals and two-dimensional particle image velocimetry were used to investigate the structure of turbulent non-premixed methane/nitrogen jet flames (Re-jet = 18,600) in an oxygen coflow. The motivation for this study is to investigate the relationship among regions of high CH/OH concentration and kinematic quantities such as vorticity, strain rate, and dilatation. The results show that in the lower part of the flame, the direction of the two-dimensional principal compressive strain axis exhibits a preferred orientation of about 45degrees with respect to the flow direction, whereas near the flame tip, the strain exhibits a more random orientation. Furthermore, CH structures are more likely to align orthogonal to the principal compressive strain axis in the downstream half of the flame. Probability density functions (PDFs) show that the most probable value of vorticity on CH structures is about DeltaU/delta (where DeltaU is the difference between the jet centerline and coflow velocities and delta is the full width at half-maximum of velocity profile), but near zero on the OH structures. Furthermore, joint PDFs of strain and dilatation show that CH structures are more likely to be associated with positive dilatation than are OH structures. These results are consistent with previous studies that have shown that jet flame kinematics are substantially affected by heat release and further show that these effects are more closely correlated with zones of high CH concentration than with zones of high OH concentration. C1 Univ Texas, Ctr Aeromech Res, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78712 USA. USAF, Res Lab, PRA, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. RP Kothnur, PS (reprint author), Univ Texas, Ctr Aeromech Res, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NR 20 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 1921 EP 1927 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80233-4 PN 2 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KN UT WOS:000182866500060 ER PT B AU Magnus, AL Oxley, ME AF Magnus, AL Oxley, ME GP ISIF ISIF TI Fusing and filtering arrogant classifiers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOL I LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2002) CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL ANNAPOLIS, MD SP IEEE, Georgia Tech Res Inst, USAF Res Lab, US Dept Defense, Missile Defense Agcy, NAVSEA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, USN, Off Res, AIAA, IEE DE expertise logic; fuzzy logic; classifier; arrogant classifier AB Given a finite collection of classifiers trained on n-class data, one wishes to fuse the classifiers to form a new classifier with improved performance. Typically, the fusion is performed on the output level using logical ANDs and ORs. Sometimes classifiers are arrogant and will classify a feature vector without any prior experience (data) to justify their decision. The proposed fusion is based on the arrogance of the classifier and the location of the feature vector in respect to training data. Given a feature vector x, if any one of the classifiers is an expert on x then that classifier should dominate the fusion. If the classifiers are confused at x then the fusion rule should be defined in such a way to reflect this confusion. If the classifier is arrogant, then its results should not be considered and, thus, filtered out from the fusion process' The give this fusion rule based upon the metrics of veracity and experience. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. RP Magnus, AL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SOC INFORMATION FUSION PI SUNNYVALE PA PO BOX 70188, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA BN 0-9721844-1-4 PY 2002 BP 388 EP 395 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV16Q UT WOS:000178041300055 ER PT B AU Tangney, JF AF Tangney, JF GP ISIF ISIF TI AFOSR programs in higher levels of information fusion SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOL I LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2002) CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL ANNAPOLIS, MD SP IEEE, Georgia Tech Res Inst, USAF Res Lab, US Dept Defense, Missile Defense Agcy, NAVSEA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, USN, Off Res, AIAA, IEE DE higher level fusion; fusion 2+; research challenges; research programs; research funding AB The Air Force future vision for information fusion is presented in the context of results of a study of long-term challenges in the science and technology of command and control and the programs of the Air Force designed to meet them. A new approach to research is presented that takes advantage of scientific challenge problems that are operationally validated in collaboration with research laboratories in government and industry. C1 USAF, Off Sci Res, Directorate Math & Space Sci, Arlington, VA USA. RP Tangney, JF (reprint author), USAF, Off Sci Res, Directorate Math & Space Sci, Arlington, VA USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SOC INFORMATION FUSION PI SUNNYVALE PA PO BOX 70188, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA BN 0-9721844-1-4 PY 2002 BP 557 EP 561 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV16Q UT WOS:000178041300077 ER PT B AU Salerno, J AF Salerno, J GP ISIF ISIF TI Information fusion: A high-level architecture overview SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOL I LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2002) CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL ANNAPOLIS, MD SP IEEE, Georgia Tech Res Inst, USAF Res Lab, US Dept Defense, Missile Defense Agcy, NAVSEA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, USN, Off Res, AIAA, IEE DE higher level fusion; fusion 2+; situation awareness; situation assessment; indications & warning; area assessment AB Over the past decade the term Fusion has become synonymous with tactical or battle space awareness after hostilities have begun. As such, work has concentrated on object identification, tracking algorithms and the use of multiple sources for reducing uncertainty and maximizing coverage. As more situations unfold throughout the world, smart strategic decisions must be made before deployment of our limited assets. In order to assess adversarial intent and possible strategic impact, we need to enlarge the present scope offi sion to take into account strategic situation awareness and what information technology can be provided to support it. By doing so, the sooner a situation can be understood in its full context, the more options that become available and the more thoroughly its critically can be evaluated. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. RP Salerno, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome Res Site, Rome, NY USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT SOC INFORMATION FUSION PI SUNNYVALE PA PO BOX 70188, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA BN 0-9721844-1-4 PY 2002 BP 680 EP 686 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV16Q UT WOS:000178041300094 ER PT B AU Hinman, ML AF Hinman, ML GP ISIF ISIF TI Some computational approaches for situation assessment and impact assessment SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOL I LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2002) CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL ANNAPOLIS, MD SP IEEE, Georgia Tech Res Inst, USAF Res Lab, US Dept Defense, Missile Defense Agcy, NAVSEA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, USN, Off Res, AIAA, IEE DE information fusion; situation assessment; impact assessment; threat assessment; threat prediction; Bayesian analysis; fuzzy logic; genetic algorithms; neural networks AB This paper will provide an overview of several research efforts in the area of Information Fusion being conducted at the Fusion Technology Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory. It will describe a series of innovative approaches of traditional fusion algorithms and heuristic reasoning techniques to improve situational assessment and threat prediction. Approaches discussed include Bayesian techniques, Knowledge Based approaches, Artificial Neural Systems (Neural Networks), Fuzzy, Logic, and Genetic Algorithms. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFEA, Rome, NY USA. RP Hinman, ML (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFEA, 32 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SOC INFORMATION FUSION PI SUNNYVALE PA PO BOX 70188, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA BN 0-9721844-1-4 PY 2002 BP 687 EP 693 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV16Q UT WOS:000178041300095 ER PT B AU Murphey, RA O'Neal, JK AF Murphey, RA O'Neal, JK GP ISIF ISIF TI A cooperative control testbed architecture for smart loitering weapons SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOL I LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2002) CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL ANNAPOLIS, MD SP IEEE, Georgia Tech Res Inst, USAF Res Lab, US Dept Defense, Missile Defense Agcy, NAVSEA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, USN, Off Res, AIAA, IEE DE cooperative control; hybrid dynamical systems; distributed interactive simulation AB The Cooperative Attack Testbed (CAT) was conceived as a tool for validating research in cooperative control of groups of smart, loitering weapons and Unmanned Air Vehicles(UAVs). The CAT is a real-time testbed built,on the Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) architecture that integrates five and six degree-of-freedom dynamic models of up to 64 Low Cost Autonomous Attack System (LOCAAS) wide area search weapons, with mission planning tools, models of the release aircraft, a simulation of wireless communication between weapons via 802.11b type protocols, and a synchronous unmanned aircraft in-the-loop. The goals of cooperative attack include enhancing weapon performance and increasing battlefield situational awareness. By sharing information on their own states and the state of their observations, weapons or UAVs may re-plan trajectories in-flight, determine what targets to attack, and increase the probability of target detection and classification. The weapon or UAV entities may also exchange sensor information with off-board sensors and control authorities. Me describe the cooperative control architecture that motivated the testbed design, the components and uses of the testbed, and plans for future developments. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Cooperat Control Team, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Murphey, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Cooperat Control Team, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 330, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SOC INFORMATION FUSION PI SUNNYVALE PA PO BOX 70188, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA BN 0-9721844-1-4 PY 2002 BP 694 EP 699 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV16Q UT WOS:000178041300096 ER PT B AU Anken, C Gemelli, N LaMonica, P Mineo, R Spina, J AF Anken, C Gemelli, N LaMonica, P Mineo, R Spina, J GP ISIF ISIF TI Intelligent systems technology for higher level fusion SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOL II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2002) CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL ANNAPOLIS, MD SP IEEE, Georgia Tech Res Inst, USAF Res Lab, US Dept Defense, Missile Defense Agcy, NAVSEA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, USN, Off Res, AIAA, IEE AB The premise of this paper is that a combination of information extraction techniques, knowledge bases and natural language processing technology can assist the intelligence analyst by providing higher level fusion capabilities to support the decision making process. We examine programs and the tools that have evolved from these programs being researched by the Air Force Research Laboratory's Information Directorate. These programs include DARPA sponsored High Performance Knowledge Bases (HPKB), Rapid Knowledge Formation (RKF) and Evidence Extraction and Link Discovery (EELD). Some of the tools include the CYC knowledge base, Intelligent Mining Platform for the Analysis of Counter Terrorism (IMPACT) and the START natural language query system. By exploiting and leveraging the strengths of each system, we believe that a high level of information fusion is possible. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFTD, Washington, DC USA. RP Anken, C (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFTD, Washington, DC USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SOC INFORMATION FUSION PI SUNNYVALE PA PO BOX 70188, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 USA BN 0-9721844-2-2 PY 2002 BP 1316 EP 1323 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BV19H UT WOS:000178107500079 ER PT J AU Abate, G Shyy, W AF Abate, G Shyy, W TI Dynamic structure of confined shocks undergoing sudden expansion SO PROGRESS IN AEROSPACE SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID WAVES; TUBE; FLOWS AB The gas dynamic phenomenon associated with a normal shock wave within a tube undergoing a sudden area expansion consists of highly transient flow and diffraction that give rise to turbulent, compressible, vortical flows. These interactions can occur at time scales typically ranging from micro- to milliseconds. In this article, we review recent experimental and numerical results to highlight the flow phenomena and main physical mechanisms associated with this geometry. The topics addressed include time-accurate shock and vortex locations, flowfield evolution and structure, wall-shock Mach number, two- vs. three-dimensional sudden expansions, and the effect of viscous dissipation on planar shock-front expansions. Between axisymmetric and planar geometries, the flow structure evolves very similarly early on in the sudden expansion process (i.e., within the first two shock tube diameters). Both numerical and experimental studies confirm that the trajectory of the vortex formed at the expansion corner is convected into the flowfield faster in the axisymmetric case than the planar case. The lateral propagation of the vortices correlates very well between axisymmetric and planar geometries. In regard to the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for a two-dimensional planar shock undergoing a sudden expansion within a confined chamber, calculations show that the solenoidal dissipation is confined to the region of high strain rates arising from the expansion corner. Furthermore, the dilatational dissipation is concentrated mainly at the curvature of the incident, reflected, and barrel shock fronts. The multiple physical mechanisms identified, including shock-strain rate interaction, baroclinic effect, vorticity generation, and different aspects of viscous dissipation, have produced individual and collective flow structures observed experimentally. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Abate, G (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 219, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0376-0421 J9 PROG AEROSP SCI JI Prog. Aeosp. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 BP 23 EP 42 AR PII S0376-0421(01)00016-1 DI 10.1016/S0376-0421(01)00016-1 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 538QY UT WOS:000174827600002 ER PT S AU Johnstone, DK Ahoujja, M Yeo, YK Hengehold, RL Guido, L AF Johnstone, DK Ahoujja, M Yeo, YK Hengehold, RL Guido, L BE Jones, ED Manasreh, O Choquette, KD Friedman, DJ Johnstone, DK TI Deep Centers and their capture barriers in MOCVD-grown GaN SO PROGRESS IN SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Progress in Semiconductor Materials for Optoelectron Applications held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-29, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID N-TYPE GAN; LEVEL TRANSIENT SPECTROSCOPY; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; CURRENT COLLAPSE; OHMIC CONTACTS; BUFFER LAYER; UNDOPED GAN; FILMS; SI AB GaN and its related alloys are being widely developed for blue-ultraviolet emitting and detection devices as well as high temperature, high power, and high frequency electronics. Despite the fast improvement in the growth of good quality GaN, a high concentration of deep level defects of yet unconfirmed origins are still found in GaN. For both optical and electronic devices, these deep carrier traps and/or recombination centers are very important and must therefore be understood. In the present work, deep level defects in GaN grown on sapphire substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) have been investigated using Isothermal Capacitance Transient Spectroscopy (ICTS) and Current Voltage Temperature (IVT) measurements. Several deep level electron traps were characterized, obtaining the emission energy, concentration, and capture cross section from a fit of exponentials to the capacitance transients. ICTS was also used to reveal information about the capture kinetics involved in the traps found in GaN by measuring the amplitude of the capacitance transient at each temperature. At a reduced filling pulse where the traps were not saturated, several of them showed marked reduction in capacitance transient amplitude when compared to the transient amplitude measured under conditions where the filling pulse saturates the traps. This reduction in transient amplitude indicates that there is a barrier to carrier capture, in addition to the emission barrier. It has been found that several traps had capture barriers that were significant fractions of the emission energies up to 0.32 eV. These capture barriers may lead to persistent photoconductivity and reduced trapping. In this paper, deep level emission energies as well as capture barrier energies found in MOCVD-grown GAN will be discussed. C1 USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-628-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 692 BP 73 EP 83 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU86U UT WOS:000177250200010 ER PT J AU Piper, NY Kusada, L Lance, R Foley, J Moul, J Seay, T AF Piper, NY Kusada, L Lance, R Foley, J Moul, J Seay, T TI Adenocarcinoma of the prostate: an expensive way to die SO PROSTATE CANCER AND PROSTATIC DISEASES LA English DT Article DE prostate cancer; radical prostatectomy; radiation therapy ID CANCER; CARE; COST AB The costs of radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy for localized carcinoma of the prostate are well known, the costs of terminal care for men with metastatic disease less so. We sought to determine the costs of terminal care incurred with prostate cancer in the last year of life. A retrospective chart review was conducted at five military medical centers identifying 32 patients who had died from prostate cancer from 1995 to 1997. The data investigated were: duration of metastatic disease, days hospitalized in the last year of life, palliative procedures (surgery or radiation), chemotherapy and need for transfusions. The mean duration of symptomatic metastatic disease was 3.4y. The mean duration of hospitalization in the last year of life was 19 days. Seven patients (22%,) required channel transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Three patients (9%) required either percutaneous nephrostomies or stenting. The mean number of transfusions required was 5.4. Eighteen patients (56%) underwent bilateral simple orchiectomy (BSO), 14 (44%) used LHRH agonists and 11 (34%) used antiandrogens. The mean total cost of hospitalization, studies, outpatient visits to physicians, palliative procedures and hormonal therapy was $24 660 in the last year of life. Comparatively, the cost of radical prostatectomy is $12 250 and three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy is $13 823. Our estimation of costs due to metastatic disease is at best an underestimation. Men dying of prostate cancer incur significant costs in the last year of life. Based upon recent epidemiological data the cost of death due to prostate cancer in the US is over three quarters of a billion dollars a year. C1 SAUSHEC, Dept Urol, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. USN, Portsmouth Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Norvolk, VA USA. Madigan Army Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Tacoma, WA 98431 USA. Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Urol, San Antonio, TX USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Urol, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Seay, T (reprint author), SAUSHEC, Dept Urol, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 8 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1365-7852 J9 PROSTATE CANCER P D JI Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. PY 2002 VL 5 IS 2 BP 164 EP 166 DI 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500565 PG 3 WC Oncology; Urology & Nephrology SC Oncology; Urology & Nephrology GA 577JF UT WOS:000177057200015 PM 12497008 ER PT J AU Desai, A Wu, H Sun, L Sesterhenn, IA Mostofi, FK McLeod, D Amling, C Kusuda, L Lance, R Herring, J Foley, J Baldwin, D Bishoff, JT Soderdahl, D Moul, JW AF Desai, A Wu, H Sun, L Sesterhenn, IA Mostofi, FK McLeod, D Amling, C Kusuda, L Lance, R Herring, J Foley, J Baldwin, D Bishoff, JT Soderdahl, D Moul, JW TI Complete embedding and close step-sectioning of radical prostatectomy specimens both increase detection of extraprostatic extension, and correlate with increased disease-free survival by stage of prostate cancer patients SO PROSTATE CANCER AND PROSTATIC DISEASES LA English DT Article DE prostatic neoplasms; prostatectomy; tissue sampling; whole mount; pathology; close step-sectioning ID TUMOR VOLUME; CARCINOMA; FEATURES; ADENOCARCINOMA AB The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficacy of controlled close step-sectioned and whole-mounted radical prostatectomy specimen processing in prediction of clinical outcome as compared to the traditional processing techniques. Two-hundred and forty nine radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens were whole-mounted and close step-sectioned at caliper-measured 2.2-2.3mm intervals. A group of 682 radical prostatectomy specimens were partially sampled as control. The RPs were performed during 1993-1999 with a mean follow-up of 29.3 months, pretreatment PSA of 0.1-40, and biopsy Gleason sums of 5-8. Disease-free survival based on biochemical or clinical recurrence and secondary intervention were computed using a Kaplan-Meier analysis. There were no significant differences in age at diagnosis, age at surgery, PSA at diagnosis, or biopsy Gleason between the two groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-close step-sectioned group, the close step-sectioned group showed higher detection rates of extra-prostatic extension (215 (34.1%) vs, 128 (55.4%), P < 0.01), and seminal vesicle invasion (50 (7.6%) vs 35 (14.7%), P < 0.01). The close step-sectioned group correlated with greater 3-y disease-free survival in organ-confined (P < 0.01) and specimen-confined (P < 0.01) cases, over the non-uniform group. The close step-sectioned group showed significantly higher disease-free survival for cases with seminal vesicle invasion (P = 0.046). No significant difference in disease-free survival was found for the positive margin group (P = 0.39) between the close step-sectioned and non-uniform groups. The close step-sectioned technique correlates with increased disease-free survival rates for organ and specimen confined cases, possibly due to higher detection rates of extra-prostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion. Close step-sectioning provides better assurance of organ-confined disease, resulting in enhanced prediction of outcome by pathological (TNM) stage. C1 CPDR, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Brooke Army Med Ctr, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. Natl Naval Med Res Inst, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. Madigan Army Med Ctr, Tacoma, WA 98431 USA. San Diego Naval Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Rockville, MD USA. RP Moul, JW (reprint author), CPDR, 1530 E Jefferson St, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM jmoul@cpdr.org NR 21 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1365-7852 J9 PROSTATE CANCER P D JI Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. PY 2002 VL 5 IS 3 BP 212 EP 218 DI 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500600 PG 7 WC Oncology; Urology & Nephrology SC Oncology; Urology & Nephrology GA 603PX UT WOS:000178569600010 PM 12496984 ER PT S AU Ertan, S Griffiths, HD Wicks, MC Antonik, P Weiner, D Adve, R Fotinopoulos, I AF Ertan, S Griffiths, HD Wicks, MC Antonik, P Weiner, D Adve, R Fotinopoulos, I GP IEE IEE TI Bistatic radar denial by spatial waveform diversity SO RADAR 2002 SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RADAR 2002 Conference CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP QinetiQ, AMS, Thales, Bae Syst, IEE Radar, Sonar & Navigat Profess Network C1 USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Ertan, S (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RI Gurbuz, Sevgi /I-6578-2016 OI Gurbuz, Sevgi /0000-0001-7487-9087 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-750-0 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 2002 IS 490 BP 17 EP 21 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174645 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV86X UT WOS:000180265700004 ER PT S AU Davis, ME AF Davis, ME GP IEE IEE TI Space-Based Radar moving target detection challenges SO RADAR 2002 SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RADAR 2002 Conference CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP QinetiQ, AMS, Thales, Bae Syst, IEE Radar, Sonar & Navigat Profess Network AB Space Based Radar (SBR) systems are growing in importance to provide world-wide detection and tracking of ground and surface vehicles, for both civilian and military applications. However, there are several technical challenges that need to be addressed before these systems can be considered affordable. This paper will outline a current assessment of the development needs for reducing the technical risk of SBR to meet the future surveillance requirements. The presentation will provide tradeoff analysis in the areas of: active electronically scanned antennas, adaptive onboard processing, and satellite power generation and distribution. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. RP Davis, ME (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-750-0 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 2002 IS 490 BP 143 EP 147 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174670 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV86X UT WOS:000180265700029 ER PT S AU Himed, B Wicks, MC Genello, GJ AF Himed, B Wicks, MC Genello, GJ GP IEE IEE TI Accounting for array effects in joint-domain localized STAP processing SO RADAR 2002 SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RADAR 2002 Conference CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP QinetiQ, AMS, Thales, Bae Syst, IEE Radar, Sonar & Navigat Profess Network AB In this paper, we study critical issues associated with the application of multi-dimensional adaptive filtering, including Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP), to real-world radar systems. In particular, transform domain localized techniques are examined from the perspective of receiver beam position and Doppler filter selection relative to mainlobe clutter as well as target returns. It is shown that the selection of asymmetric auxiliary beams offers dramatic improvements in signal-to-interference ratio for targets with low Doppler. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. RP Himed, B (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-750-0 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 2002 IS 490 BP 186 EP 190 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174679 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV86X UT WOS:000180265700038 ER PT S AU Hale, TB Temple, MA Raquet, JF Oxley, ME Wicks, MC AF Hale, TB Temple, MA Raquet, JF Oxley, ME Wicks, MC GP IEE IEE TI Localized three-dimensional adaptive spatial-temporal processing for airborne radar SO RADAR 2002 SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RADAR 2002 Conference CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP QinetiQ, AMS, Thales, Bae Syst, IEE Radar, Sonar & Navigat Profess Network AB Radar Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) techniques have classically focused on azimuth-Doppler adaptivity while placing minimal emphasis on elevation. Elevation adaptivity offers significant clutter suppression improvement, allowing further suppression of interference sources having identical Doppler and azimuth as the expected target. This work incorporates elevation adaptivity using two approaches: 1) a factored approach and 2) a joint domain approach, both greatly improving clutter suppression performance. The proposed concepts are validated using results based on simulated range ambiguous airborne radar. data. Target detection improvements on the order of 8 dB and 10 dB (as compared to, standard 2D-JDL processing) are demonstrated for the factored and joint domain approaches, respectively, using an 8 x 8 non-uniform rectangular array. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Hale, TB (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-750-0 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 2002 IS 490 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174680 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV86X UT WOS:000180265700039 ER PT S AU Chen, PY Wicks, MC AF Chen, PY Wicks, MC GP IEE IEE TI A confidence interval estimation for the number of signals SO RADAR 2002 SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RADAR 2002 Conference CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP QinetiQ, AMS, Thales, Bae Syst, IEE Radar, Sonar & Navigat Profess Network AB We propose a multi-step procedure for constructing a confidence interval estimation for the number of signals present. The proposed procedure uses the ratios of a sample eigen-value and the sum of different sample eigen-values sequentially to determine the upper and lower limits for the confidence interval. A preference zone in the parameter space of the population eigen-values is defined to separate the signals and the noise We derive the probability of a correct estimation, P(CE), and the least favorable configuration (LFC) asymptotically under the preference zone. Some important procedure properties are shown. Under the asymptotic LFC, the P(CE) attains its minimum over the preference zone in the parameter space of all eigen-values. Therefore a minimum sample size can be determined in order to implement our procedure with a guaranteed probability requirement. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Radar Signal Proc Branch, Washington, DC USA. RP Chen, PY (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Radar Signal Proc Branch, Washington, DC USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-750-0 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 2002 IS 490 BP 344 EP 348 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174715 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV86X UT WOS:000180265700069 ER PT S AU Himed, B AF Himed, B GP IEE IEE TI Effects of bistatic clutter dispersion on STAP systems SO RADAR 2002 SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RADAR 2002 Conference CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP QinetiQ, AMS, Thales, Bae Syst, IEE Radar, Sonar & Navigat Profess Network ID RADAR AB In his paper, we analyze the performance of several space-time adaptive processing (STAP) approaches in bistatic applications. Specific consideration is given to the effects of bistatic clutter spectral dispersion on covariance estimation and the algorithm's resulting clutter rejection capability. We emphasize the role of adaptive processing methods capable of high performance with efficient utilization of training data. A deterministic two-dimensional (angle Doppler) compensation. technique is used as, a preprocessor and is compared to the Doppler warping approach.. Algorithm, performance is assessed using the output signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) compared to that of the matched filter with known covariance. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Washington, DC USA. RP Himed, B (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Washington, DC USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-750-0 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 2002 IS 490 BP 360 EP 364 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174719 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV86X UT WOS:000180265700072 ER PT S AU Schindler, JK Steyskal, H Franchi, P AF Schindler, JK Steyskal, H Franchi, P GP IEE IEE TI Pattern synthesis for moving target detection with TechSat21 - A distributed space-based radar system SO RADAR 2002 SE IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT RADAR 2002 Conference CY OCT 15-17, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP QinetiQ, AMS, Thales, Bae Syst, IEE Radar, Sonar & Navigat Profess Network C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNH, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Schindler, JK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNH, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC PI EDISON PA 379 THORNALL ST, EDISON, NJ 08837 USA SN 0537-9989 BN 0-85296-750-0 J9 IEE CONF PUBL PY 2002 IS 490 BP 375 EP 379 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174723 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BV86X UT WOS:000180265700075 ER PT J AU Dandekar, BS AF Dandekar, BS TI Solar cycle dependence of polar cap patch activity SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polar cap ionosphere; ionospheric dynamics; ionospheric irregularities; polar cap morphology ID F-LAYER PATCHES; IONIZATION PATCHES; REGION; DENSITY; SONDRESTROM; TRANSITIONS; GREENLAND; DYNAMICS; WINTER; FIELD AB Ionospheric f(o)F(2) data from two stations, Sondrestromfjord and Qaanaq, Greenland, for 4 years corresponding to four different levels of sunspot activity (sunspot number (SSN) = 150 +/- 50, 125 50, 40 20, and 10 10) are used to study the dependence of occurrence and intensity of polar cap patches on solar cycle activity. At high sunspot activity, on the average, Sondrestromfjord sees six patches per day, and Qaanaaq sees eight patches per day. At low sunspot activity the number drops to three per day at both stations. It is found that on a daily basis the polar cap patch activity is independent of the sunspot number for weaker patches (greater than or equal to3 MHz) but reduces with sunspot number for stronger patches (greater than or equal to6 MHz). Only at high sunspot activity, stronger patches are seen for 20% of the time. The duration of polar cap patches reduces from 50% at high sunspot activity (SSN = 150) to 15% at low sunspot activity (SSN = 10). It exhibits a seasonal dependence with a maximum in winter months. The diurnal maximum in polar cap patch activity at both stations occurs close to local magnetic noontime. Assuming that polar cap patches are generated at high latitude (Sondrestromfjord) and drift to polar latitude (Qaanaaq), only about 30% of patches seen at Qaanaaq can be accounted for as originating at Sondrestromfjord. A reduction in patch activity with reduction in sunspot number is directly related to a reduction in the strength of the source: the tongue of ionization. The polar cap patches exhibit a weak dependence on the interplanetary magnetic activity index Kp. The distribution of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) for the patch occurrence very much resembles that of b(x), b(y), b(z), of the IMF database. Over the solar cycle all these changes cover more than an order of magnitude of range. The effect of polar cap patch activity on communications operating at high-latitude regions is briefly discussed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Dandekar, BS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM balkrishna.dandekar@hanscom.af.mil NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1 AR 1013 DI 10.1029/2000RS002562 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 561RY UT WOS:000176157500013 ER PT B AU Bush, R Brice, C Baer, J Skaar, T AF Bush, R Brice, C Baer, J Skaar, T BE Marquis, FDS Bourell, DL TI Elevated temperature characterization of dispersion strengthened, direct laser deposited TI-8Al-1Er SO RAPID PROTOTYPING OF MATERIALS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Rapid Prototyping of Materials CY OCT 06-10, 2002 CL COLUMBUS, OH ID TITANIUM-ALLOYS AB Direct laser deposited Ti-8Al-1Er combines the technology of the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS(TM)) process with in-situ dispersion alloying and rapid solidification of an a titanium alloy. The result is a low cost, precipitation strengthened titanium alloy that has potential for excellent high temperature properties. The room temperature tensile, elevated temperature tensile, and creep properties of direct laser deposited Ti-8Al-1Er were measured and compared to Ti-6Al-4V, the most common titanium alloy used in aircraft, and Ti-6242, the most common commercial titanium alloy developed for high temperature use in compressor disks. Elevated temperature tensile properties were measured between 93degrees to 538degrees C. Creep tests were performed between 4450 to 4780 C. it was found that the room temperature strengths of Ti-8Al-1Er are comparable to those of Ti-6Al-4V andTi-6242. The elevated temperature strengths of Ti-8Al-1Er are superior to those of Ti-6A1-4V and comparable to Ti-6242 in both absolute strength and in percentage of room temperature strength retained at temperature. The creep resistance of Ti-8Al-1Er is superior to that of Ti-6Al-4V and comparable to that of Ti-6242. The primary concern with the new product is its low ductility, less than 1% at room temperature. This work indicates that direct laser deposited in-situ alloyed titanium products may hold promise for elevated temperature applications. However, further work is needed to develop commercially feasible products. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Mech Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Bush, R (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Mech Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-530-1 PY 2002 BP 149 EP 163 PG 15 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BV45F UT WOS:000179015700013 ER PT B AU Fingers, RT Horwath, JC Huang, M Turgut, Z AF Fingers, RT Horwath, JC Huang, M Turgut, Z BE Hadjipanayis, GC Bonder, MJ TI Applications of rare earth magnets in the military SO RARE EARTH MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets and Their Applications CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL NEWARK, MD SP Magnequench, Electron Energy Corp, Vacuumschmelze, DARPA, ARO, Wright Patterson Air Force Base ID 2-PHASE MAGNETS; ENERGY PRODUCT AB Research conducted in the USAF Materials Laboratory from 1961 to 1968 led to the development and transition of rare earth permanent magnets; specifically those based on SmCo5 and Sm2Co17. For the past 40 years the United States military has continued to develop and utilize the performance capabilities of rare earth magnets. Today, these high-energy permanent magnets are crucial components in a majority of DOD and NASA systems and subsystems requiring large and stable magnetic fields over a wide variety of environmental conditions. Rare earth permanent magnets are used in numerous land, sea, air, and space based military platforms. Such applications include traveling wave tubes for aircraft and satellite radar and communications, gyroscopes and accelerometers, reaction and momentum wheels, motors, generators, and magnetic bearings. While an all-inclusive catalog of rare earth permanent magnet applications in the military is quite a formidable goal, some specific military applications, along with some recent military sponsored permanent magnet research, are described in this manuscript. C1 AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Fingers, RT (reprint author), AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PRINCETON PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PRINCETON, NJ 07652 USA BN 1-58949-028-2 PY 2002 BP 822 EP 825 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BW76E UT WOS:000183080300101 ER PT S AU Brown, JH O'Neil, RR Picard, RH Blumberg, WAM Dewan, EM Grossbard, NA Gruninger, JH AF Brown, JH O'Neil, RR Picard, RH Blumberg, WAM Dewan, EM Grossbard, NA Gruninger, JH BE Schafer, K LadoBordowsky, O Comeron, A Carleer, MR Fender, JS TI Structure in middle and upper atmospheric infrared radiance SO REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUDS AND THE ATMOSPHERE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere VI CY SEP 17-20, 2001 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP SPIE, European Opt Soc, CNES, NASA DE middle and upper atmosphere; infrared; spatial structure; gravity waves; Mid-Course Space Experiment; SHARC ID GRAVITY-WAVE SPECTRA; MIDCOURSE SPACE EXPERIMENT; UNIVERSAL SPECTRUM; WAVENUMBER SPECTRA; MOMENTUM FLUXES; MSX SATELLITE; SATURATION; TURBULENCE; STRATOSPHERE; VARIABILITY AB An extensive database on spatial structure in the infrared radiance of the middle and upper atmosphere has been collected by the Mid-Course Space Experiment (MSX). The observed radiance contains spatial structure down to the scale of hundreds of meters. This spatial structure results from local fluctuations in the temperature and densities of the radiating states of the emitting molecular species as well as fluctuations in radiation transport from the emitting regions to the observer. A portion of this database has been analyzed to obtain statistical parameters characterizing stochastic spatial structure in the observed radiance. Using simple models, the observed statistics have been shown to agree with prior observations and theoretical models of stochastic spatial structure generated by gravity waves for special viewing geometries. The SHARC model has been extended to predict the statistics of stochastic fluctuations in infrared radiance from the statistics characterizing temperature fluctuations in the middle and upper atmosphere for arbitrary viewing geometries. SHARC model predictions have been compared with MSX data and shown to be in generally good agreement. Additional work is in progress to account for the statistics characterizing small spatial scale fluctuations. C1 USAF, Res Lab VSB, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Brown, JH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab VSB, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4264-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4539 BP 431 EP 445 AR UNSP 4539-72 DI 10.1117/12.454463 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BU16H UT WOS:000175178900046 ER PT S AU O'Neil, RR Gardiner, HAB Gibson, JJ AF O'Neil, RR Gardiner, HAB Gibson, JJ BE Schafer, K LadoBordowsky, O Comeron, A Carleer, MR Fender, JS TI MSX: Remotely sensed observations of atmospheric infrared radiance and spatial structure SO REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUDS AND THE ATMOSPHERE VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere VI CY SEP 17-20, 2001 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP SPIE, European Opt Soc, CNES, NASA DE infrared backgrounds; atmospheric radiance; atmospheric gravity waves; infrared aurora ID SATELLITE AB The MSX SPIRIT III infrared radiometer and interferometer/spectrometer completed 233 episodic data collection events of remotely sensed atmospheric limb and terrestrial scenes from April 1996 to February 1997. The below the horizon (BTH) or terrestrial scenes were recorded in two mid wavelength infrared (MWIR) radiometer bands centered near 4.3 microns. The above the horizon (ATH) measurements were measured simultaneously in the MWIR bands and four long wavelength infrared (LWIR) bands extending over the wavelength range from 6.8 to 25.1 microns. MSX results included the initial space based MWIR observations of gravity waves in the stratosphere. This source of atmospheric structure was detected in approximately 30 percent of the BTH and low limb MWIR measurements. As anticipated the MSX MWIR BTH results also included structure produced by clouds with large contrast ratios produced by high altitude clouds in the equatorial region. The MSX MWIR and LWIR measurements include observations of the radiance and structure associated with a range of atmospheric phenomena including clouds, gravity waves, airglow, day-night terminator transitions and aurora. Representative samples of these and other significant finding in the MSX measurements of infrared terrestrial and earth limb backgrounds are presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP O'Neil, RR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4264-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4539 BP 446 EP 453 AR UNSP 4539-73 DI 10.1117/12.454464 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BU16H UT WOS:000175178900047 ER PT S AU Picard, RH Winick, JR Wintersteiner, PP AF Picard, RH Winick, JR Wintersteiner, PP BE Schafer, K LadoBordowsky, O Comeron, A Carleer, MR Fender, JS TI Non-equilibrium radiative transfer in structured atmospheres SO REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUDS AND THE ATMOSPHERE VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere VI CY SEP 17-20, 2001 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP SPIE, European Opt Soc, CNES, NASA DE radiative transfer; atmospheric structure ID MIDCOURSE SPACE EXPERIMENT; GRAVITY-WAVE VARIANCE; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; MESOSPHERIC BORES; MSX SATELLITE; THUNDERSTORM; STRATOSPHERE; EXCITATION; EMISSION; 557.7NM AB The nonequilibrium middle and upper atmosphere are very dynamic regions that are structured vertically and horizontally by the presence of persistent temperature inversion layers and by the passage of both atmospheric gravity waves and transient frontal disturbances or bores. The infrared emissions from this part of the atmosphere are already typically not in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and are further perturbed by the presence of this pervasive atmospheric structure. The inevitable result is highly structured atmospheric emissions that reflect the structure of the atmosphere. Understanding the structure of the atmosphere is essential to understanding the structure of the radiation that it emits. At the same time understanding how atmospheric structure perturbs atmospheric radiation provides a means to sense the perturbing atmospheric processes remotely. We examine methods to calculate the LTE/non-LTE radiative response to temporal and spatial variations of the atmosphere and give examples of applications. We also compare our results with existing field data. Finally, we discuss a proposed new NASA optical/infrared experiment (Waves Explorer) to sense atmospheric gravity waves remotely from earth orbit on a global basis and characterize their sources. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Dir, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Dir, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM richard.picard@hanscom.af.mil NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4264-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4539 BP 454 EP 468 AR UNSP 4539-74 DI 10.1117/12.454465 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BU16H UT WOS:000175178900048 ER PT S AU Hassan, W Blodgett, M Nagy, PB AF Hassan, W Blodgett, M Nagy, PB BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Lateral resolution of eddy current imaging SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 21A & B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual Conference on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 29-AUG 03, 2001 CL BOWDOIN COLL, BRUNSWICK, ME HO BOWDOIN COLL AB Analytical, finite element simulation, and experimental methods were used to investigate the lateral resolution of eddy current microscopy. It was found that the lateral resolution of eddy current imaging is ultimately limited by the probe-coil geometry and dimensions, but both the inspection frequency and the phase angle can be used to optimize the resolution, to some degree, at the expense of sensitivity. Electric anisotropy exhibited by noncubic crystallographic classes of materials such as titanium alloys can play a very similar role in electromagnetic materials characterization of polycrystalline metals to that of elastic anisotropy in ultrasonic materials characterization. Our results demonstrate that eddy current microscopy can be enhanced via a high-resolution, small diameter probe-coil which delivers a unique materials characterization tool well suited for the evaluation of Ti alloys. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLLP,Met Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLLP,Ceramics Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLLP,NDE Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hassan, W (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLLP,Met Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Nagy, Peter/O-5404-2016 OI Nagy, Peter/0000-0001-5715-2409 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0061-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 615 BP 647 EP 654 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Acoustics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU96R UT WOS:000177511400085 ER PT S AU Kropas-Hughes, CV Perez, I Winfree, WO Motzer, WP Thompson, RB AF Kropas-Hughes, CV Perez, I Winfree, WO Motzer, WP Thompson, RB BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Visions of future directions of NDE research SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 21A & B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual Conference on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 29-AUG 03, 2001 CL BOWDOIN COLL, BRUNSWICK, ME HO BOWDOIN COLL AB Visions of the future NDE needs of the U. S. Air Force, Navy and NASA are presented, as driven by their respective missions. These are complemented by a discussion, from the perspective of a commercial airframe manufacturer, of the different roles played by NDE as a new product passes from through the sequence from design, through manufacturing to service, including the different demands and constraints imposed by each of these phases. A summary of audience discussion identifies some issues and needs associated with realizing these visions. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Kropas-Hughes, CV (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0061-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 615 BP 2042 EP 2051 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Acoustics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU96R UT WOS:000177511400270 ER PT B AU Carreras, RA Marker, DK Lutz, BJ AF Carreras, RA Marker, DK Lutz, BJ BE Jamshidi, MO Feddema, J Proctor, F Shafai, B Jamshidi, JS TI Fuzzy logic control for an optical membrane mirror SO ROBOTICS, AUTOMATION AND CONTROL AND MANUFACTURING: TRENDS, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SE TSI PRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biannual World Automation Congress CY JUN 09-13, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Univ Cent Florida, Florida Atlantic Univ DE fuzzy logic control; optical aberrations; wavefront sensor; membrane mirror; thin film; and deployment AB Very large space based membrane mirror technology is of current interest to NASA, JPL, DOE and the DOD, in particular to the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. The membrane mirror technology is driven by the expectation of achieving very large optics with lower costs, through reductions in structural mass and volume. Diverse groups are researching and developing membrane technology for RF antennae, optical telescopes, and solar power collection for propulsion applications. A key component for success of membranes used as optical telescopes is the control and maintenance of the accuracy of the membrane Mirror surface. This paper will give a description of a computer simulation using fuzzy logic controls on a large optical membrane mirror being researched at the U;S. Air Force Research Laboratory. The control of a membrane mirror is a new challenge, which has not previously been addressed. Fuzzy logic was the natural choice for the controller, since there is little correlation between the optical aberrations detected by the wavefront sensor and the membrane mirror surface as the actuators act upon the mirror. The research goal is to develop an autonomous optical figure acquisition and control model for the laboratory membrane mirror. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Adv Opt & Imaging Div, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Carreras, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Adv Opt & Imaging Div, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TSI PRESS PI ALBUQUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA BN 1-889335-19-3 J9 TSI PRESS S PY 2002 VL 14 BP 187 EP 194 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV86S UT WOS:000180265200031 ER PT B AU Rangaswamy, M Chen, P Michels, JH Himed, B AF Rangaswamy, M Chen, P Michels, JH Himed, B GP IEEE IEEE TI A comparsion of two non-homogeneity detection methods for space-time adaptive processing SO SAM2002: IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY AUG 04-06, 2002 CL ROSSLYN, VA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc ID HETEROGENEOUS CLUTTER AB This paper undertakes a comparison of two nonhomogeneity detection (NHD) methods and addresses their impact on the performance of the adaptive matched filter (AMF) method and the normalized adaptive matched filter (NAMF) method in severely non-homogeneous clutter scenarios. Performance analysis is carried out using simulated data as well as measured data from the MCARM Program. Specific consideration is given to the computational cost of the NHD method and the sample support requirements. This paper presents a technique for speeding up the computations in the NHD. Performance is reported in terms of the probability of detection versus signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for simulated data analyses. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Rangaswamy, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7551-3 PY 2002 BP 355 EP 359 DI 10.1109/SAM.2002.1191060 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BW21K UT WOS:000181203600073 ER PT B AU Rangaswamy, M AF Rangaswamy, M GP IEEE IEEE TI Non-homogeneity detector for Gaussian and non-Gaussian interference scenarios SO SAM2002: IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY AUG 04-06, 2002 CL ROSSLYN, VA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc ID HETEROGENEOUS CLUTTER; PERFORMANCE AB This paper presents a statistical analysis of two schemes for intelligent STAP training data selection in Gaussian and non-Gaussian interference backgrounds. Performance analysis of the two methods is carried out using simulated as well as measured radar data. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01730 USA. RP Rangaswamy, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01730 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7551-3 PY 2002 BP 528 EP 532 DI 10.1109/SAM.2002.1191096 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BW21K UT WOS:000181203600109 ER PT S AU Popyack, LJ Taylor, S AF Popyack, LJ Taylor, S BE Carapezza, EM TI Active response technology SO SENSORS, AND COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS AND INTELLIGENCE (C31) TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C31) Technologies for Homeland Defense and Law Enforcement CY APR 01-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB Information dominance, the superior ability to perceive, correctly interpret, and rapidly respond, is a central strategic goal for the United States at the dawn of the information age. To achieve information dominance, it is necessary to control the global information lattice through comprehensive strategic mechanisms supported by National Policy. To maintain control requires technologies to measure, analyze, prevent, predict and respond to information warfare in a manner that is commensurate with the evolving scale of threat. Unfortunately, little of the research conducted over the last 25 years has focussed on response. As nations around the world grow increasingly sophisticated technologically, and become interconnected in the global information lattice, there is now a need to consider a methodical scientific exploration of response technologies. This exploration is intended to exercise and improve defensive capabilities, expand and improve offensive capabilities, and examine the relationship between defense and active response. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Warfare Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Popyack, LJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Warfare Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4458-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4708 BP 18 EP 22 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV28S UT WOS:000178459100003 ER PT S AU Morgan, PF AF Morgan, PF BE Carapezza, EM TI Remote sensing - Special operations with unattended ground sensors: Perspectives and challenges SO SENSORS, AND COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS AND INTELLIGENCE (C31) TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C31) Technologies for Homeland Defense and Law Enforcement CY APR 01-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE special operations; USSOCOM; remote sensing; robotics; SOF; ACTDs; surveillance AB This paper discusses the USSOCOM Special Operations Technology Objectives with regard to Unattended Ground Sensors. It covers capabilities, objectives and challenges. Special operations are conducted by highly trained, organized and equipped military and paramilitary forces to achieve military, political, economic or informational objectives by unconventional military means in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive areas. Political-military considerations frequently shape special operations, requiring clandestine, covert, or low visibility techniques and oversight at the national level. Special Reconnaissance, a core task, for USSOCOM are those surveillance activities conducted by SOF to obtain or verify by visual or other collection methods, information concerning the capabilities, intentions, and activities of enemy forces or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. It includes target acquisition, area assessment and post-strike reconnaissance. This is a general overview; it does not discuss specific mission requirements or scenarios. C1 US Special Operat Command, Acqusit & Logist Ctr, Program Execut Off Intelligence Operat, Macdill AFB, FL USA. RP Morgan, PF (reprint author), US Special Operat Command, Acqusit & Logist Ctr, Program Execut Off Intelligence Operat, Macdill AFB, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4458-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4708 BP 253 EP 258 DI 10.1117/12.479316 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV28S UT WOS:000178459100031 ER PT S AU Gilmore, MR Foster, JC Wilson, LL AF Gilmore, MR Foster, JC Wilson, LL BE Furnish, MD Thadhani, NN Horie, Y TI Dynamic fracture studies using sleeved Taylor specimens SO SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER-2001, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference of the American-Physical-Society Topical-Group-on-Shock-Compression-of-Condensed-Matter CY JUN 24-29, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Phys Soc, SCCM Top Grp, Amer Phys Soc, Educ Div, Georgia Inst Technol AB The characterization of the inelastic response of materials to high rates of loading is a challenging engineering problem. As the load rate increases, the interpretation of the data recovered from the experiment become more difficult. At very high rates of loading, even the inertia of the test specimen must be accounted for in the interpretation of the data [1]. The Taylor impact experiment is specifically designed to exploit the inertia of the specimen to produce very high loading rates and has been used to study the high strain (50%), high strain rate (10(3-4)) behavior of materials for many years [2]. Many high-rate loading problems produce failure in the material. Continuum codes have been used to design sleeved impact specimens to study the failure of materials under high rates of loading. Ductile core materials are used as drivers to control rupture of more brittle sleeves of the material of interest. Annealed copper cores are used to drive dynamic failure in AF 1410 steel. High rate plastic deformation data are presented for the driver and the sleeve together with the fracture data. C1 USAF, Def Sci Tech Lab, DSTL UK, Munit Directorate,AFRLMN, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Gilmore, MR (reprint author), USAF, Def Sci Tech Lab, DSTL UK, Munit Directorate,AFRLMN, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 135, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0068-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 620 BP 519 EP 522 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV26A UT WOS:000178343900117 ER PT S AU Corley, J Riedel, W Hiermaier, S Weidemaier, P Thoma, M AF Corley, J Riedel, W Hiermaier, S Weidemaier, P Thoma, M BE Furnish, MD Thadhani, NN Horie, Y TI A combined experimental/computational approach for assessing the high strain rate response of high explosive simulants and other viscoelastic particulate composite materials SO SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER-2001, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference of the American-Physical-Society Topical-Group-on-Shock-Compression-of-Condensed-Matter CY JUN 24-29, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Phys Soc, SCCM Top Grp, Amer Phys Soc, Educ Div, Georgia Inst Technol AB The quasistatic and dynamic mechanical properties of a viscoelastic particulate composite employed as a surrogate, cast-cure high explosive were determined from uniaxial compression experiments at strain rates up to 107 sec(-1). The results from these experiments were used to obtain parameters for a non-linear viscoelastic material model. The viscoelasticity described by the macroscopic material model introduced in this paper affects not only the deviatoric components of stress and strain but the volumetric components as well. The material description is adequate for reproducing experimentally observed responses at loading rates ranging from quasistatic to shock levels with a single set of material parameters. Parameters for an HTPB-sugar composite are provided. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Energet Mat Branch, MNME, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Corley, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Energet Mat Branch, MNME, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0068-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 620 BP 705 EP 708 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV26A UT WOS:000178343900161 ER PT S AU Roessig, KM Foster, JC AF Roessig, KM Foster, JC BE Furnish, MD Thadhani, NN Horie, Y TI Experimental simulations of dynamic stress bridging in plastic bonded explosives SO SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER-2001, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference of the American-Physical-Society Topical-Group-on-Shock-Compression-of-Condensed-Matter CY JUN 24-29, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Phys Soc, SCCM Top Grp, Amer Phys Soc, Educ Div, Georgia Inst Technol AB This work investigates the role of the particle/binder interface in the formation of stress bridges within bonded particulate materials. The photoelastic technique is exploited to examine the dynamic stress states within three systems: a binderless particle bed, a particle bed with binder, and a particle bed with a binder bond strength of zero. In a binderless system, stress concentrations form readily due to the fact that the stress must be transferred through specific contact points. The particle bed with binder is shown to have a much more diffuse stress state because shear stresses are transferred at the interface between crystal and binder. In the system with bond strengths of zero, stress concentrations redevelop due to stress transfer only near the contact point between disks. Stress chains are seen to develop in front of the bulk wave in the zero bond strength condition. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Roessig, KM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 135, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0068-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 620 BP 829 EP 832 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV26A UT WOS:000178343900191 ER PT S AU Roessig, KM AF Roessig, KM BE Furnish, MD Thadhani, NN Horie, Y TI Mesoscale mechanics of plastic bonded explosives SO SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER-2001, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference of the American-Physical-Society Topical-Group-on-Shock-Compression-of-Condensed-Matter CY JUN 24-29, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Phys Soc, SCCM Top Grp, Amer Phys Soc, Educ Div, Georgia Inst Technol AB The dynamic behavior of particulate materials is important to a wide range of problems. When dealing with energetic particulate materials, mechanical ignition is an added concern for safety and performance issues. Micrographs from unconfined impact tests show specific crystal damage paths within the matrix. Under loading conditions consistent with real world applications, these materials can be subjected to large hydrostatic pressures combined with shear deformation. Subsequent stress chain formation concentrates the compressive load into small regions, providing ignition sites within the material. A photoelastic experiment with high speed photography has been constructed to record stress state formation within PMMA disks set in different binder systems. The propagation of shear stress across disk/binder interfaces is shown to be important in the overall stress state of the particle bed. Binders with similar mechanical and acoustic properties as the PMMA disks remove stress concentrations and allow waves to propagate as if in a continuum. Softer binder with lower acoustical wave speeds and hard binders that have debonded from the disks do not allow shear stresses to be transferred. These configurations cause stress concentrations similar to a binderless system of disks. C1 USAF, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Roessig, KM (reprint author), USAF, Munit Directorate, 101 W Eglin Blvd,Ste 135, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0068-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 620 BP 973 EP 978 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV26A UT WOS:000178343900226 ER PT S AU Foster, JC Gilmore, M Wilson, LL AF Foster, JC Gilmore, M Wilson, LL BE Furnish, MD Thadhani, NN Horie, Y TI The use of the Taylor test in exploring and validating the large-strain, high-strain-rate constitutive response of materials SO SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER-2001, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference of the American-Physical-Society Topical-Group-on-Shock-Compression-of-Condensed-Matter CY JUN 24-29, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Phys Soc, SCCM Top Grp, Amer Phys Soc, Educ Div, Georgia Inst Technol ID PLASTIC WAVE-PROPAGATION; FLAT-ENDED PROJECTILES; IMPACT; STRENGTH AB The characterization of the mechanical response of materials to high rate loading is an experimental challenging task. As the load rate becomes high, the engineering analysis of the results of the experiment places more and more emphasis on understanding the influence of the method of test on the data recovered from the experiment. At very high rates, the inertia of the test specimen dominants the load.(1) Impact testing techniques combined with judicious specimen design provides access to a unique range of strain, strain-rate, and load conditions that have a broad range of engineering applications. This more general interpretation of the classical Taylor test 2 provides opportunities to characterize a variety of materials in a unique range of conditions. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, AFRLMN, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Foster, JC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, AFRLMN, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0068-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 620 BP 1318 EP 1322 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV26A UT WOS:000178343900307 ER PT B AU Swihart, DE Brannstrom, B Griffin, E Rosengren, R Doane, P AF Swihart, DE Brannstrom, B Griffin, E Rosengren, R Doane, P GP IEEE IEEE TI A sensor integration technique for preventing collisions between air vehicles SO SICE 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 41ST SICE ANNUAL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Conference of the Society-of-Instrument-and-Control-Engineers (SICE 2002) CY AUG 05-07, 2002 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Soc Instrument & Control Engineers DE Automatic Collision Avoidance System (Auto ACAS); Aircraft Response Model (ARM); Auto ACAS algorithm; escape maneuvers; data links AB Autonomous control of urimanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a goal, for the US Air Force in the future. However flying multiple unmanned vehicles in the same tactical airspace with manned fighters or operating these vehicles in commercial airspace increases the likelihood of collisions. Therefore, the development of an Automatic Air Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) will be a required step in achieving this goal. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Swihart, DE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7631-5 PY 2002 BP 625 EP 629 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BW59N UT WOS:000182534000136 ER PT S AU Bassham, CB Klimack, WK Bauer, KW AF Bassham, CB Klimack, WK Bauer, KW BE Kadar, I TI ATR evaluation through the synthesis of multiple performance measures SO SIGNAL PROCESSING, SENSOR FUSION, AND TARGET RECOGNITION XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XI CY APR 01-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE evaluation; automatic target recognition; decision analysis; measures of performance; measures of effectiveness; value; utility; self-assessment; combat identification; intelligence/surveillance/reconnaissance AB This research demonstrates the application of decision analysis (DA) techniques to decisions made within Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) technology development. This work is accomplished to improve the means by which ATR technologies are evaluated. The first step in this research was to create a flexible decision analysis framework that could be applied to several decisions across different ATR programs evaluated by the Comprehensive ATR Scientific Evaluation (COMPASE) Center of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). For the purposes of this research, a single COMPASE Center representative provided the value, utility, and preference functions for the DA framework. The DA framework employs performance measures collected during ATR classification system (CS) testing to calculate value and utility scores. The authors gathered data from the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) program to demonstrate how the decision framework could be used to evaluate three different ATR CSs. A decision-maker may use the resultant scores to gain insight into any of the decisions that occur throughout the lifecycle of ATR technologies. Additionally, a means of evaluating ATR CS self-assessment ability is presented. This represents a new criterion that emerged from this study, and no present evaluation metric is known. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Operat Sci, ENS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bassham, CB (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Operat Sci, ENS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4479-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4729 BP 112 EP 121 DI 10.1117/12.477597 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BV33C UT WOS:000178612200012 ER PT S AU Roth, MD Heydemann, VD Mitchel, WC Yushin, NK Sharma, M Wang, S Balkas, CM AF Roth, MD Heydemann, VD Mitchel, WC Yushin, NK Sharma, M Wang, S Balkas, CM BE Yoshida, S Nishino, S Harima, H Kimoto, T TI Resistivity mapping of semi-insulating 6H-SiC wafers SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS 2001, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials CY OCT 28-NOV 02, 2001 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN SP Sci& Technol Promot Fdn Ibaraki, Commwmorat Assoc Japan World Exposit, Fdn Promot Mat Sci & Technol Japan, Kansai Res Fdn Technol Promot, Murate Sci Fdn, Ogasawara Fdn Promot Sci & Engn, Res Fdn Electrotechnol Chubu, Support Ctr Adv Telecommunicat Technol Res, Telecommunicat Adv Fdn, ARO-Fe, AOARD, ONRIFO, Cree Inc, DENSO Corp, Emcore Corp, Epigress AB, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Furukawa Elect Co Ltd, Hitachi Ltd, Kansai Elect Power Co Inc, Matsushita Elect Ind Co Inc, Mitsubishi Elect Corp, Mitsubishi Mat Corp, New Japan Radio Co Ltd, New Met & Chem Corp Ltd, Nichia Corp, Nippon Steel Corp, Nissan Motor Co Ltd, Nisso Shoji Co Ltd, Oki Elect Ind Co Ltd, ROHM Co Ltd, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Sharp Corp, Shindengen Elect Mfg Co Ltd, Shin-Etsu Hansotai Co Ltd, Showa Denko K K, Sony Corp, Sterling Semiconductor Inc, Sumitomo Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd, Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd, Toshiba Corp, Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd, Toyoda Cent R&D Labs Inc, Toyo Tanso Co Ltd, ULVAC Inc, Universal Syst Co Ltd DE 6H-SiC; activation energy; Hall effect; mapping; resistivity; semi-insulating; uniformity ID SILICON-CARBIDE AB We report the first temperature dependent, non-destructive, wafer resistivity mapping and activation energy mapping measurements on high resistivity and semi-insulating 6H-SiC wafers. SiC wafers are defined as semi-insulating if their room temperature resistivity is greater than 1 x 10(5) Omega-cm [1]. The resistivity of samples investigated in the range from 10(7) Omega-cm to greater than 10(9) Omega-cm, at room temperature using a proprietary resistivity measurement system. A strong correlation is observed between non-destructive resistivity measurements and Hall effect measurements on corresponding regions. The spatial distributions of resistivity and activation energies obtained from temperature dependent measurements as well as the nature of the high resistivity behavior are discussed. C1 Sterling Semicond Inc, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Roth, MD (reprint author), Sterling Semicond Inc, 22660 Execut Dr,Suite 101, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-894-X J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 389-3 BP 135 EP 138 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BU89T UT WOS:000177321100031 ER PT S AU Koshka, Y Draper, WA Lakshman, RY Scofield, J Saddow, SE AF Koshka, Y Draper, WA Lakshman, RY Scofield, J Saddow, SE BE Yoshida, S Nishino, S Harima, H Kimoto, T TI Hydrogen incorporation into SiC using plasma-hydrogenation SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS 2001, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials CY OCT 28-NOV 02, 2001 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN SP Sci& Technol Promot Fdn Ibaraki, Commwmorat Assoc Japan World Exposit, Fdn Promot Mat Sci & Technol Japan, Kansai Res Fdn Technol Promot, Murate Sci Fdn, Ogasawara Fdn Promot Sci & Engn, Res Fdn Electrotechnol Chubu, Support Ctr Adv Telecommunicat Technol Res, Telecommunicat Adv Fdn, ARO-Fe, AOARD, ONRIFO, Cree Inc, DENSO Corp, Emcore Corp, Epigress AB, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Furukawa Elect Co Ltd, Hitachi Ltd, Kansai Elect Power Co Inc, Matsushita Elect Ind Co Inc, Mitsubishi Elect Corp, Mitsubishi Mat Corp, New Japan Radio Co Ltd, New Met & Chem Corp Ltd, Nichia Corp, Nippon Steel Corp, Nissan Motor Co Ltd, Nisso Shoji Co Ltd, Oki Elect Ind Co Ltd, ROHM Co Ltd, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Sharp Corp, Shindengen Elect Mfg Co Ltd, Shin-Etsu Hansotai Co Ltd, Showa Denko K K, Sony Corp, Sterling Semiconductor Inc, Sumitomo Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd, Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd, Toshiba Corp, Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd, Toyoda Cent R&D Labs Inc, Toyo Tanso Co Ltd, ULVAC Inc, Universal Syst Co Ltd DE hydrogen plasma; hydrogenation; ICP; passivation; RIE ID PASSIVATION AB A practical and efficient approach to incorporate hydrogen in SiC is presented. Hydrogenation was performed in a hydrogen plasma using two different plasma etching systems operating in reactive ion etching (RIE) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) modes at different RF powers and pressures. Treatment of SiC samples in the ICP system was shown to cause a significantly deeper hydrogen penetration than what was previously reported for hydrogenation in an RIE system. The difference is attributed to an enhanced diffusivity of hydrogen in SiC due to higher temperature during ICP processing. The new process can be used for defect passivation at the interface, as well as deeper in the bulk of SiC crystal, without sustaining any lattice damage that is inherent for the ion implantation based hydrogenation. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept ECE, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ S Florida, Ctr Microelect Res, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Koshka, Y (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept ECE, Box 9571, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-894-X J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 389-3 BP 569 EP 572 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BU89T UT WOS:000177321100137 ER PT S AU Mier, M Boeckl, J Roth, M Balkas, C Nelson, M AF Mier, M Boeckl, J Roth, M Balkas, C Nelson, M BE Bergman, P Janzen, E TI Simple method for mapping optical defects in insulating silicon carbide wafers SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS - 2002 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Euopean Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ECSCRM 2002) CY SEP 02-25, 2002 CL LINKOPING, SWEDEN SP European Commiss, High Level Sci Conf, Swedish Res Council, Swedish Agcy Innovat Syst, Swedish Fdn Strateg Res, City Linkoping, Linkopings Univ, Embassy Italy Sweden, US Off Naval Res Int Field Off, ABB, CREE, Epigress, SiCrystal, Okmetic DE defect; insulating; micropipe; SiC; silicon carbide; void AB We introduce a simple method for detecting and mapping optically-detectable defects in insulating silicon carbide wafers. A visible-light optical scanner can be used because insulating silicon carbide wafers are transparent to visible light. A standard page scanner is used. attached to a desktop computer. On-wafer resolution of 5.3 mum is available (4800 lines/inch). This is adequate for characterizing defects in many silicon carbide wafers and higher-resolution scanners are becoming available. Sorting for transmission between 0.3 and 0.4 eliminates surface contamination (transmission < 0.2) and the major transmission peak near 0.78. Recent silicon carbide wafers have rather few optical defects, and the optical defect locations can be plotted within a circle representing the wafer periphery using available commercial plotting software. Scanning electron microscope and scanning optical microscope images are used to verify that defects detected optically this way correspond to voids and micropipes. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Sterling Semicond Inc, Sterling, VA USA. Chemlcon Inc, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Mier, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 433-4 BP 357 EP 360 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BX37E UT WOS:000185077700085 ER PT S AU Kalabukhova, EN Lukin, SN Mitchel, WC AF Kalabukhova, EN Lukin, SN Mitchel, WC BE Bergman, P Janzen, E TI Electrical and multifrequency EPR study of nitrogen and carbon antisite-related native defect in n-type As-grown 4H-SiC SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS - 2002 SE Materials Science Forum LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Euopean Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ECSCRM 2002) CY SEP 02-25, 2002 CL LINKOPING, SWEDEN SP European Commiss, High Level Sci Conf, Swedish Res Council, Swedish Agcy Innovat Syst, Swedish Fdn Strateg Res, City Linkoping, Linkopings Univ, Embassy Italy Sweden, US Off Naval Res Int Field Off, ABB, CREE, Epigress, SiCrystal, Okmetic DE donors; electronic structure; energy characteristics; EPR; Hall AB Two donor paramagnetic states originated from nitrogen and a native defect have been resolved and studied in n-type 4H SiC bulk material at 9.6 and 140 GHz in the temperature range of 4.2 K to 77 K. Additional small intensity lines symmetrically positioned about the nitrogen and native defect EPR lines were attributed to the four nearest C-13 atoms surrounding nitrogen and the native defect using the line intensities and the natural abundance of magnetic isotopes Si-29 (4.7%) and C-13 (1.1%). A remarkable result is that the value of the C-13 isotropic shf interaction constant for nitrogen on the asi-cubic site was found to be an order of magnitude larger than those determined from Si-29 and C-13 ENDOR spectra. This fact enabled us to conclude that nitrogen in 4H SiC occupies the silicon site in the lattice and not the carbon site as was previously accepted. On the basis of the measured EPR data and the C-13 shf interaction constant, the native defect has been determined to be the carbon antisite defect C-Si(-) i.e. a carbon atom in the hexagonal silicon site with one captured electron. Two donor levels have been determined from Hall measurements and the values of the valley-orbit splitting of nitrogen on the quasi-cubic site and the native defect on the hexagonal site have been determined from the analysis of the temperature dependencies of the EPR spectra. C1 NASU, Inst Semicond Phys, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Kalabukhova, EN (reprint author), NASU, Inst Semicond Phys, Pr Nauki 45, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 433-4 BP 499 EP 502 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BX37E UT WOS:000185077700119 ER PT B AU Vollmer, PA Huffines, GR AF Vollmer, PA Huffines, GR GP AMS AMS TI GPS-derived integrated precipitable water compared with the AFWA MM5 moisture fields SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID MODEL; ASSIMILATION; METEOROLOGY C1 USAF, Inst Technol, ENP, AFIT,Dept Engn Phys, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Huffines, GR (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, ENP, AFIT,Dept Engn Phys, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 49 EP 51 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900013 ER PT S AU Agnes, GS AF Agnes, GS BE Agnes, GS TI Beam-type modeling of adaptive inflatable tubes SO SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2002: DAMPING AND ISOLATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2002 Conference CY MAR 18-21, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech, Boeing Co, Rhombus Consultants Grp, CSA Engn, ISIS Canada, USAF Off Sci Res, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Intelligent Mat Forum, USA Res OFf, Jet Propuls Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Ceram Soc Japan, USN Off Naval Res, Nav Res Lab AB An analytical beam-type model of an inflatable, piezoactuated, cantilever tube is developed. Perturbation methods are utilized to determine the system response. The results are compared to experimental data. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Agnes, GS (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4445-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4697 BP 9 EP 14 DI 10.1117/12.472654 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV06J UT WOS:000177732500002 ER PT S AU Keller, MJ Agnes, GS AF Keller, MJ Agnes, GS BE Agnes, GS TI Vibration suppression of a rotationally periodic structure using an adaptive/PPF control law SO SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2002: DAMPING AND ISOLATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2002 Conference CY MAR 18-21, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech, Boeing Co, Rhombus Consultants Grp, CSA Engn, ISIS Canada, USAF Off Sci Res, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Intelligent Mat Forum, USA Res OFf, Jet Propuls Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Ceram Soc Japan, USN Off Naval Res, Nav Res Lab AB A jet turbine engine compressor disk is modelled as a rotationally periodic structure. An adaptive parameter estimator was used to eliminate the inter-blade coupling forces. The individual blade vibrations were then suppressed using a positive position feedback method. The resulting control law was tested on a simulated four and eight bladed system. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Keller, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4445-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4697 BP 205 EP 216 DI 10.1117/12.472657 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV06J UT WOS:000177732500021 ER PT S AU Bowman, J Sanders, B Weisshaar, T AF Bowman, J Sanders, B Weisshaar, T BE McGowan, AMR TI Identification of military morphing aircraft missions and morphing technology assessment SO SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2002: INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2002 Conference CY MAR 18-21, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech, Boeing Co, Rhombus Consultants Grp, CSA Engn, ISIS Canada, USAF Off Sci Res, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Intelligent Mat Forum, USA Res OFf, Jet Propuls Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Ceram Soc Japan, USN Off Naval Res, Nav Res Lab DE morphing; aircraft conceptual design; structured design methods AB Morphing as an independent variable is addressed. Potential missions to demonstrate the value of morphing are presented and discussed. The effects of morphing on vehicle kinematics is demonstrated for takeoff, landing, and turn rate. At the system level, the effects of variable lift-to-drag ratio and specific fuel consumption on vehicle weight are examined for cruising flight. An example mission is presented to demonstrate how morphing can be implemented in constraint and sizing analyses, which are at the core of the aircraft conceptual design process. A comparison of morphing and non-morphing aircraft weights is made. It is demonstrated in some cases morphing adds weight due to requiring a structure to complete two missions. The requirement for new structural concepts is briefly discussed. C1 USAF, Res Labs, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bowman, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Labs, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4446-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4698 BP 121 EP 132 DI 10.1117/12.475103 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BV06K UT WOS:000177732700012 ER PT S AU Ponnappan, R Donovan, B Chow, L AF Ponnappan, R Donovan, B Chow, L BE ElGenk, MS TI High-power thermal management issues in space-based systems SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM-STAIF 2002 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF 2002) CY FEB 03-06, 2002 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP US DOE, NASA, Amer Astronaut Soc, AIAA, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Nucl Soc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, IEEE, Inst Space & Nucl Power Studies AB There are several initiatives currently active or planned to enable future military, directed energy, surveillance and communication missions. These missions require a verb high level of electric power and sophisticated power conditioning systems. In almost all of these systems, there are unique thermal management requirements from electronics and payload operational considerations such as isothermality, high-heat flux, low-pressure drop, efficient fluid management and high heat transfer coefficient. The other space related requirements and issues affecting thermal management are microgravity, scalability based on weight, volume. reliability, safety. and cost considerations. In meeting these requirements for space systems, the thermal designer is faced with many technical challenges and issues. This paper describes some of these key issues and presents the need for initiating advanced developments in certain areas such as spray, cooling, two-phase pumped loop and heat pump systems. In addition, it is emphasized to focus attention on extended microgravity effects of thermal systems. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Power Div, Energy Storage & Thermal Sci Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ponnappan, R (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Power Div, Energy Storage & Thermal Sci Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM rengasamy.ponnappan@wpafb.af.mil NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0052-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 608 BP 65 EP 72 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BV21Q UT WOS:000178182200008 ER PT S AU Yerkes, KL Pettigrew, K Smith, B Gamlen, C Liepmann, D AF Yerkes, KL Pettigrew, K Smith, B Gamlen, C Liepmann, D BE ElGenk, MS TI Development and testing of a planar, silicon mini-capillary pumped loop SO SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL FORUM-STAIF 2002 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF 2002) CY FEB 03-06, 2002 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP US DOE, NASA, Amer Astronaut Soc, AIAA, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Nucl Soc, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, IEEE, Inst Space & Nucl Power Studies AB A planar, silicon mini-capillary pumped loop (CPL) vas designed, built, and tested using recent MEMS technology to provide integral cooling and temperature control for electronics. This design featured three silicon fusion bonded wafers incorporating an evaporator, condenser, liquid line and vapor line. all of which were dry plasma etched. Grooves were etched in the condenser and evaporator to provide passive capillary pumping. The finished device was bonded to an external reservoir via a through hole and was filled with a working fluid of water. The evaporator was bonded directly to an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with a calorimeter epoxied above the condenser to control the temperature and monitor heat removal by the CPL. The mini-CPL as operated with an input heat load ranging from 3 to 10 W resulting in the junction temperature of the IGBT being reduced approximately 15 degrees Celsius from that of a solid Si substrate. The mini-CPL also performed as a thermal diode, turning on or off depending on the reservoir temperature. Work is in progress to understand the dynamics observed in the CPL as well as improve the CPL as performance. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Yerkes, KL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0052-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 608 BP 81 EP 87 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BV21Q UT WOS:000178182200010 ER PT B AU Beach, TL AF Beach, TL BE Lyu, LH TI Global Positioning System studies of ionospheric irregularities: A technical review SO SPACE WEATHER STUDY USING MULTIPOINT TECHNIQUES SE COSPAR COLLOQUIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th COSPAR Colloquium on Space Weather Study Using Multipoint Techniques CY SEP 27-29, 2000 CL TAIPEI, TAIWAN SP Comm Space Res, Acad Sinica, Minist Educ, Natl Sci Council, Natl Space Program Off, Natl Cent Univ, Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Sci Comm Solar Terrestrial Phys ID PHASE FLUCTUATIONS; GPS OBSERVATIONS; SCINTILLATIONS; BRAZIL AB Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques for studying the ionosphere have come to the fore within the past ten years or so. In that time frame: (1) the GPS constellation became fully operational, (2) GPS receivers became widely available, and (3) data from GPS receiver networks appeared on the Internet. Traditionally GPS studies of the ionosphere have focused on total electron content (TEC) measurements and the undisturbed ionosphere. More recently, researchers have begun to exploit the potential to study the disturbed ionosphere using GPS satellite signal observations. Broadly speaking, two GPS techniques are used to study disturbances: delta-TEC techniques and scintillation techniques. This article outlines both techniques and summarizes recent examples from the literature for high, low, and middle latitudes. We will discuss promising multi-instrument techniques and identify some areas where more ionospheric information can potentially be extracted from the data. Throughout the discussion we will also point out the limitations of GPS techniques for studying disturbances. Some of these limitations occur because the available GPS hardware and software were designed with other purposes in mind. In such cases we shall consider possible remedies. Other limitations are more fundamental to beacon satellite techniques. Ground-based GPS diagnostics will never match radar installations for wealth of ionospheric data, for example. What GPS techniques for monitoring disturbances offer is a relatively inexpensive means to proliferate measurements with the goal of resolving issues like spatial versus temporal variations of irregularities. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Beach, TL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND BN 0-08-044057-6 J9 COSPAR COLL PY 2002 VL 12 BP 249 EP 254 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV25Z UT WOS:000178343300025 ER PT S AU Sabol, C Luu, KK Kervin, P Nishimoto, D Hamada, K Sydney, P AF Sabol, C Luu, KK Kervin, P Nishimoto, D Hamada, K Sydney, P BE Alfriend, KT Neta, B Luu, K Walker, CAH TI Recent developments of the Raven small telescope program SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2002, VOL 112, PTS I AND II SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AAS/AIAA 12th Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 27-30, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut AB From 1997 through 1999, several AAS and AIAA papers were presented on the utility of a new class of small optical telescopes used for satellite tracking. The most notable of these programs was developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Boeing, and Oceanit Laboratories at the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing (AMOS) site and is known as the Raven. Raven is a class of small telescopes that combine inexpensive commercial hardware with state of the art astrometric image reduction techniques to produce high accuracy angular observations of satellites, Since the last publications at the Space Flight Mechanics and Astrodynamics conferences, the Raven system has continued to evolve and garner attention from the Air Force for a variety of applications. This paper highlights the improvements made to the Raven system, outlines some of its performance characteristics including calibration results and reliability of the automated systems, and discusses how this sensor impacts some very important and topical areas of astrodynamics research. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. RP Sabol, C (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 535 Lipoa Pkwy,Suite 200, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-495-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2002 VL 112 BP 397 EP 416 PN 1&2 PG 20 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics GA BV43H UT WOS:000178928800026 ER PT S AU Sabol, C Luu, KK Kervin, P AF Sabol, C Luu, KK Kervin, P BE Alfriend, KT Neta, B Luu, K Walker, CAH TI Astrodynamics research with the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing site SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2002, VOL 112, PTS I AND II SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AAS/AIAA 12th Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 27-30, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut AB Recently, the Air Force Research Laboratory's Directed Energy Directorate has made a commitment to develop more in-house research and development capability within the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing (AMOS) branch. With the arrival of qualified personnel, astrodynamics is now an area of expertise which, when coupled with the unique resources of AMOS, provides incredible capability to pursue a variety of research areas. Topics include space surveillance (general studies and satellite catalog accuracy assessment), space object characterization, satellite mission support (orbit design, lifetime prediction, orbit determination, close approach and formation flying analysis, and anomaly resolution), and other interesting astrodynamics activities. Resources available on Maui encompass a suite of telescopes including AEOS and Ravens, infrared sensors, the HI-CLASS laser radar system, the Maui High Performance Computing Center, support from Oahu's Kaena Point radar, and qualified support personnel for all aspects of space surveillance operations. This paper provides an overview of these research areas and the supporting role of the AMOS. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. RP Sabol, C (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 535 Lipoa Pkwy,Suite 200, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-495-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2002 VL 112 BP 417 EP 428 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics GA BV43H UT WOS:000178928800027 ER PT S AU Lovell, TA Cochran, JE AF Lovell, TA Cochran, JE BE Alfriend, KT Neta, B Luu, K Walker, CAH TI Application of genetic algorithms to orbit determination of tethered satellite systems SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2002, VOL 112, PTS I AND II SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AAS/AIAA 12th Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 27-30, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID IDENTIFICATION AB In this paper the class of intelligent systems tools known as genetic algorithms is used for orbit determination, specifically the estimation of the orbital dynamics of a tethered satellite system. Emphasis here is placed on cases of tethered motion in which only a short arc of observational data is available. First, a dynamic model for a two-satellite tethered system is defined, which accounts for the gross orbital motion of the system as well as in-plane libration. A genetic algorithm-based computational scheme is then presented, the purpose of which is to utilize the model and a set of observation data to estimate the true orbit conditions of the system. For several example cases, the performance of a genetic algorithm-based method is compared with that of a conventional differential corrections filtering technique. Measures of comparison include orbit determination accuracy, computational speed, and overall ease of use. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Lovell, TA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave,SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-495-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2002 VL 112 BP 1135 EP 1155 PN 1&2 PG 21 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics GA BV43H UT WOS:000178928800072 ER PT S AU Tragesser, SG San, H AF Tragesser, SG San, H BE Alfriend, KT Neta, B Luu, K Walker, CAH TI Orbital maneuvering with electrodynamic tethers SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2002, VOL 112, PTS I AND II SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AAS/AIAA 12th Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 27-30, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut AB The general perturbation equations are used to develop a guidance algorithm fur electrodynamic tethers. The current in the tether is controlled to obtain an arbitrary orbit change for low Earth satellites. The tether is assumed to be perfectly aligned with the local vertical and tether flexibility is neglected. Several numerical examples are simulated that demonstrate the ability of the guidance to accurately maneuver the vehicle. The guidance scheme is suitable for preliminary assessment of the feasibility and desirability of orbital maneuvering with electrodynamic tethers. The algorithm is also sufficiently robust for potential use onboard an operational vehicle. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Tragesser, SG (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-495-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2002 VL 112 BP 1275 EP 1289 PN 1&2 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics GA BV43H UT WOS:000178928800079 ER PT S AU Shea, MA Smart, DF AF Shea, MA Smart, DF BE Gibson, S Suess, ST TI Solar proton event patterns: The rising portion of five solar cycles SO STRUCTURE, ENERGETICS AND DYNAMICS OF THE CORONA AND THE HELIOSPHERE DURING THE RISING PHASE OF THE 23RD SOLAR CYCLE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT E2 2/D2 2 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission E held at the 33rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL, 2000 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Comm Space Res AB Using solar proton data from the past four solar cycles we have found that while there is no consistent pattern in the distribution of solar proton events throughout each cycle, there is a surprising consistency in the total number of events over each cycle. In comparing the distribution of solar proton events during the rising portion of cycles 19-23, we find a similarity between the 20(th) and the 23(rd) solar cycles. During solar cycle 20, only 17% of the proton events for the entire cycle had occurred during the first three years of the cycle and 28% had occurred during the first four years. If cycles 20 and 23 are similar, we would expect the majority of solar proton events to occur during years 5-8 of the 23rd cycle (i.e. from 2001-2004). Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, VSBS, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Shea, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, VSBS, 29 Randolph Rd, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2002 VL 29 IS 3 SI 2002 BP 325 EP 330 AR PII S0273-1177(01)00592-0 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00592-0 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BT86F UT WOS:000174269800006 ER PT J AU See, DW Dulaney, JL Clauer, AH Tenaglia, RD AF See, DW Dulaney, JL Clauer, AH Tenaglia, RD TI The air force manufacturing technology laser peening initiative SO SURFACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID FATIGUE AB Laser peening has been demonstrated to be a unique and valuable method to increase the resistance of aircraft gas turbine engine compressor and fan blades to foreign object damage (FOD) and improve high cycle fatigue (HCF) life. Laser peening is also known as the LaserPeen* process (LPP) or laser shock processing (LSP). LaserPeen processing's high value as a surface enhancement process to mitigate high cycle fatigue failures is driving efforts to expand its application from gas turbine engines to aircraft structures, land vehicles, weapon systems, and for general industrial use. One of the major impediments to the broad acceptance and use of the LaserPeen process has been high processing costs with relatively low throughput. Great strides are being made to significantly decrease laser peening costs and increase throughput, thanks to three important Air Force ManTech (manufacturing technology) programmes being conducted at LSP Technologies, Inc. (LSPT). Several key issues are being addressed to meet Man Tech goals to lower costs and increase throughput, which include the development of production quality laser peening services and equipment and the expansion of the end user base for this technology. Additionally, a fourth ManTech programme is being conducted by Universal Technology, Corporation (UTC) in conjunction with LSPT Pratt & Whitney, and Howmet. The objective of this programme is to demonstrate that expensive wrought turbine engine blades can be replaced with low cost cast blades, which have been LaserPeen processed. (C) 2002 IoM Communications Ltd. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. LSP Technol Inc, Dublin, OH 43016 USA. RP See, DW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA HUDSON RD, LEEDS LS9 7DL, ENGLAND SN 0267-0844 J9 SURF ENG JI Surf. Eng. PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 32 EP 36 DI 10.1179/026708401225001264 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA 536TQ UT WOS:000174718300003 ER PT B AU Bunker, CE Gord, JR Meyer, TR Brown, MS Katta, VR Zweifel, DA Harruff, BA Sun, YP AF Bunker, CE Gord, JR Meyer, TR Brown, MS Katta, VR Zweifel, DA Harruff, BA Sun, YP BE Kumar, A Chung, YW Moore, JJ Doll, GL Yatsui, K Misra, DS TI Micro to nano-small research for fuels and combustion SO SURFACE ENGINEERING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surface Engineering - Science and Technology II held at the 2002 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 17-21, 2002 CL Seattle, WA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc ID CARBON NANOTUBES; SEMICONDUCTOR CLUSTERS; INVERTED MICELLES; CDS PARTICLES; LUMINESCENCE; PHOTOPHYSICS; PURIFICATION; STATE AB The Fuels and Combustion Branches of the Air Force Research Laboratory have been actively investigating micro and nanoscopic materials as they pertain to fuel chemistry, sensor development, and MEMS devices. At these dimensions, surface interactions (e.g., surface chemistry, viscosity, and heat transfer) take on tremendous importance in understanding the macroscopic chemical and physical processes that occur. In some cases, current models used to predict chemical or physical properties are inadequate due to a lack of information concerning these surface effects. In this paper, we will detail some of our efforts to examine both physical and chemical processes occurring within, and about micro and nanoscopic materials. Specifically, microfluidic results obtained using a LIF technique within a Si substrate Y-channel (similar to100 mum across and 30 mum deep) coupled with simple CFD calculations will be presented. In addition, spectroscopic results (steady-state and time-resolved) for model nanoparticles and a novel pyrene-dendromer-modified carbon nanotube will be discussed. C1 USAF, Propuls Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bunker, CE (reprint author), USAF, Propuls Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Meyer, Terrence/F-1556-2011 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-521-2 PY 2002 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BAT70 UT WOS:000223506400003 ER PT B AU Meade, RB AF Meade, RB GP BALKEMA BALKEMA BALKEMA TI A "no action" alternative that worked SO TAILINGS AND MINE WASTE '02 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Tailings and Mine Waste CY JAN 27-30, 2002 CL COLORADO STATE UNIV, FT COLLINS, CO HO COLORADO STATE UNIV AB The Anvil Points site located in Colorado was used for research into oil shale processing from 1947 until about 1984. This paper describes the investigation into the stability of a tailings pile at the Anvil Points Facility, the recommendations made concerning the final disposition of the tailings, and the success of the "no action" alternative thus far. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Meade, RB (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-353-0 PY 2002 BP 427 EP 433 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BU28H UT WOS:000175560600056 ER PT S AU Lowry, HS Goethert, WH Bertrand, WT Selman, JD AF Lowry, HS Goethert, WH Bertrand, WT Selman, JD BE Watkins, WR Clement, D Reynolds, WR TI Development and integration of scene projection technologies for the AEDC 10V upgrade and other space sensor test programs SO TARGETS AND BACKGROUNDS VIII: CHARACTERIZATION AND REPRESENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Targets and Backgrounds VIII CY APR 01-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE space simulation; radiometric calibration and characterization; space sensor testing; vacuum chamber AB The continuing effort to provide a complex, broad-based (low-background, complex dynamic scene projection) sensor test capability at Arnold Engineering Development Center involves the development of scene projection technologies and their integration into existing space chambers. New radiometric source concepts are being investigated that will allow greater flexibility in simulating multiple target scenarios for space sensor testing. Alternate sources, filtering techniques, beam combining methods, and optical power delivery systems are being investigated for possible use in meeting the ultimate objectives of current and anticipated testing programs. C1 Sverdrup Technol Inc, AEDC Grp, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Lowry, HS (reprint author), Sverdrup Technol Inc, AEDC Grp, 1077 Ave C, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4468-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4718 BP 210 EP 221 DI 10.1117/12.478808 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV28U UT WOS:000178459800021 ER PT S AU Malas, JA Pasala, KM Westerkamp, J AF Malas, JA Pasala, KM Westerkamp, J BE Watkins, WR Clement, D Reynolds, WR TI Wideband radar signal modeling of ground moving targets in clutter SO TARGETS AND BACKGROUNDS VIII: CHARACTERIZATION AND REPRESENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Targets and Backgrounds VIII CY APR 01-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE clutter; radar; target modeling; simulation; wideband; ATR; target scattering center data; adaptive signal processing; space-time adaptive signal processing AB Research in the area of air-to-ground target detection, track and identification (ID) requires the development of target signal models for known geometric shapes moving in ground clutter. Space-time adaptive filtering techniques in particular make good use of temporal-spatial synthetic radar signal return data. A radar signal model is developed to generate synthetic wideband radar signal data for use in multi-channel adaptive signal processing. C1 USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Engn Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Malas, JA (reprint author), USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Engn Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4468-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4718 BP 324 EP 335 DI 10.1117/12.478819 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV28U UT WOS:000178459800031 ER PT J AU Neiberg, MS AF Neiberg, MS TI Great war, total war: Combat and mobilization on the western front, 1914-1918. SO TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE LA English DT Book Review C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Neiberg, MS (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PRESS PI BALTIMORE PA JOURNALS PUBLISHING DIVISION, 2715 NORTH CHARLES ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21218-4319 USA SN 0040-165X J9 TECHNOL CULT JI Technol. Cult. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 43 IS 1 BP 205 EP 207 DI 10.1353/tech.2002.0029 PG 3 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA 532LM UT WOS:000174476700038 ER PT J AU Neiberg, MS AF Neiberg, MS TI Anticipating total war: The German and American experiences, 1871-1914. SO TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE LA English DT Book Review C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Neiberg, MS (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PRESS PI BALTIMORE PA JOURNALS PUBLISHING DIVISION, 2715 NORTH CHARLES ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21218-4319 USA SN 0040-165X J9 TECHNOL CULT JI Technol. Cult. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 43 IS 1 BP 205 EP 207 DI 10.1353/tech.2002.0029 PG 3 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA 532LM UT WOS:000174476700037 ER PT S AU House, JW Gillis, PP AF House, JW Gillis, PP BE Lee, DN TI Strain rate effects on texture evolution in OFE copper SO TEXTURES OF MATERIALS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Textures of Materials CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Inst Met & Mat, Seoul Natl Univ, BK21 Div Mat Educ & Res, Seoul Natl Univ, Texture Control Lab, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, POSCO, Dongbu Steel Co Ltd DE high strain rate; OFE copper; Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar SHPB; texture evolution; X-ray diffraction AB A comparative study was made of texture evolution following uni-axial compression of Oxygen Free Electronic (OFE) copper with a strong <111> + <100> fiber texture at low and high strain rates. Accelerated texture evolution with a higher work hardening rate are observed at low strains under high strain rate deformation. However, under both strain rate conditions the texture components become random at a logarithmic strain of 0.35. A previous study identified this level of strain as generating an equiaxed grain structure in the material, prior to the development of a compressed grained structure. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP House, JW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-903-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 408-4 BP 547 EP 551 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BV22J UT WOS:000178202200082 ER PT S AU House, JW Bingert, JF De Angelis, RJ O'Brien, JM AF House, JW Bingert, JF De Angelis, RJ O'Brien, JM BE Lee, DN TI Thermo-mechanical processing of forged tantalum analyzed by OIM and x-ray diffraction SO TEXTURES OF MATERIALS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Textures of Materials CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Inst Met & Mat, Seoul Natl Univ, BK21 Div Mat Educ & Res, Seoul Natl Univ, Texture Control Lab, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, POSCO, Dongbu Steel Co Ltd DE forging; orientation imaging microscopy OIM; recrystallization; tantalum; x-ray diffraction ID TEXTURE AB To control the mechanical response of pure tantalum requires tailoring the microstructure by carefully controlling thermo-mechanical processing. In this investigation the role of introducing an intermediate anneal prior to upset forging of a plate on microstructural evolution was investigated. Structural observations were made on surfaces of the plate located at the mid-plane and through-thickness. Plate material produced from the annealed billet material was more homogeneous in grain structure and recrystallized with a higher ratio of {100}/{111} grain orientations. The limitations in mechanical properties that may be avoided by enhancing the textural and microstructural homogeneity through the introduction of an intermediate anneal are discussed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Florida, GERC, Shalimar, FL 32579 USA. OBrien & Associates, Blissfield, MI 49228 USA. RP House, JW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-903-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 408-4 BP 553 EP 558 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BV22J UT WOS:000178202200083 ER PT B AU Spottswood, SM Wolfe, HF Brown, DL AF Spottswood, SM Wolfe, HF Brown, DL BE Sivasundaram, S TI A fatigue life estimation comparison utilizing experimental and spectral density based probability distributions SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NONLINEAR PROBLEMS IN AVIATION AND AEROSPACE, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Nonlinear Problems in Aviation and Aerospace CY MAY 10-12, 2000 CL EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV, DAYTONA BEACH, FL SP Int Federat Nonlinear Analysts, Int Federat Informat Proc, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Inc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut HO EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV AB Developing accurate life prediction techniques is critical in aerospace design. The ability to estimate the fatigue life of a structure from the random response stress spectrum is a powerful capability and is the intent of this study. The purpose of this investigation is to examine and compare the fatigue life estimates of an aluminum plate, under the influence of wide band random base motion, using experimentally generated peak probability density functions (PPDFs) as well as finite element analysis random response data. For both scenarios, the Palmgren-Miner damage accumulation model was utilized to estimate the fatigue life for the multimodal response of a clamped isotropic plate [1]. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Struct Div, Air Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Spottswood, SM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Struct Div, Air Vehicles Directorate, 2145 5th St Ste 2, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT PA PO BOX 806 COTTENHAM, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT, ENGLAND BN 0-9526643-2-1 PY 2002 BP 611 EP 619 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Mathematics GA BX15Z UT WOS:000184462700065 ER PT B AU Yeh, HH Nelson, E Sparks, A AF Yeh, HH Nelson, E Sparks, A BE Sivasundaram, S TI Nonlinear tracking control for satellite formations SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NONLINEAR PROBLEMS IN AVIATION AND AEROSPACE, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Nonlinear Problems in Aviation and Aerospace CY MAY 10-12, 2000 CL EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV, DAYTONA BEACH, FL SP Int Federat Nonlinear Analysts, Int Federat Informat Proc, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Inc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut HO EMBRY RIDDLE AERONAUT UNIV ID SYSTEMS AB A sliding-mode tracking control law places member satellites into a desired formation for distributed aperture sensing after their initial deployment and maintains the formation in the presence of orbital perturbations. To minimize fuel usage required to maintain the formation, each satellite must reside near a natural orbit, Control forces are applied only to maintain the desired relative motion by correcting for initial offsets and perturbation effects that tend to disperse the formation. These perturbations include effects due to Earth asphericity, atmospheric drag, and third body effects from the sun and moon. Parametric equations describing the member satellites' relative motion with respect to the leader satellite are essential in this design. Furthermore, the discontinuous control forces model the physical limitations of propulsive thrusters. Numerical simulations, using a high-fidelity, nonlinear model, demonstrate the control law performance for the full nonlinear dynamics with high order perturbations. C1 VACA, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Yeh, HH (reprint author), VACA, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU EUROPEAN CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT PA PO BOX 806 COTTENHAM, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4RT, ENGLAND BN 0-9526643-2-1 PY 2002 BP 739 EP 748 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Mathematics GA BX15Z UT WOS:000184462700080 ER PT B AU Boyd, BF Harms, DE Christie, MS Beberwyk, DJ Weems, JW AF Boyd, BF Harms, DE Christie, MS Beberwyk, DJ Weems, JW GP AMS AMS TI Facilitating the use of environmental information for space launch decisions SO THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS: FACILITATING THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Environmental Applications CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc RP Boyd, BF (reprint author), 45 WS SYA,1201 Edward H White 2 St,MS 7302, Patrick AFB, FL 32925 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 50 EP 55 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV55D UT WOS:000179335500011 ER PT S AU Rangaswamy, M AF Rangaswamy, M BE Matthews, MB TI Normalized matched filter-a low rank approach SO THIRTY-SIXTH ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS & COMPUTERS - CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1 AND 2, CONFERENCE RECORD SE CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers CY NOV 03-06, 2002 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA ID COMPOUND-GAUSSIAN CLUTTER; SUBSPACE DETECTORS; RADAR DETECTION; APPROXIMATION AB This paper presents the performance of the normalized matched filter (NMF) test. in a background of disturbance consisting of clutter having a covariance matrix with known structure and unknown scaling plus background white Gaussian noise. Specifically, it is shown that when the clutter covariance matrix is low rank, the NMF test retains invariance with respect to the unknown scaling as well as the background noise level and is approximately CFAR. Performance of the test depends only upon the number of elements, number of pulses processed in a coherent processing interval and the rank of the clutter covariance matrix. Analytical expressions for calculating the false alarm and detection probabilities are presented. Performance of the method is shown to degrade with increasing clutter rank especially for low false alarm rates. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Rangaswamy, M (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, SNHE 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1058-6393 BN 0-7803-7576-9 J9 CONF REC ASILOMAR C PY 2002 BP 1267 EP 1271 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BW60M UT WOS:000182548900237 ER PT J AU Eapen, KC Patton, ST Zabinski, JS AF Eapen, KC Patton, ST Zabinski, JS TI Lubrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) using bound and mobile phases of Fomblin Zdol (R) SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE MEMS lubrication; Fomblin Zdol (R); bound and mobile phases; lubricant replenishment ID ADHESION; POLYMERS; SILICON; FILMS AB A lubrication scheme for MEMS electrostatic lateral output motors based on a mixture of bound and mobile lubricant was studied. Lubrication by bound monolayer alone provided some increase in operational life, but after a short time, the film wore away and the device failed in the unlubricated mode. A mobile phase was used to provide lubricant replenishment. Tribological studies were conducted on Si(100) wafers, as well as on MEMS electrostatic lateral output motors, dip-coated with a mixture of bound and mobile phases of Fomblin Zdol. Accelerated screening tests on Si(100) wafers were undertaken using a pin on disk tribometer. However, the optimum balance of bound and mobile phases was determined by studies on the device itself. The fractional surface coverage of lubricant and the ratio of bound to mobile phase was varied through selection of reaction temperature and rinse chemistry. The mobile phase on model surfaces and devices acted as a source of lubricant replenishment, and together with the bound phase provided dramatic improvement in performance. The wide variation seen in the performance of individual devices suggests that dip coating does not provide a uniform coating on the contacting surfaces of these devices. C1 Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Eapen, KC (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 26 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 35 EP 41 AR UNSP 1023-8883/02/0100-0035/0 DI 10.1023/A:1013971321480 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 536TY UT WOS:000174719000005 ER PT J AU Forster, NH Rosado, L Brown, JR Shih, WT AF Forster, NH Rosado, L Brown, JR Shih, WT TI The development of carbon-carbon composite cages for rolling element bearings SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Tribologists-and-Lubrication-Engineers CY MAY 20-24, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Soc Tribologists Lubricat Engineers DE rolling element bearings; carbon composite bearing cage AB This paper highlights the development of carbon matrix-carbon fiber (C-C) composite bearing cages for high temperature gas turbine applications. Benefits of C-C cages under high-speed, high-temperature conditions are documented with experimental results. The experimental results show that C-C cages offer substantial reduction in heat generation compared to metal cages at the same operating conditions, and C-C cages enable much higher DN operation in the absence of liquid lubrication. The improved performance of C-C cages over conventional metal cages is largely attributed to the inherent properties of C-C composites: 1. Low density to reduce centrifugal speed effects; 2. Excellent thermal conductivity for a non-metal; 3. Low friction under marginal lubrication conditions; 4. Low wear rates compared to other self-lubricating cage materials; and 5. Low coefficient of thermal expansion to avoid seizure in high thermal gradient conditions. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Allcomp Inc, City Of Industry, CA 91746 USA. RP Forster, NH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC TRIBOLOGISTS & LUBRICATION ENGINEERS PI PARK RIDGE PA 840 BUSSE HIGHWAY, PARK RIDGE, IL 60068 USA SN 1040-2004 J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 45 IS 1 BP 127 EP 131 DI 10.1080/10402000208982531 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 504YA UT WOS:000172882700017 ER PT B AU Baum, CE AF Baum, CE BE Smith, PD Cloude, SR TI Application of concepts of advanced mathematics and physics to the Maxwell equations SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2000 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, DEHE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Baum, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, DEHE, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47338-0 PY 2002 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1007/0-306-47948-6_5 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BV68P UT WOS:000179770000005 ER PT B AU Baum, CE Stone, AP AF Baum, CE Stone, AP BE Smith, PD Cloude, SR TI Generalized TEM, E, and H modes SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2000 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND AB Previous papers have considered transient lenses for propagating TEM modes without dispersion. This paper considers the properties of E and H modes in such lenses. The presence of longitudinal field components brings in additional constraints on the allowable coordinate systems, limiting the cases of transient lenses supporting E and H modes to a subset of those supporting TEM modes. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Washington, DC USA. RP Baum, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Washington, DC USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47338-0 PY 2002 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1007/0-306-47948-6_15 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BV68P UT WOS:000179770000015 ER PT B AU Baum, CE AF Baum, CE BE Smith, PD Cloude, SR TI Admittance of bent TEM waveguides in a CID medium SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2000 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND C1 USAF, Res Lab, DEHE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Baum, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, DEHE, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47338-0 PY 2002 BP 351 EP 362 DI 10.1007/0-306-47948-6_41 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BV68P UT WOS:000179770000041 ER PT B AU Prather, WD Baum, CE Lehr, JM Torres, RJ Tran, TC Burger, JW Gaudet, JA AF Prather, WD Baum, CE Lehr, JM Torres, RJ Tran, TC Burger, JW Gaudet, JA BE Smith, PD Cloude, SR TI Recent developments in ultra-wideband sources and antennas SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2000 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Prather, WD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47338-0 PY 2002 BP 393 EP 398 DI 10.1007/0-306-47948-6_46 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BV68P UT WOS:000179770000046 ER PT B AU Baum, CE Lehr, JM AF Baum, CE Lehr, JM BE Smith, PD Cloude, SR TI Parallel charging of Marx generators for high pulse repetition rates SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2000 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Baum, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47338-0 PY 2002 BP 415 EP 422 DI 10.1007/0-306-47948-6_49 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BV68P UT WOS:000179770000049 ER PT B AU Baum, CE AF Baum, CE BE Smith, PD Cloude, SR TI Unipolarized currents for antenna polarization control SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2000 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, DEHE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Baum, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, DEHE, 3350 Aberdeen Ave,SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47338-0 PY 2002 BP 501 EP 518 DI 10.1007/0-306-47948-6_61 PG 18 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BV68P UT WOS:000179770000061 ER PT B AU Baum, CE AF Baum, CE BE Smith, PD Cloude, SR TI Parsimony in signature-based target identification SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2000 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND ID SYMMETRY C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, DEHE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Baum, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, DEHE, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47338-0 PY 2002 BP 605 EP 614 DI 10.1007/0-306-47948-6_72 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BV68P UT WOS:000179770000072 ER PT S AU Butler, K Thurber, J AF Butler, K Thurber, J BE Carapezza, EM TI Tactical automated security system air force expeditionary security SO UNATTENDED GROUND SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications IV CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB The US Air Force's Tactical Automated Security System (TASS) program has been in existence since 1996. The TASS program meets the growing need to supplement security personnel with modem technology when these forces are deployed around the world. TASS combines five equipment elements into an integrated security solution, providing a detection, assessment, and command and control capability. TASS does this in a manner that maximizes the mobility and user friendliness objectives of the system. In this paper, we will take a closer look at TASS. We will examine the concepts that drive the TASS development process. We will provide an overview of the TASS technical elements, and provide a roadmap for farther development of those elements. Finally, we will provide recommendations to security providers who aim to have their products included in the TASS baseline of equipment. C1 USAF, Elect Syst Ctr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Butler, K (reprint author), USAF, Elect Syst Ctr, 5 Eglin St,Bldg 1624, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4493-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4743 BP 283 EP 290 DI 10.1117/12.448513 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BV34J UT WOS:000178618500032 ER PT S AU Lott, JA AF Lott, JA BE Lei, C Kilcoyne, SP TI Fabrication and applications of lift-off vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) disks SO VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers VI CY JAN 23-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs); microelectromechanical system (MEMS); epitaxial lift-off; flip-chip bonding ID 850-NM VCSELS; OXIDATION; APERTURES; FILTER; GAP AB Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are prepared by standard epitaxial crystal growth techniques on GaAs substrates. The VCSELs include AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and selectively oxidized AlAs or AlGaAs current confinement/optical wave-guiding layers. An additional one-lambda-thick selectively oxidized AlAs layer is placed beneath the VCSEL and used as a sacrificial layer. The entire VCSEL disk, geometrically defined by first etching a mesa down into the GaAs substrate, is separated from the substrate by selectively removing the sacrificial Al-oxide layer by wet chemical etching. The lift-off VCSEL disks designed for emission at 980 nanometers have a typical diameter of 10 to 50 micrometers and a typical thickness of 7 to 8 micrometers. In this paper I present the design, fabrication, and potential applications of lift-off VCSEL disks. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Lott, JA (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4388-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4649 BP 203 EP 210 DI 10.1117/12.469235 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BU98J UT WOS:000177553700024 ER PT J AU Quance-Fitch, FJ Schachter, S Christopher, MM AF Quance-Fitch, FJ Schachter, S Christopher, MM TI Pleural effusion in a dog with discospondylitis SO VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE canine; cytology; fungus; Paecilomyces; pleural fluid ID PAECILOMYCES-LILACINUS; POTENT INHIBITORS; PAECILOQUINONE-A; DISEASE; CARNEUS C1 Univ Calif Davis, Vet Med Teaching Hosp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Quance-Fitch, FJ (reprint author), 1219 Knight St, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, SCHOOL VETERINARY MED, DEPT VETERINARY PATHOLOGY, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0275-6382 J9 VET CLIN PATH JI Vet. Clin. Pathol. PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 69 EP 71 DI 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00283.x PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 595NC UT WOS:000178114800006 PM 12040488 ER PT S AU Power, GJ AF Power, GJ BE Rahman, ZU Schowengerdt, RA Reichenbach, SE TI Vision-enhanced formulation of signal-to-noise ratio for imaging systems SO VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visual Information Processing XI CY APR 04, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE image analysis; signal-to-noise; SNR; PSNR; image sequence; evaluation; quality; metrics; measures; vision; human vision system ID IMAGES AB When evaluating an imaging system, it is important to have a confident evaluation measure as well as an understanding of the limitations of the evaluation measure. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and several variants such as the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) have been used abundantly as quality measures in imaging and video systems. A debate as to whether or not SNR accurately reflects human perception in some cases has attempted to dissuade the use of SNR but SNR is still used in basic research as a quality measure. Recent work for evaluating video sequences suggests that SNR can follow the human perception trend if the proper formulation is used. This paper suggests that SNR can be a valid measure and follow human perception for evaluating quality if a proper formulation of SNR is constructed. The proper formulation must be based on recognition of vision system attributes. In particular, this paper suggests a new variant of the basic PSNR measure for evaluating single frame images based on recognition of the vision spatial attributes. In addition, this paper suggests a new integrated and motion-compensated variant of the PSNR which evaluates video sequences based on vision attributes of temporal integration, motion blur and motion sharpening. The new variants of PSNR are introduced and demonstrated by an example along with justification based on actual measurements of human visual response. C1 AFRL SNAT, Target Recognit Branch, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Power, GJ (reprint author), AFRL SNAT, Target Recognit Branch, Air Force Res Lab, Bldg 620,2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4486-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4736 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1117/12.477588 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BV20Q UT WOS:000178157800003 ER PT B AU Braley, M AF Braley, M BE Fontenot, C Morgan, MA TI "The sweetness of his strength": Du Bois, Teddy Roosevelt, and the black soldier SO W.E.B. DU BOIS AND RACE: ESSAYS CELEBRATING THE CENTENNIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK SE VOICES OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on W E B DuBois, Race and the New Millennium CY MAR, 2000 CL MERCER UNIV, MACON, GA HO MERCER UNIV C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MERCER UNIV PRESS PI MACON PA MACON, GA 31207 USA BN 0-86554-727-0 J9 VOICES AFR DIA PY 2002 BP 97 EP 121 PG 25 WC Ethnic Studies SC Ethnic Studies GA BX51S UT WOS:000185577300006 ER PT J AU Fitch, MW England, E AF Fitch, Mark W. England, Ellen TI BIOLOGICAL FIXED FILM SYSTEMS SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES; BED AIR BIOFILTER; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA BIOFILMS; TRICKLING FILTER MYTHOLOGY; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; VAPOR-PHASE BIOREACTOR; TERT-BUTYL ETHER; INORGANIC PACKING MATERIALS; GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON C1 [Fitch, Mark W.] Univ Missouri Rolla, Dept Civil Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [England, Ellen] USAF, MAJ, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Fitch, MW (reprint author), Univ Missouri Rolla, Dept Civil Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. NR 480 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 9 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 EI 1554-7531 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 2002 VL 74 IS 5 BP 343 EP 429 DI 10.2175/106143002X140440 PG 87 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA V19IA UT WOS:000208064900006 ER PT S AU Hughes, DH AF Hughes, DH BE Szu, HH Buss, JR TI Time-frequency representations applied to Canonical Newtonian gradient forms - I SO WAVELET AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENET ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Wavelet and Independent Component Analysis Applications IX CY APR 03-05, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE Catastrophe; time-frequency; nonlinear; phase transformations AB Canonical polynomial forms taken from Thom's cuspoid family of catastrophes are studied as anharmonic oscillator potentials via time-frequency representations. Polynomial coefficients are control parameters allowed to vary with time, inducing sudden changes in instantaneous equilibrium positions as well as characteristic oscillations about those equilibria that exhibit slowly varying spectra. Higher order potentials organize lower order potentials, which are contained in the higher order potentials, resulting in similar time-frequency signatures of the Newtonian dynamics ensuing as the potential changes with time. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Ctr Integrated Transmiss & Exploitat, Rome, NY USA. RP Hughes, DH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Ctr Integrated Transmiss & Exploitat, Rome, NY USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4488-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4738 BP 363 EP 371 DI 10.1117/12.458749 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BU74U UT WOS:000176889900036 ER PT S AU Lee, MJ Temple, MA Claypoole, RL Raines, RA AF Lee, MJ Temple, MA Claypoole, RL Raines, RA GP IEEE IEEE TI Transform domain commutnications and interference avoidance using wavelet packet decomposition SO WCNC 2002: IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1 & 2 SE IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference CY MAR 17-21, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE, IEEE COMMUN SOC, CTIA AB A recently proposed wavelet domain communication system (WDCS) using transform domain processing demonstrated enhanced interference avoidance capability under adverse environmental conditions. This work extends previous results by incorporating a wavelet packet based decomposition technique that permits demonstration of an M-Ary orthogonal signaling capability and provides increased adaptability over a larger class of interference signals. The newly proposed WDCS and its response to various interference scenarios are modeled and simulation results obtained using MATLAB(R). Bit error rate is the key metric for analysis and performance comparisons. Relative to the non-packet based system, the packet based WDCS provides improved/comparable bit error performance in several interference scenarios - single-tone, multiple-tone, swept-tone, and partial-band interference is considered. The system was evaluated using an E-b/N-0 of 4.0 dB and interference energy-to-signal energy (I/E) ratios ranging from 0.0 dB to 16.0 dB. For binary, 4-Ary, and 8-Ary CSK data modulations, the packet based WDCS exhibited average interference suppression capabilities of 6.7, 9.2, and 12.0 dB, respectively. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Lee, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1525-3511 BN 0-7803-7376-6 J9 IEEE WCNC PY 2002 BP 255 EP 259 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BU66F UT WOS:000176639900050 ER PT J AU Leon, DN Talbert, ML AF Leon, DN Talbert, ML TI An intelligent user interface to support weather report generation SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB Modern-day computers have greatly advanced our ability to generate reasonably accurate weather forecast models in a timely manner. High-powered workstations have put the output from these models, as well as a tremendous amount of raw and analyzed data, at forecasters' fingertips. In fact, the sheer volume of available data can be overwhelming, making it difficult for forecasters to conduct detailed analyses of all the products available to them. Instead, they rely heavily on domain experts' distilled analyses of computer models. Though these computer models are the result of a far more extensive analysis of specific weather parameters than a forecaster could perform in real time, they cannot be relied upon to do the work of the forecaster-to produce and disseminate an accurate terminal aerodrome forecast (TAF) every 6 h, then monitor it for correctness and accuracy, and amend as necessary. Given the broad spectrum of variables interacting in the atmosphere, a forecast "solution'' to any given meteorological circumstance cannot be algorithmically found. Therefore, though it is advantageous to harness data storage and computational power to generate quality weather products, human reasoning is still a necessary part of the forecasting process. This article discusses the practical application of an object-oriented, knowledge-based "critic'' advice system to aid in the generation and monitoring of weather products. This system would provide domain- and situation-specific expert advice, throughout the life cycle of the product, to ensure weather product quality and improve accuracy in the reports meteorologists create. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. USAF, Weather Agcy, Plans & Programs Directorate, Offutt AFB, NE USA. RP Talbert, ML (reprint author), ARFL, IFT, 525 Elect Pkwy, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0115:AIUITS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400007 ER PT J AU Wilson, WW AF Wilson, WW TI Honoring Karl O. Christe, on the occasion of his 65th birthday SO JOURNAL OF FLUORINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USAF, Res Lab, ERC, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Wilson, WW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, ERC, Bldg 8451,10 E Saturn Blvd, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RI Vij, Ashwani/A-2836-2012 OI Vij, Ashwani/0000-0003-1144-4080 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0022-1139 J9 J FLUORINE CHEM JI J. Fluor. Chem. PD DEC 28 PY 2001 VL 112 IS 2 SI SI BP 163 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0022-1139(01)00550-4 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 505XH UT WOS:000172940500001 ER PT J AU Voevodin, AA Hu, JJ Jones, JG Fitz, TA Zabinski, JS AF Voevodin, AA Hu, JJ Jones, JG Fitz, TA Zabinski, JS TI Growth and structural characterization of yttria-stabilized zirconia-gold nanocomposite films with improved toughness SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE zirconium oxide; gold; composite; nanostructures ID PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; EV ION IRRADIATION; PREFERRED ORIENTATION; CARBON COMPOSITES; AMORPHOUS-CARBON; FORCE MICROSCOPE; RECORDING MEDIA; COATINGS; WEAR; MICROSTRUCTURE AB To counteract the natural brittleness of oxide ceramic films and achieve better toughness, nanocomposite films combining yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gold were produced. A hybrid of magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser ablation was used to grow crystalline YSZ embedded in an amorphous YSZ/Au matrix at near room temperature. Results from chemical analyses, Xray and electron diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, lateral force microscopy, nanoindentation hardness measurements and toughness estimates are discussed. At a fixed deposition temperature, the film microstructure was critically dependent on the gold content. Three distinct microstructures were produced: an amorphous YSZ/Au coating at less than 8 at.% Au; 5-10 mn YSZ crystals embedded in an amorphous YSZ/Au matrix at 10-15 at.% Au; and 20-100-nm crystallites of (101)-oriented YSZ mixed with micron-sized Au agglomerates at above 20 at.% Au. From these films, only the 5-10 nm nanocrystalline YSZ embedded in the amorphous YSZ/Au matrix provided the improvements in toughness. Coatings with this structure had hardness of 15-20 GPa, elastic modulus of approximately 250 GPa, and did not develop cracks in Vickers pyramid indentation at loads up to I kg, showing remarkable ductility. The improvement in toughness of this relatively hard film was explained by grain boundary sliding of YSZ nanocrystals in the YSZ/Au amorphous matrix. The new YSZ/Au nanocomposite films developed in this study may have good potential for surface protection, where a combination of thermal stability, oxidation resistance and improved film toughness are required. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MLBT, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Voevodin, AA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MLBT, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Voevodin, Andrey/I-6684-2013 NR 45 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 17 PY 2001 VL 401 IS 1-2 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01615-7 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 505EW UT WOS:000172900200027 ER PT J AU Brock, JS Wiseman, JR AF Brock, JS Wiseman, JR TI Discrete-expansions for linear interpolation functions SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Physics 2000: New Challenges for the New Millenium CY DEC 03-08, 2000 CL QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA ID UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS; PARTICLE AB Computational models of particle dynamics often exchange solution data with discretized continuum-fields using interpolation functions. These particle methods require a series expansion of the interpolation function for two purposes: numerical analysis used to establish the model's consistency and accuracy, and logical-coordinate evaluation used to locate particles within a grid. This report presents discrete-expansions for two linear interpolation functions commonly used within triangular and tetrahedral cell geometries. Application of the linear discrete-expansions for numerical analysis and localization within particle methods is outlined and discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USAF Acad, Dept Math, Colorado Springs, CO 80841 USA. RP Brock, JS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 142 IS 1-3 BP 206 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(01)00334-4 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 508QD UT WOS:000173099200040 ER PT J AU Huang, DH Morath, C Cardimona, DA Singh, A AF Huang, DH Morath, C Cardimona, DA Singh, A TI Thermal hysteresis loop, dynamical breakdown, and emission-current spike in quantum-well photodetectors SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS; INTERSUBBAND TRANSITIONS; DETECTORS; MODEL AB A nonadiabatic sequential-tunneling model is developed and applied to explore the common origin of the transient behavior of electrons in quantum-well photodetectors in the presence of different time-dependent external sources, including device temperature, electric field, and incident optical flux. For the time-dependent temperature, a counterclockwise hysteresis loop in the tunneling current as a function of the swept temperature is predicted and attributed to a blockade or an enhancement of the sequential tunneling of electrons between quantum wells by the space-charge-field effect when the device temperature is swept up and then down. When a time-dependent electric field is applied, a dynamical breakdown of the photodetectors is predicted, where the peak of total current linearly increases with the frequency of an ac electric field from its static value under a dc field. This is due to the presence of an additional dielectric current, which is proportional to the oscillation frequency of the ac electric field and whose peak value becomes larger than the value of the saturated tunneling-current peak in the high-frequency domain. Under the dynamical-breakdown condition, the quantum-well photodetectors behave just like a uniform dielectric medium. In the presence of a time-dependent optical flux, an emission-current spike is predicted as a result of the dominant enhancement of the escape probability of electrons from quantum wells over the loss of electron density when an applied dc electric field is small. The experimental observations of the transient behavior of electrons in quantum-well photodetectors are successfully reproduced by our numerical calculations. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL VSSS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. JDS uniphase Corp, Monmonth Execut Ctr, Freehold, NJ 07728 USA. RP Huang, DH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL VSSS, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE,Bldg 426, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RI Morath, Christian/B-9147-2008 OI Morath, Christian/0000-0001-5838-9301 NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 90 IS 12 BP 6032 EP 6043 DI 10.1063/1.1415760 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 498BK UT WOS:000172489800033 ER PT J AU Shen, Y Swiatkiewicz, J Prasad, PN Vaia, RA AF Shen, Y Swiatkiewicz, J Prasad, PN Vaia, RA TI Hybrid near-field optical memory and photofabrication in dye-doped polymer film SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE near-field scanning optical microscopy; photon scanning tunneling microscopy; optical memory; photofabrication ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; DATA-STORAGE AB A hybrid near-field fluorescence microscopy, which combines near-field scanning optical microscopy and photon scanning tunneling microscopy, is demonstrated for nanoscale optical memory and photofabrication on spin-coated dye-doped polymer films. Storage capacity and readout signal-to-noise ratio with near-field one-photon and two-photon excitations are studied. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Inst Lasers Photon & Biophoton, Photon Res Lab, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Inst Lasers Photon & Biophoton, Photon Res Lab, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Inst Lasers Photon & Biophoton, Photon Res Lab, Dept Elect Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Inst Lasers Photon & Biophoton, Photon Res Lab, Dept Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Polymer Branch, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Shen, Y (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Inst Lasers Photon & Biophoton, Photon Res Lab, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 200 IS 1-6 BP 9 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(01)01602-9 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 506RY UT WOS:000172986600002 ER PT J AU Dayton, DC Mansell, JD Gonglewski, JD Restaino, SR AF Dayton, DC Mansell, JD Gonglewski, JD Restaino, SR TI Novel micromachined membrane mirror characterization and closed-loop demonstration SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE membrane mirror; adaptive optics AB Micromachined electrostatic membrane mirrors have been in use for several years in active and adaptive optics applications. We introduce a deformable mirror with small static aberrations and resistant to damage during electrostatic snap-down in an architecture designed so that a multi-layer dielectric coating that can be applied before the mirror is released, We also make laboratory performance measurements and produce a closed-loop control algorithm. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Appl Technol Associates, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Intellite Corp, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Dayton, DC (reprint author), Appl Technol Associates, 1900 Randolph SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 200 IS 1-6 BP 99 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(01)01629-7 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 506RY UT WOS:000172986600010 ER PT J AU Kalabukhova, EN Lukin, SN Saxler, A Mitchel, WC Smith, SR Solomon, JS Evwaraye, AO AF Kalabukhova, EN Lukin, SN Saxler, A Mitchel, WC Smith, SR Solomon, JS Evwaraye, AO TI Photosensitive electron paramagnetic resonance spectra in semi-insulating 4H SiC crystals SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DEEP LEVELS; EPR AB Photosensitive electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) investigations of unintentionally doped, semi-insulating (s.i.) 4H-SiC have been made at 37 GHz and 77 K including photoexcitation and photoquenching experiments. In the dark the EPR spectrum consists of a low intensity line due to boron on the cubic lattice site and an EPR line with isotropic g factor g(parallel to)=g(perpendicular to)=2.0025. During illumination with ultraviolet light the EPR lines due to boron on the hexagonal site and nitrogen on the cubic site appear and persist after the illumination is removed, showing very small recombination rates of photocreated electrons and holes at T=77 K. During and after illumination with sub-band gap, visible light an additional, previously unreported, line, I-p, appears with g(parallel to)=2.0048 and g(perpendicular to)=2.0030. Studies of the spectral dependencies of the photoquenching process in 4H-SiC after excitation with above band gap light suggest that the I-p line is due to the as yet unidentified deep level located at E-C-1.1 eV, which pins the Fermi level in this sample. A model for trapping and recombination in semi-insulating 4H-SiC without detectable concentrations of vanadium is presented. C1 Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Semicond Phys, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Dept Phys, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Semicond Phys, Pr Nauki 45, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 23 AR 235202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.235202 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 504QT UT WOS:000172867900075 ER PT J AU Saarinen, K Suski, T Grzegory, I Look, DC AF Saarinen, K Suski, T Grzegory, I Look, DC TI Thermal stability of isolated and complexed Ga vacancies in GaN bulk crystals SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-IRRADIATED GAN; OPTICAL-DETECTION; LUMINESCENCE; RESONANCE; DONOR AB We have applied positron annihilation spectroscopy to show that 2-MeV electron irradiation at 300 K creates primary Ga vacancies in GaN with an introduction rate of 1 cm(-1). The Ga vacancies recover in long-range migration processes at 500-600 K with an estimated migration energy of 1.5 (2) eV. Since the native Ga vacancies in as-grown GaN survive up to much higher temperatures (1300-1500 K), we conclude that they are stabilized by forming complexes with oxygen impurities. The estimated binding energy of 2.2 (4) eV of such complexes is in good agreement with the results of theoretical calculations. C1 Aalto Univ, Phys Lab, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland. Polish Acad Sci, High Pressure Res Ctr, UNIPRESS, PL-01142 Warsaw, Poland. Wright State Univ, AF Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Wright State Univ, Semicond Res Ctr, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Aalto Univ, Phys Lab, POB 1100, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland. NR 16 TC 91 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 23 AR 233201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.233201 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 504QT UT WOS:000172867900015 ER PT J AU Heil, T Fischer, I Elsasser, W Gavrielides, A AF Heil, T Fischer, I Elsasser, W Gavrielides, A TI Dynamics of semiconductor lasers subject to delayed optical feedback: The short cavity regime SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATIONS; CHAOS AB We give experimental and numerical evidence for a new dynamical regime in the operation of semiconductor lasers subject to delayed optical feedback occurring for short delay times. This short cavity regime is dominated by a striking dynamical phenomenon: regular pulse pack-ages forming a robust low-frequency state with underlying fast, regular intensity pulsations. We demonstrate that these regular pulse packages correspond to trajectories moving on global orbits comprising several destabilized fixed points within the complicated phase space structure of this delay system. C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Angew Phys, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany. USAF, Nonlinear Opt Ctr, Res Lab, AFRL DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Heil, T (reprint author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Angew Phys, Schlossgartenstr 7, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany. RI Fischer, Ingo/C-2843-2011 OI Fischer, Ingo/0000-0003-1881-9842 NR 18 TC 113 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 24 AR 243901 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.243901 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 500TD UT WOS:000172642100018 PM 11736502 ER PT J AU Robbins, AS Fonseca, VP AF Robbins, AS Fonseca, VP TI Physical activity counseling in primary care SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 USAF, Med Operat Agcy, Populat Hlth Support Div, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Robbins, AS (reprint author), USAF, Med Operat Agcy, Populat Hlth Support Div, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 5 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 21 BP 2667 EP 2668 DI 10.1001/jama.286.21.2667 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 498AU UT WOS:000172488300017 PM 11730433 ER PT J AU Reynolds, DC Look, DC Jogai, B Collins, TC AF Reynolds, DC Look, DC Jogai, B Collins, TC TI Polariton and free-exciton-like photoluminescence in ZnO SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EMISSION-SPECTRA; GAN; REFLECTANCE AB An unusual photoluminescence line X has been observed in ZnO at an energy between that of the common donor-bound excitons (DBEs) and the free excitons (FEs). In the presence of a high carrier concentration, induced by a second below-band gap laser, the DBEs decrease in intensity, due to screening, and both the FEs and X increase. Thus, X has free-exciton, rather than bound-exciton, character. However, its electric-field vector lies in the plane perpendicular to the c axis, as is also found for the DBEs. The appearance of X is discussed in terms of the polariton picture. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Reynolds, DC (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Semicond Res Ctr, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. NR 19 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 3 PY 2001 VL 79 IS 23 BP 3794 EP 3796 DI 10.1063/1.1412435 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 495WC UT WOS:000172362500016 ER PT J AU Odom, JS AF Odom, JS TI High-profile protections SO ABA JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Jones Odom Davis & Politz, Shreveport, LA USA. USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Odom, JS (reprint author), Jones Odom Davis & Politz, Shreveport, LA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BAR ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 750 N LAKE SHORE DR, ATTN:ORDER FULFILLMENT, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0747-0088 J9 ABA J JI ABA J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 BP 58 EP + PG 2 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 501LQ UT WOS:000172686500030 ER PT J AU Rizzetta, DP Visbal, MR Gaitonde, DV AF Rizzetta, DP Visbal, MR Gaitonde, DV TI Large-eddy simulation of supersonic compression-ramp flow by high-order method SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA Fluids 2000 Conference CY JUN 19-22, 2000 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER; DIRECT NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; DELTA-WING ROLL; SHOCK-WAVE; DIFFERENCE-SCHEMES; SHEAR FLOWS; FLOWFIELDS; PRESSURE; MODEL AB A high-order method is used to perform large-eddy simulations of a supersonic compression-ramp flowfield. The procedure employs an implicit approximately factored finite difference algorithm, which is used in conjunction with a 10th-order nondispersive filter. Spatial derivatives are approximated by a sixth-order compact scheme, and Newton-like subiterations are applied to achieve second-order temporal accuracy. In the region of strong shock waves, the compact differencing of convective fluxes is replaced locally by an upwind-biased scheme. Both the Smagorinsky and dynamic subgrid-scale stress models are incorporated in the simulations. Details of the method are summarized, and a number of computations are carried out. Comparisons are made between the respective solutions as well as with available experimental data and with previous numerical results. C1 USAF, Aeronaut Sci Div, Computat Sci Branch, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP USAF, Aeronaut Sci Div, Computat Sci Branch, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 50 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 EI 1533-385X J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 12 BP 2283 EP 2292 DI 10.2514/2.1266 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 501YT UT WOS:000172714200008 ER PT J AU Johnson, GR Smets, BF Spain, JC AF Johnson, GR Smets, BF Spain, JC TI Oxidative transformation of aminodinitrotoluene isomers by multicomponent dioxygenases SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TNT-CONTAMINATED SOIL; SP STRAIN DNT; PSEUDOMONAS-SP; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE TNT; NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS; BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT; BIODEGRADATION; METABOLITES; PATHWAY; 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE AB The electron-withdrawing nitro substituents of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) make the aromatic ring highly resistant to oxidative trans formation. The typical biological transformation of TNT involves reduction of one or more of the nitro groups of the ring to produce the corresponding amine. Reduction of a single nitro substituent of TNT to an amino substituent increases the electron density of the aromatic nucleus considerably. The comparatively electron-dense nuclei of the aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) isomers would be expected to be more susceptible to oxygenase attack than TNT. The hypothesis was tested by evaluating three nitroarene dioxygenases for the ability to hydroxylate the ADNT isomers. The predominant reaction was dioxygenation of the ring to yield nitrite and the corresponding aminomethylnitrocatechol. A secondary reaction was benzylic monooxygenation to form aminodinitrobenzyl alcohol. The substrate preferences and catalytic specificities of the three enzymes differed considerably. The discovery that the ADNT isomers are substrates for the nitroarene dioxygenases reveals the potential for extensive bacterial transformation of TNT under aerobic conditions. C1 AFRL, MLQL, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Storrs, CT USA. RP Spain, JC (reprint author), AFRL, MLQL, 136 Barnes Dr,Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. RI Smets, Barth F./A-5076-2014 OI Smets, Barth F./0000-0003-4119-6292 NR 39 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 67 IS 12 BP 5460 EP 5466 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5460-5466.2001 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 497JM UT WOS:000172451800015 PM 11722893 ER PT J AU Morgan, CH AF Morgan, CH TI All the laws but one - Civil liberties in wartime. SO ARMED FORCES & SOCIETY LA English DT Book Review C1 USAF Acad, Washington, DC USA. RP Morgan, CH (reprint author), USAF Acad, Washington, DC USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI PISCATAWAY PA DEPT 4010, RUTGERS UNIV, 35 BERRUE CIRCLE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854-8042 USA SN 0095-327X J9 ARMED FORCES SOC JI Armed Forces Soc. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.1177/0095327X0102700210 PG 4 WC Political Science; Sociology SC Government & Law; Sociology GA 421GT UT WOS:000168057200011 ER PT J AU Patterson, JC Jones, DR Marsh, RW Drummond, FE AF Patterson, JC Jones, DR Marsh, RW Drummond, FE TI Aeromedical management of US Air Force aviators who attempt suicide SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE aviator; military aviation; US Air Force aviation; suicide; suicide attempts; rehabilitation; flying status; mishap; case study AB Background: Little has been published about the aeromedical management and disposition of aviators who attempt suicide, and almost no such information about military aviators exists in the open literature. The few available data are scattered and frequently anecdotal. Methods: The authors reviewed all case reports of fliers evaluated at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine's Aeromedical Consultation Service (ACS) between 1981-96 for possible return to flying duties after a suicide attempt, and prepared a representative case report. Results: Between 1981 and 1996, the ACS evaluated 14 trained aviators (pilots and other aircrew members, excluding flight surgeons) who had attempted suicide. Of these, 11 (79%) ultimately received a recommendation for return to flying duties. Conclusions: In most instances the underlying stressors included failed intimate interpersonal relationships, administrative or legal problems, psychiatric disorders, death of spouse, or job conflicts. Evidence of abuse of alcohol or other substances was found in 54% of an earlier, larger data set of attempters. Some data on aircrew suicide completion were available and are reported. The top medical priorities after such attempts should be to diagnose what is wrong, and to treat it. In spite of the common assumption that a suicide attempt inevitably ends a military flying career, some attempters can return to safe and effective flying duty after appropriate psychotherapy. If the flier regains physical and mental health and maintains them for at least 6 mo after treatment, then that flier may be evaluated by an outside aeromedical psychiatric consultant such as the ACS (to avoid transference issues between flier and therapist) for possible return to flying duties. Waiver action should be based on the underlying psychiatric diagnosis, not the suicidal attempt itself. Follow-up may be accomplished through periodic mental health evaluations in conjunction with routine physical examination procedures. Issues involving substance abuse and security clearances must be handled through the appropriate channels. C1 USAF, Sch Aerosp Med, Aeromed Consultat Serv, Neuropsychiat Branch, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Jones, DR (reprint author), 3558 Southview Ave, Montgomery, AL 36111 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 72 IS 12 BP 1081 EP 1085 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 498BV UT WOS:000172490700003 PM 11763108 ER PT J AU Koe, MT Goodman, RL Waller, SG Johnson, DA AF Koe, MT Goodman, RL Waller, SG Johnson, DA TI Case report: Myopic shift in a stable corneal graft following high altitude exposure SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE penetrating keratoplasty; myopic shift; corneal graft; altitude exposure ID REFRACTIVE CHANGES; PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY; RADIAL KERATOTOMY AB Refractive changes in patients after radial keratotomy who are exposed to high altitudes have been reported previously. Hypoxic environments may cause corneal curvature changes in surgically altered corneas that result in refractive error shifts. We report a patient who experienced a partially reversible myopic shift in a previously stable corneal transplant after prolonged exposure to high altitude. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Goodman, RL (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, 59 MDW MCST,2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 72 IS 12 BP 1145 EP 1147 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 498BV UT WOS:000172490700014 PM 11763119 ER PT J AU Knox, T AF Knox, T TI How micro-machined sensors are being used to help pilots SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 HEPA, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Knox, T (reprint author), HEPA, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 72 IS 12 BP 1156 EP 1156 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 498BV UT WOS:000172490700018 PM 11763122 ER PT J AU Naik, RR Kirkpatrick, SM Stone, MO AF Naik, RR Kirkpatrick, SM Stone, MO TI The thermostability of an alpha-helical coiled-coil protein and its potential use in sensor applications SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Congress on Biosensors (Biosensors 2000) CY MAY 24-26, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE coiled-coil; alpha-helix; GFP; thermosensor; TlpA ID GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RECEPTOR TAR; SALMONELLA; INVERSION; HYDROGELS AB Coiled-coil proteins are assemblies of two to four a-helices that pack together in a parallel or anti-parallel fashion. Coiled-coil structures can confer a variety of functional capabilities, which include enabling proteins, such as myosin, to function in the contractile apparatus of muscle and non-muscle cells. The TlpA protein encoded by the virulence plasmid of Salmonella is an a-helical protein that forms an elongated coiled-coil homodimer. A number of studies have clearly established the role of TlpA as a temperature-sensing gene regulator, however the potential use of a TlpA in a thermo-sensor application outside of the organism has not been exploited. In this paper, we demonstrate that TlpA has several characteristics that are common with a-helical coiled-coils and its thermal folding and unfolding is reversible and rapid. TlpA is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. We have also compared the heat-stability of TlpA with other structurally similar proteins. Using a folding reporter, in which TlpA is expressed as a C-terminal fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP), we were able to use fluorescence as an indicator of folding and unfolding of the fusion protein. Our results on the rapid conformational changes inherent in TlpA support the previous findings and we present here preliminary data on the use of a GFP-TlpA fusion protein as temperature sensor. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Stone, MO (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 9-12 SI SI BP 1051 EP 1057 DI 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00226-3 PG 7 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 492LH UT WOS:000172169500054 PM 11679288 ER PT J AU Propst, AM Hill, JA Ginsburg, ES Hurwitz, S Politch, J Yanushpolsky, EH AF Propst, AM Hill, JA Ginsburg, ES Hurwitz, S Politch, J Yanushpolsky, EH TI A randomized study comparing Crinone 8% and intramuscular progesterone supplementation in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Article DE progesterone; Crinone; luteal phase supplementation; implantation; in vitro fertilization; embryo transfer cycles ID LUTEAL SUPPORT; MICRONIZED PROGESTERONE; GEL; EXPERIENCE; PHASE; IMPLANTATION; PROGRAM AB Objective: To compare the efficacy of Crinone 8% intravaginal progesterone gel vs. IM progesterone for luteal phase and early pregnancy support after IVF-ET. Design: Randomized, open-label study. Setting: Academic medical center. Patient(s): Two hundred and one women undergoing IVF-ET. Intervention(s): Women were randomized to supplementation with Crinone 8% (90 mg once daily) or IM progesterone (50 ring once daily) beginning the day after oocyte retrieval. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy, embryo implantation. and live birth rates. Result(s): The women randomized to luteal phase supplementation with IM progesterone had significantly higher clinical pregnancy (48.5% vs. 30.4%, odds ratio [OR], 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21, 3.87), embryo implantation (24.1% vs. 17.5%; OR. 1.89; 95% Cl. 1.08, 3.30.). and live birth rates (39.4% vs. 24.5%; OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.10, 3.70) than women randomized to Crinone 8%. Conclusion(s): In women undergoing IVF-ET, once-a-day progesterone supplementation with Crinone 8%, beginning the day after oocyte retrieval, resulted in significantly lower embryo implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates compared with women supplemented with IM progesterone. (Fertil Sterit (R) 2001; 76:1144-9. (C) 2001 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.). C1 Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med,Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Biol,Div Reprod Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Propst, AM (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, MMNO, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 15 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1144 EP 1149 DI 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02872-2 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 499XW UT WOS:000172596900011 PM 11730742 ER PT J AU Rinaldi, SA Peerenboom, JP Kelly, TK AF Rinaldi, SA Peerenboom, JP Kelly, TK TI Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies SO IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE LA English DT Article C1 USAF, Quadrennial Def Review, Washington, DC 20330 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Execut Off President, Washington, DC 20502 USA. RP Rinaldi, SA (reprint author), USAF, Quadrennial Def Review, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 26 TC 459 Z9 476 U1 3 U2 59 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0272-1708 J9 IEEE CONTR SYST MAG JI IEEE Control Syst. Mag. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 6 BP 11 EP 25 DI 10.1109/37.969131 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA 495YT UT WOS:000172368500002 ER PT J AU Bienstman, P Baets, R Vukusic, J Larsson, A Noble, MJ Brunner, M Gulden, K Debernardi, P Fratta, L Bava, GP Wenzel, H Klein, B Conradi, O Pregla, R Riyopoulos, SA Seurin, JPP Chuang, SL AF Bienstman, P Baets, R Vukusic, J Larsson, A Noble, MJ Brunner, M Gulden, K Debernardi, P Fratta, L Bava, GP Wenzel, H Klein, B Conradi, O Pregla, R Riyopoulos, SA Seurin, JPP Chuang, SL TI Comparison of optical VCSEL models on the simulation of oxide-confined devices SO IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE distributed Bragg reflector lasers; laser modes; semiconductor device modeling; semiconductor lasers; surface-emitting lasers ID SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS; MICROCAVITY; PERFORMANCE; APERTURES AB We compare the results of different optical vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser models on the position-dependent effects of thin oxide apertures. Both scalar and vectorial models as well as hybrid models are considered. Physical quantities that are compared are resonance wavelength, threshold material gain, and modal stability. For large device diameters and low-order modes, the agreement between the different models is quite good. Larger differences occur when considering smaller devices and higher order modes. It is also observed that the spread in the resonance wavelengths is smaller than that for the threshold material gain. C1 Univ Ghent, IMEC, Dept Informat Technol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Chalmers, Dept Microelect, Photon Lab, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Chalmers, Microtechnol Ctr MC2, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Avalon Photon Ltd, CH-8048 Zurich, Switzerland. Politecn Torino, Dipartimento Elettron, CNR, IRITI, I-10129 Turin, Italy. Politecn Torino, INFM, I-10129 Turin, Italy. Ferdinand Braun Inst Hochstfrequenztech, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Fern Univ Hagen, D-58084 Hagen, Germany. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Princeton Optron, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Univ Ghent, IMEC, Dept Informat Technol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM Peter.Bienstman@rug.ac.be RI Vukusic, Josip/B-1617-2009; Larsson, Anders/P-7275-2015 OI Vukusic, Josip/0000-0003-0965-5372; Larsson, Anders/0000-0002-0912-7695 NR 28 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9197 EI 1558-1713 J9 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT JI IEEE J. Quantum Electron. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1618 EP 1631 DI 10.1109/3.970909 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 502DF UT WOS:000172727900018 ER PT J AU Brautigam, DH Dichter, BK Ray, KR Turnbull, WR Madden, D Ling, A Holeman, E Redus, RH Woolf, S AF Brautigam, DH Dichter, BK Ray, KR Turnbull, WR Madden, D Ling, A Holeman, E Redus, RH Woolf, S TI Solar cycle variation of outer belt electron dose at low-earth orbit SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC) CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP IEEE DE electron dose; low earth orbit; radiation belt; solar cycle variation ID RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; RADIATION BELT; MODELS; SATELLITE AB The solar cycle dependence of dose rates in the low-altitude ''horns'' of the outer zone electron belt is examined using data from TSX5/CEASE (solar maximum epoch) and APEX/PASP+ (solar minimum epoch). It is found, after normalizing the dose rates to account for the different shielding geometries, that the ratio of PASP to CEASE dose rates is similar to4 for L > 4. This is contrary to the equal dose rates predicted by the NASA AE8MIN and AE8MAX models. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Boston, MA 02467 USA. Radex Inc, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. Amptek Inc, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. Arcon Corp, Waltham, MA 02451 USA. RP Brautigam, DH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 6 BP 2010 EP 2015 AR PII S0018-9499(01)10683-0 DI 10.1109/23.983164 PN 1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 521UT UT WOS:000173860300039 ER PT J AU Dichter, BK Turnbull, WR Brautigam, DH Ray, KP Redus, RH AF Dichter, BK Turnbull, WR Brautigam, DH Ray, KP Redus, RH TI Initial on-orbit results from the Compact Environmental Anomaly Sensor (CEASE) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC) CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP IEEE DE dosimetry; proton radiation effects; radiation detectors; satellites ID DOSE MEASUREMENTS; CRRES AB The Compact Environmental Anomaly Sensor (CEASE) is an instrument designed to provide real-time space environment hazard warnings to the host spacecraft. In this paper, we report on the first year of on-orbit operation of this instrument and describe its performance with particular emphasis on its engineering, hazard-warning function. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Amptek Inc, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. RP Dichter, BK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 6 BP 2022 EP 2028 AR PII S0018-9499(01)10685-4 DI 10.1109/23.983166 PN 1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 521UT UT WOS:000173860300041 ER PT J AU Pineda, AC Karna, SP Kurtz, HA Shedd, WM Pugh, RD AF Pineda, AC Karna, SP Kurtz, HA Shedd, WM Pugh, RD TI The effect of network topology on proton trapping in amorphous SiO(2) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC) CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP IEEE DE electronic structure; netword topology; proton trapping; SiO(2) ID MOBILE PROTONS; MICROSCOPIC MECHANISMS; SILICON-DIOXIDE; THIN-FILMS; HYDROGEN; SIO2-FILMS; IRRADIATION; TRANSPORT; DEFECTS; DENSITY AB We report the results of first-principles quantum chemical calculations of the interactions of H/H(+) with oxide ring structures of varying sizes. The calculations suggest that the binding and stability of protons in amorphous SiO(2) depend upon the topology of the interacting network. A neutral hydrogen atom, H(0), does not bind to bridging O atoms in the rings, but may occupy voids within larger rings. C1 Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque High Performance Comp Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. USAF, Space Vehicles Directorate, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Chem, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Pineda, AC (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque High Performance Comp Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM acpineda@ahpcc.unm.edu; karnas@plk.af.mil; hkurtz@memphis.edu; sheddw@plk.af.mil; pughr@plk.af.mil NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 6 BP 2081 EP 2085 AR PII S0018-9499(01)10647-7 DI 10.1109/23.983176 PN 1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 521UT UT WOS:000173860300051 ER PT J AU Uchic, MD Nix, WD AF Uchic, MD Nix, WD TI Sigmoidal creep of Ni-3(Al, Ta) SO INTERMETALLICS LA English DT Article DE nickel aluminides, based on Ni3Al; creep; mechanical properties at ambient temperatures; plastic deformation mechanisms ID INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE; DISLOCATION-MOTION; FLOW-STRESS; L12 ALLOYS; NI3AL; DEPENDENCE; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS AB Incremental creep tests have been used to explore the time-dependent plastic behavior of single-slip oriented Ni-3(Al, Ta) at low temperatures in the anomalous flow regime. For selected incremental creep experiments at 20 and 100 degreesC, it was discovered that Ni3Al exhibited sigmoidal creep, where there is a significant time delay before the plastic strain rate accelerates to a maximum value during a creep experiment. Several of the factors that affect the sigmoidal creep response have been identified. The origin of sigmoidal creep is accounted for using a simple model of work hardening in Ni3Al, where the acceleration of the creep rate is a direct result of the annihilation of the existing dislocation substructure. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLLMD, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Uchic, MD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLLMD, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0966-9795 J9 INTERMETALLICS JI Intermetallics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1053 EP 1061 DI 10.1016/S0966-9795(01)00108-X PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 499AK UT WOS:000172547100008 ER PT J AU Westbrook, CK Pitz, WJ Curran, HJ Boercker, J Kunrath, E AF Westbrook, CK Pitz, WJ Curran, HJ Boercker, J Kunrath, E TI Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS LA English DT Article ID OXIDATION; COMBUSTION; MOLECULES; MECHANISM; MIXTURES; PROPANE; METHANE; ETHANE AB High-temperature detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms are developed for all nine chemical isomers of heptane (C7H16), following techniques and models developed previously for other smaller alkane hydrocarbon species. These reaction mechanisms are tested by computing shock tube ignition delay times for stoichiometric heptane/oxygen mixtures diluted by argon. Although no corresponding experiments have been reported in the literature for most of these isomers of heptane, intercomparisons, between the computed results for these isomers and comparisons with available experimental results for other alkane fuels are used to validate the reaction mechanisms as much as possible. Differences in the overall reaction rates of these heptane isomers are discussed in terms of differences in their molecular structure and the resulting variations in rates of important chain branching and termination reactions. The implications of these results regarding ignition of other alkane fuels are discussed. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Galway Mayo Inst, Galway, Ireland. USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Westbrook, CK (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM westbrook1@llnl.gov OI Curran, Henry/0000-0002-5124-8562 NR 34 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0538-8066 J9 INT J CHEM KINET JI Int. J. Chem. Kinet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 12 BP 868 EP 877 DI 10.1002/kin.10020 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 494BK UT WOS:000172258300012 ER PT J AU Ou, S Rivir, RB AF Ou, S Rivir, RB TI Leading edge film cooling heat transfer with high free stream turbulence using a transient liquid crystal image method SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND FLUID FLOW LA English DT Article DE leading edge; film cooling; film effectiveness; Frossling number; heat transfer coefficient; turbulence; transient; liquid crystal; blowing ratio; Reynolds number ID SIMULATION AB This paper studies film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients on a large scale symmetric circular leading edge with three rows of film holes. The film hole configuration focuses on a smaller injection angle of 20 degrees and a larger hole pitch with respect to the hole diameter (P/d = 7.86). The study includes four blowing ratios (M = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5), two Reynolds numbers (Re = 30,000 and 60,000), and two free stream turbulence levels (nominally Tu = 1% and 20%, depending on the Reynolds number). A transient liquid crystal (LQ image technique is employed to obtain the film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient distributions with high spatial resolutions of 0.6 mm in both streamwise and spanwise directions. Results are presented for detailed and spanwise averaged values of film effectiveness and Frossling number. Turbulence intensity has an attenuation on film effectiveness as well as on Frossling number for all blowing ratios at Re = 30,000. Under high turbulence conditions the film effectiveness and Frossling number increase as blowing ratio increases from 1.0 to 2.0 for both Reynolds numbers. Further increasing the blowing ratio results in reverse effect. Increasing the Reynolds number from 30,000 to 60,000 results in increases in both the film effectiveness and Frossling number at high turbulence except for M = 2.5. The blowing ratio of two shows a spatial coupling of the stagnation row of film holes with the second row (21.5 degrees) of film holes which results in the highest film effectiveness and also the highest Frossling numbers. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, PRTT, Propuls Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Rivir, RB (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, PRTT, Propuls Directorate, 1950 5th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 18 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0142-727X J9 INT J HEAT FLUID FL JI Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow PD DEC PY 2001 VL 22 IS 6 BP 614 EP 623 DI 10.1016/S0142-727X(01)00121-7 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 488ZR UT WOS:000171967700005 ER PT J AU Carretta, TR Ree, MJ AF Carretta, TR Ree, MJ TI Pitfalls of ability research SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID OFFICER QUALIFYING TEST; RANGE RESTRICTION; TRAINING PERFORMANCE; STATISTICAL POWER; PREDICTING PILOT; JOB-PERFORMANCE; VALIDITY; VALIDATION; KNOWLEDGE; CRITERION AB Ability research in psychology can be fraught with pitfalls that: lead to inappropriate conclusions. We identify several issues that lead to potential misinterpretation of results and suggest corrective solutions. These issues include lack of construct validity of the measures, misinterpretation of correlations and regression weights, lack of statistical power, failure to estimate cross-validation effects, and misinterpretation of factor analytic results. C1 AFRL, HECI, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Carretta, TR (reprint author), AFRL, HECI, 2210 8th St,Area B,Bldg 146, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 62 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0965-075X J9 INT J SELECT ASSESS JI Int. J. Sel. Assess. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 9 IS 4 BP 325 EP 335 DI 10.1111/1468-2389.00184 PG 11 WC Psychology, Applied; Management SC Psychology; Business & Economics GA 505UE UT WOS:000172933300005 ER PT J AU Lavine, BK Brzozowski, DM Ritter, J Moores, AJ Mayfield, HT AF Lavine, BK Brzozowski, DM Ritter, J Moores, AJ Mayfield, HT TI Fuel spill identification using solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction. I. Aviation turbine fuels SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PATTERN-RECOGNITION ANALYSIS; SPEED GAS CHROMATOGRAMS; GENETIC ALGORITHM C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. AL EQ, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. RP Lavine, BK (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRESTON PUBL INC PI NILES PA 6600 W TOUHY AVE, NILES, IL 60714-4588 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 12 BP 501 EP 507 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 498QX UT WOS:000172522900001 PM 11767237 ER PT J AU Visbal, MR Gaitonde, DV AF Visbal, MR Gaitonde, DV TI Very high-order spatially implicit schemes for computational acoustics on curvilinear meshes SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS LA English DT Article ID FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEMES; AEROACOUSTICS; FLOW AB A high-order compact-differencing and filtering algorithm, coupled with the classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme, is developed and implemented to simulate aeroacoustic phenomena on curvilinear geometries. Several issues pertinent to the use of such schemes are addressed. The impact of mesh stretching in the generation of high-frequency spurious modes is examined and the need for a discriminating higher-order filter procedure is established and resolved. The incorporation of these filtering techniques also permits a robust treatment of outflow radiation condition by taking advantage of energy transfer to high-frequencies caused by rapid mesh stretching. For conditions on the scatterer, higher-order one-sided filter treatments are shown to be superior in terms of accuracy and stability compared to standard explicit variations. Computations demonstrate that these algorithmic components are also crucial to the success of interface treatments created in multi-domain and domain-decomposition strategies. For three-dimensional computations, special metric relations are employed to assure the fidelity of the scheme in highly curvilinear meshes. A variety of problems, including several benchmark computations, demonstrate the success of the overall computational strategy. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Visbal, MR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Bldg 146B,2210 8th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 25 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 13 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 912805, SINGAPORE SN 0218-396X J9 J COMPUT ACOUST JI J. Comput. Acoust. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1259 EP 1286 DI 10.1142/S0218396X01000541 PG 28 WC Acoustics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Acoustics; Mathematics GA 524ZG UT WOS:000174042300002 ER PT J AU Fassois, SD AF Fassois, SD TI Special issue on the identification of mechanical systems SO JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Fassois, SD (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, 1320 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0022-0434 J9 J DYN SYST-T ASME JI J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control-Trans. ASME PD DEC PY 2001 VL 123 IS 4 BP 565 EP 565 DI 10.1115/1.1408610 PG 1 WC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 505CX UT WOS:000172894900001 ER PT J AU Lacy, SL Erwin, RS Bernstein, DS AF Lacy, SL Erwin, RS Bernstein, DS TI Identification of Wiener systems with known noninvertible nonlinearities SO JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID NONPARAMETRIC IDENTIFICATION; BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; NEURAL NETWORKS; CASCADE MODELS; ALGORITHM AB In this paper we develop a method for identifying SISO Wiener-type nonlinear systems, that is. systems Consisting of a linear dynamic system followed by a static nonlinearity. Unlike previous techniques developed for Wiener system identification, our approach allows the identification of systems with nonlinearities that are known but not necessarily invertible, Continuous, differentiable, or analytic. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Lacy, SL (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, 1320 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0022-0434 J9 J DYN SYST-T ASME JI J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control-Trans. ASME PD DEC PY 2001 VL 123 IS 4 BP 566 EP 571 DI 10.1115/1.1409256 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 505CX UT WOS:000172894900002 ER PT J AU Stutz, CE AF Stutz, CE TI Electrochemical Schottky characteristics of ZnO for capacitance-voltage measurements SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Letter DE ZnO; CV measurements; Schottky contacts ID FILMS AB Water-based Schottky contacts are examined for flatband potential on bulk single-crystal ZnO material. The Zn and 0 faces are studied as well as the a-axis. Also, depletion capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements are made on a bulk ZnO sample that has been exposed to extensive electron irradiation, The CV measurements show that the ZnO (O-face) surface is only slightly affected by electron irradiation up to 2 MeV. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Stutz, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 12 BP L40 EP L42 DI 10.1007/s11664-001-0183-z PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 513ZK UT WOS:000173411100024 ER PT J AU Boone, KJ Murchison, DF Schindler, WG Walker, WA AF Boone, KJ Murchison, DF Schindler, WG Walker, WA TI Post retention: The effect of sequence of post-space preparation, cementation time, and different sealers SO JOURNAL OF ENDODONTICS LA English DT Article ID APICAL SEAL; TENSILE; TEETH AB Many endodontic sealers contain constituents that have been shown to inhibit the polymerization of resin cements. This may be important when prefabricated posts are cemented at the same appointment as root canal obturation. This study evaluated the effects of cementing posts with a resin cement immediately or at a delayed time period after obturation using Roth's 801 Elite Grade or AH26 sealer cements. The contribution of mechanical post-space preparation was also assessed as a critical variable. One hundred twenty extracted canines were randomly divided into eight experimental groups. The variables evaluated were the order of post preparation (either before or after obturation), the type of sealer used, and the time of post cementation. All teeth received a stainless steel #6 Parapost XP cemented with a resin cement, Panavia 21. Each experimental group underwent tensile testing for retention using an Instron universal testing machine. For both sealers posts cemented in teeth in which the canal was obturated before post-space preparation and thus had sealer-contaminated dentin removed by the space preparation procedure had significantly higher retentive values than those obturated after post-space preparation in which contaminated dentin might remain. Sealer used and time of cementation had no specific effect on retention. Achieving a clean, "freshened" dentinal surface during mechanical post-space preparation seems to be a critical variable for post retention when a resin cement is used. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Endodont, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Endodont, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Gen Dent Residency, Lackland AFB, TX USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Adv Educ Program Endodont, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. RP Walker, WA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Endodont, Mail Code 7892,7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. NR 20 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0099-2399 J9 J ENDODONT JI J. Endod. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 27 IS 12 BP 768 EP 771 DI 10.1097/00004770-200112000-00014 PG 4 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 499MA UT WOS:000172573900014 PM 11771587 ER PT J AU Shelley, ML Nixon, WB Bleckmann, CA Colborn, PA Benter, BD AF Shelley, ML Nixon, WB Bleckmann, CA Colborn, PA Benter, BD TI Dynamic simulation of landfill waste stabilization SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SOLID-WASTE; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; HYDROGEN; MODEL; GAS AB A system dynamics model is developed and tested to determine the significant processes and appropriate level of detail required to capture dynamic behavior important in managing biodegradation in landfills. Uniform, spherical, solid waste particles are assumed to hydrolyze from the outer surface to produce simple sugars; fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis produce methane and carbon dioxide as end products. Representative reactions, sufficient to carry all hydrolyzed small chain carbon molecules to stabilization, are used for stoichiometric relationships. Microbial populations consume their respective substrates according to classical Monod kinetics. Results of simulation experiments suggest that hydrogen inhibition of fermentation and acetogenesis is critical to the empirically observed time course of landfill gas generation. In addition, an uninhibited anaerobic pathway producing CO2 Without the production of H-2 is required to produce the large CO2 peak often seen early in the stabilization process. Further simulation experiments suggest appropriate model refinement that allows efficient exploration of management strategies to enhance landfill stabilization. For example, forced ventilation during any phase of degradation can be shown to decrease efficiency or inhibit overall degradation. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Mgmt, US Marine Corps,AFIT ENV, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Shelley, ML (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Mgmt, US Marine Corps,AFIT ENV, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 9 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 2001 VL 127 IS 12 BP 1100 EP 1110 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:12(1100) PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 494TY UT WOS:000172303000006 ER PT J AU Morton, JL Ma, N Bliss, DF Bryant, GG AF Morton, JL Ma, N Bliss, DF Bryant, GG TI Diffusion-controlled dopant transport during magnetically-stabilized liquid-encapsulated Czochralski growth of compound semiconductor crystals SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID DAMPED BUOYANT CONVECTION; MELT MOTION; FIELD; PHOSPHIDE; PULLER; MODELS AB During the magnetically-stabilized liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (MLEC) process, a single compound semiconductor crystal is grown by the solidification of an initially molten semiconductor (melt) contained in a crucible. The melt is doped with an element in order to vary the electrical and/or optical properties of the crystal. During growth, the so-called melt-depletion flow caused by the opposing relative velocities of the encapsulant-melt interface and the crystal-melt interface can be controlled with an externally applied magnetic field. The convective dopant transport during growth driven by this melt motion produces nonuniformities of the dopant concentration in both the melt and the crystal. This paper presents a model for the unsteady transport of a dopant during the MLEC process with an axial magnetic field. Dopant distributions in the crystal and in the melt at several different stages during growth are presented. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Morton, JL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0098-2202 J9 J FLUID ENG-T ASME JI J. Fluids Eng.-Trans. ASME PD DEC PY 2001 VL 123 IS 4 BP 893 EP 898 DI 10.1115/1.1411968 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 507KP UT WOS:000173027000021 ER PT J AU Baker, J Oliver, T Lin, T Ponnapan, R Leland, J AF Baker, J Oliver, T Lin, T Ponnapan, R Leland, J TI Correlations of critical froude number for annular-rimming flow in rotating heat pipes SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB The behavior of flow within a rotating finite length cylinder has been investigated. For low rotational speeds, the flow is characterized by a non-uniform thickness i.e., rimming flow. Above a critical rotational speed, the flow transitions to annular flow. Correlations developed from the experimental data are presented for the three regimes: onset of annular flow, complete annular flow, and collapse of annular flow. The correlation for the collapse of annular flow, compared well with a previously presented, theoretically developed correlation. Given that the heat transfer characteristics of rotating heat pipes depend upon the film thickness of the fluid charge, the correlations presented here will be valuable in determining regular operating conditions. C1 Univ Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Universal Energy Syst Inc, Dayton, OH USA. AFRL, PRPG, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Baker, J (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0098-2202 J9 J FLUID ENG-T ASME JI J. Fluids Eng.-Trans. ASME PD DEC PY 2001 VL 123 IS 4 BP 909 EP 913 DI 10.1115/1.1411967 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 507KP UT WOS:000173027000023 ER PT J AU Whalen, JA AF Whalen, JA TI The equatorial anomaly: Its quantitative relation to equatorial bubbles, bottomside spread F, and E x B drift velocity during a month at solar maximum SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LAYER; EVOLUTION AB The scintillation that is most disruptive to trans-ionospheric RF propagation occurs when an equatorial bubble intersects the maximum electron density of the equatorial anomaly. This paper reports the first systematic observational study of the important interrelation between bubble and the anomaly together with the maximum pre-reversal E x B drift velocity, and strong bottomside spread F (BSSF), which is a necessary condition for bubbles. An array of ionospheric sounders located near 75degrees W longitude measures latitudinal profiles of NmF2 at hourly intervals through 0degrees-40degrees dip latitude (DLAT) and 1800-0300 LT during a continuous period of 30 days at equinox and solar maximum. The anomaly is highly variable from day to day, but at 2100 LT, the time of its highest latitude, crest latitude and magnitude increase and decrease together, a relation that is linear above a threshold with coordinates of 38 x 10(5) el/cm(3) and 15.4degrees DLAT. This threshold is important also because it corresponds to the maximum drift velocity of 50 m/s, and because above it nearly all bubbles are observed, directly as macroscopic bubbles and indirectly as strong BSSF. The importance to C/NOFS and other satellites is that maximum E x B drift, crest NmF2 and crest DLAT are in apparent one-to-one correspondence above this threshold, so that measurement of any one of the three implies measurement of the other two. Furthermore, any such measurement that exceeds the threshold indicates that bubbles can occur, whereas one that falls below the threshold indicates that they cannot. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSBXP, Space Vehicle Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Whalen, JA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSBXP, Space Vehicle Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 29125 EP 29132 DI 10.1029/2001JA000089 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500023 ER PT J AU Valladares, CE Basu, S Groves, K Hagan, MP Hysell, D Mazzella, AJ Sheehan, RE AF Valladares, CE Basu, S Groves, K Hagan, MP Hysell, D Mazzella, AJ Sheehan, RE TI Measurement of the latitudinal distributions of total electron content during equatorial spread F events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADAR OBSERVATIONS; ONSET CONDITIONS; PLASMA DRIFTS; MAGNETIC EQUATOR; VERTICAL DRIFT; REGION; IRREGULARITIES; IONOSPHERE; BUBBLES; SCINTILLATIONS AB We have constructed latitudinal profiles of the total electron content (TEC) using measurements from six GPS receivers conducted during 1998. The TEC profiles have been divided into two groups: One corresponds to days when plumes or equatorial spread F (ESF) develops, and the second group portrays days of no-ESF condition. The presence/absence of ESF is based on the signature of the coherent echoes measured by the Jicamarca Unattended Long-Term Investigation (JULIA) radar and records of scintillations from two sites spaced in latitude. One scintillation station is located near the magnetic equator (Ancon) and the other 12degrees southward (Antofagasta). The TEC profiles display the typical day-to-day and seasonal variability seen at low latitudes. During the equinoxes, we observed quite often the crests of the anomaly located between 12degrees and 20degrees away from the magnetic equator and a trough in-between. The monthly distribution of the appearance of the anomaly and the local time of their appearance are in very good agreement with the reported variability of the upward vertical drifts and the current theory of the equatorial fountain effect. During the equinoxes and the December solstice, the TEC anomaly is observed almost every day, sometimes when there is no ESF activity. Nevertheless, fine inspection of the TEC latitudinal profiles suggests the existence of a close relationship between the temporal evolution of the TEC profiles near sunset and the onset of ESF. We have examined the TEC latitudinal distributions in two different ways. First, we calculated time difference profiles using the distributions corresponding to 1800 and 2000 LT. Second, we used a parameterization of the TEC distributions obtained at 2000 LT. The first method indicates quite drastic increases of the crest values and sharp decreases near the trough during ESF days. In contrast, during days of no ESF there exist almost uniform TEC decreases at all latitudes. The second method displays a preferred high crest/trough ratio (>2), small TEC values at the trough, and large latitudinal integrated values during ESF events. C1 Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01931 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NW Res Associates Inc, Belelvue, WA 98809 USA. RP Valladares, CE (reprint author), Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. NR 50 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 29133 EP 29152 DI 10.1029/2000JA000426 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500024 ER PT J AU Kahler, SW Hudson, HS AF Kahler, SW Hudson, HS TI Origin and development of transient coronal holes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID YOHKOH SXT; MAGNETIC CLOUD; MASS EJECTIONS; DISTURBANCES; CMES AB Solar transient coronal holes (TCHs) are short-lived (less than or equal to2 days) regions of dimmed X-ray intensity sometimes observed in association with coronal mass ejections. These features, first discovered from Skylab observations, can occur in magnetic unipolar regions on either side of the X-ray posteruptive arcades. They have been suggested as the magnetically open footpoints of associated transient flux ropes observed at 1 AU. We have used images from the Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) to study the development of 19 TCH events obtained in a survey of 9 years of Yohkoh observations. We find that the boundaries of the TCHs are never static. The boundaries closer to the magnetic neutral line generally move away from it as the closed-loop X-ray arcades expand. In addition, previously closed coronal loops at the ends of the arcades often continue to expand and open on the outer boundaries of the TCHs. These processes typically last for hours. The arcade brightenings do not extend into the full areas of the TCHs. The TCHs tend to disappear only by a net contraction of the boundaries, rather than by brightening within their boundaries. The location of a TCH appears to coincide with a large-scale curvature of the magnetic neutral line or the occurrence of a nearby active region at one end of the coronal eruption. This distinguishes the formation of TCHs from the arcade development, suggesting that there is no requirement for a pair of TCHs or even any TCH to be formed in an eruptive event. The moving magnetic boundaries, uniformly dark interiors, and short lifetimes of TCHs pose significant problems for the interpretation that TCHs are footpoints of interplanetary magnetic flux ropes. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSBXS, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Solar Phys Res Corp, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. RP Kahler, SW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSBXS, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 29239 EP 29247 DI 10.1029/2001JA000127 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500033 ER PT J AU Anderson, PC Carpenter, DL Tsuruda, K Mukai, T Rich, FJ AF Anderson, PC Carpenter, DL Tsuruda, K Mukai, T Rich, FJ TI Multisatellite observations of rapid subauroral ion drifts (SAID) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS; LATITUDE F-REGION; DIRECTED ELECTRIC-FIELDS; SUB-AURORAL LATITUDES; EXOS-D SATELLITE; X-B CONVECTION; MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTION; IONOSPHERIC SIGNATURES; MAGNETIC STORM; BULGE REGION AB We present the first conjugate observations of subauroral ion drifts (SAID) in the magnetosphere (similar to9000 km altitude) and ionosphere and coincident measurements by four ionospheric satellites. The parameters measured include ion drifts, energetic precipitating electrons and ions, and the magnetic field perturbations associated with field-aligned currents. Observations indicate that SAID are very coherent features that occur simultaneously over a large magnetic local time (MLT) range, from at least 1600 to 2400 MLT. The equatorward extent of SAID, the ion precipitation, and the region 2 field-aligned currents (FAC) flowing into the ionosphere are all shown to be coincident at all MLT locations where SAID are observed. They also appear to be closely related to the conductivity distribution in the subauroral ionosphere and the midlatitude trough. This is interpreted as an indication that their latitudinal distribution is a consequence of the subauroral conductivity structure and the movement of the plasma sheet ion and electron boundaries. Conjugate measurements at diverse altitudes when mapped along field lines are nearly identical, indicating the absence of significant field-aligned potential drops. Temporally separated SAID measurements in similar MLT regions show a reduction with time in the field-aligned current densities with little reduction in the potential drop across the SAID. We interpret the results as an indication that the magnetosphere acts as a current generator in which large FAC are initially required to support the electric field gradient in a SAID event. Subsequent evolution in the E and F regions produces large conductivity gradients that are in the right sense to remove the intense FAC requirement but maintain the large subauroral electric fields. The reported potential drops in the subauroral region can be a significant fraction of the total, up to 60 kV or more, and must be taken into account when deriving any magnetospheric convection pattern. C1 Aerosp Corp, Space Sci Applicat Lab, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. Stanford Univ, Space Telecommun & Radiosci Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. USAF, Geophys Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Anderson, PC (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, Space & Environm Technol Ctr, POB 92957,MS M2-26, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. NR 68 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 29585 EP 29599 DI 10.1029/2001JA000128 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500063 ER PT J AU Zeng, W Horwitz, JL Stevenson, BA Wu, XY Su, YJ Craven, PD Rich, FJ Moore, TE Tu, JN AF Zeng, W Horwitz, JL Stevenson, BA Wu, XY Su, YJ Craven, PD Rich, FJ Moore, TE Tu, JN TI Near-simultaneous Polar and DMSP measurements of topside ionospheric field-aligned flows at high latitudes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOFT-ELECTRON-PRECIPITATION; F-REGION; WIND; MODEL; IONS; O+; MAGNETOSPHERE; OUTFLOW; CONICS; CAP AB Near-simultaneous observations of topside O+ parallel flows are presented for four periods of measurement by the Polar and DMSP satellites during April 1996. The Polar measurements were from southern perigee measurements near 5000 km altitude, while the DMSP measurements were from 840 km altitude. In general, the velocities were upward at expected cleft and auroral latitudes, typically about 2-10 km s(-1) at 5000 km altitude, and 0-2 km s(-1) at 840 km altitude. At the highest, polar cap latitudes, downward velocities were more frequent at both altitudes, but especially at the lower 840 km altitude. The downward velocities were typically a few hundred meters per second at 840 km altitude, and 0-1 km s(-1) at 5000 km altitude. In some instances, downward velocities were observed at 840 km altitude while upward O+ flows were observed at 5000 km altitude, possibly on the same flux tube. The O+ densities were characteristically 1-10 O+ cm(-3) at 5000 km altitude and 10(3) -10(4) O+ cm(-3) at 840 km altitude, while the O+ fluxes were characteristically 10(5) - 10(7) O+ cm(-1) s(-1) at 5000 km altitude and characteristically 10(7) - 10(9) O+ cm(-2) s(-1) at 840 km altitude. We have also examined the dual-altitude parameter measurements for a polar cap field line, the Polar and DMSP measurements approximately 30 min apart, and compared them with results from a transport simulation. The simulated high-altitude velocity altitude profiles for the period during and after the initiation of the auroral processes generally bracketed the observations, but the observed downward velocities (500 - 600 m s(-1)) at 840 km altitude were much larger in magnitude than those in the transport simulation, and the simulated densities were several times higher than those observed at both altitudes. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zeng, W (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RI Moore, Thomas/D-4675-2012; OI Moore, Thomas/0000-0002-3150-1137; Stevenson, Benjamin/0000-0001-9918-1240 NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 29601 EP 29610 DI 10.1029/2000JA000332 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500064 ER PT J AU Basu, S Basu, S Valladares, CE Yeh, HC Su, SY MacKenzie, E Sultan, PJ Aarons, J Rich, FJ Doherty, P Groves, KM Bullett, TW AF Basu, S Basu, S Valladares, CE Yeh, HC Su, SY MacKenzie, E Sultan, PJ Aarons, J Rich, FJ Doherty, P Groves, KM Bullett, TW TI Ionospheric effects of major magnetic storms during the International Space Weather Period of September and October 1999: GPS observations, VHF/UHF scintillations, and in situ density structures at middle and equatorial latitudes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ZONAL ELECTRIC-FIELDS; F-REGION; MAGNETOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; PHASE FLUCTUATIONS; SPREAD-F; IRREGULARITIES; MIDLATITUDE; SCALE; PRECIPITATION AB In this paper we present a study of the ionospheric effects of a halo coronal mass ejection (CME) initiated on the Sun on September 20, 1999, and causing the largest magnetic storm during this month on September 22-23, 1999, with the hourly Dst index being -167 nT at similar to2400 UT on September 22. The recurrent CME on October 18 caused an even larger magnetic storm on October 22, 1999, with Dst of -231 nT at similar to0700 UT. The ionospheric effects of these two major magnetic storms are studied through their effects on a prototype of a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based navigation system called Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) being developed by the Federal Aviation Administration for use in the continental United States and their impact on global VHF/UHF communication systems. It is shown that the penetration of transient magnetospheric electric fields equatorward of the shielding region at midlatitudes, which have been well-correlated in the past with rapid changes in the well-known Dst index (or through its recently available high resolution 1-min counterpart the SYM-H index), can cause large increases of total electron content (TEC), TEC fluctuations, and saturated 250-MHz scintillation, and these, in turn, may have significant impacts on WAAS. The local time of Dst changes (and not just Dst magnitude) was found to be very important for WAAS, since the largest effects on TEC are seen near dusk. The prompt penetration of these magnetospheric electric fields all the way to the magnetic equator causes augmentation or inhibition of equatorial spread F. The global ionospheric response to these storms has been obtained from ground-based TEC observations with a GPS network and space-based in situ density and electric field measurements using the Republic of China Satellite-1 (ROCSAT-1) and several Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites. These prompt penetration electric fields cause VHF/UHF scintillations and GPS TEC variations at low latitudes in the specific longitude sector for which the early evening period corresponds to the time of rapid Dst variations and maximum Dst phase. The effects of the delayed ionospheric disturbance dynamo and those of decreased magnetospheric convection on postmidnight irregularity generation are shown to be confined to a part of the same longitude range that actively responded to the prompt penetration of electric fields in the early evening sector. C1 USAF, Space Vehicle Directorate, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Atmospher Sci, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Basu, S (reprint author), USAF, Space Vehicle Directorate, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM sbasu@nsf.gov NR 66 TC 128 Z9 130 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 30389 EP 30413 DI 10.1029/2001JA001116 PG 25 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500130 ER PT J AU Hammer, DX Seigert, J Stone, MO Rylander, HG Welch, AJ AF Hammer, DX Seigert, J Stone, MO Rylander, HG Welch, AJ TI Infrared spectral sensitivity of Melanophila acuminata SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE M. acuminata; sensitivity threshold; spectral sensitivity; action spectrum; action potential; generator potential; infrared receptor ID BUPRESTIDAE; COLEOPTERA; RECEPTOR; SENSILLA AB The spectral sensitivity of the pit organ of the beetle Melano hila acuminata (Coleoptera:Buprestidae) was measured using an ultrafast tunable infrared laser source and standard electrophysiological techniques. The pit organ may be classified as a broadband detector as the beetles responded to all infrared excitation wavelengths from 2 to 6 mum. There was a decrease in response threshold and latency and an increase in the magnitude of the response in the region from 2.8 to 3.5 mum, which corresponded to a region of decreased transmittance (increased absorbance) as measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The implications of the correlation between spectral response and optical properties are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Elect Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. MLPJ, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hammer, DX (reprint author), Phys Sci Inc, New England Business Ctr 20, Andover, MA 01810 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 47 IS 12 BP 1441 EP 1450 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(01)00134-2 PG 10 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 496ZB UT WOS:000172427300010 ER PT J AU Lane, SA Griffin, S Leo, D AF Lane, SA Griffin, S Leo, D TI Active structural acoustic control of a launch vehicle fairing using monolithic piezoceramic actuators SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID RADIATED SOUND; INTERIOR NOISE AB This study investigated the feasibility of using active structural acoustic control with monolithic piezoceramic actuators to reduce the low frequency noise transmission through rocket fairings during launch. Closed-loop simulation results are presented using a fully coupled structural acoustic model of a lightly damped composite fairing structure with integrated piezoceramic actuators. Constraints were placed on controller mass and maximum allowable actuator voltage in order to provide a baseline of reasonable expected performance. Realistic disturbance levels were used in the simulations, and two disturbance cases were considered with significantly different spectral characteristics. Simulations were conducted to compare the effects of actuator thickness, covered surface area, and maximum actuator voltage on controller performance and energy requirements. Linear Quadratic Regulator control laws were computed assuming full-state feedback using three design approaches. The results provide significant insight into the noise transmission problem and to the physical dynamics of the control approach. The best-case reduction in the spatially averaged interior acoustic response was determined to be approximately 2.5 dB over the 0-300 Hz bandwidth. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SE, VSSV, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Boeing SVS, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Mech Engn, Ctr Intelligent Mat Syst & Struct, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RP Lane, SA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SE, VSSV, 3550 Aberdeen Ave, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1045-389X J9 J INTEL MAT SYST STR JI J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 12 IS 12 BP 795 EP 806 DI 10.1106/PAXV-WM5B-GUYB-U7M5 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 584NY UT WOS:000177474800001 ER PT J AU Shepard, MJ Smith, PR Amer, MS AF Shepard, MJ Smith, PR Amer, MS TI Introduction of compressive residual stresses in Ti-6Al-4V simulated airfoils via laser shock processing SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE LA English DT Article DE component surface treatment; laser shock processing; LSP; residual stress; Ti-6Al-4V AB Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64) simulated airfoils were laser shock processed with two laser power densities (4 and 9 GW/(2)) for each of three pulse repetition treatments (1, 3, and 5 shocks/spot). The microstructural effects of laser shock processing (LSP) on the Ti-64 were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ultrasonic nondestructive inspection (NDI) was conducted to ensure that the LSP treatments resulted in no internal damage to the simulated airfoils. In-depth residual stress and cold work measurements were made using x-ray diffraction. No substantial changes due to LSP were found in the microstructure, and no internal damage was detected during NDI or metallographic sectioning. It was found that the in-depth residual stress and cold work states induced by LSP were a function of laser power density and pulse repetition. It was possible to induce compressive residual stresses in the direction most critical for the prevention of fatigue-crack growth throughout the thickness of the simulated airfoil leading edge. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Shepard, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Amer, Maher/A-1802-2009 NR 15 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1059-9495 J9 J MATER ENG PERFORM JI J. Mater. Eng. Perform. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 10 IS 6 BP 670 EP 678 DI 10.1361/105994901770344539 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 501KU UT WOS:000172684500007 ER PT J AU Goetz, RL Semiatin, SL AF Goetz, RL Semiatin, SL TI The adiabatic correction factor for deformation heating during the uniaxial compression test SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE LA English DT Article DE adiabatic correction; compression test; deformation heating; FEM process modeling; flow stress AB The isothermal uniaxial compression test is a common method to determine the flow stress of metals. For accurate flow stress data at strain rates > 10(-3) s(-1), the data must be corrected for now softening due to deformation heating. The first step in the correction is to determine the increase in temperature. An adiabatic correction factor, eta, is used to determine the temperature between strain rates of 10(-3) to 10(1) s(-1). The adiabatic correction factor is the fraction of adiabatic heat retained in the workpiece after heat loss to the dies, eta = (DeltaT(ACTUAL))/(DeltaT(ADIABATIC)) where DeltaT(ADIABATIC) = (0.95 integral sigmad epsilon)/(pC(p)). The term eta is typically taken to be constant with strain and to vary linearly (0 to 1) with log (epsilon) between 10(-3) and 10(1) s(-1). However, using the finite element method (FEM) and a one-dimensional, lumped parameter method, eta has been found to vary with strain, die and workpiece thermal conductivities, and the interface heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). Using the lumped parameter method, an analytical expression for eta was derived. In this expression, eta is a function of the die and workpiece thermal conductivities, the interface heat-transfer coefficient, workpiece heat capacity, strain, and strain rate. The results show that an increase in the HTC or thermal conductivity decreases eta. C1 UES Inc, Mat & Proc Div, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL,MLLM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Goetz, RL (reprint author), UES Inc, Mat & Proc Div, 4401 Dayton Xenia Rd, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. RI SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017 NR 13 TC 84 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 10 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1059-9495 J9 J MATER ENG PERFORM JI J. Mater. Eng. Perform. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 10 IS 6 BP 710 EP 717 DI 10.1361/105994901770344593 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 501KU UT WOS:000172684500013 ER PT J AU Kendig, KL Gibala, R Miracle, DB AF Kendig, KL Gibala, R Miracle, DB TI Microstructural and mechanical characterization of carbon coatings on SiC fibers SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SCS-6/TI-6AL-4V COMPOSITE; TRANSVERSE TENSION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; SELF-DIFFUSION; STRESS; BEHAVIOR; FILMS AB A series of carbon coatings was deposited on a 1040 SiC monofilament using chemical vapor deposition, and failure of the fiber-matrix interfacial region under transverse tension was studied. Deposition substrate temperatures were approximately 920. 1000, and 1080 degreesC, and all other deposition parameters were held constant. The microstructures of these carbon-coated fibers were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy. and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM observations were made using bright-field imaging, dark-field imaging, selected-area diffraction. and hi,,h-resolution lattice imaging. Tensile testing of single-fiber composite samples was performed transverse to the fiber axis to determine the stress required to cause debonding of the Fiber from the titanium alloy matrix. Adhesion experiments were used to examine differences in bond strength of the SiC-C interfaces of the three coatings. A systematic increase in the grain size of the SiC substrate fiber within 3 mum of the SiC-C interface with increasing deposition temperature was observed. The crystallographic texturing of the basic structural units of carbon within the coatings was also found to increase with increasing deposition temperature. The SiC-C interface strength increased with increasing deposition temperature and correlates with the microstructural changes in both the SiC and carbon at the interface. The overall composite transverse strength was not affected by the change in deposition temperature, although the fracture location was affected. The carbon coating with the lowest SiC-C interface strength failed at this interface. and the coatings with more highly textured carbon failed within the coating, where the proportion of weak van der Waals bonds parallel to the tensile direction was correspondingly higher. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 13 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0884-2914 EI 2044-5326 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 12 BP 3366 EP 3377 DI 10.1557/JMR.2001.0465 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 499RX UT WOS:000172585100009 ER PT J AU Nainaparampil, JJ Zabinski, JS AF Nainaparampil, JJ Zabinski, JS TI Lubricity of zinc oxide thin films: Study of deposition parameters and Si as an additive SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AB Zinc oxide preferentially crystallizes into a wurzite structure and has a unique set of properties. There have been numerous studies on doped zinc oxide thin films as an optical coating or as a semiconductor material. However, very little work has been reported on its tribological properties. Recent reports from this laboratory revealed that ZnO has good potential for controlling friction and wear. ZnO has an open structure and favorable coordination number, which permits zinc to freely move to different positions in the crystal lattice and to accommodate external atoms as substitutes. The nature of the substitution and the concentration of Zn interstitials may be used to control tribological performance. In this work, thin films of zinc oxide were deposited by pulsed laser ablation while silicon was added simultaneously by magnetron sputtering. The effects of deposition geometry and oxygen partial pressure on stoichiometry and microstructure were evaluated. It was found that the angle of deposition and oxygen partial pressure control coating texture. Depositions normal to the sample surface, along with 10 mtorr of oxygen, produced strong (002) texture. These conditions were selected for Si-doping studies. The tribological characteristics of Si-doped coatings were evaluated at both room and high temperature. Addition of Si around 7-8% gave a coefficient of friction of about 0.2 at 300 degreesC, decreasing to 0.13 around 500 degreesC. C1 Systran Fed Corp, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Nainaparampil, JJ (reprint author), Systran Fed Corp, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 12 BP 3423 EP 3429 DI 10.1557/JMR.2001.0471 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 499RX UT WOS:000172585100015 ER PT J AU Lincoln, JE Morgan, RJ Shin, EE AF Lincoln, JE Morgan, RJ Shin, EE TI Effect of thermal history on the deformation and failure of polyimides SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE polyimides; structure-property relations; fracture ID BISMALEIMIDE COMPOSITE MATRICES; TEMPERATURE SIZING MATERIAL; IMIDE OLIGOMERS; X-RAY; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; PHENYLETHYNYL; CRYSTALLIZATION; PETI-5; POLYCARBONATE; PERFORMANCE AB Thermal-processing structure-property relationships for polyetherimide (PEI), poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) (POPPI), and phenylethynyl-terminated imide (PETI-5) composite matrices are reported from a fundamental perspective. For thermoplastic PEI, deformation and failure depend primarily on free volume as evidenced by moisture-absorption, mechanical-property, and mass-density changes as a function of annealing. The deformation of POPPI can be divided into the following three regimes as a function of annealing temperature: (1) physical aging-induced glassy state free-volume decreases, (2) thermally activated microvoid collapse, and (3) chemical degradation. In the case of PETI-5, macroscopic defects, free volume, and polymer morphology control deformation. The effects of residual crystallinity on deformation are reported, and it is shown that mechanical toughness can be significantly decreased upon annealing below the glass-transition temperature. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.*. C1 USAF, Polymer Matrix Composites Res Team, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLBC, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Polymer Technol Ctr, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP USAF, Polymer Matrix Composites Res Team, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLBC, 2941 P St,RM 136, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM jason.lincoln@wpafb.af.mil NR 51 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0887-6266 EI 1099-0488 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 39 IS 23 BP 2947 EP 2959 DI 10.1002/polb.10043 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 492EG UT WOS:000172155000003 ER PT J AU D'Angelo, WR Bolia, RS Mishler, PJ Morris, LJ AF D'Angelo, WR Bolia, RS Mishler, PJ Morris, LJ TI Effects of CIC hearing aids on auditory localization by listeners with normal hearing SO JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE localization; hearing aids; CIC ID SOUND LOCALIZATION; DESIGN AB An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of completely-in-the-canal (CIC) hearing aids on auditory localization performance. Six normal-hearing listeners localized a 750-ms broadband noise from loudspeakers ranging in azimuth from -180 degrees to +180 degrees and in elevation from -75 degrees to +90 degrees. Independent variables included the presence or absence of the hearing aid and the elevation of the source. Dependent measures included azimuth error, elevation error, and the percentage of trials resulting in a front-back confusion. The findings indicate a statistically significant decrement in localization acuity, both in azimuth and elevation, occasioned by the wearing of CIC hearing aids. However, the magnitude of this decrement was small compared to those typically caused by other ear-canal occlusions, such as earplugs, and would probably not engender mislocalization of real-world sounds. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dayton, OH USA. RP D'Angelo, WR (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Neurosci, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC PI ROCKVILLE PA 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-3279 USA SN 1092-4388 J9 J SPEECH LANG HEAR R JI J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1209 EP 1214 DI 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/094) PG 6 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 506JC UT WOS:000172965600003 PM 11776359 ER PT J AU Hay, RS Boakye, EE AF Hay, RS Boakye, EE TI Monazite coatings on fibers: I, effect of temperature and alumina doping on coated-fiber tensile strength SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; INTERFACIAL ROUGHNESS; PUSHOUT TESTS; BORON-NITRIDE; GRAIN-GROWTH; STABILITY; PHOSPHATE; SIZE; MICROSTRUCTURE AB Monazite was continuously coated onto Nextel 720 fibers, using! an aqueous precursor and in-line heat treatment at 900 degrees -1300 degreesC. Some experiments were repeated with alumina-doped precursors. Coated fibers were heat-treated for 100 h at 1200 degreesC. Coatings were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning: electron microscopy, and analytical transmission electron micros-copy. Coated-fiber tensile strengths were measured by single-filament tensile tests. The precursors were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis, and mass spectrometry. Coated-fiber tensile strength was lower for fibers coated at higher deposition temperatures. Heat treatment for 100 h at 1200 degreesC decreased tensile strength further. The coatings were slightly phosphate-rich and enhanced alumina grain growth at the fiber surface, but phosphorus was not detected along the alumina grain boundaries. Fibers with, alumina-doped coatings had higher tensile strengths than those with undoped coatings after heat treatment for 100 h at 1200 degreesC. Alumina added as alpha -alumina particles gave higher strengths than alumina added as colloidal boehmite. Alumina doping slowed! monazite grain growth and formed rough fiber-coating interfaces after 100 It of heat treatment at 1200 degreesC. Possible relationships among precursor characteristics, coating and fiber microstructure development, and strength-degradation mechanisms are discussed in this paper. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 68 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0002-7820 EI 1551-2916 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 12 BP 2783 EP 2792 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 503MY UT WOS:000172803300006 ER PT J AU Boakye, EE Hay, RS Mogilevsky, P Douglas, LM AF Boakye, EE Hay, RS Mogilevsky, P Douglas, LM TI Monazite coatings on fibers: II, coating without strength degradation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PUSH-OUT TESTS; RARE-EARTH ORTHOPHOSPHATES; BRITTLE-MATRIX COMPOSITES; OXIDE-OXIDE COMPOSITES; CERAMIC COMPOSITES; TENSILE-STRENGTH; CRACK-PROPAGATION; ALUMINA CERAMICS; NITROUS-OXIDE; COATED-FIBER AB Washed and unwashed rhabdophane (LaPO(4). xH(2)O) sols were used to apply monazite coatings to 3M Nextel 720,and 610 fibers. This precursor was designed to minimize stress corrosion from gaseous decomposition products at high temperature. The coatings were heat-treated in-line at 900 degrees -1300 degreesC, in air, using a continuous vertical coater with immiscible liquid displacement. Coatings were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The sol was characterized with light-scattering and zeta-potential measurements. Precursor phase evolution was studied with differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The washed sol had a higher pH land lower weight loss than the unwashed sol. The as-coated fibers were tensile tested, along with coated fibers heat-treated in air at 1200 degreesC for 100 h. The precursor was slightly phosphate-rich, and this excess phosphate reacted with alumina in the fiber to occasionally make very small (< 10 nm) pockets of AIPO(4) at the coating-fiber interface after 100 h at 1200 degreesC. Both washed and unwashed sols made coated fibers with higher tensile strengths than those of coated fibers made from other precursors, and the washed sol may actually have slightly increased fiber strength when in-line heat treatments at < 1200 degreesC were used. A small amount of AIPO(4) may also have helped seal preexisting flaws. Degradation mechanisms during fiber coating are discussed in this paper. C1 UES Inc, Dayton, OH USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Boakye, EE (reprint author), UES Inc, Dayton, OH USA. NR 55 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 5 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 12 BP 2793 EP 2801 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 503MY UT WOS:000172803300007 ER PT J AU Razeghi, A Mohseni, H Brown, GJ AF Razeghi, A Mohseni, H Brown, GJ TI Type-II binary superlattices for infrared detector SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Seoul International Symposium on the Physics of Semiconductors and Applications CY NOV 01-03, 2000 CL CHEJU, SOUTH KOREA ID PHOTOCONDUCTORS; GROWTH AB III-V quantum wells and superlattices based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb, and related compounds have attracted many attentions due to their unique band alignments and physical properties. Recently, novel electronic and optoelectronic heterostructures have been proposed from this material system for hundred gigahertz logic circuits, terahertz transistors, RTDs, infrared lasers, and infrared detectors. In this paper we will describe the ongoing research at the Center for Quantum Devices to develop the theory, modeling, growth, characterization, and device fabrication techniques for this material system. We have demonstrated the first uncooled infrared detectors from type-Il superlattices. The measured detectivity is more than 1 x 10(8) cmHz(1/2)/W at 10.6 mum at room temperature which is higher than the commercially available uncooled photon detectors at similar wavelength. In parallel, we have demonstrated the first high-performance p-i-n type-II photodiode in the very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) range operating at T = 80K. The devices with cutoff wavelength of 16 mm showed a responsivity of 3.5 A/W at 80 K leading to a detectivity of similar to1.51 x 10(10) cmHz(1/2)/W. Similar devices with cutoff wavelengths up to 25 mum was demonstrated at 80 K. To enhance this technology further, we plan to move from quantum wells to quantum wire and quantum dots. C1 Northwestern Univ, Ctr Quantum Devices, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Razeghi, A (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Ctr Quantum Devices, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Mohseni, Hooman/B-7253-2009 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC PI SEOUL PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA SN 0374-4884 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC JI J. Korean Phys. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 SU S BP S257 EP S263 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 506KC UT WOS:000172968700062 ER PT J AU Barchers, JD AF Barchers, JD TI Evaluation of the impact of finite-resolution effects on scintillation compensation using two deformable mirrors SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID LASER-BEAM PROJECTION AB The impact of finite-resolution deformable mirrors and wave-front sensors is evaluated as it applies to full-wave conjugation using two deformable mirrors. The first deformable mirror is fixed conjugate to the pupil, while the second deformable mirror is at a finite range. The control algorithm to determine the mirror commands for the two deformable mirrors is based on a modification of the sequential generalized projection algorithm. The modification of the algorithm allows the incorporation of Gaussian spatial filters into the optimization process to limit the spatial-frequency content applied to the two deformable mirrors. Simulation results are presented for imaging and energy projection scenarios that establish that the optimal spatial filter waist to be applied is equal to the subaperture side length in strong turbulence. The effect of varying the subaperture side length is examined, and it is found that to effect a significant degree of scintillation compensation, the subapertures, and corresponding spacing between actuators, must be much smaller than the coherence length of the input field. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Barchers, JD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3232 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 18 IS 12 BP 3098 EP 3109 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.18.003098 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 496HJ UT WOS:000172389900014 PM 11760207 ER PT J AU Lee, J AF Lee, J TI Effects of temperature-dependent physical properties on the response of thermally postbuckled plates SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL STRESSES LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIOR AB It is known that the values of physical properties, such as the moduli of elasticity and thermal expansion coefficients, cannot be assumed constant over a wide range of high-temperature applications. We therefore examine how the linear temperature variations of physical properties would affect the static and dynamic responses of thermally postbuckled plates. It is found for a clamped aluminum plate that the postbuckled maximum displacement, static x-strain, and root-mean-squared ( RMS) x-strain are increased by the same order-of-magnitude percent jump in the thermal expansion coefficient. On the other hand, the critical buckling temperature, x-stress, and RMS x-stress are all decreased by the same order-of-magnitude percent drop in Young's modulus. These observations have also been collaborated with the available composite plate computations. Therefore, this provides an overall estimate on temperature dependency based on the linear temperature variations of physical properties over the operating temperature range. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VASS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Lee, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VASS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0149-5739 J9 J THERM STRESSES JI J. Therm. Stresses PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 12 BP 1117 EP 1135 DI 10.1080/014957301753251593 PG 19 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 495JJ UT WOS:000172336900001 ER PT J AU Cadeddu, JA Wolfe, JS Nakada, S Chen, R Shalhav, A Bishoff, JT Hamilton, B Schulam, PG Dunn, M Hoenig, D Fabrizio, M Hedican, S Averch, TD AF Cadeddu, JA Wolfe, JS Nakada, S Chen, R Shalhav, A Bishoff, JT Hamilton, B Schulam, PG Dunn, M Hoenig, D Fabrizio, M Hedican, S Averch, TD TI Complications of laparoscopic procedures after concentrated training in urological laparoscopy SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE laparoscopy; urology; education, medical; intraoperative complications; postoperative complications ID RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY; EXPERIENCE AB Purpose: To increase the safety and efficiency of laparoscopic surgery clinical training programs have been developed to increase the skill and efficiency of urological trainees. We evaluated the impact of dedicated laparoscopy training on the rate and type of complications after trainees entered clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from 13 centers where laparoscopy was performed by a single surgeon with at least 12 months of training in urological laparoscopy before clinical practice. Data included training experience, laparoscopic procedures performed after commencing clinical practice and associated complications. Procedures were classified as easy, moderate and difficult. Results: During training each surgeon participated in a mean of 71 cases. In clinical practice a total of 738 laparoscopic cases were performed with the group reporting an overall complication rate of 11.9%. The rate was unchanged when the initial 20, 30 and 40 cases per surgeon were compared with all subsequent cases (12%, 11.9% and 12% versus 11.8 to 12%, respectively). The re-intervention rate was 1.1%. The complication rate increased with case difficulty. Overall and early complication rates attributable to laparoscopic technique in the initial 20, 30 and 40 cases were identical. The most common complications were neuropathy in 13 patients, urine leakage/urinoma in 9, transfusion in 7 and ileus in 5. Conclusions: The complication rate of surgeons who completed at least 12 months of laparoscopy training did not differ according to initial versus subsequent surgical experience. Intensive training seems to decrease the impact of the learning curve for laparoscopy. C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Surg, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Urol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Urol, Madison, WI USA. Indiana Univ, Methodist Hosp, Dept Urol, Indianapolis, IN USA. Univ Utah, Dept Urol, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Urol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Urol, Los Angeles, CA USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Urol, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Eastern Virginia Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Norfolk, VA USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Urol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Urol, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Cadeddu, JA (reprint author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Urol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. NR 9 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 166 IS 6 BP 2109 EP 2111 DI 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65515-2 PG 3 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 491WW UT WOS:000172133900026 PM 11696716 ER PT J AU Clearfield, M Downs, JR Weis, S Whitney, EJ Kruyer, W Shapiro, DR Stein, EA Langendorfer, A Beere, PA Gotto, AM AF Clearfield, M Downs, JR Weis, S Whitney, EJ Kruyer, W Shapiro, DR Stein, EA Langendorfer, A Beere, PA Gotto, AM TI Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS): Efficacy and tolerability of long-term treatment with Lovastatin in women SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID AVERAGE CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HEART-DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; RISK; EVENTS; TRIAL; MEN; PRAVASTATIN; FRACTURES AB The Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS) is the first coronary heart disease (CHD) primary prevention trial of the cholesterol-reducing agents called "statins" to include women. For 5608 men and 997 postmenopausal women without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) who had average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and below average high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 20-40 mg/day lovastatin reduced first acute major coronary events (AMCEs) 37% (for those receiving placebo and lovastatin, respectively, 183 and 116 first AMCEs defined as fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], unstable angina, or sudden cardiac death; relative risk [RR] 0.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.50, 0.79; p < 0.001). Statistically significant reductions in prespecified secondary end points (coronary revascularizations, unstable angina, MI, cardiovascular end point events, and coronary end point events) were also associated with lovastatin treatment in the overall cohort. This paper provides results in women, a prespecified subgroup. Among women, 20-40 mg/day lovastatin reduced LDL-C 25% and increased HDL-C 9% (p < 0.001). A prespecified analysis revealed consistency with the overall results regardless of gender (i.e., there were no statistical differences between men and women in risk reduction for first AMCEs with lovastatin). However, the number of women who had an AMCE was small, and there was insufficient power to detect a treatment group difference among women (7 of 499 vs. 13 of 498 first AMCEs in those receiving lovastatin and placebo, respectively; RR 0.54; 95% Cl 0.22, 1.35; p = 0.183). Numerical reductions in all prespecified secondary end points were observed for women treated with lovastatin, but again, the numbers of events were small and the differences were not statistically significant. Chronic long-term treatment with lovastatin was well tolerated, with no treatment group differences in the frequency of cancer, muscle symptoms, and clinically important liver enzyme elevations. In AFCAPS/TexCAPS, a consistent pattern of numerical reductions in all prespecified primary and secondary cardiovascular end points was observed in women treated with lovastatin for primary prevention of CHD. However, because of the small number of events, there was insufficient power to detect significant treatment group differences. Lovastatin treatment was associated with statistically significant decreases in LDL-C and increases in HDL-C, and chronic long-term treatment with 20-40 mg/day lovastatin was well tolerated in women. C1 Univ N Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Ft Worth, TX 76107 USA. Lackland AFB, Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. Inst Heart & Vasc, San Antonio, TX USA. Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA 19486 USA. Med Res Labs, Highland Hts, KY 41099 USA. Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, New York, NY USA. RP Gotto, AM (reprint author), Care of Jou J, Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, 445 E 69th St,OH205, New York, NY 10021 USA. NR 25 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 10 IS 10 BP 971 EP 981 DI 10.1089/152460901317193549 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 509FZ UT WOS:000173136800006 PM 11788107 ER PT J AU Buryachenko, VA AF Buryachenko, VA TI Multiparticle effective field and related methods in micromechanics of random structure components SO MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE thermoelastic; particulate media; micromechanics; Green function; integral equation ID EFFECTIVE ELASTIC-MODULI; EFFECTIVE THERMOELASTIC PROPERTIES; STRUCTURE PARTICULATE COMPOSITES; STRUCTURE MATRIX COMPOSITES; ALIGNED CIRCULAR FIBERS; MORI-TANAKA THEORY; ELASTOPLASTIC BEHAVIOR; MULTIPHASE COMPOSITES; STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; STATISTICAL-THEORY AB In this paper, linearly thermoelastic composite media are treated, which consist of a homogeneous matrix containing a statistically homogeneous random set of ellipsoidal uncoated or coated inclusions. Effective properties (such as compliance, thermal expansion, stored energy) as well as the first statistical moments of stresses in the components are estimated for both the general case of nonhomogeneity of the thermoelastic inclusion properties and arbitrary choice of comparison medium. The micromechanical approach is based on Green's function techniques as well as on the generalization of the "multiparticle effective field" method (MEFM), previously proposed for the estimation of stress field averages in the components for the case of coinciding elastic moduli of the matrix and comparison medium. The author considers in detail the connection of methods proposed with numerous related methods and demonstrates that the MEFM includes, as particular cases, the well-known methods of mechanics of strongly heterogeneous media (such as the effective medium and the mean field methods and some others). C1 USAF, MLBC, Mat Directorate, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Buryachenko, VA (reprint author), USAF, MLBC, Mat Directorate, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 93 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1081-2865 J9 MATH MECH SOLIDS JI Math. Mech. Solids PD DEC PY 2001 VL 6 IS 6 BP 577 EP 612 DI 10.1177/108128650100600602 PG 36 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 494RA UT WOS:000172298600002 ER PT J AU Ivasishin, OM Shevchenko, SV Vasiliev, NL Semiatin, SL AF Ivasishin, OM Shevchenko, SV Vasiliev, NL Semiatin, SL TI 3D Monte Carlo simulation of texture evolution and grain growth during annealing SO METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII LA English DT Article DE annealing; grain growth; texture; simulation ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; CELLULAR-AUTOMATA AB An improved Monte Carlo technique is developed and applied to simulate the grain growth in three dimensions. Input to the simulations included descriptions of the initial crystallographic texture and the effect of local texture-grain misorientation on boundary mobility. For the ease of an initially texture-free material, the normal grain growth with a grain-growth exponent of two and a log-normal grain-size distribution is replicated by this approach. Subsequent simulations with different non-random starting textures demonstrate that grain-growth behaviour is strongly affected by texture. Specifically, the average growth rate as quantified by the grain-growth exponent is found to decrease as a strong one-component texture is formed. In addition, during periods of slow growth, the simulations revealed that the microstructure consists of large grains with extended regions of small grains. In such cases, the grain-size distribution is predicted to become broad and not log-normal in nature. C1 NAS Ukraine, GV Kurdyumov Inst Met Phys, UA-03680 Kiev 142, Ukraine. USAF, Res Lab, ML, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ivasishin, OM (reprint author), NAS Ukraine, GV Kurdyumov Inst Met Phys, 36 Acad Vernadsky Blvd, UA-03680 Kiev 142, Ukraine. RI SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017 NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES UKRAINE, INST METAL PHYSICS PI KIEV 142 PA 36 ACADEMICIAN VERNADSKY BLVD, KIEV 142 UA-252180, UKRAINE SN 1024-1809 J9 METALLOFIZ NOV TEKH+ JI Metallofiz. Nov. Tekhnol.-Met. Phys. Adv. Techn. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 23 IS 12 BP 1569 EP 1587 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA 516KD UT WOS:000173551700001 ER PT J AU Boehlert, CJ Majumdar, BS Miracle, DB AF Boehlert, CJ Majumdar, BS Miracle, DB TI Application of the cruciform specimen geometry to obtain transverse interface-property data in a high-fiber-volume-fraction SiC/titanium alloy composite SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES; RESIDUAL-STRESSES; SIC-FIBER; REINFORCED COMPOSITES; STRENGTH; MICROSTRUCTURE; BEHAVIOR AB A combined experimental and computational methodology was used to determine the relevant strength and residual-stress parameters in a manufactured, high-fiber-volume-fraction multiply metal matrix composite (MMC). The method was similar to that previously demonstrated on single-fiber composites, which had an extremely low fiber volume fraction. Variabilities in residual stresses and debond strengths in high-fiber-volume-fraction multiply composites, as well as current demands on the micromechanics-based computational prediction and validation of complex composite systems, necessitated the establishment of the test methodology described here. The model material chosen for this investigation was a plasma-processed six-ply, unidirectional Sigma-1240/Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (wt pct) MMC containing 32 vol pct continuous fibers. Room-temperature transverse tensile experiments were conducted on cruciform specimens. In addition, rectangular specimens were also evaluated in order to verify their applicability in obtaining valid interfacial property data. Debonding events, evaluated at different positions within a given specimen geometry, were captured by stress-strain curves and metallographic examination. Analytical and finite-element stress analyses were conducted to estimate the geometrical stress-concentration factors associated with the cruciform geometry. Residual stresses were estimated using etching and computational procedures. For the cruciform specimens, the experimental fiber-matrix debond strength was determined to be 22 MPa. Separation occurred within the carbon-rich interfacial layer, consistent with some previous observations on similar systems. Thus, the cruciform test methodology described here can be successfully used for transverse interfacial-property evaluation of high-fiber-volume-fraction composites. For the rectangular specimens, the strain gages at different positions along the specimen width confirmed that the interface crack had initiated from the free edge and propagated inward. Hence, rectangular specimens cannot be used for valid interface strength measurements in multiply composites. C1 Alfred Univ, Sch Ceram Engn & Mat Sci, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Boehlert, CJ (reprint author), Alfred Univ, Sch Ceram Engn & Mat Sci, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3143 EP 3155 DI 10.1007/s11661-001-0189-4 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 506EK UT WOS:000172956700023 ER PT J AU Kovitz, CA Bickford, D Ornstein, D Ririe, D Shaughnessy, P Fischer, J AF Kovitz, CA Bickford, D Ornstein, D Ririe, D Shaughnessy, P Fischer, J TI Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation at Wilford Hall U.S Air Force Medical Center: 1987-1999 SO MILITARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium CY DEC 08-11, 1999 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS ID PAROXYSMAL-NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA; STEM-CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANTITHYMOCYTE GLOBULIN; APLASTIC-ANEMIA; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DISEASES; TRIAL AB Wilford Hall Medical Center (WHMC), at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, is the only center within the U.S. Department of Defense at which allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is performed. From the inception of the BMT program in 1987 through February 1999, 286 military health care beneficiaries have undergone human leukocyte antigen-matched related donor allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for hematologic disorders. We conducted a retrospective chart review to analyze the outcomes of all allogeneic BMT procedures performed at WHMC through February 1999. Our analysis revealed that allogeneic BMT outcomes compared favorably with those reported by the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. The results of this study support the continued designation of the Fisher Bone Marrow Transplant Center at WHMC as a specialty treatment service within the Department of Defense. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Kovitz, CA (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, 59 MDW,MMIH, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSN MILITARY SURG US PI BETHESDA PA 9320 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0026-4075 J9 MIL MED JI Milit. Med. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 166 IS 12 BP 1049 EP 1053 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 653DJ UT WOS:000181419700007 PM 11778401 ER PT J AU Carter, MA Oxley, ME AF Carter, MA Oxley, ME TI Response: on using the Poincare polynomial for calculating the V-C dimension of neural networks SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Letter C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Math & Stat, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Natl Air Intelligence Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Oxley, ME (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Math & Stat, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1467 EP 1467 DI 10.1016/S0893-6080(01)00124-1 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 500CW UT WOS:000172609200011 ER PT J AU Carter, MA Oxley, ME AF Carter, MA Oxley, ME TI Evaluating the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension of artificial neural networks using the Poincare polynomial (vol 12, pg 403, 1999) SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Correction C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Math & Stat, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Natl Air Intelligence Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Oxley, ME (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Math & Stat, 2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1469 EP 1470 DI 10.1016/S0893-6080(01)00125-3 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 500CW UT WOS:000172609200012 ER PT J AU Park, GC Wiseman, JB Hayes, DK AF Park, GC Wiseman, JB Hayes, DK TI The evaluation of rhytidectomy flap healing after CO2 laser resurfacing in a pig model SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article ID FACE AB OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine when it becomes safe to perform laser resurfacing after rhytidectomy flap elevation. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-four sites on 12 domestic Yorkshire pigs were selected; 4 x 10-cm skin flaps were elevated in 72 of the 84 sites and shortened 10%. The 12 remaining sites (controls) were treated with laser resurfacing alone. Laser resurfacing was also performed at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after closing the skin flaps. The healing time for the laser-resurfaced sites without flap elevation were compared to that of the skin flaps treated with the laser at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Twelve "skin flap" controls were elevated, shortened 10%, and closed without laser treatment. Resurfacing was performed using 2 posses with the Sharplan Silk Touch CO2 loser. RESULTS: The average healing time for the skin flaps treated with the laser at day 0 was 23.9 days. All of these flaps showed skin slough with delayed healing followed by scar formation. The areas treated with the laser alone (controls), and the subsequent skin flaps treated with the laser postoperatively at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 days completely re-epithelialized in an average of 7.8, 8.1, 7.3, 7.4, and 7.3 days, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in healing time between the controls and flaps treated with the laser on or after 7 days (P > 0.05). However, there were statistically significant differences in healing time between the laser-treated skin flaps at day 0 and the controls, between the laser-treated flaps on day 0 and day 7, and between the laser-treated flaps on day 0 and day 14 (P < 0.001). Because there was little difference in healing time after 14 days, only the healing times for laser-treated skin flaps up to 14 days were compared using paired t tests. CONCLUSIONS: From our observations using a pig model, we conclude that skin flaps may be safely laser resurfaced about 1 week postoperatively. On the other hand, simultaneous flap elevation and laser resurfacing results in delayed healing with subsequent scar formation. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Lackland AFB, TX USA. RP Park, GC (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 59th MDW MCSR, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0194-5998 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 125 IS 6 BP 590 EP 592 DI 10.1067/mhn.2001.120233 PG 3 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA 507FZ UT WOS:000173017500004 PM 11743457 ER PT J AU Previc, FH Ghani, N Stevens, KW Ludwig, DA AF Previc, FH Ghani, N Stevens, KW Ludwig, DA TI Effects of background field-of-view and depth-plane on the oculogyral illusion SO PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS LA English DT Article ID MOTION PERCEPTION; CIRCULAR VECTION; ECCENTRICITY; NYSTAGMUS AB v.-This study examined the effects of background field-of-view and depth-plane on the oculogyral illusion. Seven subjects viewed a stationary fixation stimulus during the postrotatory interval following a 45-sec. constant-velocity chair rotation, The duration of the illusory movement of the fixation Stimulus during the postrotatory interval was measured, along with the duration of the illusion of whole-body rotation (known as the somatogyral illusion) and the duration of the subject's slow-phase vestibular nystagmus. Subjects viewed the fixation stimulus by itself in a No-background condition or when surrounded by six background fields formed by the combination of two fields-of-view (35degrees and 115degrees) and three depth-planes (near, coplanar, and far), The different background fields inhibited the oculogyral illusion relative to the No-background condition but did not differ statistically from each other. The somatogyral durations better matched the oculogyral ones than did nystagmus decay, especially when a background field was present. These results suggest that the oculogyral illusion is more related to the experience of whole-body rotation than to oculomotor mechanisms and that the inhibitory effect of a background scene is only modestly affected by its field-of-view and depth-plane. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Biodynam & Protect Div, Flight Mot Effects Branch, Brooks AFB, TX USA. Veridian Inc, San Antonio, TX USA. Conceptual Mind Works Inc, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Math Sci, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. RP Previc, FH (reprint author), Northrop Grummon Informat Technol, 4241 Woodcock,Suite B-100, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS PI MISSOULA PA PO BOX 9229, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA SN 0031-5125 J9 PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL JI Percept. Mot. Skills PD DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 3 BP 867 EP 878 PG 12 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 509WT UT WOS:000173173400042 PM 11806613 ER PT J AU Kalabukhova, EN Lukin, SN Mitchel, WC Saxler, A Jones, RL AF Kalabukhova, EN Lukin, SN Mitchel, WC Saxler, A Jones, RL TI EPR and photoluminescence studies of semi-insulating 4H-SiC samples SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL GIESSEN, GERMANY DE semi-insulating SiC; photo EPR; photoluminescence ID LEVEL AB Several samples of semi-insulating (s.-i.) 4H-SiC have been studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) at 37 GHz and by photoluminescence (PL). One set of samples revealed EPR spectra of vanadium. The signs of fine structure constants D were determined, at 4.2K, to be positive. In the second set of samples the EPR signals from nitrogen, boron and a deep center, P, with g(parallel to) = 2.0048 and g perpendicular to = 2.0030 appeared in the EPR spectrum after photo excitation of the sample. The P center is postulated to be the deep donor reported previously to be a dominant center in sA. 4H-SiC. Intercenter charge transfer processes between nitrogen and the P center are shown to be very efficient. Both sets of samples revealed the well known vanadium intracenter PL emission lines near 0.95 eV. In addition, a broad band located at 2.43 eV along with sharp near-band-edge luminescence lines has been observed for the samples containing large amounts of vanadium and at 2.38eV with a shoulder at 2.14eV in the samples with low levels of vanadium. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASU, Inst Semicond Phys, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. USAF, AFRL, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Kalabukhova, EN (reprint author), NASU, Inst Semicond Phys, PR Nauki 45, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 2001 VL 308 BP 698 EP 701 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(01)00872-9 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 518GV UT WOS:000173660100175 ER PT J AU Fang, ZQ Look, DC Saxler, A Mitchel, WC AF Fang, ZQ Look, DC Saxler, A Mitchel, WC TI Characterization of deep centers in bulk n-type 4H-SiC SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL GIESSEN, GERMANY DE bulk 4H-SiC; nitrogen levels; intrinsic and extrinsic defects; DLTS ID SILICON-CARBIDE; NITROGEN DONORS; DEFECT CENTERS; LEVEL CENTERS AB Nitrogen-related shallow centers and defect- and impurity-related deep centers in nitrogen doped bulk n-type 4H-SiC were characterized by high temperature Hall effect and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. Two nitrogen centers at E-e-0.048 and -0.098 eV, with a concentration close to each other, and a poorly resolved deep donor level, with activation energy of 0.58 eV, were found by fitting the Hall-effect data. A dominant DLTS deep center is observed at E-e-0.61-0.63 eV due to electric field effect, with a concentration of similar to 1.2 x 10(15)cm(-3). The center is believed to be the Z(1) center (also called Z(1)/Z(2)(4H)), which is often observed in as-grown and implanted or irradiated 4H-SiC epilayers and is speculated to be a vacancy-type defect. Correlation between the Hall effect deep donor and Z(1) suggests that Z(1) is donor-like. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, AFRL, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright State Univ, Semicond Res Ctr, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Mitchel, WC (reprint author), USAF, AFRL, MLPS, 3005 P St,Rm 243, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 2001 VL 308 BP 706 EP 709 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(01)00876-6 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 518GV UT WOS:000173660100177 ER PT J AU Lincoln, DM Vaia, RA Wang, ZG Hsiao, BS Krishnamoorti, R AF Lincoln, DM Vaia, RA Wang, ZG Hsiao, BS Krishnamoorti, R TI Temperature dependence of polymer crystalline morphology in nylon 6/montmorillonite nanocomposites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE nylon 6; nanocomposites; wide-angle X-ray scattering ID SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; 6-CLAY HYBRID; SCATTERING AB The influence of nanodispersed montmorillonite layers and process history on the crystal structure of nylon 6 between room temperature and melting is examined with simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. For the examined process history, nylon 6 exhibits predominantly alpha -phase behavior from room temperature to melting, with a gradual shift in chain-chain and sheet-sheet spacings from similar to 100 degreesC to melting. In contrast, the presence of aluminosilicate layers stabilizes a dominant gamma -crystal phase, which persists, essentially unmodified, until melting. The temperature dependence of the total crystallinity and the relative fractions of alpha- and gamma -phases is strongly dependent on the layered silicate content and the interaction between the nylon 6 and the aluminosilicate layers. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the alpha- and gamma -phases imply that the gamma -phase is preferentially in the proximity of the silicate layers, whereas the alpha -phase exists away from the polymer-silicate interphase region: In general, process history and use-temperature will determine the relative fraction of the crystalline polymer phases in semi-crystalline polymer nanocomposites, and thus have significant influence on the stability of the crystalline region at elevated temperatures. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77004 USA. RP Vaia, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/F-7914-2011; Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010 OI Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/0000-0001-5831-502X; NR 31 TC 212 Z9 216 U1 6 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD DEC PY 2001 VL 42 IS 25 BP 9975 EP 9985 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00542-0 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 474EA UT WOS:000171091600014 ER PT J AU Wiff, DR Roach, JF AF Wiff, DR Roach, JF TI Direct measurement of permeabilities at high pressures SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB A new procedure for measuring the permeability of a high pressure gas (10.34 MPa) through a polymeric material has been developed. The procedure employs a vacuum system on the low-pressure side of the material. Although it gives a pressure difference of seven orders of magnitude during testing, the real purpose of the vacuum system is to allow the permeability measurements to be made rapidly for a small amount of transported material. The permeability of several commercial polymers to either natural gas or helium has been measured and is reported. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL,MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wiff, DR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, AFRL,MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 12 BP 2200 EP 2205 DI 10.1002/pen.10915 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 509BZ UT WOS:000173125900014 ER PT J AU Massine, RE Durning, SJ Koroscil, TM AF Massine, RE Durning, SJ Koroscil, TM TI Lingual thyroid carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature SO THYROID LA English DT Article ID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; THYROGLOSSAL DUCT AB Ectopic thyroid tissue may reside anywhere along its embryologic path of descent. Most ectopias manifest as simple thyroglossal duct cysts in conjunction with a normally developed thyroid gland in its usual thyroid cervical bed. Lingual thyroid is a rare developmental abnormality characterized by the failure of the thyroid gland, or remnants, to descend from its embryologic site of origin at the foramen cecum to its usual pretracheal position. Carcinoma arising in a lingual thyroid is even more unusual with fewer than 30 cases reported in the literature. We report the second case of lingual papillary thyroid carcinoma and review the clinical features, natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of lingual thyroid carcinoma. C1 Wright Patterson Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. Wright Patterson Med Ctr, Dept Endocrinol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Massine, RE (reprint author), 74 MDOS SGOMI,4881 Sugar Maple Dr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 50 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1050-7256 J9 THYROID JI Thyroid PD DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 12 BP 1191 EP 1196 DI 10.1089/10507250152741055 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 508TW UT WOS:000173106500016 PM 12186508 ER PT J AU Piper, NY Bishoff, JT Magee, C Haffron, JM Flanigan, RC Mintiens, A Van Poppel, HP Thompson, IM Harmon, WJ AF Piper, NY Bishoff, JT Magee, C Haffron, JM Flanigan, RC Mintiens, A Van Poppel, HP Thompson, IM Harmon, WJ TI Is a 1-cm margin necessary during nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma? SO UROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURGICAL ENUCLEATION; PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY; TUMOR; SURVIVAL AB Objectives. To determine whether a 1-cm margin is necessary for cancer control during nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods. A retrospective review of 67 patients who underwent NSS for RCC between 1990 and 2000 was conducted. The data collected included patient demographics, tumor size and location, histologic type and grade, margin status (positive or negative), and the shortest distance of normal parenchyma (in millimeters) around the tumor in the final pathologic specimen. Recurrence was determined from the clinical follow-up, which included physical examination, ultrasonography or computed tomography, and various laboratory tests. Results. Fifty-five cases were performed open and 12 laparoscopically. The mean follow-up was 60 months (range 5 to 124). The mean tumor size was 3.0 cm (range 0.9 to 11.0). Seven patients were found to have a positive margin; 1 died of metastatic RCC, 1 was alive with systemic recurrence, and 5 had no evidence of disease. Of 11 patients with a negative margin distance of less than 1 mm, 9 were recurrence free, 1 had simultaneous local and pulmonary relapse, and the other had pulmonary recurrence only. The remainder of the study patients (n = 49) had negative margins greater than 1 mm, and all were alive without evidence of disease at the last follow-up. Conclusions. This review questions the necessity of a 1-cm margin to prevent recurrence after NSS for RCC. Additional studies to determine the optimal margin distance should be conducted. UROLOGY 58: 849-852, 2001. (C) 2001, Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USAF, Dept Urol, MCSU, Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. Loyola Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Urol, San Antonio, TX USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Urol, Louvain, Belgium. RP Harmon, WJ (reprint author), USAF, Dept Urol, MCSU, Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 14 TC 63 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0090-4295 J9 UROLOGY JI UROLOGY PD DEC PY 2001 VL 58 IS 6 BP 849 EP 852 DI 10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01393-0 PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 502PP UT WOS:000172752200003 PM 11744443 ER PT J AU Arce, JC Sheehy, JA Langhoff, PW Hemmers, O Wang, H Focke, P Sellin, IA Lindle, DW AF Arce, JC Sheehy, JA Langhoff, PW Hemmers, O Wang, H Focke, P Sellin, IA Lindle, DW TI On the angular distributions of molecular photoelectrons: dipole cross-sections for fixed-in-space and randomly oriented molecules (vol 346, pg 341, 2001) SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 USAF, Res Lab, PRS, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. Univ Valle, Dept Quim, Cali, Colombia. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Lund Univ, MAX Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Langhoff, PW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, PRS, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 349 IS 3-4 BP 349 EP 350 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)01201-5 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 499XH UT WOS:000172595600028 ER PT J AU Ewig, CS Berry, R Dinur, U Hill, JR Hwang, MJ Li, HY Liang, C Maple, J Peng, ZW Stockfisch, TP Thacher, TS Yan, L Ni, XS Hagler, AT AF Ewig, CS Berry, R Dinur, U Hill, JR Hwang, MJ Li, HY Liang, C Maple, J Peng, ZW Stockfisch, TP Thacher, TS Yan, L Ni, XS Hagler, AT TI Derivation of class II force fields. VIII. Derivation of a general quantum mechanical force field for organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE class II force fields; organic compounds ID ALKYL FUNCTIONAL-GROUP; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; ALKANE MOLECULES; ENERGY SURFACES; PARAMETERS; DYNAMICS; MMFF94 AB A class II valence force field covering a broad range of organic molecules has been derived employing ab initio quantum mechanical "observables." The procedure includes selecting representative molecules and molecular structures, and systematically sampling their energy surfaces as described by energies and energy first and second derivatives with respect to molecular deformations. In this article the procedure for fitting the force field parameters to these energies and energy derivatives is briefly reviewed. The application of the methodology to the derivation of a class II quantum mechanical force field (QMFF) for 32 organic functional groups is then described. A training set of 400 molecules spanning the 32 functional groups was used to parameterize the force field. The molecular families comprising the functional groups and, within each family, the torsional angles used to sample different conformers, are described. The number of stationary points (equilibria and transition states) for these molecules is given for each functional group. This set contains 1324 stationary structures, with 718 minimum energy structures and 606 transition states. The quality of the fit to the quantum data is gauged based on the deviations between the ab initio and force field energies and energy derivatives. The accuracy with which the QMFF reproduces the ab initio molecular bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles, vibrational frequencies, and conformational energies is then given for each functional group. Consistently good accuracy is found for these computed properties for the various types of molecules. This demonstrates that the methodology is broadly applicable for the derivation of force field parameters across widely differing types of molecular structures. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Accelrys Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. IBM Corp, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Acad Sinica, Inst Biomed Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. CNF ADTECH Ctr, Portland, OR 97209 USA. Sugen Pharmaceut, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA. Alanex Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Struct Proteom, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ewig, CS (reprint author), Accelrys Inc, 9685 Scranton Rd, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NR 21 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 25 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0192-8651 J9 J COMPUT CHEM JI J. Comput. Chem. PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 15 BP 1782 EP 1800 DI 10.1002/jcc.1131 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 485LN UT WOS:000171756000005 ER PT J AU Soref, RA Sun, G AF Soref, RA Sun, G TI Terahertz gain in a SiGe/Si quantum staircase utilizing the heavy-hole inverted effective mass SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-HOLE; LASERS AB Modeling and design studies show that a strain-balanced Si1-xGex/Si superlattice on Si1-yGey-buffered Si can be engineered to give an inverted effective mass HH2 subband adjacent to HH1, thereby enabling a 77 K edge-emitting electrically pumped p-i-p quantum staircase laser for THz emission at energies below the 37 meV Ge-Ge optical phonon energy. Analysis of hole-phonon scattering, lifetimes, matrix elements, and hole populations indicates that a gain of 450 cm(-1) will be feasible at f=7.3 THz during 1.7 kA/cm(2) current injection. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02125 USA. RP Soref, RA (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 26 PY 2001 VL 79 IS 22 BP 3639 EP 3641 DI 10.1063/1.1421079 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 493CL UT WOS:000172204400027 ER PT J AU Cooper, TM McLean, DG Rogers, JE AF Cooper, TM McLean, DG Rogers, JE TI Molecular structure-spectroscopic property relationships in a series of transition metal-containing phenylacetylene oligomers SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONTAINING POLY-YNES; PT-ETHYNYL COMPOUND; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; MAIN-CHAIN; PLATINUM; COMPLEXES; STATES; SINGLET; RINGS AB To develop novel nonlinear dyes for photonic applications, we synthesized a series of transition metal-containing phenylacetylene oligomers. The optical properties of these compounds were measured by UV/Vis, fluorescence, long-pathlength UV/Vis and nanosecond flash photolysis experiments. The sensitivity of the state energies to molecular size was a measure of their delocalization. The S-0 and T-1 states were found to be more localized than the S-1 and T-n states. The results were consistent with the S-0 --> S-1 and T-1 --> T-n transitions having charge transfer character, while the T-1 --> S-0 transition was from a confined state to another confined state. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Dept AF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Dayton, OH 45434 USA. Concepts Inc, Tech Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Cooper, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Dept AF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, 3005 P St,Ste 1, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 26 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 23 PY 2001 VL 349 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 36 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)01161-7 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 500AL UT WOS:000172603600006 ER PT J AU Suscavage, M Bouthillette, L Bliss, D Wang, SQ Sung, C AF Suscavage, M Bouthillette, L Bliss, D Wang, SQ Sung, C TI New iodide method for growth of GaN SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS-4) CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL DENVER, COLORADO AB A new method, Iodine Vapor Phase Growth (IVPG), of growing GaN films and small single crystals by using elemental iodine instead of HCl has been developed. Elemental iodine was used to transport gallium metal into the reaction zone where the gallium iodide reacts with ammonia to produce GaN. GaN films were grown on sapphire substrates having a MOCVD template layer. Films with mobility as high as 660 cm(2)/Vs with carrier concentrations in the range of n = 5 x 10(16), to 3 x 10(17) cm(-1) have been grown in a temperature range of 1000 to 1110 degreesC. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Hansom Air Force Base, Sensors Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. Univ Lowell, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Ctr Adv Mat, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. RP Suscavage, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Hansom Air Force Base, Sensors Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0031-8965 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI A JI Phys. Status Solidi A-Appl. Res. PD NOV 23 PY 2001 VL 188 IS 2 BP 477 EP 480 DI 10.1002/1521-396X(200112)188:2<477::AID-PSSA477>3.0.CO;2-W PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 503CM UT WOS:000172779700002 ER PT J AU Huang, D Visconti, P Reshchikov, MA Yun, F King, T Baski, AA Litton, CW Jasinski, J Liliental-Weber, Z Morkoc, H AF Huang, D Visconti, P Reshchikov, MA Yun, F King, T Baski, AA Litton, CW Jasinski, J Liliental-Weber, Z Morkoc, H TI Polarity of GaN grown on sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy with different buffer layers SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS-4) CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL DENVER, COLORADO AB We report on polarity of GaN films grown on sapphire substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using different buffer lavers and growth conditions. On high temperature AlN or GaN buffer lavers, the GaN films typically show Ga or N-polarity, respectively. When low temperature (either AlN or GaN) buffer lavers are employed, GaN films of both polarities can be grown, but these films have high density of inversion domains. Insertion of additional GaN/AlN quantum dot lavers between the buffer lavers and the GaN films provides strain relief and a significant improvement in the quality of the GaN epilayers. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Phys Dept, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. CNR, Ist Studio Nuovi Mat Elettron, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Huang, D (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012; VISCONTI, PAOLO/L-7214-2015; OI VISCONTI, PAOLO/0000-0002-4058-4042; Baski, Alison/0000-0002-8985-8067 NR 4 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0031-8965 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI A JI Phys. Status Solidi A-Appl. Res. PD NOV 23 PY 2001 VL 188 IS 2 BP 571 EP 574 DI 10.1002/1521-396X(200112)188:2<571::AID-PSSA571>3.3.CO;2-6 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 503CM UT WOS:000172779700021 ER PT J AU Paduano, Q Weyburne, D Wang, SQ AF Paduano, Q Weyburne, D Wang, SQ TI Determination of alloy composition and residual stress for AlxGa1-xN/GaN epitaxial films SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS-4) CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL DENVER, COLORADO ID ELASTIC PROPERTIES; GALLIUM NITRIDE; GAN; STRAIN; CONSTANTS AB The alloy composition and the residual stress in AlxGa1-xN on GaN epi-lavers can be estimated by measuring both the a-axis and c-axis lattice constants using HRXRD. Using linear elastic theory, we derive the alloy composition of a biaxial strained laver from a simple equation relating the measured c-axis an a-axis lattice constants, the lattice constants for unstrained AlxGa1-xN (assuming Vegard's law), and the ratio of elastic stiffness constants. The method was used to calculate the composition and strain, as well as error estimates, for a set of AlxGa1-xN layers grown by MOCVD with 0.23 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.84. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Solid State Sci Corp, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. RP Paduano, Q (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0031-8965 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI A JI Phys. Status Solidi A-Appl. Res. PD NOV 23 PY 2001 VL 188 IS 2 BP 821 EP 824 DI 10.1002/1521-396X(200112)188:2<821::AID-PSSA821>3.3.CO;2-E PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 503CM UT WOS:000172779700073 ER PT J AU Kahler, SW Reames, DV Sheeley, NR AF Kahler, SW Reames, DV Sheeley, NR TI Coronal mass ejections associated with impulsive solar energetic particle events SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); Sun : flares; Sun : particle emission ID X-RAY JETS; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; PLASMA EJECTIONS; WIND SPACECRAFT; FLARES; ACCELERATION; ABUNDANCES; TELESCOPE; EVOLUTION AB An impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed on the Wind spacecraft on 2000 May 1 was associated with an impulsive solar active region M1 X-ray flare. The timing and position of a fast (upsilon = 960 km s(-1)), narrow CME observed in the LASCO coronagraph on SOHO make clear the connection between the CME and the flare and SEP event. Impulsive SEP events have long been associated with impulsive flares, but only gradual SEP events have thus far been found to be associated with CMEs. A comparison of impulsive SEP events with CME observations from the Solwind and LASCO coronagraphs revealed further good cases of narrow (10 degrees -40 degrees) CMEs associated with impulsive SEP events. A recent model of impulsive flares includes jets or plasmoids that are ejected upward from magnetic reconnection sites over active regions and might therefore be expected to appear in exceptional cases as faint and narrow CMEs in coronagraphs. We suggest that this model allows us to understand better SEP production and propagation in impulsive flares. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Kahler, SW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 47 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 20 PY 2001 VL 562 IS 1 BP 558 EP 565 DI 10.1086/323847 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 499LH UT WOS:000172572300044 ER PT J AU McGlasson, DL Kaczor, DA Woodhams, BJ Sanchez, JS Bessmer, DS Heatherly, LA AF McGlasson, DL Kaczor, DA Woodhams, BJ Sanchez, JS Bessmer, DS Heatherly, LA TI Using citrated whole blood to determine PT/INR, APTT and fibrinogen assays on the STA automated coagulation analyzer. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Diagnost Stago, Res, Parsippany, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 11 MA 4014 BP 95B EP 95B PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 491WZ UT WOS:000172134200427 ER PT J AU Shaughnessy, PJ Tran, HT Andersson, B Sprigg-Saenz, H Ririe, D Ornstein, D Bachier, C LeMaistre, CF AF Shaughnessy, PJ Tran, HT Andersson, B Sprigg-Saenz, H Ririe, D Ornstein, D Bachier, C LeMaistre, CF TI Pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicity of once daily dosing of intravenous busulfan (IVBU) in a reduced intensity preparative regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas Transplant Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 11 MA 5041 BP 320B EP 321B PN 2 PG 2 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 491WZ UT WOS:000172134201452 ER PT J AU Heller, BJ Ornstein, DL Hensley, R Ririe, DW Shaughnessey, PJ Bee, C Reilly, PA AF Heller, BJ Ornstein, DL Hensley, R Ririe, DW Shaughnessey, PJ Bee, C Reilly, PA TI The use of peripheral blood WBC and CD34+cell counts to predict successful peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 11 MA 5085 BP 331B EP 331B PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 491WZ UT WOS:000172134201496 ER PT J AU Bond, DW Zhang, RY Tie, XX Brasseur, G Huffines, G Orville, RE Boccippio, DJ AF Bond, DW Zhang, RY Tie, XX Brasseur, G Huffines, G Orville, RE Boccippio, DJ TI NOx production by lightning over the continental United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN-FIXATION; NITRIC-OXIDE PRODUCTION; ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES; FLASH CHARACTERISTICS; THUNDERSTORMS; TROPOSPHERE; ENERGY; OZONE; DISTRIBUTIONS; INTRACLOUD AB The production of NOx by lightning over the contiguous United States has been evaluated by using combined ground-based and satellite lightning measurements. The lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) over the period of 1995-1999, along with a ratio of intracloud (IC) to cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes derived in conjunction with satellite lightning measurements from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), are analyzed to obtain the number of CG and IC flashes. The average annual lightning counts over the 5-year period are about 23 million for CG flashes and 55 million for IC flashes. The resulting lightning distributions are employed to calculate the production of NOx assuming a NO production rate of 6.7 x 10(26) molecules for each CG flash and 6.7 x 10(21) molecules for each IC flash. NOx production by lightning varies seasonally in accordance with the lightning distribution, with the maximum production occurring in the summer (June, July, and August) and in the Southeast. CG flashes produce more NOx than IC flashes despite fewer CG flashes by a factor of 2 or more. The geographical and seasonal production of NOx by lightning is compared to NOx emissions from other sources (i.e., from anthropogenic, soil, and biomass-burning emissions). The results indicate that regional emissions of NOx by lightning can be significant in the summertime and may play a critical role in ozone formation in the free troposphere. Our estimate of NOx emission by lightning over the United States would decrease by an order of magnitude if we use the production rates from a recent laboratory study [Wang et al., 1998] that are significantly lower than previous estimates. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Engn Phys, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. RP Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM zhang@ariel.tamu.edu RI Zhang, Renyi/A-2942-2011; Orville, Richard/G-9866-2012 OI Orville, Richard/0000-0003-0280-7169 NR 53 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D21 BP 27701 EP 27710 DI 10.1029/2000JD000191 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 494XZ UT WOS:000172312300033 ER PT J AU Chafai, M Jaouhari, A Torres, A Anton, R Martin, E Jimenez, J Mitchel, WC AF Chafai, M Jaouhari, A Torres, A Anton, R Martin, E Jimenez, J Mitchel, WC TI Raman scattering from LO phonon-plasmon coupled modes and Hall-effect in n-type silicon carbide 4H-SiC SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-GROWTH; SIC CRYSTALS; SPECTROSCOPY AB The transport properties, particularly free carrier density and mobility, of SiC are usually determined by the Hall effect. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to yield transport parameters similar to the Hall effect. The analysis of the longitudinal optical plasmon coupled (LOPC) modes in doped SiC provides such information. In the case of damped plasmons in n-type 4H-SiC, changes in the carrier concentration result in a frequency shift of the LOPC mode, which appears close to the A(1)(LO) phonon mode. The validity of this approach for different free carrier concentrations (plasma frequencies) and mobilities (plasmon damping constants) is analyzed. The theoretical results obtained show that reliable estimation of the free carrier density can be obtained from the frequency shift of the LOPC mode for low carrier concentrations. At such a carrier concentration a reliable correlation between the Raman shift of the LOPC mode and the plasma frequency is established, without noticeable influence of the plasmon damping constant. However, when the free electron concentration increases, a non-negligible influence of the plasmon damping constant on the Raman frequency shift of the LPOC mode is observed. Therefore reliable transport data can only be obtained by a full line-shape analysis. These results are confirmed by the experimental results obtained on n-type 4H-SiC bulk samples with free electron concentration between 1x10(17) and 5x10(18) cm(-3). (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 ETSII, Valladolid 47011, Spain. Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Meknes, Morocco. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jimenez, J (reprint author), ETSII, Valladolid 47011, Spain. NR 17 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 90 IS 10 BP 5211 EP 5215 DI 10.1063/1.1410884 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 488CW UT WOS:000171918700051 ER PT J AU Fu, BX Yang, L Somani, RH Zong, SX Hsiao, BS Phillips, S Blanski, R Ruth, P AF Fu, BX Yang, L Somani, RH Zong, SX Hsiao, BS Phillips, S Blanski, R Ruth, P TI Crystallization studies of isotactic polypropylene containing nanostructured polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane molecules under quiescent and shear conditions SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane; poly(propylene) (PP); nanocomposites; SAXS; crystallization; shear ID FLOW-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION; X-RAY-SCATTERING; SILOXANE COPOLYMERS; ELONGATIONAL FLOW; POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; HYBRID MATERIALS; GAMMA-PHASE; MELTS; TIME AB Crystallization studies at quiescent and shear states in isotactic polypropylene (iPP) containing nanostructured polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) molecules were performed with in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (I)SC). DSC was used to characterize the quiescent crystallization behavior. It was observed that the addition of POSS molecules increased the crystallization rate of iPP under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions, which suggests that POSS crystals act as nucleating agents. Furthermore, the crystallization rate was significantly reduced at a POSS concentration of 30 wt %, which suggests a retarded growth mechanism due to the molecular dispersion of POSS in the matrix. In situ SAXS was used to study the behavior of shear-induced crystallization at temperatures of 140, 145, and 150 degreesC in samples with POSS concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 wt %. The SAXS patterns showed scattering maxima along the shear direction, which corresponded to a lamellar structure developed perpendicularly to the flow direction. The crystallization half-time was calculated from the total scattered intensity of the SAXS image. The oriented fraction, defined as the fraction of scattered intensity from the oriented component to the total scattered intensity, was also calculated. The addition of POSS significantly increased the crystallization rate during shear compared with the rate for the neat polymer without POSS. We postulate that although POSS crystals have a limited role in shear-induced crystallization, molecularly dispersed POSS molecules behave as weak crosslinkers in polymer melts and increase the relaxation time of iPP chains after shear. Therefore, the overall orientation of the polymer chains is improved and a faster crystallization rate is obtained with the addition of POSS. Moreover, higher POSS concentrations resulted in faster crystallization rates during shear. The addition of POSS decreased the average long-period value of crystallized iPP after shear, which indicates that iPP nuclei are probably initiated in large numbers near molecularly dispersed POSS molecules. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Hsiao, BS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 34 TC 120 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 42 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 39 IS 22 BP 2727 EP 2739 DI 10.1002/polb.10028 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 487BE UT WOS:000171853200002 ER PT J AU Hollkamp, JJ Gordon, RW AF Hollkamp, JJ Gordon, RW TI Modal test experiences with a jet engine fan model SO JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION LA English DT Article AB High cycle fatigue in jet engine blades is caused by excessive vibration. Understanding the dynamic response of the bladed disk system is important in determining vibration levels. Modal testing is a useful tool in understanding the dynamic behavior of structures. However, modal tests are not conducted on bladed disks because of the difficulties involved. One problem is that the overall dynamic behavior is sensitive to small perturbations. Another problem is that multiple inputs and high-resolution techniques are required to separate modes that are nearly repeated. Two studies of engine blade response were recently completed in which bench modal tests were successfully performed on simplified fan models. The modal test procedures for the first study were successful in extracting the modal parameters. But the tests in the second study were more demanding. Ultimately, an approach was devised that accurately extracted the modal parameters. This paper describes the challenges and the evolution of the test procedures. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hollkamp, JJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-460X J9 J SOUND VIB JI J. Sound Vibr. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 248 IS 1 BP 151 EP 165 DI 10.1006/jsvi.2001.3758 PG 15 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 492XC UT WOS:000172192000009 ER PT J AU Zhang, H Zelmon, DE Deng, LG Liu, HK Teo, BK AF Zhang, H Zelmon, DE Deng, LG Liu, HK Teo, BK TI Optical limiting behavior of nanosized polyicosahedral gold-silver clusters based on third-order nonlinear optical effects SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID REVERSE SATURABLE ABSORPTION; 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; KINGS COMPLEX; PHTHALOCYANINES; MECHANISMS; SPECTRUM C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. AFRL, MLPO, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Lumin Inc, S Pasadena, CA 91030 USA. RP Zhang, H (reprint author), Northrop Grumman Corp, Sci & Technol Ctr, 845 W Taylor St, Baltimore, MD 21090 USA. RI Deng, Luogen /C-8402-2009 NR 22 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD NOV 14 PY 2001 VL 123 IS 45 BP 11300 EP 11301 DI 10.1021/ja010412n PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 493TQ UT WOS:000172239900024 PM 11697977 ER PT J AU Auret, FD Goodman, SA Hayes, M Legodi, MJ van Laarhoven, HA Look, DC AF Auret, FD Goodman, SA Hayes, M Legodi, MJ van Laarhoven, HA Look, DC TI Electrical characterization of 1.8 MeV proton-bombarded ZnO SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GROWN N-GAN; IRRADIATION; TRAPS AB We report on the electrical characterization of single-crystal ZnO and Au Schottky contacts formed thereon before and after bombarding them with 1.8 MeV protons. From capacitance-voltage measurements, we found that ZnO is remarkably resistant to high-energy proton bombardment and that each incident proton removes about two orders of magnitude less carriers than in GaN. Deep level transient spectroscopy indicates a similar effect: the two electron traps detected are introduced in extremely low rates. One possible interpretation of these results is that the primary radiation-induced defects in ZnO may be unstable at room temperature and anneal out without leaving harmful defects that are responsible for carrier compensation. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. Wright State Univ, Semicond Res Ctr, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Auret, FD (reprint author), Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. RI Auret, Francois Danie/H-3512-2011 NR 12 TC 240 Z9 245 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 5 PY 2001 VL 79 IS 19 BP 3074 EP 3076 DI 10.1063/1.1415050 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 487UY UT WOS:000171896600020 ER PT J AU Gaitonde, DV AF Gaitonde, DV TI Higher-order solution procedure for three-dimensional nonideal magnetogasdynamics SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS; SCHEMES AB A high-resolution scheme developed for use in multidisciplinary applications is applied to solve the equations governing the three-dimensional flow of a nonideal compressible conducting fluid in a magnetic field. Both 4th-order and 6th-order spatially implicit schemes are considered in conjunction with up to 10th-order filters. The fourth-order classical Runge-Kutta scheme is employed for time integration. The accuracy and versatility of the algorithm and the accompanying code are explored by solving a wide variety of problems, discretized with uniform as well as curvilinear grids, with particular emphasis on the unique physical phenomena arising in conducting fluids. These phenomena include Alfven wave propagation with and without ohmic damping, magnetic field diffusion, shock-and compound-wave formation, as well as interactions between pressure, viscous and electromagnetic forces of the kind occurring in magnetohydrodynamic brakes, flowmeters, generators, and accelerators. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Aeronaut Sci Div, Computat Sci Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Gaitonde, DV (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Aeronaut Sci Div, Computat Sci Branch, Bldg 146,Room 225,2210 8th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 39 IS 11 BP 2111 EP 2120 DI 10.2514/2.1207 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 490MT UT WOS:000172056200010 ER PT J AU Camberos, JA White, MD AF Camberos, JA White, MD TI Parallel performance analysis of FVTD computational electromagnetics code SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USAF, Res Lab, Computat Sci Branch, Aeronaut Sci Div,Air Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Camberos, JA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Computat Sci Branch, Aeronaut Sci Div,Air Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 39 IS 11 BP 2218 EP 2222 DI 10.2514/2.1222 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 490MT UT WOS:000172056200024 ER PT J AU Russ, CR Fonseca, VP Peterson, AL Blackman, LR Robbins, AS AF Russ, CR Fonseca, VP Peterson, AL Blackman, LR Robbins, AS TI Weight gain as a barrier to smoking cessation among military personnel SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article DE smoking cessation; weight concern; gender differences; military policy AB Purpose. To assess the relationships between active-duty military status, military weight standards, concern about weight gain, and anticipated relapse after smoking cessation. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Hospital-based tobacco cessation Program. Subjects. Two hundred fifty-two enrollees, of 253 eligible, to a tobacco cessation program in 1999 (135 men, 117 women; 43% on active duty in the military). Measures. Independent variables included gender, body mass index (weight/height(2)), and military status. Dependent variables included concern about weight gain with smoking cessation and anticipated relapse. Results. In multivariate regression analyses that controlled for gender and body mass index, active-duly military status was associated with an elevated Level of concern about weight gain (1.9-point increase on a 10-point scale; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0- to 2.8-point increase), as well as higher anticipated relapse (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, 95% CT, 1.3 to 9.8). Among subjects who were close to or over the U.S. Air Force maximum allowable weight for height, the analogous OR for active-duty military status was 6.9 (p = .02). Conclusions. Occupational weight standards or expectations may pose additional barriers for individuals contemplating or attempting smoking cessation, as they do among active-duty military personnel. These barriers are likely to hinder efforts to decrease smoking Prevalence in certain groups. C1 USAF, Off Prevent & Hlth Serv Assessment, Populat Hlth Support Div, Air Force Med Operat Agcy, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Behav Hlth Psychol Clin, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Russ, CR (reprint author), USAF, Off Prevent & Hlth Serv Assessment, Populat Hlth Support Div, Air Force Med Operat Agcy, 2602 Doolittle Rd, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 16 IS 2 BP 79 EP 84 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 494HV UT WOS:000172277100003 PM 11727592 ER PT J AU Kersgard, C Osswald, MB AF Kersgard, C Osswald, MB TI Hydroxyurea and sickle cell leg ulcers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Kersgard, C (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 4 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0361-8609 J9 AM J HEMATOL JI Am. J. Hematol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 68 IS 3 BP 215 EP 216 DI 10.1002/ajh.1183 PG 2 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 482UM UT WOS:000171595700015 PM 11754407 ER PT J AU Levy, AD Abbott, RM Rohrmann, CA Frazier, AA Kende, A AF Levy, AD Abbott, RM Rohrmann, CA Frazier, AA Kende, A TI Pictorial essay - Gastrointestinal hemangiomas: Imaging findings with pathologic correlation in pediatric and adult patients SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CT C1 Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Radiol Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Radiol & Nucl Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Lackland AFB, TX 78238 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Radiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Gastrointestinal Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Levy, AD (reprint author), Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Radiol Pathol, 6825 16th St NW,Bldg 54,Rm M-121, Washington, DC 20306 USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ROENTGEN RAY SOC PI RESTON PA 1891 PRESTON WHITE DR, SUBSCRIPTION FULFILLMENT, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0361-803X J9 AM J ROENTGENOL JI Am. J. Roentgenol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 177 IS 5 BP 1073 EP 1081 PG 9 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 485BB UT WOS:000171732700020 PM 11641173 ER PT J AU Matson, CL AF Matson, CL TI Deconvolution-based spatial resolution in optical diffusion tomography SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID PHOTON-DENSITY WAVES; MULTIPLY SCATTERED-LIGHT; TURBID MEDIA; IMAGING-SYSTEM; TRANSILLUMINATION; BACKPROPAGATION; RECONSTRUCTION; LOCALIZATION; PERFORMANCE; LIMITS AB The role that deconvolution plays in the achievable spatial resolution in optical diffusion tomography is examined for the case of imaging an inhomogeneity in an otherwise homogeneous medium. It is shown that, in the measured data, it is the shape of the turbid :medium modulation transfer function that determines the maximum spatial resolution. When the turbid medium transfer function is deconvolved from the measured data, it is the signal-to-noise ratio properties of the Fourier-transformed measured data that determine the maximum spatial resolution. It is shown that deconvolution-based methods can improve the spatial resolution in measured data up to a factor of 5 for realistic noise levels. These results are demonstrated with computer-simulated data. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Matson, CL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM charles.matson@kirtland.af.mil NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 31 BP 5791 EP 5801 DI 10.1364/AO.40.005791 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 487BH UT WOS:000171853400030 PM 18364871 ER PT J AU Ellison, P Norwood, CW Turiansky, GW AF Ellison, P Norwood, CW Turiansky, GW TI Chronic dark-brown scales SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID X-LINKED ICHTHYOSIS; STEROID SULFATASE; GENE C1 USAF, Bethesda, MD 20014 USA. USN, Bethesda, MD 20084 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USN, Med Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20307 USA. RP Ellison, P (reprint author), USAF, Bethesda, MD 20014 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 137 IS 11 BP 1523 EP + PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 492NH UT WOS:000172174100023 ER PT J AU Kraemer, KE Jackson, JM Deutsch, LK Kassis, M Hora, JL Fazio, GG Hoffmann, WF Dayal, A AF Kraemer, KE Jackson, JM Deutsch, LK Kassis, M Hora, JL Fazio, GG Hoffmann, WF Dayal, A TI Dust characteristics of massive star-forming sites in the mid-infrared SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE HII regions; infrared : ISM; ISM : individual (W51 IRS 2, Monoceros R2, DR 21, S140); ISM : lines and bands; stars : formation ID H-II REGIONS; MIDINFRARED ARRAY CAMERA; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; RADIO-CONTINUUM; RADIATION TRANSFER; THERMAL EMISSION; ORION-KL; DR-21; MASER; W51 AB Four massive star-forming regions were imaged in the mid-infrared with the MIRAC3 instrument: W51 IRS 2, Mon R2, DR 21, and S140. We obtained high spatial resolution (similar to1") images at several wavelengths from 7.8 to 13.2 mum with the circular variable filter, as well as narrow-band continuum images at 12.5 and 20.6 mum toward each region. In each massive star-forming region, one or more sources show deep silicate absorption. For at least two of the massive star-forming regions, W51 IRS 2 and Mon R2, the absorbing material is highly localized and may be circumstellar material in disks or shells. The silicate absorption occurs at least as often around massive young stars as around young stars of lower mass (which are more often observed). The estimated optical depths of the silicate features are consistent with those predicted by radiative transfer models toward ultracompact H II regions, but substantially higher than observed toward T Tauri stars and other low-mass young stellar objects. There is no consistent correspondence between silicate absorption and either the dust color temperature or the 12.5 km opacity. In W51 IRS 2, the two previously known mid-infrared sources have been resolved into at least six subsources. Infrared counterparts are newly reported for two radio-continuum sources in S140. Also, new mid-infrared sources have been detected in both W51 IRS 2 and S140. We suggest that the infrared source in the southwest of DR 21 may not be self-luminous, but may instead be heated by the three nearby radio continuum sources. The gas density in the ring at Mon R2 supports the blister scenario for the IRS 1 H II region. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Astron, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, IPAC, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kraemer, KE (reprint author), Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA. OI Hora, Joseph/0000-0002-5599-4650; Kraemer, Kathleen/0000-0002-2626-7155 NR 75 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 561 IS 1 BP 282 EP 298 DI 10.1086/323219 PN 1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 487PC UT WOS:000171883600027 ER PT J AU Simon, GW Title, AM Weiss, NO AF Simon, GW Title, AM Weiss, NO TI Sustaining the Sun's magnetic network with emerging bipoles SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun : granulation; Sun : magnetic fields; Sun : photosphere ID SOLAR SURFACE; EVOLUTION; FLOWS; FLUX; PHOTOSPHERE; ELEMENTS; FIELDS; CELL AB The Michelson Doppler Imager experiment on SOHO has revealed a "magnetic carpet" dominated by the emergence of bipolar magnetic flux in ephemeral active regions, which subsequently split into small flux elements that drift into the magnetic network. The effects of granular and supergranular convection on these flux elements are represented here by kinematic modeling: Elementary flux tubes are transported passively by the supergranular flow, while experiencing small random displacements produced by granulation. They end up in the magnetic network that surrounds the supergranules, where they eventually meet oppositely directed fields and are annihilated. The model calculations show that the total unsigned magnetic flux will decay within a few days unless it is continually replenished. A statistically steady state with a total unsigned flux of 2-3 x 10(23) Mx over the whole solar surface can be maintained if bipolar flux emerges at a rate of 7 x 10(22) Mx day(-1), as indicated by published measurements of the rate at which ephemeral active regions appear. C1 Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. AF Res Lab, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. Emeritus Res Serv, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England. RP Simon, GW (reprint author), Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. EM simon@sunspot.noao.edu; title@lmsal.com; now@damtp.cam.ac.uk NR 27 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 561 IS 1 BP 427 EP 434 DI 10.1086/322243 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 487PC UT WOS:000171883600039 ER PT J AU Serebruany, VL Malinin, AI Callahan, KP Gurbel, PA Steinhubl, SR AF Serebruany, VL Malinin, AI Callahan, KP Gurbel, PA Steinhubl, SR TI Statins do not affect platelet inhibition with clopidogrel during coronary stenting SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Letter C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sinai Ctr Thrombosis Res, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Serebruany, VL (reprint author), Sinai Hosp, Thrombosis Res Ctr, 2401 W Belvedere Ave,Schapiro Res Bldg R 202, Baltimore, MD 21215 USA. NR 13 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD NOV PY 2001 VL 159 IS 1 BP 239 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00606-2 PG 3 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 496ZW UT WOS:000172429100029 PM 11689228 ER PT J AU Johnson, EG AF Johnson, EG TI Untitled SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 USAF, MC, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Johnson, EG (reprint author), USAF, MC, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1053 EP 1053 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 488WT UT WOS:000171960400013 PM 11718512 ER PT J AU Fong, H Vaia, RA Sanders, JH Lincoln, D Vreugdenhil, AJ Liu, WD Bultman, J Chen, CG AF Fong, H Vaia, RA Sanders, JH Lincoln, D Vreugdenhil, AJ Liu, WD Bultman, J Chen, CG TI Self-passivation of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID NYLON 6-CLAY HYBRID; EPOXY NANOCOMPOSITES; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; EXFOLIATION; OXYGEN AB Nanoscale dispersion of only a few weight percentage. of layered silicate (montmorillonite) in nylon 6 and epoxy results in the formation of a uniform passivating and self-healing inorganic surface region upon exposure to oxygen plasma. The enrichment of inorganic is compositionally graded with respect to the surface and is due to the preferential oxidation of the polymer from the nanocomposite and the corresponding enhancement of the nanoscale layered silicate on the surface. The structure of the inorganic region is turbostratic, with an average distance between layered silicates of 1-4 Lm. This ceramic-like silicate layer provides an overcoat to the nanocomposite and can significantly retard the penetration of oxygen plasma. Thus, layered silicate containing nanocomposites may enhance the survivability of polymeric materials in aggressive oxidative environments, such as atomic oxygen in low earth orbit (LEO). The formed inorganic region was characterized chemically and morphologically by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR), transmission electron microscopy (TEA), and X-ray scattering. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Systran Fed Corp, Universal Technol Corp, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Vaia, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Systran Fed Corp, Universal Technol Corp, 2941 P St,Room 136, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 36 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 13 IS 11 BP 4123 EP 4129 DI 10.1021/cm010150o PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 495CY UT WOS:000172323700052 ER PT J AU Stohs, J Bossert, DJ Gallant, DJ Brueck, SRJ AF Stohs, J Bossert, DJ Gallant, DJ Brueck, SRJ TI Gain, refractive index change, and linewidth enhancement factor in broad-area GaAs and InGaAs quantum-well lasers SO IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE gain measurement; modeling; quantum-well lasers; semiconductor epitaxial layers; semiconductor lasers; stimulated emission ID SPONTANEOUS EMISSION; SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS; MATERIAL PARAMETERS; DIODE-LASERS; INJECTION; RENORMALIZATION; RECOMBINATION; ABSORPTION; DEPENDENCE; SPECTRA AB We report experimental and theoretical results for the injection-level dependence of the gain, refractive index variation, and linewidth enhancement factor (alpha) for four different quantum-well (QW) laser structures. Two of the lasers have GaAs QW layers that vary in width while the other two have InGaAs active layers that vary in QW depth. Experimental Hakki-Paoli data are used to compare gain, index change, and alpha -parameter between these pairs of devices. The results of two simulations are compared to the experimental data. The first is based on the approximation of parabolic bands for both the conduction and valence bands while the second employs the k . p method to refine the calculation of the valence bands. Our findings include: 1) narrower and deeper QWs yield lower alpha values; 2) modeling results from the k . p method are only slightly improved over those from the parabolic band model; 3) at high injection levels, stimulated emission below threshold is a prominent effect in these devices; and 4) at high injection levels, carriers in the barrier energy states above the well are shown to be responsible for increasing alpha values. C1 Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. USAF, Res Lab, DELS, SE Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Boeing Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Stohs, J (reprint author), Nortel Networks, Wilmington, MA 01887 USA. OI Brueck, Steven/0000-0001-8754-5633 NR 48 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 16 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9197 J9 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT JI IEEE J. Quantum Electron. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1449 EP 1459 DI 10.1109/3.958374 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 483KQ UT WOS:000171634900012 ER PT J AU Yepez, J AF Yepez, J TI Type-II quantum computers SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C LA English DT Article DE quantum computation; hybrid quantum architectuce; quantum network; quantum lattice gas ID COMPUTATION AB This paper discusses a computing architecture that uses both classical parallelism and quantum parallelism. We consider a large parallel array of small quantum computers, connected together by classical communication channels. This kind of computer is called a type-II quantum computer, to differentiate it from a globally phase-coherent quantum computer, which is the first type of quantum computer that has received nearly exclusive attention in the literature. Although a hybrid, a type-II quantum computer retains the crucial advantage allowed by quantum mechanical superposition that its computational power grows exponentially in the number of phase-coherent qubits per node, only short-range and short time phase-coherence is needed, which significantly reduces the level of engineering facility required to achieve its construction. Therefore, the primary factor limiting its computational power is an economic one and not a technological one, since the volume of its computational medium can in principle scale indefinitely. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Yepez, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom Field, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 912805, SINGAPORE SN 0129-1831 J9 INT J MOD PHYS C JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. C PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 IS 9 BP 1273 EP 1284 DI 10.1142/S0129183101002668 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 507ZN UT WOS:000173061700001 ER PT J AU Yepez, J AF Yepez, J TI Quantum lattice-gas model for the diffusion equation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C LA English DT Article DE quantum computation; quantum lattice gas; diffusion equation; type-II quantum computer ID COMPUTATION AB Presented is a factorized quantum lattice-gas algorithm to model the diffusion equation. It is a minimal model with two qubits per node of a one-dimensional lattice and it is suitable for implementation on a large array of small quantum computers interconnected by nearest-neighbor classical communication channels. The quantum lattice-gas system is described at the mesoscopic scale by a lattice-Boltzmann equation whose collision term is unconditionally stable and obeys the principle of detailed balance. An analytical treatment of the model is given to predict a macroscopic effective field theory. The numerical simulations axe in excellent agreement with the analytical results. In particular, numerical simulations confirm the value of the analytically calculated diffusion constant. The algorithm is time-explicit with numerical convergence that is first-order accurate in time and second-order accurate in space. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Yepez, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom Field, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 912805, SINGAPORE SN 0129-1831 J9 INT J MOD PHYS C JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. C PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 IS 9 BP 1285 EP 1303 DI 10.1142/S0129183101002656 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 507ZN UT WOS:000173061700002 ER PT J AU Elsass, CR Poblenz, C Heying, B Fini, P Petroff, PM DenBaars, SP Mishra, UK Speck, JS Saxler, A Elhamrib, S Mitchel, WC AF Elsass, CR Poblenz, C Heying, B Fini, P Petroff, PM DenBaars, SP Mishra, UK Speck, JS Saxler, A Elhamrib, S Mitchel, WC TI Influence of growth temperature and thickness of AlGaN caps on electron transport in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS LA English DT Article DE gallium nitride; aluminum gallium nitride; heterostructure; nitrides; mobility; transport; molecular beam epitaxy; 2DEG; sapphire ID GAN HETEROSTRUCTURES; MOBILITY; POLARIZATION AB The influence of Al0.05Ga0.95N cap thickness and growth temperature on the electrical properties of the Al0.05Ga0.95/GaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) was investigated. Varying the thickness of the Al0.05Ga0.95N barrier led to regions in which the dominant 2DEG scattering mechanisms were either Coulombic or interface roughness/alloy disorder scattering. The 2DEG sheet carrier concentration was found to increase with Al0.05Ga0.95N cap thickness and saturated at similar to 25 nm. By increasing the growth temperature from 650 degreesC to 750 degreesC. the measured low temperature 2DEG sheet carrier concentration was found to decrease and the measured low temperature mobility was found to increase while the Al composition remained constant. Temperature dependent Hall measurements revealed that by increasing the growth temperature, the incorporation of impurities is decreased. A maximum 77 K mobility of similar to 19,000 cm(2)/Vs was observed for films grown at 750 degreesC with 20 nm thick Al0.05Ga0.95N caps. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. USAF, RL, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Dept Phys, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Speck, JS (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RI Speck, James/H-5646-2011; Pan, Ci-Ling/I-8127-2014; OI Pan, Ci-Ling/0000-0002-2652-5134; Lin, Gong-Ru/0000-0003-2061-1282 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS PI MINATO-KU TOKYO PA DAINI TOYOKAIJI BLDG, 4-24-8 SHINBASHI, MINATO-KU TOKYO, 105-004, JAPAN SN 0021-4922 J9 JPN J APPL PHYS 1 JI Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 - Regul. Pap. Short Notes Rev. Pap. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 40 IS 11 BP 6235 EP 6238 DI 10.1143/JJAP.40.6235 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 497KM UT WOS:000172454500012 ER PT J AU Simpson, JR Wisnowski, JW AF Simpson, JR Wisnowski, JW TI Streamlining flight test with the design and analysis of experiments SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB Traditional flight-test methodology typically results in large test matrices using the approach of changing settings of one input variable at a time, keeping all others at some nominal level. Although this method is functional, another method exists that can dramatically reduce the amount of testing required, increase the quality of the data analysis, and provide additional insight into system performance. We propose using the principles of statistically designed experiments; and we provide a process for planning flight test using these principles. The proposed process complements traditional testing methods and places a greater emphasis on structuring test design to increase the precision and interpretability of the data using statistical analysis. Another enhancement to the test process is recommending small and sequential testing so that information learned from earlier tests is incorporated in subsequent phases and unnecessary tests can be avoided. The proposed methodology has three phases: building the strategic flight-test plan, developing detailed test objectives, and planning flight testing and analysis. This paper discusses the activities conducted in each phase and illustrates the main points with an example from a recent experience with the CV-22 operational test and evaluation. Although our proposal is directed to flight test, it can be easily implemented in most test environments. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Ind Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. Florida A&M Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. USAF Acad, Dept Math Sci, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Simpson, JR (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Ind Engn, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1110 EP 1116 DI 10.2514/2.2879 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 502KR UT WOS:000172743200017 ER PT J AU Hreljac, A Arata, A Ferber, R Mercer, JA Row, BS AF Hreljac, A Arata, A Ferber, R Mercer, JA Row, BS TI An electromyographical analysis of the role of dorsiflexors on the gait transition during human locomotion SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE walking; running; EMG; muscle activation ID WALK-RUN TRANSITION; TREADMILL WALKING; PERCEIVED EXERTION; ENERGY-COST; SPEED; DETERMINANTS; HABITUATION; FREQUENCY; DYNAMICS; STRIDE AB Previous research has demonstrated that the preferred transition speed during human locomotion is the speed at which critical levels of ankle angular velocity and acceleration (in the dorsiflexor direction) are reached, leading to the hypothesis that gait transition occurs to alleviate muscular stress on the dorsiflexors. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metabolic cost of running at the preferred transition speed is greater than that of walking at that speed. This increase in energetic cost at gait transition has been hypothesized to occur due to a greater demand being placed on the larger muscles of the lower extremity when gait changes from a walk to a run. This hypothesis was tested by monitoring electromyographic (EMG) activity of the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus while participants (6 M, 3 F) walked at speeds of 70, 80, 90, and 100% of their preferred transition speed, and ran at their preferred transition speed. The EMG activity of the tibialis anterior increased as walking speed increased, then decreased when gait changed to a run at the preferred transition speed. Concurrently, the EMG activity of all other muscles that were monitored increased with increasing walking speed, and at a greater rate when gait changed to a run at the preferred transition speed. The results of this study supported the hypothesis presented. C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. USAF Acad, Dept Kinesiol, Boulder, CO 80840 USA. Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. UNLV, Dept Kinesiol, Las Vegas, NV 89109 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Locomot Studies, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Hreljac, A (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento, 6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1065-8483 J9 J APPL BIOMECH JI J. Appl. Biomech. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4 BP 287 EP 296 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Sport Sciences SC Engineering; Sport Sciences GA 495BB UT WOS:000172319400002 ER PT J AU Bearden, K Dally, JW Sanford, RJ AF Bearden, K Dally, JW Sanford, RJ TI Experimental determination of K-I for short internal cracks SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS; PARAMETERS AB Since the pioneering discussion by Irwin, a significant effort has been devoted to determining stress intensity factors (K) using experimental methods. Techniques have been developed to determine stress intensity factors from photoelastic, strain gage, caustics, and mo ir data. All of these methods apply to a relatively long single-ended-edge crack. To date, the determination of K for internal cracks that are double-ended by experimental methods has not been addressed. This paper describes a photoelastic study of tension panels with both central and eccentric internal cracks. The data recorded in the experiments was analyzed using a new series solution for the opening-mode stress intensity, factor for an internal crack. The data was also analyzed using the edge-crack series solution, which is currently employed in experimental studies. Results indicated that the experimental methods usually provided results accurate to within three to five percent if the series solution for the internal crack was employed in an overdeterministic numerical analysis of the data. Comparison of experimental results using the new series for the internal crack and the series for an edge crack showed the superiority of the new series. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Engn Mech, USADA, CO 80840 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bearden, K (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Engn Mech, USADA, CO 80840 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0021-8936 J9 J APPL MECH-T ASME JI J. Appl. Mech.-Trans. ASME PD NOV PY 2001 VL 68 IS 6 BP 937 EP 943 DI 10.1115/1.1381004 PG 7 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 500GB UT WOS:000172617100016 ER PT J AU Rogers, JV Gunasekar, PG Garrett, CM Kabbur, MB McDougal, JN AF Rogers, JV Gunasekar, PG Garrett, CM Kabbur, MB McDougal, JN TI Detection of oxidative species and low-molecular-weight DNA in skin following dermal exposure with JP-8 jet fuel SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE JP-8 jet fuel; oxidative species; DNA fragmentation; skin ID PETROLEUM MIDDLE DISTILLATES; INHALATION EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRESS; BIOMARKERS; IRRITATION; ABSORPTION; TOXICOLOGY; TOXICITY; CELLS AB Dermal absorption of JP-8 jet fuel can lead to skin irritation within hours after exposure. This study detected the formation of oxidative species and low-molecular-weight DNA in rat skin as potential indicators of JP-8-induced skin injury. At 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after the beginning of a 1-h exposure, skin samples were removed and analyzed for oxidative species formation and low-molecular-weight DNA analysis. At 1, 2 and 4 h, mean oxidative species levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) above unexposed samples. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) low-molecular-weight DNA values were observed at 4 and 6 h compared with unexposed controls. These results demonstrate significant increases in oxidative species and low-molecular-weight DNA levels in the skin following dermal exposure to JP-8. These responses may serve as indicators of skin injury following exposure to JP-8 jet fuel and other volatile chemicals or mixtures. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Geocenters Inc, AFRL, HEST, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL,HEST, Operat Toxicol Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP McDougal, JN (reprint author), Geocenters Inc, AFRL, HEST, 2856 G St,Bldg 79, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 6 BP 521 EP 525 DI 10.1002/jat.799 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 500FR UT WOS:000172616000014 PM 11746201 ER PT J AU Sanders, TG Morrison, WB Singleton, BA Miller, MD Cornum, KG AF Sanders, TG Morrison, WB Singleton, BA Miller, MD Cornum, KG TI Medial patellofemoral ligament injury following acute transient dislocation of the patella: MR findings with surgical correlation in 14 patients SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE magnetic resonance imaging; ligament, medial patellofemoral; legs, ligaments AB Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of MRI in determining both the extent and the location of injury to the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). Method: MR findings were compared to the surgical results of 14 consecutive patients who experienced transient patellar dislocation. Two musculoskeletal radiologists, blinded to the surgical results, retrospectively reviewed the MR studies, and a consensus reading was obtained. Results: Surgery demonstrated complete disruption of the MPFL in 7 of 14 patients (50%), with stretching or partial tearing of the MPFL in the remaining 7 (50%) patients. MRI was 85% sensitive and 70% accurate in detecting MPFL disruption. Vastus medialis obliquus muscle elevation Was present in 12 of 14 (85%). Conclusion: MRI accurately depicts both the extent and the location of MPFL injury following transient patellar dislocation and can therefore play a significant role in directing surgical management of these patients. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Gen Surg, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Orthoped Surg, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Radiol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp, Dept Radiol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Orthoped Surg, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Sanders, TG (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, 759 MDTS MTRD,2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 14 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0363-8715 J9 J COMPUT ASSIST TOMO JI J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 25 IS 6 BP 957 EP 962 DI 10.1097/00004728-200111000-00021 PG 6 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 496JJ UT WOS:000172392200021 PM 11711811 ER PT J AU Parsons, JR Walton, RE Ricks-Williamson, L AF Parsons, JR Walton, RE Ricks-Williamson, L TI In vitro longitudinal assessment of coronal discoloration from endodontic sealers SO JOURNAL OF ENDODONTICS LA English DT Article AB A major cause of tooth discoloration may be sealer remnants in the chamber. The objective of this study was to evaluate, longitudinally, coronal discoloration from four sealers. Extracted premolars were sectioned in the coronal third of the root. The chamber contents were removed and instrumentation was via the canal. The following sealers were bulk introduced into the chamber: AH26, Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer, Roths 801 (nonstaining), and Sealapex. The apical access was sealed with white sticky wax. Teeth were maintained in a moist environment at 37 degreesC. Initial (immediate pretreatment) digital images of the teeth were made for base line comparison. Subsequent images were at 1-, 3-, 9-, and 12-month intervals. Then images were mixed and descriptively evaluated blindly by trained evaluators. Discoloration was induced by the four sealers, with slight to moderate visible changes that increased through 12 months. There was slightly more discoloration with AH26 and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer. In conclusion discoloration induced by the endodontic sealers produced slight to moderate and generally progressive discoloration over 12 months. C1 USAF, Scott AFB, IL USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Dent, Dept Endodont, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Walton, RE (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Dent, Dept Endodont, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 10 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0099-2399 J9 J ENDODONT JI J. Endod. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 27 IS 11 BP 699 EP 702 DI 10.1097/00004770-200111000-00012 PG 4 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 487BB UT WOS:000171852900012 PM 11716085 ER PT J AU Gallentine, ML Bishoff, JT Harmon, WJ AF Gallentine, ML Bishoff, JT Harmon, WJ TI The broken stone basket: Configuration and technique for removal SO JOURNAL OF ENDOUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOLMIUM-YAG LASER AB Purpose: We investigated the ease of breakage of endoscopic stone baskets with the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser and their resultant configuration. More importantly, possible safe methods of retrieval were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Endoscopic stone baskets from Bard (Platinum Class (TM) 2.4F Flat and 3.0F Helical Wire), Cook (3.2F Captura (TM), 3.2F Atlas (TM) 3.0F N-Circle (TM), 4.5F N-Force (TM)), and Microvasive (2.4F Zero Tip (TM), 3.0F Gemini (TM), 3.0F Segura (TM)) were broken once using the holmium:YAG laser. The energy (kJ) required to break one of the wires was recorded. Configuration was documented using photographs. Baskets were disassembled and assessed for extraction through a 7F open-ended catheter, an 8F/10F set, and a 20F peel-away sheath. Results: Tipless baskets (N-Circle, Zero Tip) broke the easiest (range 0.02-0.03 kJ). Tipped baskets (Segura, Platinum Class Flat and Helical, Gemini, Captura, N-Force, Atlas) were more resistant, but all broke within the range (0.06-0.78 kJ) typically used for intracorporeal lithotripsy. Broken segments of wire tended to protrude outward, with tipless baskets having less change in configuration than tipped baskets. Tipless baskets could easily be pulled into any of the extracting devices, whereas tipped baskets could not. Conclusions: Baskets break at typical holmium:YAG intracorporeal lithotripsy energy settings. Tipless baskets break easiest and assume a safer configuration. Tipless baskets are extracted easily through a 7F open-ended catheter, 8F/10F set, or 20F sheath, while tipped baskets are unable to be extracted through any of these. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Urol, MMKU, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Harmon, WJ (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Urol, MMKU, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0892-7790 J9 J ENDOUROL JI J. Endourol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 15 IS 9 BP 911 EP 914 DI 10.1089/089277901753284125 PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 499GC UT WOS:000172561900006 PM 11769845 ER PT J AU Wilson, GR Burke, WJ Maynard, NC Huang, CY Singer, HJ AF Wilson, GR Burke, WJ Maynard, NC Huang, CY Singer, HJ TI Global electrodynamics observed during the initial and main phases of the July 1991 magnetic storm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ZONAL ELECTRIC-FIELDS; HIGH-LATITUDE; SUDDEN COMMENCEMENTS; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; RING CURRENT; JUNE 4-6; PLASMA; TIME; CRRES; CONVECTION AB Data acquired by seven fortuitously positioned satellites in the interplanetary medium, the magnetosphere, and the topside ionosphere, as well as from numerous ground magnetometers have allowed us to follow the evolution of global currents and electric fields during the geomagnetic storm on July 8 - 9, 1991. An interplanetary disturbance collided with the magnetosphere at similar to 1636 UT on July 8th, compressing the magnetopause inside of geostationary orbit for about 3 hours, as observed by magnetometers on two GOES satellites. The resulting storm developed in four segments with a 7 hour lull separating the initial and main phases. The initial phase was characterized by (1) an extensive, DP 2 current system that produced an AE perturbation of similar to 3500 nT, with reporting stations on the dayside, (2) a twenty-fold increase in auroral electron fluxes, and (3) the immediate appearance of electric fields in the inner magnetosphere. The main phase intensification and earthward movement of the ring current are associated with southward turnings of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and a polar cap potential increase above 200 kV. A significant fraction of the ring current growth was observed prior to the first of several substorms that occurred during the main and recovery phases. The beginning of recovery was characterized by a diminution of the southward IMF component, the cross polar cap potential and magnetospheric electric fields. It was also marked by a substorm onset. Considering the timing of Dst modulations relative to substorm occurrence, we conclude that during this magnetic storm, the electric fields responsible for ring current transport/energization were mostly associated with the DP 2 current system. Finally, in the evening-sector penetration electric fields of the initial and main phases led to the formation of upward moving equatorial plasma bubbles that were detected by two DMSP satellites in the topside ionosphere. C1 Mission Res Corp, Nashua, NH 03062 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wilson, GR (reprint author), Mission Res Corp, 589 W Hollis St,Suite 201, Nashua, NH 03062 USA. NR 56 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A11 BP 24517 EP 24539 DI 10.1029/2000JA000348 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 490JT UT WOS:000172049300005 ER PT J AU Maynard, NC Burke, WJ Sandholt, PE Moen, J Ober, DM Lester, M Weimer, DR Egeland, A AF Maynard, NC Burke, WJ Sandholt, PE Moen, J Ober, DM Lester, M Weimer, DR Egeland, A TI Observations of simultaneous effects of merging in both hemispheres SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; HIGH-LATITUDE CONVECTION; FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; IMF B-Y; SOLAR-WIND; IONOSPHERIC CONVECTION; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SIGNATURES AB In this event study, we have compared electric field measurements acquired near magnetic noon during a rocket flight from the SvalRak range with solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) observations. The cusp is spatially bifurcated relative to its source regions. The data indicate that many effects observed at northern high latitudes were driven by dayside merging in the Southern Hemisphere, probably near the dawn side of the cusp. Applying the antiparallel merging criterion of Crooker [1979], we show that complex ground-based optical data are well ordered by considering that incoming interplanetary electric field phase fronts in the solar wind are tilted, allowing the two hemispheres to respond to the same elements of the solar wind stream at significantly different times. The data stream interacts first with the Southern Hemisphere at tag times significantly less than the simple advection time. Northern Hemisphere merging occurred later, the timing separation being related to the tilt and the strong IMF B(X). Auroral emissions created by electrons injected from a Southern Hemisphere merging site may be located in close proximity to those from a Northern Hemisphere site, within the same all-sky image. With proper lag times established for the two source regions, it is clear that variations of dayside auroral emissions occur in response to small changes in the interplanetary electric field. The bifurcation is driven by IMF By, while BX accentuates differences in the timing of the interaction. The detailed harmonization of distinct auroral features with interplanetary drivers strongly supports the utility of the antiparallel merging criterion in estimating when and where the solar wind and the magnetosphere interact. A similar ordering of auroral effects and in situ data with interplanetary variations cannot be achieved if merging proceeded at lower latitudes along a continuous, tilted merging line passing through the subsolar region, as required by the component-merging hypothesis. A consequence of merging limited to the high-latitude regions is that the smaller convection cell is driven by merging in the opposite hemisphere. While these conclusions are based on our analysis of a single interval and need independent confirmation, the investigation opens new possibilities for understanding cusp electro dynamics, implying a much greater solar wind/IMF control of magnetosphere-ionosphere phenomena than previously thought. C1 Mission Res Corp, Nashua, NH 03062 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RP Maynard, NC (reprint author), Mission Res Corp, 1 Tara Blvd,Suite 302, Nashua, NH 03062 USA. EM nmaynard@mrcnh.com; burke@plh.af.mil; p.e.sandholt@fys.uio.no; j.moen@fys.uio.no; dober@mrcnh.com; dweimer@mrcnh.com; a.egeland@fys.uio.no NR 57 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A11 BP 24551 EP 24577 DI 10.1029/2000JA000315 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 490JT UT WOS:000172049300007 ER PT J AU Hudson, HS Cliver, EW AF Hudson, HS Cliver, EW TI Observing coronal mass ejections without coronagraphs SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SOFT-X-RAY; MAGNETIC-FIELD CONFIGURATIONS; DURATION SOLAR-FLARE; YOHKOH SXT IMAGES; ACTIVE REGIONS; RADIO-BURST; SOHO/EIT OBSERVATIONS; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; LASCO OBSERVATIONS; LOOP PROMINENCES AB A coronal mass ejection (CME), strictly speaking, is a phenomenon observed via a white-light coronal imager. In addition to coronagraphs, a wide variety of other instruments provide independent observations of CMEs, in regimes ranging from the chromosphere to interplanetary space. In this paper we list the most important of these noncoronagraphic signatures, many of which had been known even before CMEs were first identified in coronagraph observations about 30 years ago. We summarize the new aspects of CMEs discovered in the past several years, primarily with instruments on the Yohkoh and SOHO satellites. We emphasize the need for detailed statistically based comparisons between SOHO CMEs and their noncoronagraphic manifestations. We discuss how the various aspects of CMEs fit into the current standard model sigmoids, flux rope, double dimming, arcade). While a class of CMEs follows this pattern, it does not appear to work for all events. In particular, some CMEs involve extended dimming regions and erupting transequatorial X-ray loops, indicating a more complex geometry than a simple bipolar magnetic configuration. C1 Solar Phys Res Corp, ISAS, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Solar Phys Res Corp, ISAS, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. EM hudson@isass1.solar.isas.ac.jp NR 164 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A11 BP 25199 EP 25213 DI 10.1029/2000JA904026 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 490JT UT WOS:000172049300059 ER PT J AU Shiokawa, K Ogawa, T Oya, H Rich, FJ Yumoto, K AF Shiokawa, K Ogawa, T Oya, H Rich, FJ Yumoto, K TI A stable auroral red arc observed over Japan after an interval of very weak solar wind SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-PRECIPITATION; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; SAR-ARC; PLASMA; EQUATORIAL; SATELLITE AB May 10-11, 1999, is known as an interval of very weak solar wind, with an interplanetary plasma density of <1 cm(-3). On May 12-13 the density increased to more than 10 cm-3 and a weak magnetic storm occurred. During the early recovery phase of the storm, we observed a stable auroral red (SAR) are at Rikubetsu, Japan (43.5 degreesN, 143.8 degreesE, magnetic latitude = 34.7 degreesN), at 1500-1740 UT (0000-0240 LT) on May 13. It is unusual to observe a SAP, are at such a low-latitude station during a weak storm, which had a minimum Dst index of only -49 nT (1500 UT on May 13). The maximum SAR arc intensity at a wavelength of 630 mn reached similar to 700 R in the northern sky of Rikubetsu. A weak emission (similar to7 R) at 427.8 nm (N-2(+)(1NG)) was also observed. Ground magnetic field data indicate a clear substorm starting at 1522 UT. The plasma density data obtained by the Akebono satellite (2000-8000 km altitude) show a steep plasmapause at similar to 40 degrees magnetic latitude during the recovery phase of the storm. The electron temperature data obtained by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F14 satellite (800 km altitude) show enhancement of the temperature at subauroral latitudes during the storm. Using these data, we discuss the generation of the SAR are during the weak storm. C1 Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 4428507, Japan. Fukui Univ Technol, Fac Engn, Fukui 9108505, Japan. USAF, Res Lab, Space Models Branch, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Grad Sch, Div Sci,Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RP Shiokawa, K (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, 3-13 Honohara, Aichi 4428507, Japan. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A11 BP 26091 EP 26101 DI 10.1029/2001JA000073 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 490JT UT WOS:000172049300123 ER PT J AU Nicolaou, PD Semiatin, SL AF Nicolaou, PD Semiatin, SL TI The effect of stress triaxiality on tensile behavior of cavitating specimens SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CAVITY GROWTH; FAILURE; ALLOYS AB A force-equilibrium approach was utilized to simulate the tensile behavior of sheet specimens under cavitating conditions. Unlike previous work, the current model incorporated the effect of stress state on the cavity growth rate parameter eta. It was found that stress triaxiality that develops after quasistable deformation has a relatively small effect on eta. Thus, at a given level of true strain, the increased value of eta leads to higher cavity volume fraction inside the specimen. Simulation results revealed that tensile elongation is not affected by the higher cavity growth rate parameter when failure is localization controlled; however, in cases in which failure is fracture (cavitation) controlled, the overall elongation decreases. (C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Silver & Baryte Ores Min Co SA, Athens 10672, Greece. USAF, AF Res Lab, AFRL MLLM, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Nicolaou, PD (reprint author), Silver & Baryte Ores Min Co SA, 21A Amerikis Str, Athens 10672, Greece. RI SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 36 IS 21 BP 5155 EP 5159 DI 10.1023/A:1012485510150 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 481VJ UT WOS:000171540900014 ER PT J AU Strong, KL Zabinski, JS Vreugdenhil, AJ AF Strong, KL Zabinski, JS Vreugdenhil, AJ TI Thermal chemistry of a high temperature solid lubricant, cesium oxythiomolybdate - Part I - Thermo-oxidative stability of Cs2MoOS3 SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SILICON-NITRIDE; BEHAVIOR AB Cesium oxythiomolybdate (Cs2MoOS3) is a potential high temperature solid lubricant. It undergoes complex oxidation reactions at elevated temperatures, but continues to provide lubrication above the oxidation temperature. Therefore, in order to determine the nature of the lubricant at elevated temperature, it is necessary to understand the thermal chemistry of Cs2MoOS3 in an air environment. The thermo-oxidative stability of Cs2MoOS3 was evaluated between room temperature and 800 degreesC in air. Melting and phase transition temperatures were determined. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, micro-Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction were used to identify the chemical species evolved at increasing temperatures. As-received Cs2MoOS3 was not pure. It also contained cesium molybdates, molybdenum oxides, and Cs2SO4. Between 300-400 degreesC, the material began to decompose forming Cs2SO4 and MoS2. Between 400-600 degreesC, Cs2MoOS3 also formed cesium molybdates and molybdenum oxides. In addition, the Cs2SO4 began to oxidize to cesium oxides (which melted) and SOx gas. Also, MoS2 oxidized to MoO3. At approximately 700 degreesC, MoO3 began to sublime. Upon cooling from 800 degreesC, the material was primarily cesium oxides and Cs2MoO4, with small amounts of complex cesium molybdates and molybdenum oxides. (C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, AFRL,MLB, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Strong, KL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, AFRL,MLB, 2941 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 36 IS 22 BP 5407 EP 5413 DI 10.1023/A:1012465127027 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 484ZQ UT WOS:000171727000015 ER PT J AU Strong, KL Zabinski, JS AF Strong, KL Zabinski, JS TI Thermal chemistry of a high temperature solid lubricant, cesium oxythiomolybdate - Part II - Thermo-oxidative stability of Cs2MoOS3/Si3N4 mixtures SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SILICON-NITRIDE; BEHAVIOR; CARBIDE; SI3N4 AB Cesium oxythiomolybdate (Cs2MoOS3) may be an excellent high temperature lubricant, providing a friction coefficient below 0.2 at 650 degreesC. However, oxidation products provide the lubrication above 400 degreesC. Lubricant effectiveness depends strongly on the composition of the substrate materials in contact, such as Si3N4, suggesting that tribochemical and/or thermal reactions at the interface produce new compounds. The thermo-oxidative stability of Cs2MoOS3/Si3N4 and Cs2MoOS3/SiO2 mixtures have been evaluated between room temperature and 1000 degreesC in air. The transition temperatures and oxidation products were identified. The thermal chemistry of Cs2MoOS3/Si3N4 mixtures was significantly different than that of Cs2MoOS3 alone, largely due to the oxidation of Si3N4 to glassy SiO2. Cesium oxythiomolybdate formed cesium oxides, which melted below 600 degreesC. As SiO2 is formed, the cesium oxides diffused into it, creating a cesium silicate glass. Also, Cs2MoO4 was preferentially formed over complex cesium molybdates and molybdenum oxides. In a tribological application, Cs2MoO4, oxides, and cesium silicate glass may be formed at contacting interfaces from Cs2MoOS3 films deposited on Si3N4 substrates. Lubrication would be provided as the shear strength of these compounds decreases with increasing temperature. (C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, AFRL,MLB, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Strong, KL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, AFRL,MLB, 2941 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 36 IS 22 BP 5415 EP 5422 DI 10.1023/A:1012417311098 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 484ZQ UT WOS:000171727000016 ER PT J AU Curran, ET AF Curran, ET TI Scramjet engines: The first forty years SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Review ID SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION; PERFORMANCE; IGNITION AB A general review of the emergence and maturing of supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) engine technologies over the last 40 years is presented. The review is given in terms of the efforts completed or proceeding in the United States, Russia, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, and other countries. A brief account of the challenges of scramjet combustor development is given, and attention is directed toward other source references for more detailed accounts of technology evolution. Two emerging scramjet applications are identified, namely, hydrogen-fueled high-speed engines for access to space and hydrocarbon-fueled engines for hypersonic air-launched missiles. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Curran, ET (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 104 TC 138 Z9 152 U1 10 U2 86 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1138 EP 1148 DI 10.2514/2.5875 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 495AA UT WOS:000172317000002 ER PT J AU Powell, OA Edwards, JT Norris, RB Numbers, KE Pearce, JA AF Powell, OA Edwards, JT Norris, RB Numbers, KE Pearce, JA TI Development of hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet engines: The Hypersonic Technology (HyTech) program SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article AB The Hypersonic Technology (HyTech) program was initiated in 1995 to maintain a core competency in hypersonic technologies after the cancellation of the National Aerospace Plane program. HyTech is focused on expanding the technology base for liquid-hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet propulsion systems and is complementary in many ways to similar hydrogen-fueled hypersonic programs, such as Hyper-X. The overall effort consists of government sponsored industry efforts and an in-house technology base program. The technical challenges of these efforts associated with successful scramjet operation are addressed, which include activity in inlet/isolator operation, combustor operation and stability, nozzle operation, material advancement, fuel system development and integration and operability. The program has positively demonstrated the technologies that are critical to successful scramjet operation. The current status of work in each of these areas is discussed, followed by a discussion of upcoming activities for the, program. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Technol Corp, Div Engn, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. RP Powell, OA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, 1950 5th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 23 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1170 EP 1176 DI 10.2514/2.5891 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 495AA UT WOS:000172317000005 ER PT J AU Balepin, VV Czysz, PA Moszee, RH AF Balepin, VV Czysz, PA Moszee, RH TI Combined engine for reusable launch vehicle (KLIN Cycle) SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference CY APR 24-27, 2001 CL KYOTO, JAPAN AB Predicted performance and features of a combined propulsion concept for a small reusable launch vehicle known as KLIN (TM) (meaning wedge in Russian) Cycle are discussed. The KLIN Cycle consists of a thermally integrated deeply cooled turbojet and a liquid rocket engine. The objective of this concept is to achieve a high-pressure ratio in a simple, lightweight turbojet engine. The proven result is an exceptional engine thrust-to-weight ratio, as well as improved specific impulse and mass fraction of the launcher. When based on the RL10 engine family, the KLIN Cycle makes a small single-stage-to-orbit and two-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicles feasible and very economically attractive. C1 MSE Technol Applicat Inc, Aerosp Grp, Butte, MT 59702 USA. St Louis Univ, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Balepin, VV (reprint author), MSE Technol Applicat Inc, Aerosp Grp, Butte, MT 59702 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1239 EP 1246 DI 10.2514/2.5870 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 495AA UT WOS:000172317000015 ER PT J AU Wohlwend, K Maurice, LQ Edwards, T Striebich, RC Vangsness, M Hill, AS AF Wohlwend, K Maurice, LQ Edwards, T Striebich, RC Vangsness, M Hill, AS TI Thermal stability of energetic hydrocarbon fuels for use in combined cycle engines SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID PHASE PYROLYSIS MECHANISM; KINETICS AB Greater ease of use and higher density make energetic hydrocarbon fuels an attractive alternative to cryogenic fuels. The use of high-energy hydrocarbons in rocket and combined-cycle propulsion systems is being explored. In addition to its obvious use for propulsive purposes, fuel is used to cool system structures regeneratively to temperatures commensurate with presently available materials. Fuel thermal stability unfortunately limits the use of hydrocarbon fuels. In the present contribution, the thermal stability of RP-1, JP-10, and quadricyclane is assessed using a system for thermal diagnostic studies. It is found that, whereas JP-10 and RP-1 exhibit reasonable thermal stability, the highly strained quadricyclane rapidly degrades under high-pressure, condensed-phase thermal stress. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Sci & Adv Concepts Div, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Aerosp Mech Div, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Chem Engn, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Wohlwend, K (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Sci & Adv Concepts Div, Prop Directorate, 1790 Loop Rd N, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1258 EP 1262 DI 10.2514/2.5873 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 495AA UT WOS:000172317000018 ER PT J AU Gruber, M Donbar, J Jackson, K Mathur, T Baurle, R Eklund, D Smith, C AF Gruber, M Donbar, J Jackson, K Mathur, T Baurle, R Eklund, D Smith, C TI Newly developed direct-connect high-enthalpy supersonic combustion research facility SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article AB A new continuous-flow, direct-connect, high-enthalpy, supersonic combustion research facility is described. This test facility provides combustor inlet flow conditions corresponding to flight Mach numbers between 3.5 and 7, at dynamic pressures up to 95.8 kPa. Most of the major components of the new facility are water cooled (including the vitiated heater, the instrumentation and transition sections, and the facility nozzle and isolators); the current exception is the variable-geometry heat-sink combustor. A variety of conventional and advanced instrumentation, including a steam calorimeter and a thrust stand, exists for accurate documentation of combustor inlet and exit conditions and performance parameters. In a recent calibration effort, pitot pressure surveys, total temperature surveys, and wall static pressure distributions were obtained for a wide range of inlet conditions using Mach 1.8 and 2.2 facility nozzles. In addition, three-dimensional numerical simulations of each test case were completed. Results from the computations compare favorably with experimental results for all cases and yield estimates of the integral boundary-layer properties at the isolator exit. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Aerosp Prop Off, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Taitech Inc, Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Beavercreek, OH 45430 USA. Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. RP Gruber, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Aerosp Prop Off, Bldg 18,1950 5th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 6 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1296 EP 1304 DI 10.2514/2.5878 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 495AA UT WOS:000172317000022 ER PT J AU Mathur, T Gruber, M Jackson, K Donbar, J Donaldson, W Jackson, T Billig, F AF Mathur, T Gruber, M Jackson, K Donbar, J Donaldson, W Jackson, T Billig, F TI Supersonic combustion experiments with a cavity-based fuel injector SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID TRAPPED-VORTEX COMBUSTOR; FLOW; OSCILLATIONS AB Recent results from combustion experiments in a direct-connect supersonic combustor are presented. Successful ignition and sustained combustion of gaseous ethylene have been achieved using an injector/flameholder concept with low-angle, flush-wall fuel injection upstream of a wall cavity. Two interchangeable facility nozzles (Mach 1.8 and 2.2) were used to obtain combustor inlet flow properties that simulate flight conditions between Mach 4 and 6 at a dynamic pressure of 47.9 kPa. Mainstream combustion was achieved at equivalence ratios between 0.25 and 0.75 using only a spark plug and no other external ignition aids. Delta-force levels between 667 and 1779 N were measured, with corresponding combustor pressure ratios between 3.1 and 4.0. Video records of the flame zone show an intensely active combustion zone with rapid flame spreading. One-dimensional performance analysis of the test data indicates a combustion efficiency around 80% with an average combustor skin friction coefficient of 0.0028. C1 USAF, Res Lab, PRA, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Pyrodyne Inc, New Market, MD 21774 USA. RP Mathur, T (reprint author), Innovat Sci Solut Inc, 2766 Indian Ripple Rd, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. NR 47 TC 69 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1305 EP 1312 DI 10.2514/2.5879 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 495AA UT WOS:000172317000023 ER PT J AU Marren, D Lewis, M Maurice, LQ AF Marren, D Lewis, M Maurice, LQ TI Experimentation, test, and evaluation requirements for future airbreathing hypersonic systems SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article AB Experiences gained in recent airbreathing hypersonic vehicle development programs have ascertained that mastering hypersonic flight will depend directly on continued ability to experiment, test, and evaluate. Indeed, many of the hypersonic flight systems being studied will require testing and modeling capabilities that do not currently exist or that may soon be lost if current infrastructures are not maintained. The testing and evaluation of hypersonic systems represents a unique set of challenges. Duplication of the hypersonic flight environment requires extreme temperatures and pressures coupled with complex physical interactions. Ground-test facilities are limited in their ability to duplicate all salient parameters simultaneously. Data from flight experimentation are also limited due to range airspace requirements for long distance flight corridors. These limitations manifest themselves in range safety, data acquisition, and environmental concerns. Computational techniques are a growing supplement to experiment, but are not a replacement. Despite the improvement in both hardware and algorithms, analytical models and computational techniques are extremely time consuming, fall short of adequate fidelity, and require data to anchor and validate them. The conclusion is that only through a unique combination of experiment, flight testing, analysis, and computation, will hypersonic system risks be reduced and the vision of airbreathing hypersonic flight be realized. C1 Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, White Oak, MD 20903 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Aerosp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Marren, D (reprint author), Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, White Oak, MD 20903 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1361 EP 1365 DI 10.2514/2.5888 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 495AA UT WOS:000172317000031 ER PT J AU Lai, ST Della-Rose, DJ AF Lai, ST Della-Rose, DJ TI Spacecraft charging at geosynchronous altitudes: New evidence of existence of critical temperature SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article ID SURFACES AB The onset of spacecraft charging in a Maxwellian space environment is independent of the ambient electron density, ion density, and ion temperature but depends solely on a critical, or threshold, electron temperature. Below it, no spacecraft charging occurs; above it, spacecraft charging occurs. The spacecraft-charging potential is determined by the balance of all currents, including the incoming electrons, outgoing electrons, and ambient ions. Abundant evidence from the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) geosynchronous-satellite data supports the existence of critical temperature for the onset or spacecraft charging. Comparison of the theoretical curve with observations on the LANL-1994-084 satellite is encouraging. Whereas the electron-induced secondary-electron coefficient controls the onset of spacecraft charging at about from -1 to -2 kV, the backscattered-electron emission coefficient and the ion-induced electron emission coefficient, which is commonly neglected, control the charging level at higher potentials beyond about from -3 to -4 kV. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Engn Phys, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Lai, ST (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 38 IS 6 BP 922 EP 928 DI 10.2514/2.3764 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 504QK UT WOS:000172867200016 ER PT J AU Ross, MD Denegar, CR Winzenried, JA AF Ross, MD Denegar, CR Winzenried, JA TI Implementation of open and closed kinetic chain quadriceps strengthening exercises after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction SO JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE anterior cruciate ligament; closed kinetic chain; open kinetic chain ID ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ACTIVITY; REHABILITATION EXERCISES; STRAIN BEHAVIOR; FOLLOW-UP; KNEE; SURGERY; FORCES; TENDONS; INJURY; THIGH AB When working with athletes that have recently undergone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery, a common goal of athletic trainers, strength and conditioning coaches, physicians, and physical therapists is to restore quadriceps strength while protecting the reconstructed ACL and patellofemoral joint from unnecessary stresses. Quadriceps strengthening exercises are often referred to as occurring in the open kinetic chain (OKC) or closed kinetic chain (CKC). Currently, there is little agreement in the literature as to whether only CKC exercises or a combination of OKC and CKC exercise should be performed after ACL reconstruction to strengthen the quadriceps. We believe that a combination of OKC and CKC exercises can be used to effectively and safely, strengthen the quadriceps after ACL reconstruction. The purposes of this review are to examine the scientific literature currently, available for the effects of OKC and CKC exercise on ACL strain and patellofemoral joint stress, and to present a sound rationale for using a combination of OKC and CKC exercises for quadriceps strengthening after ACL reconstruction. On the basis of our review, both OKC and CKC exercises can be modified and implemented for quadriceps strengthening after ACL reconstruction without causing excessive ACL strain or patellofemoral joint stress. C1 27th Med Grp, Dept Phys Therapy, Cannon AFB, NM 88103 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Kinesiol Orthoped & Rehabil, State Coll, PA 16802 USA. USAF Acad, Med Grp 10, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Ross, MD (reprint author), 27th Med Grp, Dept Phys Therapy, Cannon AFB, NM 88103 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 15 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1064-8011 J9 J STRENGTH COND RES JI J. Strength Cond. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 466 EP 473 PG 8 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 499LZ UT WOS:000172573800011 PM 11726258 ER PT J AU Brungart, DS Simpson, BD Ericson, MA Scott, KR AF Brungart, DS Simpson, BD Ericson, MA Scott, KR TI Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of multiple simultaneous talkers SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SPEECH-INTELLIGIBILITY; COCKTAIL-PARTY; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; RECOGNITION; HEARING; NOISE AB Although many researchers have examined the role that binaural cues play in the perception of spatially separated speech signals, relatively little is known about the cues that listeners use to segregate competing speech messages in a monaural or diotic stimulus. This series of experiments examined how variations in the relative levels and voice characteristics of the target and masking talkers influence a listener's ability to extract information from a target phrase in a 3-talker or 4-talker diotic stimulus. Performance in this speech perception task decreased systematically when the level of the target talker was reduced relative to the masking talkers. Performance also generally decreased when the target and masking talkers had similar voice characteristics: the target phrase was most intelligible when the target and masking phrases were spoken by different-sex talkers, and least intelligible when the target and masking phrases were spoken by the same talker. However, when the target-to-masker ratio was less than 3 dB, overall performance was usually lower with one different-sex masker than with all same-sex maskers. In most of the conditions tested, the listeners performed better when they were exposed to the characteristics of the target voice prior to the presentation of the stimulus. The results of these experiments demonstrate how monaural factors may play an important role in the segregation of speech signals in multitalker environments. (C) 2001 Acoustical Society of America. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Veridian, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. RP Brungart, DS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 2610 7th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM douglas.brungart@wpafb.af.mil NR 29 TC 251 Z9 262 U1 5 U2 33 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 110 IS 5 BP 2527 EP 2538 DI 10.1121/1.1408946 PN 1 PG 12 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 492GN UT WOS:000172160200029 PM 11757942 ER PT J AU Kretzschmar, JL AF Kretzschmar, JL TI The natural tooth pontic - A temporary solution for a difficult esthetic situation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 USAF, Dent Corps, Med Grp 43, Pope AFB, NC 28308 USA. RP Kretzschmar, JL (reprint author), USAF, Dent Corps, Med Grp 43, 5424 Reilly Rd, Pope AFB, NC 28308 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 132 IS 11 BP 1552 EP 1553 PG 2 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 493KE UT WOS:000172221100023 PM 11806069 ER PT J AU Borboroglu, PG Amling, CL Schenkman, NS Monga, M Ward, JF Piper, NY Bishoff, JT Kane, CJ AF Borboroglu, PG Amling, CL Schenkman, NS Monga, M Ward, JF Piper, NY Bishoff, JT Kane, CJ TI Ureteral stenting after ureteroscopy for distal ureteral calculi: A multi-institutional prospective randomized controlled study assessing pain, outcomes and complications SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ureteroscopy; ureteral calculi; urinary calculi; stents ID BALLOON DILATION; MANAGEMENT; REMOVAL AB Purpose: We compare postoperative pain, stone-free rates and complications after ureteroscopic treatment of distal ureteral calculi with or without the use of ureteral stents. Materials and Methods: A total of 113 patients with distal ureteral calculi amenable to ureteroscopic treatment were prospectively randomized into stented (53) and unstented (60) groups. Stones were managed with semirigid ureteroscopes with or without distal ureteral dilation and/or intracorporeal lithotripsy. Preoperative and postoperative pain questionnaires were obtained from each patient. Patients with stents had them removed 3 to 10 days postoperatively. Radiographic followup was performed postoperatively to assess stone-free rates and evidence of obstruction. Results: Six patients randomized to the unstented group were withdrawn from the study after significant intraoperative ureteral trauma was recognized, including 3 ureteral perforations, that required ureteral stent placement, leaving 53 with stents and 54 without for analysis. Patients with stents had statistically significantly more postoperative Rank pain (p = 0.005), bladder pain (p < 0.001), urinary symptoms (p = 0.002), overall pain (p < 0.001) and total narcotic use (p < 0.001) compared to the unstented group. Intraoperative ureteral dilation or intracorporeal lithotripsy did not statistically significantly affect postoperative pain or narcotic use in either group (p > 0.05 in all cases). Overall mean stone size in our study was 6.6 mm. There were 4 (7.4%) patients without stents who required postoperative readmission to the hospital secondary to flank pain. All patients (85%) who underwent imaging postoperatively were without evidence of obstruction or ureteral stricture on followup imaging (mean followup plus or minus standard deviation 1.8 +/- 1.5 months), and the stone-free rate was 99.1%. Conclusions: Uncomplicated ureteroscopy for distal ureteral calculi with or without intraoperative ureteral dilation can safely be performed without placement of a ureteral stent. Patients without stents had significantly less pain, fewer urinary symptoms and decreased narcotic use postoperatively. C1 USN, Med Ctr, Dept Urol, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Div Urol, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Urol Serv, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Naval Hosp Okinawa, Dept Urol, Okinawa, Japan. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Borboroglu, PG (reprint author), USN, Med Ctr, Dept Urol, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. NR 22 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 166 IS 5 BP 1651 EP 1657 DI 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65646-7 PG 7 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 481YC UT WOS:000171547200009 PM 11586195 ER PT J AU Gallentine, ML Harmon, WJ AF Gallentine, ML Harmon, WJ TI Ureteral substitution with a stapled neoureter: A simplified Boari flap SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ureter; bladder; surgical staplers ID ABSORBABLE STAPLES; BLADDER FLAP; EXPERIENCE; POUCH; RECONSTRUCTION; CONSTRUCTION; REPLACEMENT; CLOSURE AB Purpose: We evaluate a new technique that will quickly and easily replace a long segment of ureter by creating a tapered neoureter (Boari flap) with bladder wall and absorbable staples. Materials and Methods: A neoureter was created in 14 pigs with native bladder and 75 mm. Polysorb gastrointestinal anastomosis staplers (U. S. Surgical, Norwalk, Connecticut). Urine culture and serum creatinine were obtained before neoureter creation. Neoureter length and time to construct were recorded. At 6 weeks serum creatinine was repeated, and ureteral stent removed with evaluation of the staple lines for stones and residual staples. At 4 months intravenous pyelogram, cystogram and serum creatinine were obtained before necropsy. The bladder, neoureter and kidneys were examined grossly and histologically for hydronephrosis, staples, stones and stenosis. Results: Mean neoureter length was 13.4 cm. and mean time to construct was 15 minutes. Laboratory results were unremarkable. Of the 14 pigs 2 died of pneumonia before stent removal, and at autopsy neither had evidence of hydronephrosis nor anastomotic stricture. In the remaining 12 pigs there was no evidence of residual staples or stone formation with mucosa covering the staple line at cystoscopy and necropsy. Successful neoureter substitution was performed in 9 pigs with no gross or histological changes. There were 3 pigs that had evidence of hydronephrosis with histological findings of chronic pyelonephritis and 2 of them appeared atrophic compared to the contralateral. kidney. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a new technique for ureteral substitution with bladder and absorbable staples that may be performed quickly and easily. Furthermore, we show that absorbable staples can be safely incorporated into the urinary tract with minimal worry about encrustation or calculus formation. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Gallentine, ML (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Urol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 166 IS 5 BP 1869 EP 1872 DI 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65709-6 PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 481YC UT WOS:000171547200084 PM 11586251 ER PT J AU Mall, S Hamrick, JL Nicholas, T AF Mall, S Hamrick, JL Nicholas, T TI High cycle fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V with simulated foreign object damage SO MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB This study investigated the high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of a titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, after being subjected to simulated foreign object damage (FOD). For this purpose, rectangular specimens were damaged to various depths by steel indenters of different diameters under quasi-static loading to simulate damage found in turbine engine airfoils during service. The fatigue strength of these specimens for 10(7) cycles was measured. Finite element analysis was used to compute the deformation and stress state created by the simulated FOD and to explain the relationship between damage and fatigue strength. The examination of damage mechanisms on the fracture surface near FOD showed a region of either macro bands (in the X-shape) of intense plasticity (i.e. intensely deformed material) having strain levels of 15-20%, shear bands, or shear stress-induced cracks depending upon the indentation depth and indenter diameter. The depth from the specimen edge up to the center of these X-shaped macro bands on the fracture surface had a simple empirical relationship with the reduction in fatigue strength. The residual stresses, introduced from the FOD, caused the effective stress ratio or mean stress in the vicinity of FOD to be different than that applied to the specimen. These modified stress states provided the explanation for reduction in the fatigue strength of the material with FOD. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Res Lab,ENY, AFRL,MLLMN,Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL,PRSM, Lt Col,Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Mall, S (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Res Lab,ENY, AFRL,MLLMN,Mat & Mfg Directorate, Bldg 640,2950 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6636 J9 MECH MATER JI Mech. Mater. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 33 IS 11 BP 679 EP 692 DI 10.1016/S0167-6636(01)00084-9 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 492MZ UT WOS:000172173300007 ER PT J AU Lombard, CM Ghosh, AK Semiatin, SL AF Lombard, CM Ghosh, AK Semiatin, SL TI An analysis of cavitation occurring in near-gamma titanium aluminide during superplastic deformation SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POWER-LAW CREEP; CAVITY GROWTH; MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT; HYDROSTATIC-PRESSURE; FRACTURE; ALLOYS; COALESCENCE; BEHAVIOR AB In order to understand the cavitation behavior of near-gamma titanium aluminide alloys under superplastic forming conditions, the uniaxial hot-tension behavior of a Ti-45.5Al-2Cr-2Nb (at. pet) rolled sheet material containing a microduplex structured was determined. Three initial microstructures were examined: as-rolled, and two coarser-grained rolled-and-heat-treated conditions (1177 degreesC/4 h or 1238 degreesC/ 2 h). The cavitation behavior was analyzed after isothermal constant-strain-rate tests were conducted at temperatures between 900 degreesC and 1200 degreesC and strain rates in the range of 10(-4) to 10(-2) S-1. Interrupted tests and strain-to-failure tests were conducted in order to track cavity growth with time. After testing at a given temperature and strain rate, as-rolled specimens developed fewer large-size cavities than heat-treated specimens, possibly due to the finer grain size in the as-rolled material. Cavity growth was found to be plasticity controlled; the largest cavity size and density of cavities increased with increasing strain or strain rate and decreasing temperature. Since the number of finest-sized cavities examined did not decrease with strain, it is believed that continuous cavity nucleation occurred. For all three initial microstructures, the optimum sheet-forming temperature in the regime examined was identified as 1200 degreesC, at which the lowest cavity growth rates and highest ductilities were observed. C1 AFRL, MLLM, Met Branch,Mat & Mfg Directorate, Met Ceram & Nondestruct Evaluat Div,Mat Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. AFRL, MLMP, Mfg Technol Div, Proc & Fabricat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lombard, CM (reprint author), AFRL, MLMP, Mfg Technol Div, Proc & Fabricat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017 NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2769 EP 2779 DI 10.1007/s11661-001-1028-3 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 491LQ UT WOS:000172110200009 ER PT J AU Field, DP Nelson, TW Hovanski, Y Jata, KV AF Field, DP Nelson, TW Hovanski, Y Jata, KV TI Heterogeneity of crystallographic texture in friction stir welds of aluminum SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION; MICROSTRUCTURES; 6061-ALUMINUM; EVOLUTION; METALS AB Over the past decade, friction stir welding (FSW) has rapidly become an important industrial joining process, particularly in the aluminum industry. Included among the advantages of FSW are such important attributes as improved weld strength and the elimination of cracking and porosity. During the friction stir process, the metal undergoes a tortuous deformation path that is not yet fully understood. The crystallographic texture that evolves during FSW contains sharp spatial gradients that undoubtedly influence the integrity of the weld and surrounding region in subsequent performance. The locally measured textures are discussed in the context of the material flow required to produce such textures, ultimately resulting in an estimate of the flow field present during FSW. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Provo, UT 84604 USA. AFRL, MLLM, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Field, DP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Field, David/D-5216-2012 OI Field, David/0000-0001-9415-0795 NR 32 TC 155 Z9 158 U1 2 U2 31 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2869 EP 2877 DI 10.1007/s11661-001-1037-2 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 491LQ UT WOS:000172110200018 ER PT J AU Saperstein, DS Amato, AA Barohn, RJ AF Saperstein, DS Amato, AA Barohn, RJ TI Clinical and genetic aspects of distal myopathies SO MUSCLE & NERVE LA English DT Review DE distal; inherited; muscular dystrophy; myopathy ID GIRDLE MUSCULAR-DYSTROPHY; INCLUSION-BODY MYOPATHIES; DOMINANT NEMALINE MYOPATHY; RIMMED VACUOLE FORMATION; EARLY ADULT-ONSET; MYOFIBRILLAR MYOPATHY; MIYOSHI MYOPATHY; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; FAMILIAL CARDIOMYOPATHY; DESMIN MYOPATHY AB Although most muscle disorders produce proximal weakness, some myopathies may manifest predominantly or exclusively distal weakness. Although several congenital, inflammatory, or metabolic myopathies may produce mainly distal weakness, there are several distinct entities, typically referred to as distal myopathies. Most of these are inherited conditions. The distal myopathies are rare, but characteristic clinical and histological features aid in their identification. Advances in molecular genetics have led to the identification of the gene lesions responsible for several of these entities and have also expanded our understanding of the genetic relationships of distal myopathies to other inherited disorders of muscle. This review summarizes current knowledge of the clinical and molecular aspects of the distal myopathies. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, MMCNN, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA. RP Saperstein, DS (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, MMCNN, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1 MMCNN, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. EM sapers@pol.net NR 127 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0148-639X EI 1097-4598 J9 MUSCLE NERVE JI Muscle Nerve PD NOV PY 2001 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1440 EP 1450 DI 10.1002/mus.1167 PG 11 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 485MV UT WOS:000171758900002 PM 11745945 ER PT J AU Grote, JG Zetts, JS Nelson, RL Hopkins, FK Dalton, LR Zhang, C Steier, WH AF Grote, JG Zetts, JS Nelson, RL Hopkins, FK Dalton, LR Zhang, C Steier, WH TI Effect of conductivity and dielectric constant on the modulation voltage for optoelectronic devices based on nonlinear optical polymers SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE nonlinear optical polymers; optoelectronics; electro-optic modulators; conductive polymers; dielectric constant ID ELECTROOPTIC MATERIALS; CHROMOPHORES; REFLECTION; SYSTEMS AB Presented is the effect of using various cladding materials with different conductivities and dielectric constants on the applied voltage for optoelectronic (OE) devices based on nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers. Using a conductive polymer, we have demonstrated a 3 to 13 times increase in the effective electro-optic (EO) coefficient of electrode-poled NLO polymers, compared to using passive polymer claddings. We have achieved the lowest poling voltage to date for maximum EO coefficient, 300 V, for a two-layer waveguide structure consisting of a 2-mum thick NLO polymer layer and a 2-mum-thick conductive cladding layer. The dielectric constants of both the NLO polymer core and passive polymer cladding materials used for conventional polymer-based integrated optic devices are typically very similar in magnitude. This suggests that only a small fraction of the applied modulation voltage is reaching the NLO polymer core layer, requiring 4 to 5 times higher modulation voltage than the desired V-pi. We have demonstrated a factor-of-2 decrease in the modulation voltage using the same conductive polymer, due to its possessing a much higher dielectric constant than the core material at the modulation frequency tested. The results show promise for shorter, lower-operating-voltage devices. (C) 2001 society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Locker Hydrocarbon Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Ctr Photon Technol, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Grote, JG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLPS, 3005 P St,Ste 6, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 30 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 40 IS 11 BP 2464 EP 2473 DI 10.1117/1.1412227 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 500AT UT WOS:000172604200017 ER PT J AU Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL AF Khoury, J Gianino, PD Woods, CL TI Optimal synthetic aperture radar image correlation using enhanced scattering centers in holographic data storage SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE synthetic aperture radar; pattern recognition; image preprocessing; optical processing; optimal correlation filter; holographic storage ID PHASE-ONLY FILTER; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; CLUTTER REJECTION; OBSCURED INPUTS; SAR DETECTION; CLASSIFICATION; TARGETS; PERFORMANCE; DEVICES; NOISE AB We prove that for gray-level or binarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with enhanced scattering centers, the DC-blocked phase-only filter is the optimal, as well as the most practical, solution for SAR image recognition. Our correlation algorithm, which employs various power laws to enhance the scattering centers, was examined for images with different complexity using the moving and stationary target acquisitions and recognition (MSTAR) data base. For standard recognition problems, which represent 95% of the cases (intermediate level of noise and sufficient number of scattering centers on the target), we found that our proposed approach improves the correlation even when utilizing binary templates extracted from the region of interest and binary inputs. For more complex problems (representing nearly 5% of the cases), a further improvement in our correlation recognition approach is needed. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 40 IS 11 BP 2624 EP 2637 DI 10.1117/1.1413213 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA 500AT UT WOS:000172604200040 ER PT J AU Brilliant, NA Lagonik, K AF Brilliant, NA Lagonik, K TI Thermal effects in a dual-clad ytterbium fiber laser SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MU-M AB We present experimental results of temperature tuning in a dual-clad ytterbium fiber laser. We varied the temperature of the fiber from 0 to 100 degreesC and found significant changes in operating wavelength, power, and threshold. Over this range, the wavelength shifted at a rate of 0.2 nm/degreesC, and the lasing threshold increased by a factor of 2. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Brilliant, NA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM brilliant@kirtland.af.mil NR 11 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 26 IS 21 BP 1669 EP 1671 DI 10.1364/OL.26.001669 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 492HH UT WOS:000172162000011 PM 18049694 ER EF