TY - RPRT AN - 00095946 AU - Bothwell, P W AU - Knight, R E AU - Peterson, H C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE CRASH SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1973/05 SP - 29 p. AB - The major portion of the paper describes a research program, "Dynamics of Motorcycle Impact," being performed by the University of Denver, Denver Research Institute, under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. This program was begun in July 1969; the work includes performance of full-scale crash tests of motorcycles with anthropometric dummy riders/passengers and development of a digital computer simulation of the post-impact motion of the motorcycle and dummy rider. Results of the 41 crash tests run to date are presented. The present status of the digital computer simulation is reviewed and results showing the use of the computer simulation to perform parametric studies of the post-impact dynamics are presented. Recommendations include: 1) criteria for gas-tank and filler-up integrity, 2) revised configuration and design of handlebars, steering head, control levers, instrumentation, fuel tank contour, and mirrors, and, 3) modification of crash bars to provide protection in side-on impact and skidding/falling/sliding incidents. High speed movies of crash tests of preinflated and actively inflated airbag impact-attenuators are shown; these tests demonstrate the feasibility of the stationary car. A review of other past and current research directly related to motorcycle safety is included. The present state-of-art in motorcycle safety is summarized and an attempt to define requirements for future research is made. /Author/ KW - Air bags KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Motorcycles KW - Research KW - Safety factors KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32357 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00097498 AU - Barclay, B AU - McKibben, J S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TESTING AND EVALUATION OF INFLATABLE RESTRAINTS AND INTERIORS AS RELATED TO VEHICLE SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1973/05 SP - p. 69-85 AB - A substantial number of research projects have involved testing of inflatable restraints, lap/shoulder belt restraints, and unrestrained occupants. The purpose of this presentation is to summarize these test projects and to compare the occupant injury potential data generated from the various tests. Individual projects covered in this presentation include: Experimental Safety Vehicle interior and restraint systems tests, including those conducted by AMF, Fairchild Industries, Dynamic Science, and Calspan. Sled and full-scale vehicle crash tests involving subcompact passenger cars conducted by Southwest Research Institute. Sled and crash tests conducted by Wayne State University. Live occupant full-scale crash tests conducted by Eaton Corporation. Full-scale crash tests conducted by Agbabian Associates involving belted, IORS-restrained and unrestrained occupants. Data generated from the Agbabian Associates' subcompact project is presented in the form of a repreatability investigation. Where essentially identical tests have been conducted, the spread of measured data and of computed indices is shown. Data comparisons include graphic reproduction of filtered time histories, and comparison charts showing the Head Injury Criteria and Head Severity Index values for various restraint system configurations. /Author/ U1 - Presented at Vehicle Safety Research Integration Symposium, Washington, D.C., 30-31 May 1973. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bags KW - Interior KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091497 AU - Mayyasi, A M AU - Pooch, U W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation TI - VEHICLE EXTERIORS AND PEDESTRIAN INJURY PREVENTION, VOLUME II. ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT INFORMATION PY - 1973/05 SP - 189 p. AB - Statistical analysis of 263 pedestrian accident records was conducted in search of injury causation factors. Multivariant analysis and item selection techniques were used to evaluate the data. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Exteriors KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222363 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ADMINISTRATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1967-1972 PY - 1973/05 SP - 365 p. AB - THE REPORTS WHICH ARE CITED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE THE PRODUCTS OF RESEARCH AND TESTING THAT FULFILL OBJECTIVES OF THE ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELDS OF HIGHWAY AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY. KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash investigation KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224406 AU - Krauss, R A AU - Strother, C E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF VEHICLE STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS ON OCCUPANT RESTRAINT PARAMETERS A PARAMETRIC STUDY PY - 1973/05 SP - 37 p. AB - A SIMPLE, ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL WAS CONSTRUCTED OF THE CRASH OF A VEHICLE AND RESTRAINED OCCUPANT FOR THE PURPOSES OF BETTER UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESPONSE OF THE VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND THE RESTRAINT SYSTEM. THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF THE MODEL WERE DERIVED AND A COMPUTER PROGRAM WRITTEN TO PRODUCE BOTH PRINTED AND GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS TO THESE EQUATIONS. THE MODEL AND COMPUTER PROGRAM ARE EXPLAINED AND THE RESULTS DISCUSSED. KW - Computer programs KW - Constraints KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Testing KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047772 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1967-1972 PY - 1973/05 SP - 365 p. AB - The reports which are cited in the bibliography are the products of research and testing that fulfill objectives of the Administration in the fields of highway and motor vehicle safety. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile engines KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Design standards KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Licenses KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Nhsb KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047329 AU - Krauss, R A AU - Strother, C E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF VEHICLE STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS ON OCCUPANT RESTRAINT PARAMETERS. A PARAMETRIC STUDY PY - 1973/05 SP - 37 p. AB - A simple, one-dimensional model was constructed of the crash of a vehicle and restrained occupant for the purposes of better understanding the relationship between the response of the vehicle structure and the restraint system. The equations of motion of the model were derived and a computer program written to produce both printed and graphical solutions to these equations. The model and computer program are explained and the results discussed. KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems programs KW - Deceleration KW - Deformation KW - Equations of motion KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Nhsb KW - Passenger compartments KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344908 AU - Smith, Thomas J AU - Roberts, John K AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Blood Alcohol Test Results of Motor Vehicle Deaths as an Evaluation Method for the Fairfax Alcohol Safety Action Project PY - 1973/04//Final Report SP - 28p AB - The Fairfax Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP) was started following the June 1971 approval of the proposal and working plan submitted to the Department of Transportation by the Highway Safety Division of Virginia. A total of $2,123,000 was allocated to the Safety Division. Of the five alcohol countermeasures that constitute the ASAP, one is administration and evaluation. As a part of the evaluation countermeasure, it was decided to determine if the Virginia State Medical Examiner's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests of fatally injured motorists could, be used in evaluating the project's effectiveness. Three analytical techniques using the BAC test results were defined and evaluated: (a) Difference between mean positive BAC's, (b) expected total (positive and negative) BAC mean and corresponding confidence interval, and (c) significance. of a shift in the total BAC distribution. The findings resulting from use of these techniques permitted several conclusions. By employing the techniques, the BAC test results can be useful in evaluating the ASAP project, although the relatively small Fairfax .sample requires a sizeable shift in the data before it can be statistically /shown that ASAP is having an impact. Further, once ASAP is implemented on a statewide basis, the analytical techniques used here will be much more powerful in detecting its impact. Appendix A is a preliminary evaluation of the alcohol tests on 1972 Fairfax motor vehicle fatalities. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol tests KW - Automobile drivers KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Fairfax (Virginia) KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37732/72-R33.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224328 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRI-LEVEL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES - LEVEL 3A INJURY CAUSATION PY - 1973/04 VL - 2 N IS - 2/3 SP - 440 p. AB - THIS REPORT BRIEFLY INTRODUCES AND DESCRIBES THE TRI-LEVEL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CONCEPT. BASICALLY, THREE LEVELS OF INFORMATION ARE COLLECTED: (1)EXPOSURE AND ACCIDENT RATE INFORMATION; (2)ACCIDENT INFORMATION ON A LARGE SAMPLE OF ACCIDENTS NOT NORMALLY COLLECTED BY THE POLICE; (3) MULTIDISCIPLINARY IN-DEPTH INFORMATION COLLECTED ON A SMALL SAMPLE OF ACCIDENTS BY A TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS. THIS REPORT SPECIFICALLY CONTAINS LEVEL 3A ACCIDENT SUMMARIES FROM THE TRI-LEVEL STUDY BEING CONDUCTED BY CALSPAN CORPORATION (FORMERLY CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY) AND SPONSORED BY THE NHTSA. THESE SUMMARIES ARE BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF INJURY-PRODUCING ACCIDENTS INVESTIGATED BY THE CALSPAN TEAM TO DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC INJURIES INCURRED AND IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC INTERIOR COMPONENTS WHICH CAUSED SUCH INJURIES. THIS VOLUME CONTAINS SUMMARIES OF 50 INJURY CAUSATION CASES. SUBSEQUENT SUMMARIES WILL BE PUBLISHED WHICH WILL CONTAIN DIFFERENT CASE REPORTS UNDER THIS CONTRACT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Methodology KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224598 AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - Mcfarling, L H AU - Struckman, D L AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion TI - ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA AND RISK TAKING PY - 1973/04 SP - 74 p. AB - THE PERFORMANCE OF SIX GROUPS OF 16 SUBJECTS EACH(MARIJUANA USER CONTROL, NON-USER CONTROL, .05 BAC ALCOHOL, .10 BAC ALCOHOL, LOW DOSE MARIJUANA, AND HIGH DOSE MARIJUANA) WERE COMPARED ON TWO LABORATORY ANALOGS OF THE AUTOMOBILE PASSING TASK. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA UTILIZED A MULTIPLE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS, PRODUCING STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN THE SIX GROUPS. THE FIRST DIMENSION OF DISCRIMINATION WAS RELATED TO "JUDGMENTAL ACCURACY" AND WAS CAPABLE OF DISTINGUISHING THE TWO MARIJUANA TREATMENT GROUPS FROM THE REMAINING FOUR GROUPS. THE MARIJUANA SUBJECTS TEND TO OVERESTIMATE TIME REQUIRED TO COMPLETE PASSES, AND SHOWED CONSIDERABLE VARIABILITY IN THEIR ESTIMATES. THE SECOND DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION DIMENSION WAS LABELLED "RISKINESS/ DECISIVENESS" AND APPEARED CAPABLE OF DISTINGUISHING THE ALCOHOL GROUPS FROM THE REMAINING SUBJECTS. THE ALCOHOL GROUP SUBJECTS TENDED TO EXHIBIT PATTERNS OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE SUGGESTING A TENDENCY TO MAKE "SNAP DECISIONS" WHICH WERE SUBSEQUENTLY OVERRIDDEN. NO DOSE RESPONSES WERE FOUND FOR EITHER ALOCHOL OR MARIJUANA. KW - Alcohols KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Marijuana KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222366 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME IV, NUMBER 3 PY - 1973/04 SP - 280 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. ACCIDENTS ARE STUDIED INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY. THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE THE ACCIDENTS IN-DEPTH CONCERNED THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). THE SUMMARIES CONSIST OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS WITH THEIR INJURIES, A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. A DIAGRAM OF EACH COLLISION IS INCLUDED. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047771 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRI-LEVEL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. LEVEL 3A. INJURY CAUSATION. VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 PY - 1973/04 SP - 215 p. AB - The report briefly describes the tri-level accident investigation concept. Three levels of information are collected: exposure and accident rate information; accident information on a large sample of accidents not normally collected by the police; multidisciplinary in-depth information collected on a small sample of accidents by a team of professionals. The report contains Level 3A accident summaries from the tri-level study. The summaries are brief descriptions of injury-producing accidents investigated to determine the injuries and interior components which caused the injuries. The volume contains summaries of 50 injury causation cases. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Ntsb KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. National Transportation Safety Board KW - Vehicle compartment components KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224355 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1973/04 SP - 867 p. AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY NHTSA SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING VOLUME 4, NOS. 2 AND 3; AND VOLUME 3, NO. 7. THESE CASE REPORTS ARE INDIVIDUAL, CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY (SEVERE ENOUGH SO THAT AT LEAST ONE VEHICLE MUST BE TOWED FROM THE SCENE). THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE EACH ACCIDENT IN-DEPTH CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). EACH OF THE SUMMARIES CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT CONSISTS OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS INVOLVED (WITH THEIR INJURIES), A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CASUAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH EMANATE FOR THE REPORTS. FINALLY, AS AN AID, A DIAGRAM OF EACH COLLISION IS REPRESENTED AS THE LAST PAGE OF EACH CASE SUMMARY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047332 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME 3, NUMBER 7 PY - 1973/04 SP - 239 p. AB - The report contains case summaries of recent in-depth reports submitted by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams in a continuing series of publications. Accidents are studied involving vehicles of the last three model years of fatal, injury producing, or property damage severity. The Teams investigate the accidents in-depth concerning themselves with each element of the collision (human, vehicle, environment) as it interacts with each phase of the collision (pre-crash, crash, post-crash). The summaries consist of identification information, basic information on the highway and vehicles involved, a description of the drivers and occupants with their injuries, a phase-by-phase description of the sequence of events of the collision, and a list of the causal factors, conclusions, and recommendations. A diagram of each collision is included. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Automobile bodies KW - Behavior KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Nhsb KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9533 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00224475 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M TI - THE "QUIET" REVOLUTION PY - 1973/03 VL - 148 IS - 6 SP - p. 29-32 AB - NOISE LAWS TRADITIONALLY HAVE BEEN DIRECTED AT BOTH VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS AND VEHICLE USERS. THE FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL ACT OF 1972 SETS NO STANDARDS, CALLING INSTEAD FOR A PROCEDURE LEADING TO THE CONTROL OF ALL NOISE. THIS ACT MUST TELL ITS REGULATEES HOW TO ATTENUATE OR REDUCE ANY OBJECTIONABLE NOISES. MANUFACTURERS' DIFFICULTIES IN MEETING CALIFORNIA'S STRINGENT NOISE CONTROL STANDARDS AND FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR 1975 ARE OUTLINED. TIRES, WHICH ARE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF AUTOMOBILE NOISE, AND OTHER NOISE SOURCES ARE DISCUSSED. A MAJOR PROBLEM IS LACK OF INFORMATION ON VEHICLE NOISE AMONG NON-PROFESSIONALS AND THE PUBLIC. /NHTSA/ KW - Attenuation KW - Laws KW - Noise control KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047773 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT TEST REPORTS. KWIC INDEX FOR 1972 PY - 1973/03 SP - 424 p. AB - The document is a keyword-in-context index to standards enforcement tests of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration released to the public during calendar year 1972. This is the fourth in a series of indexes to standards enforcement tests of NHTSA. The first covers the year 1969 and is out of print but available for examination in the Administration; the second covers 1970 (PB-200 309) and the third covers 1971 (PB-210 436) and are sold by NTIS. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Compliance KW - Components KW - Design standards KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Kwic indexes KW - Lighting equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nhsb KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224303 AU - KOCH, G G AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRIVER INJURY AND VEHICLE AGE FOR AUTOMOBILES INVOLVED IN NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENTS DURING 1966-1970 PY - 1973/02 SP - 33 p. AB - IT HAS BEEN HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE CHRONOLOGIC AGE OF AN AUTOMOBILE (AS DISTINCT FROM ITS MODEL YEAR) IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR WITH RESPECT TO INJURY SEVERITY RESULTING FROM MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS. TO INVESTIGATE THIS HYPOTHESIS, INJURIES TO UNBELTED DRIVERS IN ACCIDENTS IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1966, 1968, 1969, AND 1970 WERE EXAMINED FOR SIX OF THE MORE COMMON MAKES OF CARS WITH THE 1960 -1966 MODELS WITHIN EACH MAKE. INJURY SEVERITY FOR A GIVEN MAKE AND MODEL YEAR COMBINATION FOR ACCIDENTS IN A GIVEN YEAR IS COMPARED WITH THE AGGREGATE (I.E., ALL FOUR YEARS) FOR THE SAME MAKE AND MODEL AFTER ADJUSTING FOR ACCIDENT TYPE (I.E. CAR-OFF-ROAD), IMPACT SITE (E.G., REAR), AND TRAVELING SPEED PRIOR TO THE CRASH. THE PROCEDURE CALCULATES AN EXPECTED FREQUENCY (M) OF SERIOUS INJURIES BASED ON THE AGGREGATE AND COMPARES IT WITH THE OBSERVED FREQUENCY (N) FOR EACH ACCIDENT YEAR USING AN APPROPRIATE CHI-SQUARE TEST. THE MAIN QUESTION IS WHETHER THERE IS A TREND OVER ACCIDENT YEARS IN THE VALUES OF THE RATIOS, R=N/M, A LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL IS FIT TO THE RATIOS BY WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES. THE RESULTS OF THIS INVESTIGATION SUGGEST THAT THE VEHICLE DETERIORATION HYPOTHESIS DOES NOT APPLY TO THESE NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENT DATA. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260724 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANUAL (PUPIL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY) PY - 1973/02 VL - 17 SP - 38 p. AB - An attempt is made to interpret the Pupil Transportation Safety Standard and policies on a national uniform basis and to assist the States in achieving the highest attainable level of safety in the transportation of school children. The specific objectives of the pupil transportation safety program are to ensure that: (a) Each person who operates a vehicle identified as a school vehicle is properly licensed and examined for this job; (b) An approved training program is provided by or through the responsible State agency that will enable each driver to operate the school vehicle as skillfully and safely as possible; (c) The greatest degree of uniformity and safety in the loading and unloading of school vehicles is obtained nationally; (d) Each child who rides in a school vehicle is instructed as to safe riding behavior; (e) School vehicles are inspected at frequent intervals and maintained in safe operating condition; (f) Adequate records are kept with respect to crashes, injuries and fatalities which occur during the operation of the school vehicle, as well as other information which would contribute to improved operational safety. /HSRI/ KW - Adolescents KW - Child safety KW - Driver licensing KW - Inspection KW - Minors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety education KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224436 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING ACTIVITIES-1972 PY - 1973/02 SP - 111 p. AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NHTSA WITH RESPECT TO ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1972. THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES OF THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DIVISION ARE DESCRIBED: (1) THE NHTSA MULTI-LEVEL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (2) FIELD ACCIDENT STUDIES (A) TRI-LEVEL STUDIES (B) SPECIAL FIELD STUDIES (C) BI-LEVEL STUDIES (D) GENERAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 7MDAI) STUDIES (E) ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUPPORT FOR NHTSA FIELD TEST PROGRAMS (3) ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS (4) MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TRAINING COURSES (5) INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES. INTER-AGENCY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION COORDINATION WITH THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD, FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, THE BUREAU OF MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY AND STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IS DISCUSSED IN DETAIL. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUTES GOVERNING NHTSA ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES IS ALSO GIVEN. /AUTHOR MODIFIED ABSTRACT/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047339 AU - Clemens, A F AU - Mela, D F AU - Pilkington, G B AU - Daniels, F J AU - Friesz, T L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF STAFF AND CONTRACT RESEARCH ON SAFETY OF WIDE BUSES PY - 1973/01/12 SP - 28 p. AB - The report describes research performed on the safety of wide buses. It discusses aerodynamic disturbance effects, lateral placement, lateral stability, off-tracking and accident histories of wide buses. Major emphasis is placed on operation of these vehicles under conditions occurring on the Interstate Highway System. KW - Aerodynamic characteristics KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bus width 102 inches KW - Buses KW - Commercial buses KW - Dynamic loads KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety engineering KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Wide buses KW - Width KW - Wind pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143695 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AMBULANCE DESIGN CRITERIA PY - 1973/01 SP - 48 p. AB - Indexed design and performance criteria for ambulances, developed by the National Academy of Engineering at the request of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, are presented. Part I of the report provides historical and technical background, and describes the need for standardization of ambulance design and performance. The purpose and scope of the study are discussed in terms of vehicles, vehicle elements, and vehicle characteristics. From the specific criteria detailed in Part II of the report, several recommendations selected for their special significance, are highlighted. These relate to the design of the patient compartment; standardization of ambulance manufacture; principal environmental requirements for medical care; communications requirements; national standardization of external identification; omission of windows in the patient compartment to enhance privacy and efficiency; adequate acceleration capability; and application of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards appropriate for the kind of chassis employed. Vehicle characteristics for which standards could not be recommended due to lack of adequate objective data include: color and intensity of identification lights; riding quality and stability; noise and vibration; and vehicle braking system. A bibliography and a brief description of applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are appended. KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Health care KW - Health care technology KW - Health occupations KW - Medical equipment KW - Medical personnel KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality of work KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263369 AU - Norbet, W J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTEMPORARY OVERVIEW OF TRAFFIC LAW UNFORMITY IN THE UNITED STATES: A STUDY PREPARED ON THE RULES OF THE ROAD UNIFORMITY IN THE TRAFFIC LAWS OF THE SEVERAL STATES PY - 1973/01 SP - 109 p. AB - The purpose of the paper is to present an overview of the degree and nature of uniformity from State in those traffic laws commonly referred to as "Rules of the Road." The Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC) and the Rules of the Road Rated studies prepared by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances (NCUTLO) provide the bases for this overview. Congressional concern as to nonuniformity in State traffic laws is noted and the requirements of the current Codes and Laws highway safety program standard are stressed. The 1968 and 1971 Rules of the Road Rated Commentary tables, including the rankings of the States and their total scores of conformance with the UVC, are presented. Comparisons are made in the form of charts which illustrate State and regional progress during the three-year period in the context of 13 statutory areas covered in Chapter 11 of the latest edition of the UVC. The paper concludes with a summary and comments on the need for statutory evaluations and a grading scheme for identifying traffic law deficiencies so that a sound basis obtains for making timely improvements in each State's body of traffic law. /Author/ KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222368 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME IV, NUMBER 1 PY - 1973/01 SP - 247 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. ACCIDENTS ARE STUDIED INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY. THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE THE ACCIDENTS IN-DEPTH CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). THE SUMMARIES CONSIST OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS WITH THEIR INJURIES, A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. A DIAGRAM OF EACH COLLISION IS INCLUDED. /NTIS/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222367 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME IV, NUMBER 2 PY - 1973/01 SP - 278 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. ACCIDENTS ARE STUDIED INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY. THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE THE ACCIDENTS IN-DEPTH CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). THE SUMMARIES CONSIST OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS WITH THEIR INJURIES, A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. A DIAGRAM OF EACH COLLISION IS INCLUDED. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224299 AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - Segal, D J AU - Lynch, J P AU - Henderson, P M AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATHEMATICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS PY - 1973/01 AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS OF THE SECOND YEAR OF A PROGRAM OF RESEARCH DIRECTED TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TESTING OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM AND ASSOCIATED OPTICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM TO AID THE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING OF HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS. THE OVERALL SYSTEM IS AIMED AT PROVIDING A CAPABILITY OF PROCESSING AND EVALUATING SCENE DATA, VIA RADIO CONTACT WITH A REMOTE COMPUTER, WHILE THE INVESTIGATORS ARE AT THE ACCIDENT SCENE. INCLUDED ARE DETAILED COMPARISONS OF RESPONSES AND DAMAGE PREDICTED BY THE DEVELOPED ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE WITH CORRESPONDING MEASUREMENTS FROM STAGED COLLISONS. FIELD TRIAL RESULTS WITH THE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ARE ALSO PRESENTED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE FEASIBILITY OF THE OVERALL SYSTEM CONCEPT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED. REMAINING DIFFICULTIES WITH HARDWARE, THAT ARE PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMMUNICATIONS LINK, ARE DISCUSSED. KW - Communication systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Optical measurement KW - Radio KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114715 ER - TY - SER AN - 00224425 JO - Am Assoc Automotive Medicine Papers AU - Gray, R J AU - Sharpe, G S AU - YORK UNIVERSIT, TORONTO TI - DOCTORS, SAMARITANS AND THE ACCIDENT VICTIM PY - 1973 AB - AN EXAMINATION IS MADE OF THE PROBLEM OF THE RELUCTANCE OF PHYSICIANS AND OTHERS TO STOP AND RENDER ASSISTANCE AT HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS FOR FEAR OF LAWSUITS. THE NORTH AMERICAN SOLUTION OF ENACTING GOOD SAMARITAN LAWS WHICH RELIEVE PHYSICIANS AND OTHERS OF POSSIBLE CIVIL LIABILITY WHEN THEY DO STOP TO OFFER THEIR SERVICES IS REVIEWED AND COMPARED TO EUROPEAN SOLUTION. IN MOST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES LAWS HAVE BEEN ENACTED WHICH REQUIRES ALL INDIVIDUALS TO STOP AND ASSIST AT ACCIDENT SCENES UNDER PENALTY OF FINE AND IMPRISONMENT FOR FAILURE TO DO SO. IT SI RECOMMENDED THAT LEGISLATION FOLLOWING THE EUROPEAN MODEL BE ENACTED IN NORTH AMERICA IN ADDITION TO THE PRESENT GOOD SAMARITAN LAWS. SURVEY EVIDENCE PRESENTED INDICATES THAT SUCH LEGISLATION WOULD BE APPROVED BY MOST PHYSICIANS. FROM PHASE I TO PHASES II, III AND IV, HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE MEASURED USAGE RATES OF RESPONDENTS IN THE LAST THREE PHASES. KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Legal factors KW - Legal responsibility KW - Liabilities KW - Medical services KW - Physicians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224459 AU - Viner, J G AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ROADSIDE CRASH CUSHIONS: SYNOPSIS PY - 1973 AB - 4,500 POUNDS; VEHICLE SPEED, 60 MPH; IMPACT ANGLE, UP TO 25 DEGREES AS MEASURED FROM THE DIRECTION OF THE ROADWAY; AVERAGE PERMISSIBLE VEHICLE DECELERATION, 12 G'S MAXIMUM HILE PREVENTING IMPACTING OR PENETRATION OF THE ROADSIDE AZARD; AND MAXIMUM OCCUPANT DECELERATION ONSET RATE, 500 G'S PER SECOND. THESE DESIGN CRITERIA ARE INTENDED TO RESULT IN INSTALLATIONS AT WHICH HIGH SPEED ACCIDENTS WOULD BE SURVIVABLE FOR THE MAJORITY OF COLLISIONS. DATA ON 283 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ROADSIDE IMPACT ATTENUATORS ARE RESENTED. EXAMINATION OF THE DATA INDICATES THAT, HAD THE ATTENUATOR NOT BEEN PRESENT, HOSPITALIZING INJURIES OR FATALITIES WOULD HAVE BEEN EXPECTED IN 57 ACCIDENTS. ONLY NINE HOSPITALIZING INJURY ACCIDENTS AND FOUR FATAL INJURY ACCIDENTS OCCURRED IN THESE 57 CASES. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design standards KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Research KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721370 AU - Tichenor, F E AU - Schmidt, D H AU - Nebraska Department of Education TI - NEBRASKA PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE SAFETY K-6: CURRICULUM GUIDE PY - 1973 SP - 474 p. AB - This document is a curriculum guide for the traffic safety education of children from kindergarten through the sixth grade. Children of this age are active participants in the traffic system as pedestrians, passengers in motor vehicles, and operators of bicycles. This instruction should help them to acquire the concepts, skills, and values needed as a sound basis for a lifetime of safe and efficient use of highway transportation facilities. Following introductory information, the guide is divided into seven sections, one for each grade level. A resource and material section is provided at the back of the guide. KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453149 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - NEW YORK STATE'S NEW BICYCLE REFLECTORIZATION STANDARDS PY - 1973 SP - 1 p. AB - This pamphlet presents the new regulations for bicycle visibility in the State of New York. The new standards will apply to every new bicycle sold in New York State after January 1, 1974. The new regulations require reflectorization illumination. Besides the continued use of a white front light and a red rear reflex reflector, the new standards include the use of reflectorized pedals and tires or rims. KW - Bicycles KW - New York (State) KW - Night visibility KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395140 AU - Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission TI - REGULATION VESC-9 (VEHICLE EQUIPMENT SAFETY COMMISSION): SAFE OPERATING CONDITION OF TRUCK AND BUS TYPE TIRES. APPROVED MARCH 1973 PY - 1973 SP - 7 p. AB - This regulation deals with the following aspects of the safe operating conditions of tires for highway-type vehicles: responsibilities of the Commissioner to make rules, responsibility of the driver or mover of a highway-use vehicle with respect to tires, definitions of unsafe tires in the front wheel position and in other than the front wheel position, enforcement procedure, sale of unsafe tires, and penalties. KW - Buses KW - Regulations KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224454 AU - Fell, J C AU - Sterline-Smith, R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES: THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL/DRUG INVOLVEMENT PY - 1973 AB - THE NHTSA IS SPONSORING SPECIAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES ON THE ALCOHOL/DRUG INVOLVEMENT PROBLEM IN THE CITIES OF ALBUQUERQUE, BALTIMORE, AND BOSTON. THESE STUDIES ARE IN COORDINATION WITH ONGOING ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECTS (ASAP) IN EACH OF THE THREE CITIES. THE FIRST YEAR'S EFFORT AT BOSTON IS DESCRIBED. A TOTAL OF 50 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING A FATALITY DURING AN 8-MONTH PERIOD IN THE BOSTON ASAP AREA WERE INVESTIGATED. A HUMAN FACTORS INDEX (HFI) WAS DETERMINED VIA INTERVIEWS, RECORDS, AND QUESTIONNAIRES ON EACH DRIVER DESIGNATED TO BE AT-FAULT IN THE ACCIDENT. A HYPOTHETICAL MODAL OPERATOR IS DESCRIBED BASED UPON THE ENTIRE SAMPLE. RESULTS DISCUSSED INCLUDE: 42% OF THE FOCAL OPERATORS WERE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AT THE TIME OF THE CRASH; 60% OF THE FOCAL OPERATORS INDICATED CHRONIC RISK TAKING BEHAVIORS; 62% OF THE ALCOHOL INVOLVED OPERATORS WERE CONSIDERED TO BE PROBLEM DRINKERS. A PROPOSED TWO YEAR CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY IS DESCRIBED. KW - Alcohols KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371076 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - PARKING OFFENSES PY - 1973 SP - 14 p. AB - This basic training manual is one of a series on traffic law offenses developed by the staff of the Traffic Institute specifically for use in departmental training programs. Written at the operational level, it provides detailed information about parking offenses and on procedures to be followed in the detection and enforcement of parking offenses. KW - Parking regulations KW - Police KW - Proof KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368790 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS NATIONAL SAFETY BELT USAGE CONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 28-30, 1973 PY - 1973 SP - 114 p. AB - This publication contains the proceedings of the first National Safety Belt Usage Conference, which had the objective of identifying key action areas for State passage, implementation, and evaluation of mandatory safety belt use laws. The Conference emphasized the experience of Australia where mandatory laws first became effective in New South Wales and Victoria in 1971. Occupant deaths in both States are down more than 20 percent and the incidence of serious injuries even more. All Australian jurisdictions now have safety belt use laws as do New Zealand, France, and Czechoslovakia. The proceedings consist of a message from President Nixon, opening remarks by NHTSA Administrator James B. Gregory, a keynote address by Secretary of the U.S. DOT Claude S. Brinegar, papers presented, panel discussions, workshop reports, general discussion, and concluding remarks. KW - Conferences KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361569 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOCUMENTATION ON KEY STATE TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1973 SP - 518 p. AB - A list of items for specific attention in annual highway safety work programs is presented: motorcycle safety legislation, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), classified driver's license, motor vehicle inspection, uniform rules of the road, driver's license advisory boards, reporting of traffic court convictions, emergency medical services, periodic driver examination, school bus safety, selective traffic law enforcement, driver improvement programs, and BAC testing. For each item, rationale, NHTSA (National Hwy. Traffic Safety Administration) position, model law, and documentation (except for driver improvement programs) are provided. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Medical services KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - School buses KW - Standardization KW - State government KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Uniform traffic laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361570 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPENDIUM OF STATE TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM ASSESSMENTS PY - 1973 SP - 84 p. AB - The material is arranged under the following categories: motorcycle safety legislation, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), classified driver's license, motor vehicle inspection, uniform rules of the road, driver's license advisory boards, reporting of traffic court convictions, emergency medical services, periodic driver examination, school bus safety, selective traffic law enforcement, driver improvement programs, and BAC testing. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Medical services KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - School buses KW - Standardization KW - State government KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Uniform traffic laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00096376 AU - Warner, C Y AU - Boehly, W A AU - BURGETT, A L AU - Hoyt, T A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF BELT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES PY - 1973 SP - 70 p. AB - Belt restraint systems have proven effective in the prevention of injuries associated with automobile accidents. Properly worn belts can significantly improve the odds of survival in a crash. Recent accident studies in the USA and Europe, together with biomechanical test results, indicate that conventional lap/shoulder belt systems are most effective in low-to-moderate crash severities, but are somewhat ineffective in frontal collisions more severe than a 30 mph fixed-barrier impact. The primary benefit of belt restraints in side and rollover collision modes is the prevention of ejection. However, other means of preventing ejection (e.g., improved door locks, glazing retention, etc.) are also proving to be effective. Extrapolation of available data from the Australian mandatory belt use legislation suggests that U.S. fatalities would be reduced by less than 40 percent, even with 100 percent lap/shoulder belt use. /Author/ KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Frontal dimension KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263445 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN MANUAL FOR STATE TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME I PY - 1973 SP - 329 p. AB - The Design Manual for State Traffic Records System was created specifically to assist State personnel who manage traffic safety programs and develop statewide traffic Records systems to support these programs. It is not a requirement imposed by the National Safety Program Standards upon any organization. The Manual provides the recommended content and operational concepts for a comprehensive traffic records system incorporating a totally integrated data base which addresses the many traffic safety program areas. It also provides for States' administrative and operational activities in these subject areas. It defines a recommended file organization and maintenance procedures for the data base and specifies the recommended data elements and the coding formats for each of them. It is based upon a review and melding of the best ideas represented in the designs of the State Traffic Records Systems now in being and those in the design and implementation stages. It is written in a modular format to enhance updating procedures and contains two volumes.. The goal of the manual is to be of service to the States in the development of traffic safety programs. KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Records management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263127 AU - Flamboe, E E AU - Lee, S N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SHORT TERM BENEFITS FROM FIELD ACCIDENT STUDIES PY - 1973 AB - The Field Accident Studies system developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has been changing from general multidisciplinary accident investigation projects to mission oriented multilevel, bilevel, and special studies. Two general categories of findings have been derived from these accident investigation projects. First are those findings which evaluate, measure, or describe a phenomenon which requires further study to statistically validate its significance. The second set of findings are those which provide a basis for some decisive actions to be taken based on a single occurrence or a small number of occurrences. Specific examples of highway improvements, policy changes, and vehicle improvements, instituted as a result of accident investigation activities, are briefly presented. The Monarch Pass school bus accident is discussed in more detail to illustrate the interagency cooperation and multi-agency use of in-depth accident data-collected in the Field Accident Studies. KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260748 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1973 VL - 3 SP - 2447 p. AB - This report contains case summaries of recent in-depth reports submitted by NHTSA sponsored Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams in a continuing series of publications. These case reports are individual, clinical studies of accidents generally involving vehicles of the last three model years of fatal, injury producing, or property damage severity (severe enough so that at least one vehicle must be towed from the scene). The Teams investigate each accident in-depth concerning themselves with each element of the collision (human, vehicle, environment) as it interacts with each phase of the collision (pre-crash, crash, post-crash). Each of the summaries contained in this report consists of identification information, basic information on the highway and vehicles involved, a description of the drivers and occupants involved (with their injuries), a phase-by-phase description of the sequence of events of the collision, and a list of the casual factors, conclusions and recommendations which emanate for the reports. Finally, as an aid, a diagram of each collision is represented as the last page of each case summary. (A) KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260996 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECTS. EVALUATION-1973: VOLUME II--DETAILED ANALYSIS PY - 1973 VL - 2 SP - 235 p. AB - This seven-chapter volume presents detailed analysis of the development and management of the Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP) programs, the evaluation methodology and overall program impact, the enforcement countermeasure activities, the judicial and legislative countermeasure activities, the presentence investigation and probation countermeasure activities, the rehabilitation countermeasure activities; and the public information and education countermeasure activities. The history of the program is reviewed and the site selection procedures, the theoretical background, the details of the system, and the funding and management of the projects are described. Details are given of the evaluation procedures, the establishment of effectiveness criteria, the results of individual projects and the impact of the ASAP activity. KW - Alcohols KW - Analysis KW - Building sites KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Criteria KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Education KW - Enforcement KW - Fund allocations KW - Governments KW - Information dissemination KW - Laws KW - Location KW - Management KW - Methodology KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/130141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224444 AU - Sugarman, R C AU - Cozad, C P AU - Zavala, A AU - Calspan Corporation TI - ALCOHOL-INDUCED DEGRADATION OF PERFORMANCE ON SIMULATED DRIVING TASKS PY - 1973 SP - 7 p. AB - USING THE CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY DRIVING SIMULATOR, PERFORMANCE ON POSITION MAINTENANCE (LANE-KEEPING), SPEED MAINTENANCE, AND REACTION TIME WAS MEASURED FOR 159 SUBJECTS AS THEY PASSED THROUGH VARIOUS LEVELS OF INTOXICATION OVER A SEVEN HOUR PERIOD. USING NORMALIZED SCORES FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT TO CORRECT FOR IDIOSYNCRATIC EXTREME BEHAVIORS, SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS WERE FOUND BETWEEN BREATHALYZER READINGS AND PERFORMANCE ON EACH OF THE SIMULATED DRIVING TASKS. SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS WERE ALSO FOUND BETWEEN EACH PAIR OF SIMULATED DRIVING TASK MEASURES. KW - Behavior KW - Correlation analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drunk driving KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112585 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00224456 AU - CLAYTON, A B AU - Mackay, G M AU - BETTS, T A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN TRANQUILIZERS ABD ALCOHOL UPON KINETIC VISUAL ACUITY PY - 1973 IS - 17 AB - KINETIC VISUAL ACUITY (K.V.A.) IS THE ABILITY TO PERCEIVE A MOVING OBJECT TRAVELLING TOWARDS THE EYE AT A CONSTANT SPEED IN A HORIZONTAL PLANE. USING A FULLY-RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND PROCEDURE, THE K.V.A. OF FOUR GROUPS OF 20 SUBJECTS (10 MEN AND 10 WOMEN) WAS TESTED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TRIFLUOPERAZINE, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE, HALOPERIDOL, AMYLOBARBITONE SODIUM, AND A PLACEBO. WITHIN EACH TREATMENT, THE SUBJECTS WERE ALSO TESTED WITH AND WITHOUT ALCOHOL. TRIFLUORPERAZINE PRODUCED A SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT IN K.V.A. VALUES FOR MALE SUBJECTS, AND FOR FEMALE SUBJECTS UNDER ALCOHOL. AMYLOBARBITONE SODIUM AND CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE PRODUCED SOME IMPROVEMENT IN K.V.A. VALUES, WHEREAS HALOPERIDOL PRODUCED DIFFERENT EFFECTS IN MALES AND FEMALES. ALCOHOL DID NOT PRODUCE A SIGNIFICANT OVERALL EFFECT UPON K.V.A. VALUES. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT PHYSICIANS SHOULD WARN PATIENTS OF THE POSSIBLE DANGER IN DRIVING DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF TREATMENT. U1 - 17th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine-United States StartDate:19731100 EndDate:00000 KW - Alcohols KW - Drugs KW - Gender KW - Testing KW - Tranquilizers KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113512 ER - TY - SER AN - 00224458 JO - American Association for Auto Medicine, Papers AU - Davis, T G AU - Wehling, E H AU - East Carolina University, Greenville AU - Oklahoma Department of Public Safety TI - ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION EXPERIANCE OF OKLAHOMA DRIVERS WITH SELECTED CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS PY - 1973 AB - THE DRIVING RECORDS OF 108 DIABETICS, 77 EPILEPTICS, 78 PERSONS WITH OTHER SPECIFIED NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND 55 CONDITION, WHO WERE GRANTED DRIVER LICENSES AFTER BEING EVALUATED BY THE OKLAHOMA MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE IN 1969, WERE STUDIED, THE ACCIDENT RATES OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE SELECTED DISEASE CATEGORIES WERE COMPARED TO THE ACCIDENT RATES OF OKLAHOMA'S 1.6K MILLION LICENSED DRIVERS ACCORDING TO AGE, SEX, AND YEARS OF DRIVING EXPOSURE. THE VIOLATION RATES OF THE DISEASE GROUPS WERE COMPARED TO THE OVERALL DETERMINED THAT EPILEPTICS, DIABETICS, AND PERSONS WITH OTHER NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS HAVE HIGHER ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION RATES THAN LICENSED OKLAHOMA DRIVERS NOT KNOWN TO BE AFFECTED. OKLAHOMA DRIVERS DIAGNOSED AS SUFFERING FROM CARDIAC OR CIRCULATORY CONDITIONS, AS A GROUP, HAVE LOWER VIOLATION RATES AND SLIGHTLY HIGHER ACCIDENT RATES THAN DRIVERS NOT KNOWN TO BE AFFECTED. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Neurology KW - Personnel performance KW - Physical fitness KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224450 AU - McDowell, E D AU - Smith, G L AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF SERIAL CHOICE REACTION TIME AS THE BASIS FOR AN ALCOHOL INTERLOCK PY - 1973 SP - 11 p. AB - TWO MEASURES OF DRIVER PERFORMANCE, THE TOTAL TIME TO COMPLETE A SERIAL CHOICE REACTION TIME (SCRT) TASK PLUS THE NUMBER OF ERRORS, AND THE NUMBER OF RESPONSE TIMES EXCEEDING 1.1 SECONDS DURATION PLUS THE NUMBER OF ERRORS (PS), WERE INVESTIGATED. BOTH MEASURES INCREASED IN PROPORTION TO THE SQUARE OF THE BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL (BAL) WITH THE PS MEASURE INCREASING MORE RAPIDLY. A SEQUENTIAL CRITERIA TASK THAT MINIMIZES TASK DURATION (LESS THAN SEVEN SECONDS) IS PROPOSED. THIS TASK WOULD REJECT APPROXIMATELY 30% OF THE SUBJECTS AT 0.10% BAL WHILE ONLY FAILING 1% WHEN SOBER. SCRT TASKS SHOW PROMISE AS A BASIS FOR AN IGNITION INTERLOCK, ALTHOUGH ADDITIONAL WORK IS NECESSARY. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Behavior KW - Correlation analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drunk driving KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112590 ER - TY - SER AN - 00224452 JO - Am Assoc Automotive Medicine Papers AU - King, B G AU - Abston, S AU - Evans, E B TI - MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AND BURNS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STODY OF MOTOR VEHICLE FIRES AND THEIR VICTIMS PY - 1973 AB - THIS EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY SURVEYS THE RECORDS OF THE GALVESTON SHRINERS BURNS INSTITUTE FOR CHILDREN FROM 1966 TO 1972. DURING THIS PERIOD 1,267 PATIENTS WERE TREATED IN THE ACUTE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE WARDS. THIRTY-EIGHT BURNS OCCURED IN MOTOR VEHICLES. FRACTURES, RESPIRATORY BURNS, BURNS TO THE FACE AND HANDS, EXPOSURE TO TOXIC GASES, ASPHYXIA, AND DEATH OF FELLOW OCCUPANTS ARE ALL COMPLICATIONS SEEN IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT VICTIMS WHICH INCREASE PROBLEMS OF MEDICAL MANAGEMENT. DETAILS OF THE COMPLICATIONS IN BOTH MOVING AND NONMOVING ACCIDETS ARE EXAMINED AND COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE BURN POPULATION, STUDY OF ETIOLOGIC FACTORS OF THE BURN ITSELF IS MADE. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR ACUTE CARE, INCREASED FEDERAL FLAMMABILITY STANDARDS, AND POSSIBLE METHODS OF PREVENTION. MANDATORY OUTFITTING OF ALL MOTOR VEHICLES WITH DRY CHEMICAL FIRE EXTINGQUISHRES IS SUGGESTED AS A METHOD OF DECREASING VEHICLE FIRE INJURIES AND FATALITIES. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fires KW - Injuries KW - Medical services KW - Protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224442 AU - Volow, M R AU - Erwin, C W AU - Duke University TI - THE HEART RATE VARIABILITY CORRELATES OF SPONTANEOUS DROWSINESS ONSET PY - 1973 SP - 7 p. AB - THIS EXPERIMENT IS ONE PHASE IN THE SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV) AS A DRIVER ALERTNESS INDICATOR. NINE SUBJECTS BECAME SPONTANEOUSLY DROWSY IN A PASSIVE LABORATORY SITUATION, WHILE HEART RATE (HR), ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM, AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS WERE RECORDED FOR ONE HOUR. BEAT-TO-BEAT HEART ACTIVITY IN 40 S OF WAKING RECORD WAS COMPARED WITH HEART ACTIVITY IN 40 S OF ADJACENT DROWSY RECORD, USING ELECTROGRAPHIC DEFINITIONS OF WAKING AND DROWSY (TRANSITIONAL) STATES. OF THREE DESCRIPTORS OF HEART ACTIVITY, HRV ONLY AS MEASURED BY THE MEAN SQUARE OF HR, SHOWED AN INVERSE, BUT MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT AND UNRELIABLE RELATIONSHIP TO DROWSINESS ONSET. NEITHER HR NOR HRV MEASURED BY MEAN SQUARE OF SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENCES OF HR SHOWED ANY RELATIONSHIP TO DROWSINESS ONSET AT ALL. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT HRV IS NOT A RELIABLE PREDICTOR OF SPONTANEOUS DROWSINESS ONSET IN THE PASSIVE LABORATORY SITUATION. KW - Alertness KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart KW - Laboratory tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222292 AU - Mcintyre, J B AU - Logar, T L AU - American Motors Corporation TI - VEHICLE ATTITUDE EFFECTS ON EXTERIOR PROTECTION, HEADLAMP AIMING, DRIVER VISION CAPABILITIES PY - 1973 SP - 6 p. AB - THE ACCURATE PREDICTION OF VEHICLE ATTITUDES UNDER BOTH STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING CONDITIONS IS NECESSARY IN ORDER TO ASCERTAIN THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE OF THE VEHICLE IN REGARD TO FEDERAL STANDARDS. THE VARIATIONS IN ATTITUDE DUE TO STATIC TOLERANCE BUILDUP, STATIC LOADING VARIATIONS, AND DYNAMIC ATTITUDE CHANGES ARE DISCUSSED WITH REGARD TO HEADLAMP AIMING, BUMPER EFFECTIVENESS, AND DRIVER VISION. /NHTSA/ KW - Bumpers KW - Design standards KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Headlamps KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Static loads KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226759 AU - Lewis, R L AU - Raymond, R E AU - Bendix Corporation TI - STOPPING-DISTANCE ANALYSIS PY - 1973 SP - 12 p. AB - A METHOD OF PLOTTING AND COMPARING THE THEORETICAL, REQUIRED, AND MEASURED STOPPING DISTANCE AS REQUIRED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (DOT) IS DISCUSSED. THE HIGH COEFFICIENT STOPPING DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS HAVE BEEN EXTRAPOLATED TO AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SKID NUMBERS OVER A RANGE OF 50 TO 120. THIS WILL GIVE THE BRAKE SYSTEM DESIGNER MORE CONFIDENCE IN TEST RESULTS ON A KNOWN SKID NUMBER SURFACE. THE GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED, ENABLES THE BRAKE SYSTEM DESIGNER TO SYSTEMATICALLY COMPARE PREDICTED AND ACTUAL PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS BRAKE SYSTEM DESIGNS ON A VARIETY OF TIRE-ROAD COEFFICIENTS WITH DOT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SAME CONDITIONS. SAMPLE GRAPHS ARE SHOWN ALONG WITH THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROCEDURE. /NHTSA/ KW - Braking KW - Braking force coefficient KW - Braking performance KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Methodology KW - Rolling contact KW - Stopping distances KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226758 AU - BERNARD, J E AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - A DIGITAL COMPUTER METHOD FOR THE PREDICTION OF BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF TRUCKS AND TRACTOR-TRAILERS PY - 1973 SP - 12 p. AB - THE DIGITAL SIMULATION OF THE LONGITUDINAL PERFORMANCE OF TRUCKS AND ARTICULATED VEHICLES WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY ANALYZING TANDEM AXLE DYNAMICS INCLUDING FOUR-SPRING AND WALKING BEAM SUSPENSION PERFORMANCE; TIME DELAYS IN BRAKE SYSTEM RESPONSE AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINE PRESSURE AND BRAKE TORQUE FOR A BRAKE SYSTEM MODEL; AND A TIRE MODEL. A HYPOTHETICAL ANTISKID DEVICE WAS SIMULATED ON A TANDEM AXLE ARTICULATED VEHICLE. ALTHOUGH WHEEL LOCKUP WAS PREVENTED, THE SIMULATED STOPPING DISTANCE INCREASED CONSIDERABLY. /NHTSA/ KW - Antiskid device KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Axle loads KW - Braking KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Rolling contact KW - Simulation KW - Skid resistance KW - Stopping distances KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck performance KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224373 AU - Ito, T AU - Furumata, M AU - HARASHIMA, F AU - INABA, H AU - MATSUMOTO, S AU - Japan Automobile Research Institute AU - University of Tokyo TI - AN AUTOMATIC DRIVING SYSTEM OF AUTOMOBILES BY GUIDANCE CABLES PY - 1973 SP - 10 p. AB - AN AUTOMATIC DRIVING SYSTEM CAPABLE OF CONTROLLING A MOTOR VEHICLE ALONG A GUIDANCE CABLE WAS DEVELOPED. FABRICATED WITH FULLY ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS, THE EQUIPMENT HAS A SIMPLE AND RELIABLE STRUCTURE AND COULD BE MADE AT A LOW COST. THE AUTOMATIC STEERING SYSTEM AND SPEED AND BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEM ARE DESCRIBED. SEVERAL TEST RUNS WITH A VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH THE CONTROL APPARATUS WERE PERFORMED. THE COURSE DEVIATIONS WERE WITHIN 20 MM IN STEADY STATE RUNNING FOR SPEEDS RANGING 20-100 KM/H. THE RIDERS IN THE VEHICLE FELT FAIRLY COMFORTABLE. THIS SYSTEM IS GOING TO BE USED FOR DRIVERLESS TESTS OF AUTOMOBILES, AND IT IS ALSO EXPECTED TO BE APPLIED TO THE DUAL MODE SYSTEM. /NHTSA/ KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automatic control KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Cables KW - Dual mode transportation systems KW - Electrical equipment KW - Guidance systems KW - Guidance systems (Aircraft) KW - Guided vehicles KW - Servomechanisms KW - Speed control KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00052204 AU - Engel, M L AU - Van Allen, N K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA/SASI COOPERATIVE THESAURUS OF HIGHWAY AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY LITERATURE TERMS, FIRST EDITION, 1973 PY - 1973 SP - 1044 p. AB - Terminology is presented for use in indexing literature in the traffic safety and vehicle safety fields. Subject areas covered include: vehicles, accidents, law enforcement, traffic engineering and science, drivers, public transportation, transportation and land use planning, and vehicle air pollution. Approximately 7500 search terms and 800 cross references are given. Search terms are structured to show broader, narrower, and related terms as appropriate. Search terms were compiled from those used in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's automated retrieval system and General Motors Research Laboratories System on Automotive Safety Information's manual file. Portions of this document are not fully legible. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/14679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224443 AU - Gianturco, D AU - Ramm, D AU - Erwin, W AU - Duke University TI - DROWSINESS AND DRIVING IN A MIDDLE AGED POPULATION PY - 1973 SP - 7 p. AB - QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE INCIDENCE OF DRIVERS AGED 45-70 ADMITTING DROWSINESS WHILE DRIVING IS HIGH. THIS APPEARS RELATED TO MALENESS, YEARLY MILEAGE LOGGED, AND LONG TRIP DRIVING. CATTELL PERSONALITY TESTING REVEALED NO CONSISTENT GROUP OF PERSONALITY TRAITS WHICH CORRELATES WITH GETTING DROWSY. SUBJECTS WHO HANDLED DROWSINESS ESPECIALLY POORLY (THAT IS, FALLING ASLEEP) WERE CHARACTERIZED BY EMOTIONALITY, A TENDENCY TO WORRY, GIVE UP, AND EVADE RESPONSIBILITIES. MANY PHYSICAL FACTORS WERE EXAMINED, BUT ALL FAILED TO REVEAL A CONSISTENT PATTERN OF PHYSICAL DEFECT IN THE DROWSINESS GROUP. /NHTSA/ KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Gender KW - Mileage KW - Personality KW - Physical condition KW - Psychological aspects KW - Questionnaires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00050788 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS: DETAILED REPORTS FROM APRIL 1 TO JUNE 30, 1973 PY - 1973 SP - 459 p. AB - The document contains detailed information regarding defect recall campaigns conducted by domestic and foreign automobile and equipment manufacturers during the second quarter of 1973. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Assembling KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Industries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nhsb KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/10608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00050787 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS--DETAILED REPORTS FROM JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 31, 1973 PY - 1973 SP - 785 p. AB - The document contains detailed information regarding defect recall campaigns conducted by domestic and foreign automobile and equipment manufacturers during the first quarter of 1973. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Assembling KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Industries KW - Manufacturing KW - Manufacurers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nhsb KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/10607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224473 AU - Karim, G A AU - TAYLOR, M E AU - University of Calgary TI - HYDROGEN AS A FUEL AND THE FEASIBILITY OF A HYDROGEN-OXYGEN ENGINE PY - 1973 SP - 8 p. AB - A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION WAS MADE INTO THE USE OF HYDROGEN-OXYGEN MIXTURES IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES. FOLLOWING A LITERATURE SURVEY REGARDING THE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN, A COMPUTER PROGRAM BASED ON A CONSTANT-VOLUME COMBUSTION ENGINE CYCLE WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE. ANOTHER PROGRAM, WHICH CONSIDERED CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS, WAS USED TO PREDICT THE ONSET OF AUTO IGNITION IN MIXTURES UNDERGOING COMPRESSION IN AN ENGINE. RESULTS OF THE PROGRAM INDICATED THAT AN ATTRACTIVE AND SAFE WAY TO USE HYDROGEN-OXYGEN MIXTURES IN AN ENGINE INVOLVED THE RECYCLING OF EXHAUST GASES. SUCH A SYSTEM WOULD BE FED WITH A STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE, WHILE EXCESS HYDROGEN WOULD BE CIRCULATED WITHIN TO CONTROL COMBUSTION IN THE ENGINE. WATER VAPOER WOULD BE CONDENSED FROM THE EXHAUST GASES AND WOULD BE THE ONLY PRODUCT LEAVING THE SYSTEM. /NHTSA/ KW - Chemical reactions KW - Combustion KW - Compression KW - Computer programming KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrogen KW - Reviews KW - Stoichiometry KW - Water vapor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224476 AU - Shamah, E AU - Wagner, T O AU - American Oil Company TI - FUEL QUALITY OR ENGINE DESIGN: WHICH CONTROL DIESEL EMISSIONS? PY - 1973 SP - 24 p. AB - THE EFFECTS OF FUEL PROPERTIES ON EMISSIONS ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN THOSE OF ENGINE DESIGN AND OPERATING CONDITIONS. IN MOST DIESEL ENGINES, CHANGING FROM A HIGH DENSITY TO A LOW DENSITY FUEL WILL REDUCE SMOKE AND EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE AT WIDE OPEN THROTTLE. PART OF THE CHANGE IS DUE TO REDUCTION IN THE QUANTITY OF FUEL INJECTED, AND PART IS DUE TO THE GREATER SOOT-FORMING TENDENCY OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS. IF THE ENGINE IS ADJUSTED TO YIELD THE SAME POWER ON ALL FUELS, DIFFERENCES AMONG FUELS ARE RELATIVELY SMALL. TESTS OF FOUR-STROKE ENGINES INDICATE THAT CHANGING FUEL--EVEN BY DRASTIC CHANGES IN BOILING RANGE AND HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION--HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS. LIGHTER FUELS, WHICH WERE MORE VOLATILE, CAUSED HIGHER HYDROCARBONS IN TESTS OF A TWO-CYCLE ENGINE. CHANGING FUEL HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON NITRIC OXIDE IN ANY OF THE ENGINES USED. KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Density KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Pollutants KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226716 AU - LIMPERT, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLE HANDLING PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS PY - 1973 SP - 6 p. AB - THE DISCUSSION PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER ADDRESSES THE DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH DEFINING SAFE MOTOR VEHICLE HANDLING PERFORMANCE. SPECIFIC PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE VEHICLE, THE DRIVER, AND THE ENVIRONMENT ARE HIGHLIGHTED. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PERFORMED AND ANTICIPATED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION ARE EVALUATED IN TERMS OF A MORE FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO A GENERAL FORMULATION OF THE VEHICLE HANDLING PROBLEM. THE AIM OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS IS TO IDENTIFY THOSE VEHICLES THAT BECOME OVERINVOLVED IN HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS AND, TOGETHER WITH OTHER EVALUATION CRITERIA ON VEHICLE HANDLING, WILL CLEARLY INDICATE WHETHER THESE VEHICLES EXHIBIT PERFORMANCE BOUNDARIES WHICH ARE BEYOND THE CAPABILITIES OF THE TYPICAL DRIVER. /NHTSA/ KW - Direction KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Personnel performance KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224304 AU - Rodman, R M AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRINKING-DRIVING ATTITUDES: A SURVEY OF FAIRFAX COUNTY, 1971 PY - 1973 SP - 28 p. AB - BASELINE DATA AND SELECTED ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS HELD BY THE PUBLIC OF FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA WERE REVEALED BY A QUESTIONNAIRE CONCERNING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DRINKING AND DRIVING. THESE DATA ARE CONSIDERED ESSENTIAL TO ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT (ASAP), CURRENTLY IN OPERATION IN THAT COUNTY. MOTIVATION AND UNDERSTANDING ARE NOW KEY ELEMENTS IN PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAMS, AND ONE OF THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS IS THAT THE INDIVIDUAL BELIEVE IN THE VALUE OF THE PROGRAM BEING UNDERTAKEN. IN A PROGRAM SUCH AS ASAP, AIMED AT GETTING DRUNKEN DRIVERS OFF THE ROADS OF FAIRFAX COUNTY, FAVORABLE PUBLIC OPINION AND PUBLIC SUPPORT ARE NECESSARY. THE RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE ARE CROSS TABULATED. KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk driving KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Social research KW - Social sciences UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224279 AU - Masemore, W C AU - Fisher, R S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE REDUCTION OF VEHICULAR CARBON MONOXIDE FATALITIES PY - 1973 SP - 19 p. AB - THE CAUSE OF ACCIDENTAL CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) POISONINGS OFTEN INVOLVES AN INTERACTION OF POOR VEHICULAR DESIGN, FLIMSY VEHICULAR CONSTRUCTION, POOR VEHICULAR MAINTENANCE, FAULTY REPAIR WORK, AND CARELESS USE OF THE VEHICLE. AN APPROACH TO THE REDUCTION OF THESE ACCIDENTS MUST THEREFORE CONCENTRATE ON PRACTICAL WAYS TO PREVENT, DETECT, AND ELIMINATE VEHICULAR DEFECTS LEADING TO THE INTRODUCTION OF EXHAUST GASES INTO PASSENGER COMPARTMENTS. EXAMPLES OF SUCH METHODS INCLUDE REDESIGN OF EXHAUST SYSTEMS, IMPLEMENTATION OF STURDIER CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, MORE COMPREHENSIVE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION SYSTEMS, AND THE EDUCATION OF VEHICLE OWNERS AND VEHICLE REPAIRMEN ON THE PREVENTION AND DETECTION OF DEFECTS IN VEHICULAR EXHAUST SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS OF VEHICLE BODIES ADJACENT TO THE EXHAUST SYSTEM. CASE STUDIES ARE PRESENTED REPRESENTING COMMON MODES OF CO POISONING IN VEHICULAR SETTINGS, AND FOR EACH CASE A CAUSE IS DETERMINED AND DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF PREVENTIVE ACTION NEEDED. SUGGESTIONS FOR FAMILIARIZING ALL PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE OPERATION AND RE- PAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES WITH PRACTICAL MEANS BY WHICH TO DE- TERMINE THE INTEGRITY OF THE EXHAUST SYSTEM AND VEHICLE BODY ARE PROPOSED AS A STEP TOWARD REDUCING THE HUMAN ERRORS WHICH RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL CON POISONINGS. /SAE/ KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Crashes KW - Defects KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fatalities KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094432 AU - Ritter, T E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPRAY PROTECTOR TESTING ON TRUCKS PY - 1972/12/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The report discusses spray protectors to reduce the obscuring of view of following drivers by spray and debris thrown up by the vehicle wheels. The objective of this project was to obtain data from a series of road tests on the amount of spray contributed by each wheel from a truck tractor and semi-trailer combination vehicle, and a truck transport when tested under variable conditions of vehicle loading, tire wear, road conditions, and road moisture. Experimental testing was conducted on two different road surfaces using two trucks with new tires and worn tires, loaded and unloaded, under road moisture conditions of heavy water and light water. KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Photography KW - Protection KW - Protective coatings KW - Road tests KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Visibility KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222246 AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMUM SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT/DRIVER CONTROL-THE EVALUATION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY THE CONSULTING FIRM PY - 1972/12 SP - 6 p. AB - IT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS SUPPLEMENT TO PROVIDE BACKGROUND INFORMATION REGARDING THE STUDY MADE BY THE CONSULTING FIRM. THE MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE GUIDANCE AND DIRECTION TO THE STUDY GROUP IS DESCRIBED. AREAS OF CONCERN TO MANAGEMENT ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THE PRODUCT SUBMITTED BY THE CONSULTANT FIRM AND ACTIONS TAKEN TO RESOLVE THE ISSUES ARE EXPLAINED. A LISTING OF MAJOR STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS, THE POSITION OF APPROPRIATE STATE DEPARTMENTS, AND IMPLEMENTATION STATUS FOR EACH RECOMMENDATION ARE PRESENTED IN MATRIX FORMAT. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Recommendations KW - Studies KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197693 AU - Mayberry, M AU - Lincoln Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOUSEHOLD SURVEY (LINCOLN ASAP) PY - 1972/11 SP - 154 p. AB - The attitude research studies have several objectives: First, to assess public awareness of the subject of alcohol and highway safety. In this regard, the survey will serve as a valuable evaluation technique to measure the effectiveness of the public information and education countermeasues. Second, to document attitudes of particular segments of the population in the Project jurisdiction, such as teenage drivers, drivers who had previously been convicted of alcohol-related traffic offenses, and self-admitted problem drinking-drivers, in order to determine if they are potential targets for countermeasures. Third, to assess the attitudes of the community at large in order to aid in the selection among alternative proposed countermeasures. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitudes KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Households KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Nebraska KW - Projection management KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224445 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME III, NUMBER 8. PY - 1972/11 SP - 229 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY NHTSA SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. THESE CASE REPORTS ARE INDIVIDUAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY. THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE THE ACCIDENTS IN-DEPTH CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH THE ELEMENTS OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). THE SUMMARIES CONSISTS OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS, A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CASUAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH EMANATE FOR THE REPORTS. THE DIAGRAM OF THE COLLISION IS REPRESENTED IN EACH CASE SUMMARY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash diagrams KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00046248 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME III, NUMBER 9 PY - 1972/11 SP - 217 p. AB - The report contains case summaries of recent in-depth reports submitted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams in a continuing series of publications. Accidents are studies involving vehicles of the last three model years of fatal, injury producing, or property damage severity. The Teams investigate the accidents in-depth, concerning themselves with each element of the collision (human, vehicle, environment) as it interacts with each phase of the collision (pre-crash, crash, post-crash). The summaries consist of identification information, basic information on the highway and vehicles involved, a description of the drivers and occupants with their injuries, a phase-by-phase description of the sequence of events of the collision, and a list of the causal factors, conclusions and recommendations. A diagram of each collision is included. (Author Modified Abstract) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224161 AU - Sterling-Smith, R S AU - Fell, J C AU - Boston University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES: THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL/DRUG INVOLVEMENT PY - 1972/10/19 SP - 21 p. AB - A TOTAL OF 50 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING A FATALITY DURING AN 8- MONTH PERIOD IN THE BOSTON ASAP AREA WERE INVESTIGATED. A HUMAN FACTORS INDEX (HFI) WAS DETERMINED VIA INTERVIEWS, RECORDS, AND QUESTIONNAIRES ON EACH DRIVER DESIGNATED TO BE "AT-FAULT" IN THE ACCIDENT. A HYPOTHETICAL "MODAL" OPERATOR IS DESCRIBED BASED UPON THE ENTIRE SAMPLE. RESULTS DISCUSSED INCLUDE: 42% OF THE FOCAL OPERATORS WERE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AT THE TIME OF THE CRASH; 60% OF THE FOCAL OPERATORS INDICATED CHRONIC RISK TAKING BEHAVIORS; 62% OF THE ALCOHOL INVOLVED OPERATORS WERE CONSIDERED TO BE "PROBLEM DRINKERS." IMPLICATIONS POINTED TO NEW AREAS OF POSSIBLE IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA FOR THE BOSTON ASAP. A PROPOSED TWO-YEAR CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY IS DESCRIBED. /HSRI/ KW - Alcohols KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090076 AU - Greer, C R AU - Russell, H C AU - Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TESTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS USING A PROTOTYPE AIR BAG RESTRAINT SYSTEM PY - 1972/09 SP - 111 p. AB - The objective of the study was to experimentally test a developmental prototype automobile air bag restraint system using human subjects. Seven different barrier crash impact profiles were studied using thirteen healthy young male volunteers seated in the right front passenger position. Experimental data were collected at impact velocities ranging from 15.1 to 31.5 miles per hour to determine the operational performance characteristics of the air bag, subject dynamic interaction with the air bag, subjective evaluation, and trauma encountered during the experiment. The findings of this investigation are summarized. KW - Air bags KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Experimental data KW - Human beings KW - Human factors KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222319 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING PY - 1972/09 SP - 344 p. AB - AN EXISTING MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PASSENGER VEHICLE HANDLING WAS PROGRAMMED FOR USE IN A HYBRID COMPUTER SITUATION. THE HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS OF A 1967 FORD STATION WAGON AND A 1971 VOLKSWAGEN SUPER BEETLE WERE DETERMINED BY EXERCISING THE SIMULATION AND BY PHYSICAL TESTING. THE HYBRID COMPUTER RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH SUBSEQUENT TEST RESULTS TO VALIDATE THE SIMULATION. ESTABLISHED VEHIVLE HANDLING TEST PROCEDURES WERE UTILIZED TO DERIVE LIMITS OF VEHICLE PER- FORMANCE. THE SIMULATION OF VOLKSWAGON HANDLING ACCURATELY PREDICTED THE TEST RESULTS FOR STRAIGHT LINE BRAKING, BRAKING IN A TURN, SINUSOIDAL STEERING, AND TRAPEZOIDAL STEERING. ROAD HOLDING AND ROLLOVER TESTS IMPOSED CON- DITIONS WHICH EXCEEDED THE AVAILABLE TIRE DATA AND VIOLATED THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SUSPENSION MODEL SO THAT QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION WAS COMPROMISED. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE SUSPENSION MODEL BE REFINED AND THAT MORE EXTENSIVE TIRE DATA BE OBTAINED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION TO ROAD HOLDING AND ROLLOVER TESTS. SIMULATION VERSATILITY HAS BEEN ENHANC- ED TO ACCURATELY MODEL SEVERAL VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS. IN PARTICULAR, BOTH SOLID REAR AXLE AND INDEPENDENTLY SPRUNG REAR AXLE VEHICLES CAN BE EVALUATED. (A) KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Suspensions KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222126 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VOLUME 18, HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANUAL-ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING PY - 1972/09 VL - 18 SP - 50 p. AB - AS PART OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANUAL, THIS VOLUME IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE GUIDANCE TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ON PREFERRED HIGHWAY SAFETY PRACTIES. THIS VOLUME SUPPLEMENTS HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM STANDARD 18 AND PRESENTS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO ASSIST STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES IN IMPLEMENTING THEIR HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS. THIS "INTERIM" VOLUME HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE IMMEDIATE GUIDANCE TO STATES TO ASSIST THEM IN DEVELOPING ANNUAL HIGHWAY SAFETY WORK PROGRAMS. IN JULY, 1973 IT WILL BE FOLLOWED BY PUBLICATION OF A FINAL, FULLY COORDINATED DOCUMENT. /NHTSA/ KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Highway safety KW - Manuals KW - Programs KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222171 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME 3, NUMBER 4, SEPTEMBER 1972 PY - 1972/09 SP - 235 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY NHTSA SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. THESE CASE REPORTS ARE INDIVIDUAL, CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY (SEVERE ENOUGH SO THAT AT LEAST ONE VEHICLE MUST BE TOWED FROM THE SCENE). THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE EACH ACCIDENT IN-DEPTH CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). THE SUMMARIES CONSISTS OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS (WITH THEIR INJURIES), A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE ACCIDENT IS ENCLOSED. (AUTHOR) SEE ALSO VOLUME 3, NUMBER 3, PB-211 476. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222058 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL REGISTER - NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING PY - 1972/08/03 VL - 37 IS - 150 SP - p. 15602-2 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS NOTICE IS TO REQUEST PUBLIC COMMENT ON A PROPOSED REVISION OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM STANDARDS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION. THE CURRENT STANDARDS DEAL WITH PERIODIC MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION, MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION, MOTORCYCLE SAFETY, DRIVER EDUCATION, DRIVER LICENSING, CODES AND LAWS, TRAFFIC COURTS, ALCOHOL IN RELATION TO HIGHWAY SAFETY, TRAFFIC RECORDS, EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES, PEDESTRIAN SAFETY EDUCATION, POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES, DEBRIS HAZARD CONTROL AND CLEANUP, PUPIL TRANSPORTATION, AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. /NHTSA/ KW - Alcohols KW - Crash investigation KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrians KW - Police traffic direction KW - Pupils KW - Records management KW - Registrations KW - Safety education KW - School children KW - Standards KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01364057 AU - Kimble, Bruce AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A Framework for a Cost Benefit Analysis of the Fairfax County, Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Project PY - 1972/08//Final Report SP - 98p AB - On September 9, 1966, after nearly three months of consideration and emendation, bill 3052 was approved.by the United States Senate. This bill, now known as the Highway Safety Act of 1966, Public Law 89-564, included provisions for highway safety programs ($ 402), and highway safety research and development ($ 403). The Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP), which is the subject of this study, was initiated as a result of the mandate outlined in section 204 of the act. Realizing the need for an alcohol safety project in Northern Virginia, the Highway Safety Division of Virginia on October 30, 1970, submitted to the Department of Transportation an application for $ 403 funds. In December, the Virginia application was one of twenty approved from a total of fifty-four applications, The acceptance in June 1971 of a proposal and working plan entitled Development..and Evaluation of an Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP) for Fairfax County and the Contiguous Communities of Fairfax City, Falls Church, Vienna and Herndon fulfilled the contractual agreement for project funds between the Department of Transportation and the Highway Safety Division of Virginia. Each of the twenty-nine operational and six newly-approved Alcohol Safety Action Projects is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of the community countermeasures concept. Most ASAPs include the five countermeasures which constitute the Fairfax project. These countermeasures are police enforcement, judicial, rehabilitation, public information and education, and administration and evaluation. The contribution of alcohol as a causative factor in motor vehicle crashes and traffic violations has plagued the nation's highways since the early 1900's. The public's ignorance of the following, points presents the Fairfax public information countermeasure with a formidable task of public education. According to the. National Highway Traffic Safety Bureau there is no evidence to indicate public awareness that (i) fatal and serious crashes involve alcohol more frequently than nonfatal crashes, (2) the blood alcohol concentrations of drivers in crashes which involve alcohol are unusually high, (3) the legal definitions of driver intoxication and driver impairment are extremely "liberal," and (4) most alcohol-related incidents involve "problem" drinkers. In view of the importance of reducing the amount of drunken driving and of the uncertainties about the impacts of various countermeasures, more systematic efforts to evaluate these countermeasures as a whole appear to be worthwhile. In this study, the major costs and benefits of one such course of action, and the issues pertaining to the estimation of those costs and benefits, will be examined. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Fairfax County (Virginia) KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/73-r12.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37723/73-R12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1132706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222062 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A CHARACTERIZATION OF COLLISIONS, RSULTING DAMAGE AND OCCUPANT INJURY PY - 1972/08 SP - 31 p. AB - THIS STUDY WAS PREPARED IN RESPONSE TO A REQUEST BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES FOR DATA USEFUL IN EVALUATING GENERAL STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES. OF INTEREST WERE QUESTIONS ON THE AGGRESSIVITY OF VEHICLE FRONTAL STRUCTURES, OCCUPANT PROTECTION BY THE ENERGY-ABSORBING ABILITY OF THE VEHICLE EXTERIOR, GENERAL ACCIDENT IMPACT SPEED, AND VEHICLE DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS. THE DATA INCLUEDED DETAILED OVERALL ACCIDENT DN DAMAGE TYPES, MEAN IMPACT SPEEDS FOR VARIOUS ACCIDENT CONFIGURATIONS, DAMAGE EXTENT FOR DIFFERENT ACCIDENT TYPES, AND MEAN INJURY LEVELS AND SOURCES OF FATAL INJURIES BY COLLISION CONFIGURATION. AN ATTEMPT IS ALSO MADE TO SUMMARIZE THE COLLISION AND INJURY FREQUENCY DATA TO INDICATE A POSSIBLE ORDERING OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION PRIORITIES BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF A "DANGER INDEX" FOR EACH ACCIDENT TYPE AND FOR EACH OCCUPANT SEAT POSITION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111812 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00221808 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW PASSIVE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1972/08 VL - 80 IS - 8 SP - p. 30-9 AB - THIS IS A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT BASED ON THE RECENT SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PASSIVE RESTRAINTS. RAPID PROGRESS IS BEING MADE IN CRASH SENSORS, AIR CUSHIONS, AND SEAT BELT SYSTEMS. DESIGNERS ALSO ARE LEARING MORE ABOUT CRASH ENERGY AND HOW TO MODIFY AND CONTROL IT THROUGH STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE VEHICLE. "CRASH ENERGY MANAGEMENT" IS THE TERM CURRENTLY USED TO DESCRIBE THE WAYS TO CONTROL CRASH IMPACTS. DETAILS ARE GIVEN FOR U.S. AND FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS' DESIGNS FOR AIR CUSHION RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, CRASH SENSORS, AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, ADVANCES IN SEAT BELT SYSTEMS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air bags KW - Constraints KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222081 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF 1968-1970 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORTS PY - 1972/08 VL - 2 SP - 67 p. AB - IN JUNE 1971, VOLUME 1 OF A TWO-VOLUME SERIES SUMMARIZING THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH EMANATED FROM VARIOUS IN-DEPTH ACCIDENT REPORTS WAS PUBLISHED. THIS FIRST VOLUME CONTAINED A LISTING OF THESE FACTORS ACCORDING TO TEAM AND CASE NUMBER FROM 448 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORTS SUBMITTED TO THE NHTSA DURING THE YEARS 1968 TO 1970. VOLUME 2 CONTAINS AGGREGATIONS OF ALL THE FACTORS LISTED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL REPORTS IN VOLUME 1. THESE AGGREGATIONS ARE LISTED ACCORDING TO THE MATRIX CELL THEY ARE CATEGORIZED UNDER, MAJOR TOPIC AREAS, AND THE TEAM AND CASE NUMBER OF OCCURRENCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Multidisciplinary teams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223987 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUTAION OF THE 1960-1963 CORVAIR HANDLING AND STABILITY PY - 1972/07 SP - 136 p. AB - THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (NHTSA), DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, BEGAN AN EVALUATION OF THE HANDLING AND STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 1960- 1963 CORVAIR VEHICLE, BEGINNING WITH REVIEW OF GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION DOCUMENTS AND TEST DATA. ANALYSIS OF GENERAL MOTORS DOCUMENTS, TECHNICAL LITERATURE, AND ALL AVAILABLE ACCIDENT DATA WAS FOLLOWED BY A CONCENTRATED PROGRAM OF GOVERNEMENT TESTING OF THE CORVAIR AND CONTEMPORARY VEHICLES DURING THE SPRING AND SUMMER OF 1971. INPUT-RESPONSE TYPE DYNAMIC TESTS WHICH COULD PROVIDE QUANTITATIVE DATA WERE SELECTED FOR THIS COMPARATIVE TEST PROGRAM. TO EVALUATE THE OBJECTIVITY OF NHTSA TESTING AND ANALYSIS, A THREE-MAN ADVISORY PANEL OF INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS WAS RETAINED TO REVIEW THE SCOPE AND COMPETENCE OF THE NHTSA INVESTIGATION AND SPECIFICALLY TO IDENTIFY ANY ADDITIONAL VEHICLE TESTING BELIEVED TO BE NECESSARY TO AN OBJECTIVE, PROFESSIONAL DECISION REGARDING THE HANDLING AND STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 1960-1963 CORVAIR AS A POSSIBLE SAFETY DEFECT. THIS REPORT CONTAINS RELEVANT CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. /NTIS/ KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221914 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME 3, NUMBER 3 PY - 1972/06 SP - 252 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY NHTSA SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. THESE CASE REPORTS ARE INDIVIDUAL, CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE THREE MODEL YEARS OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY (SEVERE ENOUGH SO THAT AT LEAST ONE VEHICLE MUST BE TOWED FROM THE SCENE). THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). BASIC INFORMATION IS USED ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS INVOLVED, A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CASUAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. /NTIS/ KW - Case studies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222120 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME 3, NUMBER 3 PY - 1972/06 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 283 p. AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY NHTSA SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. THESE CASE REPORTS ARE INDIVIDUAL, CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS, OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY (SEVERE ENOUGH SO THAT AT LEAST ONE VEHICLE MUST BE TOWED FROM THE SCENE). THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE EACH ACCIDENT IN-DEPTH CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). EACH OF THE SUMMARIES CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT CONSISTS OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS INVOLVED (WITH THEIR INJURIES), A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. FINALLY, AS AN AID, A DIAGRAM OF EACH COLLISION IS REPRESENTED. /HSL/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223851 AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY OF TRUCK AND BUS HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1972/06 AB - A HIGH RECORDED NUMBER OF HIGHWAY FATALITIES FROM INTERSTATE TRUCK AND INTERCITY BUS OPERATIONS EXCEEDING MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN TOTAL PROPERTY DAMAGES SUPPORT THE NEED FOR RESEARCH ON TRUCK AND BUS HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS. SINCE THE TRAINING, SKILL AND EXPERIENCE OF THE MAJORITY OF DRIVERS OF THESE COMMERCIAL CARRIERS IS CONSIDERED QUITE SATISFACTORY, IT IS BELIEVED THAT MANY OF THE RECORDED ACCIDENTS COULD HAVE BEEN AVOIDED BY IMPROVEMENT OF THE VEHICLES' HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS, AND AN UPGRADING OF MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE FACTORS. RESEARCH IN THIS AREA, FOLLOWED BY NEW SAFETY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS, CAN BE EXPECTED TO REDUCE THIS TYPE OF ACCIDENT. KW - Bus drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck performance KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452407 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - STATE OF NEW YORK MOTOR VEHICLE RECIPROCITY SUMMARY PY - 1972/05/01 SP - n.p. AB - The first section of this booklet contains an outline of New York law affecting reciprocity. The material contained in that section was submitted to the various jurisdictions together with a questionnaire which was to be answered in the light of the provisions of the New York Law. As replies to the questionnaires were received from each jurisdiction, a summary for that jurisdiction was prepared based on this Department's interpretation of the replies received. These interpretations were then submitted to the appropriate jurisdiction for confirmation or correction. Unless otherwise noted, and shown by the statement "not confirmed," the material contained herein has been confirmed in its final form by the Motor Vehicle Authorities of the jurisdiction concerned. A few jurisdictions have not replied to the questionnaire which was submitted to them. The information contained in the booklet for these jurisdictions is therefore taken from previous information in the Department's files. In such cases, an appropriate notation is made. Information in relation to licenses and registrations issued by foreign countries, and international licenses is contained in the last section of this booklet. KW - Driver licenses KW - Foreign KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - New York (State) KW - Reciprocity KW - Registrations KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393722 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Benson, D M AU - ESPOSITO, G AU - Dirsch, J AU - Whitney, R AU - Safar, P AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MOBILE INTENSIVE CARE BY "UNEMPLOYABLE" BLACKS TRAINED AS EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS (EMTS) IN 1967-69 PY - 1972/05 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - p. 408-421 AB - In conjunction with Freedom House Enterprises, Inc. (FHE), a developer of businesses in ghetto districts, a pilot project was undertaken in Pittsburgh to train 44 black unemployed and underemployed men and women as emergency medical technicians (EMT's) for a mobile intensive care unit (MICU) ambulance service. Since some participants had not completed secondary schooling, adult education courses prepared them for high school equivalence examination. The basic three-month EMT course was hospital-based and included pre-clinical and clinical training, field experience, life-support drill, and administration. Nine months of on-the-job experience and training in arrhythmia control followed. Teachability tests included cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport, tracheal intubation, venous infusion, handling of drugs, and recognition of arrhythmias. Training stressed simplicity, repetition, and practice to perfection in life-saving and life-support measures. Ten of the 44 trainees dropped out during the first three months. Twenty-five of the 34 EMT's who completed the program still staff the FHE University Hospital-based MICU service; they perform resuscitation and provide transport with considerable skill and judgment. Inexpensive vans were modified as MICU's and equipped to exceed national recommendations. The total cost of each was $13,000, including defibrillator/cardioscope. This medical-sociological project served as a pilot project for National Research Council recommendations on EMT Training (first two levels), and showed that motivation rather than past accomplishments indicates the potential professional success of underprivileged ghetto residents. KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Intensive care KW - Mobile equipment KW - Motivation KW - Portable equipment KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221993 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT TEST REPORTS. KWIC INDEX FOR 1971 PY - 1972/05 SP - 492 p. AB - THE REPORT IS A KEYWORD-IN-CONTEXT INDEX TO STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT TESTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION RELEASED TO THE PUBLIC DURING CALENDAR YEAR 1971. /NTIS/ KW - Enforcement KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221886 AU - BURKHART, C AU - Crancer, A AU - Voas, Robert B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION REPORT, ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECTS, 1971 PY - 1972/05 SP - 72 p. AB - AN EVALUATION REPORT EXAMINES THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST YEAR OF OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST NINE ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECTS (ASAP) FROM TWO PERSPECTIVES: OVERALL PROJECT IMPACT; AND COUNTERMEASURE ACTIVITIES EFFECTIVENESS. THE MAJOR CONSTRAINT TO EVALUATION WAS THE EXTENT OF THE AVAILABLE DATA BASE IN TERMS OF BASELINE DATA AND ACTIVITY DATA. THE EVALUATION WAS LIMITED TO A COMPARISON OF 1970 AND 1971 PERFORMANCE MEASURES. CONCLUSIONS RESULTING FROM EACH PHASE OF THE EVALUATION ARE SUMMARIZED. /NTIS/ KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohols KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221802 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUPIL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY PY - 1972/05 AB - THE BROCHURE CONTAINS THE TEXT OF STANDARD NO. 17 AND A SUMMARY OF COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY ADVISORY COMMITTEE REGARDING IT. KW - Child safety KW - Highway safety KW - School children KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222055 AU - California Highway Patrol TI - OPERATION 101- AN ACCIDENT AND ENFORCEMENT STUDY (CONDENSATION) PY - 1972/04 SP - 15 p. AB - IN 1963 THE COMMISSIONER OF THE CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL INSTRUCTED HIS RESEARCH STAFF TO DESIGN A STUDY TO PROVE THAT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT IS OR IS NOT EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING ACCIDENT RATES. THE STUDY WAS DESIGNED, AND A STRETCH OF STATE HIGHWAY 101 IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY THAT HAD A HIGH, STABLE ACCIDENT RATE WAS CHOSEN AS THE TEST BED. THE NUMBER OF POLICE OFFICERS ASSIGNED TO THE ROADWAY WAS DOUBLED, DRIVERS' ACTIONS WERE MONITORED WITH AND WITHOUT THEIR KNOWLEDGE TO CORRELATE THESE ACTIONS WITH VIOLATIONS, AND AN INFORMATION SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED FOR PROCESSING THE MILLION ITEMS OF INFORMATION THAT WERE EXPECTED TO BE COLLECTED DURING THE YEAR THE PROJECT RAN BETWEEN JANUARY 1964 AND JANUARY 1965. THE MAJOR FINDING WAS THAT AS MANPOWER AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS WERE INCREASED, DRIVER VIOLATIONS AND ACCIDENTS DROPPED. THIS SINGLE FINDING IS BROKEN DOWN INTO SEPARATE ELEMENTS THAT SUPPORT OR DIVERGE FROM THE FINDING: EFFECTS OF RAINFALL, INCIDENCE OF DRUNK DRIVING, EFFECTIVENESS OF ENFORCEMENT IN VARIOUS AGE GROUPS, INCIDENCE OF SPEEDING AND OTHER MOVING VIOLATIONS, AND FEASIBILITY OF USING THE FINDINGS FOR PREDICTIVE PURPOSES. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Police patrol KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00044329 AU - Warner, A AU - Ofsevit, D AU - PLANK, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT MOTION SENSORS: ROTATIONAL ACCELEROMETER DEVELOPMENT PY - 1972/04 SP - 31 p. AB - A miniature mouthpiece rotational accelerometer has been developed to measure the angular acceleration of a head during vehicle crash or impact conditions. The device has been tested in the laboratory using a shake table and in the field using dummies and humans. The results of the testing show that while the accelerometer is sensitive to angular acceleration it is also sensitive to linear acceleration, and in practical applications a correction factor for linear accelerations must be applied to the rotational output. (Author) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/8721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221864 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOCIETAL COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS - PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1972/04 SP - 57 p. AB - THIS PRELIMINARY REPORT PRESENTS QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF DIRECT OUT-OF-POCKET COSTS OR INDIRECT COSTS, USING A VARIETY OF DATA SOURCES. THE ANALYSIS IS BASED ON THE CONCEPT THAT CALCULABLE LOSSES ARE EXPERIENCED BY SOCIETY REGARDLESS OF WHETHER ALL COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO ECONOMIC COSTS VIA THE PRIVATE MARKETPLACE OR OTHER MEANS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Economic analysis KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221893 AU - Flamboe, E E AU - Keryeski, J M AU - Bischoff, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MONARCH PASS, COLORADO SCHOOLBUS CRASH PY - 1972/03/31 SP - 119 p. AB - THE REPORT DOCUMENTS THE ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS WITH RESPECT TO A SCHOOL BUS ACCIDENT THAT OCCURRED ON MONARCH PASS IN THE TOWN OF GARFIELD, COLORADO. THE DRIVER LOST CONTROL OF VEHICLE SPEED WHILE DESCENDING AN APPROXIMATELY 11 MILE SECTION OF DOWNGRADE. HE UNSUCCESSFULLY ATTEMPTED TO DOWNSHIFT THE REAR AXLE AND TRANSMISSION, AND LEFT THE HIGHWAY IN ORDER TO AVOID A COLLISION WITH TRAFFIC. THE BUS ROLLED OVER 2-1/2 TIMES. NINE FATALITIES OCCURRED AS A RESULT OF THIS ACCIDENT. KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Grades KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221948 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES, VOLUME 3, NUMBER I PY - 1972/03 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 229 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS CONSISTING OF INDIVIDUAL CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS, GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS, OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY. TEAMS INVESTIGATE EACH ACCIDENT IN-DEPTH, CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). /NTIS/ KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221949 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES, VOLUME 3 NUMBER 2 PY - 1972/03 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 240 p. AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH REPORTS CONSISTING OF INDIVIDUAL CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS, GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS, OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY (SEVERE ENOUGH SO THAT AT LEAST ONE VEHICLE MUST BE TOWED FROM THE SCENE). TEAMS INVESTIGATE EACH ACCIDENT IN-DEPTH, CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE-CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH.). EACH CONSISTS OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANS INVOLVED, A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. A DIAGRAM OF EACH COLLISION IS REPRESENTED. /NTIS/ KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222110 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER EXPOSURE - INDIRECT APPROACH FOR OBTAINING RELATIVE MEASURES PY - 1972/03 SP - 125 p. AB - THE EFFORTS IN THIS STUDY ARE AIMED AT OBTAINING A MEASURE OF THE EXPOSURE WHICH A CLASS OF DRIVERS EXPERIENCES RELATIVE TO OTHER SIMILAR CLASSES. THESE DRIVER CLASSES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY AGE GROUP AND SEX. A MEASURE OF RELATIVE EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ESTIMATED FOR EACH OF THE CLASSES UNDER VARYING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE SOURCES OF DATA WERE THE DRIVER LICENSING AND ALL MOTOR VEHICLES ACCIDENT RECORDS AS KEPT BY 25 STATES FOR THE YEAR 1969. THESE STATES ACCOUNT FOR OVER 50 PERCENT OF THE DRIVING POPULATION AND SUBMITTED RECORDS OF OVER 1.7 MILLION ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TWO OR MORE VEHICLES. THIS STUDY SUBDIVIDES THE ACCIDENT INVOLVED DRIVER CLASSES (AGE-SEX) INTO TWO GROUPS: THE RESPONSIBLE AND THE NOT RESPONSIBLE. BY ANALYZING THE NOT RESPONSIBLE GROUP A MEASURE OF RELATIVE EXPOSURE IS OBTAINED, WHILE THE ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIBLE GROUP YIELDED AN INDICATIVE MEASURE OF THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH EACH DRIVER CLASS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age KW - Driver investigation KW - Gender KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224288 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BENEFITS AND COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS PLANNED FOR PASSENGER CARS - STAFF REPORT - SECOND REVISION - PRELIMINARY PY - 1972/02 SP - 28 p. AB - BENEFITS AND COSTS HAVE BEEN ROUGHLY ESTIMATED FOR MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO PASSENGER CARS PLANNED TO BECOME EFFECTIVE 1972-76. ESTIMATES ARE PRESENTED IN AGGREGATED FORM CORRESPONDING TO MAJOR STANDARD GROUPING AND COVER AN IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD OF 1972 THROUGH 1980. POST 1980 RUN-OUT BENEFITS AND COSTS ARE INCLUDED. BENEFITS REFLECT REDUCTIONS IN FATALITIES, INJURIES, AND PROPERTY DAMAGE. COSTS CONSIST OF ADDITIONAL FUEL, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR EXPENSES AS WELL AS THE NEW VEHICLE PRICE INCREASES ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE STANDARDS. TOTAL BENEFITS FOR ALL STANDARDS ARE PROJECTED AT 76 BILLION DOLLARS. CORRESPONDING COSTS ARE ABOUT 28 BILLIONS, GIVING A NET BENEFIT IN EXCESS OF 48 BILLION DOLLARS. THE OVERALL BENEFIT-COST RATIO IS 2.7:1. GREATEST NET BENEFIT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SET OF STANDARDS DESIGNATED OCCUPANT COMPARTMENT SYSTEM, FORECAST AT ALMOST 25 BILLION DOLLARS. MAXIMUM ECONOMIC LEVERAGE IS PROJECTED FOR THE HANDLING AND STABILITY GROUP FOR WHICH THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO IS ESTIMATED AT 5.3:1. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221936 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT TO THE SECRETARY ON ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING ACTIVITIES - 1971 PY - 1972/02 IS - 2 SP - 54 p. AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NHTSA WITH RESPECT TO ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1971. THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES OF THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DIVISION ARE DESCRIBED: FIELD ACCIDENT STUDIES; A) TRI-LEVEL STUDIES; B) SPECIAL FIELD STUDIES; C) GENERAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (MDAI) STUDIES; D) BI-LEVEL STUDIES; NEW TECHNIQUES IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION; INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES; SPECIAL ACTIVITIES: FEDERAL GO TEAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Field studies KW - Foreign KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00037322 AU - Lee, S N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMINING THE PARAMETERS OF THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN A PROGRAM MATRIX FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1972/02 SP - 60p* p. AB - The report examines the parameters of the human involvement in the Program Matrix for Highway Safety Research through the pre-crash, crash, and post-crash collision phases. After examining the sub-components of the human involvement through each collision phase, possible recommendations for better understanding of responsibilities to address encumbent problems are discussed. The responsibilities discussed are not policy matters; they represent the type of thought required in this training project to stimulate discussion as to where responsibilities lie in correcting human related problems and malperformances, and what may reasonably be expected or not expected from the driver (or pedestrian), the motoring public (as a corporate individual), the community, industry, and associations, research institutions and learned societies. (Author) KW - Behavior KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Human factors engineering KW - Kinematics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupant kinematics KW - Performance evaluations KW - Physiology KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerances physiology KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/5775 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105721 JO - VHRC ; AU - Smith, Thomas J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Virginia Highway Safety Division AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - A comparison of blood alcohol levels as determined by breath and blood tests taken in actual field operations PY - 1972 SP - v, 21 p. KW - Alcohol blood tests KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Analysis KW - Automobile drivers KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Random breath tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37500/37569/72-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452394 JO - Forensic Science PB - Elsevier Science S.A. AU - Yamamoto, K AU - UEDA, M AU - Elsevier Science S.A. TI - STUDIES ON BREATH ALCOHOL ANALYSIS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS PY - 1972 VL - 1 SP - p. 207-224 AB - With the Kitagawa detector tube method of determining breath alcohol levels, it is stated that there are several problems to be solved. In place of a rubber balloon the authors used a Saran bag which retains alcohol vapor well. The breath alcohol concentration was determined by gas chromatography. The alcohol concentration in rebreathed air correlated well with that of blood. The blood-breath alcohol partition coefficient, from present experiments, was about 2000. There was no significant difference in the alcohol concentration of 3 breath samples (rebreathed air, air expired following breath holding and the second half of air expired following a deep inspiration). A sample size of at least 1500-2000 ml is desirable. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Balloons KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Gas chromatography KW - Kitagawa detector tubes KW - Plastics KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404374 AU - REISS, M L AU - Lunenfield, H AU - MORTON, G W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD OF VISION REQUIREMENTS DIRECTLY BEHIND TRUCKS AND BUSES PY - 1972 SP - 188 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Field of vision KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Safety equipment KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395138 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - HELMETS FOR MOPED RIDERS. PT. 1. NEED, BENEFIT, OWNERSHIP AND USE OF HELMETS AMONG MOPED RIDERS T2 - HELMEN VOOR BROMFIETSERS. DEEL 1. NOODZAAK, NUT, BEZIT EN GEBRUIK VAN HELMEN VOOR BROMFIETSERS PY - 1972 SP - 119 p. AB - Analysis of data together with a literature survey show that about half of all injuries which hospitalize moped and motorcycle riders are of the head or neck. The most serious injuries (measured by risk of death and length of treatment) are also those of the head and neck. The percentage of riders and passengers killed by head injuries in moped or motorcycle accidents is about 80%, and the percentage of those injured in the head is about 50%. The forehead and temples in particular require protection, although the extent of such protection against the effect of severe bumps or penetration cannot be deduced from the literature. In a great number of cases, two or more separate injuries are reported on the head. It appears that a helmet can offer little protection against primary brain injuries with an intact skull but provides more protection against skull injuries and secondary brain injuries (comminuted skull fractures). Helmet usage contributes to preventing both brain and skull injuries; it can reduce the annual number of deaths of riders or passengers of motorized two-wheelers by 40%, and their head injuries by 30%. No adverse effects of helmet usage are known. Helmet ownership by moped owners in The Netherlands has increased 50% in two years; the percentage of moped riders wearing a helmet has also increased sharply in a short time. KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393726 AU - Gemma, W R AU - Strayer, D E AU - Chase, R C AU - Keller, M D AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES, A SYSTEMS APPROACH PY - 1972 SP - 15 p. AB - A simulation Model, EMSS II, is described which allows for the systematic analysis of emergency medical services (EMS) in response to changes in system variables and serves as a tool in decision-making and planning processes. The model was developed by Operations Research, Inc. under contract to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. It offers a format for the introduction of data from the moment a call for help is received by a designated community response agency, through the entire EMS process, to service outcome. The emergency medical care delivery system is divided into the following components: detection and communication (police, fire, other), transportation (police, fire, other), and treatment (at site, in transit, treatment facility). EMSS II is a closed, stochastic, event-based simulation. The following classes of output can be obtained: case classification, ambulance utilization, emergency medical facility utilization, sequence of patient care events, and sequence of EMS system events. An application of EMSS II is being undertaken in the Columbus (Ohio) Metropolitan Area. KW - Decision making KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Planning KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393736 AU - Hurst, P M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY CRASHES: A SELECTIVE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FINDINGS PY - 1972 SP - 23 p. AB - It is argued that it is difficult to determine from laboratory findings the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) threshold at which most drivers will begin to drive less safely. Epidemiological findings can furnish more relevant estimates of net hazard percentages. These findings cannot determine how many drivers are impaired at a given BAC, although the BAC at which a significant difference in relative crash incidence occurs can be determined. The author advocates eliminating laws that set presumptive impairment BAC levels and adopting an approach based on aggregate data which lends itself to a "cost/benefit analysis." The recommended data include "controlled" studies of alcohol in highway crashes (BAC studies on crash victims and on uninvolved drivers at a crash site who were going in the same direction), supplemented by some simple-incidence findings. The studies should include BAC's on all crash-involved drivers regardless of culpability and on drivers in all crashes regardless of type. Calculations on relative hazards from six studies are presented and compared with self-reported data on drinking frequency to provide an estimate of the effectiveness of BAC limit enforcement. It is concluded that a stringent BAC limit is necessary in order to reduce total crash incidence, and that the effectiveness of a BAC limit is dependent on the method of assessment: by total crashes, fatal crashes, or an intermediate criterion. Alcohol countermeasures would be more effective against total highway fatalities than against total highway crashes. The lack of public acceptance of too strict a BAC limit is emphasized. An absolute BAC limit based on aggregate relative hazard statistics is recommended, since it facilitates enforcement. Adequate enforcement of the presently recommended DOT (Department of Transportation) maximum BAC of .10% is seen as an effective countermeasure, with a possible reduced limit for young drivers. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Epidemiology KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Thresholds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386863 AU - Cash, W S AU - Moss, A J AU - National Center for Health Statistics TI - OPTIMUM RECALL PERIOD FOR REPORTING PERSONS INJURED IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1972 SP - 39 p. AB - Details of injury on accident reports were compared with those later remembered by the victims in interviews, to determine if the recall period could be increased without jeopardizing accuracy, and to identify a possible optimum length of recall time. A sample was selected from persons involved in injury-producing motor vehicle accidents in Durham, Orange, and Wake counties of North Carolina, February 1966-February 1967. Detailed statistical data are tabulated. The study indicated that the optimum recall period for estimating the total number of persons injured in motor vehicle accidents is less than three months. This is a conservative choice, since the bias component of relative root mean square error, which is a function of the ability of a responder to recall a motor vehicle injury, increases over time at a rate greater than that estimated from the methodology study. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Interviewing KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222293 AU - Ford Motor Company TI - FIELD OF VIEW FROM AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES PY - 1972 SP - 145 p. AB - THE FIELD OF VIEW REQUIRED TO SEE OVERHEAD AND CURB MOUNTED SIGNALS AND SIGNS, STANDING AND MOVING PEDESTRIANS, FIXED OBJECTS, CYCLISTS, INTERSECTING VEHICLES, OPPOSING TRAFFIC, SAME DIRECTION TRAFFIC, OVERTAKING VEHICLES, AND REAR APPROACHING CARS AND TRUCKS, FROM FORWARD MOVING VEHICLES WAS INVESTIGATED IN A SERIES OF RESEARCH PROJECTS THAT INCLUDED LITERATURE SURVEYS, ANALYTICAL STUDIES, HUMAN FACTORS TESTS, AND PHOTOGRAPHIC ROAD TRAFFIC SURVEYS. THE RESEARCH CONSIDERED FORWARD, SIDE, AND REAR FIELDS OF VIEW. REAR VISION THROUGH MIRROR SYSTEMS WAS INCLUDED. DETAILED PRESENTATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF THE DRIVER'S VISUAL FIELDS ARE GIVEN. BACKGROUND MATERIAL IS PROVIDED IN THE INCLUDED TECHNICAL NOTES. /NHTSA/ KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Fixed object KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Overhead traffic signals KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Pedestrians KW - Photogrammetry KW - Rear view KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Reviews KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic surveys KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371075 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - PEDESTRIAN OFFENSES PY - 1972 SP - 20 p. AB - This manual deals primarily with offenses requiring enforcement, with some discussion on educational activities. It includes a summary of provisions of the Uniform Vehicle Code (1968) and Model Traffic Ordinance (1968) relating to pedestrian movements. KW - Crosswalks KW - Human characteristics KW - Law enforcement KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Police KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367301 AU - Information Planning Associates Incorporated TI - REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE RELATING TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BREATH TESTS AND PRE-ARREST SCREENING TESTS AS ENFORCEMENT TOOLS. ALCOHOL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FILE. TASK 3 REPORT PY - 1972 SP - 93 p. AB - A review (with abstracts) is presented of literature concerning the effectiveness of the breath test in accurately measuring blood alcohol level, and utilization of the breath test as an effective law enforcement tool in removing drunk drivers from the roads and highways. Also considered is the breath test's effectiveness as a screening and pre-arrest tool. The effective application of the breath test as a law enforcement tool has often been impaired by doubts as to the accuracy and specificity of breath test instrumentation, as well as by legal issues concerned with constitutionality and associated "implied consent" statutes. The possibility of being found guilty of false arrest has placed the arresting officer in a vulnerable position, undermining his confidence in the use of breath tests. Improved reliability and accuracy of instrumentation, along with new and reinterpreted legislation, is surmounting some of the cited obstacles and is leading to increased use of the tests as enforcement tools. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Instrumentation KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reliability KW - Screenings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222409 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECTS--EVALUATION OF OPERATIONS. VOLUME III-PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1972 VL - 3 SP - 88 p. AB - IN ORDER TO DEMONSTRATE THE FEASIBILITY AND PRACTICABILITY OF A SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR DEALING WITH THE DRINKING - DRIVING PROBLEM, AND TO EVALUATE COUNTERMEASURES WITHIN THE LIMITS PERMITTED BY THE SIMULTANEOUS APPLICATION OF A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT COUNTERMEASURES AT THE SAME SITE, THIRTY-FIVE PROJECTS WERE INITIATED IN AS MANY STATES. THESE PROJECTS ARE INTENDED TO CATALYZE EACH STATE INTO ACTION TO IMPROVE ITS ALCOHOL SAFETY PROGRAM. THE PROJECTS, WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED IN FIVE PHASES, ARE BASED ON A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE OF THE DRINKING-DRIVING PROBLEM AND RECOGNIZE THE RELATIVELY LARGE ROLE PLAYED BY THE PROBLEM DRINKER IN HIGHWAY FATALITIES. THIS PUBLICATION DESCRIBES THE INTEGRATED SET OF COUNTERMEASURES: ENFORCEMENT, JUDICIAL, REHABILITATION, PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION, IN ADDITION TO THE FUNDING, PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION. KW - Alcohols KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fund allocations KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Laws KW - Management KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224460 AU - Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FRONT-TIRE FAILURES PY - 1972 SP - 15 p. AB - TIRE FAILURES ARE THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF MECHANICAL DEFECT ACCIDENTS. FRONT-TIRE FAILURE ACCIDENTS ACCOUNT FOR OVER 60% OF THESE ACCIDENTS. A TWO-DAY CHECK OF 576 VEHICLES WAS CONDUCTED AT THE SCALES ON INTERSTATE 70 IN ODESSA, MISSOURI. FORTY-FOUR OF THE 576 VEHICLES HAD THEIR WEIGHT AND TIRES CHECKED IN DETAIL. THE PERCENTAGE OF TRUCKS WITH OVERLOADED FRONT TIRES WAS BETWEEN 3.9 AND 13.6%. FOUR AND ONE-HALF TIMES AS MANY FRON TIRES WERE UNDERINFLATED AS WERE OVERLOADED. RIGHT FRONT TIRES FAIL MORE OFTEN THAN LEFT FRONT. THERE IS NO INDICATION THAT TUBELESS TIRES ARE LESS APT TO BE INVOLVED IN FRONT TIRE FAILURE ACCIDENTS. TIRES INVOLVED IN SUCH ACCIDENTS HAVE SLIGHTLY LESS TREAD PATTERN DEPTH THAN DO OTHER FRONT TIRES. WORN TREAD IS NOT A MAJOR CAUSE OF FRONT TIRE FAILURES. MILEAGE OF 61 TIRES WHICH FAILED, IS GRAPHED, AND SUGGESTIONS FOR PREVENTING TIRE FAILURES ARE PRESENTED. KW - Axle loads KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Failure KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207591 AU - Britton, S C AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - MANUAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF SKID SURFACES, FINAL REPORT PY - 1972 SP - 112 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Skidding KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047873 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS-DETAILED REPORTS FROM OCTOBER 1, 1972 TO DECEMBER 31, 1972 PY - 1972 SP - 714 p. AB - Details of vehicle recall campaigns are submitted by vehicle and equipment manufacturers. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nhsb KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Quality control KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221990 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS - DETAILED REPORTS FROM JANUARY 1, 1972 TO MARCH 31, 1972 PY - 1972 SP - 564 p. AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS DETAILS OF RECALL CAMPAIGNS AS SUBMITTED BY VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Quality control KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00046265 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS--DETAILED REPORTS FROM JULY 1, 1972 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1972 PY - 1972 SP - 703 p. AB - The report contains details of recall campaigns as submitted by vehicle and equipment manufacturers. KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nhsb KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Quality control KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222119 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1972 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 261 p. AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS CASE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN- DEPTH REPORTS SUBMITTED BY NHTSA SPONSORED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS IN A CONTINUING SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS. THESE CASE REPORTS ARE INDIVIDUAL, CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENTS GENERALLY INVOLVING VEHICLES OF THE LAST THREE MODEL YEARS, OF FATAL, INJURY PRODUCING, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SEVERITY (SEVERE ENOUGH SO THAT AT LEAST ONE VEHICLE MUST BE TOWED FROM THE SCENE). THE TEAMS INVESTIGATE EACH ACCIDENT IN-DEPTH CONCERNING THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENT OF THE COLLISION (HUMAN, VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENT) AS IT INTERACTS WITH EACH PHASE OF THE COLLISION (PRE- CRASH, CRASH, POST-CRASH). EACH OF THE SUMMARIES CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT CONSISTS OF IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION, BASIC INFORMATION ON THE HIGHWAY AND VEHICLES INVOLVED, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DRIVERS AND OCCUPANTS INVOLVED (WITH THEIR INJURIES), A PHASE-BY-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF THE COLLISION, AND A LIST OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. FINALLY, AS AN AID, A DIAGRAM OF EACH COLLISION IS REPRESENTED. /HSL/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221816 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOCIETAL COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS-PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1972 SP - 56 p. AB - THIS ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT COSTS IS BASED ON THE CONCEPT THAT CALCULABLE LOSSES ARE EXPERIENCED BY SOCIETY REGARDLESS OF WHETHER ALL COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO ECONOMIC COSTS. LOSS CATEGORIES EVALUATED INCLUDE PROPERTY DAMAGE, MEDICAL COSTS, PRODUCTIVITY LOSSES, INSURANCE ADMINISTRATION, LOSSES TO OTHER INDIVIDUALS, EMPLOYER LOSSES, FUNERAL COSTS, COMMUNITY SERVICE LOSSES, PAIN AND SUFFERING, AND MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. THE ANNUAL TOTAL COST OF HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS IS ESTIMATED AT $45 BILLION. THE LOSS FROM EACH FATALITY IS ESTIMATED AT $200,000, EACH NONFATAL INJURY AT $7,300, AND EACH PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT AT $300. /HSL/ KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223913 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE EMMISSIONS - A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1972 SP - 39 p. AB - LITERATURE CITATIONS ON MANY ASPECTS OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN RELATION TO AIR POLLUTION ARE LISTED. CITATIONS ARE GROUPED SEPARATELY AS CONGRESSIONAL DOCUMENTS, MONOGRAPHS, JOURNAL ARTICLES, REPORTS, AND CHAPTERS WITHIN BOOKS AND PROCEEDINGS. CITATIONS PERTAINING TO NONCONVENTIONAL FUELS AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE INCLUDED. /HSL/ KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Bibliographies KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221958 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINSTRATION-A BIBLIOGRAPHY 1967-1971 PY - 1971/12 SP - 531 p. AB - THE TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION WHICH ARE CITED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE THE PRODUCTS OF RESEARCH AND TESTING THAT FULFILL OBJECTIVES OF THE ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELDS OF HIGHWAY AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reports KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082965 AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Filkins, L D AU - Lower, J S AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Court Procedures for Identifying Problem Drinkers: Phase II PY - 1971/11/30/Final Report SP - 33p AB - This report summarizes the studies conducted in the first phase of the project and describes the tasks completed in the second phase. The court procedures manual developed in Phase I was reviewed by a panel of experts and subsequently revised. Three volumes were prepared describing the procedures to be used to identify the problem drinkers among drivers convicted of alcohol-related driving offenses, provide background information to the court worker, and describe the use of scoring keys to derive a diagnosis. The manual was used in five county alcohol safety programs in Michigan with a total of 69 drivers convicted of driving under the influence of liquor (DULL). The interviewers also made a separate diagnosis of problem drinking. There was good agreement between the interviewers' diagnoses and those obtained by use of the manual. The manual diagnosed 66% of the drivers as problem drinkers. The manual was also applied to 60 convicted drivers participating in a research program conducted by the University of Southern California in Santa Monica. Over 60% of these drivers were diagnosed as problem drinkers. Useful comments were obtained from the interviewers in both of these field trials of the manual. The manual was further revised in format to better meet the operational needs of the users. Further field testing and validation are needed to ascertain the continuing effectiveness of the procedures incorporated in the manual. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tools KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Interviewing KW - Manuals KW - Procedures KW - Psychological tests KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25313/DOT-HS-800-631.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219767 AU - Glauz, W D AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Kobett, D R AU - Sharp, M C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ICE AND SNOW DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEM FEASIBILITY STUDY-FINAL REPORT PY - 1971/11 SP - 263 p. AB - THIS REPORT COVERS A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF HIGHWAY DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEMS FOR ICE, SNOW AND FROST. AMONG THE ACTIVITIES WERE A THOROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW, PAPER STUDY OF DETECTION SYSTEMS, CRITICAL REVIEW OF CURRENT AND PREVIOUS FIELD TESTS, DETERMINATION OF WARNING SIGN EFFECTIVENESS, FIELD TESTING OF SIX ICE AND SNOW DETECTION SYSTEMS, FIELD EVALUATION OF MOTORISTS' RESPONSE TO A WARNING SIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A COST-BENEFIT MODEL AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEVERAL TYPES OF ICE AND SNOW DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEMS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SUFFICIENT DATA WAS COLLECTED FOR EVALUATING MOTORISTS' RESPONSE TO A WARNING SIGN. HOWEVER, ADDITIONAL CONTROLLED FIELD TEST AND ANALYSIS OF THE SIX DETECTION SYSTEMS ARE NEEDED TO PROVIDE ABSOLUTE ANC COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE DATA. /FHWA/ KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Frost KW - Ice KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reaction time KW - Snow KW - Warning devices KW - Warning signals KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218872 AU - Glauz, W D AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Kobett, D R AU - Sharp, M C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ICE AND SNOW DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEM FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1971/11 AB - A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF HIGHWAY DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEMS FOR ICE, SNOW AND FROST IS PRESENTED. AMONG THE ACTIVITIES WERE A THOROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW, PAPER STUDY OF DETECTION SYSTEMS, CRITICAL REVIEW OF CURRENT AND PREVIOUS FIELD TESTS, DETERMINATION OF WARNING SIGN EFFECTIVENESS, FIELD TESTING OF SIX ICE AND SNOW DETECTION SYSTEMS, FIELD EVALUATION OF MOTORISTS' RESPONSE TO A WARNING SIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A COST-BENEFIT MODEL AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEVERAL TYPES OF ICE AND SNOW DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEMS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SUFFICIENT DATA WERE COLLECTED FOR EVALUATING MOTORISTS' RESPONSE TO A WARNING SIGN. HOWEVER, ADDITIONAL CONTROLLED FIELD TESTS AND ANALYSIS OF THE SIX DETECTION SYSTEMS ARE NEEDED TO PROVIDE ABSOLUTE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE DATA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Detecting devices KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Frost KW - Highways KW - Ice KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reaction time KW - Reviews KW - Snow KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133549 AU - Snyder, M B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PATTERNS OF PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS AND HUMAN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS PY - 1971/10/21 SP - 15 p. AB - This paper describes involvement patterns and human engineering solution for a number of specific types of pedestrian accidents. The type descriptions were derived from a study of over 2100 individual accident cases. The potential solutions presented are those that appear most promising for immediate reduction in the almost 200,000 accidents to which they apply each year. /Author/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41606 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495328 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Harte, R A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ETHANOL IN BREATH IN LAW-ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE PY - 1971/10 AB - A new device, the Intoxilyzer is described, which relies on infrared absorption of energy by ethyl alcohol vapor in breath samples. The technique is rapid and simple. Digital display and copy printout by a tamper-proof printer are provided. This will be a strong tool in the field, and legally acceptable in court in enforcement of drunk driving laws. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethanol KW - Infrared analysis KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221973 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM PLAN FOR MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS PY - 1971/10 SP - 114 p. AB - THE MOTOR VEHICLE PROGRAM PLAN HAS BEEN RE-EVALUATED AND REVISIONS HAVE BEEN MADE TO ENSURE THAT PLANNED RULEMAKING ACTIONS WILL MEET ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES. THESE GUIDELINES SPECIFY THAT RULEMAKING PLANS SHOULD INCREASINGLY EMPHASIZE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND THAT EXISTING STANDARDS WHICH SPECIFY DESIGN TYPE REQUIREMENTS SHOULD BE PHASED OUT AS SOON AS IT IS PRACTICAL TO DO SO. FURTHER, THE RULEMAKING PLANS MUST EMPHASIZE A TOTAL SYSTEMS APPROACH IN ORDER THAT THE UTMOST IN SAFETY PROTECTION MAY BE REALIZED. THIS REVISION TO THE PLAN IS THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO COMPLY WITH THE ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Systems engineering KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221918 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION - A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1967 - JUNE 1971 PY - 1971/10 SP - 241 p. AB - THE RESEARCH REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION WHICH ARE CITED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE THE PRODUCTS OF CONTRACTS THAT FULFILL OBJECTIVES OF THE ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELDS OF MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY IS UP-TO- DATE AS OF JUNE 1971. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221978 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES, VOLUME 2, NUMBER 5. PY - 1971/10 SP - 237 p. AB - THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DIVISION OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION IS CONDUCTING IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF HIGHWAY CRASHES THROUGH CONTRACTS WITH UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH-BASED MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS. THE PROGRAM HAS THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES: TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES, AND INJURY CAUSATION; TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES; TO PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION OF DESIGN AND FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE HIGHWAY. ENCLOSED ARE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH SUTDIES SUBMITTED BY THE TEAMS TO THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082933 AU - Nichols, James L AU - Wisconsin State University, Stevens Point AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Drug Use and Highway Safety: A Review of the Literature PY - 1971/09//Final Report; Research Review SP - 113p AB - This report reviews the research literature concerning several aspects of drug use as it relates to traffic safety. Some of the topics covered include the effects of drugs; types of drug users; research problems in assessing risk; laboratory findings concerning the effects of drugs; survey findings; toxicological investigations; and a discussion of the legal aspects of drug-driving laws. KW - Drug effects KW - Drug use KW - Drugged drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Literature reviews KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Toxicology KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25321/DOT-HS-800-580.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092471 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Adams, B B AU - Personeus, E E AU - Human Resources Research Organization International, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAINING WORKSHOP AND HANDBOOK FOR DIRECTORS OF ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECTS (ASAPS) PY - 1971/09 SP - 26 p. AB - The report describes the development of a training workshop and a handbook for Directors of Alcohol Safety Action Projects (ASAPs). The heart of the development activity was an analysis of the Project Director's job tasks using available NHTSA policy and procedures, information gained from directors of existing, ASAPs, and a study of project director functions in related areas. From the results of the task analysis a specification of knowledges and skills required of project directors was prepared. This specification served as the basis for preparation of content for a written handbook and a workshop training program for prospective project directors. KW - Alcoholism KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Handbooks KW - Motor skills KW - Program design KW - Program management KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221977 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES, VOLUME 2, NUMBER 4. PY - 1971/09 SP - 24 p. AB - THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DIVISION OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION IS CONDUCTING IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF HIGHWAY CRASHES THROUGH CONTRACTS WITH UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH-BASED MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS. THE PROGRAM HAS THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES: TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES; AND INJURY CAUSATION; TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES; TO PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION OF DESIGN AND FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE HIGHWAY. ENCLOSED ARE SUMMARIES OF RECENT IN-DEPTH STUDIES SUBMITTED BY THESE TEAMS TO THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452399 AU - Kaziemko, L AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT STUDY PY - 1971/08 SP - 11 p. AB - VSDSS Study #20 dealt with 1965-69 passenger cars involved in pedestrian accidents during 1968 and 1969. Study variables included driver age and sex, vehicle weight, weather and light conditions at the time of accident, and the accident location (at or between intersections). The incidence of accidents and the degree of accident severity was considered. The findings indicated that a disproportionate number of pedestrian accidents occurred in clear and in daylight conditions, to under age 18, and to male pedestrians, to age 30-54 and to male drivers. Pedestrians were generally hit when crossing from behind parked cars and between intersections, or, if at intersections, where traffic control was available and when crossing against the light. Fatality rates were highest at intersections or when crossing from behind parked cars, in non-daylight hours and during precipitation. Fatality rates were also highest for age 55-90, and for female pedestrians. In fatal accidents the drivers tend to be males, drunk drivers, age 16-29, and other drivers leaving the accident scene. Findings also indicated a higher fatality rate for post age 55 pedestrians. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Intersections KW - Midblock crossings KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082926 AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Filkins, L D AU - Lower, J S AU - Kerlan, M W AU - Post, D V AU - Mudge, B AU - Rosenblatt, C AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Court Procedures for Identifying Problem Drinkers: Report on Phase I PY - 1971/07/31/Interim Report SP - 177p AB - This report describes the development of a procedure to identify the problem drinker within a court setting. An extensive literature search was undertaken to obtain tests and test-items which would discriminate the problem drinker, from the social drinker. A self-administered Questionnaire and a face-to-face Interview were developed using these items and then administered to 297 control subjects and 192 problem drinkers. The answers were statistically analyzed for ability of the item to discriminate between the two groups. All items which did not strongly discriminate were eliminated. The final Questionnaire consisted of 154 items and the Interview of 52 items. Double cross-validation was used to establish the concurrent validity of the Questionnaire and Interview. These validity coefficients were 0.849 and 0.917, respectively. A scoring procedure was developed to classify persons into one of three categories based on Questionnaire and Interview scores, as follows: problem drinker, presumptive problem drinker, nonproblem drinker. Examination of the driving records of the control and alcoholic samples showed that the alcoholics had significantly more violations and accidents. Therefore, such data can also be used to supplement the test scores tin reaching a diagnosis in persons scoring in the presumptive problem drinker category. A Manual was then developed for use by a court counselor which explains how to use the procedure, what related information to obtain, directions for scoring, and suggested general treatment possibilities. The Manual was tested on a small sample of persons convicted of DUIL, DWI and D & D offenses. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tools KW - Driver records KW - Drunk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Interviewing KW - Manuals KW - Procedures KW - Psychological tests KW - Questionnaires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25323/DOT-HS-800-630.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453141 AU - Negri, D B AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF FRONT AND REAR WHEEL DRIVE VEHICLES PY - 1971/07 SP - 11 p. AB - Front and rear wheel drive vehicles were compared for domestic and foreign vehicle groups. Accident Involvement Rates (AIR), accident characteristic distributions, and injury severity distributions were examined. Any of the statistical findings which can be attributed to drive wheel location should be consistent with comparisons of the domestic and foreign vehicle groups which vary widely by power and weight. The finding which fulfills this requirement is: the front wheel drive vehicles have a lower Accident Involvement Rate (AIR). This finding indicates that front wheel drive is generally associated with a lower accident involvement rate and appears to be a desirable design feature with regard to accident prevention. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Front wheel drive KW - Prevention KW - Rear wheel drive KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00238881 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HORNS PY - 1971/06/15 IS - 71-1 SP - 5 p. AB - THE UNIFORM VEHICLE CODE REQUIRES ALL MOTOR VEHICLES TO HAVE HORNS AND LIMITS THEIR USE TO SITUATIONS WHERE IT IS REASONABLY NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION. VIRTUALLY ALL STATES ARE IN SUBSTANTIAL AGREEMENT WITH THE CODE ON THESE POINTS. STATE LAWS REQUIRING AND REGULATING HORNS ARE REVIEWED TO EMPHASIZE THE NEED FOR RESTORING AND LIMITING THIS WARNING DEVICE TO ITS PROPER USE. /TLC/ KW - Horns KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise control KW - Performance KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Warning devices KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453157 JO - Medical Journal of Australia PB - Australasian Medical Publishing Company AU - Milner, G AU - Landauer, A A AU - Australasian Medical Publishing Company TI - BREATHALYZER FAULTS: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE PY - 1971/06/12 SP - 5 p. AB - The use of breath-analysing equipment is now written into much legislation throughout the world. In Australia the type of equipment used is the "Breathalyzer", a brand that has special advantages because of several unique features. This legislation is part of an international attempt to reduce the growing road-toll epidemic, but itself involves many problems. The public right to use the traffic system with safety must be balanced against the individual's right to question in court a charge, essentially one of drunken driving, made against him. "Breathalyzer" legislation tends to make for automatic punishment based on arbitrary standards, and mandatory penalties which often violate the old principle that guilt is not absolute, but has its degrees. Breath-analysing equipment measures blood-alcohol levels (BAL's) only indirectly; if "Breathalyzer" legislation is based on the view that driver-failure is related to a specific minimum BAL, then it should be framed in such a manner as to ensure that there is a negligible chance of an accused person being unjustly found guilty. This may happen because of a discrepancy between breath-alcohol and blood-alcohol levels. Comparative studies in Australia, as well as in other countries, show that "Breathalyzer" readings tend on an average to be lower than the blood-alcohol concentration recorded directly from a specimen of blood taken from a vein in the arm. The usual under-estimation is about 10 mg/100 ml (0.01% BAL), but an occasional over-estimate has been recorded, in one case as much as 28 mg/100 ml (Preston, 1969). In this paper, various aspects of this problem are discussed and some desirable modifications of "Breathalyzer" legislation are suggested. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Australia KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082972 AU - Kerlan, M W AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Mudge, B AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Court Procedures for Identifying Problem Drinkers. Volume I: Manual PY - 1971/06//Revised Diagnostic Manual SP - 70p AB - HSRI, under Contract FH-11-7615 with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), developed, during 1970 and 1971, a set of procedures for identifying problem drinkers. They were intended for use in a court setting, such as a pre-sentence investigation, but they are generally applicable in a wide range of settings. An objective was that they be usable by persons not having a great deal of prior experience or expertise in diagnosing problem drinkers, and the authors believe this objective has been substantially achieved. This manual contains the questionnaire, the interview protocol, and other recommended practices for identifying problem drinkers. It is the document which is ordinarily used directly by court workers and other "diagnosticians." Two versions of this have been produced, both bearing the same cover and date. The contents of both versions are essentially the same; the newer version contains suggested coding numbers for the questionnaire and interview and a revised "Questionnaire and Interview Summary Sheet." The two documents are readily distinguishable in that the newer version contains sixty-two (62) pages while the older version contains sixty-one (61) pages. The older version should be replaced and subsequently destroyed. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Courts KW - Diagnosis KW - Interviewing KW - Manuals KW - Procedures KW - Psychological tests KW - Questionnaires UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25308/DOT-HS-800-632_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082971 AU - Mudge, B AU - Kerlan, M W AU - Post, D V AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Court Procedures for Identifying Problem Drinkers. Volume 2: Supplemental Readings PY - 1971/06//Supplemental Readings SP - 66p AB - HSRI, under Contract FH-11-7615 with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), developed, during 1970 and 1971, a set of procedures for identifying problem drinkers. They were intended for use in a court setting, such as a pre-sentence investigation, but they are generally applicable in a wide range of settings. An objective was that they be usable by persons not having a great deal of prior experience or expertise in diagnosing problem drinkers, and the authors believe this objective has been substantially achieved. This volume - Supplementary Readings - provides a description of interviewer qualifications necessary to perform the prescribed tasks involved in the identification procedures, questions and answers on program philosophy, a rationale for selection of the questionnaire items, and a section describing the consequences of alcohol abuse. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Courts KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tools KW - Drunk drivers KW - Experience KW - Interviewing KW - Philosophy KW - Procedures KW - Qualifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25309/DOT-HS-800-633.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082952 AU - Lower, J S AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Court Procedures for Identifying Problem Drinkers. Volume 3: Scoring Keys PY - 1971/06//Scoring Keys (Revised) SP - 40p AB - HSRI, under Contract FH-11-7615 with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), developed, during 1970 and 1971, a set of procedures for identifying problem drinkers. They were intended for use in court setting, such as a pre-sentence investigation, but they are generally applicable in a wide range of settings. An objective was that, they be usable by persons not having a great deal of prior experience or expertise in diagnosing problem drinkers, and the authors believe this objective has been substantially achieved. This volume - Scoring Keys - contains a description of the manner in which the questionnaire and interview, either separately or in combination, are scored. The scoring procedure is straightforward and results in an arithmetic score which places the respondent in one of three categories: problem drinker, presumptive problem drinker, or non-problem drinker. Two versions of this report have been produced, both having the same cover and date. The numbering of the questionnaire and interview of the newer version matches the changes made in the Manual: Volume 1, and recommended keypunching formats are also included. The newer version contains thirty-six (36) pages while the older version contains thirty-two (32) pages. The older version should be replaced and subsequently destroyed. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tools KW - Drunk drivers KW - Experience KW - Highway safety KW - Interviewing KW - Procedures KW - Psychological tests KW - Questionnaires KW - Scores UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25310/DOT-HS-EPX-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222080 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF 1968-1970 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGA- TION REPORTS PY - 1971/06 VL - ol 1 SP - 282 p. AB - THE VOLUME SUMMARIZES 448 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORTS SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION DURING THE FISCAL YEARS 1968-1970. THE VOLUME CONTAINS A LISTING OF ALL THE CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH EMANATED FROM THESE REPORTS. THE FACTORS ARE LISTED ACCORDING TO THE TEAM WHO INVESTIGATED THE ACCIDENTS AND THE PARTICULAR CASE NUMBER. THE FACTORS ARE ALSO CATEGORIZED ACCORDING TO A 9-CELL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MATRIX. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Multidisciplinary teams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221834 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF 1968-1970 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORTS PY - 1971/06 VL - 1 SP - 282 p. AB - THIS VOLUME CONTAINS A LISTING OF ALL THE CAUSAL FACTORS CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH EMANATED FROM 448 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORTS. THE FACTORS ARE LISTED ACCORDING TO THE TEAM WHO INVESTIGATED THE ACCIDENTS AND THE PARTICULAR CASE NUMBER. THE FACTORS ARE ALSO CATEGORIZED ACCORDING TO A 9-CELL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MATRIX. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Multidisciplinary teams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082957 AU - Sussman, E Donald AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Summary and Evaluation of Responses Received on the Alcohol Safety Interlock System Prospectus PY - 1971/05//Technical Memorandum SP - 26p AB - This report summarizes and evaluates devices and suggestions provided by respondents to the DOT Prospectus entitled "Some Considerations Related to the Development of an Alcohol Safety Interlock System (ASIS)". The responses are categorized into: (1) ASIS based on measurement of human performance, (2) ASIS based on personal or vehicle identification, and (3) ASIS based on the detection of alcohol. KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Detection and identification KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Human beings KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25307/DOT-TSC-NHTSA--71-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222070 AU - Negri, D B AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF SIDE-MARKER LAMPS PY - 1971/05 SP - 11 p. AB - This report deals with the effectiveness of side-marker lamps on increasing vehicle visibility and hence reducing the number or the severity of intersection accidents occurring in darkness. The Federal Safety Standards mandated side-marker lamps on all 1968 and subsequent model year vehicles. Thus the study group consisted of 1968 and 1969 model vehicles with side marker lamps and a control group of 1965-1967 model vehicles without this feature. The study was controlled for light conditions at the time of the accidents. It is concluded that side marker lamps do significantly decrease the number and the severity of intersection accidents occuring during darkness. To a lesser extent, it was found that the vehicles with side marker lamps were involved in fewer daytime intersection collisions and these collisions were not as severe as the collisions involving older vehicles. (Author) KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Exterior lighting KW - Intersections KW - Lamps KW - Lighting systems KW - Night KW - Side marker lamps KW - Signal face KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221485 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. PY - 1971/04 AB - IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF HIGHWAY CRASHES ARE BEING CONDUCTED TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND INJURY CAUSATION, TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES, AND TO DETECT DESIGN AND FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE HIGHWAY. SUMMARIES OF 50 CASE REPORTS ARE GIVEN. /HSL/ KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Highway design KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443345 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Hundt, A G AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Driver education task analysis: volume 3 - instructional objectives PY - 1971/03 IS - DOT HS-800 369 SP - 394p KW - Aptitude KW - Behavior KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Driver experience KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving aptitude KW - Driving experience KW - Human characteristics KW - Navigation KW - Navigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221578 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY STATISTICAL INDICATORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1971/03 AB - THE STUDY OBJECTIVE WAS TO DEVELOP A SET OF STATISTICAL INDICATORS TO EVALUATE THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY SITUATION. AN ECONOMIC LOSS MODEL RELATING PHYSICAL DAMAGE FROM CRASHES TO THE RESULTANT MONETARY COSTS INCURRED BY THE VICTIMS WAS DEVELOPED. THE CRASH DATA WERE STRATIFIED INTO EXPOSURE CLASSES BASED UPON THE SIGNIFICANT TRENDS INFLUENCING THE HIGHWAY CRASHES AND RESULTANT ECONOMIC LOSS. FROM THE FOREGOING DATA BASE, TWO INDEX MEASURES WERE DEVELOPED: (1) A VALUE INDEX TO MEASURE THE LEVEL AND CHANGE IN ECONOMIC LOSS FROM A BASE PERIOD, AND (2) A REAL-COST INDEX, ADJUSTED FOR PRICE CHANGE AND VEHICLE-MILES TRAVELED, TO MEASURE THE TREND OF HIGHWAY CRASHES AND INJURIES IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC LOSS. THE ENTIRE LOSS MODEL AND THE INDICES WERE IMPLEMENTED IN A TEST RUN USING STATE OF WISCONSIN CRASH RECORDS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway safety KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Present value KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082944 AU - Perrine, M W AU - University of Vermont, Burlington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Methodological Considerations in Conducting and Evaluating Roadside Research Surveys PY - 1971/02//Final Report SP - 143p AB - This paper discusses roadside research surveys as a highway safety countermeasure in order to help identify drunk drivers and alcohol use, and what the best methods are to conduct and evaluate the surveys. The table of contents lists the following major headings: 1. Basic Rationale and Objectives of Research-Oriented Roadside Surveys; 2. Preliminary planning; 3. Selection and Training of Roadside Survey Personnel; 4. Scheduling; 5. Conducting the Roadside Research Survey; 6. Suggested Procedures for Coping with the Alcohol-Impaired Driver; 7. Terminating the Roadside Operation; and 8. Data Security, Privacy, and Quality Control. KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Methodology KW - Planning KW - Privacy KW - Procedures KW - Quality control KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Scheduling KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Surveys KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25317/DOT-HS-800-471.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092473 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Mcclelland, C M AU - Berry, M E AU - Human Resources Research Organization International, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SELECTION AND TRAINING OF SCHOOL BUS DRIVERS PY - 1971/02 SP - 242 p. AB - This report describes procedures used in developing a set of selection requirements and training objectives for operators of school buses. The selection requirement included collection and interpretation of personal history and other background information; physical examination covering vision, hearing, handicaps, and general health; written knowledge tests covering general driving and school bus operations; an on-road performance test; and an attitude measure. Training objectives covered all aspects of school bus operation and were specified at three different levels in order that training might be adapted to the resources of individual school districts. The selection requirements and training objectives were based upon an analysis of the qualifications required for safe and effective operation of school buses. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Aptitude tests KW - Attitudes KW - Background KW - Buses KW - Comparative analysis KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Interviewing KW - Job analysis KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Performance tests KW - Physical fitness KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Ratings KW - Requirement KW - Reviews KW - Schools KW - Selection and appointment KW - Specialialized training KW - Specialized training KW - Specifications KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221428 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOL. 2, NO. 1 PY - 1971/02 AB - IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF HIGHWAY CRASHES ARE BEING CONDUCTED TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND INJURY CAUSATION, TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES, AND TO DETECT DESIGN AND FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE HIGHWAY. SUMMARIES OF 89 CASE REPORTS ARE GIVEN. /HSL/ KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221352 AU - Perel, M AU - Ziegler, P N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF A SAFETY BELT INTERLOCK SYSTEM PY - 1971/02 AB - FIVE VARIATIONS OF A SPECIAL SAFETY BELT SYSTEM WERE INSTALLED IN GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION CARS LOANED TO FEDERAL EMPLOYEES FOR BUSINESS TRIPS. THE IMPORTANT FEATURE WAS AN INTERLOCK DEVICE WHICH PREVENTED THE STARTING MOTOR FROM OPERATING UNLESS THE SAFETY BELTS WERE FASTENED. IF THE BELTS WERE FASTENED ONCE THE ENGINE STARTED, A FLASHING LIGHT AND IN SOME SYSTEMS A BUZZER ALSO WOULD BE ACTIVATED. ACCEPTANCE OF THE INTERLOCK SYSTEMS WAS DETERMINED BY HAVING A DISPATCHER GIVE THE DRIVERS AN EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM AND A QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNED TO ASSESS HIS REACTIONS TO THE INTERLOCK SYSTEM. A LARGER PROPORTION OF DIRVERS STATED THEY WOULD ACCEPT AN INTERLOCK TYPE SAFETY BELT SYSTEM. A LARGE PROPORTION OF DRIVERS WHO HAVE LOW SAFETY BELT USAGE IN THEIR PRIVATE CARS (LESS THAN 50 PERCENT) EXPRESSED A POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE INTERLOCK SYSTEM. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT MOST DRIVERS WOULD ACCEPT A DEVICE IN THEIR VEHICLES THAT REQUIRES OR REMINDS THEM TO FASTEN THEIR SAFETY BELTS. /HSL/ KW - Acceptance KW - Drivers KW - Equipment KW - Ignition systems KW - Interlocking KW - Manual safety belts KW - Questionnaires UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25306/DOT-HS-810-150.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453164 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Luckey, M J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - HEADSPACE ANALYSIS FOR ETHYL ALCOHOL IN BLOOD, BREATH, AND URINE SPECIMENS USING A SPECIALIZED GAS CHROMATOGRAPH PY - 1971/01 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - p. 120-127 AB - Excellent accuracy and good precision were obtained by the headspace method using the Alco-Analyzer special purpose gas chromatograph. In comparison with the oxidation methods the advantages include increased specificity, accuracy, precision and simplicity, and quickness of analysis. The most critical feature of the procedure is the temperature of the sample. This, however, is satisfactorily controlled by the precision hot water bath and cell blocks that are available. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Gas chromatography KW - Temperature KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221590 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Bryan, T H AU - Goldenbaum, D M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ON TRAFFIC FLOW BEHAVIOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1971/01 AB - RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE REACTIONS OF TRAFFIC FLOW TO POLICE VEHICLE STIMULI ARE PRESENTED. BOTH MOVING AND STATIONARY STATE POLICE VEHICLES WERE USED IN THE EXAMINATION TO DETERMINE THEIR EFFECTS ON A VARIETY OF TRAFFIC FLOW MEASURES. SIX STATIONARY ENFORCEMENT VEHICLE CONFIGURATIONS, REPRESENTING VARIOUS INTENSITIES OF POLICE ACTIVITY, WERE INCLUDED. A SPECIAL COMPUTER-SENSOR SYSTEM WAS USED TO COLLECT AND TO STORE TRAFFIC FLOW DATA. BOTH MEAN SPEED AND PERCENTAGE OF SPEED VIOLATORS WERE AFFECTED BY THE ENFORCEMENT VEHICLES. IN TERMS OF ABSOLUTE REDUCTIONS IN THESE MEASURES, THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS WERE MORE PRONOUNCED FOR THE MORE-THREATENING, THAN FOR THE LESS- THREATENING, STATIONARY VEHICLE CONFIGURATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Police vehicles KW - Reaction time KW - Sensors KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Traffic flow KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221507 AU - Cooke, C H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BENEFITS OF THE OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION STANDARD PY - 1971/01 AB - THE ANNUAL REDUCTIONS IN DEATHS AND INJURIES AFTER FULL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION STANDARD OF OCTOBER 29, 1970, ARE ESTIMATED (5,720 AND 423,000 RESPECTIVELY). FUTURE PERFORMANCE LEVELS AND CRITERIA MAY HAVE THE POTENTIAL OF SAVING OVER 28,000 LIVES AND PREVENTING OVER 1,000,000 INJURIES ANNUALLY. /HSRI/ KW - Crashworthiness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01409712 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - Exotech Systems Inc TI - National accident summary - state systems manual; volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1971 IS - DOT HS 800 523, DOT SP - 56p + 49p KW - Accident analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1177508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01409711 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Office of Accident Investigation and Data Analysis AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc TI - Tri-level accident investigation summaries, level 3-A: injury causation PY - 1971 IS - DOT HS 600 674 SP - 199p KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident investigation KW - Accident rate KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Injury cause KW - Injury causes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1177507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01106102 AU - Fisher, Franklin G AU - Biche, P AU - Eidemiller, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Ultrasystems, inc TI - Vehicle-in-use safety standards study : summary PY - 1971 SP - ii, 25 p. KW - Automobiles KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Safety audits KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395141 AU - Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission TI - REGULATION VESC-8 (VEHICLE EQUIPMENT SAFETY COMMISSION): MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR MOTORCYCLISTS' EYE PROTECTION. ADOPTED AUGUST 5, 1971 PY - 1971 SP - 10 p. AB - This standard deals with the following aspects of motorcyclists' eye protection: protective devices, materials (including optical properties and light-transmitting ability), lens strength and testing procedures, flammability test for plastics, cleansing, labeling, and identification. KW - Eye KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection KW - Regulations KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395142 AU - Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission TI - REGULATION VESC-7 (VEHICLE EQUIPMENT SAFETY COMMISSION: SAFE OPERATING CONDITION OF TIRES INCLUDING TIRE TREAD DEPTH REQUIREMENTS (PASSENGER CAR TYPE TIRES). ADOPTED AUGUST 5, 1971 PY - 1971 SP - 6 p. AB - This regulation concerning safe operating conditions of tires for passenger type vehicles deals with the responsibilities of the Commissioner to make rules and of the driver or mover of such vehicles on the highway. Factors which make tires unsafe are defined. The enforcement procedure is outlined and the sale of unsafe tires prohibited, with consequent penalties. KW - Automobiles KW - Regulations KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393725 AU - Keller, M D AU - Gemma, W R AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES: STATUS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL INTERACTION PY - 1971 SP - 20 p. AB - Community incentives for allocating more energy and material resources to emergency health services are addressed: visibility, definition of success, low level of competition, acceptance of paramedical personnel, and impact on the general health care delivery system (definition of health service marketing areas, improved communication and transportation, demonstration of the hospital-community interface). A review is presented of Federal agencies concerned with emergency health services: Department of Transportation, Office of Education, Appalachia Regional Commission, Bureau of Health Manpower Education, Department of Defense, Department of Health, Education and Welfare (Division of Emergency Health Services, Office of Comprehensive Health Planning, Health Facilities Planning and Construction Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Development, Regional Medical Programs Services), and other Federal programs related to emergency medical services (Office of Emergency Preparedness, Office of Civil Defense, Coast Guard, Office of Economic Opportunity). A new Federal agency or coordinating group is proposed to combine the activities of the various Federal agencies in the emergency health services field, and serve as the nucleus for establishing effective state and local relationships. It is also suggested that an academic center be established to serve as a clearinghouse for relevant literature, to conduct special studies, to offer expertise in the field, and to review existing and planned programs throughout the U.S. At the state level, there are decision-making, programming, and planning sources that can be coordinated as a focus for emergency health services development at the community level. The effort may be advanced by the establishment of a new type of medical specialist, one concerned with linking community emergency health service systems with hospital emergency rooms. KW - Communities KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Federal government agencies KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Interaction KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394107 AU - Casella, C W AU - Vivari, J A AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - SPLASH AND SPRAY AND ACCIDENT REPORTS PY - 1971 SP - 10 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation has an accident records system that has been computerized since 1960, and one item in the department's coding manual provides insight into "splash or spray" accidents (Vision Obscured by Rain, Fog, Snow, or Ice). Accident records in this category were reviewed for the 5-year period from 1 July 1975 through 30 June 1970. Interviews were conducted with administrators responsible for the accident records system to determine the extent of accidents caused by splash or spray. Less than 0.3% of about 130,000 accidents on the computer file were coded according to the obscured vision item. It was determined that 20 of these 311 accidents involved splash or spray, representing one accident in 6500. Of the 20 accidents, 17 occurred on divided highways, 13 involved water, and 7 involved wet snow or slush. In 19 accidents, the driver lost sense of orientation and control of the vehicle. In the 20th accident, the operator had braked, pulled over to the side of the road, parked, and was struck by the following vehicle. Vision obstruction was caused by 13 vehicles moving in the same direction, 3 vehicles going in the opposite direction, and 4 vehicles receiving self-inflicted splash. Loss from accidents included 5 single-injury accidents, 1 accident in which 8 people were injured, and 14 property damage accidents. A review of 275 fatal accidents on the Connecticut highway system during 1970 revealed one case in which splash or spray contributed to accident occurrence. The five most common factors affecting accident occurrence during the five-year period were following too close, failing to grant right-of-way. Three Hartford-based insurance companies contacted indicated that their records systems do not identify the splash or spray accident type and that accidents caused by splash or spray are rare. A brief review of prior research on splash/spray accidents is presented. KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash records KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00222123 JO - Behavioral Research in Highway Safety PB - Behavioral Publications AU - Goldstein, L G AU - Behavioral Publications TI - DRIVER EDUCATION: A REVIEW AND SUGGESTED INNOVATIONS PY - 1971 VL - 2 IS - 1&2 SP - p. 28-42 AB - THIS PAPER PRESENTS A BRIEF REVIEW OF: (1) DEFINITIONS OF DRIVER TRAINING AND EDUCATION, (2) THE RATIONALE AND HISTORY OF FORMAL INSTRUCTION FOR DRIVERS, (3) EFFECTIVENESS OF CURRENT PROGRAMS, (4) CRITICISMS OF CURRENT PROGRAMS, AND (5) SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF YOUTHFULNESS AND INEXPERIENCE AS THEY RELATE TO HIGHWAY SAFETY. THE SUGGESTION IS MADE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A DIAGNOSTIC-REMEDIAL APPROACH TO DRIVER EDUCATION, TO DRIVER LICENSING, AND TO DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS, SUCH APPROACH TO BE BASED ON RELATIVE PROBABILITY OF ACCIDENT RATHER THAN CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223834 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL BUS SAFETY PROBLEMS PY - 1971 SP - 64 p. AB - ABOUT 1,000 SCHOOL BUSES WERE INSPECTED DURING 1970 FIELD SURVEYS TO DETERMINE EFFECTIVENESS OF RECALL CAMPAIGNS. DEFECTS AND FAILURES DISCOVERED INVOLVED BRAKES, CLUTCH CONTROLS, EXHAUST SYSTEMS, FIRE HAZARDS, HEATER HOSES, DOOR AND HOOD LATCHES, ENGINE MOUNTS, STEERING, AND SUSPENSION. NINE RECALL CAMPAIGNS HAVE BEEN INSTITUTED BY THREE CHASSIS MANUFACTURERS FOR THE CORRECTION OF SAFETY PROBLEMS ON ABOUT 203,600 SCHOOL BUSES AND TRUCKS. THIS BOOKLET PROVIDES PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SAFETY HAZARDS FOR SCHOOL BUS INSPECTORS AND OPERATING PERSONNEL. /HSL/ KW - Buses KW - Chassis KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - School buses KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361572 AU - Fucigna, J T AU - PEPLER, R D AU - Cleven, A AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN--AMBULANCE. COURSE GUIDE AND COURSE COORDINATOR ORIENTATION PROGRAM PY - 1971 SP - 46 p. AB - The course guide was prepared to aid in organizing, conducting, and standardizing a basic training course for emergency medical technicians (EMT's). It contains a detailed outline of the course; prerequisites for both students and instructors; suggested scheduling and class size; facility, training aid, and reference material requirements; and guidelines for conducting the course. The course covers all techniques of emergency medical care and operational aspects of the EMT's job. The course emphasizes the development of student skill in recognition of symptoms of illnesses and injuries and proper procedures of emergency treatment. Heavy reliance is placed on demonstration and practice as a teaching method. The course consists of 25 lessons involving 71 hr. of classroom plus 10 hr. of in-hospital observation and training. A class size limit of 20 is suggested for lecture-demonstration periods and 10 for practice periods. Lead instructors and their aides must be experienced in the field of emergency care or specialists in a given topic area, be skilled in using all equipment, be knowledgeable about legal constraints under which EMT's operate, and be skilled instructors. The student must have a high school diploma or equivalent, be proficient in English, hold a driver's or chauffeur's license, be at least 18, and be physically fit and motivated. He will be evaluated in terms of five criteria: skill, knowledge, personal attitude, personal appearance, and attendance. KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Education KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical services KW - Students KW - Teachers KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361567 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IN EMS (EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES) SYSTEMS PY - 1971 SP - 13 p. AB - A 1966 status report by the National Acad. of Sciences underlined the inadequacies of the nation's emergency medical services (EMS) system. Progress made in the EMS system since the Highway Safety Act of 1966 is reviewed, specifically that resulting from National Hwy. Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) activities. NHTSA developed a Hwy. Safety Prog. Manual containing guidelines for state and local governments on EMS planning, evaluation, and improvement. It promulgated an EMS standard for highway safety programs, issued a state requirement for developing a Comprehensive EMS Plan, and supported eight demonstration projects addressing every element of the EMS system. Today, all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia have full-time EMS staffs. NHTSA efforts have resulted in a guide for ambulance service economics, ambulance design criteria, the "Star of Life" EMS symbol, adoption of a minimal standard for ambulance equipment, the job designation of emergency medical technician (EMT) and a standard for certification, and training courses for EMT's and law enforcement officers. NHTSA supported the first national conference on the 911 national emergency telephone number, and has conducted studies on citizen access and accident reporting through Citizens Band radio. The agency developed guidelines and a planning document for EMS communications and provided an impetus for EMS discrete frequency allocation. Two Medical Emergency Coordination Communication Assessment centers were established by NHTSA to provide rapid-response EMS via advanced electronics, and the agency is involved in the cooperative Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic program. Significant NHTSA policy statements have addressed rural community EMS and state EMS legislation. The agency strives to ensure, through its administrative and funding efforts, that the best known resources are applied in emergency medical care. KW - Ambulances KW - Citizen band radio KW - Demonstration projects KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Education KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Emergency response time KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical services KW - Reaction time KW - Standards KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221963 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS - DETAILED REPORTS FROM OCTOBER 1, 1971 TO DECEMBER 31, 1971 PY - 1971 SP - 619 p. AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS DETAILS OF RECALL CAMPAIGNS AS SUBMITTED BY VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Quality control KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222023 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS-DETAILED REPORTS FROM JULY 1, 1971 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1971 PY - 1971 SP - 559 p. AB - THE DOCUMENT IS COMPRISED OF CORRESPONDENCE FROM VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, DEALERS, AND OWNERS CONCERNING THE RECALL OF VEHICLES WITH POSSIBLE DEFECTS. /NTIS/ KW - Automobile industry KW - Defects KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221872 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS-DETAILED REPORT FROM JULY 1 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1971 PY - 1971 SP - 559 p. AB - THE DOCUMENT IS COMPRISED OF CORRESPONDENCE FROM VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, DEALERS, AND OWNERS CONCERNING THE RECALL OF VEHICLES WITH POSSIBLE DEFECTS. THE MANUFACTURERS INVOLVED ARE: AMERICAN MOTORS; AUTOCAR TRUCKS; BOISE CASCADE CORPORATION; CALIFORNIA CAMPER MANUFACTURING; CHRYSLER CORPORATION; FRUEHAUF CORPORATION; FORD MOTOR COMPANY; GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION; HALE TRAILER SALES, INCORPORATED; HOBBS TRAILERS; INTERNATIONAL TRUCKS; LUFKIN INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED; MACK TRUCKS; MALLARD COACH CORPORATION; PACE-ARROW INCORPORATED; PACIFIC CAR AND FOUNDRY COMPANY; ROPER CORPORATION; WHEEL CAMPER CORPORATION; WHITE MOTOR CORPORATION; WINNEBAGO INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED; AMERICAN HONDA MOTOR COMPANY, INCORPORATED; BRITISH LEYLAND MOTORS INCORPORATED; DE TOMASO OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED; MERCEDES-BENZ OF NORTH AMERICA, INCORPORATED; NORTON VILLIERS LIMITED; SAAB-SCANIA OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED; TOYO KOGYO COMPANY, LIMITED; VOLKSWAGEN OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED; VOLVO, INCORPORATED; ATLAS SUPPLY COMPANY; CLARK EQUIPMENT COMPANY; COOPER TIRE AND RUBBER COMPANY; GOODYEAR TIRE AND RUBBER COMPANY; WILLIAMSEN BODY AND EQUIPMENT COMPANY. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226446 AU - Eberhard, J W AU - Wallace, W G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT OF ADVANCED GRAPHIC GUIDE SIGNS PY - 1971 SP - 19 p. AB - THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO DETERMINE WHAT GRAPHIC SIGN CHARACTERISTICS BEST COMMUNICATED ROADWAY INTERCHANGE AND ROUTE GUIDANCE INFORMATION TO DRIVERS. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED UPON DEVELOPING LABORATORY SIGN TESTING PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING EFFECTIVENESS OF SIGNING ALTERNATIVES AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFYING INTERCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS WHERE GRAPHIC GUIDE SIGNS MIGHT BE REQUIRED AND APPLICABLE. /HSL/ KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Interchanges KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221714 AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT WITH APPLICATIONS TO THE EVALUATION OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE PY - 1971 SP - 24 p. AB - SAFETY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ATTEMPTS TO USE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO DETERMINE WHETHER A PROGRAM IS ACHIEVING DESIRED RESULTS BUT THE SUCCESS OF SUCH EVALUATIONS DEPENDS MORE UPON ITS ADMINISTRATIVE USEFULNESS THAN SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA OF ACCURACY. ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE EVALUATION ARE: PROGRAM FORMULATION; ANALYSIS OF THE GOALS, SUBGOALS, AND EXPECTED PROBLEMS; DESCRIPTION AND STANDARDIZATION OF PROGRAM CONTENT; PROGRAM APPLICATION WITHIN A SPECIFIC PROBLEM AREA; MEASUREMENT OF CHANGE AND DETERMINATION OF WHETHER THIS IS DUE TO THE PROGRAM OR OTHER CAUSES; AND DETERMINATION OF THE DURABILITY OF EFFECTS. INSTRUMENTS SUCH AS CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUES, BEHAVIOR SAMPLING, AND SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS HOLD PROMISE AS IMPROVED MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS. /HSL/ KW - Behavior KW - Evaluation KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221712 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1971 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 256 p. AB - IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF HIGHWAY CRASHES ARE BEING CONDUCTED TO IDENTIFY ALL OF THE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES; IDENTIFY INJURY CAUSATION; EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES; AND PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION OF DESIGN AND FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE HIGHWAY. SUMMARIES OF 51 CASE REPORTS ARE GIVEN. /HSL/ KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Design KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221721 AU - Snyder, M B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PATTERNS OF PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS AND HUMAN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS PY - 1971 SP - 15 p. AB - THIS PAPER DESCRIBES INVOLVEMENT PATTERNS AND HUMAN ENGINEERING SOLUTION FOR A NUMBER OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS. THE TYPE DESCRIPTIONS WERE DERIVED FROM A STUDY OF OVER 2100 INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENT CASES. THE POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS PRESENTED ARE THOSE THAT APPEAR MOST PROMISING FOR IMMEDIATE REDUCTION IN THE ALMOST 200,000 ACCIDENTS TO WHICH THEY APPLY EACH YEAR. FIVE FREQUENT TYPES ACCOUNT FOR OVER 50% OF URBAN PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS: DARTING OUT IN TRAFFIC, USUALLY INVOLVING CHILDREN; DARTING ACROSS MORE THAN HALFWAY BEFORE BEING STRUCK; INTERSECTION DASH; MULTIPLE THREAT; VEHICLE TURN OR MERGE WITH ATTENTION CONFLICT. /HSL/ KW - Adolescents KW - Case studies KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Minors KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221713 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1971 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 257 p. AB - IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF HIGHWAY CRASHES ARE BEING CONDUCTED TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES; IDENTIFY INJURY CAUSATION: EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES; AND PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION OF DESIGN AND FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE HIGHWAY. SUMMARIES OF 50 CASE REPORTS ARE GIVEN. /HSL/ KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Design KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221650 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Government Printing Office TI - REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966. 1970. VOLUME II PY - 1971 SP - 133 p. AB - THIS REPORT COVERS THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NHTSA DURING BOTH ITS FHWA AFFILIATION AND AS AN INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATION. A SUMMARY REPORT HAS BEEN ISSUED WHICH BRIEFLY DESCRIBES 1970 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS, TRENDS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR BOTH HIGHWAY AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY AND THE RESEARCH WHICH SUPPORTS AND ADVANCES THEM. FOCUS IS ON THE PERVASIVE AND STATISTICALLY GRAVE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM AND ON THE NOW-DISCERNIBLE FAVORABLE EFFECTS OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE AND HIGHWAY SAFETY STANDARDS AND PROGRAMS. VOLUME II OF THE REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966 DESCRIBES IN MORE DETAIL 1970 PROGRESS IN CARRYING OUT THE PURPOSES OF THE ACT THROUGH THE STATES AND COMMUNITIES, AND THOSE SPECIAL PROGRAMS AND RESEARCH PERTINENT TO THIS ASPECT OF THE NATIONAL TRAFFIC SAFETY EFFORT. SPECIFIC REPORTING REQUIREMENTS IN THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT ARE COVERED IN THE CHAPTERS AND APPENDIXES. KW - Crash investigation KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Laws KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082951 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Alcohol Safety Countermeasures Program: Special Analytical Study PY - 1970/12 SP - 147p AB - Alcohol is involved in 50 percent of highway fatalities more than 25,000 deaths; 800,000 crashes each year. Problem drinkers, not normal social drinkers, cause about two-thirds of these deaths, many to innocent victims. Approximately 7 percent of the drivers are problem drinkers and can be identified. Appropriate decisions can be made by Courts and Licensing Agencies and action taken to ensure they do not drink and drive. The importance of alcohol to highway safety was recognized by Congress, who included a requirement for a report on this subject in Section 204 of the Highway Safety Act of 1966, Public Law 89-564. In August 1968, the Secretary of Transportation complied with this requirement by submitting to Congress a report on the relationship of consumption of alcohol and highway safety and potential countermeasures for reducing this problem. The 1968 Alcohol and Highway Safety Report provided a comprehensive review of research on the role of alcohol in highway crashes. This report details the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Countermeasures Program. KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Act 1966 KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25302/DOT-HS-EPX-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452408 AU - Negri, D B AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - SNOWMOBILE ACCIDENTS--A DETAILED INVESTIGATION PY - 1970/12 SP - 116 p. AB - As part of a special study, 116 snowmobile accidents were investigated in detail by the New York State Police during the winter season 1969-70. The following are several findings based upon data collected from this detailed investigation: (1) The accident type "collision with a moving vehicle" generally represented the greatest risk of injury to snowmobile operators regardless of experience; (2) Snowmobile jumping can directly result in injury to snowmobile occupants; (3) Accidents involving higher horsepower snowmobiles generally resulted in more severe injury to the occupants; (4) A 29% reduction in the probability of sustaining head injury was observed for those wearing a helmet; and (5) There is an indication that snowmobile lighting may be deficient. Based upon available information the following are recommended: (1) Research should be conducted to determine if snowmobile lighting is deficient and, if so, to establish standards compatible with normal operating demands; (2) Requirements and standards should be established for protective helmets; (3) Any public information activity should include information concerning the hazards of crossing public highways and fundamentals of vehicle safety maintenance; and (4) Snowmobiles should be equipped with a safety mechanism to prevent the throttle from sticking in an open position. KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Horsepower KW - Information dissemination KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Snowmobiles KW - Standards KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221930 AU - Fell, J C AU - Lee, S N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM MATRIX FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1970/12 SP - 51 p. AB - THE PAPER PRESENTS A LOGICAL APPROACH TO THE REPORTING OF FACTORS EFFECTED IN HIGHWAY COLLISIONS. UTILIZING THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH, COLLISIONS INVOLVE HUMANS (DRIVER, PASSENGERS, PEDESTRIANS), MOTOR VEHICLES (AUTOMOBILES, TRUCKS, MOTORCYCLES, ETC.) AND THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT (INCLUDING AMBIENT CONDITIONS AND THE HIGHWAY ITSELF). PHASES OF COLLISIONS WHERE RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED INCLUDE PRE-CRASH FACTORS (ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE), CRASH FACTORS (INJURY PREVENTION), AND POST-CRASH FACTORS (SEVERITY REDUCTION). THE NHTSA (FORMERLY NHSB) HAS DEVELOPED A PROGRAM MATRIX WHICH LOGICALLY CATEGORIZES THESE SPECIFIC AREAS OF STUDY. THIS 9-CELL MATRIX IS DISCUSSED IN DETAIL INCLUDING ITS UTILIZATION, ARBITRARY DEFINITIONS OF THE COLLISION PHASES, DEFINITIONS OF EACH OF THE CELLS, AND EXAMPLES OF FACTORS WHICH APPLY TO EACH CELL. FINALLY, A PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION FOR SUMMARIZING THE PAPER, AND TO BE UTILIZED AS A VISUAL AID, IS PRESENTED AS AN APPENDIX. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Factor analysis KW - Highways KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221651 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSIVE OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1970/12 SP - 5 p. AB - THIS SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY EMPHASIZES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AIRBAG. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON PASSIVE RESTRAINTS MAY BE FOUND IN THE 1970 "INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE SAFETY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE THROUGH JANUARY 1970", AND THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH STAPP CAR CRASH CONFERENCE. CITATIONS IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE ARRANGED BY AUTHOR, CORPORATE AUTHOR, OR TITLE. KW - Air bags KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223726 AU - Sliepcevich, C M AU - Steen, W D AU - Purswell, J L AU - Ice, J N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESCAPE WORTHINESS OF VEHICLES AND OCCUPANT SURVIVAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1970/12 AB - THIS IS A FINAL REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN ESCAPE OF OCCUPANTS FROM CRASHED VEHICLE ENVIRONMENTS IN WHICH THE VEHICLE IS INCAPACITATED ON LAND, SUBMERGED IN WATER OR INVOLVED IN FIRE. THE REPORT CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS IN TWO VOLUMES. THE SECOND PART CONTAINS THE APPENDICES FOR THE FIRST PART. INCLUDED ARE A BIBLIOGRAPHY, SURVEYS OF PREVIOUS SUBMERGENCE TESTS, A DETAILED ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF SUBMERGENCE HYDRODYNAMICS, A SUMMARY OF CONVENTIONAL FLAMMABILITY TESTS AND TEST STANDARDS, AND A COMPILATION OF THE OURI IGNITION DATA AND SPECIAL ABSORPTANCE MEASUREMENTS ON VEHICLE INTERIOR MATERIALS. THE THIRD PART PRESENTS A MULTI-YEAR, INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN DESIGNED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON CRASH SURVIVABILITY, TO QUANTIFY THE APPROPRIATE ESCAPE WORTHINESS CHARACTERISTICS, TO DEFINE SUBSTANTIVE FLAMMABILITY TEST METHODS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR FLAMMABILITY OF VEHICLE INTERIOR MATERIALS, AND TO DEVISE OTHER CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND VEHICLE DESIGN FEATURES FOR FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Fires KW - Flammability KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Safety KW - Submerged conditions KW - Surveys KW - Survival KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Underwater structures KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221286 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1970/12 AB - SUMMARIES OF 44 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CASE STUDIES ARE CUMULATED. DETAILED REPORTS ARE ISSUED PREVIOUSLY AS SEPARATES. DATA IS PRESENTED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS: IDENTIFICATION BY TIME AND LOCATION; AMBIENCE; DESCRIPTION OF HIGHWAY; DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLES; OCCUPANTS AND INJURIES; ACCIDENT KINEMATICS AND POST CRASH EVENTS; AND CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. /HSL/ KW - Ambience KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Environment KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Kinetics KW - Location KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Time KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368921 AU - Bundesminister fuer Verkehr TI - GERMAN ROAD TRAFFIC REGULATIONS PY - 1970/11/16 SP - 92 p. AB - This book consists of three sections. The first section on general traffic rules covers, among other aspects, speed, overtaking right of way, turning, parking, vehicle break-down, warning signs, grade crossings, pedestrians, animals, etc. The section on signs and traffic installations covers traffic signals, road signs, flashing lights, danger signs, and traffic installations. The section on regulatory provisions, fines and final provisions cover traffic signs, exemptions and permissions, competence, traffic education, disorderly conduct, special regulations, and entry into the force. KW - Driver education KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Installation KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223650 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE HANDLING TEST PROCEDURES-FINAL REPORT PY - 1970/11 AB - AN HYPOTHESIS IS ADVANCED TO EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE HANDLING PERFORMANCE AND HIGHWAY SAFETY. THE PROBLEM IS TO (1) IDENTIFY SAFETY RELEVANT PERFORMANCE QUALITIES, AND (2) DEVELOP PROCEDURES FOR THEIR MEASUREMENT. THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM TO MANIPULATE THE VEHICLE'S STEERING, BRAKING, AND ACCELERATING CONTROLS ARE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL. THE RESULTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY VEHICLE TESTS PERFORMED ESPECIALLY FOR THE PURPOSE AND THE OUTPUT OF A HYDRID COMPUTER STUDY INVOLVING OVER 1400 SIMULATION RUNS, ARE EMPLOYED TO HELP INTERPRET AND GENERALIZE THE BASIC DATA. THE REPORT HAS TWO APPENDICES. THE FIRST DESCRIBES AND ILLUSTRATES THE ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE-USAGE SURVEY DATA TO DERIVE REALISTIC RANGES OF SERVICE FACTORS-TIRE INFLATION PRESSURE AND VEHICLE LOADING- TO BE CONSIDERED IN AN EVALUATION OF VEHICLE PERFORMANCE. THE SECOND DESCRIBES THE HYBRID SIMULATION MODEL EMPLOYED IN THE STUDY, AND PRESENTS COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RESULTS TO ILLUSTRATE THE DEGREE OF VALIDITY OF THE MODEL. /HSL/ KW - Accelerating (Process) KW - Accelerating agents KW - Automatic control KW - Braking KW - Computers KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway safety KW - Hybrids KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221346 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1970/11 AB - IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF HIGHWAY CRASHES ARE BEING CONDUCTED TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND INJURY CAUSATION, TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES, AND TO DETECT DESIGN AND FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE HIGHWAY. SUMMARIES OF CASE REPORTS ARE GIVEN. /SHL/ KW - Causes KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221188 AU - Heath, E D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A RESOURCE CURRICULUM IN DRIVER AND TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION: A CRITIQUE PY - 1970/10/27 AB - THE RESOURCE CURRICULUM SPONSORED BY THE AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY FOUNDATION IS THE BEST EFFORT TO DATE TO PRESENT DRIVER EDUCATION AS A BODY OF LEGITIMATE CONTENT, WITHOUT THE FAULTS CHARACTERISTIC OF TEXTS AND WORKBOOKS IN THIS FIELD. IT SHOULD ALSO BE USEFUL IN DEVELOPING PROGRAMS OF STUDY IN DRIVER EDUCATION. SUGGESTIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE RESOURCE CURRICULUM INCLUDE BETTER BIBLIOGRAPHY, MORE CONSISTENT TERMINOLOGY, MORE CAREFUL FACTUAL ACCURACY, BETTER WRITING STYLE AND FORMAT. /HSL/ KW - Curricula KW - Driver training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082958 AU - Voas, R B AU - Tabor, Len AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - The Relationship of Alcohol Abuse to Highway Safety PY - 1970/10/24 SP - 19p AB - In a recent study of fatal traffic accidents in Michigan, it was found that 9 of 10 wrong way drivers in fatal accidents had been drinking; that 2 out of 3 drivers in fatal accidents who were cited for speeding had been drinking; and that half of all the drivers in fatal accidents cited for driving left of the center line, had been drinking. The study also showed drinking to be involved twice as frequently in fatal accidents over 60 miles an hour as in fatal accidents below 60 miles an hour. The role of alcohol can be roughly summarized in the following way: the number of highway fatalities in the United States was estimated to be 56,400 in 1969 by the National Safety Council. Of the half of these in which alcohol plays a role it would be estimated that two-thirds result from accidents initiated by ''problem drinkers'' who drive. The other third are related to abusive drinking by "social drinkers" particularly heavy social drinkers on their way home from a spree, or young drivers (particularly teen agers) who are both learning to drink and to drive. As an individual's blood-alcohol-concentration goes above 0.05 percent, the risk of being involved in a fatal or serious accident also climbs. By the time the 0.10 percent level which the National Highway Safety Bureau defines as intoxicated is reached, the probability of being involved in an accident is 7 1/2 times the normal risk. From this point on, the risk curve climbs dramatically. At 0.15 percent the risk is nearly 27 times normal and above this level, the risk in a fatal accident increases to 50 or more times greater than normal. The focus of an effective highway safety alcohol countermeasures program must be on the problem drinker who drives, who is the major contributor to fatal and serious highway accidents. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Drunk drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25301/DOT-HS-EPX-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082960 AU - Exotech Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Improving the Enforcement of Driver License Denials, Suspensions, and Revocations. Part 1: Preliminary Guidelines PY - 1970/10//Final Report SP - 40p AB - Part 1 presents a summary of the recommendations of a study on the improvement of the enforcement of driver license denials. The term, "denial" includes withdrawals, suspensions, revocations, and cancellations. Part 2 presents a more detailed discussion of the findings, analysis, and recommendations. In this study, a systems approach was taken toward the mechanism of imposing and enforcing denials, and advanced technology was investigated, to identify the most promising ways to improve denial enforcement. Improvements in the enforcement of denials can be brought about by a combination of several actions: application of management principles; commitment to objectives; commitment to enforce mandatory statutes; public accountability; reducing ease of denial violation; improving incentives to comply with denials; integration of communications and data requirements for denial policing with criminal information systems; creation of special files for denied operators accessible through the criminal information system by registration or license data; driver surveillance using data transmission technology. Following a summary of descriptive findings, subsequent sections will briefly discuss actions to be taken for improvement of denial management and enforcement. KW - Confiscation KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver licenses KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Revocation KW - Strategic planning KW - Suspensions KW - Technology KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25303/DOT-HS-800-322.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221331 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPLICATION OF THE ORI COST-EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM TO THE STATE OF WISCONSIN PY - 1970/10 AB - THE PURPOSE IS TO ESTABLISH A PROGRAM TO DEFINE, DEVELOP AND TEST A COST-EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM TO EVALUATE CRASH AND INJURY CAUSATION COUNTERMEASURES FOR APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS OF ALL ACTIVITIES REFERRED TO AS THE "TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM." THE STUDY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS. PART I DEALS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION SYSTEM, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF THREE MODELS--COST, EFFECTIVENESS, AND ALLOCATION. THE MODELS WERE AUTOMATED AND EMPIRICALLY VALIDATED USING DATA FROM MARYLAND. PART II BEGAN AS A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT TO FURTHER DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT THE ABOVE MODELS USING WISCONSIN AS A TEST CASE. LATER, ARIZONA, NEW JERSEY, NORTH CAROLINA AND UTAH WERE ADDED. THE APPLICATION OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM TO THESE STATES IS REPORTED SEPARATELY. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPING OF A NATIONAL POLICY FOR ALLOCATING HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS EFFECIENTLY ARE REPORTED ALSO. THE WISCONSIN PART OF THE STUDY DISCUSSES THE DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT, THE PREPARATION OF THE THREE MODEL SYSTEM FOR THAT APPLICATION TO THAT DATA BASE, AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THAT APPLICATION. A SAMPLE OF 28 COUNTIES AND 18 LARGE CITIES FROM WISCONSIN WAS UTILIZED WITH DATA COLLECTED FROM 1962-1967 PERIOD. FOUR APPENDICES ARE INCLUDED WHICH DISCUSS SPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS INVOLVED IN THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM APPLICATION AND PRESENT THE EQUATIONS FROM WHICH THE FINAL RESULTS WERE DERIVED. /HSL/ KW - Accident costs KW - Causes KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173172 AU - Sussman, E Donald AU - Morris, Dominic F AU - Cornell University AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - An Investigation of Factors Affecting Driver Alertness PY - 1970/08//Final Report SP - 109p AB - The study consisted of a review of the literature concerned with driver alertness, and an experimental investigation of the effects of three variables: driving time, acoustic noise, and task complexity on driver performance. The findings were that during long-duration, low-event driving, drivers showed a linear increase in road position error; during emergencies such as a blowout, the driver's position error increased after four hours of driving, and this increase is most marked under high noise conditions. In addition, the study revealed no degradation in performance attributable to the use of a "speed controller" (a device which automatically maintains a preset speed). The study also includes suggestions for future research and possible methods of alleviating the effects of reduced alertness. KW - Alertness KW - Cognition KW - Driver errors KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human error KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Noise sources KW - Travel time KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33200/33284/Sussman_E_D__Morris_D_F__An_Investigation_of_Factors_Affecting_Driver_Alertness__VJ-2849-B-1__August_1970__3_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221201 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1970/06 AB - SUMMARIES OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CASE STUDIES ARE CUMULATED IN THIS PUBLICATION. DETAILED REPORTS HAVE BEEN ISSUED PREVIOUSLY AS SEPARATES. DATA ARE PRESENTED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS; IDENTIFICATION BY TIME AND LOCATION; AMBIENCE; DESCRIPTION OF HIGHWAY; DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLES; OCCUPANTS AND INJURIES; ACCIDENT KINEMATICS AND POST CRASH EVENTS; AND CASUAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. /HSL/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Location KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221202 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOL. 1, NO. 3 PY - 1970/06 AB - SUMMARIES OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CASE STUDIES ARE CUMULATED IN THIS PUBLICATION. DETAILED REPORTS HAVE BEEN ISSUED PREVIOUSLY AS SEPARATES. DATA ARE PRESENTED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS: IDENTIFICATION BY TIME AND LOCATION; AMBIENCE; DESCRIPTION HIGHWAY; DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLES; OCCUPANTS AND INJURIES; ACCIDENT KINEMATICS AND POST CRASH EVENTS; AND CAUSAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. /HSL/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Location KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452403 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - Majchrowicz, E AU - Mendelson, J H AU - American University TI - BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS OF ACETALDEHYDE AND ETHANOL IN CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS PY - 1970/05/29 VL - 168 SP - 3 p. AB - Fifteen adult male alcoholic volunteers were studied before, during, and after a 10- to 15-day period of experimentally induced intoxication. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.15 and from 0.04 to 0.08 milligrams per 100 milliliters when blood ethanol concentrations ranged from 1 to 400 milligrams per 100 milliliters after consumption of bourbon or grain ethanol, respectively. No dose or dose-time relationships were found between blood ethanol concentrations and blood acetaldehyde concentrations during any phase of this study. KW - Acetaldehydes KW - Alcoholism KW - Aldehydes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Dosage KW - Ethanol KW - Experiments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221212 AU - Heath, E D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Catholic University of America TI - DRIVER EDUCATION: A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF STATE LAWS AND PRACTICES PERTAINING TO NON-PUBLIC SCHOOL AND OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH PY - 1970/05/28 AB - THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966 REQUIRES EACH STATE TO PROVIDE DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND PROVIDES FEDERAL FUNDS TO EXPAND OR IMPROVE THESE PROGRAMS. PROVIDING DRIVER EDUCATION TO YOUTHS WHO ARE NOT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND TO THOSE WHO ARE OUT OF SCHOOL IS DIFFICULT, CHIEFLY BECAUSE OF LEGAL PROBLEMS. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A DRIVER EDUCATION PLAN FOR THESE CIRCUMSTANCES ARE MADE. SOME STATES PERMIT STUDENTS IN PAROCHIAL AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS TO ENROLL FOR DRIVER EDUCATION THROUGH THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS. EXPANSION OF THIS DUAL ENROLLMENT PLAN TO OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTHS IS SUGGESTED. /HSL/ KW - Adolescents KW - Driver training KW - Governments KW - Laws KW - Minors KW - Public KW - Schools KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221028 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES PY - 1970/05 AB - SUMMARIES OF 75 MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CASE STUDIES ARE CUMULATED IN THIS VOLUME OF A NEW SERIAL PUBLICATION. DETAILED REPORTS HAVE BEEN ISSUED PREVIOUSLY AS SEPARATES. DATA ARE PRESENTED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS: IDENTIFICATION BY TIME AND LOCATION; AMBIANCE; DESCRIPTION OF HIGHWAY; DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLES; OCCUPANTS AND INJURIES; ACCIDENT KINEMATICS AND POST CRASH EVENTS; AND CASUAL FACTORS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. /HSL/ KW - Case studies KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Kinetics KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452406 AU - Rosenfield, R J AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION FOR IMPLEMENTING THE COLLECTION OF PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT DATA IN ACCORDANCE WITH FEDERAL HIGHWAY SAFETY STANDARD #14 PY - 1970/03 SP - 17 p. AB - This program recommendation has been completed in order to provide the requirements necessary to implement a program to collect pedestrian accident data, which will enable the Department of Motor Vehicles to be in compliance with Section I of the Federal Highway Safety Standard #14 Pedestrian Safety regarding the continuing statewide inventory of pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents, specifically identifying the following: (A) the location and times of all such accidents; (B) the age of all the pedestrians injured or killed; (C) where feasible, to determine whether exterior features of the vehicle produced or aggravated an injury; (D) the color and shade of clothing worn by pedestrians when injured or killed, and the visibility conditions which prevailed at the time; (E) the extent to which alcohol is present in the blood of fatally injured pedestrians 16 years of age and older; and, (F) where possible, to determine the extent to which pedestrians involved in accidents have physical or mental disabilities. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Clothing KW - Data collection KW - Federal government KW - Inventory KW - Location KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Physical disabilities KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825657 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT TO THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, ON THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION.. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash investigation KW - Periodicals KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496173 AU - Traffic Saf Pol Office, Mgmt & Coordination Agency TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY POLICIES LAW AS CODIFIED BY LAW NO. 110, 1970 PY - 1970 SP - 20 p. AB - This publiction gives Traffic Safety Policies law as codified by law No. 110 (1970) and amended by laws No. 98 of June 2, 1971; No. 58 of July 10, 1975; and No. 80 of December 2, 1983. The various chapters describe the general provisions of the law, the Traffic Safety Countermeasurement Council, traffic safety programs, fundamental policies for traffic safety, and miscellaneus provisions. KW - Japan KW - Laws KW - Policy KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221461 AU - Witheford, D K AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - SPEED ENFORCEMENT POLICIES AND PRACTICES PY - 1970 SP - 145 p. AB - A SURVEY OF SPEED ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES ACROSS THE NATION WAS MADE BY SENDING A QUESTIONNAIRE TO ALL STATE HIGHWAY PATROL AGENCIES, TO ALL CITIES OVER 50,000 POPULATION AND 100 SELECTED CITIES WITH A POPULATION BETWEEN 25,000 AND 50,000. SOME TOLL ROAD AGENCIES AND COUNTIES WERE ALSO SURVEYED. A SECOND QUESTIONNAIRE WAS SENT TO A SELECT 100 RECIPIENTS. THIS REPORT ANALYZES THE RESULTS OF THESE QUESTIONNAIRES WITH RESPECT TO SPEED LIMITS AND TYPES OF LIMITS; APPREHENSION PRACTICES AND ENFORCEMENT; AND SUGGESTS THE NEED FOR GREATER UNIFORMITY OF POLICE OFFICIALS THAT VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE MUST BE THE GOAL. FINALLY, THE REPORT SUGGESTS THAT IF NO CRIMINAL RELATIONSHIP IS ATTACHED TO TREATMENT OF VIOLATORS, THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR HANDLING THEM MIGHT WELL BE TRANSFERRED FROM THE COURTS TO ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES. COPIES OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES USED AND PERTINENT EXCERPTS FROM THE UNIFORM VEHICLE CODE ARE INCLUDED IN THE APPENDIXES, AS WELL AS REPORTS ON SPEED ZONING AND ENFORCEMENT METHODS. /HSL/ KW - Enforcement KW - Police KW - Questionnaires KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26700/26784/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452387 AU - Dubowski, K M AU - Green (Warren H), Incorporated TI - MEASUREMENT OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN BREATH PY - 1970 SP - 37 p. AB - This is a comprehensive discussion of the measurement of ethyl alcohol in breath especially when used in conjunction with the investigation of alleged traffic offenses-chiefly on motor vehicle operators suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. Under the heading breath alcohol analysis the article discusses: characteristics and applications, general principles, physiological considerations and calibration and testing of breath alcohol apparatus. Next covered are the breath alcohol tests: reliability of breath alcohol analysis, correlation between blood alcohol concentrations obtained by direct blood analysis and from breath analysis and specificity of breath alcohol analysis. Finally, measurement of ethyl alcohol in breath with the breathalyzer is covered: operational principles and apparatus, reagents, reference solutions, procedure, discussion (instrumental considerations, safeguards, remote sampling), sources of error, range of values and resume of clinical interpretations. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethanol KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361571 AU - Krause, J L AU - Scott, R E AU - Detroit Mayor's Commission for Community Renewal AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR AN URBAN AREA: THE DETROIT DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. SUMMARY PY - 1970 SP - 56 p. AB - A study was conducted to demonstrate and evaluate existing and alternative methods of providing emergency medical services in an urban area (namely, Detroit). Speed of service, quality of treatment, and cost were considered. The types of services included the police and fire rescue squad emergency response systems presently in use, a commercial ambulance service, and a helicopter ambulance supplementing ground systems. It was found that as few as 17% of the emergency responses made by public ambulances were for true medical emergencies. For the ground ambulance systems studied, the mean time from dispatch to arrival at scene was less than five min. The time from dispatch to hospital arrival for police, commercial, and fire systems averaged 17.5, 14.3, and 13.1 min., respectively. Ambulance personnel responsible only for emergency medical care at the scene (fire and commercial systems) provided appropriate treatment more often than police who have to perform multiple functions at the scene. Little difference was found in response times between a uniform and a high-demand ambulance distribution policy. The helicopter ambulance was effective in executing medical evacuations. It was concluded that it would be difficult to further reduce response times significantly, that dual-function personnel, comparably trained and equipped, can provide quality medical treatment if that is their sole responsibility, and that the increased cost of an exclusive helicopter service is not justified. The major recommendation was that immediate action be taken to transfer the entire public emergency ambulance service to the Detroit Fire Dept. KW - Ambulances KW - Demonstration projects KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response time KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Medical services KW - Reaction time KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320181 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER AID SERIES: BRAKES, TIRES, AND ACCELERATION CAPABILITIES OF PASSENGER CARS AND MOTORCYCLES PY - 1970 SP - n.p. AB - Annual series of 3 reports comparing safety performance capability test results of model year foreign and domestic passenger cars & motorcycles. Reports, described below, cover brakes, tire reserve load, and acceleration. Data are provided by manufacturers, as required by DOT regulations. Format of reports is as follows: intro and facsimile of DOT testing regulations; index by manufacturer; and 2 extended tables ranking autos and motorcycles, by test performance, with and without selected options. Brakes: Comparision of Braking Performance for Passenger Cars and Motorcycles. (Pt. 1, Vol 6 Jan 1976. III+25 PP S/N 050-003-00226-7) Annual report providing data on the 60 mph stopping distances of model year passenger cars and motorcycles. Tires: Comparison of Tire Reserve Load for Passenger Cars (Pt. 2, Vol. 6 Jan 1976. XII + 63 pp. S/N 050-003-00227-5) Annual report providing data on the minimum tire reserve loads of model year passenger cars. Acceleration and Passing Ability: Comparison of Acceleration and Passing Ability for Passenger Cars and Motorcycles (Pt 3, Vol 6 Jan 1976 XIII + 51 pp S/N 050-003-00228-3) Annual report providing data on the acceleration capabilities (seconds and feet) of model year passenger cars and motorcycles. (TSC) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Highways KW - Motorcycles KW - Passing KW - Safety and security KW - Stopping distances KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221453 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS - PHASE A FINAL REPORT PY - 1970 AB - IN 1968, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THEN THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY BUREAU UNDERTOOK A PROGRAM TO COLLECT A SCIENTIFICALLY VALID BODY OF INFORMATION REGARDING VEHICULAR COLLISIONS. THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE PROGRAM INVOLVED THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIX MULTIDISCIPLINARY MEDICAL-ENGINEERING RESEARCH TEAMS LOCATED IN VARIOUS CITIES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES: ATLANTA, BOSTON, HOUSTON, LOS ANGELES, NEW ORLEANS, AND ROCHESTER. NINE ADDITIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS HAVE SINCE BEEN ORGANIZED. THESE TEAMS HAVE BEEN GIVEN THE OBJECTIVES OF DETERMINING CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND IDENTIFYING AGENTS WHICH PRODUCE INJURIES AND DEATHS IN THESE ACCIDENTS. IN ADDITION, THE RESEARCH TEAMS HAVE ENDEAVORED TO EVALUATE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEW SAFETY FEATURES, TO PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION OF VEHICULAR AND ROADWAY DESIGN PROBLEMS AND TO DETERMINE AGING EFFECTS IN VEHICLES AND VALUE OF PERIODIC MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION. /HSL/ KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Metals KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223322 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES (ESV) PROGRAM PY - 1970 AB - THE EVOLUTION OF THE SAFETY CAR CONCEPT IS OUTLINED AND THE TECHNOLOGY OF BUILDING SUCH A CAR IS DISCUSSED. THE PRESENT PROBLEM CALLS FOR THE BUILDING OF FULL-SIZE VEHICLES WEIGHING 4,000 POUNDS. WHILE MUCH OF THE TECHNOLOGY CAN BE APPLIED TO COMPACT CARS, LESS CAN BE APPLIED TO SMALL CARS IN THE 2,000 POUND CLASS. THE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF THESE CARS ARE UNIQUE AND THE TECHNOLOGY FOR THEM HAS YET TO BE DEVELOPED. DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TECHNOLOGY SHOULD BE GIVEN HIGH PRIORITY, AND THE COOPERATION OF OTHER NATIONS IS INVITED. /HSL/ KW - Compact automobiles KW - Design KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223321 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND DRIVING PY - 1970 AB - ALTHOUGH MORE THAN 25,000 PEOPLE ARE KILLED EVERY YEAR IN ALCOHOL-RELATED CRASHES, THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT THE EFFORTS BEING MADE TO CONTROL THE PROBLEM ARE SUCCEEDING. THE EVIDENCE ON THE NATURE OF THE ALCOHOL AND DRIVING PROBLEM IN THE U. S. IS OUTLINED. IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT 2% OF DRIVERS NOT IN ACCIDENTS, 12% OF DRIVERS INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS NOT THEIR FAULT, AND 53% OF DRIVERS FATALLY INJURED IN SINGLE CAR ACCIDENTS HAD BLOOD ALCOHOL ABOVE 0.10%. THE MEASURES USED TO CONTROL DRUNK DRIVING AND THE FAILURES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THESE MEASURES ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT NATIONS MAY BENEFIT FROM EACH'S TECHNOLOGY WHICH HAS BEEN EFFECTIVE IN ATTACKING THE DRUNK DRIVING PROBLEM. THE U. S. IS PREPARED TO SHARE ITS INFORMATION. /HSL/ KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220916 AU - Brenner, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CHANGING ROLE OF MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PY - 1970 AB - A NEW CONCEPT, MOTOR VEHICLE ANALYSIS, IS SUGGESTED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION. MOTOR VEHICLE ANALYSIS WOULD PROVIDE A SERVICE THAT ACCURATELY TELLS THE CAR OWNER THE CONDITION OF HIS VEHICLE VIA AUTOMATED DIAGNOSTIC CENTERS. MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION WOULD THEN BECOME "RANDOM MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION" AND A PURELY REGULATORY FUNCTION PERFORMED BY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS OR POLICE. THE CHANGE FROM INSPECTION TO ANALYSIS IS EXPECTED TO PROMOTE A CHANGE IN CAR OWNERS ATTITUDES TO THE AMALGAM OF REPAIR PRACTICES, REPLACEMENT PARTS AND INSPECTION. /HSL/ KW - Automation KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221071 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM. VOL 2: FORMATS AND PROCEDURES PY - 1969/12 AB - THE MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM (MRS) IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT CAN BE INTEGRATED INTO THE PARTICULAR ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. THE FORMATS PRESENTED ARE THOSE NECESSARY FOR ANALYSIS AND DECISION-MAKING IN THE PLANNING PROGRAMMING, BUDGETING, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION PHASES. FORMATS REQUIRED FOR FINANCIAL CONTROL, FUND RELEASES, AND REPORTING AND PAYMENT DOCUMENTATION ARE NOT PRESENTED. THESE WILL NORMALLY BE STANDARD FORMS REQUIRED BY ACCOUNTING AND BUDGETARY AUTHORITIES OF EACH OF THE LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT INVOLVED. /HSL/ KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Monitoring KW - Planning KW - Programming KW - Reporting KW - Reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221070 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM. VOL I: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION PY - 1969/12 AB - THE MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM HAS, AS ITS CENTRAL PURPOSE, THE EFFECTIVE OPERATION OD THE STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM. THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS ARE: DEVELOPMENT OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM PLANS AND THE CAPABILITY TO MANAGE A PROGRAM, INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR JOINT STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING OPERATING ACTIVITIES; AND DEVELOPMENT OF A STATE PROGRAM SUBMISSION AROUND WHICH THE GRANT ADMINISTRATION INSTRUMENT CAN BE TAILORED AND WHICH CAN SERVE AS THE PRINCIPAL FEDERAL PLANNING AND BUDGETING IMPUT. /HSL/ KW - Budgeting KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Regional planning KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Safety KW - State highways KW - State planning KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221072 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM. VOL 3: CONCEPTS PY - 1969/12 AB - THE MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM (MRS) DESCRIBED IN VOLUME I INCLUDES SEVERAL CONCEPTS CRITICAL TO EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM. VOLUME III CONTAINS COMPREHENSIVE DISCUSSIONS OF THREE OF THESE CONCEPTS: THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM STRUCTURE; THE FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM; AND THE HIGHWAY SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEM, THE MEANS BY WHICH CRASH AND CITATION DATA ARE GATHERED AND ORGANIZED FOR USE BY HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANAGERS. /HSL/ KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Reporting KW - Reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221073 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM. VOL 4: IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1969/12 AB - THE SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM (M&RS) IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY INVOLVES A PILOT IMPLEMENTATION IN TWO STATES AND, ON THE BASIS OF THIS EXPERIENCE, NATIONWIDE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM. BOTH THE 2-STATE AND THE NATIONWIDE M&RS IMPLEMENTATION HAVE BEEN DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING PHASES: PREPARATION OF INSTRUCTIONS AND PREPARATION OF M&RS-SPECIFIED PLANS AND REPORTS, WITH EXISTING DATA BASE; ADAPTATION OF M&RS EVALUATION METHODS AND DATA BASE DESIGN TO REQUIREMENTS AND RESOURCES OF AN INDIVIDUAL STATE; CONTINUED IMPROVEMENTS OF M&RS SPECIFIED PLANS AND REPORTS USING EXISTING DATA BASE; BUILDUP OF STATE DATA BASE; AND PREPARATION OF M&RS-SPECIFIED PLANS AND REPORTS USING FULL DATA BASE. /HSL/ KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Regional planning KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - State planning KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082937 AU - McGuire, Frederick L AU - San Diego Computing Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Analysis of Data on Air Force Personnel Collected at Lackland Air Force Base PY - 1969/10//Final Report SP - 38p AB - In July, 1967, a report was published by the Personnel Research Laboratory, Lackland Air Force Base, entitled "An Attempt to Predict Automobile Accidents Among Air Force Personnnel". Approximately twelve thousand basic airmen and eleven hundred officer training candidates were tested during their first week of duty. Sixteen different tests were administered, including a questionnaire containing a number of biographical items and questions pertaining to personal driving experience prior to entrance into the military. Not all tests were given to all of the subjects, resulting in four officer sub-groups and nine basic airmen groups, each of which had been administered a different combination. Correlational matrices were developed for the various groups and it was concluded that other than "number of miles driven" (as estimated by each subject), there were no variables which would add to the practical prediction of accidents among airmen. However, because of limitations of time and funds imposed upon the project, these data were not further analyzed and the work accomplished was published in a brief report (Mullins, 1967). However, it was concluded by this author that this material was very like data being gathered on a civilian population and could provide additional information concerning accident prediction. The final sample of enlisted airmen consisted of 2,961 subjects, which was randomly divided into a validation group of 1,481 subjects and a cross-validation group of 1,480. All subjects were between the ages of 17 and 20. The criterion was the total number of lifetime accidents reported by the subject during his driving career (i.e., the past two years). Accident frequency was categorized on the basis of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more accidents. Three basic questions were posed of these data. 1. Which of certain selected biographical and test scores were significantly related to frequency of accidents? 2. From among these significant variables (if any) which could be classified as "true" predictors, that is, established before-the-fact of the two-year accident experience in question, (e.g., age) and those which could be established as "quasi" or after-the-fact predictors (e.g., estimate of miles driven)? 3. What indications are there that accidents may be predicted among airmen by a combination of these variables? KW - Air Force personnel KW - Biographical factors KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Lackland Air Force Base KW - Tests KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25300/25300/DOT-HS-EPX-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841925 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225598 JO - Public Safety Systems AU - Box, P C TI - DRIVEWAY ACCIDENT AND VOLUME STUDIES. PART 3 - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1969/10 AB - DESIGN ELEMENTS ARE PRESENTED FOR VARIOUS COMMERCIAL DRIVEWAYS. TWO-WAY OPERATION IS NECESSARY FOR URBAN SERVICE STATIONS, AND IS GENERALLY A MUST FOR OTHER TYPES OF DRIVEWAYS. MANY PARKING LOTS ARE MOST EFFICIENTLY LAID OUT BY USING 2-WAY DRIVES, WHILE OTHER LOT SIZES AND LAYOUTS WILL OPERATE BEST AS 1-WAY. IN THE SKOKIE STUDIES, 16% OF ALL COMMERCIAL OR INDUSTRIAL DRIVEWAYS ALONG MAJOR TRAFFIC ROUTES WERE POSTED OR DESIGNED FOR 1-WAY MOVEMENT. ANOTHER DESIGN ELEMENT CONCERNS 1-WAY STREETS. TRAFFIC, LIKE ACCIDENTS, CAN BE RELATED TO THE KIND OF LAND USE SERVED. THE VOLUMES TO BE EXPECTED AT A SPECIFIC DRIVEWAY WILL ACTUALLY VARY WITH THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DRIVES SERVING THE PARTICULAR LAND USE, AND ALSO WITH THE TYPE OF TRAFFIC ACCESS PROVIDED BY THE DRIVEWAY. A TABLE IS PRESENTED GIVING DATA AS EXAMPLE OF VOLUMES COUNTED AT SELECTED COMMERCIAL SITES, USING THE KIND OF LAND USE AS THE UNIT OF REFERENCE. THROAT CONTROL AND CURB DESIGN ARE DISCUSSED. THE SKEW DESIGN ALLOWS RELATIVELY HIGH SPEED ENTRY, AND IS PREFERRED BY NUMEROUS OIL COMPANIES FOR BOTH URBAN AND RURAL USE. GUIDELINES SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR DRIVEWAY DESIGN IN EACH MUNICIPALITY. KW - Design KW - Driveways KW - Land use KW - One way traffic KW - Parking lots KW - Service stations KW - Skew angle KW - Skewed structures KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113655 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453153 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Waller, J A AU - King, E M AU - Nielson, G AU - Turkel, H W AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ALCOHOL AND OTHER FACTORS IN CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY FATALITIES PY - 1969/10 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - p. 429-444 AB - Blood alcohol concentrations, social, demographic, and medical characteristics of the persons and the types of crash were studied for 1251 highway fatalities age 15 or older who survived less than 6 hours. These comprised all such deaths among 2069 consecutive highway fatalities in three California counties. Between 35 and 69 percent, depending on the type of crash, had alcohol in their blood, usually in high concentrations. Alcohol was found most often and in highest concentrations in fatally injured persons who were age 20-59, males, Negroes, divorced or separated, or who had fatty changes of the liver or previous arrests. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Demographics KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Race KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270924 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00225639 JO - Public Works PB - Hanley Wood AU - Izzard, C F AU - Public Works Journal Corporation TI - INNOVATIONS IN HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SYSTEMS PY - 1969/08 VL - 100 IS - 8 SP - p. 105-110 AB - THE FOLLOWING DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONICS AS THEY CONCERN HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS ARE: (1) DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID-STATE DEVICES, (2) COMPUTERIZATION, AND (3) DEVELOPMENT OF SOPHISTICATED METHODS FOR MESSAGE TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION AND DISPLAY. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE OPERATION OF OUR PRESENT HIGHWAY SYSTEMS CALL FOR DATA HANDLING AND COMMUNICATIONS AS AIDS TO THE DRIVER SO THAT HE CAN BE A MASTER TROUBLE SHOOTER AND DECISION-MAKER. THE FOLLOWING FIVE DEVELOPMENTS COULD BECOME REALITIES TO THE DRIVER IN THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS: (1) MOTORIST ROUTE GUIDANCE, (2) CONTROL OF ON-RAMP MERGING (A STEP BEYOND RAMP METERING), (3) AID IN PASSING ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS, (4) AID TO DISTRESSED MOTORIST, AND (5) IMPROVED URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL. THE ELECTRONIC ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM (ERGS) IS DESCRIBED FOR MOTORISTS' NAVIGATION. THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF ERGS ARE DESCRIBED. THE CODE SYSTEM HAS BEEN COMPLETED FOR ERGS AND A CODE BOOK DIRECTORY FOR THE ENTIRE NATION COMPILED. EQUIPMENT SUFFICIENT FOR ONE INTERSECTION WAS INSTALLED AT A LOCATION ON THE MARYLAND BOUNDARY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ANOTHER INSTALLATION IS BEING MADE AT A NEAR-BY INTERSECTION IN VIRGINIA. ONE VEHICLE HAS BEEN FITTED WITH THE VEHICLE-BORNE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM. ERGS SHOULD BRING SMOOTHER TRAFFIC FLOW AND PERMIT ADDITIONAL CAPACITY. ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED TO PROVIDE OPTIMUM TRAFFIC MOVEMENT. CONTINUED RESEARCH IN NETWORK FLOW AND CONTROL THEORY ARE TO BE COMPILED INTO OPERATIONAL SOFTWARE. CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE APPLICABLE TO REAL-TIME CONTROL IS DIRECTED TOWARD COMPUTER APPLICATION, UNDERSTANDING OF URBAN NETCONTROL CONCEPTS, LOGIC, AND WORK TRAFFIC FLOW. THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRATION AND COMPATABILITY IS STUDIED WHILE OTHER DEVELOPMENTS ARE STILL EVOLVING. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Communication systems KW - Directories KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Guidance KW - Information processing KW - Merging traffic KW - Passing KW - Routes KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453156 JO - Rocky Mountain Medical Journal PB - Colorado Medical Society AU - Heise, H A AU - Colorado Medical Society TI - BREATH AND URINE ALCOHOL. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATIONS PY - 1969/06 VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - p. 37-38 AB - This article discusses the case of a man whose breath test indicated that he was intoxicated, while the urinalysis injected a reasonable doubt. The attorneys for the defense and for the prosecution were unable to decide whether or not this man could be considered to be guilty of driving while intoxicated, according to the laws of Wisconsin, which at the time considered any blood alcohol below 0.15 percent or a urine alcohol below 0.20 percent to give a verdict of "not guilty." The breath test would have convicted the man of driving under the influence, but because of the results of the urinalysis the man was properly acquitted. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452416 AU - McNaughton, D J AU - Riley, R K AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A REVIEW OF THE AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE ASSIGNED RISK PLAN IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1969/05 SP - 8 p. AB - In an attempt to gain an overview of the structure and implementation of the "Assigned Risk Plan," a review of published material and a meeting with members of the New York State Insurance Department were undertaken. We found that the Assigned Risk Plan is an independent institution run by the participating insurance companies in the State. The New York State Insurance Department has definite controls and guidelines through which it supervises the Plan. Complementing its regulating functions, the Insurance Department has a Complaint Bureau to which policyholders have recourse. To charges that they act in an arbitrary manner in selecting who they will insure, insurance companies reply that they are using sound actuarial methods. This explanation is also used in defense of alleged discriminatory practices which the insurance companies claim are based on place of residence and not on racial or ethnic grounds. Based on findings described in this report, we recommend that driving records of people in the Plan for three years or longer be reviewed, in conjunction with other available information, to test the fairness and effectiveness of the automobile insurance risk selection mechanisms. KW - Assigned risk KW - Automobile insurance KW - Driver records KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452418 AU - Wolf, D A AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A REVIEW OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAM--ARE INSPECTION STICKERS NECESSARY? PY - 1969/03 SP - 9 p. AB - This report looks at the question of the necessity for inspection stickers and if a better alternative can be found. A careful look at the arguments for the against stickers indicates that not only can they be eliminated, but that in doing so, many improvements can be realized by implementing the alternative procedure described in the report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - New York (State) KW - Stickers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453159 JO - Rocky Mountain Medical Journal PB - Colorado Medical Society AU - ROBERTS, D L AU - Fletcher, D C AU - Colorado Medical Society TI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BLOOD ALCOHOL TESTING DEVICES PY - 1969/03 VL - 66 SP - 3 p. AB - In April, 1965 the Nevada Safety Council, Nevada State Parent Teachers Association, and various clinical laboratories joined forces in a demonstration of the drinking situation and the driver. As a result of this two-day test, certain conclusions can be made regarding the various types of alcohol testing devices utilizing both blood and breath for the determination. This paper presents the results dealing with comparative testing methods. Table 1 presents data obtained from three laboratories determining percent alcohol by weight. Table 2 compares the field screening devices with the blood determinations from Laboratory No. 1. Table 3 presents the laboratory analyses of the ampules and units obtained by field devices and as compared with the total blood alcohol percent by weight. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Measuring instruments KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220670 AU - Miller, L AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING AND PERFORMANCE-VOLUME I: RESEARCH REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1969/03 AB - THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH THE PROJECT WAS ESTABLISHED WAS TO DOCUMENT PRESENT DRIVER LICENSING PROCEDURES IN THE NATION; TO DEVELOP UNIFORM LICENSING CRITERIA AND STANDARDS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS AND MEDICAL HISTORY, DRIVING RECORDS, AND OTHER RELEVANT DATA. VOLUME 1 CONTAINS A REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF MAJOR PUBLISHED RESEARCH RELEVANT TO DRIVER LICENSING AND DRIVER PERFORMANCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Human characteristics KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220672 AU - Dimling, J A AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING AND PERFORMANCE-VOLUME III: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED STANDARDS PY - 1969/03 AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE ENTIRE STUDY, AND RECOMMENDS MINIMUM PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR LICENSING, EVALUATION AND RECORD KEEPING PRACTICES OF THE STATES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Records KW - Records management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452400 AU - Wolf, D A AU - Riley, R K AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - PRELIMINARY COST ANALYSIS OF A STATE OWNED AND OPERATED MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAM PY - 1969/02 SP - n.p. AB - This report develops cost estimates for State ownership and operation of motor vehicle inspection stations. Capital investment in land, buildings, equipment and paving would be about $42.7 million. Annual operating revenues would be about $22.7 million, and operating expenses would total about $21.2 million. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Railroad stations KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223035 AU - Systems Consultants, Incorporated TI - REAR LIGHTING SYSTEM CHANGEOVER PY - 1969/01/30 AB - EVALUATION WAS MADE OF THE COST, BENEFIT AND SCHEDULE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRODUCTION OF NEW REAR LIGHTING STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND THE CONSEQUENTIAL CHANGEOVER PROCESS. A DETAILED CHANGEOVER EVALUATION METHODOLOGY WAS DEFINED, BY DEVELOPING MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE CHANGEOVER PROCESS, AND ESTABLISHING FEASIBILITY OF CHANGEOVER MODELING BY ACQUIRING DATA AND PERFORMING TRADEOFF STUDIES USING THE MODELS DEVELOPED. THE APPROACH TAKEN IN IMPLEMENTING THE CHANGEOVER MODEL COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS TO DEVELOP COST, BENEFIT, COMPLIANCE AND CONSTRAINTS SUBMODELS. THESE SUBMODELS ARE THEN INTEGRATED BY AN EXECUTIVE MODEL. THE CHANGEOVER COMPUTER MODEL WAS EXERCISED TO CALIBRATE THE INPUT ASSUMPTIONS, DETERMINE SENSITIVITY TO KEY VARIABLES, PERFORM REAR LIGHTING SYSTEM COMPARISONS, AND EXPLORE THE QUANTITATIVE TRADEOFFS BETWEEN THE CHANGEOVER PARAMETERS. A COMPARISON OF A SIMPLE TWO-COLOR DISPLAY SYSTEM WITH A ROOF LINE DISPLAY SYSTEM IS PRESENTED TO ILLUSTRATE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE CHANGEOVER MODEL. THE EVALUATION MODELS DEVELOPED APPEAR TO PERMIT THE EFFECTIVE EVALUATIONS OF STANDARDS AND MANDATES. IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT SOME POSSIBLE REAR LIGHTING SAFETY STANDARDS CAN RESULT IN CONFIGURATIONS THAT COULD BE AMENABLE TO USED CAR RETROFIT. FOR NEW CARS, THE CHANGEOVER CAN BE ALLEVIATED BY OVERLAP WITH THE INITIAL MARKETING AND STYLING PHASE OF MANUFACTURING. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT BENEFIT ATTENDANT TO REAR LIGHTING CHANGEOVER IS ACCIDENT REDUCTION. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Change KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Taillamps KW - Used vehicle industry KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220587 AU - Brenner, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER EDUCATION AND THE COMMERCIAL DRIVING SCHOOL PY - 1969/01/28 AB - DRIVER EDUCATION MUST BE ABLE TO COMPETE FOR LIMITED RESOURCES WITH OTHER ASPECTS OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM. FACTUAL EVIDENCE OF ITS VALUE IS NEEDED. SINCE IT IS A CRASH PREVENTION MEASURE, ITS VALUE IS MORE DIFFICULT TO PROVE THAN THE VALUE OF OTHER MEASURES, SUCH AS SEAT BELTS. THE NEED FOR RESEARCH INTO THE USEFULNESS OF DRIVER EDUCATION IS OUTLINED, INCLUDING THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL DRIVING SCHOOLS. /HSL/ KW - Driver training KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Schools KW - Trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452391 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Glendening, B L AU - Harvey, R A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A SIMPLE METHOD USING HEAD-SPACE GAS FOR DETERMINATION OF BLOOD ALCOHOL BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PY - 1969/01 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 136-145 AB - A head-space gas chromatographic method for the determination of blood alcohol on a routine basis has been described and is simple, convenient, specific, and reliable. Samples and reference standards are prepared by placing 1 ml of blood in a serum bottle containing 20 mg of sodium fluoride and closed with a sleeve-type rubber cap. After reaching equilibrium in a thermostatically controlled water bath at slightly above room temperature, 1 ml of head gas is removed and injected into the gas chromatograph using a dual hydrogen flame detector. No internal standards are necessary. Reference standards are conveniently prepared from fresh bovine blood preserved with sodium fluoride and are stable as long as three months. The amount of blood sample placed in the vial before withdrawing the vapor is of little importance to the determination, and multiple withdrawals of head-space gas may be made. Salt concentration effects on small samples were eliminated by arranging the sample blood and the reference standards to contain at least 30 mg NaF/ml blood in the headspace vial. The most critical parameter of the procedure is the equilibrium temperature of the sample from which the head-gas is drawn. At slightly about room temperature a deviation of 1 deg C between standard and sample could result in a difference of apparent alcohol content of as much as 0.03 percent, and the effect of temperature variation is even greater at elevated temperatures. Other volatile compounds including alcohols can be differentiated from ethanol. Good precision is obtained, peak heights of standards are linear, and accuracy was proved by comparison with oxidation methods. The charts obtained are valuable records for court purposes. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Gas chromatography KW - Head space gas KW - Methodology KW - Samples KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220663 AU - Revzan, L H AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT ON THE APPLICATION OF THE ORI COST- EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM TO THE STATE OF WISCONSIN PY - 1969/01 AB - THE DEMONSTRATION EFFORT IS DIRECTED TO FURTHER REFORMING THE OPERATIONS RESEARCH, INC. THREE-MODEL SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES AND DEMONSTRATING THE SYSTEM'S EMPIRICAL VALIDITY AND OPERATIONAL USEFULNESS IN A SINGLE STATE--WISCONSIN. THE INTERIM REPORT IS DESIGNED TO SET UP THE FINAL DATA ANALYSIS IN WISCONSIN FROM WHICH "FIRST-CUT" POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ARE TO BE DRAWN; ASSESS THE RESPONSIVENESS OF WISCONSIN'S DATA SYSTEMS TO THE NEEDS OF RESEARCHERS IN HIGHWAY SAFETY COST-EFFECTIVENESS; AND PROVIDE THE STATE WITH AN ON-GOING EVALUATION SYSTEM WITH WHICH TO CONTINUALLY ASSESS PROGRAMS AND ALLOCATE BOTH INVESTMENT AND OPERATING FUNDS AS WELL AS RESEARCH MONEY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highway safety KW - Investments KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Operating revenues UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454877 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Motorcycle Safety: Helmet Effectiveness (Video) PY - 1969 AB - This video discusses the role of motorcycle helmets in reducing the severity of motorcycle injuries. It reports on a study conducted in Los Angeles entitled "Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures." KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Motorcyclists UR - http://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava07879vnb1 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453169 JO - Annual Review of Pharmacology PB - Annual Reviews Incorporated AU - Forney, R B AU - Harger, R N AU - Annual Reviews Incorporated TI - TOXICOLOGY OF ETHANOL PY - 1969 VL - 9 SP - p. 379-392 AB - The rate of disappearance of ethanol from the entire body is usually expressed as mg/kg per hr, which has been designated B sub 60. For humans the average B sub 60 is about 100. It is fairly constant for a given person but varies among individuals, with extremes of about 50 and 200. Essentially the same information may be obtained from the slope of the curve for blood ethanol concentration, which like B sub 60, is a straight line. This is the Widmark Beta factor. It is now expressed as mg percent per hr, and designated as Beta sub 60. For humans the average Beta sub 60 is about 15, with extremes of 10 to 20. This paper considers certain chemicals (drugs) which offer promise of altering B sub 60 and Beta sub 60, and two other procedures of perhaps dubious efficacy. Both live animal and human subject tests were performed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drugs KW - Ethanol KW - Experiments KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory animals KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393735 AU - Cromack, J R AU - Southwest Research Institute TI - PERFORMANCE OF ANTHROPOMETRIC DUMMIES IN AUTOMOBILE/GUARDRAIL IMPACT TESTS PY - 1969 SP - 39 p. AB - Seven biodynamic tests were conducted using an anthropometric dummy in staged full-scale automobile/guardrail crashes. The dummy was instrumented with accelerometers to measure chest cavity decelerations, and force transducers to measure restraint belt forces. Interior and exterior high-speed movies were taken. The research objectives to familiarize key personnel with essential skills and techniques, and develop specialized instrumentation (restraint belt load cells, switching and balancing units, signal amplifiers) were met. Shoulder harness and lap belt restraints were observed to be particularly effective in rollover accidents. A major observed hazard was the door header on the struck side of the vehicle; head contact occurred in all cases of vehicle redirection. Another observed hazard was the flailing of dummy extremities, particularly in rollover. There was little contact with the steering wheel due to upper body restraint. Interior protrusions on older model cars are hazardous, particularly certain types of sheet metal arm rests. Another potential hazard in a redirection type accident is the partially open window which could act as a knife against the head. The interior movies show that use of occupant restraints undoubtedly helps prevent ejection and reduces the injury potential of the vehicle interior. Additional research is needed to develop a method for determining occupant forces against the door and the car lateral forces against a guardrail, and to determine the level of human tolerance to lateral dynamic forces. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rollover crashes KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221445 AU - Lunn, E E AU - Mela, D F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTRIBUTION OF INCREASED CRASH SPEEDS TO MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES IN VIRGINIA, 1961-1967 PY - 1969 AB - USING 1961 AS THE BASE YEAR, DATA ON CRASHES, SPEED, AND FATAL CRASH INVOLVEMENT OF DRIVERS WERE EXAMINED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE INCREASING PROPORTION OF HIGH SPEED CRASHES WAS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACT IN THE GROWTH OF MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS IN VIRGINIA FOR THE YEARS 1961-1967, ACCOUNTING FOR OVER ONE-HALF OF THE INCREASE IN DRIVER FATAL INVOLVEMENTS. DATA ARE PRESENTED IN TABLES, GRAPHS, AND CHARTS. /HSL/ KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Speed KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453136 AU - Raeder, P K AU - Kuziomko, L AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ATTITUDES TOWARD SEAT BELTS AND SHOULDER RESTRAINTS PY - 1968/12 SP - 18 p. AB - Analysis of 2,700 questionnaire replies received from owners of vehicles equipped with seat belts revealed that although over 90% of the respondents believe seat belts are an effective safety device, only 34% say they use the belts all the time. The main reasons given for non-use were forgetfulness, inconvenience and belief that seat belts are not necessary in all situations. The majority of complaints voiced about seat belt operation and design could be solved through the installation of properly designed retractors. When asked if the law should require seat belt use, 35% of the respondents replied in the affirmative, while 34% disagreed. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Questionnaires KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453144 AU - Riley, R K AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN EVALUATION OF FATAL ACCIDENTS IN NEW YORK STATE INVOLVING DRINKING DRIVERS 20 YEARS OLD AND YOUNGER PY - 1968/12 SP - 9 p. AB - As a preliminary effort in evaluating the role of use of alcohol by drivers 18, 19 and 20 years of age, fatal accident cases for the year 1967 were obtained. Of the 2,595 fatal accident cases in 1967, 131 were outcharged and thus not available to us, leaving 2,464 for study purposes. These cases were studied to determine the possible effect on accident involvement of use of alcohol. Fatal accident cases were used because they are of a manageable number and also typically have fairly comprehensive case files including police, medical and hearing reports. Based on general files information and analysis of the fatal accident cases for 1967, we have found the following: (1) Of the 2,464 fatal accident cases studied, 331, or 13.43%, involved apparent use of alcohol by one or more drivers; (2) Of the 331 cases, 72, or 21.75%, involved drivers 20 years of age or younger who apparently had been drinking; (3) Drivers aged 18, 19 and 20 comprise 6.49% of the total driving population; (4) This group comprises 20.81% of all drinking drivers involved in fatal accidents; (5) Drivers aged 21 and over comprise 93.51% of the total driving population; (6) This group comprises 79.19% of all drinking drivers involved in a fatal accident; (7) Of the total of 72 young drivers involved in a fatal accident in 1967 after consumption of alcoholic beverages, 10, or 13.89% were from bordering States or Canada; and (8) Of the total of 331 fatal cases, only one case involved use of marijuana, concurrently with alcohol, by a male motorcycle operator, age 27. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Marijuana KW - New York (State) KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220666 AU - Champion, G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATED DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS-VOLUME I: VEHICLE INSPECTION, FINAL REPORT-PHASE II PY - 1968/11/28 AB - THE PRESENT PROCEDURES, COST, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMATED DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT FOR THE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PROCESS ARE DOCUMENTED AND EVALUATED AND AN APPROPRIATE COST MODEL OF THE INCREASINGLY EXTENSIVE USE OF SUCH EQUIPMENT IS DEVELOPED. THE COST MODEL IS USED FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF COST DATA AND OTHER PARAMETERS, AND THE VARIOUS INSPECTION SYSTEMS HYPOTHESIZED DURING THE STUDY ARE EVALUATED FOR COST EFFECTIVENESS. THE SAFETY MODEL EVALUATES THE EFFECT OF AN INSPECTION SYSTEM IN REDUCING THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE VEHICLE COMPONENTS. THE EFFICIENCY MODEL DETERMINES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIVIDUAL TESTS OR GROUPS OF TESTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automation KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equipment KW - Inspection KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sensitivity KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223034 AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Incorporated AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of California, Los Angeles TI - VEHICLE REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS PY - 1968/10/29 AB - FOUR CONTRACTORS CONDUCTED INDEPENDENT STUDIES TO DEVELOP DATA, CRITERIA, AND PROCEDURES FOR UNIFORM SAFETY STANDARDS TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLE REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS. REPRESENTED IN THIS RESEARCH TEAM WAS TECHNICAL EXPERTISE IN THE AREAS OF: (1) LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF OPTICS AND PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF LIGHT AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS, (2) SIMULATORS AND DRIVING SIMULATION, (3) FIELD AND ROAD TESTING AND EVALUATION OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS, AND (4) COMPLEX SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. RESULTS SHOW AGREEMENT ON THE FOLLOWING FINDINGS: (1) SEPARATION OF FUNCTION AMONG STOP, RUNNING, AND TURN SIGNALS SHOULD PROVIDE SIGNIFICANT PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT, (2) STANDARDIZATION IN SIZE, SHAPE, LOCATION, FUNCTION OF A FIXED ARRAY OF LIGHTS FOR MOST VEHICLES MAY BE POSSIBLE, (3) REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS SHOULD HAVE A MULTI-INTENSITY CAPABILITY, WITH THE HIGHER INTENSITIES FOR USE UNDER HIGH AMBIENT ILLUMINATION CONDITIONS, (4) THE USE OF COLORS AS A PRIMARY CODING DIMENSION IS NOT A GOOD CHOICE, (5) THE EARLY WARNING LIGHT PRINCIPLE REQUIRES FURTHER INVESTIGATION, AND (6) THE PRINCIPLE OF REDUNDANCY SHOULD BE USED IN THE CODING OF SIGNAL LIGHTS. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Color KW - Driving simulators KW - Intensity KW - Lighting KW - Motor vehicles KW - Optics KW - Photometry KW - Redundancy KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Systems analysis KW - Taillamps KW - Training simulators KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220671 AU - Dimling, J A AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING AND PERFORMANCE-VOLUME II: SURVEY OF STATE PRACTICES PY - 1968/10 AB - THE REPORT CONTAINS THE FINDINGS OF AN INTENSIVE SURVEY OF THE DRIVER LICENSING, DRIVER IMPROVEMENT, AND DRIVER RECORD KEEPING PRACTICES OF THE 50 STATES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Records KW - Records management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453170 AU - Raeder, P K AU - Gerstle, W J AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - New York State Department of Civil Service TI - MEASUREMENT OF NIGHT VISION. JOINT RESEARCH STUDY PROPOSAL PY - 1968/07 SP - 6 p. AB - This publication presents a proposal by the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles Research Bureau in conjunction with the Department of Civil Service Employee Health Service to utilize a Recording Nyctometer to test the visual ability of 10,000 individuals under night driving conditions. The object of this study is to gather needed data concerning population norms and deviations on which a workable night vision standard can be based, and to determine the feasibility of administering night vision tests on a mass basis. An appendix to the proposal describes the Recording Nyctometer, giving information relative to its cost and availability. KW - Availability KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Night vision KW - Proposals KW - Standards KW - Supply KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452410 AU - Joyce, J J AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - New York State Optometric Association TI - A STUDY OF VISION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SAMPLE OF CLIENTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ISSUING OFFICES IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1968/06 SP - 17 p. AB - A series of vision testing clinics were conducted as part of the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles' efforts to develop more effective driver control programs. The New York State Optometric Association provided the necessary technical guidance and advice, and the personnel conducted the actual testing. Vision factors tested were: visual acuity; horizontal field of vision; fusion; depth perception; and resistance to glare. A total of 1,061 individuals volunteered to be tested. Although anonymity was permitted, 214 examinees volunteered their names and addresses, enabling their driving records to be traced to determine the relationship between accident and violation experience and vision test failure. The results of all but the glare recovery tests are presented in this report. KW - Depth perception KW - Driver records KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Fusion KW - Glare KW - Testing KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453143 AU - Delain, G E AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT (TEST ON DRIVING RISKS) PY - 1968/05 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the test on driving risks as an educational device for use in mass driver improvement clinics. It also evaluates the driving risk approach to driver re-education. The conclusion of this study was that the test on driving risks is not appropriate for the mass driver improvement clinic. The full potential of a revised risk test could be better realized in a small group clinic of a longer duration--perhaps multiple sessions. Serious consideration should be given to replacing the clinic requiring physical presence with programmed instruction material specifically designed to be mailed to the driver's home. The driver would complete the course at home and return his answer sheet by mail to the department where it could be machine scored and appropriate follow-up action taken. KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driving tests KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - New York (State) KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453135 AU - Delain, G E AU - Ginett, B J AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN ANALYSIS OF CONVICTIONS AND ACCIDENTS BASED ON DATA IN THE DRIVER MASTER RECORD. PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1968/04 SP - 11 p. AB - In March, 1968 the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles had accumulated two years of data on convictions and accidents. They began a program for tabulating this data which was completed in March, 1968 in order to evaluate the relationship between concurrent accident and conviction records. The analysis provided a foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of the point system in identifying drivers with a high accident involvement potential and for examining the feasibility and desirability of using accident involvement as a selection criterion for some form of driver improvement action. It was concluded that the point system was neither a sufficient nor reliable predictor of accident involvement. It was also concluded that accident involvement was neither a sufficient nor reliable predictor of subsequent accident involvement. The study also concluded that if all of the half-million drivers that are involved in accidents in New York State every year could be identified before they had these accidents, economic limitations are such that the Department would be unable to process them through any personal contact driver improvement program. They could only be reached through public education programs. KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Point demerit systems KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00223036 AU - National Education Association TI - STUDY OF SCHOOL BUS SAFETY PY - 1968/03/11 AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DEVELOP BASE INFORMATION FROM WHICH POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY COULD BE CHARTED. THE FOLLOWING MAJOR NEEDS WERE IDENTIFIED: (1) STANDARDIZED ACCIDENT REPORTING AND RECORDING SYSTEMS, (2) SCIENTIFICALLY BASED PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING AND RESPONSIVE CURRICULUM FOR TRAINING SCHOOL BUS OPERATORS, (3) SCIENTIFICALLY BASED SYSTEM TO EVALUATE SCHOOL BUS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, AND (4) STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLEET CHARACTERISTICS, VEHICLE INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND FEEDBACK. BETTER ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMS IS SUGGESTED. PUPIL INSTRUCTION ON SAFETY INFORMATION IS SUGGESTED. KW - Administration KW - Adolescents KW - Crash reports KW - Driver training KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Minors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety education KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Schools KW - Standardization KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452409 AU - Delain, G E AU - Kuziomko, L AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - 1966 STATE EMPLOYEES ACCIDENTS--ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING STATE-OWNED PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1968/01 SP - 45 p. AB - On March 25, 1961, Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller established the State Employee Traffic Safety Program. His executive order directed the head of each State department or agency to designate an agency accident review officer who would be responsible for obtaining relevant information on accidents involving State-owned passenger vehicles operated by employees of the department or agency and transmitting this information to the Accident Review Committee. The executive order designates the composition and duties of this Committee and further provides that the Division of Research and Development of the Department of Motor Vehicles shall analyze the accident cases reviewed by the Committee and submit periodic reports to the Committee. This report is the fourth submitted to the Committee. In the present report, the analysis of state-owned vehicle accident is divided into four areas: The Accident Setting, The Accident, The Distribution of Accidents Among State Agencies, and The State Driver and His Role in State-Owned Passenger Vehicle Accidents. Accident cases provided to the Division of Research by the Accident Review Committee indicate a total of 246 state-owned passenger vehicles assigned to fourteen departments were involved in 263 accidents in 1966. Seventeen passenger vehicles were involved in two accidents. Two accidents were fatal, 46 involved personal injury, and 115 involved property damage in excess of $100. KW - Crash investigation KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Loss and damage KW - New York (State) KW - Physical distribution KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - State government KW - State-owned vehicles KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495327 JO - Journal of Chromatography PB - Elsevier AU - Elsevier TI - THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF HYDROCARBONS AND ALCOHOLS PY - 1968 VL - 34 SP - p. 389-391 AB - An experiment is reported in which the effect of lithium chloride dissolved in Carbowax 400 on the retention times on n-alkanes, alcohols, and benzene was examined and related to the change in the stationary phase containing the dissolved electrolyte. A Fractovap GV chromatograph equipped with a filament detector and steel columns was used. The effects of the added lithium chloride on retention times with respect to benzene are tabulated, and other study results are presented and discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Electrolytes KW - Gas chromatography KW - Gas-liquid chromatography KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Liquid chromatography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308934 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495323 JO - Analytical Chemistry PB - American Chemical Society AU - Freund, G AU - American Chemical Society TI - EXCHANGEABLE INJECTION PORT CARTRIDGE FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES IN AQUEOUS FLUIDS PY - 1967/04 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - p. 545-546 AB - Blood tests are described, and it is noted how volatile substances in liquid biological samples frequently require preliminary separation procedures preceding gas chromatographic analysis. Equilibration of liquid with the gas phase outside the gas chromatograph, fractional distillation, solvent extraction, or water-retaining precolumns have been used to overcome these difficulties with variable success. This article describes an exchangeable cartridge in the column entrance permitting direct on-column injection of biological samples. The exchangeable cartridge design facilities continuous operation and easy cleaning. This makes it practical to have small interior cartridge dimensions, which facilitate uniform heating of the injecting needle, minimal dilution of the sample by carrier gas, and rapid charring and retention of organic material. The results of the study are discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Gas chromatography KW - Testing equipment KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452421 AU - MOORE, J O AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ANALYSIS OF THE INTERIM REPORT NEW YORK STATE SAFETY CAR FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1966/06/15 SP - 19 p. AB - This document presents an analysis of the Interim Report on the New York State Safety Car Feasibility Study. The Commissioner of Motor Vehicles assigned Department staff to plan and program the feasibility study. This involved: (a) Definition of specific study tasks and goals; (b) Preliminary scheduling of study stages; (c) Notification of potential and qualified research contractors; and (d) Review of proposals and bids for private research support for the study. The Interim Report concentrates on the safety of car occupants when a crash occurs. Consideration is given to designing a vehicle for use on present highways, in current traffic systems and in the conventional enforcement environment as well as those projected for 25 years hence. Emphasis is placed on engineering technology rather than time-consuming basic research. The initial study confirms earlier views that it is possible to achieve impressive safety improvements if the initial design of the vehicle would begin with safety as an item of consideration equal in importance with engine performance and body styling. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - New York (State) KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Safety vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267401 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495324 JO - Anesthesiology PB - Lippincott (JB) Company AU - Yamanura, H AU - Wakasugi, B AU - Sato, S AU - Takebe, Y AU - Lippincott (JB) Company TI - GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF INHALATION ANESTHETICS IN WHOLE BLOOD BY AN EQUILIBRATION METHOD PY - 1966/05 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 311-317 AB - A gas chromatographic procedure for the quantitative analysis of the inhalation anesthetics in blood was devised. A blood sample was equilibrated in 10 ml. or 20 ml. glass vial. After equilibration 1 ml. of the gas in the vial was introduced into a gas chromatograph and the anesthetic concentration in blood was measured from that in gas phase by means of a calibration curve prepared from appropriate standards. A thermal conductivity detector was used for the analysis of nitrous oxide, cyclopropane and ether, while a flame ionization detector was used for halothane, methoxyflurane and low concentration of ether. Concentrations in blood of inhalation anesthetics now available can be measured accurately by this method. KW - Anesthesia KW - Anesthetics KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Gas chromatography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452397 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY NEW YORK STATE SAFETY CAR PROJECT PY - 1966/05 SP - 58 p. AB - The is a bibliography current through 1966, of the New York State safety car project covering: air conditioning bodies, brakes and braking, chassis, control, crash and crash injury research, cushioning, doors and latches, driver behavior including effects of alcohol, fatigue, illness and smoking, driver characteristics including age and vision, driver psychology, electrical systems, engines, exhausts, fenders, flotation, fuel consumption and system, glass, helmets, highway research, human engineering, ignition, impact testing, inspection, instrument panel, lighting, metals, pedestrian protection, safety belts and restraints, safety cars, safety design, devices and standards, seats, shock absorbers, size, speed and speed governors, springs, stability, steering assembly, structural materials, testing, tires, traffic accidents and safety, transmissions, turn signals, visibility, vision, windshields, and an author index. KW - Bibliographies KW - New York (State) KW - Safety vehicles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452398 AU - Arrington, W S AU - Gerhard, F B AU - Katz, J L AU - Bostick, C W AU - Scott, B Y AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - NYDAP: NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAM PY - 1966/01 SP - 51 p. AB - This report describes a computer program to calculate means, standard deviations, correlation coefficients and the associated t values and significance levels. Such computations can be done for a maximum of 140 variables. It is necessary that variables treated in this manner be continuous (i.e., sequential) in nature. For discrete (i.e., non-continuous) variables to which the above analysis does not apply, frequency distributions (i.e., counts) and chi square values can be obtained. These computations can be done for a maximum of 115 discrete variables. There is, at present, no provision for any correlation between continuous and discrete variables. This means, in effect, that biserial, triserial, etc., correlation cannot be done. The program requires a 1410 or 7010 computer with at least 60,000 positions of core storage and seven magnetic tape units. If more core storage is available, the number of variables that can be processed may be increased. With the exception of three Autocoder subroutines, the program is written entirely in Fortran IV. This will facilitate modification for use on other computers. KW - Arithmetic mean KW - Coefficients KW - Computer programs KW - Correlation analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Digital computers KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Standard deviation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267380 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453163 JO - Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Wright, B M AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - INFLUENCE OF BREATH TEMPERATURE ON BLOOD ALCOHOL DETERMINATION BY BREATH ANALYSIS PY - 1966 VL - 27 SP - p. 112-115 AB - The author is giving his response to a paper by the same title and published in this journal (V26, pp. 371-377, 1965). Comments by the author of the original paper are also included. The response and comments are concerned with the flame ionization detector, the design of the original experiment, and the importance of mouth temperature as a factor in the breath-alcohol relationship. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Detectors KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Experiments KW - Flame ionization detector KW - Human subject testing KW - Ionization KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453137 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN AUTOMOBILE DESIGN SAFETY CHECK LIST PY - 1965/11/15 SP - 49 p. AB - This check list is a list of known and alleged hazards and safety problems of automobiles which are amenable to correction or improvement by design of the automobile. The list includes types of hazards which arise in connection with many types of usage of automobiles, including non-operating usage. In general, two types of response are implied for each item on the list. A positive response would be one indicating that an item has been covered, in which event a statement can be made as to the degree of safety provided and the safety rationale employed. If a negative response is made the designer is encouraged to state the reasoning in some depth. Items are grouped within the following categories: accident prevention; occupant crash injury prevention; pedestrian injury prevention; hazards in post-crash environment; and nonoperating hazards. Some listed hazards may appear to conflict with each other, possible corrections of one hazard implying an increased hazard in another area. In such cases reasoning which recognizes conflicts and explains balancing of factors should be given. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Environment KW - Hazards KW - New York (State) KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453134 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TRUCKS FEBRUARY 1963 THROUGH JANUARY 1964 PY - 1965 SP - 8 p. AB - This report contains statistical data on accidents involving trucks for the period February 1963 through January 1964. Trucks, representing slightly more than 10% of all vehicles registered in New York State in 1963, were involved in more than 13% of all accidents, resulting in nearly 15% of the deaths and nearly 9% of all injuries on New York State's highways. The number of accidents and deaths, while seemingly out of proportion to the number of vehicles registered, may not be as severe a problem if consideration is given to the possibility that this type of vehicle is driven many more miles each year than most other types of vehicles. Collision with another motor vehicle accounted for over 80% of all accidents involving trucks as well as all types of vehicles. The great majority of drivers involved in truck accidents were concentrated in the two age groups covering 30 to 49 years. Other statistics in this report give data on day of week, hour of day, contributing circumstances, and light, weather and road conditions. KW - Age KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - New York (State) KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453166 JO - Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Legge, D AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THE INFLUENCE OF BREATH TEMPERATURE ON ASSESSMENTS OF BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL BY BREATH ANALYSIS PY - 1965 VL - 26 SP - p. 371-377 AB - Simultaneous measurements of breath alcohol and breath temperature were made in 10 human subjects during the course of several expirations. Breath alcohol concentrations were found to increase during expiration (mean 22.6%). This increase was not generally correlated with increase in breath temperature. Based on assumed values for the partition constant, increases in breath alcohol were predicted from the observed changes in breath temperature. These predicted values (mean 7.16%, median 6.8%) were generally smaller than the observed values (mean 22.6%, median 20.5%). The extent to which the observed rises in breath alcohol may be attributed to the rises in breath temperature decreases as the rise in breath alcohol increases. For most subjects, change in breath temperature does not provide an adequate explanation of change in breath alcohol during a single expiration. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Detectors KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Experiments KW - Flame ionization detector KW - Human subject testing KW - Ionization KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270936 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495326 JO - Analytical Chemistry PB - American Chemical Society AU - American Chemical Society TI - INDIUM ENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUE FOR INTRODUCING WEIGHED SAMPLES IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PY - 1964/07 VL - 36 SP - p. 1686-88 AB - To ensure representative sampling, it is described how an indium encapsulation technique originally developed for mass spectrometry has been adapted for gas chromatography. Indium encapsulation is faster and easier than glass encapsultion; it avoids the flame sealing and the larger vaporization chamber usually required with glass encapsulation. The experimental details are described, and study results are discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Gas chromatography KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308933 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453167 JO - BMJ PB - British Medical Association AU - Begg, T B AU - Hill, I D AU - Nickolls, L C AU - British Medical Association TI - BREATHALYZER AND KITAGAWA-WRIGHT METHODS OF MEASURING BREATH ALCOHOL PY - 1964/01/14 VL - 1 SP - p. 9-15 AB - Breath-alcohol levels reflect blood-alcohol levels, since an equilibrium exists between pulmonary blood and alveolar air. Three methods of estimating breath alcohol have been studied: the breathalyzer using samples collected directly, the breathalyzer using samples stored in plastic bags, and the Kitagawa-Wright method. Various doses of distilled spirits were given to 18 healthy young men and the alcohol content of their alveolar air was measured each half-hour for several hours, using the three methods; venous blood was also analysed chemically for alcohol on three occasions in each subject, by the Nickolls method, at times when the arteriovenous difference would be negligible. All three methods of breath analysis were suitable for practical use, the readings were reproducible, and they correlated well with blood analysis. Experiments showed that the error in breath-alcohol readings due to alcohol in the mouth was negligible 15 minutes after the drink. The merits of breath-alcohol analysis and of the breathalyzer, breathalyzer bags, and Kitagawa-Wright instrument are discussed. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Experiments KW - Human subject testing KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453147 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT SEVERITY. JANUARY TO OCTOBER 1963 PY - 1964 SP - 4 p. AB - This bulletin on motor vehicle accident severity in New York State for January to October 1963 provides statistics which show that non-fatal accidents involving three or less persons accounted for 94.3% of all non-fatal accidents and 81.7% of all those injured, and that fatal accidents involving three or less persons accounted for 63.2% of all fatal accidents and 38.1% of all fatalities. Fatal accidents peaked at two and three persons involved in accidents, while non-fatal accidents in which only one person was involved were by far the most frequent. KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - New York (State) KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452389 AU - Duritz, G AU - Truitt, E B AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - A RAPID METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ACETALDEHYDE AND ETHANOL IN BLOOD USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PY - 1964 SP - 13 p. AB - A simple, rapid, specific and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of blood levels of acetaldehyde (AcH) and ethanol (EtOH) by gas chromatography is described. Air samples equilibrated with blood were used rather than actual blood samples. A programmed temperature gas chromatograph with a hydrogen flame ionization attachment was used with a 1-mv. recorder. The operating procedures are described. Ethanol standards were prepared by diluting 1 g. of absolute ethanol to 50 ml. with distilled water. Volumetric dilutions of this solution with either distilled water or human blood provided EtOH standards of 2, 1, and 0.5 mg. per ml. Standard solutions of AcH were prepared by diluting 1 g. of AcH to 50 ml. with distilled water. Volumetric dilutions of this solution provided AcH standards of 20, 10 and 5 g. per ml. The reference standard solutions were equilibrated for 15 min. at 55 degrees C and injected periodically throughout the experiments. If endogenous EtOH was to be determined, a standard of 0.2 mg. per ml. was used and the attenuation changed to 1. The deproteinizing solutions used were 5% ZnSO4.6H2O and 0.3N Ba(OH)2. Standard and unknown samples were determined by identical procedures. Blood was obtained from rats either by direct cardiac puncture or by decapitation. No difference in levels was noted between these two methods. Degradation of AcH but not EtOH occurred in whole blood samples incubated at 37 or 55 degrees C. This was prevented by alkaline deproteinization of the samples but not by HgCl2 (1 times .0001 M). Following alkaline deproteinization, cold storage (5 degrees C) of samples was shown to be effective for 3 days in preserving initial AcH and EtOH levels. Solutions of lactic acid and pyruvic acid, equal to the normal blood concentrations of these metabolites, could not be detected. Solutions of acetone could be detected but its retention time lies half way between that of AcH and EtOH and its presence would not interfere with this method. The relative retention time of 6 volatile substances which have been encountered in human intoxication (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone, methanol, isopropanol and n-propanol) were determined and no interference with AcH or EtOH determination could be demonstrated. The methods previously available for the determination of AcH are discussed and it is concluded that the gas chromatographic method described offers the rapidity, reliability and specificity that have been deficient in some older procedures. KW - Acetaldehydes KW - Aldehydes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Ethanol KW - Gas chromatography KW - Rapid methods KW - Samples KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452395 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Coldwell, B B AU - Grant, G L AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF THE BREATHALYZER PY - 1963 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 149-162 AB - The student of Breathalyzer literature finds most writers agree that the accuracy of the instrument is unaffected by changes in a number of instrumental and environmental factors, provided the variations are within certain specified limits. However, there is little published data supporting these statements. For this reason, and because one of the authors frequently appears in court as an expert witness in cases where the results of breath tests are presented in evidence, it was decided to study these factors at first hand. The results of these investigations are given as follows: variation in composition of ampoule solution; disappearance of mouth alcohol; effect of ampoule temperature; ampoule solution volume; reaction with various volatiles; accuracy of breathalyzer scale; and, reproducibility. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Litigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453150 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1962 PY - 1963 SP - 12 p. AB - This publication contains statistics on motorcycle accidents in New York State in 1962. Motorcycle accidents in New York State accounted for 32 deaths and 1,226 injuries during 1962. They accounted for a disproportionately higher percentage of deaths and injuries compared to total vehicles registered. Additional data are presented with regard to age and sex, accident type, contributing circumstances, light and weather conditions, road conditions, hour of the day, and day of the week. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - New York (State) KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495325 JO - Analytical Chemistry PB - American Chemical Society AU - Bassette, R AU - Ozeris, S AU - Witnah, C H AU - American Chemical Society TI - GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF HEAD SPACE GAS OF DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS PY - 1962/11 VL - 34 SP - p. 1540-43 AB - Enrichment of head space gas in sulfides, carbonyls, esters, and alcohols prior to chromatographic analyses was accomplished by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate salt to dilute aqueous solutions. It was possible to analyze head space gas from aqueous solutions below the 1 p.p.m. level. In addition to retention times, evidence for identification of these trace organic compounds was obtained by eliminating peaks with selective qualitative reagents. Evidence for the identification of the 18 components of a complex mixture of sulfides, carbonyls, esters, and alcohols at the 1 p.p.m. carbonyls was made to establish the limits of sensitivity of the method. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Gas chromatography KW - Test procedures KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452396 AU - Dubowski, K M AU - British Medical Association TI - UNSETTLED ISSUES AND PRACTICES IN CHEMICAL TESTING FOR ALCOHOL PY - 1962 SP - 9 p. AB - It is the stated purpose of this paper to list some of the more significant unsettled problems and practices in chemical alcohol testing, with no attempts to suggest answers. These problems are broken into three categories. First, are problems relating to specimens for alcohol analysis, including skin disinjection and specimen treatment and preservation. Second, are problems relating to alcohol determination, covering blood and body-liquid alcohol analysis, breath alcohol analysis, necessary scientific safeguards, scientific basis of breath alcohol analysis, and blood/breath alcohol correlations. Finally, there are problems in the interpretation and application of alcohol analysis results, including blood alcohol clearance phenomena, alcohol metabolism in diabetic subjects, nomenclature of alcohol concentration reports, and normal body alcohol. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Problem identification KW - Specimens KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452388 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Dubowski, K M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NECESSARY SCIENTIFIC SAFEGUARDS IN BREATH ALCOHOL ANALYSIS PY - 1960/10 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 422-433 AB - Necessary scientific safeguards in breath alcohol analysis comprise those precautions, measures and operations which are required to produce, establish and maintain adequate technical reliability and to safeguard the probative value of a breath alcohol analysis. The major elements of any breath alcohol analysis include (1) the scientific principles underlying the test method, procedure, and practices, (2) operator competency, skill and performance, (3) apparatus and equipment, including reagents and all other components, (4) analysis procedure and performance, (5) samples, and (6) records. Each component element of the system must be valid, reliable and inherently acceptable in order for the entire breath alcohol analysis system to be capable of producing consistently proper results. Those necessary measures which collectively insure consistently obtaining such results, or otherwise prevent carrying out of the analysis, constitute the necessary scientific safeguards for the purposes of this paper. This discussion is carried out under the subheadings: combined system testing--covering equilibrator standardization; practical programs for scientific safeguard implementation--outlining a minimally acceptable program; identification of tested subjects and test conditions; and, special scientific safeguard techniques--including sampling and reagents. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Samples KW - Scientific method KW - Standards KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270689 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453158 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - Friedemann, T E AU - Dubowski, K M AU - American Medical Association TI - CHEMICAL TESTING PROCEDURES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL PY - 1959/05/02 VL - 170 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-71 AB - This article considers the various chemical testing procedures to establish the presence or absence of alcohol in the body, to determine the concentration in body fluids and tissues, to permit calculation of the approximate total quantity of alcohol in the body, and to furnish the basis for calculation of the approximate volume of alcoholic liquor or beverage which may have been ingested within some hours prior to collection of the sample. The existing methods, although large in number, fall into two categories: laboratory tests, applied principally to the analysis of blood, urine, and saliva; on-the-spot tests applied to the analysis of exhaled breath. Both categories of methods require not only understanding of the chemical principles but also skill in the chemical and instrumental manipulations. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Chemical analysis KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor skills KW - Saliva KW - Test procedures KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394074 AU - Eiband, A M AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration TI - HUMAN TOLERANCE TO RAPIDLY APPLIED ACCELERATIONS: A SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE (BODY RESTRAINTS) PY - 1959 SP - 96 p. AB - Pertinent human and animal experiments applicable to space flight and crash impact forces are analyzed in this survey of the literature on human tolerance to rapidly applied accelerations. Human tolerance to sudden acceleration depends on the direction in which the accelerating force is applied to the body, the magnitude of the accelerating force, how long the accelerating force is applied, how rapidly the accelerating force is applied, and how the occupant's body is supported during acceleration. Using a trapezoidal pulse of seat or platform acceleration to compare data, it is shown that adequate torso and extremity restraint is the primary variable in tolerance to rapidly applied accelerations. The harness or restraint system must be arranged to transmit the major portion of the accelerating force directly to the pelvic structure and not via the vertebral column. When conditions of adequate restraint have been met, other variables such as direction, magnitude, and onset rate of rapidly applied accelerations govern maximum tolerance and injury limits. Adequately stressed, aft-faced passenger seats offer maximum complete body support with minimum objectionable harnessing. Such a seat, whether designed for 20-, 30-, or 40-G dynamic loading, would include a lap strap, chest (axillary) strap, and winged-back seat to increase headward and lateral G protection; a full-height integral head rest; arm rests (load-bearing) with recessed hand-holds and provisions to prevent arms from slipping either laterally or beyond the seat back; and leg support to keep legs from being wedged under the seat. For crew members and others whose duties require forward-facing seats, maximum complete body support requires lap, shoulder, and thigh straps; a lap-belt tie-down strap; and a full-height seat back with integral head support. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Animals KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Headrests KW - Human beings KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416129 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: STEERING COLUMN AND INTRUSION ANALYSIS PY - 1956/07 SP - 100 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Steering gears UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/227473 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495322 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Truitt, E B AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ETHANOL-INDUCED RELEASE OF ACETALDEHYDE FROM BLOOD AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DETERMINATION OF ACETALDEHYDE PY - 1956/03 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-12 AB - The details of the methodology of the study are described, and the results are discussed. The measurement of acetaldehyde in precipitated blood seemed to be complicated by the production of acetaldehyde from a nonethanol source. It was also found that the Stotz colorimetric procedure does not liberate significant amounts of acetaldehyde if the precipitated blood is promptly distilled because the precipitate is separated before raising the temperature in distillation. The findings indicate that further refinement in methods will be required before accurate estimation of the amounts of acetaldehyde produced in blood by ethanol metabolism is possible. KW - Accuracy KW - Acetaldehyde KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Aldehydes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Ethanol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308929 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495321 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Harger, R N AU - Forney, R B AU - Baker, R S AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ESTIMATION OF THE LEVEL OF BLOOD ALCOHOL FROM ANALYSIS OF BREATH. II. USE OF REBREATHED AIR PY - 1956/03 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-18 AB - Alcohol analyses were conducted with rebreathed air, finger-tip capillary blood, and cubital-vein blood from 31 human subjects, with the three samples taken almost simultaneously 1, 2, and 3 hours after ingestion of whisky. Details of the study are described and the results are discussed. It was found that during the first 70 minutes after drinking, the alcohol level of capillary blood averaged 7.5 % above that of venous blood, and was 15 to 22 % higher in 7 of the 34 pairs of samples. Later samples showed no significant difference between blood from these two sources. It is noted that for estimating blood alcohol level, the rebreathed air method is definitely an improvement over Drunkometer methods. With the rebreathed air procedure, a determination of breath carbon dioxide is unnecessary. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495319 JO - Diabetes PB - American Diabetes Association AU - Henderson, M J AU - Karger, B A AU - Wrenshall, GAW AU - American Diabetes Association TI - ACETONE IN THE BREATH PY - 1952/05 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - p. 188-200 AB - Acetone exhalation in human subjects was investigated using a collection method dependent on the condensation of exhaled vapors in liquid air traps, and subsequesnt analysis of the condensate by chemical and mass spectrometry. It was found that normal nonfasting individuals were found to exhale demonstrable and fairly characteristic amounts of acetone. Diabetic nonfasting subjects were found to exhale significantly higher amounts of acetone with a much wider range of variation in values. These and other study findings are presented and discussed. KW - Acetates KW - Acetone KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Diabetics KW - Solvents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308926 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495320 JO - Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine PB - C.B. Mosby Company AU - Harger, R N AU - Forney, R B AU - Barnes, H B AU - C.B. Mosby Company TI - ESTIMATION OF THE LEVEL OF BLOOD ALCOHOL FROM ANALYSIS OF BREATH PY - 1950/08 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - p. 306-318 AB - Studies are reported of the distribution of alcohol between alveolar air, or rebreathed air, and blood of human subjects; the temperature at which the breath leaves the mouth was studied as well as the reliability of the breath alcohol-carbon dioxide ratio for predicting blood alcohol. The possible loss of alcohol from condensed moisture inside the balloon was studied, as well as correlation between alcohol, and alcohol in a given volume of ordinary expired air. Experimental details are described and the study results are discussed. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308927 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452392 JO - Journal of Biological Chemistry PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Harger, R N AU - Hulpieu, H R AU - Lamb, E B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE SPEED WITH WHICH VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY REACH EQUILIBRIUM IN THE STORAGE OF ETHYL ALCOHOL PY - 1937/09 VL - 120 IS - 2 SP - p. 689-704 AB - Determinations were made of the distribution of alcohol in various parts of the bodies of 53 dogs which had received alcohol orally or intravenously and were killed after certain time intervals. Where the period was 2 hours or 3 hours, intravenous and oral administration of 3 gm. of alcohol per kilo resulted in practically the same concentration ratios of alcohol in blood, stomach contents, stomach tissue, upper intestine, and lower intestine, about 5 percent of the administered alcohol being stored in the alimentary tract. These equilibrium values were still maintained when the period was extended to 12 hours. Following the oral administration of 3 gm. of alcohol per kilo, the unabsorbed alcohol, calculated as excess above equilibrium values for the alimentary tract, decreased from an average of 47.7 percent at 15 minutes to 1.0 percent at 3 hours. With 0.5 and 6.0 gm. per kilo, the unabsorbed alcohol at 1/2 hour averaged 6.2 and 49.1 percent respectively. Although the time intervals varied from 15 minutes to 12 hours, no changes were observed in the concentration relations of alcohol in blood, brain, and liver. The average ratios of alcohol concentrations found in the 53 dogs were (brain = 1), blood 1.17 plus or minus 0.09, and liver 0.91 plus or minus 0.07. With muscle there was a distinct lag during the 1st hour but equilibrium was attained within 3 hours, after which the muscle-brain ratio was 0.90 plus or minus 0.03. After equilibrium resulted, alcohol was stored in about the same proportion as the water content of the materials analyzed. The average ratios on this basis were (brain = 1), blood 1.18 plus or minus 0.08, liver 0.94 plus or minus 0.04, muscle 1.01 plus or minus 0.04, stomach contents 1.13 plus or minus 0.08, stomach tissue 0.93 plus or minus 0.06, upper intestine 0.97 plus or minus 0.03, and lower intestine 0.99 plus or minus 0.05. The spinal fluid-blood alcohol ratios of forty-six human subjects averaged 1.18 plus or minus 0.09. On the basis of average water content in these fluids, the recalculated alcohol ratio was spinal fluid-blood = 0.996. KW - Absorption KW - Animals KW - Body KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Ethanol KW - Physical distribution KW - Time intervals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451592 AU - Heise, H A AU - American Medical Association TI - ALCOHOL AND AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS PY - 1934 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper presents the results of a study made of the subjective and objective symptoms due to a consumption of alcohol correlated with chemical examination of the percent of alcohol in urine or blood. Also included is an analysis of 119 automobile accidents involving injury or death to 216 persons. The following conclusions are made: (1) Experiments indicate a measurable loss of efficiency and judgment, even when small amounts of alcohol are accumulated in the blood or urine; (2) Considering a person sober as long as he can still walk and talk is responsible for the small value of present day statistics regarding the relationship of alcohol to automobile accidents; (3) By analyzing consecutive accident cases involving injury and death, it is possible to throw light on the high incidence of weekend accidents and night accidents; (4) In this series the drinking pedestrian was concerned with many accidents; and (5) It is recommended that the chemical test for alcohol, which has been proven to be practical in confirming drunkenness and thus aiding in the conviction of drunken drivers, be adopted universally, at least to confirm the observations by physical examination. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Night KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urine KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01386138 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - A summary report of six demonstration projects to reduce alcohol-impaired driving among 21- to 34- year-old drivers SP - 35p AB - This report summarizes six projects designed to address impaired driving among 21- to 34-year-olds. The report is organized into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the background and initiation of the projects. The second chapter provides a summary of each project's purpose, underlying theory or model, setting, intervention, and evaluation techniques. The strategies were implemented in a variety of settings, using a number of innovative techniques for addressing and evaluating impaired driving interventions including social marketing concepts. The third chapter describes the characteristics of the interventions and promising practices. The fourth chapter discusses the process evaluation techniques that were applied and describes steps taken to develop, implement, and modify the impaired driving interventions. The fifth chapter is a summary of the document and provides explanation of the projects implications and utility for program planners. KW - Behavior KW - Drink driving KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Marketing KW - Marketing KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (human factors) KW - Usa KW - Young adults KW - Young driver UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01385190 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - A summary report of six demonstration projects to reduce alcohol-impaired driving among 21- to 34- year-old drivers SP - 35p AB - This report summarizes six projects designed to address impaired driving among 21- to 34-year-olds. The report is organized into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the background and initiation of the projects. The second chapter provides a summary of each project's purpose, underlying theory or model, setting, intervention, and evaluation techniques. The strategies were implemented in a variety of settings, using a number of innovative techniques for addressing and evaluating impaired driving interventions including social marketing concepts. The third chapter describes the characteristics of the interventions and promising practices. The fourth chapter discusses the process evaluation techniques that were applied and describes steps taken to develop, implement, and modify the impaired driving interventions. The fifth chapter is a summary of the document and provides explanation of the projects implications and utility for program planners. KW - Behavior KW - Drink driving KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Marketing KW - Marketing KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (human factors) KW - Usa KW - Young adults KW - Young driver UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152949 ER - TY - SER AN - 01336158 JO - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 21ST (ESV) INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD JUNE 2009, STUTTGART, GERMANY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - BOYRAZ, P AU - XUEBO, Y AU - SATHYANARAYANA, A AU - HANSEN, J H TI - Computer Vision Systems for 'Context-Aware' Active Vehicle Safety and Driver Assistance AB - The last decade has witnessed the introduction of several driver assistance and active safety systems in modern vehicles. Considering only systems that depend on computer vision, several independent applications have emerged such as lane tracking, road/traffic sign recognition, and pedestrian/vehicle detection. Although these methods can assist the driver for lane keeping, navigation, and collision avoidance with vehicles/pedestrians, conflict warnings of individual systems may expose the driver to greater risk due to information overload, especially in cluttered city driving conditions. As a solution to this problem, these individual systems can be combined to form an overall higher level of knowledge on traffic scenarios in real time. The integration of these computer vision modules for a 'context-aware' vehicle is desired to resolve conflicts between sub-systems as well as simplifying in-vehicle computer vision system design with a low cost approach. In this study, the video database is a subset of the UTDrive Corpus, which contains driver monitoring video, road scene video, driver audio capture and CAN-Bus modalities for vehicle dynamics. The corpus includes at present 77 drivers' realistic driving data under neutral and distracted conditions. In this study, a monocular colour camera output is used to serve as a single sensor for lane tracking and road sign recognition. Finally, higher level traffic scene analysis will be demonstrated, reporting on the integrated system in terms of reliability and accuracy. The full text of this paper may be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0266.pdf For the covering abstract see ITRD E145407. KW - Active safety system KW - Active safety systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Digital computer KW - Digital computers KW - Intelligent transport system KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Real time KW - Real time data processing KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1099769 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389171 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - AFTER THE CRASH PY - SP - p. 6-9 AB - This article gives helpful guidelines on action to be taken if one meets with an accident. Thus, the first thing to do is to stop if one is involved in an action and not drive away. Then, warn oncoming traffic of the accident, give first-aid to injured persons and move them only if their life is endangered at the location of the accident. This should be followed by notification of the police giving them all the pertinent information about the accident. Personal information should then be obtained from the other driver involved. It is important that one remains calm and does not discuss the details of the accident with anyone other than the police. Information that would be useful in case of legal action is listed. This includes personal data on the other driver, description and registration numbers of other cars, the damage involved, injuries to occupants, location of accident, witnesses, and police officers' names, badge numbers and departments. KW - Drivers KW - First aid KW - Loss and damage KW - Police KW - Registration KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452177 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM AGAINST SUSPENDED AND REVOKED DRIVERS PY - SP - 100 p. AB - To develop more effective countermeasures for the detection/prosecution of suspended/revoked drivers who continue to drive, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) contracted with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA) to examine and document procedures used by the State of Florida for the purpose of detecting and prosecuting these violations. Florida was selected because for those States reporting arrests for this offense Florida's arrest rate was the highest by far. In reviewing Florida's system it became apparent that all disciplines in the system were functioning well. These were the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles, clerks of the courts, State's attorneys (prosecutors), county court judges, the Supreme Court, and the law enforcement community. Further exploration revealed that rather than through some magic method in the detection process, it was the effectiveness of the total system that was attaining the desired results. The Florida Traffic Court Review Committee is the catalyst between the courts, clerks of courts, State's attorneys, and the Department. The other interagency function impacting the system is the Uniform Traffic Citation Program administered by the Division of Driver Licenses. This program provides integrity to the entire system. It assures excellent communication and contributes to the level of cooperation that results in an effective program. The contract called for a review of four additional States in AAMVA Region II. States selected, with the approval of Contract Technical Manager James Latchaw, were: Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia. These States were visited and it was found that they had excellent communications systems, but each lacked one or more of the elements of the Florida system. However, each of the States visited has strong points to build upon. All of the States visited expressed interest in working toward a total system, although this may require enabling legislation. The model program developed as part of this study follows the Florida system with added features to further improve it. In conclusion, a total system approach is an effective way to control the suspended/revoked driver while increasing the effect of countermeasures in related areas of accident prevention. The total system is attainable in each of the four States visited. In reviewing other studies and reference works on this issue it appears the total system concept is the only really effective and by far the most cost beneficial way to approach this problem. KW - Countermeasures KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Effectiveness KW - Florida KW - Interagency relations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prosecution KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452404 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - PROBLEM DRIVER INTERVIEW AND DRIVER SAFETY SESSIONS. A PROGRAM APPRAISAL PY - SP - 85 p. AB - This report describes the analysis of the driving records of three groups of New York State drivers. These drivers were classified as being involved in one of two driver improvement programs or in a control group. The groups were composed of people assigned to: a Problem Driver Interview (one-on-one treatment), a Driver Safety Session (group treatment), or a Control Group (no treatment). Because these programs operated concurrently and specific program eligibility was determined by computer selection, it was possible to randomly assign eligible motorists to one of these groups. Results from this comparison of group driving records were: (1) neither program produced a measurable effect lasting more than 24 months on the post-treatment conviction or accident rates of the graduates; (2) the Driver Safety Session Program is more effective in preventing subsequent accidents for a short term than the Problem Driver Interview Program; and, (3) the more personalized Problem Driver Interview appears to have more enduring impact. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Classification KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Randomization KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453138 AU - Ginett, B J AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AUTOMOBILE LIFE EXPECTANCY IN NEW YORK STATE. AN ANALYSIS PY - SP - 20 p. AB - Automobile life expectancy is defined as the number of years an automobile is typically registered and kept in use serving its normal function. This analysis of passenger cars only assumes that when 95% of all passenger cars registered are accounted for, this represents "the fleet" for average life expectancy measurement purposes. This analysis also displays in charts the distribution of automobiles by age. Applications of automobile life expectancy estimates include determination of the time required to implement new equipment standards, determining future revenues from registration transactions, providing an index of economic activity, and determining the frequency of inspections. The estimate of expectancy for New York State was found to be 11.5 years while the national estimate was 13.6 years. The analysis also revealed that the New York State passenger car population contained a higher percentage of newer cars than the national population and that New York State tended to remove older cars from its population at a more rapid rate. There also appeared to be a discernable trend toward newer cars in both New York State and the nation. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Estimates KW - Life span KW - Motor vehicles KW - New York (State) KW - Service life KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452401 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS IN NEW YORK STATE PY - SP - 8 p. AB - The pedestrian accident picture in New York State offers much encouragement for the future. We have seen a downward trend for many years. Strong pedestrian-oriented programs in cities such as New York have been effective in reducing pedestrian accidents, and increased activity at the State level in this direction should help materially in further improving this hopeful trend. KW - New York (State) KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452419 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - THE NEW YORK STATE SAFETY CAR PY - SP - 4 p. AB - This pamphlet describes New York State's Safety Sedan, a four-passenger car where aerospace techniques have been blended with built-in safety features to create convenience as well as safety. A totally new vehicle from the road up, the Safety Sedan has innovations that could tame the hazards created by any average storm. There is no immediate plan to build and test a prototype Safety Sedan, primarily due to the cost of such an undertaking, but they do hope to provide manufacturers with information on restyling and redesigning cars with the degree of safety needed by consumers. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Brochures KW - Pamphlets KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Safety vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452423 AU - Scott, B Y AU - Greenberg, H M AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Marketing Survey and Research Corporation TI - FINAL REPORT ON EFFECT OF GROUP SESSIONS IN CHANGING DRIVER ATTITUDES PY - SP - 60 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the differential impact of the Driver Improvement Clinic and the punitive hearing on driver attitudes toward other drivers, traffic laws, and all aspects of driving and traffic safety, making for more responsible driver performance. In this connection, the study determined whether the clinic or hearing differed in the ability to affect actual behavior--the rate of subsequent violations. It became an additional purpose of this study to determine whether the clinic or the hearing affected accident behavior. As a corollary to this, the researcher investigated the question as to whether, given a pattern of persistent violations, there might not be a personality or attitudinal difference between those who are accident involved, as opposed to those who are free from accidents. Finally, given evidence that the clinic does have a positive effect, it was the purpose of this study to determine which aspects of the clinic do most toward achieving these positive effects and which aspects might be modified so as to add to the overall positive impact. KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Driver clinic KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452402 AU - Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force TI - PRELIMINARY OBJECTIVES AND WORK PLAN. GOVERNOR'S ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY TASK FORCE PY - SP - 2 p. AB - This is a description of the New York State Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force. This Task Force is to assist the Governor in designing a comprehensive and coordinated state plan to alleviate problems relative to alcohol and highway safety. Objectives, membership and committee organization are covered. KW - Alcohols KW - Committees KW - Highway safety KW - New York (State) KW - State government KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452412 AU - Governor's Traffic Safety Committee TI - TO SAVE MONEY, GAS, LIVES 55 IS TOPS PY - SP - 3 p. AB - This pamphlet, prepared by the New York State Governor's Traffic Safety Committee, promotes the idea of a 55 mph speed limit. The theme of New York State's campaign is "55 Is Tops." It describes the special State Police task force dedicated to speed law enforcement, as well as similar units created on the local level. Benefits of the national maximum speed limit include saving money, gas, and lives. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Benefits KW - Brochures KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Pamphlets KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452414 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - WHAT EVERY NEW YORKER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT OUR DRINKING DRIVER PROGRAM PY - SP - 2 p. AB - This pamphlet describes the New York State Drinking Driver Program. It is a new and humane rehabilitative approach to the constant hazard of the drinking driver on the highway. Under this Program, the majority of motorists convicted of alcohol or drug-related traffic offenses who agree to attend a seven-week, 16-hour educational course may now receive, in return, a "conditional" license. The Program has a unique system of referral to an alcoholism treatment agency for professional evaluation--and, if needed, treatment and counseling--for those persons who appear to have alcohol problems. The Program also offers the courts additional flexibility in handling alcohol-related traffic violations. Costs of the Program are borne by the convicted drinking drivers. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Brochures KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - New York (State) KW - Pamphlets KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453140 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AUTOMOBILES, COMPUTERS & TOMORROW PY - SP - 27 p. AB - This booklet explains the progress made by the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles and the progress planned for the future concerning a new computer system which is to be installed in 1968. Motor vehicle transactions which now sometimes require up to two or three weeks will be handled in a matter of seconds. In addition, many new traffic accident records will be made available to research people under the new system. KW - Automobiles KW - Computers KW - Crash records KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Information processing KW - New York (State) KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267560 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452393 JO - American Journal of Clinical Pathology PB - British Medical Association AU - Heise, H A AU - British Medical Association TI - THE SPECIFICITY OF THE TEST FOR ALCOHOL IN BODY FLUIDS PY - VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 182-188 AB - A simple and specific test for alcohol in body fluids is described and its specificity has been demonstrated. Specimens of blood and urine may be preserved for at least a month. For blood, use sodium fluoride, and urine, benzoic acid. The importance of the test lies in its ability to confirm a diagnosis of drunkenness for medicolegal purposes, as well as to give valuable information in differential diagnoses. A preliminary survey of persons injured or killed in auto accidents suggests that alcohol may be a greater factor in such accidents than statistics indicate, and shows the importance of a nation-wide survey of the relationship of alcohol to automobile accidents. The chemical test for alcohol in body fluids will be an important factor in arriving at conclusions concerning the intoxicating ability of certain beverages. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Coatings, fillers and paints KW - Drunk driving KW - Preservation KW - Preservatives KW - Specimens KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452415 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - SERVING THE PUBLIC FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - SP - 37 p. AB - This booklet, prepared for employees of the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, describes fully the operation of the department and the goals it seeks to accomplish. The Department of Motor Vehicles regulates one of the phases of community life that is nearest the individual citizen. For this reason, the department must be particularly mindful of the problems of individuals and must endeavor to serve--not to dictate to--the public. KW - Administration KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451732 AU - Canada Safety Council TI - LIVING SAFETY FOR THE CANADIAN FAMILY PY - SP - 4 p. AB - This brochure is an advertisement for the Canada Safety Council publication entitled "Living Safety." The publication promotes safety education in the home, traffic and recreational environments. Articles are written by safety professionals and cover a wide range of contemporary issues. KW - Brochures KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451601 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT 17 PY - SP - n.p. AB - These supplements to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations consist of the following: Supplement 16--Amendments and interpretations issued during 1984 to Part 575, to standard number 108, and pen-and-ink corrections; and Special Supplement 17--a substitution made to correct an inadvertent omission of the December 13, 1982 revision to Part 531. KW - Amendments KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Interpretation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451731 AU - Lion Laboratories Limited TI - LION PASSIVE ALCOLMETER PY - SP - 2 p. AB - This brochure describes the Breath Alcohol Passive Alcolmeter which is manufactured by Lion Laboratories Ltd. It is a non-invasive device for detecting alcohol in a motorist's breath which analyzes air expelled from the lungs when it is held a few inches away from the subject, and indicates the alcohol level on a digital display. The unit is easily calibrated and operated and has been designed for use over a wide range of temperatures and weather conditions. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Calibration KW - Design KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Passive alcohol sensors KW - Performance KW - Sensors KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450125 AU - Ng, W AU - Transport Canada TI - SURVEY OF VEHICLE LIGHT USE IN DAYTIME PY - SP - 87 p. AB - To provide baseline information for assessing the effectiveness of daytime running lights (DRL), national surveys of daytime use of vehicle lights was conducted in 3 seasons (fall, winter, summer of 1981-1982). Surveys were made at 200 road sites across Canada selected using a multi-stage probability sample design. Observations were made for 2 one-hour periods selected to cover the diurnal spectrum approximately from a half-hour before sunrise to a half-hour after sunset. Information was recorded regarding vehicle type, use of front lighting, headlamp configuration, as well as a number of relevant environmental factors. A photographic light meter was used to measure the ambient illumination. Analysis of survey data showed that weather was the most influential factor affecting the use of vehicle lights. The ambient illumination was found to show a fairly logarithmic relationship with DRL usage which increased rapidly as the ambient illumination level fell below 15,000 areas. Overall, the usage was 14.8% in the fall, 19.6% in the winter and 8.0% in the summer. The annual DRL usage in Canada was estimated to be 13.6% KW - Data collection KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Environment KW - Headlamps KW - Luminosity KW - Luminosity factor KW - Running lights KW - Rural areas KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Surveys KW - Twilight KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450364 AU - American Automobile Association TI - STATES SHOULD ENACT SAFETY BELT USE LAWS PY - SP - 6 p. AB - This brochure contains information on traffic crashes and safety belts presented by the American Automobile Association (AAA) in the hope that the compelling data detailed here will help convince state legislatures to enact safety belt use laws. Among the topics discussed are the following: AAA policy on use of safety belts; automatic passenger protection policy; federal ruling on occupant protection standards; U.S. experience with safety belt laws; foreign safety belt experience; a suggested mandatory safety belt use law; and safety belt law provisions. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Brochures KW - Federal government KW - Foreign KW - Laws KW - Loading and unloading KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Policy KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Truck loading facilities KW - United States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399207 AU - Heavy Duty Trucking TI - DRIVING WITH THE NEW BRAKES (MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 121) PY - SP - 24 p. AB - The handbook is intended for use by drivers of tractor-trailers equipped with the new braking systems brought about by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 121. The computer-controlled antilock feature of the new brake system frees the driver from the necessity to pump the brakes while making a sudden stop; the new system feels more aggressive to the user. Other new features of these truck brakes include larger size, new front axles, dual air systems with many plumbing changes and new valving, as well as changes in air reservoirs, wheels, drums, and axles. The red monitor light signals low air, and the yellow light indicates that the antilock feature has been lost. The new brakes help reduce the chance of jackknifing that is caused by wheel lock-up in braking situations. Quick-check procedures to be followed before driving are described, and maintenance guidelines are given. Only linings recommended by the maker of the truck, tractor, or trailer should be used; only linings specifically mentioned as being compatible with 121 brakes should be used, and 121 components should never be mixed with non-121 components. Test kits are available for checking antilock brakes. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Handbooks KW - Jackknifing KW - Maintenance KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399108 AU - Wadley, J AU - Cantemessa, L AU - Department of Transport, Queensland TI - CHILD RESTRAINT--AVAILABILITY AND USE IN THE BRISBANE AREA PY - SP - 14 p. AB - On December 1st, 1979, the Queensland Government introduced regulations compelling the use of restraints by children under the age of eight years, when such restraints are available, in the hope that this would have an effect on the undiminishing casualty rate of children in this age group who were previously exempted from the seat belt legislation. To assess the immediate impact of the new regulations on the availability and usage of child restraints in the community, the Queensland Road Safety Council undertook to do a survey consisting of a "pre-legislation" and a "post-legislation" phase. The survey was designed to provide information on restraint usage by children in the community under eight years of age, and to show what effect the introduction of the new legislation had on the wearing behaviour of restraints by children. The survey sample comprised over 1,000 children in each of the phases of the survey. All data was collected by observation of children in cars at three locations, namely; shopping centres, schools, and kindergartens. Overall, the results have shown an increase in both availability and usage of child restraints since December, 1979. Availability has increased from 88% to 93%, and usage has risen from 30% to 45%. This means that despite the new legislation one out of every two children rides unrestrained in both the front and rear compartments of a vehicle. There has been no evidence of relocation of children from front to rear seating positions. The legislation can be seen to have had some positive effects but there is still a lot of room for improvement. KW - Availability KW - Before and after studies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Supply KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399095 AU - National Safety Council TI - THE DESIGNATED DRIVER BEING A FRIEND PY - SP - 4 p. AB - This brochure describes the National Safety Council's "Designated Driver" concept. It also discusses how alcohol impairs, how to identify a drunken driver, and what you should do if you see a drunken driver. KW - Brochures KW - Designated driver concept KW - Designated drivers KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395317 AU - Ballou, P AU - Maine Criminal Justice Academy TI - THE NEW OUI AND HABITUAL OFFENDER PROVISIONS PY - SP - 13 p. AB - This report is intended to familiarize law enforcement officers of the state of Maine with differences between the old law and the new law they should know about which affect the arrest, blood alcohol testing and early prosecution stages. It contains: 1) Operating under the influence and operating with a blood alcohol level in excess of .10 (Stopping, Arrest and blood alcohol test stages; obtaining blood-alcohol tests, "refusals"; charging, first appearance, test results) and 2) New provisions concerning operation of suspensions and the habitual offender law. KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal action KW - Maine KW - Police KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213069 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394106 JO - International Review of Applied Psychology PB - Sage Publications Limited AU - Cropley, A J AU - Knapper, C K AU - Moore, R J AU - Sage Publications Limited TI - A CLINICAL/QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC OPINIONS ABOUT SEAT BELTS PY - VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - p. 43-49 AB - Certain psychological aspects of seat belt wearing were investigated, the aim being to explain driving behavior in terms of underlying attitudes. The rationale of the study methodology was that observable behavior is mediated by psychological systems involving factors such as opinions, attitudes, values, and emotions. Implications of this rationale are that behavior can only be understood when intangible and subjective psychological systems mediating it are identified; attempts to change overt reactions without examining the source of motivation may cause public resentment and resistance to change. Interviews were initially conducted with relevant experts to obtain some official opinions. Members of the public were later interviewed in a group setting, using varied techniques derived from such sources as psychoanalytic theory, T-group procedures, and objective psychology. Based on these interviews, a schedule was constructed and administered in semistructured interviews with a small random sample of the public. A questionnaire focusing on people's opinions of seat belts, their stereotypes of habitual seat belt users, and their reactions to pressure to buckle up was also constructed. It was administered to 465 residents in Regina, Sask., Canada, a sample containing 198 males and 267 females ranging in age from 16 to 87 years; 90% had seat belts in the car in which they drove or rode as a passenger and 43% had both lap and shoulder harnesses. Only 39 out of the 465 residents claimed they always used their seat belts. Just over half the respondents reported using their seat belts at least some of the time. There was a substantial correlation between level of seat belt use in city and highway driving. Attitudes toward seat belts were highly favorable, despite the relatively low level of actual use reported. Three seat belt user groups were discerned: 8.3% who were very enthusiastic about seat belts and claimed they always used them; 10% who opposed seat belts under any circumstances; and people who were aware of seat belts' benefits and wanted to see them worn more. Analysis of a 55-item questionnaire yielded five interpretable factors (safety consciousness, desire for security, conscientiousness and habit, and two factors concerning specific questions such as whether seat belts are effective and whether their design is adequate). Analysis of a 41-item questionnaire measuring stereotypes of habitual seat belt users showed an overwhelming tendency for these users to be stereotyped as good people. Most respondents stated they would fasten their seat belts if the driver of a vehicle in which they were a passenger insisted they do so. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Psychological aspects KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393729 AU - New Health Planning Council TI - NORTHEASTERN WISCONSIN EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - SP - 113 p. AB - Inadequacies in the subsystems of the Northeastern Wisconsin emergency medical services (EMS) system are outlined, together with efforts for improvement. The flow pattern of the EMS system, in general, is presented. The Northeastern Wisconsin EMS system is assessed in terms of its five subsystems: transportation services, training of emergency medical technicians, hospital facilities, communications, and public education. The objectives for each of the following 15 program components are defined: manpower, training, communications, transportation, facilities, critical care units, public safety agencies, consumer participation, accessibility to care, transfer of patients, standard medical recordkeeping, consumer education and information, evaluation, disaster, and mutual aid agreements. Standards for the five EMS subsystems are presented, as developed by the Northeastern Wisconsin Area-Wide EMS Council. The current situation in the transportation subsystem is described for each of the nine counties in the region, and recommendations are presented for service area divisions among existing ambulance services, and for phase-out and development of providers in order to eliminate both duplication and service voids. KW - Communications KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Standards KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393913 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - SEAT BELT USE LAWS: THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE PY - SP - n.p. AB - Mr. Barry Sheerman, Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom, was one of the prime movers in the campaign for the safety belt use law that went into effect in the U.K. on January 31, 1983. He was founder and serves as chairman of the Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS), a coalition of safety specialists from business, the medical, academic, police communities and Parliament. PACTS has been fostering improved transportation safety in the U.K. since 1980. During a visit to the United States in April 1984, Mr. Sheerman was invited by the Highway Users Federation to discuss the effect of the safety belt use law in the U.K. Here, edited for brevity, are some questions posed by the Federation and Mr. Sheerman's answers. KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - United Kingdom KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393892 AU - Yang, K H AU - KHALIL, T B AU - Tzeng, C R AU - King, A I AU - General Motors Corporation TI - FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF A FUNCTIONAL SPINAL UNIT PY - SP - 4 p. AB - The aim of this paper is to present a three-dimensional finite element model of a functional spinal unit (FSU) and to validate its output against experimentally determined intradiscal pressure. The model also utilizes newly acquired data on facet joint stiffness which is high in compression and virtually negligible in tension. KW - Biophysics KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Spinal column KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394078 AU - Fromm, H J AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - ANTI-ICING COMPOUND FOR BRIDGE DECKS AND ROAD SURFACES. PROGRESS REPORT PY - SP - 15 p. AB - A compound known as Verglimit has been marketed to lessen the hazard to motorists of bridge deck icing, which occurs in the late fall or early spring and is caused by a sudden temperature drop. The product is essentially calcium chloride flake, to which about 5% sodium hydroxide and a small quantity of an unknown chemical are added. Compounded flakes are coated with linseed oil which is polymerized to protect flakes from water. This material is incorporated into the asphaltic concrete surface course mix at the hot plant and the mix is applied to the road in the normal manner. Verglimit has been used in many areas of Europe. In view of the good European experience, the material was tested on some roads in Ontario, Canada. Testing showed that Verglimit is effective in reducing the extent of bridge deck icing and in preventing snow from sticking to pavement. Since the material increased the flow value of asphaltic concrete surface course mix, it should not be used where vehicles are stopping, as at an intersection. Some surface raveling and stripping occurred where Verglimit was used, possibly reducing pavement life below that of a pavement without the material. No reduction in skid resistance occurred with use of the compound. It is recommended that Verglimit resurfacing be employed when bridge decks on which icing has been observed are being resurfaced. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391822 AU - McCord, J AU - Drexel University TI - DRUNKEN DRIVERS IN LONGITUDINAL PERSPECTIVE PY - SP - 19 p. AB - The study compares the lives of men convicted for driving under the influence of alcohol with those of other men who spent their boyhoods in the same neighborhoods. The comparisons were based on interviews, questionnaires, and agency records. Although not distinguishable by their age at first conviction, the men convicted for driving under the influence of alcohol were more likely to have been convicted for serious crimes. They were also more likely to be alcoholics. As children, they were less likely to have appeared to be insecure or dependent. During adolescence, those who would later be convicted for driving while intoxicated were more likely to have inconsiderate, aggressive parents who fought with one another. The men convicted for drunken driving seemed independent and relatively self-confident both during early childhood and in middle age. Their history of antisocial behavior belies a view that these men have inadvertently risked the safety of others during an unaccustomed lapse in self-control. KW - Behavior KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391780 JO - Technical Assistance Briefs PB - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SMALL VEHICLE PROCUREMENT WORKSHOP PY - SP - 10 p. AB - Successful procurements of small vehicles depend on carefully drafted specifications and requirements, well defined procedures, and open communications between the buyers and the bidders at crucial times during the procurement process. These suggestions and other information on how to make procurements proceed smoothly, despite the inevitable hurdles, were shared at a mid-November national Small Vehicle Procurement Workshop. Sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA), the Workshop attracted State and local small vehicle operators, procurement officers, and suppliers. The Indiana Department of Transportation hosted the Workshop in Indianapolis, welcoming almost a hundred colleagues eager to know more about how Section 16(b)(2) and Section 18 grants are being administered under UMTA. Highlights of the Workshop are presented in this third issue of UMTA Technical Assistance Briefs: Meeting Highlights series, under the sponsorship of UMTA's Office of Bus and Paratransit Systems. UMTA officials are working to develop a research program responsive to the needs of small vehicle operators and used the workshop as an opportunity to listen to operators share their concerns. KW - Buses KW - Compact automobiles KW - Paratransit services KW - Procurement KW - Small buses KW - Small car KW - Technical assistance KW - Transit operators KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391710 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - IT'S YOUR PROBLEM PY - SP - n.p. AB - This pamphlet gives statistics which show the heavy cost of drunk driving, provides information on the effects of various alcoholic beverages, and indicates what a person can do to protect himself and others from drunk drivers. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Brochures KW - Costs KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Protection KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391715 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - CATALOG OF SAFETY BELT EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PY - SP - 58 p. AB - This catalog contains information on safety belt educational materials and was compiled from responses to a questionnaire sent to public agencies, associations, and business firms involved in efforts to reduce traffic deaths and injuries, and which also advocate greater use of motor vehicle occupant safety restraints. Listings provide a description of each item and the cost if applicable. The contents of the catalog are arranged according to the following: (I) TV Public Service Announcements; (II) Radio Public Service Announcements; (III) Pamphlets; (IV) Programming Guides and Displays; (V) Films and Audiovisuals; (VI) Stickers, Games and Posters; and (VII) Sources. KW - Documents KW - Education KW - Information dissemination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Publications KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391124 AU - American Automobile Association TI - WHY THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE SHOULD BE 21 PY - SP - 4 p. AB - This is a fact sheet from the American Automobile Association on alcohol-related traffic accidents. The American Automobile Association hopes that the compelling data detailed in this brochure will help convince state legislatures to raise the legal drinking age to 21. A comparison is made of involvement in alcohol related traffic accidents of 18-to-20-year-old drivers in the states where the legal drinking age has been changed to 21 and the states where it has not been changed. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legal action KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legislation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387816 AU - Hutchinson, T P AU - Coventry Lanchester Polytechnic TI - MEDICAL STATISTICS ON ROAD ACCIDENT INJURY IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES PY - SP - 34 p. AB - Police reports are the major source of information on road accidents. But some data is available in routinely-collected mortality and morbidity statistics. This has been examined for many countries, with regard to (i) the numbers of road deaths per annum, (ii) the nature of injury causing death, and (iii) the nature of serious injury. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387845 AU - Freedman, K AU - New South Wales Dept of Motor Transport, Australia TI - EMERGENCY RELEASE FROM CHILD RESTRAINTS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A BEHAVIOURAL TEST PY - SP - 60 p. AB - This report contains recommendations for a behavioural test method for emergency release from child restraints based on findings from the Traffic Accident Research Unit's emergency release study presented in an earlier report. The importance of a revised standard incorporating behavioural tests for both emergency release and security functions is stressed. Rationale for a proposed emergency release test is presented under the following headings: specification of parameters; selection of subjects; measurement of release time; nomination of time limit; compliance criterion and sample size; test procedure; apparatus; safety and well-being of the child during testing; cost of testing; reliability and provision for review. A draft test method for emergency release from Type B restraint is provided. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Design KW - Releasing KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387447 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - SURVEY OF VEHICLE SALVAGE LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - SP - 4 p. AB - This report presents a chart showing the various kinds of salvage law provisions in effect in each state as of mid-1983 and discusses some of the major provisions of state salvage law. Two areas covered in the discussion are regulation of vehicle salvage through title laws and regulation of salvage through licensing of related industries. KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Salvage KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387445 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S PROGRAM TO PRESERVE THE HIGHWAYS: SAFETY REMAINS AN ISSUE PY - SP - 52 p. AB - Federal funding is available to the States to resurface, restore, and rehabilitate the Nation's roads--commonly referred to as 3R work. States can improve roads to the design standards for new construction or request approval from the Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for an exception to the standards. GAO reviewed 3R projects implemented between October 1980 and June 1982. GAO found that 142 of the 327 3R projects reviewed in six States contained one or more approved exceptions to standards. The safety effects of specific exceptions are unknown and will remain so until data are developed. In approving these exceptions, FHWA's review of safety implications varied among its offices in the various States--e.g., some offices routinely made site visits or involved a safety expert, others did not. An FHWA regulation effective July 1982 allows the States to develop their own standards for 3R work subject to FHWA approval. Regardless of the standards adopted, the States can continue to request exceptions. In light of the variations in FHWA's review of safety implications in approving exceptions, GAO recommends that FHWA develop uniform procedures for reviewing 3R projects that are not designed according to applicable standards. KW - Design standards KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restoration KW - Resurfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387844 AU - Freedman, K AU - Humphreys, M AU - New South Wales Dept of Motor Transport, Australia TI - EMERGENCY RELEASE FROM TWO CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - SP - 12 p. AB - The development of child restraint seats has naturally emphasised crash protection. The need to make the release mechanism child proof has been tackled from two different directions which are demonstrated in the two seats studied. The study was concerned with the problem that a child restraint which is difficult for a child to release may be difficult for adults to release in an emergency. Although this is undoubtedly a perceived problem, it is emphasised that in practice it is rarely a safety problem. Measurements were taken of the time it took adult rescuers to release occupants from two different child seat systems under controlled conditions. Video tape records allowed for detailed examination of the release procedure used by each subject and of any problems encountered with the systems used. Several variables were examined for their effects on release time: sex of rescuer; type of occupant (dummy/child); age of occupant (6 months/3 years); familiarity with child restraint system; familiarity with child; and lighting levels. Results are discussed with respect to release problems with particular systems and quick release testing procedures to be incorporated in Australian Standard 1754-1975. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Design KW - Releasing KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386764 AU - Krug, R S AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism AU - National Clearinghouse for Alcohol Information TI - RESEARCH REVIEW OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES FACULTY PY - SP - 38 p. AB - This monograph grew out of a survey of the alcohol and drug abuse literature published from 1976 through early 1980. It is written for instructors of the behavioral sciences in medical and osteopathic schools. Its goal is to delineate, clarify, and raise pertinent criticism of the major issues in current knowledge about alcohol and drug abuse, a field that often seems fragmented and self-contradictory. Since the content of behavioral sciences as a medical discipline is still in a state of flux, where possible the content definition used by the National Board of Medical Examiners has been followed. Behavioral sciences is that discipline within medical education that addresses the definition, etiology, phenomenology, and pathology of human behavior in its many varied forms. The major complication for the behavioral sciences is that end-point behavioral pattern description is generally the focus of study--and there are many different routes to these end-point behavioral patterns. Nowhere is this fact more confounding than in the field of alcohol and drug abuse where, frequently, for the same individual consuming the same chemical on different occasions the resultant behavior may be quite different. This lack of uniformity appears to be due to the three elements of the Public Health Model of infectious disease: the host, the agent, and the environment, which also form the basis of the disease concept of alcohol and drug dependence. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Drugs KW - Medicine KW - Psychology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200426 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385641 JO - RTAC FORUM AU - Lawson, J J AU - Transportation Association of Canada TI - THE COSTS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF SAFETY PROGRAMMES PY - VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 53-63 AB - Efforts to determine the cost of road accidents in Canada are described in order to examine the appropriateness of these costs in evaluating safety programs. Cost-benefit studies have been conducted, and theories regarding the value of safety improvements have been proposed. Estimations of road accident costs in Canada focus on property damage, lost productive work efforts, and health care. It is concluded that social values associated with safety improvements may vary with the circumstances, i.e., the nature of risks. The measurement of avoided accident costs can provide only minimum estimates of actual benefits from safety improvements, and may provide differing proportions of true benefits for varied risks and severities of avoided casualties. Accident cost data may be useful in limited cost-benefit analyses to recommend acceptance of a safety program but should not be used to recommend rejection. Simple comparisons of costs and benefits will not necessarily indicate appropriate program priorities. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Improvements KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384729 AU - WILLIAMS, R AU - AttwooD, D AU - Frecker, R AU - Human Factors Association of Canada TI - EFFECTS OF MODERATE LEVELS OF DIAZEPAM AND ALCOHOL ON TWO-LANE PASSING PERFORMANCE PY - SP - p. 17.1 AB - Eight male drivers performed both two-lane passing and passing gap estimation trials under the influence of 10 mgm. diazepam (capsule), .10% blood alcohol concentration (from alcoholic beverage), or a placebo (capsule and beverage). Results show that safety gaps, calculated on the basis of performance of the two tasks, were significantly lower for diazepam than for alcohol or the placebo. Mean safety gaps under diazepam were negative for some subjects indicating that conflicts, leading possibly to head-on collisions, would have occurred in real traffic situations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Frontal crashes KW - Interaction KW - Passing KW - Personnel performance KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201437 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385134 JO - Road Research Newsletter PB - National Roads Board AU - National Roads Board TI - PERSPECTIVES ON ROAD SAFETY PY - SP - p. 20-21 AB - In this brief synopsis of a speech, the author first reviews the background of road safety, then presents an eight-point summary of progress, and offers proposals for change in road safety research and program development. KW - Development KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382540 AU - Hatle, H AU - Stewart, J R AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY SURVEY: PHASE II PY - SP - 68 p. AB - Active driver's license holders in South Dakota were resurveyed in September 1979 to identify possible changes in behavior and attitudes relevant to highway safety since the first survey (April 1979). The initial investigation assessed the frequency of state drivers who speed, drink, and fail to use safety restraints, and evaluated attitudes of South Dakotans regarding incentives to reduce the incidence and severity of highway accidents. Demographic information was obtained to determine characteristics which might distinguish safety restraint nonusers, speeders, and drinkers from the general population. The response rate to a data collection instrument sent to 1000 individuals was 53%. Analysis for April and September 1979 provided data on frequency distributions and selected cross-tabulations. Few significant behavioral and attitudinal changes were observed. The closeness between responses of the two samples, however, supported the representativeness of respondents, and the use of survey data as a benchmark was considerably strengthened. Results reflect, with a fairly high degree of probability, the thoughts and practices of drivers in South Dakota. Offender characteristics are considered in relation to the use of safety restraints, the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit, and drinking and driving. The survey instrument and supporting data are appended. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382562 AU - WHITE, W T AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - SURVEY OF DRIVER EXPOSURE TO RISK OF ACCIDENT: AN OVERVIEW OF THE FINDINGS (NEW ZEALAND) PY - SP - 43 p. AB - Data are analyzed from a bi-level study of driver exposure and accidents reported to the New Zealand Ministry of Transport. Teenagers and, to a lesser extent, elderly drivers in New Zealand are more commonly at fault per mileage driven than middle-age people. Motorcyclists' accident risk is higher than that of car drivers, partly because their mileage-weighted mean age is much lower. Accident risk is associated with vehicle age, posted speed limit, time of day and month, and driving experience. The fuel conservation potential of several measures is analyzed: encouraging motorcycling at the expense of car driving, banning large cars, and carless days and traffic curfews. KW - Accident proneness KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Crash exposure KW - Drivers KW - Knowledge KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - New Zealand KW - Risk analysis KW - Service life KW - Speed limits KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382541 AU - Stewart, J R AU - Hatle, H AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY SURVEY PY - SP - 77 p. AB - A survey was initiated to assess the number of South Dakota drivers who speed, drink, and fail to use safety restraints, and to evaluate attitudes toward possible incentives for correcting problems related to speeding, drinking, and safety restraints. Highway accident information and relevant demographic data were obtained using mailed questionnaires sent in April 1979. The sample covered three groups of active driver's license holders: a random overall sample (1000 individuals); 200 persons who had been convicted of speeding violations; and 200 of those who had been convicted of driving while intoxicated. The actual return rate was 524 for the general population, 95 for speeders, and 58 for drinkers. Differences were observed in all sample groups due to the varied populations represented and differing behavioral and attitudinal patterns. The driving while intoxicated sample group, for instance, tended to be disproportionately represented by young, male, lower educational level, nonwhite, single, urban, and lower socioeconomic status individuals. The speeder sample was overrepresented by male, higher educational level, urban, and middle socioeconomic status individuals. Cross-tabulations of data revealed correlations between behavior and attitudes and driving performance. It appeared that speeds on South Dakota roads have slightly increased during the last few years. While the percent of motorists who exceed the speed limit is increasing, the number of severe speeders may be declining. The tendency of most South Dakotans to exceed the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit by only a few miles is probably based on their perceptions that law enforcement will give motorists 5-7 mph above the speed limit. Respondents offered suggestions to promote the use of safety restraints and to minimize speeding and driving while intoxicated. The survey instrument and supporting data are appended. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373564 AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS PY - SP - 4 p. AB - This article discusses the effects of alcohol and other drugs (depressants, stimulants, marijuana, heroin, and prescription and over-the-counter drugs) on motorcyclists' riding skills. It is pointed out that the skills needed by car drivers are needed even more by motorcyclists, which leads to the conclusion that alcohol or drug impairment is a big risk for the motorcyclist. Three charts are included, showing how the BAC decreases over time, the number of drinks that impair certain vital motorcycling skills, and the names and effects of drugs along with the riding skills which they impair. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Stimulants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370809 AU - Transport Canada TI - CHILD RESTRAINT USE IN CANADA PY - SP - 2 p. AB - This leaflet presents the major findings and conclusions from the Canadian 1981 National Vehicle Occupant Restraint Survey that are related to the use of child restraints. Completed interviews were obtained from 840 parents of children under 16 years; this was 41% of the total number of interviews in the survey. These parents were questioned about their attitudes toward and use of child restraints in cars. References are cited for further data analyses and a complete report on the Survey. KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Interviewing KW - Parents KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370465 AU - Foltz, R L AU - McGinnis, K M AU - Chinn, D M AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City TI - QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL AND TWO MAJOR METABOLITES IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS USING CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/NEGATIVE ION CHEMICAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY PY - SP - 33 p. AB - This paper presents a new assay for the cannabinoids of marijuana. The new assay combines a relatively rapid extraction procedure with capillary column gas chromatography and negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The measurements are made using a single 1-ml sample of blood, plasma, or urine. Four examples are given of the application of the assay to the analysis of specimens of medico-legal importance. One of these examples presents test results for a traffic fatality. KW - Assaying KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Chemical analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gas chromatography KW - Marijuana KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369740 AU - American Institute of Chemical Engineers TI - ETHYL ALCOHOL AS A MOTOR FUEL PY - SP - 14 p. AB - This pamphlet uses a question-and-answer format to address the major issues concerning the use of alcohol as a motor fuel, the question of energy balance in producing alcohol fuels, the economic issues involved, and the issue of "food versus fuel". The position of alcohol vis-a-vis other alternate fuels, and the new alcohol production technologies are examined. Alcohol should be considered both as an octane enhancer and as a fuel. If coal or wood or agricultural residues rather than oil or gas are used as boiler fuel in modern distilleries, more liquid motor fuel energy can be produced than consumed in the process of making ethanol. In general, the economics for small fermentation plants will not be favorable, and for larger plants, the decision to build will be influenced by the relative stability or instability of feedstock costs. Today's annual production would have to be increased dramatically to provide a 10 percent alcohol/gasoline mixture in all our motor fuel. KW - Alcohols KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chemical processes KW - Economic factors KW - Ethanol KW - Feedstock KW - Fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Productivity KW - Raw materials KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369311 AU - Kendall, D L AU - Fowkes, Mark AU - Gazeley, I AU - Haslegrave, C M AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE OF SAFETY BELTS IN EVERYDAY USE PY - SP - 102 p. AB - Ergonomic aspects of the everyday use of seat belts were studied to identify the areas where comfort and convenience can be improved. A previous project had established design parameters and methods of assessment for the geometric fit of seat belt systems, and the present project was undertaken to investigate the further problems a wearer may find even in using a well-fitting belt. Seat belt and car manufacturers were visited to discuss the techniques which are currently being used to assess belt fitments and the problems which still occur in their design and testing and published research and the provisions of current and proposed international legislation were reviewed to study the extent to which test requirements affect comfort and convenience. This was followed by a survey of 390 car drivers and passengers in which a questionnaire was used to explore in depth their reasons for wearing or not wearing the belts in their cars. This showed that 84 per cent of wearers had found at least one problem in using their seat belts. The most important areas for improvement from the wearer's point of view were identified as the location for and accessibility of the buckle, levels of retraction forces and sensitivity to webbing extraction, and the susceptibility of webbing to tangling and twisting. The first two of these factors were investigated further in a laboratory study. The results of the surveys and experiments were then drawn together in a discussion of the factors which affect the comfort and convenience of everyday use of seat belts. Using the results of the study, together with the published results of earlier studies and legislative standards which have been proposed, criteria were suggested which could be used in assessing and improving the four areas found to be most important in improving the comfort of belts. KW - Accessibility KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Data collection KW - Ergonomics KW - Improvements KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369313 AU - Wright, D H AU - Kenefeck, M N AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - VARIABLE LOAD FATIGUE NINTH REPORT: AN APPRAISAL OF CORNERING FATIGUE TESTS FOR ROAD WHEELS PY - SP - 28 p. AB - In order to judge the suitability of laboratory cornering fatigue tests for road wheels, comparisons have been made between stresses occurring in wheels in service loading and in laboratory fatigue tests, and comparisons have been made between various laboratory test specifications and the fatigue test results on a steel wheel. Wide variations were seen to exist between bending moment test standards for wheels, but it would appear that BS and TUV test requirements for light-alloy wheels are not unreasonable. A conventional cornering test machine did not produce a good simulation of the service loading strain-distribution in a steel road wheel, but the simulation was somewhat better for a light-alloy wheel. The difference in behaviour between the two types of wheel is attributed to differences in wheel stiffness. Useful relationships were established between the bending moment on a road-wheel nave and lateral accelerations under service loading. To make a more satisfactory judgement on the level of severity of particular test standards it would be necessary to conduct laboratory tests with service-type loading. This had been intended, but it was not found to be practicable in the current investigation. KW - Alloy steel KW - Bending moments KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Service loading KW - Steel KW - Steering KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369312 AU - Wright, D H AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - VARIABLE LOAD FATIGUE EIGHTH REPORT: THE EFFECTS OF SPECIMEN SIZE AND A FILLET ROLLING PROCESS PY - SP - 15 p. AB - In the first part of the report, plane-bending tests are described in which both small and large cantilever specimens were subjected to constant-amplitude loading and to a loading history recorded from a passenger-car front suspension component. Although the four fatigue curves had differing characteristics it was found possible to establish relationships between them. Also, the full service-load fatigue curve for the large specimens could be predicted from data derived from the other three fatigue curves when used in relatively simple formulae. In the second part of the report, fillet rolling is examined. This process, long-known to be effective in improving the fatigue strength of vehicle components, is usually assessed under constant-amplitude fatigue loading. The present work shows the improvements under service-loading to be at least as great as those under constant-amplitude loading for long-life/low-load conditions and better under short-life/high-load conditions. This result should give increased confidence for the application of rolling to vehicle suspension components. KW - Cantilevers KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fillets KW - Loading history KW - Loads KW - Plane strain KW - Rolling KW - Service loading KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368854 AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - SAFETY BELTS: ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS PY - SP - 68 p. AB - This report discusses answers to the following questions: How serious a problem are traffic injuries and deaths? How do injuries occur in traffic accidents? How do you know that safety belts help? Do safety belts help everybody, all the time? In conclusion it is stated that safety belts cannot prevent serious or fatal injuries in every type of accident or at all speeds, but they are the best safety restraint device readily available that provides real protection to the occupants of every vehicle on our roads today. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320194 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER COMPLAINT FILE-SEPT 1968 TO DATE PY - AB - This file lists complaints made by vehicle owners and others; it was compiled to aid the office of defects investigation (ODI) personnel in researching possible safety-related defects in groups of vehicles. This file provides a list of complaints by vehicle manufacturer, make, model, and model year, with failed vehicle component and failure type. The file contains complaints received by ODI since September 1968. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321214 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM PY - AB - The national accident sampling system (NASS) is designed to collect and analyze data from a nationally representative sample of motor vehicle accidents. When the complete system is in operation, approximately 18,000 accidents will be selected annually by a carefully designed sample and data will be gathered by teams of accident investigators. The accidents will include passenger vehicle, truck, motorcycle, bicycle, and pedestrian involvements. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321241 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY (NCSS) PY - AB - The NCSS focused on the crashworthiness of vehicles and resulting occupant injuries. The completed data file will contain more than 12,000 cases and will be available for analysis. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321271 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY FACTS PY - AB - Tables and graphs showing, by month over a two year period, the national trend in fatalities. The annual issue gives fatalities by land use, class trafficway, posted speed limit, occupant and non-occupant, by vehicle type, and by accident type. Final data from the FARS file; estimated data based on monthly reports from states submitted to NHTSA by the 20th day following the reporting month. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320624 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (UTQG) PY - AB - The system encompasses one regulation with six major areas of responsibility, i.e.; treadwear, traction, temperature resistance, tire inventory, test center schedules, and quality control. Testing under the regulation results in about 1,530 tests annually: 80 treadwear monitoring tests, 600 traction monitoring tests, 200 treadwear compliance tests, 100 traction compliance tests, 50 temperature resistance compliance tests, 250 treadwear special tests, and 250 traction special tests. The system incorporates A multiple file data base, and these files reside on 2 separate 3330-1 disk packs. Each of the 6 areas of responsibility resides in its own master file and is updated daily, weekly, or as the need arises. The files contain edit routines, sorting indexes, reformat programs, and analysis and reporting programs. As required, hardcopy plots and test results are produced. The UTQG rule requires NHTSA to provide the UTQG field test center for industry use & compliance testing. All traction and treadwear testing is done at the UTQG test center. Traction data are recorded in analog strip charts and digital printer. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367953 AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - EASE ON DOWN THE ROAD. COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENT DRIVING TRAINING/MOTIVATION PROGRAM. INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE AND MEETING SCRIPT PY - SP - 71 p. AB - An instructor's guide is provided for conducting the lecture/workshop portion of the "Ease on Down the Road" program, a driver-oriented training/motivational approach to fuel conservation in commercial trucking. The instructional meeting identifies fuel efficient driving techniques and their rationale. The guide describes the program and presents tips for good meetings, a meeting preparation schedule, a materials checklist, a classroom layout guide, general meeting instructions, a detailed script review, and sample driver questions and rules for handling questions. The meeting script is appended. A set of 42 color slides accompanies the text. KW - Driver training KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motivation KW - Truck drivers KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321345 AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY STATISTICS SPECIAL REPORT PY - AB - The National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) is a major accident data collection program of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Data collection began in Jan. 1977 and terminated in Mar. 1979. The tabulations in this factbook represent the first 15 months of the program (Jan. 1977-Mar. 1978). Accidents were investigated in seven geographical areas within the continental U.S. selected so that the aggregate of the areas closely resembles the urbanization distribution of the entire country. Within each area a stratified sampling plan was used to gather detailed information on passenger cars (and their occupants) in crashes severe enough to require that the vehicles be towed from the scene. The combined investigation presented here accounts for 6626 crashes. 8616 towed vehicles, 14,491 vehicle occupants, and 485 fatalities. The tables and figures were generated using a computer file of the NCSS data and represent only a very broad treatment of the data. The tables are classified under the following headings: general, accident, vehicle, occupant, and crash severity (delta V). A subject index is provided. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362390 AU - Kearney, E F AU - National Committee on Uniform Traf Laws & Ordinanc TI - WHAT YOU MUST DO AFTER AN ACCIDENT PY - SP - 7 p. AB - This article discusses the responsibilities of a driver in the event of an accident. It states that every driver involved in an accident must stop, identify himself, and aid any injured person. Failure to perform these duties carries severe legal penalties under the Uniform Vehicle Code. Under certain circumstances, a driver involved in a crash must also notify the police as soon as possible and, within five or ten days, file a written accident report. Insurance company contracts may specify additional requirements for oral or written notice of accidents. KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - First aid KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Responsibilities KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366514 AU - Emser, J AU - Gutmann, G AU - Riediger, G AU - Schlag, B AU - SIEGENER, W AU - Weissbrodt, G AU - Willenberg, C AU - Federal Highway Research Institute TI - EMERGENCY RADIO VOICE IN CARS (AUTONOTFUNK)--RESEARCH INTO THE NONTECHNICAL ASPECTS PY - SP - 47 p. AB - This report describes the emergency radio voice system "Autonotfunk" (ANF) which was developed by AGE-Telefunken on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology. The ANF combines the advantages of both the mobile (direct access independent of time and place) and the stationary (being sure that the report gets immediately where it is supposed to go) event reporting systems. In addition, the ANF renders possible verbal communications between the communications center and the caller, and automatic location identification by means of bearing. However, before introducing the ANF there are direct and indirect system effects which need to be examined. The remainder of this report addresses these system effects and offers an approach to a solution to the problems they create. KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Communication systems KW - Problem solving KW - Radio KW - Systems analysis KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320186 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT CERTIFICATION PY - SP - n.p. AB - Speed data are from quarterly speed monitoring program reports submitted by states to Federal Highway Administration. Fatality and enforcement data are from reports of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Regional Offices. Quarterly report presenting data by state on average speeds of free flowing traffic on roadways with speed limits of 55 mph; number of traffic fatalities; and speeding arrests. Data are shown quarterly for reporting year, which runs from Oct. 1- Sept. 30. Report is issued approximately 2 months after end of quarter covered. Contains narrative summary; and 4 tables, listed below. Tables: (Data are shown by state for each quarter of reporting year to date.) 1. Quarterly speed summaries (average speed, median speed, and 85th percentile speed). 2. Quarterly speed summaries (percent of vehicles exceeding 55, 60, and 65 mph). 3. Total traffic fatalities (urban and rural). 4. State enforcement agency speeding arrests. (TSC) KW - Arrests KW - Compliance KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320193 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION, 1975 PY - SP - n.p. AB - Report discussing the benefits of state systems requiring periodic motor vehicle safety and emissions inspection, and the societal costs of accidents. Estimates are presented for capital and operating costs of state-operated facilities and average breakeven fee per vehicle, with costs shown for 3 levels of inspection and for separate and combined safety and emissions inspection facilities. Report also discusses state inspection contracts with private garages and inspection capacity required for nationwide inspection program. Includes 10 tables. (TSC) KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Contracts KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Facilities KW - Highways KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pollutants KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335911 AU - Callaway, D AU - Drucker, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTS PY - SP - 11 p. AB - Seven traffic accident victims were interviewed to discuss the social and psychological impact of the accident on them and their families. The long term social and psychological consequences of these accidents are difficult to measure. Lacking objective measures, this study relied upon people's own assessments of the changes they have undergone since the accident. In addition, because this was a feasibility study, not enough people were interviewed to allow for statistically defensible generalizations. Given these considerations, the following observations can be made: There was a signficant difficulty in locating appropriate people to be interviewed. People willing to be interviewed talked extensively about the impact of the accident in such areas as finances, work, recreation, and their families. People were occasionally reticent to talk about sensitive aspects of the accident such as emotional difficulties. Abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and Injury Summation Scores (ISS) were not always adequate indicators of long term personal consequences. One person interviewed, whose most serious injury was AIS 3, had far fewer social repercussions from the accident than the other AIS 3, and one of the two AIS 2s. Lower AIS level injuries can have extensive social repercussions. One of the people interviewed received on AIS 2 back injury which caused much discomfort and required curtailing of activities over a long period of time. KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Psychological aspects KW - Recreation KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320198 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE CRASH INJURY RESEARCH FILE 1953-1970 PY - SP - n.p. AB - The file, created to provide a research data base for improved vehicle occupant protection, is established as a joint government-industry effort, to accumulate data on occupant injuries in different passenger vehicles. Data were obtained through analysis of various accidents between the period 1953 to 1970. Each vehicle represents an accident, with accompanying occupant records. There are about 300K records in the file. (TSC) KW - Crash reports KW - Databases KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320178 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVISED HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM STANDARDS COMMENT CONTROL SYSTEM--AUGUST 1972 TO PRESENT PY - SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of the system is to identify, analyze, and catalog each response to proposed highway safety program standards revisions, recording the respondents sentiments as accurately and concisely as possible with regard to each standard he or she dicusses. In addition, pertinent information about the respondent himself is recorded and filed, so that all responses can be evaluated in light or various elements of the respondents demographic background. (TSC) KW - Change KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Demographics KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Public opinion KW - Reaction KW - Safety and security KW - Standards KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320625 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY FORECAST: A 1990 TRAFFIC SAFETY OUTLOOK PY - SP - n.p. AB - Annual report presenting projections to 1990 of traffic accidents and fatalities, for use in traffic safety planning. Projected motor vehicle deaths and rates are shown for 6 combinations of changes in per capita alcohol consumption, mix of vehicle types and sizes, and speed limits. Projections are based on estimated normal increase in population, licensed drivers, vehicles and vehicle miles of travel; accident trends. Data are from the NHTSA Fatal Accident Reporting System File. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Population KW - Safety and security KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320714 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACT BOOK: STATISTICAL INFORMATION ON HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - SP - n.p. AB - Annual compilation of data on highway safety programs, traffic accidents and rates, and selected highway traffic indicators, including annual miles of travel and vehicle and driver registrations. Part I is the highlight section on vehicle miles of travel, driver registrations, vehicle registrations of various years, fatalities and accidents, pedestrian fatalities by age, costs of safety programs, police man-hour rates, traffic citations, drinking driver arrests, motor vehicle inspection failure rates, etc. Part II is the statistical section giving motor vehicle miles traveled, drivers licenses in force, by age and sex, new car registrations by weight and number of cylinders, average speed, by type of vehicle and highway, auto trip characteristics, distribution of accident rates by circumstances, speed and age of driver, various type of injuries and fatalities by cause, etc. Statistics are given in a time series. (TSC) KW - Arrests KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Failure KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registrations KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25513/DOT-HS-804-030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00127955 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TIPS ON CAR CARE AND SAFETY FOR DEAF DRIVERS PY - AB - The publication is announced of a booklet developed in recognition of the special needs of deaf drivers. The booklet provides advice on how a deaf driver can detect existing or potential automotive problems through use of senses other than hearing. Intended primarily for the novice deaf driver, the booklet also provides suggestions on how a deaf driver can react to the many diverse highway situations which normally require the use of hearing or speech. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) which developed the publication, plans distribution of the booklet through various organizations and educational programs serving the deaf. The general public may obtain copies through the consumer services office of NHTSA. KW - Auditory perception KW - Deaf persons KW - Deafness KW - Documents KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hazards KW - Hearing loss KW - Highway safety KW - Perception KW - Publications KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263124 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM PLANNING GUIDE PY - AB - A systems approach to a program plan is presented. The objective of the Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP)is to reduce the number and frequency of motor traffic traffic accidents in which traffic violations are a causal factor. Selective enfocement defines the traffic accident problem in terms of high frequency accident locations during selected time periods and applies enforcement against related accident-causative violations. An outline of the TEP plan and guidelines for preparing the plan, with information on administration, operations, community profile, and program management, are included. Examples of public information, police,judicial, and traffic engineering countermeasures are presented, and a classification list of hazardous traffic law violations is included. KW - Community values KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Cutting KW - Guidelines KW - High frequency KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Selectivity KW - Social values KW - Traffic crashes KW - Underwater cutting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222236 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated TI - TRI-LEVEL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES - LEVEL 3-A- INJURY CAUSATION PY - VL - 1 IS - 10 SP - 206 p. AB - THIS REPORT BRIEFLY INTRODUCES AND DESCRIBES THE TRI- LEVEL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CONCEPT. BASICALLY, THREE LEVELS OF INFORMATION ARE COLLECTED: (1) EXPOSURE AND ACCIDENT RATE INFORMATION; (2) ACCIDENT INFORMATION ON A LARGE SAMPLE OF ACCIDENTS NOT NORMALLY COLLECTED BY THE POLICE;(3) MULTIDISCIPLINARY IN-DEPTH INFORMATION COLLECTED ON A SMALL SAMPLE OF ACCIDENTS BY A TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS. THIS REPORT SPECIFICALLY CONTAINS LEVEL 3A ACCIDENT SUMMARIES FROM THE TRI-LEVEL STUDY BEING CONDUCTED BY CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY (CAL) AND SPONSORED BY THE NHTSA. THESE SUMMARIES ARE BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF INJURY- PRODUCING ACCIDENTS INVESTIGATED BY THE CAL TEAM TO DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC INJURIES INCURRED AND INDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC INTERIOR COMPONENTS WHICH CAUSED SUCH INJURIES. THIS VOLUME CONTAINS SUMMARIES OF 50 INJURY CAUSATION CASES. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226625 AU - Mills, D A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS IN THE USA - OVERVIEW PY - SP - 29 p. AB - THE NEED FOR GREATER EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES IN THE U.S. IS STRESSED. FUNCTION OF AN EMERGENCY MEDICAL SYSTEM INCLUDE: ACCIDENT DETECTION, ACCIDENT REPORTING, AMBULANCE DISPATCHING, DRIVING THE AMBULANCE TO THE SCENE, RENDERING OF EMERGENCY CARE, EXTRICATING THE INJURED, TRANSFERRING THE INJURED, ADMITTANCE TO THE HOSPITAL, AND PROVIDING DEFINITIVE MEDICAL CARE IN THE HOSPITAL. TRAINING, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EVALUATION OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM ARE MENTIONED. /HSL/ KW - Communication systems KW - Crashes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221353 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPLICATION OF THE ORI COST-EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM TO ARIZONA, NEW JERSEY, NORTH CAROLINA, AND UTAH PY - AB - THE PURPOSE IS TO ESTABLISH A PROGRAM TO DEFINE, DEVELOP AND TEST A COST-EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM TO EVALUATE CRASH AND INJURY CAUSATION COUNTERMEASURES FOR APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS OF ALL ACTIVITIES REFERRED TO AS THE "TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM." THE STUDY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS. PART I DEALS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION SYSTEM, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF THREE MODELS--COST, EFFECTIVENESS, AND ALLOCATION. THE MODELS WERE AUTOMATED AND EMPIRICALLY VALIDATED USING DATA FROM MARYLAND. PART II BEGAN AS A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT TO FURTHER DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT THE ABOVE MODELS USING WISCONSIN AS A TEST CASE. LATER, ARIZONA, NEW JERSEY, NORTH CAROLINA AND UTAH WERE ADDED. THE APPLICATION OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEM TO THESE STATES IS SUMMARIZED. APPLICATION OF THE MODELS TO EACH OF THE 4 STATES IS REPORTED. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL POLICY TO ALLOCATE HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDS EFFICIENTLY ARE REPORTED. IT PARALLELS THE WISCONSIN REPORT WITH THE THEORETICAL MODELS AND EMPIRICAL SECTIONS EXPANDED TO HANDLE AN ENLARGED STATE SAMPLE AND PERMIT THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF EACH TO BE EXPLORED. WISCONSIN DATA WERE ADDED FOR COMPARISONS. /HSL/ KW - Accident costs KW - Allocations KW - Causes KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221165 AU - Eames, W G AU - Lee, S N AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Intl Auto Sfty Conf Compendium TI - MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT STUDIES PY - AB - THE HISTORY OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT STUDIES IS TRACED, THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART ASSESSED, AND THE PROBLEM DISCUSSED. EMPHASIS IS ON THE METHOD OF COLLECTION AND THE TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT AND RESULTANT INJURY DATA. THE STUDIES DISCUSSED DEAL WITH MASS STATISTICS, THE IN-DEPTH CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ACCIDENTS OR ACCIDENT FACTOR, OR THE APPLICATION OF A COMBINATION OF BOTH. THESE STUDIES ARE DIRECTED TOWARD EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CASUSES OF ACCIDENTS; INJURY PATTERNS ATTRIBUTABLE TO GIVEN COMPONENTS; AND COMPONENT FAILURES CONTRIBUTING TO THE ACCIDENTS OR INJURIES. /HSL/ KW - Alcohols KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109299 ER -