TY - RPRT AN - 00389646 AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - INTERNATIONAL MOTORCYCLE SAFETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, WASHINGTON, D.C., MAY 18-23, 1980. VOLUME 2 PY - 1980 SP - 534 p. AB - Twenty-one papers are compiled from the conference on motorcycle safety. Section 4 encompasses vehicle dynamics and safety systems, including human factors in cycle riding, controllability, stability, braking and vibration of motorcycles, kinematics and loads on riders in frontal crashes, dynamic response of suspension, the role of steering in cornering, and the development of experimental "crash-safe" motorcycles. Three papers in Section 5, concerned with motorcycle education programs, present a new approach to motorcycle public information programs, a publicity program to attract rider training course participants, and an evaluation of a program directed at changing motorcyclists' beliefs about conspicuity. Papers in a sixth section are concerned with the psychology of driving. Topics include the motorcyclist's awareness of riding risks, perception of potential road hazards, and the decision-making process. Other studies pertain to the influence of cyclists' beliefs about helmets and their use, and social role correlates of driving accidents. KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389653 AU - Ruter, G AU - Hontschik, H AU - JESSL, P AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE KINEMATICS AND LOADS OF MOTORCYCLE RIDERS IN FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Characteristics of motorcycle accidents in the Federal Republic of Germany, motorcycle injuries by cause (primary, post-primary, and secondary impact), basic requirements for the passive protection of cyclists, and safety measures (concerning the motorcycle, crash helmet, and protective clothing) are outlined. Preliminary experiments are described on the impact behavior of motorcycles and the kinematics and impact load of dummies. Using a catapult unit, a dummy (with crash helmet and protective clothing) and motorcycle were impacted against a fixed barrier at a speed of about 20 kph. It was concluded that a safety-oriented vehicle design may significantly reduce injuries. Potential improvements in motorcyclist protection are discussed: energy-absorbing front wheel and forks, broad gas tanks, protective shielding incorporating knee pads, and better protective clothing and crash helmets. It is noted that improvements in passive accident protection must take into account active safety requirements (e.g. driving stability and visibility) and rider acceptance (e.g. comfort and design). KW - Clothing KW - Frontal crashes KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Loads KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389639 AU - KOCH, H AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - ADVANCED COURSE FOR MOTORCYCLE RIDERS PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The "Motorradsicherheitstraining", a German motorcycle safety training course for advanced riders is scientifically based on several analyses: the stability of a single track vehicle, the rider's task, the rider's attitudes, and exposure data and accidents. The main objective is to teach safe and reasonable traffic behavior. Program content comprises practical riding training, riding physics, vehicle technology, hazard identification, mental training, riding attitudes, traffic rules, and home exercises. Teaching methods are based on motorcyclist attitudes and behavior, institutional circumstances, participant experiences, group learning, and repetition of exercises. The teaching theory is "integration," which stresses the direct relationships among learning targets. Four different learning units are utilized in which all targets are integrated: stabilizing the motorcycle, braking, cornering, and obstacle avoidance. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389642 AU - FORD, J L AU - Stewart, L M AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - IMPROVED MOTORCYCLIST LICENSING AND TESTING PROJECT PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - The effectiveness and administrative feasibility of an improved motorcyclist licensing and testing system were evaluated by the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). This improved system comprised a knowledge test and a Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST), which included a remedial training program for those failing the first skill test. Motorcycle ranges were established in Sacramento and San Diego, and motorcycle license applicants were randomly assigned to one of three licensing systems: standard California knowledge and skill tests (Group A); improved licensing system, including remedial training (Group B); and improved system only (Group C). Certain operational demands were encountered by the DMV in the areas of site selection and preparation, inter- and intra-departmental coordination, public cooperation, and equipment and facility maintenance and failure. Groups B and C experienced a reduction in motorcycle accidents compared to Group A (20.3% and 13.1%, respectively). Despite the more difficult requirements, the completion rate for Groups B and C was 75% of Group A. The remedial training was administered to 1890 out of a potential 2750 applicants (68%). A cost-benefit analysis has not been completed. It required 15 minutes to administer the MOST compared to 8 minutes for the regular test. A smaller version of MOST (known as MOST II), developed and pilot tested in San Diego, presented no major administrative problems. Further research is underway on the effect of MOST II as a licensing test in the field office setting, with seven additional MOST II test sites being installed throughout the state. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Knowledge KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389656 AU - WATANABE, Y AU - Segel, L AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - COMPARISON OF LINEAR ANALYSIS WITH EXPERIMENT FOR A SINGLE-TRACK VEHICLE IN A STEADY TURN PY - 1980 SP - 32 p. AB - The work of Fu (1965) was extended to determine whether a linear analysis which includes the overturning and aligning moments of the pneumatic tire will yield improved accuracy in the prediction of the equilibrium turning behavior of a single-track vehicle. Comparisons between theory and experiment showed that it is necessary to account for small changes in tire properties caused by the shift in tire normal loads resulting from aerodynamic drag, lift, and pitching moment, in order to make a reasonably accurate estimate of the understeer gradient prevailing at different speeds. An examination of the reasons for the inability to make better predictions of the steering torque required to hold a cycle in a steady turn showed that this prediction requires very precise data defining the geometry and inertial properties of the front fork and wheel assembly as well as highly accurate data defining the mechanical properties of the pneumatic tire. Measurement of intake manifold pressure showed, as suspected, that single-track vehicles, in contrast to double-track vehicles, do not require a significant increase in propulsive power in order to maintain speed on a turn of decreasing radius. KW - Forecasting KW - Linear analysis KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Motorcycles KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Understeer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389657 AU - Winiecki, T C AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - HUMAN ENGINEERING A CRASH-SAFE MOTORCYCLE PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - A crash-safe motorcycle has been designed by considering human traits, human engineering and principles, and environmental constraints. Unique features of the motorcycle include: a door which serves as a side stand and prevents upsets while parked; an antisomersault front end; aluminum honeycomb padding between the rider and the inside of frame and fairing; a seat and restraint which move forward with the rider in frontal collisions; a 60,000 Newton (six-ton) shock absorber attached to the frame and connected to the seat and restraint by a cable; a spring to retract the seat and restraint after an impact; and padded folding handlebars. A mockup of the crash-safe motorcycle has been tested for riding dynamics by coasting it down hills. It has a comfortable seating position but poor handling due to excessive play in the steering mechanism. A hydraulic actuator has been used to test padding materials, belts, and shock absorber components. A force of 22,000 Newtons (2.2 tons) has been achieved for the shock absorber. Future testing will employ a cable-mounted trolley to crash the seat and restraint with shock absorber into a hard barrier at speeds up to 15 m./sec. (34 mph). The crash-safe cycle provides protection against disabling or fatal injury in all common types of accidents, including multiple impacts, and elimination of need for special clothing or helmet. Increased weather protection and heater are potential options. The machine provides more comfortable seating with greater body support, and prevents damage to cycle or rider in simple upsets on hard flat surfaces. The combination of restricted rider movement and large roll moment of inertia makes the crash-safe design unsuitable for off-road use and noncompetitive for races; it is intended for street use only. KW - Comfort KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motorcycles KW - Shock absorbers KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389095 AU - Guenthner, R P AU - STAFFORD, G K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SPEED REPORT NO. 111. INTERIM REPORT, OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1979 (INDIANA HIGHWAYS) PY - 1980 SP - 69 p. AB - In a continuing study of vehicle speeds on Indiana highways, spot-speed observations were made of automobiles and trucks on rural and urban Interstate and rural two- and four-lane highways during October-December 1979. In compliance with the interim speed monitoring procedures required by the Surface Transportation Act of 1978, additional data based on every nth (n=2) vehicle were collected at specified locations to enable computation of required factors. Results indicate a statewide average of 59.0% of the vehicles traveling above the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit. This value, while higher than the 53.5% recorded during the July-September 1979 quarter, is lower than values recorded during earlier quarters. Overall free-flow results indicate an average speed of 57.2 mph, representing a 0.5 mph increase from the previous quarter. This increase is attributed to increased speed of passenger cars. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Average spot speed KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389106 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ernst, M V AU - KIM, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MORE ACTIVE AND DURABLE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST CATALYSTS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - In response to more stringent exhaust emission standards for post-1979 model years, beaded catalysts with improved activity and durability have been developed for vehicle emission control systems. This improvement is largely the result of modifying the characteristics of the alumina substrate. Changes in density, pore size distribution, and geometrical surface area have been coupled with improved techniques of distributing noble metals (platinum, palladium, and rhodium). Added degrees of physical and thermal stability have also been built into these "second generation" three-way (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides) catalysts (TWC), without loss of catalyst performance. Evaluation procedures are described, including an oxidizing warm-up test, a TWC activity test, and a catalyst aging procedure. KW - Air quality management KW - Catalysts KW - Durability KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Performance tests KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Three-way catalyst UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389108 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Janssen, M L AU - Hall, G L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON RADIAL TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A test for determining the effect of ambient temperature on automobile tire rolling resistance has been used to study the rolling resistance characteristics under various ambient conditions. The results show that data obtained during tire warmup at normal laboratory conditions can be empirically extended to estimate tire rolling resistance over an ambient temperature range from -20 degrees C to 40 degrees C. A change in ambient temperature did not effect the relative ranking established for tires operating at equilibrium conditions in a normal laboratory environment. A reduction in ambient temperature results in an increase in tire rolling resistance and power consumption. At an ambient temperature of -20 degrees C the initial rolling resistance may double and the average power consumption on short trips may increase 35% over the values observed at ambient temperatures of 20 degrees C. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling resistance KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389084 AU - Douglass, R L AU - Barkey, P M AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - DeBiasi, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - RETAIL PRICE DISTRIBUTION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES FOR ON-PREMISE CONSUMPTION IN MICHIGAN PY - 1980 SP - 90 p. AB - A survey of Class C bars and taverns in the six most populous counties in Michigan was conducted (January-June 1979) as part of an ongoing analysis of alcohol availability in the state, to measure price variability and price distributions of drinks by the glass, and to identify correlates and determinants of price levels. Price was conceptualized to represent the basic components of alcohol's economic availability. In determining alcoholic beverage price, consideration was given to establishment factors (time open for business, staff characteristics, patron capacity, and nonalcohol business) and to patron factors (proximity to establishment, age, sex, income, occupation, and reasons for choosing the establishment). Alcohol availability was found to be multifaceted and complex with respect to the price of on-site alcohol consumption and the relation among price variability, alcohol availability, marketing, consumption, and certain health and social problems. Greater price variation than expected was found for most drinks containing distilled spirits and for wine. Beer was consistently the least costly and most uniformly priced. Price incentives, the extent of urbanism in sample counties, food services in taverns, other establishment characteristics, and correlations between county-level average prices and alcohol-related health and social problems are discussed. Policy and research recommendations are offered. Appended are the survey instrument and a map of Michigan, and a bibliography is provided. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Marketing KW - Prices KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205260 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389102 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Miller, W K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METAL-PLASTIC LAMINATES FOR VEHICLE WEIGHT REDUCTION PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - A metal-plastic laminate is a formable, lightweight, and potentially low-cost sheet material for stiffness-limited applications. Its advantages include: sound deadening, heat insulation, low forming loads, and compatibility with many existing manufacturing processes. Laminates with steel faces offer up to 70% weight reduction when replacing hot rolled steel sheet. Aluminum faces cost more and offer little weight savings, although aluminum is more cost-effective for replacing cold rolled steel sheet less than 0.8 mm. thick. In replacing steel sheet of intermediate thicknesses, the choice between steel and aluminum faces is that which best satisfies both weight and cost objectives. Other selection factors for laminate face material and thickness include formability, laminate width, and corrosion and dent resistance. Although core material mechanical properties are not important to general panel stiffness, they become influential for certain performance requirements: panel deflection between closely spaced supports, local denting, performance at elevated or low temperatures, and resistance to an aggressive environment. Potential limitations to laminate use include forming severity, weldability, in-plane strength, corrosion, sheet width, dent resistance, and scrap value. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile bodies KW - Costs KW - Laminates KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Panels KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389104 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McKenna, L W AU - Wohl, M H AU - Woodbrey, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW LIGHT-WEIGHT MATERIALS FOR VEHICLE BODY PANELS--ALUMINUM/NYLON LAMINATES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - Aluminum/nylon laminates for lightweight, stiffness-limited auto body panels are discussed in terms of development objectives, physical properties (strength and damage resistance, dimensional stability, and formability), durability and repair, assembly, offal and scrap reuse/recovery, and cost and value. Laboratory work to date indicates that .127 mm. aluminum foil skins and 1.27 mm. thick nylon 6,6 cores yield an optimum balance of properties when light weight is a primary goal. Load-bearing and damage-resistance properties equivalent to those of commercial .81 mm. thick steel hood panels can be achieved with these laminates at one-third the weight per sq. ft. of the steel. The aluminum/nylon laminates are formable on existing metal stamping equipment at rates traditionally achieved with mild steel. Further development work is required to address the issues of assembly and scrap recycling. It is noted that these laminates cannot be welded; bolting, riveting, and/or structural adhesives are required. The results indicate that the laminates offer a cost-effective approach to weight reduction. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile bodies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Laminates KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Nylon KW - Panels KW - Physical properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389096 AU - United States Congress TI - AUTO SITUATION: 1980. REPORT BY SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRADE PY - 1980 SP - 107 p. AB - The record number of imported car sales in the first quarter of 1980 is the result of a rapid shift by U.S. consumers from large, relatively inefficient cars to fuel-efficient compacts and subcompacts. The sale of many American models has dropped drastically because of the industry's inability to shift production from large to small cars. The automakers will probably not be able to fill the public's demand for quality fuel-efficient autos until late 1982, until which time the industry and its employees will face difficult times. To help reduce the $8 to $9 billion Japan-U.S. auto trade deficit and auto-related unemployment, considerable effort and some gains have been made in encouraging Japan to purchase auto parts in the U.S.; to make it easier to export U.S. cars to Japan; and to establish auto assembly plants in the U.S. (the major unresolved item). In order to recapture their traditional share of the domestic market through newly designed, fuel-efficient models, U.S. automakers will have to rapidly overcome the public's perception that domestic cars are not fuel-efficient and quality built. A permanent committee, composed of government, industry, labor, and consumers should be established to help prevent and/or adjust to future problem areas in the U.S. auto industry. With the emergence of the "world car" and the resulting worldwide sources of component parts, an international committee on automobile plans and development should be considered. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Demand KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Problem solving KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205274 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389101 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lunn, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AMC (AMERICAN MOTORS CORPORATION) FOUR WHEEL DRIVE EAGLE, A NEW DIMENSION IN TRANSPORTATION PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Development and testing of American Motors Corporation (AMC) four-wheel drive (4WD) Eagle are described, after a brief historical review of 4WD development. The Eagle, first prototyped in 1972, is the result of combining Jeep vehicle 4WD and AMC passenger car technologies. System modifications are described and illustrated, including those to the powertrain, transfer case, front driveshaft and axle, half shafts, front hub, yoke, brakes, wheels, front suspension and steering, rear drive and rear suspension, and body systems and structure. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Four wheel drive KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389103 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DiCello, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STEEL-POLYPROPYLENE-STEEL LAMINATE: A NEW WEIGHT REDUCTION MATERIAL PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - The dent resistance, flexural stiffness, fatigue strength, and formability are characterized for a steel-polypropylene-steel (S-P-S) laminate for automotive applications. Many of these physical properties are comparable to those of steel. The S-P-S laminate takes advantage of the I-beam principle in bending. The highest stress is in the surface, with the lowest stress at the neutral axis. The material has a high stiffness-to-weight ratio, with the potential to reduce component weight by 50% with no loss in flexural stiffness. Applications where bending stiffness is the major design criterion include: seat backs, load floors, covers, narrow body panels, truck trailer sides, and interior trim. One disadvantage of S-P-S is loss of bolt torque due to creep by the polypropylene core. This loss is a function of the applied stress level, core thickness and temperature. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Laminates KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Physical properties KW - Polypropylene KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209154 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389105 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Thornton, P H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY ABSORPTION BY FOAM FILLED STRUCTURES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The energy absorbed during the axial collapse of a variety of structures made in steel, aluminum alloy, and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) was examined with respect to changes produced by foam filling reinforcement. A simple model was devised which permits reasonable estimates of the axial collapse load for a structure and an assessment of the weight-effectiveness of foam filling for that structure. Design charts are given, from which the dimensions can be derived for sections made in either steel or aluminum alloys of any particular strength level, in order to establish foam weight-effectiveness. Foam filling is primarily of value only in sections made from high density, low strength materials, e.g. mild steel. It becomes weight-effective in sections having a thickness-to-section size ratio of less than about .02. In the case of brittle materials (e.g. GFRP), foam filling promotes the crush stability of the structure. Such stability improvements may be the major need for foam filling in these sections and also in large, thin-wall metal sections. KW - Energy absorption KW - Foam filled structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389098 JO - Prevention Routiere Internationale TI - SHOULD EMERGENCY VEHICLES ALL BE YELLOW? PY - 1980 IS - 9 SP - p. 5-6 AB - The International Civil Defense Organization supports the use of lemon yellow paint for all civil defense and other emergency vehicles. Flashing lights are largely invisible in daylight and inefficient at night because of flashing neon signs in the environment. Siren noise reverberates off all solid objects, obscuring the direction from which it is coming. With the car windows rolled up or the radio playing loudly, the sound of a siren is all but indistinguishable to the motorist. A conspicuous color serves best to distinguish emergency vehicles in traffic. Lemon yellow is the color of choice for several reasons: higher visibility than any other color, both day and night, in all kinds of weather; contrast sufficient to attract people's attention; no possibility of confusion with trees or other vegetation; and character of positive psychological warning. KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Visibility KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389107 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Trivisonno, N M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND HIGHWAY TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE TESTS PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Rolling resistance measurements on the 1.7 m. roadwheel and Clayton twin roll simulator, and outdoor fuel consumption and coastdown test results were compared for tires specially formulated to illustrate differences. Twin roll results correlate poorly with other test results, especially for grouped radial and bias tires. Thermal analysis showed that the twin roll test accentuates the tread region more than the 1.7 m. test. Equations including tire type and tread and sidewall hysteresis provide a good correlation between the twin roll and the other test methods. The Clayton twin roll simulator has become an important apparatus for measuring and specifying tire rolling resistance since it simulates tire deformation on the Clayton dynamometer used in Environmental Protection Agency fuel consumption tests. If raw Clayton simulator rolling resistance data are used for developing low rolling resistance tires, the results can be quite misleading; the resulting tires will not necessarily be the best for minimizing fuel consumption. KW - Field tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387809 AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN FINLAND 1978. WITH SOME ADDITIONAL FIGURES STARTING FROM THE YEAR 1959 T2 - SUOMEN TIELIIKENNEONNETTOMUUDET VUONNA 1978. LISANA ERAITA TIETOJA VUODESTA 1959 ALKEN PY - 1980 SP - 37 p. AB - Figures on 1978 motor vehicle accidents in Finland are presented in statistical tables and graphs, as well as some earlier data (1959-1977) to indicate trends and 1977 data for various European countries. Tabulated data include the number of registered motor vehicles and fatalities/1000 motor vehicles; fatal, injury-producing, and property damage accident totals for urban and rural areas; fatalities and injuries by road user (cars, motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles, tractors, other vehicles, and pedestrians); and individual road user figures by age groups. Other statistical fatality/injury data indicate: province, month, day of week, hour, accident type, pedestrian action, lighting and weather conditions, railroad crossings, and alcohol use. Numbers of accidents, fatalities, injuries, casualties, and involved vehicle types (car, delivery van, truck, bus, motorcycle, moped) per 100 million vehicle km. are presented. There were 27,065 police-reported motor vehicle accidents in Finland in 1978 (an increase of 11.4% from 1977), 610 fatalities (a 14.0% decrease), and 8701 injured persons (a 23.1% decrease). It is noted that since 1978 minor injuries have not been included in the statistics. KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387808 AU - Oranen, L AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - TRAFFIC EDUCATION PROGRAMME FOR CHILDREN: USE AND OPINIONS PY - 1980 SP - 73 p. AB - The effectiveness of two traffic education programs for children in Finland was evaluated, one for preschoolers (ages 4 and 5) and one for first-graders (ages 6 and 7). The programs were designed to involve parents and their children in traffic safety. The preschool program comprises a three-part TV series and a multipurpose booklet intended for both parents and children, designed mainly to influence parents about child traffic safety. The first-grade program consists of a six-part TV series and a traffic exercise booklet. The basic principle of the program is that parents and children should watch the TV lessons together, learn the safety lessons with the aid of the coordinated booklet, and practice the items in traffic in accordance with supplied instructions. Questionnaires were mailed to target group families in order to elicit the extent to which the programs had been used in homes, effectiveness of the programs in teaching method and factual content, the extent to which the programs had activated parents and children in traffic safety education, and the environment in which children move, including traffic areas. This survey demonstrated that families with children need information and instruction to improve child traffic safety. It was found that the programs had been used, their contents were largely satisfactory, and that they had contributed to educating children about traffic behavior. A major criticism was that the TV broadcasts should be at more convenient times; suggestions were also made on improving the content of the supplementary materials. KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Finland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Parents KW - Television KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386650 AU - Crocker, M J AU - Sullivan, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF TRUCK AND VEHICLE NOISE PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - General methods of identifying noise sources in vehicles are reviewed: subjective assessment, selective operation, selective wrapping, frequency analysis, change of excitation frequency or speed, acoustic mapping, surface velocity, acoustic intensity, and surface intensity. Two methods for studying truck noise sources are discussed in more detail: near-field measurement, and the coherence technique. Results of these two methods are compared with those of a third technique in which the same truck with different sources wrapped and then sequentially exposed was driven past a microphone using the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J366b test. Also described are two stationary indoor standard tests for measuring vehicle noise: reduced drive-by simulation, and sound power. These tests could be used to supplement (or replace) the SAE J366b drive-by test in some cases. Data obtained using these three tests on the same truck are compared. KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Noise sources KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386652 AU - Roper, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EPA'S (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY) RULEMAKING PROGRAM AND STRATEGY FOR REDUCING SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A review is presented of the history and strategy behind the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) implementation of the provisions of the Noise Control Act regarding surface transportation noise control. Sections 17 and 18 impose, respectively, specific EPA deadlines for regulating noise from interstate railroads and motor carriers. Section 6, rather than identifying specific transportation items for regulation, charges EPA to identify major noise sources in the environment and to develop regulations according to specified timetables. Section 6 limits noise regulation to newly manufactured products at the time of sale; Sections 17 and 18 apply to the in-use operation of both existing and new railroad and motor carrier equipment. Although initial regulations under Sections 17 and 18 have been published, the interstate railroad standards are being revised in response to a Federal court order. The general strategy of EPA in regulating the major noise sources of Section 6 has been to identify and regulate on a priority basis medium and heavy trucks, the most serious noise problem, followed closely by buses and motorcycles. Other programs underway involve automobiles and light trucks, snowmobiles, motorboats, and guided mass transit systems. EPA has also undertaken limited regulatory studies on mufflers and tires. KW - Laws KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Noise sources KW - Regulations KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385649 AU - Gosman, A D AU - Johns, RJR AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF FUEL-AIR MIXING IN DIRECT-INJECTION ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - The extension of a multidimensional method for calculating in-cylinder motion to the representation of liquid fuel spray injection is described. Sample calculations reflect droplet and gas motion and fuel-air mixing in the axisymmetric representation of an open-chamber, direct-injection engine, in the absence of combustion. These calculations are believed to be the first to employ a realistic model of gas-phase turbulence behavior. One of the more important findings is that spray induces velocities and turbulence levels in gas which are comparable to and sometimes greater than those produced by other mechanisms such as swirl and squish. Predictions suggest that spray creates its own fuel-rich "micro-climate" in the injector's vicinity. It is recommended that further study provide detailed time and space-resolved measurements of axisymmetric sprays, including data on the velocity of both phases, local droplet size distributions, and vapor concentration; particular emphasis should be placed on obtaining well-defined initial conditions to permit the proper assessment of spray models. KW - Air KW - Combustion chambers KW - Direct injection engines KW - Droplet size KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel spray KW - Fuels KW - Mixtures KW - Sprays (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385651 AU - Uyehara, O A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF BURNING ZONE A/F (AIR/FUEL), FUEL H/C (HYDROCARBON) ON SOOT FORMATION AND THERMAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The effect of localized pockets or zones of stoichiometric air/fuel mixture is considered for engine combustion chambers where the overall mixture is stoichiometric or leaner. Possible explanations for the existence of carbon monoxide (CO), with soot in the exhaust, are offered. Analysis indicates that the occurence of CO in engines where the overall value of the mixture equivalence ratio (Re) is 1.0 or less must be caused by localized zones in which the value of Re is greater than 1.0. The localized zone can be very small; in fact, in a carbureted spark ignition engine, mixture heterogeneity can account for the existence of CO in exhaust. Once formed, pockets of rich combustion products do not oxidize rapidly after temperature approaches 1666 degrees K. Above this temperature, CO, hydrocarbons, and other oxidizable species can convert to carbon dioxide and water when they come in contact with oxygen. The quantity of soot in exhaust depends on how rapidly soot formed during the combustion process is destroyed or oxidized. To keep thermal efficiency high, the mass value must be minimized in localized zones where the value of Re is high and oxygen must be readily available near these zones. KW - Air KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Soot KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199545 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386124 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Fewtrell, J AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - CRASH HELMET SAFETY PY - 1980 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 26-28 AB - Factors involved in buying a motorcycle helmet are outlined: cost, style, make, and material. Three basic helmet materials include glass fiber and resin (G.R.P.), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (A.B.S.), and polycarbonate. With the aid of the Greater Manchester Police (England), and a grant from industry, a research project based at Manchester Polytechnic is investigating motorcycle accidents and offering practical advice to helmet manufacturers on safety and design. Some results of this research are reported: helmets are generally in poor condition, with little consideration given to the size of the extra helmet carried along for friends; chin straps are often unfastened or are fastened and pushed inside the helmet; and painting of polycarbonate helmets (despite warning label) renders them brittle. Research has demonstrated that the rivet fastening mechanism of the chin strap could, under tension, pull away from the helmet shell. Manufacturers are in the process of redesigning this fastening device, and the British Standard Institute will soon incorporate this aspect in their test procedures. It is emphasized that a helmet must be in good condition and must be a proper fit to protect the cyclist from serious head injuries. The do's and don'ts of motorcycle crash helmets are outlined concerning painting and solvents; transfers and stickers (which may contain solvents); fitting; fastening; and exhaust problems (spare helmet deterioration from exhaust fumes). KW - Design KW - Glass fibers KW - Helmets KW - Resins KW - Safety KW - Styrenes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386639 AU - Crocker, M J AU - Zockel, M AU - McGary, M AU - Reinhart, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOISE SOURCE IDENTIFICATION UNDER STEADY AND ACCELERATING CONDITIONS ON A TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Experiments were conducted to obtain a quantitative comparison between the noise ranking of turbocharged diesel engine components using new sound intensity and conventional lead wrapping techniques, and to analyze the causes of the sudden increase in noise level observed during the initial acceleration phase. The sound pressure levels obtained with the two techniques are in good agreement above 315 Hz. Below that frequency the lead wrapping has inadequate transmission loss. Although the surface intensity technique in its present development state is still time consuming, it does produce essential information about surface vibration levels for use in component redesign to reduce noise. The acceleration test results indicate that the increased sound pressure level is directly related to combustion changes; turbocharger lag, which was previously identified as the cause, appears to have a negligible effect. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Noise KW - Noise sources KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386644 AU - Plotkin, K J AU - Montroll, M M AU - Fuller, W R AU - Nozick, H J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IDENTIFICATION OF TIRE NOISE GENERATION MECHANISMS USING A ROADWHEEL FACILITY PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - In a study of tire noise generation mechanisms designed as a foundation for developing quieter tire designs, a series of acoustic and vibration measurements was conducted on four heavy-truck tires, utilizing a roadwheel facility enclosed in a semianechoic chamber. Data were recorded from five near-field microphones and from five accelerometers mounted inside the tires. Acoustic time signatures were analyzed to identify noise source locations and possible causes. Supporting tread void compression and other tire properties were measured. Excellent agreement was found between air pumping theory and measurements for a crossbar tire. Air pumping for a crossbar tire was found to be the dominant vibration generation mechanism. Air pumping for a rib tire was found to be a possible mechanism. Measurement of vibration on a running tire demonstrated the comparability of vibration levels in the sidewall and in the tread area. Vibration levels were higher in areas following the contact patch than in those preceding. If carcass vibration is a major noise generation mechanism, the sidewall would be as important a radiator as the tread area. A series of stationary vibration tests is planned to define the vibration response of the test tires (Green's function, modal properties, wave speed, resonances, and damping factors). KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Air pumping KW - Noise KW - Noise sources KW - Pumps KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Vibration KW - Vibration levels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386646 AU - Close, W H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE; THE ROLE OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Activities of the Department of Transportation (DOT) in the field of surface transportation noise control are described: regulation; administration of trust funds which finance the construction of road and urban mass transit systems; development of new transportation systems; research on improved technology; enforcement of interstate motor carrier and railroad noise standards promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); and technical consultation with EPA. The research, development, and demonstration programs, and accomplishments of the following DOT agencies are tabulated and discussed: Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Highway Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Coast Guard, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, and Transportation Systems Center. KW - Administration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Development KW - Law enforcement KW - Noise control KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Traffic noise KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386648 AU - WELBOURNE, E R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REGULATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE IN CANADA PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Surveys in several Canadian cities suggested that significant proportions of the urban population are exposed to unacceptable levels of environmental noise, with traffic being the predominant noise source. In the absence of specific regulation, further increases in both the intensity and extent of traffic noise will occur in Canada. Effective November 1972, Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (CMVSS) 1106 has regulated vehicle exterior noise levels. Revisions to the standard were proposed in 1976 which would significantly reduce the heavy-truck and motorcycle noise levels. Since September 1977, CMVSS 1106 has regulated heavy-duty vehicle interior noise levels. New-vehicle exterior noise regulation in Canada is likely to remain broadly consistent with that in the U.S., at least in measurement methods and allowable noise levels. In Canada, a variety of provincial statutes, associated regulations, and municipal bylaws relate to in-use vehicle noise emissions. More effective coordination among the three levels of government is required to provide an efficient and consistent approach to vehicle noise regulation. KW - Canada KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise control KW - Regulations KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385633 AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY: MY POINT OF VIEW PY - 1980 SP - 31 p. AB - A collection is provided of ten essays representing the best selections from a contest conducted by the American Motorcyclist Association among its members. These personal comments provide insight into motorcycle safety from the motorcyclist's point of view. In commemoration of the 1980 International Motorcycle Safety Conference, this booklet is dedicated to the Motorcycle Safety Foundation, to conference participants from the professional safety community, and above all, to motorcyclists. Short biographies are provided for the authors of the essays. KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385653 AU - DULEEP, K G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE PARTICULATE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Parameters affecting the dilution tunnel and filter method of particulate sampling were studied, since accurate sampling and characterization of automotive particulate emissions are important to quantify potential human health effects. Parameters are categorized as those affecting particulate formation and those affecting particulate sampling. Particulate formation variables were tailpipe conditioning and heat transfer, dilution ratio, and mixing rate. Particulate sampling variables involved tunnel configuration, sample probe and sample line, and filter type used for sampling. Tailpipe heat transfer and preconditioning had significant effects on particulate emissions. The dilution ratio affected several parameters simultaneously, such as air-exhaust mixture temperature, mixing rate, and particulate residence time in the tunnel. Sampling diesel particulates on a filter led to a loss in sample integrity due to sorption of gaseous organic compounds by the particulate matter on the filter. KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel fuels KW - Particulates KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385655 AU - Plee, S L AU - MacDonald, J S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME MECHANISMS AFFECTING THE MASS OF DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE COLLECTED FOLLOWING A DILUTION PROCESS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Previously measured particulate mass concentrations from a single-cylinder indirect-injection diesel engine are examined; these were obtained under varying dilution ratio and filter temperature conditions. Considering the mechanisms of condensation, adsorption, and diffusion, observed variations in total particulate mass are attributed primarily to the adsorption and desorption of exhaust hydrocarbons on solid particulate matter. A simple Langmuir adsorption model is employed to explain qualitatively the observed effects of dilution ratio and sample temperature. Only under conditions of relatively high hydrocarbon emission is the condensation mechanism shown to be important. Simple adsorption analysis predicts trends observed in constant volume sampling dilution tunnels in which filter temperature and dilution ratio change simultaneously. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Indirect injection diesel engines KW - Mass KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Particulates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385657 AU - Ahmad, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF PARTICULATES ON THE MEASUREMENT OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN DIESEL EXHAUST PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Analysis was conducted to determine the extent of errors caused by nitrogen oxide (NOx) interaction with soot in diesel exhaust measurement systems. A simple model was developed to estimate the extent of NOx adsorption by soot. Model application to a production passenger car diesel engine tested with the Federal Test Procedure and using the constant volume sampling system indicated that NOx measurement errors attributable to adsorption by soot were negligible. Since experimental results suggested that the percentage of NOx adsorbed by soot suspended in the exhaust stream was a function of gas sample residence time, it was determined that a short sample line and a high flow rate will minimize measurement errors. Further research is recommended to explore chemical vs. physical adsorption and the interaction between soot and other gaseous components of engine exhaust. KW - Adsorption KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385662 AU - Mayer, W J AU - Lechman, D C AU - Hilden, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENGINE OIL TO DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A radioactive tracer technique was developed to determine the contribution of oil from an engine sump to exhaust particulates collected on a filter. The technique was applied to particulate emissions produced by an automotive diesel engine which was operated on an engine dynamometer over a range of steady-state conditions. Results indicated that from 1.5 to 25 mass percent of particulate matter, depending on speed and load, consisted of material from engine oil. The oil contribution to particulate matter's extractable organic portion varied from 16-80%. The greatest contribution from oil was generally observed at high test speeds. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Exhaust gases KW - Particulates KW - Radioactive materials KW - Tracers KW - Tracers (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385664 AU - Otto, K AU - Sieg, M H AU - Zinbo, M AU - Bartosiewicz, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE OXIDATION OF SOOT DEPOSITS FROM DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Combustion and gasification characteristics of deposits from diesel exhaust were investigated from samples collected from Opel, VW Rabbit and Oldsmobile diesel engines. Properties which may influence soot reactivity such as morphology, specific surface area, organic adsorbate, and occlusions of inorganic origin were characterized. Effects of temperature, oxygen pressure, and stepwise combustion on reactivity were also determined. Ignition and combustion kinetics of various soot deposits were measured gravimetrically, and requirements for fast soot oxidation in the presence of exhaust gas were assessed. It was found that reliable completion of soot combustion after ignition depends largely on oxygen pressure and soot bulk density. Ignition temperature can be lowered by suitable catalysts. Organic molecules, adsorbed on the soot surface, may also have an important influence on soot deposit ignition. Results confirm that partial combustion products suspended in exhaust gas are not oxidized significantly under conditions prevailing in diesel exhaust. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Ignition KW - Oxidation KW - Oxygen KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386115 AU - Cimbura, G AU - Warren, R A AU - Bennett, R C AU - Lucas, D M AU - Simpson, H M AU - Ministry of Solicitor General AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - DRUGS DETECTED IN FATALLY INJURED DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO PY - 1980 SP - 129 p. AB - An analysis was made of fluid and tissue specimens from drivers and pedestrians fatally injured in Ontario, Canada between 1 April 1978 and 31 March 1979. At least 90 psychotropic drugs and other substances were detected. Of the 1031 victims, 47% met all the criteria for inclusion in the study (age, time of death, sample submission, other factors). Of the 401 drivers and 83 pedestrians in the study sample, 328 (68%) tested positive for one or more drugs, including alcohol. Alcohol was present at over twice the frequency of all other substances combined; 55% of the victims had positive blood alcohol concentrations and 26% of drivers and 29% of pedestrians were positive for other drugs. The substances detected most frequently were: cannabinoids (i.e. marijuana), salicylate, and diazepam. Excluding these three substances, the drugs most frequently detected were members of the following drug groups: tranquilizers/antidepressants, antihistamines, and narcotics. The majority of the drugs detected were present in concentrations considered to be consistent with normal therapeutic dosages. The dominant multiple drug combination was alcohol with other drugs; 54% of the victims who were positive for other drugs were also positive for alcohol. Excluding alcohol, the most common multiple drug combinations involved salicylate and/or codeine, either together or with other drugs, particularly antihistamines or tranquilizers/antidepressants. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386647 AU - SNOW, R AU - Law, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL LEGISLATION IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Prior to 1972, the legislative control of motor vehicle noise in Australia was limited to the subjective assessment of new-vehicle noise by police or registration personnel. Australian Design Rule (ADR) 28 was issued in 1972 by the Federal Department of Transport, establishing maximum sound levels for different categories of new vehicles. This design rule was drawn up by the motor vehicle industry and representatives from transport authorities and motoring organizations. ADR 28 was regarded by many as little more than a statement of status quo, and the original drafting committee, the Advisory Committee for Safety in Vehicle Design, was requested to review the design rule. The committee was augmented by experts in the field of acoustics and representatives from environmental protection agencies, including the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) of Victoria. In 1976, a revised design rule (ADR 28A) was finalized, reducing the maximum permissible noise levels; its implementation has been deferred pending decisions on new design rule criteria in Europe. Following extensive surveys, the EPA of Victoria introduced the first Australian in-service passenger car noise regulations in 1976. Since then, the authority has prepared similar draft regulations for trucks, buses, and motorcycles. It is anticipated that these criteria will be adopted by all the Australian states. KW - Australia KW - Laws KW - Noise control KW - Regulations KW - Sound level KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386660 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND PHOTOMETRIC TESTS: STANDARDS, RECOMMENDED PRACTICES, INFORMATION REPORTS. HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENT. 1980 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 86 p. AB - Procedural guidelines and information for motor vehicle lighting equipment and photometric testing are presented. The section on equipment covers such areas as circuit breakers, ignition switches, electric windshield wiper and washer switches, and cigarette lighter receptacles. The section on lighting addresses such topics as lighting identification codes on motor vehicles; headlamp beam switching; lamp bulb retention systems; sealed beam headlamp units; connectors and plugs; service performance requirements and test procedures for lamp bulbs; plastic materials for use in optical parts; auxiliary driving lamps; fog lamps; motorcycle headlamps, tail and stop lamps; license plate lamps; headlamp-turn signal spacing; service performance requirements for turn signal flashers; emergency warning devices; and school bus signal lamps. New recommended practices, editorial changes, and technical revisions are noted. KW - Flashers KW - Handbooks KW - Headlamps KW - Lighting equipment KW - Photometry KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Standards KW - Turn signals KW - Turning lights KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385632 AU - Dutruit, M AU - International Road Federation TI - MODERN ROAD SIGN SYSTEM AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Increasing the luminosity of traffic signs by coating them with a reflective material is discussed as the most simple and practical way to provide nighttime visibility of signs in their exact form and colors. Reflective signs, rather than scattering the light from a headlight beam, return it back to the driver's eyes; painted or enameled signs, so-called diffusing reflectors, disperse the beam and produce poor nighttime luminosity. A new reflective film is described which contains minute spherical lenses (approximately 60 million/sq. m.) placed in air-filled capsules and having a reflective power three to four times higher than its predecessor. Although only 0.2 mm. in thickness, this film is actually a high-precision optical instrument comprised of several layers (metallic reflector, lenses, pigments, transparent plastic, and external protective layer). Signs covered with this high-intensity film have a life expectancy of ten years. With low beams, the luminescence of the signs is equal to 6 to 10 candles/ sq. m.; with high beams, this figure exceeds 300. The signs also reflect the light at an incident angle of up to 45 degrees, and are distinctly visible against illuminated backgrounds. For the horizontal sign marking system (i.e. on the road surface), reflective paints and adhesive strips of Scotchlite and Stamark are mentioned. Other applications of reflective materials are outlined: license plates; rear-end marking of heavy trucks, public works vehicles, and horse-drawn vehicles; clothing of pedestrians and people working on the road (e.g. police, construction and maintenance workers); and roadside obstacles (e.g. bridge abutments) and road hazards (e.g. sharp curves). KW - Hazards KW - High beamed headlamps KW - High beamed headlights KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Luminosity KW - Luminosity factor KW - Night visibility KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Protective clothing KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Reflectorized paint KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385647 AU - Watson, N AU - PILLEY, A D AU - Marzouk, Mohamed AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMBUSTION CORRELATION FOR DIESEL ENGINE SIMULATION PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - An apparent heat release rate (AHRR) correlation is presented for direct injection diesel engines. It is based on algebraic expressions describing the fuel burning rate as a function of dominant controlling parameters, such as ignition delay and equivalence ratio. Relating the burning rate to these parameters permits the AHRR at one engine running condition to be linked to the AHRR at another condition. By simulating the combustion process via an analytical expression whose governing parameters are linked to in-cylinder conditions, the AHRR empirical correlation simulates the combustion process (heat release) and enables the effect of many engine design and ambient condition changes to be predicted automatically, such as compressor and turbocharger match, valve and injection timing, compression ratio, aftercooling, and other engine design parameters. The correlation includes the influence of these parameters both on combustion and on the turbocharging process. While the experimental approach can reduce engine development costs, it should not replace fundamental research on diesel engine combustion nor detailed mathematical combustion modeling since it cannot predict the effect of combustion chamber design changes. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Heat flow KW - Heat release KW - Simulation KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385654 AU - MacDonald, J S AU - Plee, S L AU - D'Arcy, J B AU - Schreck, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF THE INDEPENDENT EFFECTS OF DILUTION RATIO AND FILTER TEMPERATURE ON DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE SAMPLES PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - A dilution mini-tunnel is described that collects diesel exhaust particulate samples with independent control of dilution ratio and sample filter temperature. The small dilution system requires no pumps or blowers and offers much flexibility in controlling the dilution process. Experiments were conducted with the dilution system to establish individual effects of filter temperature and dilution ratio on particulate samples collected by filtration from the exhaust of an automotive diesel engine. Exhaust particulate aerosol was generated with a single-cylinder test engine operating at constant load and speed. Increasing filter temperature from 35-100 degrees C while maintaining a constant 10.8:1 dilution ratio decreased particulate mass by about 13%. Increasing the dilution ratio from 5:1 to 100:1 at a constant filter temperature of 52 degrees C decreased particulate mass by about 26%. These changes were attributed to variations in the soluble portion of the particulate sample. Supplemental information is appended on dilution system development, residence time and filter material effects on particulate mass, and dilution ratio calculation. KW - Diesel engines KW - Dilution KW - Exhaust gases KW - Filters KW - Particulates KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385665 AU - Tessier, L P AU - Sullivan, H F AU - Bragg, G M AU - Hermance, C E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH EFFICIENCY DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE FILTER PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Six materials (Teflon felt, Nomex felt, woven fiberglass cloth, knitted stainless steel fiberglass matrix, fiberglass aerocor, and fiberglass insulation batt) were evaluated for their potential as a high-efficiency filter medium for diesel exhaust particulates. A graphite-treated woven fiberglass cloth was chosen for further development work. Filtration and back pressure characteristics of this material were examined over a wide range of face velocities and exhaust particulate loadings. Based on the results, an equation to estimate the required filter area for a given engine application, desired service interval, and maximum back pressure was formulated. Appendixes contain diesel fuel specifications, sample calculations, and data on materials tested. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fiberglass KW - Filters KW - Graphite KW - Particulates KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386122 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1979 CRC (COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL) OCTANE RATING SYMPOSIUM. REVISED EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - A symposium was held to encourage a more uniform application of the CRC (Coordinating Research Council) E-15 octane requirement technique among experienced raters in the oil and automotive industries. Training was accomplished through group meetings, individual demonstrations of proper techniques, and actual track testing. Although the program called for E-15 ratings with full-boiling range unleaded (FBRU) and primary reference fuel series, most crews were unable to complete work with the latter. Tables are presented on FBRU octane number requirements at full- and part-throttle. Additional tables of basic statistical information for these requirements are appended. Also appended is a list of some portions of the E-15 technique which were found to be ambiguous or misleading. Of particular concern was the part-throttle technique; part-throttle was simply defined as an acceleration at a constant manifold vacuum above detent. A modification was made to supply a quantifiable difference between full- and part-throttle in terms of manifold vacuum. Appendices also list the symposium program, participants, and members of the analysis panel. KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Throttles KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386640 AU - Piercy, J E AU - Embleton, TFW AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOISE TESTING OF VEHICLES--ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION PHENOMENA PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Several propagation phenomena which cause variability in standard procedures for noise testing of vehicles are discussed. Attenuation due to interference between direct and ground-reflected waves is considered, as well as the effect of atmospheric turbulence along the propagation path of the noise. The resulting inhomogeneity may be due to natural phenomena or may be induced by the wake of a vehicle. The effects of refraction by the thermal boundary layer close to the ground are analyzed. Acoustic mirages (and shadow zones) are mentioned. It is pointed out that the mirage effect throws considerable doubt on existing measurements of tire noise, where the noise source is presumably very close to the ground. KW - Acoustic properties KW - Noise KW - Propagation KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386643 AU - Barry, T M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REDUCTION OF TRAFFIC NOISE IMPACTS VIA PATH CONTROLS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Significant reductions in traffic noise levels can be achieved through use of path controls such as roadway alignment, site planning (including distance effects; buffers, such as noise compatible land uses; barrier buildings; and building orientation), installation of roadside noise barriers, and building insulation. Roadway alignment and site planning are potentially the most effective abatement strategies, but are relatively costly. Noise barriers are less costly, ranging from $50 to $200 per running ft., and can provide reductions of up to 15 dB(A). Increased barrier height can provide reductions up to 20 dB(A). At highway sites where the geometry precludes the use of barriers, insulation of the impacted building may be feasible. A single number rating procedure for exterior structures exposed to traffic noise has been devised. This Exterior Wall Noise Rating procedure allows the traffic noise specialist to examine the impacted buildings and to identify the weak elements. Three levels of corrective modifications can be considered: sealing leaks, modification of small structure elements such as windows, and wall panel modifications. KW - Alignment KW - Building KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Insulating materials KW - Land use KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385629 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS. PART 6: TRAFFIC CONTROLS FOR STREET AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 164 p. AB - Part 6 of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), reproduced here as a separate publication, presents uniform standards for traffic control during construction and maintenance of all public roads in the U.S. It comprises sections on general specifications, signs, barricades and channelizing devices, markings, lighting devices, control of traffic through work areas, and expressways and limited access facilities. Appended is the section applicable to Part 6 of the Traffic Control Devices Handbook (an operating guide supplementing MUTCD provisions), which provides additional operational and application guidance in handling traffic through construction, maintenance, and utility work zones. Also reproduced is Part 1 of the MUTCD, General Provisions. KW - Maintenance KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Standards KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385643 AU - Shiozaki, T AU - Suzuki, T AU - Shimoda, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OBSERVATION OF COMBUSTION PROCESS IN D.I. (DIRECT INJECTION) DIESEL ENGINE VIA HIGH SPEED DIRECT AND SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPHY PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Direct and schlieren photography of the combustion process in a direct injection diesel engine was investigated by comparing both photographic methods with cylinder pressure measurements, characteristics of mixing, ignition, and analysis of the burning process. Different combustion characteristics induced by varied in-cylinder air motions were also observed. The injected fuel spray jet pattern on the combustion chamber wall seemed to affect the mixing process due to combination with in-cylinder air motion. The contribution of turbulence to combustion in premixed and diffusion-type burning was recognized. The effect of swirl, especially on the diffusion burning period, was also confirmed. Mathematical equations for calculating the wall jet pattern and turbulence are appended. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel spray KW - Fuels KW - Ignition KW - Mixing KW - Photography KW - Sprays (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385644 AU - MIWA, K AU - IKEGAMI, M AU - NAKANO, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMBUSTION AND POLLUTANT FORMATION IN AN INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - A traversed fast-sampling technique has been applied to explore the processes of combustion and pollutant formation in an indirect injection, swirl chamber type diesel combustion system. To permit traversed gas-sampling in each chamber, experiments were made on a double-scavenged two-stroke cycle engine with a simulated two-dimensional chamber configuration. Parameters of interest in the experiments include the extent of fuel rich zones and their decay with time, the action of swirling air motion, nitric oxide formation, the formation of hydrocarbons and soot, the state of gas outflow from the swirl chamber into the main chamber, and flame spread within the main chamber. The effect of certain operating conditions and design parameters, such as overall fuel-air ratio, injection timing, connecting passage dimension, and fuel spray direction on experimental parameters were investigated. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel spray KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Indirect injection diesel engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Pollutants KW - Sampling KW - Soot KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Swirl chambers KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385658 AU - AMANN, C A AU - Stivender, D L AU - Plee, S L AU - MacDonald, J S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME RUDIMENTS OF DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 28 p. AB - Certain aspects of particulate production in fuel-efficient passenger car diesel engines are addressed: e.g. the combustion environment of soot formation and mechanisms involved, the in-cylinder oxidation of soot, and effects of exhaust dilution on particulate mass collected on a sampling filter. In the absence of a universally accepted kinetic mechanism for soot formation and a suitable combustion model for the divided-chamber diesel engine, equilibrium combustion calculations indicate that it is desirable to avoid locally-rich equivalence ratios, fuels with low hydrogen/carbon ratios, and low-reaction temperatures, in order to minimize the thermochemical potential for carbon condensation. Experimental evidence suggests a more complex dependence upon reaction temperature than equilibrium calculations reveal. Numerous studies dealing with diesel particulate emissions are cited. Where significant experimental results from diesel engines are lacking, appropriate nonengine experience is reviewed to contribute additional insights. Practical implications of particulate control in diesel engines are discussed. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Particulates KW - Soot KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385661 AU - Aoyagi, Y AU - KAMIMOTO, T AU - Matsui, Y AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A GAS SAMPLING STUDY ON THE FORMATION PROCESSES OF SOOT AND NO (NITRIC OXIDE) IN A DI (DIRECT INJECTION) DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Concentrations of soot, nitric oxide (NO), and other combustion products were measured by in-cylinder gas sampling in a direct-injection diesel engine. Effects of injection timing, swirl ratio, and combustion chamber geometry on the formation and emission processes of soot and NO were studied. Findings revealed that soot is promptly formed in the flame during the early combustion period where the equivalence ratio in the flame is high (over 1.0). Thereafter, almost all formed soot is quickly burned up by oxidation during the middle combustion period. Nitric oxide is formed in the flame during the early and middle combustion periods where the flame temperature was high (over 2000 K). The highest NO concentration was observed at the flame tip swept by the air swirl. Although the concentration of formed NO decreases by dilution it is nearly constant during the later combustion period; thus, the concentration of exhaust NO is almost completely governed by the formation process. Retarded injection timing not only decreases pressure and flame temperature but also increases the flame's equivalence ratio. Because of this, the maximum NO concentration decreases while the maximum soot concentration increases in the combustion chamber. The optimum swirl condition produces a good fuel distribution in the combustion chamber and reduces the maximum equivalence ratio. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel injection KW - Gasoline KW - Nitric oxide KW - Sampling KW - Soot KW - Swirl UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386649 AU - Taylor, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROGRESS IN THE REDUCTION OF NOISE FROM ROAD TRANSPORT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Three initiatives originated or sponsored by the government of the U.K. related to the reduction of noise from road transport are described, including overall cost and effect of the three programs and the direction of future policy. The Quiet Heavy Vehicle Project (1971) was a five-year project to develop and build prototypes of two quiet heavy vehicles (one with a 250 bhp engine, the other with a 350 bhp engine); the goal was a noise level of 82 dB(A), lower than for most current European passenger cars. The project has been a technical success, but it is uncertain whether the noise reduction will ever be realized on the roads. The government has established noise control guidelines for local planning authorities, resulting in widespread cooperation between planning and environmental authorities. Government noise insulation regulations mandate highway authorities to provide for the insulation of houses exposed to certain levels of traffic noise because of new or improved roads, as well as protection for properties against construction noise. Many new road designs have incorporated features such as earth mounds and noise barriers to reduce the need for insulation. The Darlington Quiet Town Experiment was established to demonstrate the potential for noise reduction at home and in public places by education, publicity, and experimental schemes (truck parks, silencers for air brakes, low-noise road surfaces). The project is still at an early stage. KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Insulating materials KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386651 AU - Sparkes, C AU - LARGE, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOISE PREDICTION OF HEAVY VEHICLES IN NONUNIFORM TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A technique was developed to predict the noise generated by queues of vehicles accelerating directly across a controlled intersection. The prediction method is based upon the calculation of the noise generated by individual vehicles, and the summation of the received noise levels at any observer position to obtain the total noise climate. The correlation coefficient between measurement and prediction was estimated at 0.91, indicating the validity of the method and its suitability for use in more general situations for non-free-flowing traffic. Noise profiles and motion characteristics obtained for decelerating vehicles at a controlled intersection can be used as a prediction method compatible with that developed for accelerating vehicles. The effect of sampling rate on the statistical analysis of accelerating heavy vehicle noise has been studied via a computer simulation model. Results indicate that a sampling rate with a period of less than one sec. must be used for an accurate representation of the noise climate. Heavy vehicle noise is dominant in both accelerating and decelerating queues of vehicles, and these vehicles also impede the movement of vehicles with higher performance capabilities, adding to congestion at an intersection. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Deceleration KW - Forecasting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Intersections KW - Noise KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385650 AU - Dent, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TURBULENT MIXING RATE--ITS EFFECT ON SMOKE AND HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The importance of turbulent energy dissipation rates on smoke and unburned hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines is quantitatively identified, the latter via a quenching mechanism which predominates during idling and light-load engine operation. Based on characteristics of quiescent chamber operations and flame quenching parameters, a procedure is derived to assess the contribution of various engine design and operational characteristics to unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Further experimental data are required to support the parameter's general validity. Test data cover a range of engine speeds, loads, injection rates, nozzle hole sizes, and number of holes for a quiescent-chambered engine, as well as the effect of increasing intake air temperature on aldehyde emissions. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mixing KW - Smoke KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385652 AU - Crookes, R J AU - Nazha, MAA AU - Janota, M S AU - Storey, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATION INTO THE COMBUSTION OF WATER/DIESEL FUEL EMULSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The results of steady-flow combustion tests for emulsions of 5%, 10%, and 20% by water volume at two pressures are compared with those obtained with diesel oil. Engine tests show that the addition of water to diesel fuel, in the form of an emulsion, significantly reduces nitrogen oxides emissions. An improvement in specific fuel consumption is also observed, with an optimum at about 15% water. Steady-flow combustion tests indicate that the presence of water in an emulsified diesel fuel spray inhibits the formation of soot in the flame and reduces soot concentration in final combustion products; increases ignition delay and the subsequent combustion rate; and promotes complete combustion, giving lower concentrations of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon, higher carbon dioxide concentrations, and improved combustion efficiency. Photographic study of burning spray at atmospheric pressure reveals that the rate of combustion is affected by the amount of water in emulsions, being highest for lower water content when flame length appears to be shortest, and that flame luminosity is first reduced by the addition of water after which it starts to increase. The effect of water in emulsified fuels is highly dependent on test conditions (pressure and input equivalence ratio). In general, combustion is improved and soot and nitrogen oxides are reduced through local equivalence ratio and temperature effects. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Combustion KW - Diesel fuels KW - Emulsions KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel consumption KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Photography KW - Soot KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385635 AU - Gallagher, V P AU - Franklin Institute TI - NEW DIRECTIONS IN ROADWAY LIGHTING PY - 1980 SP - 34 p. AB - The American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting (8 July 1977), prepared by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), is described. Also mentioned is the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage standard practice, which expresses lighting level requirements in terms of roadway luminance rather than illuminance, the basis of the IES standard. An illuminance- and a luminance-based system are compared. While illuminance measures the amount of light provided by the lighting system, the eye sees only the reflected portion (luminance). The luminance method provides the lighting engineer with a better understanding of the ultimate appearance of a scene, although it does not deal with the lighting of vertical surfaces. The current IES Standard Practice, when revised in 1982, is expected to replace luminance with illuminance as the design criterion. The calculation procedure for luminance is presented, a methodology for mathematically predicting the luminance intensity and distribution during the design process. The contrast of an object with its background is discussed, with particular reference to the Visibility Index, a contrast-based set of recommendations under consideration for IES adoption which require the calculation of vertical illumination. Under this proposed method, a given contrast level can often be satisfied by an object which is either brighter or less bright than the pavement. Appended are a discussion of pavement reflectance values and their calculation including r-tables for four pavement classes (reflective characteristics); derivation of luminance equations; and calculations for disability glare (veiling luminance) and its effects on visibility. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Glare KW - Illuminating engineering KW - Illumination engineering KW - Luminosity KW - Luminosity factor KW - Pavements KW - Reflection KW - Standards KW - Street lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199527 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386123 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Shaw, M AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - TACHOGRAPHS (USE IN THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY) PY - 1980 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-21 AB - The history of tachograph use by the transport industry is briefly traced from coal haul operations in Poland in the 1920's to the present. Many countries have now implemented regulations for the compulsory use of tachographs on different vehicle classes. A tachograph combines a speedometer, a clock, and an odometer (distance recorder) on its outer face, and records the corresponding measurements on an inside chart. The instrument is either mechanically or electrically driven. The diagram chart consists of a paper disc with a colored face and a wax-type coating on which are printed various scales covering speed, time, and distance. Spaces are also provided for the driver's name, start and finish mileages, dates, and vehicle numbers. The completed chart enables the fleet operator to improve the efficiency of his organization by providing information on route planning, fuel consumption, vehicle wear and tear, usable time, and driver behavior. The chart protects the driver from excessive driving hours demanded by an unscrupulous employer; controls the "cowboy" driver, protecting other road users from unsafe and illegal behavior; and provides reliable evidence on a vehicle's movement prior to accident involvement. Objections by the haulage industry and the professional driver are discounted. The tachograph can result in cost savings (e.g. in fuel, tires, maintenance, vehicle standing times) far outweighting the initial expense. The honest driver should have no fear of an instrument that, when required, will give a clear, factual, and unbiased account of his driving behavior. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Route choice KW - Tachographs KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203620 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386635 JO - Transportation USA PB - Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - AUTOS AND ECONOMICS PY - 1980 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 2-5 AB - Government concern over the auto industry's performance is examined in light of the economic situation. When auto manufacturers are in a slump, steel and rubber companies also experience economic difficulties. National and international developments affecting the auto industry and other manufacturing operations include energy availability and the significantly increasing price of oil, political instability in oil-rich parts of the world, foreign car competition, and employment trends. An emerging international economy is emphasizing productivity, innovation, and exports; statistics reflect this trend. The changing economic climate means a difficult transition period for the U.S. auto industry. It is estimated that major auto manufacturers will spend about $75 billion between 1980 and 1985 to make the fuel-efficient cars demanded by consumers. Car design changes will affect other industries; e.g., an estimated 160,000 jobs in steel and ferrous casting industries depend on the auto industry. The Department of Transportation is involved in resolving economic problems and developing appropriate policies. Concerns of auto workers regarding employment are noted in a separate section. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Economics KW - Employment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Policy KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386119 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1980 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1980 SP - 39 p. AB - Tabular information, as provided by state driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver's licenses in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. possessions, together with driver license content and driver improvement provisions. A new section shows comparable data for Canada. Since all states/provinces did not respond to the request for data, those previously reporting are assumed to have made no revisions. Tables cover the following areas: driver license administration and age requirements; driver examination; reciprocity; driver's license content; nondriver identification card; driver's license fees; problem drivers; suspension, revocation, and reinstatement; and forms of applicants' names on the license. KW - Administration KW - Driver licensing KW - Fees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386653 AU - Cermak, G W AU - Buseck, C R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF TRAFFIC NOISE ANNOYANCE PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - A continuing research program on traffic noise annoyance, involving laboratory, field, and computer modeling studies, is designed to quantify traffic sound elements which are subjectively most important to people, to determine annoying levels of traffic noise, and to analyze potential traffic noise abatement schemes. Laboratory studies of perception and preference for traffic sounds indicated that the psychologically most important elements of normal traffic noise are best measured by Leq (energy equivalent sound). Field studies showed that an Leq where 60 dB. is exceeded 24% of the time is the traffic noise level at which people become willing to pay for noise reduction. A community noise model has been developed for estimating the effectiveness of possible traffic noise abatement schemes in terms of the change in the number of people potentially exposed to various traffic noise Leq levels. KW - Annoyance KW - Effectiveness KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise control KW - Simulation KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386661 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FLUID CONDUCTORS AND CONNECTORS: STANDARDS, RECOMMENDED PRACTICES, INFORMATION REPORTS. HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENT. 1980 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 149 p. AB - Guidelines and procedural information are provided on fluid conductors and connectors in motor vehicles, including such topics as a coding system for identifying tube and pipe fittings; refrigeration and hydraulic tube fittings; hydraulic hoses; a flex-impulse test procedure for hydraulic hose assemblies; tests and procedures for high-temperature transmission and lubricating oil hose assemblies; hose connections; flares for tubing; seamless low-carbon steel tubing annealed for bending and flaring; welded low-carbon steel tubing; pressure ratings for hydraulic tubing and fittings; metallic air brake system tubing and pipes; performance requirements for nonmetallic tubing and fitting assemblies in automotive air brake systems; fuel injection tubing; automotive pipe fittings; drain plugs; and lubrication fittings. New recommended practices, editorial changes, and technical revisions are noted. KW - Fluid conductors KW - Fluid connectors KW - Handbooks KW - Hoses KW - Standards KW - Tubing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385646 AU - Whitehouse, N D AU - Clough, E AU - Uhunmwangho, S O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME GASEOUS PRODUCTS DURING DIESEL ENGINE COMBUSTION PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - An experimental program of in-cylinder sampling is described, and the integrity of results for nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from the diesel engine combustion process is discussed. Sampling data for these gaseous products are used to produce concentration contours on various planes around the fuel spray at different times during combustion. Some calculations of spray penetration and NO producer are compared with experimental data. Data indicate that, in the quiescent combustion chamber engine, combustion occurs in a volume that develops outward and upward from the original jet direction after impingement on the piston crown. It is anticipated that further correlation of these data will improve the understanding and computer calculations of combustion and performance in this type of diesel engine. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Gasoline KW - Nitric oxide KW - Performance KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385648 AU - Tsunemoto, H AU - ISHITANI, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROLE OF OXYGEN IN INTAKE AND EXHAUST ON NO (NITRIC OXIDE) EMISSION, SMOKE AND BMEP (BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE) OF A DIESEL ENGINE WITH EGR (EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION) SYSTEM PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Relationships among exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), nitric oxide (NO) and smoke emissions, and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) are examined for diesel engines, and the effect of decreased oxygen with EGR in direct injection, prechamber, and turbocharged diesel engines is considered. Results indicate that NO reduction depends on decreasing the incoming oxygen rate. Increased smoke and decreased BMEP are due to a reduced exhaust oxygen rate. No reduction is also the result of increased ambient humidity which can be explained by decreased oxygen in the incoming charge. With these results, it is possible to predict the ratio of reduction of NO emission, the increase in smoke, and the decrease in BMEP without considering EGR. KW - Brake mean effective pressure KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Nitric oxide KW - Oxygen KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386113 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD MORE ACTIVELY PROMOTE ENERGY CONSERVATION BY HEAVY TRUCKS. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE REPORT TO THE SECRETARIES OF ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION PY - 1980 SP - 40 p. AB - Substantial energy savings are possible by improving the fuel efficiency of trucks weighing over 10,000 lb. Truck manufacturers and suppliers have done much to achieve these savings by promoting such options as fuel-efficient diesel engines, fan clutches, aerodynamic devices, and radial tires. Between 1973 and mid-1979, purchases of fuel-saving equipment by truck operators increased, resulting in fuel savings of about 3.4 billion gal. Other approaches available to improve truck fuel efficiency are improved driving practices, compliance with the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit, and piggybacking. Although the voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program (VTP), an industry-government cooperative effort, appears to be working, steps can be taken to make it more effective. The program, operating under a 1975 memorandum of understanding, is based on the concept that economic forces will motivate voluntary conservation efforts. It is recommended that the Federal partners in the program (Departments of Energy and Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency) develop a current memorandum to define and clarify their responsibilities and to coordinate their efforts. Adequate funding and personnel need to be committed to the VTP. The Department of Energy needs to place a higher priority on the program to maximize its effectiveness. KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386638 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE NOISE REGULATION AND REDUCTION PY - 1980 SP - 131 p. AB - Fifteen papers are compiled which were presented at Vehicle Noise Regulation and Reduction sessions of the 1978 and 1980 Society of Automotive Engineers Congresses in Detroit. These papers convey the state of the art across a broad cross section of vehicle noise activities: the generation of noise, its prediction, propagation, measurement, control at the source, control in the source-receiver path, and the associated human responses. Legislative attempts to orchestrate research and to institute controls are also considered. KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Regulations KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386645 AU - Osman, M M AU - MAY, D N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF PAVEMENT TEXTURE AND TIRE TYPE ON PAVEMENT/TIRE NOISE PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Noise from pavement/tire interaction was measured at three highway speeds (64, 80, and 96 kph) on five pavement textures (worn, grooved (three types), and randomly-scabbled), using three tire types: summer bias-ply (rib), summer radial (rib and sipe), and winter bias-ply (crossbar). Sound pressere levels were measured with a microphone positioned outboard of a passenger car near the tire. A real-time analyzer obtained A-weighted sound levels and one-third octave band spectra. It was found that on smooth surfaces with essentially no macrotexture, tire tread pattern is an important parameter in pavement/tire noise. Crossbar tread pattern and other "traction" type patterns are likely to produce higher sound levels than treads with a rib pattern. Evidence for an "air pumping" noise generation mechanism is provided by the much higher sound level produced by the crossbar tread pattern on a smooth surface than that of the rib patterns. For all the pavement types, the winter tire was distinctly noisier than the other tires in the frequency bands near 500 Hz. In general, as pavement textures increase, there is a decrease in the differences in sound levels among different tire types. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Air pumping KW - Bias ply tires KW - Pavements KW - Pumps KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385645 AU - Williams, T J AU - Tindal, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GAS FLOW STUDIES IN DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES WITH RE-ENTRANT COMBUSTION CHAMBERS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Gas flow inside the cylinders of motored direct injection diesel engines was investigated, using fixed and moving hot wire probes. Particular attention was paid to swirl transfer into the bowl as the piston approaches the end of the compression stroke and to the bowl flow pattern. The investigation covered two bowl types in current use, a toroidal design and a re-entrant shape found to give low emissions. Measurements were also made in a re-entrant chamber of simplified geometry to provide data for theoretical modeling of gas flow and combustion processes. It was shown that swirl rates in the re-entrant bowl are generally higher than in the open bowl and that squish effects are much more noticeable. Swirling air is slower to come into re-entrant chamber during the compression stroke and does not seem to penetrate effectively to outer recesses; although swirl is held inside the bowl for considerably longer during expansion, clearly a significant factor in the ability to give good performance at retarded injection timings. Disadvantages of ultraviolet oscillographs for recording anemometer signals are noted (limited frequency response and laborious data processing). An appendix contains mathematical procedures for correcting anemometer readings to account for gas temperature variations. KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Fuel injection KW - Gas flow KW - Gases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385656 AU - Dolan, D F AU - KITTELSON, D B AU - Pui, DYH AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Diesel exhaust aerosol particle size measurements were made using techniques based on electrical mobility, diffusion, and inertial separation. Particle samples were also examined by electron microscopy, and volatile fractions were determined by vacuum sublimation. Measurements involved a direct injection engine and an indirect injection swirl chamber engine. Engine operating conditions were chosen to give a wide range of exhaust particle characteristics. Results demonstrated that number size distributions and number mean diameters obtained with an electrical aerosol analyzer and a diffusion battery system were in good agreement for various diesel exhaust aerosols. Submicrometer-diameter mass fractions measured with a micro-orifice impactor agreed well with submicrometer-volume fractions determined using the electrical aerosol analyzer, although mass fractions were slightly higher than volume fractions. Most of this difference probably resulted from particle bounce and density-related effects rather than from fundamental differences between sizing characteristics of the two instruments. Engine and operating conditions leading to the formation of particles with a high volatile fraction also produced high concentrations of submicrometer-diameter particles. Electron microscope photographs showed that significant fraction of these particles were spherical. They were apparently formed by the condensation of volatile materials sometime during the engine expansion, exhaust, or dilution process. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Indirect injection engines KW - Measurement KW - Particle size distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385663 AU - Wade, W R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL NOX (NITROGEN OXIDES)-HC (HYDROCARBON)-PARTICULATE TRADE-OFF STUDIES PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The emission control potential of divided-chamber light-duty diesel engines was investigated using engine dynamometer mapping tests, vehicle tests with engines modified to implement selected control strategies for reduced emission levels, experiments with combustion system modifications, and evaluations of techniques for the exhaust treatment of particulate emissions. The dynamometer mapping program was conducted on a diesel engine with a swirl chamber combustion system to determine the emission control capability with modulated exhaust gas recirculation and fuel injection timing. Emission projections from mapping tests, confirmed by vehicle test results, indicated that low-mileage engineering objectives assumed for hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide (NOx), and particulate emission level (0.41, 3.4, 1.0, and 0,6 gm/mi respectively) may be approached in experimental laboratory vehicles up to 3000 pounds inertia weight with optimized control systems. Particulate emissions limit the capability to meet the emission objective levels at higher inertia weights. Experimental diesel combustion system modifications did not significantly improve NOx, HC, and particulate emissions but caused a loss in fuel economy and/or power. The regeneration of a particulate trap was achieved at a high-load engine dynamometer operating condition in an investigation of techniques for collecting and periodically oxidizing particulate emissions. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Light vehicles KW - Mapping KW - Mapping tests KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Tests KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199557 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386116 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Melvin, J W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANATOMY, INJURY FREQUENCY, BIOMECHANICS, AND HUMAN TOLERANCES. (LITERATURE REVIEW) PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - Medical and engineering journals, texts, and books were reviewed to determine areas of automotive injury information that may add to knowledge of injury type, frequency, severity, and cause. Literature, mainly from 1965 to the present, was reviewed pertaining to injury frequencies, types, and locations for car, van, and light truck occupants. Current experimental biomechanical articles were also examined. A search was made for descriptions of injury frequency, restraint effectiveness, and the causes of specific injuries. The review is divided into sections by six major body regions: head/face, neck/throat, thorax, abdomen, vertebral column, and extremities. For each body region, the material is divided into a discussion of the regional anatomy, the present knowledge of injury frequency and extent, knowledge of human tolerances, and recommendations for further study. References follow each section. KW - Anatomy KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203616 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386132 JO - GAO Review PB - U.S. General Accounting Office AU - Nadel, M V AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - MY CAR INSURANCE IS HOW MUCH?!! PY - 1980 SP - p. 29-32 AB - A General Accounting Office analysis of state regulation of automobile insurance rates is described. In most states, companies set their own rates without approval, the presumption being that competition can assure the fairest price. Although the insurance industry is competitively structured, important limitations on competition exist. Consumers are limited in their knowledge about insurance due to lack of publicity concerning differences in price and quality among companies and to the obfuscatory language of most policies. Competition in the insurance business differs from that of other businesses in that companies compete to get the best risks and to avoid the worst ones. The insurance market cannot be regarded as a free market because insurance is compulsory in half the states and is generally required to finance a car. Because of these limitations, regulation of the automobile insurance business is justified. Very little difference exists between the cost of insurance in price-regulated states and those with open competition systems. Other factors, such as the size and resources of the state insurance department, explain the difference among the states in insurance price. It is suggested that regulation be channeled toward facilitating the competitive potential of the automobile insurance market. It is proposed that the states require insurance policies to be readable, that frequent detailed comparisons of companies be made available, and that insurance departments publicize the relative number of complaints against companies. In these circumstances, consumers would be better served by the absence of price regulation. A controversial price determinant is the classification system based on driver age, sex, marital status, and residence. Some states are considering proposals to ban its use and three states have already done so. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Insurance industry KW - Regulations KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385642 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 296 p. AB - Diesel engine fuel economy and exhaust emissions were addressed by contributors from Canada, West Germany, Japan, and the United States, including such topics as data generation methods (optical, sampling, hot wire anemometry, gas flame temperature, and pressure), variables of importance (piston bowl shape, injection timing, load, speed, and fuel), computed or analyzed results as a function of combustion chamber location and crank angle (local fuel equivalence ratio, soot formation and destruction, chemical species, air entrainment, and turbulence), useful information on modeling (data analysis techniques), and effects on exhaust pollutant measurements of dilution ratio, filter temperature, and oil consumption. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385659 AU - HIROYASU, H AU - Arai, M AU - Nakanishi, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOOT FORMATION AND OXIDATION IN DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - In order to obtain a fundamental understanding of how soot forms and burns up during combustion in diesel engines, the relation between exhaust smoke level and combustion duration in a direct injection diesel engine was measured. The effect of different injection timings, and engine speeds and loads on combustion duration are presented and discussed. Combustion experiments in the less complex environment of a continuous spray open flame were performed from which soot samples were collected at various locations in the flame. By use of a special technique, information was obtained on the mechanism of soot formation and oxidation which could not be obtained from engine experiments. The similarity of soot formation and oxidation within diesel combustion chamber and continuous spray open flame are discussed. An analysis of these results shows that the exhaust smoke level is mainly determined by the concentration of soot at the time of exhaust valve opening, indicating that combustion duration is very important. The net soot release in a diesel engine cylinder, for a given fuel, is controlled by the amount of soot oxidation and the rate of combustion. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel injection KW - Oxidation KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385660 AU - KAMIMOTO, T AU - Aoyagi, Y AU - Matsui, Y AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF SOME ENGINE VARIABLES ON MEASURED RATES OF AIR ENTRAINMENT AND HEAT RELEASE IN ADI (DIRECT INJECTION) DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - The rate of air flow into the flame and the heat release rate were thermodynamically calculated in a direct-injection diesel engine, and a two-zone model is proposed which uses three measured values of cylinder pressure, flame temperature, and injection rate as input data. Correlations between air flow and heat release rates under varied conditions show that combustion during early and main periods of diffusion combustion is controlled primarily by air flow into the flame, which increases with increased injection pressure. Higher swirl is also associated with increased air flow. The deep bowl piston has a higher air flow rate than the flat dish piston, and the flame's equivalence ratio becomes higher with increasing fuel amount. Advanced injection timing increases the air flow rate. Exhaust nitric oxide concentration is high and exhaust smoke density is low when the flame zone's mean equivalence ratio is low and the flame temperature is high. KW - Air entrainment KW - Combustion KW - Cylinder pressure KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct-injection diesel engines KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Heat flow KW - Heat release KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Nitric oxide KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386641 AU - Kennedy, D S AU - WELBOURNE, E R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARISON OF TWO STATIONARY MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES FOR TRUCK EXTERIOR SOUND LEVELS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - SAE RP (Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practice) J1096 and CSA (Canadian Standards Association) Standard Z107.22 were compared in ability to predict pass-by sound levels measured in accordance with SAE RP J366b. Tests were made on 60 diesel trucks covering a range of ages, sound levels, and configurations. Since J366b, a drive-by procedure, requires a clear site of 7000 sq. m. with ambient sound levels of no more than 70 dB(A)., it is impractical as a basis for effective regulation of heavy truck sound emissions. J1096, in which the vehicle remains stationary, is slightly less realistic but offers a useful simplification. It still requires a relatively quiet and rather extensive measurement site, and the use of a microphone located 1.2 m. above the ground, which raises doubts about the repeatability of results on differect sites. Z107.22, also using stationary trucks, is notable for its use of a microphone located 7.5 m. from the truck centerline and 80 mm. above the ground. The present study found the CSA procedure to be at least as good a predictor of pass-by sound levels as SAE RP J1096. A small but statistically significant advantage was found for the CSA Standard in run-to-run repeatability. An exploratory study suggested little sensitivity of either procedure to refraction effects of wind and temperature gradients. Further work is planned to compare site-to-site repeatability of both procedures. KW - Diesel trucks KW - Measurement KW - Regulations KW - Repeatability KW - Sound level KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386642 AU - Reif, Z F AU - Moore, T N AU - Steevensz, A E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOISE EXPOSURE OF TRUCK DRIVERS PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The noise exposure of truck drivers was measured during long-distance runs using special instrumentation: a continuous tape recording system equipped with subminiature microphones ("Ear Bugs"). An Ear Bug was mounted within both ears of the drivers at a location where measurements are least affected by extraneous effects; a microphone was also suspended from the cab ceiling 150 mm. to the right of the driver's ear level (center of cab position). Sound level analytical results indicate that driver noise exposure is (highest to lowest) on the freeway, on the highway, and in the city. The noise exposure is approximately 50% higher for freeway compared to city driving, presenting a permanent hearing loss risk. Frequent use of radio or Citizens Band radio can significantly increase this hazard. Sound levels measured within the ears of the drivers were generally significantly higher than at the center of the cab. KW - Cities KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Freeways KW - Hearing loss KW - Highways KW - Noise KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386659 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IRON AND STEEL: STANDARDS, RECOMMENDED PRACTICES, INFORMATION REPORTS. HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENT. 1980 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 247 p. AB - These guides, standards, and information reports are organized in 10 sections that cover a unified numbering system for metals and alloys with a commercial standing; the numbering system and chemical composition of ferrous metals; general data on steels; methods of testing steels; steel fasteners; spring wire and springs; ferrous castings; tool and die steels; ferrous materials; and general information of ferrous and nonferrous metals. New recommended practices, editorial changes, and technical revisions are noted. KW - Alloys KW - Handbooks KW - Iron KW - Standards KW - Steel KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384703 AU - Gau, L P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AIR FLOW SENSING PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - An air flowmeter, known as a vortex whistle or swirlmeter, is described which measures air being used in an internal combustion, spark ignition engine. Airflow measurement is used to direct fuel delivery for desired air/fuel ratio. The meter's air measurement ability is purely volumetric, gauged on the basis of minimum cross-sectional area. The basic flow duct shape is similar to that of a venturi except that the incoming air is set into vortical motion by an axially located set of inclined blades that completely block the entry line of vision. The resultant swirling motion produces a pressure gradient within the meter to provide a depression thread through the meter's introductory length. Each time the depression zone passes the longer of two probe standpipes, the shorter standpoint is immersed in the highest pressure region. Thus, a pressure pulse is driven down the short pipe. A silicon detector is located in the probe chamber just beneath the short pipe. The cooling pulse produces a current pulse in the operating circuit which is then transposed to a voltage equivalent by an electronic module mounted on top of the flowmeter's wall structure. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Flow KW - Flowmeters KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Pressure KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384709 AU - Crain, W M AU - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research TI - VEHICLE SAFETY INSPECTION SYSTEMS. HOW EFFECTIVE? PY - 1980 SP - 80 p. AB - A comprehensive examination is provided of motor vehicle inspection programs implemented as part of an effort by the states to develop highway safety programs in accordance with uniform safety standards promulgated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) between 1967 and 1972. A statistical analysis compares death and accident rates in states with and without inspection programs. Also analyzed are the basic premises underlying inspection policies, the different types of programs, and the economic impact of inspection regulations. It is shown that the programs have had no discernible effect on highway safety; technical, political, and economic reasons for this failure are offered. It is concluded that, in view of its costs and the absence of benefits, the overall vehicle safety inspection program should be reevaluated and perhaps terminated. Random inspection programs are at least as effective than periodic (once or twice yearly) inspections and are less costly. This finding argues that NHTSA consider substituting random for periodic inspections on a permanent basis. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Economic impacts KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384700 AU - Halbo, L AU - Haraldsen, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE MAGNETIC FIELD SENSITIVE TRANSISTOR--A NEW SENSOR FOR CRANKSHAFT ANGLE POSITION PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A semiconductor sensor is described which can be used for indicating crankshaft angle or more generally, any position which can be related to changes in a magnetic field. The sensor is based on a lateral P-N-P (positive-negative-positive) transistor which is sensitive to magnetic fields. Devices produced by the standard analog integrated circuit process are described, demonstrating a voltage sensitivity to magnetic fields up to two orders of magnitude higher than for a comparable Hall element. Parameters most appropriate for automotive applications are discussed: sensitivity, zero field offset, temperature effects, and mechanical stress effects. KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Crankshafts KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Location KW - Position fixing KW - Sensitivity KW - Sensors KW - Transistors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384702 AU - Marks, J D AU - Sinka, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A WIEGAND EFFECT CRANKSHAFT POSITION SENSOR PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The Wiegand effect has been applied as an ignition trigger in several configurations of automotive distributors. Recent advances in the design of magnetic excitation systems for the Wiegand effect have made possible considerable improvement in such distributors. The improved magnetic circuit has made possible the development of a crankshaft position sensor for deriving the top dead center and speed signals for use in microprocessor-based engine control systems. The design lends itself to actuation by suitable notched disks, or directly from the teeth of the flywheel ring gear. KW - Automobile engines KW - Circuits KW - Control KW - Crankshafts KW - Electric circuits KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Location KW - Microprocessors KW - Position fixing KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384708 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRUCK AND BUS SIZES AND WEIGHTS. 1980 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 38 p. AB - Maximum legal lengths, widths, and heights are shown for buses, trucks, semitrailers, trailers, and combinations as defined by each state for various single units and combinations. Summaries are presented of individual state legislation (passed, failed, pending) considered in 1979 which would change legal size and weight limits. During that year, 31 states considered changing their laws. Maximum weight and width limits are given for the Interstate highway system. Comments and exceptions regarding size and weight limits are provided on a state-by-state basis. KW - Buses KW - Change KW - Height KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Laws KW - Length KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - State government KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384698 AU - Sacchetti, P J AU - Phillips, D R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A RATIOMETRIC TEMPERATURE SENSOR FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A new type of temperature sensor was developed for closed-loop engine control systems which is capable of providing a ratiometric voltage output for measuring temperatures up to 650 degrees C. No supporting amplifiers or signal conditioning electronics are required. A completely protected stack of bimetallic elements mounted in a stainless steel thermal well was developed for the higher operating temperature range. When a temperature increase changes the height of the bimetallic stack, a stainless steel connecting rod actuates the translatory potentiometer at the other end of the sensor. The inherent short-term linearity advantages of the RESISTOFILM conductive plastic element make it possible to resolve accurately the relatively small deflections resulting from the movement of the bimetallic stack. The RESISTOFILM element can be preshaped, trimmed, or loaded to linearize the actual output response vs. temperature. The sensor has the following advantages over current sensor types: accuracy to bimetal curve if uncompensated and to linear output if compensated, high amplitude output, inherent stability of ratiometric operation, and low source impedance. An accuracy of plus/minus 3% has been achieved over an ambient to 650 degrees C temperature range, and the sensor design is expected to prove cost-effective. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobile engines KW - Control KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feedback control KW - High temperature KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Plastics KW - Sensors KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384704 AU - Rehn, L A AU - Tarpley, R W AU - Wiemer, K C AU - Durham, K M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DUAL-ELEMENT, SOLID-STATE FLUID FLOW SENSOR PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The theory, design and operation of a solid-state fluid-flow sensor are presented together with some results of laboratory evaluations. Two silicon sensing elements, mounted inside a cylindrical tube and connected through a resistance bridge, are maintained at a constant temperature differential with one element at the temperature of the fluid, providing a reference. The magnitude of flow can be determined from the heat transfer rate off the hotter of the two elements. Flow rates between about 2 and 40 1/hr. may be resolved with the present sensor arrangement. Dynamic range and resolution can be adjusted for particular applications by varying the values of the fixed bridge resistors, thus varying the temperature differential between sensors, or by varying the tube diameter. The measurement of fuel flow is a potential application. KW - Differentials KW - Differentials (Gears) KW - Flow KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Fluid flow KW - Heat transfer KW - Sensors KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384705 AU - Chang, S C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THIN-FILM SEMICONDUCTOR NOX (NITROGEN OXIDES) SENSOR PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The performance of the thin-film semiconductor tin oxide NOx (nitrogen oxides) sensor (TFS sensor) has been tested in direct contact with untreated, undiluted exhaust gases. Sensor resistance increased monotonically with air/fuel ratio (A/F), in the range of 10 to 17 A/F. From frequency response tests, the sensor response time constant was estimated to be approximately 1.1 sec. A chemiluminescent NOx analyzer was used to measure the NO (nitric oxide) and NOx concentrations in the exhaust gases, while the NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) content was estimated by subtracting NO from NOx measurements. Peak concentrations of NO and NO2 occurred at 15 A/F and 17 to 18 A/F, respectively. The NO2 peak position was very close to sensor resistance peak position. While exhaust gas recirculation substantially reduced the NO content, it had comparatively little effect on sensor resistance, especially around the stoichiometric point. It was concluded that the TFS sensor possesses certain characteristics which are attractive for engine control purposes. KW - Automobile engines KW - Control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Semiconductors KW - Sensors KW - Thin films KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384730 AU - General Services Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE FLEET REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR 1979 (OCTOBER 1, 1978-SEPTEMBER 30, 1979) PY - 1980 SP - 31 p. AB - Fleet operational data for fiscal year 1979 are summarized for all Federal agencies operating vehicles in the U.S. and overseas. All agency-held, interagency motor pool, and commercial vehicles are included. The vehicle types comprise sedans, station wagons, ambulances, buses, trucks, truck tractors, and special-use vehicles (e.g. electric and hybrid vehicles). The statistical tables cover vehicle inventory, utilization, indirect and direct costs, fuel consumption, and average mpg. Selected data on five-year trends are included. KW - Automobiles KW - Federal government KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Inventory KW - Motor vehicles KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384724 AU - Lacey, J H AU - Daniel, R B AU - Orr, B T AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - INVESTIGATIONS OF 61 SCHOOL BUS CRASHES IN THREE NORTH CAROLINA COUNTIES PY - 1980 SP - 193 p. AB - Results are reported of on-scene investigations of 61 school bus accidents, ranging from minor to relatively severe, which occurred in Chatham, Durham, and Orange counties in North Carolina during the 1977-1978 and 1978-1979 school years. The most frequent crash-causing maneuvers by bus drivers were improper turns, failure to yield, improper backing, and driving left of center. For other involved drivers, the most common accident-producing maneuver was following too closely. Also reported are observations on the frequency of unsafe driving acts among school buses not involved in crashes. The most common unsafe driving acts were improper stopping procedures, driving too fast, and improper or no turn signals. Recommendations include increasing training emphasis on proper procedures to avoid or safely perform the most common high-risk maneuvers, and increasing the quality and uniformity of in-service training for school bus drivers. Because buses were often struck in the rear at passenger stops, it is suggested that reducing the number of required stops should be considered. Appended are summary descriptions of selected crashes, field data collection forms, and unsafe driving act observation forms. Many photographs accompany the text. KW - Behavior KW - Bus drivers KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - School buses KW - Speeding KW - Stopping KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384701 AU - ITOH, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR AND ITS APPLICATION TO AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A flux gate type sensor is described which indicates direction by measuring the magnetic field, and which has sufficient sensitivity and reliability for automotive use. Three automotive display designs are described: a meter, LED (light emitting diode), and LCD (liquid crystal display). A heading display system consisting of the direction sensor, a control circuit, and the meter has proved satisfactory. A new technique is described which compensates for car body magnetism. Integration of the direction sensor with the microcomputer of a trip computer information system is discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Displays KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Information display systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Light emitting diode displays KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microcomputers KW - Reliability KW - Sensitivity KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384699 AU - Wolber, W G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE CONTROL SENSORS '80 PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - An updated bibliography is presented on automotive engine control sensors. New sensors for conventional control parameters are described, including a hybrid aneroid-semiconductor strain-gage manifold absolute pressure sensor; a hot-wire anemometer air flowmeter; a ball-in-race, optical pickoff fuel flowmeter; and a new solid-state magnetic crank angle piezoceramic position detector. Piezoceramic and magnetostrictive knock sensors for knock limit governing loops, a thin-film nitrogen oxides sensor, and oxygen sensors suitable for lean-burn engine control are discussed as sensors for new parameters. Work on sensors for electronic diesel engine control is mentioned, along with new engine control signals derived from crankshaft position sensing. Progress toward generating guidelines and specifications in the sensor area is reported for the Society of Automotive Engineers' (SAE) Transducer Subcommittee of the Electronic Systems Com.; the SAE Emissions-related Electrical Equipment Subcommittee of the Electrical Equipment Com.; the International Standards Organization Working Group 3, and the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation Sensors Working Group. KW - Anemometry KW - Automobile engines KW - Bibliographies KW - Control KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Flowmeters KW - Guidelines KW - Location KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Position fixing KW - Pressure KW - Sensors KW - Specifications KW - Strain gages KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384713 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - On 4 April 1979 at 3:30 AM on Interstate 8 nine miles west of Winterhaven, California, a truck tractor semitrailer operated by K.K.W. Trucking, Incorporated (Gardena, California), collided with a Pontiac station wagon parked on the shoulder of the road. Both vehicles exploded upon impact, burning to death two occupants of the station wagon and injuring three other persons, including the truck driver. The property damage was $55,000. The probable cause of the accident was a fatigued truck driver who dozed at the wheel. The truck driver had been on duty and/or driving for a total of 31 hours and 25 minutes, accumulating 19 hours and 25 minutes driving without eight consecutive hours off-duty time. It was found that the driver not only violated hours of service regulations but also had not completed a written driving exam or an employment application upon being hired. Two months prior to the accident, the truck driver had been cited in a safety compliance survey for an hours of service violation. A recent report by the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety revealed that 41 out of 75 accidents that were investigated resulted from a driver being asleep at the wheel. The need for improving driver screening and hiring practices and for exercising better supervision of drivers' activities is indicated. KW - Compliance KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382544 AU - Morgan, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATERIALS AVAILABILITIES IN THE 80'S PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The U.S. motor vehicle industry accounts for the use of about 26% of total U.S. supplies of iron and steel, 16% of aluminum, 12% of copper, 69% of lead, 34% of zinc, and 40% of platinum group metals. Many other minerals are used by the industry in relative proportion to steel, such as ferroalloys (incorporating manganese, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, or cadmium) and stainless steels, in order to provide corrosion resistance or high temperature capability. Motor vehicles play an important role in national security, mining, agriculture, and many other sectors of the economy. The tasks of improving motor vehicle efficiency and safety and lessening environmental impact are placing more pressure on high-performance special property materials. Many of these materials are classified as strategic and are imported from foreign sources with varying degrees of reliability. Although the United States maintains a stockpile of strategic materials, it is intended for defense purposes. Motor vehicle manufacturers in the 1980's must pay increased attention to assuring that production schedules are not disrupted by foreseeable and preventable material shortages. KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Industries KW - Materials KW - Metals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Productivity KW - Shortages KW - Steel KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382551 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATERIALS AVAILABILITY PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Factors influencing the availability of materials for automotive component manufacture are identified. Raw material availability and price are becoming more dependent on a wide range of economic, political, and technological factors. There are significant variations in reserves of such elemental materials as zinc, magnesium, and antimony, and no precise forecasts can be made regarding the future demand for these materials. Exhibits are provided to facilitate the construction of profiles for given materials. Emphasis is on major uses, reserves, international agreements, demand and price projections, purchasing strategies, and government stockpiles. Consideration is also given to imports, political events, production capacity problems, political visibility, cartels, energy, technology, finance, and recycling. A list of information sources is provided. KW - Antimony KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Imports KW - Magnesium KW - Materials KW - Politics KW - Pricing KW - Productivity KW - Raw materials KW - Recycling KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382530 AU - DeHart, A O AU - Rosenberg, R C AU - Hill, R F AU - Schneider, E W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A RADIOMETRIC TEST TO DETERMINE THE LUBRICANT EFFECT ON JOURNAL BEARING LOAD CAPACITY PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Radiometric techniques were developed and successfully applied to journal bearing studies in a unidirectional bearing test machine. These techniques involve the detection of wear debris from a radioactive test bearing and were used to determine bearing load capacity with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian lubricants. Results show that the radiometric method of determining bearing load capacity correlates with engine field tests and laboratory film thickness measurements. The method is more rapid and less costly than engine field tests and provides a more direct measure of load capacity than film thickness measurements. Slight changes in bearing geometry due to wear which occur during testing can be corrected by a linear compensation factor. A method for the electrodeposition of radioactive tin on a journal bearing surface is appended. KW - Bearings KW - Deposition KW - Electrodeposition KW - Journal bearings KW - Load factor KW - Lubricants KW - Radioactive materials KW - Radiometers KW - Radiometric method KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382545 AU - Hogan, W T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SUPPLY PROSPECTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE STEELS PY - 1980 SP - 1 p. AB - Steel availability for the automotive industry should remain adequate, despite the rise in foreign steel imports and a cutback in U.S. capacity. Domestic automotive output has dropped, and imports now represent more than 20% of the market. Steel industry operations have been reduced from a high of 94% capacity in May 1979 to less than 80% of capacity. In assessing long-term prospects for automotive steel availability, one must assume that automotive demand will pick up. The United States has between 152 and 154 million tons of raw steel capacity, and Canada has 17 million tons. Canada will add 2 to 3 million tons by 1985, while U.S. capacity will remain stable. In Western Europe, there will be a decline in existing capacity of at least 10%, as the United Kingdom, Belgium, West Germany, Italy, and Spain shut down facilities. There are no plans to increase capacity in Japan, although Third World countries have rather ambitious plans. Demand for steel on a worldwide basis is projected to increase about 3% annually, resulting in a short supply of steel in the middle 1980's, but the automotive industry is not expected to suffer from the shortage. KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Demand KW - Imports KW - Iron and steel industry KW - Shortages KW - Steel KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382548 AU - Adams, R G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATERIALS AVAILABILITY FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS--COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - The automotive industry will face significantly tighter supply conditions and greater market instability for copper, lead, and zinc in the 1980's. Lack of past investment in new mines, increased political intervention in the mining industry, growing U.S. dependence upon imports, and greater reliance on terminal commodity markets will further compound the difficult purchasing environment. More metal producers and their financial backers will have to contend with highly unstable and cyclical terminal markets, even in industries where these have not traditionally been the dominant pricing mechanism. Environmental uncertainty, partially due to environmental legislation, will inhibit the production of lead and the exploitation of coal reserves needed to generate competitive electric power for aluminum production. KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Copper KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Materials KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382549 AU - Pearce, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE AVAILABILITY OF COBALT FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Historical production and consumption patterns for cobalt and specific applications of cobalt in automobiles are considered in assessing the future availability of cobalt for the automotive industry. Almost all cobalt is produced as a byproduct from the production of another metal. Reported exceptions are mines in Morocco and Siberia, where cobalt is a primary mineral. Prior to the late 1970's, the price of cobalt was relatively low since cobalt production was largely governed by nickel and copper production. Cobalt use in automotives is rather small, being confined primarily to permanent magnets in radio speakers and certain other applications where high magnetic strength with low weight is desirable. Although cobalt is used in small quantity in special steels, and it is an essential component in tungsten carbide tools used for high-speed machining, the total use of cobalt in the automotive industry is insignificant. Subject to cautions noted about Central Africa, there will be plenty of cobalt available for all applications, including the automotive industry, before 1985 (perhaps as early as 1981-1982) at a price of about $12 per pound. Future automotive applications of cobalt are discussed, including increased use of cobalt rare earth magnets, which are stronger and lighter than those now in use. KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Cobalt KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382561 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - TWO-VEHICLE COLLISION AND FIRE, U.S. ROUTE 422, INDIANA, PENNSYLVANIA, SEPTEMBER 22, 1979. HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - About 3:00 AM on 22 September 1979, a Chevrolet sedan, occupied only by its driver, was westbound on U.S. Route 422 near Indiana, Pennsylvania. While negotiating a right curve at 70-75 mph, the sedan collided head on in the eastbound lane with an eastbound Ford Bronco multipurpose vehicle traveling at about 39 mph, occupied by six persons. Shortly after the crash the Ford caught fire; the hot catalytic converter was the ignition source. All occupants of both vehicles were killed. Both drivers had blood alcohol content equivalent to having consumed 10 oz of 100-proof whiskey or 9 1/2 12-oz cans of beer. The probable cause of the accident was determined to be the operation of the westbound sedan in the eastbound lane while negotiating a right curve at an excessive rate of speed, by a driver whose judgment and driving ability were impaired by alcohol. Contributing to the cause of the accident was the limited sight distance when the vehicles first became visible to each other. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Catalytic converters KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Frontal crashes KW - Sight distance KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382533 AU - Didot, F E AU - Lonstrup, T F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF USED ENGINE OILS PY - 1980 SP - 42 p. AB - Data from a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) fuels and lubricants investigation are presented to depict the viscosity increase at minus 18 degrees C of crankcase oils as a function of mileage, engine type, service type, viscosity grade, and base oil type (petroleum or synthetic). The total data base of 1530 viscosity measurements was classified to show the viscosity increase for each major viscosity grade. It was found that SAE 10W/20, SAE 10W/30, SAE 10W/40, and SAE 10W/50 oils increased in viscosity at the same rate, and that half of all SAE 5W-X and SAE 10W-X oils went out of grade by 2500 mi. of use. SAE 15W-X and SAE 20W-X oils showed better stability, remaining in their low temperature viscosity grades for about 11,000 mi. Partial synthetics/total synthetics increased at a slower rate and to a lower level than all petroleum stocks. Type of operation (taxi, courier, commuter, etc.) appeared to have some effect on viscosity thickening. Gasoline engines were generally more severe in terms of viscosity increase than diesel engines. Mileage required to go out of grade increased with increasing low temperature viscosity. It seemed that oil viscosity increased at a more rapid rate when measured at lower temperature. The investigation quantifies the amount of viscosity increase for typical passenger car service but provides no data to confirm effects of viscosity increase on startability in the field. Field testing is planned to explore startability. Supporting test data are appended. KW - Crankcases KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Gasoline engines KW - Low temperature KW - Used engine oil KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382539 AU - Kaye, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY AND MCCAULLEY INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT. ACCIDENT, DECEMBER 8, 1978, ROBY, TEXAS PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - An 8 December 1978 motor carrier accident in Roby, Texas, involved an oil well servicing truck and a school bus. The truck struck the bus broadside at a controlled intersection. Both vehicles overturned and were separated from their respective chassis; there was no fire. Five fatalities, 20 injuries, and approximately $100,000 in property damage resulted. The accident was attributed to truck driver error (improper passing, failure to stop at a stop sign, and failure to yield right-of-way). The driver did not have a commercial operator's license and was guilty of 13 traffic violations. It was determined that the motor carrier must share responsibility for the accident in that the company is responsible for pre-employment screening to ensure employment of safe, competent, and qualified drivers. The accident environment, events preceding the accident, the accident itself, the drivers, and vehicles are described. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Liability KW - Motor carriers KW - Overturning KW - School buses KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198542 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382535 JO - Israel Journal of Medical Sciences PB - Israel Medical Association AU - Haddon, W AU - Israel Medical Association TI - OPTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH INJURY. KEYNOTE ADDRESS PY - 1980 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - p. 45-68 AB - A logical system for preventing injury and death in motor vehicle crashes is based on the sequence of events (precrash, crash, and postcrash) and types of factors involved (human, vehicle and equipment, physical environment and roadway, and socioeconomic environment). By forming a matrix, various options and evidence of their effectiveness can be individually evaluated. Although screening for high-risk drivers has not been generally effective, young drivers with previous crash records have exceptionally high fatal crash involvement which suggests that these drivers should lose their driver's license after the first violation. High school driver education programs have been linked to increased licensing of 16-17 year old drivers, resulting in increased fatalities for this age group. No favorable results from high school driver training have been shown, even for drivers over 18 years of age. Alcohol abuse is a significant contributor to injury and death. Although data on vehicle safety inspection are inconclusive, evidence indicates that adding a simple, midline rear brake light will greatly reduce rear-end collisions. Vehicle crash phase programs include designing vehicle fronts less hostile to pedestrians and others, designing trucks to prevent underride by impacting cars and greatly improving the crash packaging of vehicle occupants. Crash packaging improvements encompass laminated windshields firmly anchored in place, steering assemblies and dashboards that cushion impacting occupants, doors that stay shut in crashes, protected fuel tanks, and limiting vehicle speeds to levels within the vehicle's capability to protect occupants. Passive restraints will augment the already demonstrated protection provided by seat belts, and further reduction in fatalities is expected in 1982 when these systems will be required on every new car. Precrash, physical environment, and roadway factors include nonskid road surfaces, the elimination of pedestrian crossings on highways, and the separation of vehicle and pedestrian pathways. Crash, physical environment, and roadway actions involve design, installation, and maintenance of guardrails; provision of clear roadside deceleration areas; removel of fixed poles from the roadside; provision of energy-absorbing systems where objects intrude on traffic flow; and use of breakaway sign, light, and telephone poles in high accident areas. Consideration is given to such socioeconomic factors as the quality of emergency medical care, laws affecting alcohol use, public information campaigns, and motorcycle crash helmet use. A summary of panel discussions on highway safety in Israel follows. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Driver education KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Safety engineering KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382531 AU - Rein, S W AU - Alexander, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH SHEAR RATE CAPILLARY VISCOMETER FOR ENGINE OILS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A high shear rate capillary viscometer is described for measuring the viscosity of engine oils at shear rates and temperatures within the range experienced by automotive engine oils. Although the use of multigrade engine oils is well-established, the lack of commercial viscometers to measure engine oil viscosity at appropriately high temperatures and shear rates has led many laboratories to build their own viscometers. The simplicity of the capillary viscometer is enhanced since the device is used as a relative viscometer rather than as an absolute one. Viscosity is determined from calibration with Newtonian oils instead of calculation from capillary dimensions. Flow properties of the multigrade oil being tested are equated to viscosities of a series of single-grade reference oils. Principal elements of the capillary viscometer are a glass capillary, a pump-activated pressurization system, a glass timing column for flow rate measurements, and necessary temperature and pressure instrumentation. Procedures for using the viscometer are detailed, and the device's usefulness is demonstrated for a group of commercial engine oils. The viscometer can also be used for interpreting the results of a laboratory engine friction test. KW - Capillarity KW - Engine oils KW - Friction tests KW - Shear rate KW - Viscometers KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382543 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATERIALS AVAILABILITY FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 45 p. AB - A task force was created to address the availability of automotive industry materials and to devise a system to help motor vehicle manufacturers lessen weight, improve efficiency and safety, and enhance maintenance and recyclability. It was recognized that materials selection is complicated by the fact that numerous materials used in automotive, aerospace, and energy applications are "strategic" materials, some sources of which are of uncertain reliability. Eight papers discuss materials availability in the 1980's, supply prospects for automotive steels, outlook for the availability of automotive plastics, and materials availability for automotive applications (including copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, and platinum). KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Industries KW - Lightweight materials KW - Materials KW - Metals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Plastics KW - Recycling KW - Steel KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382550 AU - Lundy, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLATINUM AVAILABILITY PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - Sources, reserves and resources, and outputs of the platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium) are reviewed. Platinum metals for exhaust emission control began with passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970. The catalytic approach seemed to be the most efficient and cost-effective way of meeting legislative standards, and platinum metals appeared to be the best catalyst materials. World platinum resources, primarily in South Africa, Russia, and Canada, are substantial (about 2.5 billion ounces, with proven reserves of perhaps 800 million ounces). Western countries' annual consumption is about 2.8 million ounces. Platinum is available in the ground and can always be marketed in response to real demands. Rhodium is being increasingly used in three-way catalyst systems. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Catalytic converters KW - Demand KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Platinum KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382563 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SENSORS FOR AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 117 p. AB - Fourteen papers are compiled which discuss sensors used in automotive electronic control systems. Various types of sensors are described: Lambda-Sensor, zirconia oxygen sensor, a thick-film pressure sensor, a ratiometric temperature sensor, magnetic field sensors, a Wiegand effect sensor, fluid level- and flow-sensors, and a thin film semiconductor nitrogen oxide sensor. Among the sensor monitoring/control functions discussed are: emission control, pressure, temperature, engine control, crankshaft angle, airflow, and liquid level and flow. Guidelines are presented for establishing specifications and test methods for automotive sensors. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Performance based specifications KW - Sensors KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382532 AU - Dancy, J H AU - Marshall, H T AU - Oliver, C R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DETERMINING FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINE OILS BY ENGINE FRICTION AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The frictional response of an engine to a particular engine oil depends on combined effects of the oil's viscosity and additives which modify rubbing friction during boundary lubrication. With the combined use of motored engine friction and high shear rate viscometer measurements, it is possible to screen oils for frictional characteristics and to separate viscosity effects on friction from chemical effects during boundary lubrication. These measurements can be performed using the single-cylinder engine friction test and the high shear rate capillary viscometer. Results show that kinematic viscosities do not represent viscosity conditions experienced during engine operation. Viscosities during motored engine testing are better approximated by viscosities measured at a shear rate of 10 to the minus sixth power seconds. Although frictional results are integrated with high shear rate viscosity measurements, individual effects of viscosity and additives on the friction level can be viewed separately. KW - Capillarity KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Friction tests KW - Frictional properties KW - Lubrication KW - Oil additives KW - Shear rate KW - Viscometers KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382546 AU - Spector, S R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALUMINUM INDUSTRY FIVE-YEAR FORECAST--1980-1984 PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - A five-year aluminum industry forecast for 1980-1984 is based on projected near-term economic developments none of which anticipates an extreme or severe worldwide business recession similar to 1974-1975. It is anticipated that aluminum supply/demand will grow progressively tighter through 1983-1984 and that aluminum prices will increase at a rate faster than both inflation and production costs. Through 1984, the demand for aluminum will be limited by the new supply availability of both primary and secondary metal sources. This limitation will keep international aluminum prices and the return on capital above the level necessary to justify new investments in basic smelting capacity. Because of the improved industry outlook, many international aluminum companies are preparing to initiate expansion programs over the next several years. Capital constraints, the construction time required for "greenfield" plants, and the difficulty in locating economic power sources, will somewhat restrict major new aluminum capacity expansions through 1985. There are substantial tonnages of in-place capacity which have become economically obsolete due to soaring energy costs. These smelters can be dismantled, mothballed, or closed down during soft demand periods. Advanced computerized inventory control, elimination of product lines, better production technologies, or more efficient delivery systems may enable producers to operate effectively with lower inventory-to-sales ratios. KW - Aluminum KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Investments KW - Pricing KW - Productivity KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382547 AU - Young, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OUTLOOK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Automotive industry needs for plastics are examined in light of energy concerns which affect the availability of plastics in the 1990's. Plastic use in automobiles has grown from about 10 pounds per car in 1953 to about 200 pounds per car in 1979. While the primary reason for this growth has been equal or better performance at lower cost, the new driving force involves fuel economy gains made possible by reducing vehicle weight. Plastics provide two routes to energy savings, less fuel to power the lighter car and less energy to produce the plastic part, since plastics are less energy-intensive per cubic inch in their manufacture than metals. The supply of plastics in the 1990's is related to the cost of energy, the role of energy conservation, and feedstock availability. During the transition period from oil and natural gas to coal for the production of feedstocks, plastics should maintain a preferred position in fossil fuel allocation on the basis of economic benefits and end-use energy savings. Overall energy conservation, reduced gasoline consumption, and the switch to coal and other energy sources should aid plastics in meeting future automotive demand projections of 300 to 400 pounds per car by the late 1980's. KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Forecasting KW - Lightweight materials KW - Plastics KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382054 AU - Harmon, C A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE ENTERTAINMENT PRODUCTS PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - Design considerations for a premium radio system for today's automotive market are discussed. The top-of-the-line system includes an AM/FM stereo receiver and eight-track or cassette tape deck. Particular reference is made to Delco Electronics' recent experience in the development of entertainment systems for General Motors' vehicles. Receiver, tuning, loudspeaker, display, operator control, antenna, and noise suppression component requirements are examined. KW - Antennas KW - Automobiles KW - Deserts KW - Electronics KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Radio antennas KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio receivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382057 AU - UEDA, J AU - Inoue, N AU - KANAI, T AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY FOR FM CELLULAR PORTABLE TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Prototype design and performance and design objectives are summarized for a second-generation 850 MHz cellular portable telephone, with emphasis on the technology required to meet the needs for compactness and low power drain. New circuit and component technology developed for 850 MHz portable/mobile telephone applications are described: frequency synthesizer, direct FM modulator, logarithmic amplifier IF module, MIC power amplifier modules, and highly-miniaturized dielectric duplexer. In future work, additional emphasis will be placed on the introduction of a power saving technique, development of a compact, rechargeable battery, and wider use of large-scale integration, hybrid integrated circuits, and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) devices. KW - Cellular structures KW - Cellular systems KW - Circuits KW - CMOS devices KW - Electric circuits KW - Integrated circuits KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio equipment KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382058 AU - Leitich, A J AU - Linder, D L AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PORTABLE TELEPHONES FOR CELLULAR SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - A portable radiotelephone has been developed, suitable for operation in 800 MHz cellular systems and compatible with developmental systems proposed by Bell Labs. and Motorola. The size, weight, and power drain goals in critical transceiver portions were achieved by using custom integrated circuits packaged in hybrid modules. The microprocessor-based logic unit was partitioned into custom CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) chips. The package design combines stylish appearance, functional form, and volumetric efficiency. The keyboard, battery, cabinet, and internal modular concepts contribute to ruggedness and reliability. All of the transceiver, logic, and control functions have been verified. The low current drain allows operation throughout a ten-hr. day with up to one full hour of conversation. KW - Cellular structures KW - Cellular systems KW - CMOS devices KW - Integrated circuits KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio telephone KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382071 AU - E & FN Spon Limited TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS, 1979. AN ILLUSTRATED ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT RECORDS (FLORIDA) PY - 1980 SP - 33 p. AB - Comprehensive statistics on 1979 Florida traffic accidents are presented in tables, graphs, and charts. Historical trends are shown and a Florida map indicates fatality rate changes from 1978 to 1979 for each county. In 1979, there were 343,542 traffic accidents involving 625,197 drivers, with 2635 fatalities. Pedestrians accounted for 3 percent of persons injured and 25 percent of fatalities. The 1979 mileage death rate of 3.5 deaths/100 million vehicle mi. is the highest since 1974. Fatalities increased 14 percent from 1978 and accidents 5 percent. The ratio of injured to killed was 72 to 1. Although 88 percent of the involved motor vehicles were equipped with seat belts, only 11 percent had seat belts in use at the time of the accident, and only 4 percent of the 1498 persons killed were using them. More accidents occurred between 4:00 and 5:00 PM and on Fridays. More fatal accidents occurred between 7:00 and 8:00 PM and on Saturdays. KW - Crash rates KW - Days KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382086 AU - Yankovich, B R AU - Murphy, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROJECT SAFETY--COORDINATED SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE DUI (DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE) PROBLEM PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - "Project Safety," designed to reduce alcohol-related accidents, was implemented in Bonneville County (60,000 population), which had a large number of alcohol-related traffic accidents. The county was selected for the project partly due to its excellent interagency treatment/education system, CARES (Combined Alcohol Referral Education Services). A DUI (driving under the influence) Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) was begun, and increased interagency cooperation was developed. Additional personnel were employed, a county-wide public information media campaign was founded, and an administrative steering committee, representing all participating agencies, was established. The DUI arrest rates in Bonneville and Idaho Falls increased greatly, with a reduction in the accident rate for the first six months of the program; community awareness of the alcohol traffic safety problem is being generated, and the benefits of a coordinated approach seem well worth the effort expended. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Coordination KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Information dissemination KW - Interagency relations KW - Mass media KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382087 AU - McCabe, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUALITY CONTROL OF CERTIFIED ALCOHOL INFORMATION SCHOOLS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The need for a standard curriculum and the use of advanced teaching techniques became apparent when a 1979 survey found great disparity in the course content of the alcohol information schools in the state of Washington. A new state law on driving while intoxicated mandated that convicted drivers be referred to a state approved (certified) school, and new regulations were developed revising alcoholism treatment facilities. An effective alcohol education program requires a good quality service delivery system, or means of developing one; adequate regulations to provide direction to the schools; a uniform curriculum adaptable to various teaching techniques; an effective monitoring or evaluation system to point out deficiencies; and annual education sessions for the school instructors. The new regulations require a minimum of eight and maximum of twelve hours of classroom instruction; an assessment of each student's involvement with alcohol by a qualified alcoholism counselor prior to the classroom instruction; referral of students showing signs of alcohol abuse and/or alcoholism to specific treatment resources; and a uniform school curriculum. An Alcohol Information School Instructors Guide was financed by a traffic safety grant. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Certification KW - Curricula KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Monitoring KW - Quality control KW - Regulations KW - Safety programs KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382061 AU - Hennen, H A AU - Mulford, K AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LAND MOBILE VOICE PRIVACY COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The need for voice security in Land Mobile Radio communications is addressed, followed by a discussion of the thinking and engineering behind Motorola's development of a digital voice scrambler, the Digital Voice Protection (DVP) System. The radio hardware developed for the scrambler system is also described. Key technological advancements in realizing the DVP System were in the areas of large-scale integration (LSI)/hybrid technology and binary digital voice processing techniques. The DVP System utilizes 12,000 bit/sec. Continuously Variable Slope Delta modulation, a proprietary custom LSI CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) encryption device, and binary frequency shift keying for coded mode radio frequency transmission modulation. KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobile radio KW - Privacy KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Scramblers (Telecommunications) KW - Speech KW - Speech recognition KW - Voice communication KW - Voice security UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382068 AU - Dorian, C AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOBILE SERVICES ABOVE 1 GHZ (RADIO COMMUNICATIONS) PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - The present status of frequency allocation for mobile radio services, decisions of the 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) relative to new and revised allocations above 1 GHz, and the future outlook are reviewed. Above 1 GHz, there are presently no allocations to the individual terrestrial mobile services (aeronautical, land, maritime). The main effort on satellite use for mobile services is below 2 GHz. As a result of WARC-79, there will be a significant increase in primary shared use of frequencies above 1 GHz by terrestrial mobile services (except aeronautical). The conference decided on a 6.5 MHz increase for maritime mobile-satellite service, and an additional 5 MHz for ship-to-shore high-speed data. Aeronautical mobile-satellite service has been delayed, while land mobile-satellite service is beginning to accelerate. An area receiving maximum attention is the possible use of emergency position-indicating radio beacons via satellite. The 1982 Mobile Conference will permit changes in the Radio Regulations to improve communications related to the rescue of ships and aircraft in distress; the 1986 conference will be broader in scope. Success of a land mobile-satellite system depends on economic viability. KW - Allocations KW - Artificial satellites KW - Bandwidth KW - Beacons KW - Communication systems KW - Cost allocation KW - Location KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobile radio KW - Position fixing KW - Radio KW - Radio frequency KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382090 AU - McElravy, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE COMBINED DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) REFERRAL: PROBATION OFFICERS AND ALCOHOLISM COUNSELORS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Since mid-1978, the Nebraska Division on Alcoholism has worked with the Nebraska Office of Highway Safety and the State Probation Administration to develop a model driving while intoxicated (DWI) court referral program. In four local alcoholism programs, evaluation counselors receive referrals from their county courts, assess the extent of the problem, report findings to the court, and help in developing a treatment or education program. As of July 1980, judges may make alcoholism treatment a probation condition for DWI convictions, with the client paying the bill for such treatment; this may lead eventually to a statewide system of alcoholism evaluations largely self-supported from client fees. Further implementation of the probation evaluator program is planned, with additional officers trained in sensitivity to alcoholism, alcoholism evaluation, and referral methods and resources. Similar training for the state's judges is in progress. Issues remaining to be settled include the eventual need for legislative action to set up a permanent statewide referral system; need for a statewide approach to DWI education classes; and the role conflict occurring when probation officers who have arrest power attempt to perform alcoholism or other counseling functions. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Police KW - Probation KW - Referral systems KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382051 AU - Townsend, D T AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE LOS ANGELES DOWNTOWN PEOPLE MOVER--CONCEPT TO REALITY PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The impetus behind the Los Angeles Downtown People Mover (DPM) program and the multi-phase planning behind its implementation are described. The DPM is planned as a totally grade separated, Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) system providing circulation/distribution service along a 3-mi. route. It will intercept passengers at multimodal transportation centers located at end of the line. The DPM is one element of a four-part Regional Transit Development Plan; other elements are improved local and regional bus service and paratransit services, express bus-on-freeway service, and a rail "Starter Line" from Downtown L.A. to North Hollywood. The People Mover will operate on a scheduled frequency of 90 sec. to 4.5 min., depending on the time of day. Stations and vehicles will be unmanned; operations will be directed from a control center. There will be 13 stations, with patronage projected at 72,400/day by 1990. Contracts for the $175 million AGT project are to be awarded by the end of 1980, with operation commencing as early as 1984. Positive economic impacts are already being demonstrated in the form of new high-rise office construction. KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Grade separations KW - Headways KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Multimodal transportation KW - People movers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382053 AU - Cherry, J R AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONIC RADIOS AND HI-FI SOUND PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Semiconductor industry development of large-scale MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) integrated circuits, hyper-abrupt junction tuning diodes, digital displays, and high-speed digital circuits has resulted in the development of electronically tuned automotive radios. The introduction of FM stereo broadcasts, tape players, noise reduction circuits, stereo/mono blend circuits, improved tapes, audio power booster amplifiers, graphic equalizers, and improved speakers has contributed to the development of automotive high-fidelity sound. The future will bring improved performance in both broadcast and recorded audio functions. The future market will likely be more sophisticated, requiring higher product performance and modified selling techniques. KW - Automobiles KW - Electronics KW - High fidelity KW - Radio equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382060 AU - Fuller, R M AU - Epler, F A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OVERVIEW OF AN A.M.P.S. (ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SERVICE) MOBILE CALL PROCESSING SYSTEM PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - An Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) call processing logic and ten-kilobit-per-sec. data receiver were designed for Bell Telephone Labs.' cellular telephone market trial in Chicago. The call processing logic board contains the major elements of the system, including the 8085 microcomputer system, supervisory audio tone transponder, IEEE (Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 488-1975 Bus interface to the AMPS control unit, and transceiver interface. Included on a smaller circuit card are the clock acquisition system, and integrate and dump circuits, as well as the antenna diversity supervisory system. Barker word synchronization and bit stripping are accomplished in the main 8085 system. Initial design goals are outlined and the major system elements are described and diagrammed. Approximately 500 mobile telephone units have been operated in customer vehicles with good results. KW - Automobiles KW - Cellular structures KW - Cellular systems KW - Design KW - Mobile equipment KW - Mobile telephones KW - Portable equipment KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382062 AU - Grindahl, M L AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC COMMUNICATIONS CONTROL SYSTEM (LAND MOBILE RADIO) PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - In FM Land Mobile Radio communication systems, the frequency spectrum below 300 Hz is essentially unused. A subaudible signaling format for use in this spectrum is examined. The technique utilizes direct FM modulation of the radio frequency carrier by near-Nyquist pulses. The ability to send data and audio together allows distribution of the signaling tasks among all system channels, thus reducing cost and increasing efficiency. From the trunk group of repeaters, one is selected as the "home channel" for each group of mobiles. Since each repeater is responsible for signaling on its home channel, this approach lends itself to distributed processing which requires only a small logic unit within each repeater. These logic units share system status information over a high-speed serial data bus. This architecture permits each repeater to be autonomous. A typical acquisition sequence in a simplified two-channel trunked system consisting of one repeater per channel is illustrated. KW - Automatic control KW - Communication systems KW - Frequency modulation KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobile radio KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Trunking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382084 AU - Maas, J B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNTIL I GET CAUGHT, A DOCUMENTARY FILM. TEACHERS' GUIDE PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - A teacher's guide is provided for "Until I Get Caught," a film on drinking and driving (narrated by Dick Cavett on a television special). The 27-minute film discusses the dangers, injuries and deaths involved in drinking and driving, and the need to change public attitudes towards drunken driving. Questions for class discussion and suggestions for class projects are included, as well as order forms for purchasing or renting either a 60-minute or 27-minute version of the film. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education and training KW - Film KW - Public opinion KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382089 AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Queisser, H R AU - Donovan, D M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SKILL TRAINING: AN INTERVENTION PROGRAM FOR DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) OFFENDERS PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The influence on accident history of the interaction between problem drinking and emotional tension has been clearly demonstrated. A behavioral intervention program for persons convicted of driving while intoxicated is currently being developed, pilot tested, and evaluated as a potential driver improvement program. The program consists of eight hours of instruction and behavioral practice of self-control skills that the individual can use to deal effectively with high risk drinking and driving situations. The background and rationale for the program is presented in terms of a model of the traffic accident causation process. The implications of this model for the program are discussed. KW - Coulomb failure criterion KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Motor skills KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382091 AU - Musselman, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLORADO: MANDATORY EVALUATIONS FOR CONVICTED DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Legislation effective on 1 October 1979 made it mandatory in Washington for the courts to consider alcohol education and treatment resources as alternatives to traditional sanctions against the abusive drinking driver. A review is presented of the history, philosophy, responsibilities and procedures of the resulting Alcohol and Drug Driving Safety Program. The plan, which combines early identification and intervention with a combined health/legal approach, effectively reduces recidivism. Responsibilities of the program, of the trained evaluators and of the Judicial Department are discussed. Fees for evaluation and monitoring are collected by the courts and forwarded to the State Treasurer's Office, thus giving the alcohol treatment programs recourse for collection of past due accounts. A probationary drivers license may be issued to those cooperating with the court sentence. The Alcohol and Drug Abuse Division is responsible for licensing the alcohol treatment programs. Program procedures and guidelines are described. Defendants are classified as either a social drinker, an incipient problem drinker, or a problem drinker (criteria tabulated). Through the cooperation of the Division of Highway Safety staff and other state and local agencies, evaluators were already on staff in 22 Colorado judicial districts when the law became effective. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Licenses KW - Probation KW - Probationary license KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382064 AU - Reeves, C M AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OVERVIEW OF TRUNKING TECHNIQUES IN MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - An introduction to trunking theory is provided, including its applicability to increasing the efficiency of mobile radio communications. Techniques used to implement trunked radio systems are discussed and their merits compared. Three techniques involve a central controller which interconnects the repeaters and signals the mobile units when appropriate. A typical trunked mobile radio system communicates data from the controller to the subscribers via a dedicated signaling channel with or without voice traffic on the voice channels. These techniques require the subscribers to monitor a fixed "data" or "home" channel when idle, from where they are directed to an available voice channel when a call is received. In a third trunked system, an idle channel is indicated by a continuously transmitted tone; mobiles search for the tone, then wait there for possible calls. Disadvantages of the central controller/data channel approach include component failure, high transmission rate, radio frequency spectral pollution, and high purchase and maintenance cost. In a fourth technique, which endeavors to provide telephone-grade service without the cost and complexity of a central controller, each idle mobile unit constantly scans the channels looking for incoming calls. Results are summarized from a comparison study of trunked and nontrunked 800 MHz business radio services in Chicago. More than a 30:1 improvement in the quality of service, as well as 113 percent more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum was found with the trunked system. KW - Communication systems KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobile equipment KW - Mobile radio KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio frequency KW - Speech KW - Trunking KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382066 AU - Yuki, S AU - Tanaka, K AU - YAMASHITA, S AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPACT 1000 CHANNEL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER FOR 800 MHZ LAND MOBILE RADIO EQUIPMENTS (SIC) PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A compact 800 MHz frequency synthesizer is briefly described which uses the direct frequency dividing method, and requires neither frequency multipliers nor frequency mixers. High signal spectral purity better than 72 dB and a channel switching time faster than 60 msec. are realized. Features of this Land Mobile Radio synthesizer unit include: small size (1.5"x1.4"x4.8"), high channel capacity (1000 channels over 25 MHz bandwidth), and low power supply voltage (5 V). KW - Communication systems KW - Frequency synthesizers KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobile radio KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382093 AU - Landon, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRUNK DRIVER: WHAT A MOTIVATED PUBLIC CAN DO PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - A program was developed to identify to the public the real victims of drunk drivers in order to shift public empathy from the driver to the victim. Posters and handouts were provided by a grant from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, showing two children who had been injured in an alcohol crash, and urging the public to report drunk drivers to the state patrol. Radio and outdoor advertising also supported the program. Regular reports are made to the community on the number of drunk drivers arrested directly as a result of citizen calls. In four and a half months, the patrol received over 3800 calls, over 850 drivers were stopped and almost 500 were arrested for driving while intoxicated. Motivating the community to accept responsibility and to help has been an effective project. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Motivation KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382055 AU - Isbell, T D AU - Giles, M AU - Gross, W H AU - Wright, J W AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BENEFITS OF NOISE REDUCTION SYSTEMS IN AUTOMOTIVE RADIOS PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - While the dynamic range and noise floor in a home environment are sufficient to reproduce reasonably good sound, this is not the case for the automobile environment. Design emphasis should focus on improving the reproduction of weak signals to fill the available dynamic range of a car, rather than on extending the dynamic range of a strong source to rival that available in a living room. Two techniques which offer such improvement are noncomplementary noise reduction systems, equally useful with tape or radio signals, and blending FM stereo modulators. The advent of AM stereo will upgrade the AM source to at least the level of FM stereo. Its success will depend on resolution of the overmodulation noise problem. KW - Automobiles KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Radio equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382056 AU - Fisher, R E AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PORTABLE TELEPHONES FOR 850 MHZ CELLULAR SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - In the Bell System's Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) designed to provide mobile telecommunications service using a "cellular" radio coverage plan, a call between the land network and a mobile unit is routed from the Mobile Telephone Switching Office to a base station serving the cell in which the mobile unit is located. The mobile vehicular equipment now operating in the Chicago field trial of the AMPS is described. It comprises a control unit, mounted within reach of the vehicle operator, which is the interface between user and AMPS; and a transceiver unit, normally mounted in the vehicle trunk, which provides for duplex voice transmission and reception. Portable telephones are discussed as the next logical step in using the AMPS. In terms of customer satisfaction, limitations of portable units in a cellular system are addressed: radio propagation (reduced antenna effectiveness, building penetration loss), battery limitations (energy density, weight, and volume), and voice operated transmitter circuit to extend transmission time (with a spare battery). Portable circuitry and physical design to minimize power consumption, weight, and volume are discussed. KW - Cellular structures KW - Cellular systems KW - Circuits KW - Deserts KW - Electric circuits KW - Mobile equipment KW - Mobile telephones KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio equipment KW - Telecommunications KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382085 AU - Easterling, M G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANNING TO GET INTO FEDERAL MONIES? EQUALLY IMPORTANT--PLAN TO GET OUT ! PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Advice is presented on developing a community traffic safety project initially financed by Federal funding. Local communities can use such funding for a combination package of planning, research, and development, with ongoing project evaluation. Success in the project may then lead to local support and financing. Dependence on Federal funds should be only temporary, with alternate means of financing planned for from the earliest stages. Success for local projects depends on good communication with local officials and agencies, and involvement of citizens as volunteers, as well as regular progress reports to the primary decision-making group. Prior planning will enable local funding to phase incrementally into the budgeting process. A list of Federal funding sources and guides is appended. KW - City planning KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Local government KW - Public participation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382088 AU - McCarthy, K M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPREHENSIVE PLAN--PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND COUNTERMEASURE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The county of Santa Clara was designated as a demonstration site for grant projects addressing the problem of the drinking driver, and for a pilot project to test the feasibility of local coordination of traffic safety programs. A program coordinator was assigned to develop a comprehensive drinking driver enforcement and prevention plan, and an interagency policy board was established, comprised of representatives from local police departments and other justice agencies, as well as from organizations providing services in the field of alcoholism and alcohol abuse. This board functions in an advisory capacity to the State Office of Traffic Safety. Data collected during the first six months of operation revealed that all aspects of the criminal justice system analyzed devote more resources to the crime of driving under the influence of alcohol than to any other. Workshops and meetings were held to examine the data, and a planning process begun. Problem statements were developed in four areas: accidents caused by drinking drivers; prevention of drunk driving; support services/arrest processing and prosecution; and adjudication. Projects were developed and funded to provide improvement in these areas; fourteen of these are listed and briefly described. KW - Alcoholism KW - Coordination KW - Countermeasures KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Enforcement KW - Grant aid KW - Interagency relations KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382052 AU - Fenton, R E AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The scenario for typical Automated Highway System (AHS) usage is described, and potential AHS benefits and various AHS research and development efforts are briefly reviewed. The two "extremes" of possible AHS control systems are delineated, and the state of the relevant technology is reviewed, including shortcomings and prospects for the future. The first control structure is highly centralized, with virtually all decisions made at the central level and communicated to "dumb" vehicles. Its technology would encompass an extensive computing (and decision-making) network located at the central level and at interface levels, intercomputer and computer-to-vehicle communications, roadway-based devices to monitor vehicle status, and individual controlled vehicles with minimum onboard sensing and decision-making capability. The second extreme would be a decentralized control structure, with most decisions made by "intelligent" vehicles. Its technology would be characterized by a relatively modest computing and decision-making network at both central and lower levels of control, vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside (-computer) communications, sophisticated vehicle-based sensors, and controlled vehicles with maximum decision-making capability. A feasible choice for implementation would probably fall between the two extremes. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Centralized control KW - Centralized traffic control KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382059 AU - Akeyama, A AU - Suzuki, T AU - Hanazawa, T AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MOBILE RADIO TELEPHONE SYSTEM FOR EXPRESS HIGHWAYS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - An 800 MHz automatic land mobile radiotelephone system with a 100,000 subscriber capacity, in commercial use in the Tokyo metropolitan area, will be expanded to other large cities. With the increase in service areas, it will be necessary to provide mobile radiotelephone service along Japan's inter-city express highways. Estimation of call traffic on express highways is shown. Service area and radio zone configuration concepts which satisfy the express highway requirements are proposed. Small-capacity base station radio equipment, a common amplifier with less distortion, and antenna coupling loss are discussed. Highway radio propagation properties in flat and mountainous areas are examined. KW - Amplifiers KW - Antennas KW - Expressways KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio antennas KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio telephone KW - Radio transmission KW - Transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382070 AU - Gronemeyer, S A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PACKET RADIO FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Packet Radio (PR) technology has been developed in response to the need for real-time, interactive communications among mobile users and shared computer resources. Packet switching allows the short burst transmissions (packets) generated by interactive, distributed, shared computing activities to be interspersed efficiently on the shared, expensive telecommunication resource. A PR network (PRNET) consists of three elements (repeaters, terminals, and stations) with the PR (a repeater) as the common core subelement. Each transmitted packet consists of four sections: a preamble to allow the receiver to detect and synchronize to the incoming packet, a header containing network control information for use by the processor section, a text section for user data, and a cyclic redundancy checksum for error control. PRNET operation is based on layered protocols, which shield the user and host or Terminal Interface Unit (microprocessor between user equipment and PR) software from the need to know the details of network operation. Two major facets of the rapidly developing technology are adaptive survivable network control and routing architectures, and efficient access to the radio channel. Two PRNET testbeds are now in operation in the Bay Area (San Francisco) and at the Army Data Distribution System (Fort Bragg, N.C.). KW - Communication systems KW - Interactive computing KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobile radio KW - Packet switching KW - Pulse modulation KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Repeaters /communications/ KW - Stations /communications/ KW - Terminals (Communications) KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382092 AU - BRADLEY, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEENAGE DUI (DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE): THE FAMILY APPROACH PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - A successful model for alcohol and traffic safety education is described, made possible by the cooperation of local, state and Federal agencies. The Juvenile Alcohol School is a five-week program of weekly two-hour sessions. Persons under the age of 18 who have been arrested and convicted of an alcohol-related traffic offense, alcohol consumption, or alcohol possession are ordered by the District Juvenile Court to attend, with both their parents. The curriculum focuses on alcohol information, including traffic and status laws governing the use of alcohol, physiological effects of alcohol, and myths associated with it; and on living skills that affect family relations, including values clarification, communication, conflict management, and decision-making. Following an hour of lectures and discussion, small groups are formed, separating family members, for further discussions. The interaction between unrelated parents and teenagers promotes understanding and has resulted in behavioral changes. A statement of the school's synopsis and procedure is included. In evaluating the effectiveness of this community-based education and prevention program, the differences between adult and adolescent behavior and tendencies must be taken into consideration. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Coulomb failure criterion KW - Courts KW - Curricula KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Families KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382067 AU - Bellchambers, W H AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLANNING FOR THE 1982 MOBILE WORLD ADMINISTRATIVE RADIO CONFERENCE PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) for Mobile Telecommunications is to be held in Geneva in Mar 1982, and the International Radio Consultative Comm. (CCIR) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is preparing the technical and operational bases for the conference. The structure and responsibilities of the ITU and the CCIR, in particular Study Group 8 (Mobile Services), are reviewed. An overview is given of the 1982 WARC agenda, which is devoted mainly to maritime and aeronautical mobile services. The full conference agenda is appended. KW - Communication systems KW - Conferences KW - Mobile equipment KW - Planning KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio KW - Telecommunications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382069 AU - Endo, H AU - Baba, K AU - Kiyoto, M AU - Matsumura, A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN APPROACH TO TIME-COMPRESSED VEHICULAR COMMUNICATIONS USING 60-GHZ MICROWAVE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A microwave vehicular communication system operating at 60 GHZ has been developed by which 10-sec. aural information is time-compressed into 0.1-sec. and transmitted to a moving vehicle. The received information is temporarily stored, then reproduced in original form for the driver. The system utilizes the directivity of microwave antennas on the vehicle and in lane units to define local communication areas. High-density information can be transmitted and received at high speed. Applications of the vehicular communications system include route guidance, road information services, and traffic control. Compared to loop antenna communication systems, the microwave system offers superior integrity of the local communication area, low environmental noise levels, a high transmission rate, easy installation of lane antennas, and an improved man-machine interface. Timely individual communication is possible among any number of moving vehicles and roadside stations using only two channels of weak radio waves. KW - Antennas KW - Communication systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Microwave communication systems KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Radio KW - Radio antennas KW - Road information services KW - Roadside KW - Route guidance KW - Time-compressed communications KW - Traffic control KW - Vehicular communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382063 AU - Ludwick, J S AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NON-TRANSIT APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATING AND MONITORING SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The major techniques used for Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) and their applicability are described: proximity, dead reckoning (DR), and radio ranging. Six specific non-transit AVM operations in the U.S. are described. Urban police uses include a DR system in St. Louis, a pulse multilateration system in Dallas, and a signpost system in Huntington Beach, Calif. Loran-C is being used by highway patrols in Kentucky and Tennessee and for emergency medical services in Philadelphia and Kentucky. A signpost system is operating in an open-pit iron ore mine in Labrador. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Dead reckoning KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Loran KW - Mines KW - Police KW - Proximity KW - Radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382065 AU - Mayes, P E AU - Cwik, T AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE HYBRID SLOT, A LOW-PROFILE ENERGY-DENSITY ANTENNA (LAND MOBILE RADIO) PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Low-profile antennas offer significant mechanical advantages over monopole antennas for mobile communications. At ultra high frequencies (UHF) and above, the required horizontal dimensions become reasonable. A multi-port, stripline-fed, cavity-backed slot antenna is described which offers additional benefits over whip antennas for UHF mobile communications. The antenna's low profile and relatively large surface area facilitate rooftop mounting by magnetic attraction. Stable impedance over a wide frequency band is inherent in its design. Omnidirectional, figure-eight and cardioid patterns are selectively available. In the cardioid pattern mode, the antenna responds to both electric and magnetic fields, thus providing the possibility of reducing fades in a multipath field. KW - Antennas KW - Communication systems KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobile equipment KW - Mobile radio KW - Portable equipment KW - Radio KW - Radio antennas KW - Radio equipment KW - Ultrahigh frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382094 AU - Anderson, M D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOLIDAYS AHEAD. A COMMUNITY EFFORT PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Starting in 1975, a program promoting alcohol awareness during December has been developed in Fort Worth. The campaign focuses on the responsible use of alcohol and responsible party hosting through December 25th, with emphasis on a Free Ride Home service on New Year's Eve for those not able to drive safely or for unwilling passengers. Campaign procedures throughout the year are outlined, and promotion materials are described. In Fort Worth, there were 21 traffic fatalities (a record) in November 1979; in December (Alcohol Awareness Month) there were only five. In Tarrant County on New Year's Eve and the next morning, there were no fatalities. A campaign manual based on this program is available at no charge. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Awareness KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Holidays KW - Manuals KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Responsibilities KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381389 AU - Oswald, R S AU - DeAngelis, L E AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONICS IN VEHICLE INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Initial applications of electronics to new instrumentation on Ford vehicles in 1978 and 1979 are described: a miles-to-empty system, a digital day/date clock with an elapsed time feature, and the Graphic Display Module indicating brake lamp, tail lamp, or low beam headlamp failure and warnings for low fuel and washer fluid levels. Ford's 1980 electronic instrumentation product is the full Electronic Instrument Cluster. Improvements with this system include accuracy, functional integration of Message Center (clock, low fuel warning, miles-to-empty, and ten vehicle system warning messages), and added features, such as average fuel economy, five trip functions, system diagnostics (warning functions, self-test), and English/metric switching. The Instrument Cluster represents the first production automotive application of a 20-character alphanumeric vacuum fluorescent display. Major system engineering problems faced in its development are addressed: system complexity, customer performance expectations, verification testing, and reliability. Cost, reliability, system engineering, and packaging challenges facing Ford Motor Company for future electronic instrumentation products are outlined. KW - Automobiles KW - Clusters KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Displays KW - Electronics KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information display systems KW - Instrumentation KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing KW - Trip computers KW - Trip length KW - Vacuum fluorescent displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381402 AU - Burke, A F AU - Somuah, C B AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWER TRAIN TRADE-OFFS FOR ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Results are presented from design tradeoff studies of near-term electric and hybrid vehicles (EHV's); the special case of a five- to six-passenger car was considered and comparisons were made with projected 1985 conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Synthesis comparisons were made of total weight and initial and ownership costs of vehicles utilizing various driveline configurations and components. Second-by-second computer simulations were made of the most promising EHV candidates operating over several driving cycles in order to determine energy use and acceleration capability. The major emphasis was on the effect of powertrain changes, such as battery type and weight, engine type, motor voltage control technique, and variations in control strategy. The weight and cost of both the all-electric and series hybrid vehicles were found to be significantly higher than for a parallel hybrid vehicle at power-to-weight ratios comparable to those of conventional ICE vehicles. Secondary energy storage, especially a flywheel, can reduce all-electric vehicle weight to that of a parallel hybrid of comparable performance and utility. A heat engine/electric drive power split of 60/40 is optimum for the parallel hybrid. A useful and marketable 30-mi. range parallel hybrid can be designed using improved state-of-the-art lead-acid batteries, but advanced batteries (e.g. nickel-zinc and lithium sulfide) offer more attractive designs. Battery life (at least 800 cycles) is the critical factor in developing EHV's with operating costs similar to ICE vehicle costs (gasoline at $1.50/gal.). Differences in initial and operating costs of EHV's using direct current and alternating current drive systems are not significant if power transistor module (400 V, 200 A rating) costs can be reduced to $50/module. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy consumption KW - Flywheels KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Power trains KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381404 AU - Price, T W AU - Bryant, J A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TEST METHODOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES AT THE JET PROPULSION LABORATORY (ABSTRACT OF ORAL PRESENTATION) PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - A testing program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) investigated the performance improvements possible through retrofitting electric vehicles with improved batteries. Performance comparisons (range and battery energy) were made, each vehicle's road load was defined, and its electrical drivetrain (including batteries) characterized under actual conditions. The vehicles were tested with as-received lead-acid batteries, followed by tests with nickel-iron and nickel-zinc batteries. Coastdown testing conditions are described, as well as dynamometer and tire-dynamometer adjustments using road load data from the track tests. Measures employed to minimize variability and enhance the credibility of the battery comparisons are described: battery conditioning, "soaking" the vehicle to eliminate battery electrolyte temperature as a variable, use of a quasi-equalization charge process to minimize battery heating while producing a full charge, and application of an off-board charger to assure the same degree of charge for each vehicle's batteries. General criteria used by JPL to define the acceleration, coast, and brake portions of the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J227a test procedure are stated. KW - Charging KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retrofitting KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381419 AU - Catton, F D AU - Berney, L G AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TORONTO TRANSIT COMMISSION COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEM. EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL TESTS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Components and pilot testing of the Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) bus communications/monitoring/control system are described. Developed in conjunction with the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, the Communications and Information System (CIS) provides for emergency assistance, route supervision, schedule development, performance reporting, passenger information, and traffic signal prioritization. The CIS equipment used currently and in testing consists of a two-way voice and digital radio, mobile terminal, and vehicle location and passenger counting devices; two control consoles and associated displays and computers at the Wilson Division Control Centre; and a passenger information display at the Wilson Subway Station. Operational tests were conducted in Oct-Dec 1979 on the Wilson Division's 100 bus fleet operating on six TTC routes. Capabilities were measured using before-and-after surveys and interviews with controllers, inspectors, and operators. A 3% to 5% improvement in service efficiency was found and the system was considered cost/effective. The CIS is now being expanded to the TTC's total surface fleet of 1600 vehicles, including buses, trolleys, and streetcars. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Bus transportation KW - Communication KW - Communication systems KW - Computers KW - Control systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Location KW - Passenger counting KW - Passenger information systems KW - Public transit KW - Radio KW - Toronto Transit Commission KW - Transit services KW - Two way communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381421 AU - Tyson, H B AU - Kowalski, T W AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONICS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The electronics technology is described which was used by the General Motors Urban Transportation Laboratory (UTL) in developing the Transit Information System (TIS). The TIS is a digital data system for monitoring, controlling and providing productivity data on the operations of urban transit fleets. A two-way FM-UHF radio system, operating within the 450 MHz to 470 MHz band, is used for voice/digital communications and data gathering. The two broad areas of TIS information (real-time and off-line) are distinguished, and the use of TIS in monitoring land use changes and in an internal management process is examined. Three projects of the UTL in Cincinnati are described to illustrate the potential and pitfalls of Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) in public transit systems. Several uses of AVM/TIS technology are outlined: real-time dynamic dispatching, emergency alarm location, headway control, and calculation of transit performance indicators. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Dispatching KW - Electronics KW - Emergencies KW - Headways KW - Information systems KW - Location KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Productivity KW - Public transit KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Transit services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381406 AU - McCafferty, G P AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY CRASHWORTHINESS CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Static crash and dynamic impact tests were conducted on lead-acid and more advanced lithium sulfide batteries. Individual batteries and battery packs were investigated as separate entities and as integrated segments of the automotive structure. The characteristics of the battery cell battery pack were found to have a significant effect on overall vehicle crashworthiness. Since lead-acid batteries of the standard plate type golf cart design are presently compatible in terms of crush stiffness or resistance with current automotive structures, incorporation of these batteries within the vehicle structure should not significantly affect overall vehicle crashworthiness. The crush resistance characteristics and associated compatibility of the lithium sulfide batteries were found to be quite dependent on cell design. No significant amounts of either hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide gas were detected after either the static or dynamic tests. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamic tests KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Lithium batteries KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381408 AU - Wilton, P C AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The effects of information on the perceptions and preferences of potential users ("adopters") of electric vehicles (EV's) for private urban transportation are examined. Objective brand and product class information designed to alter the beliefs of potential adopters about product attributes is found to achieve the desired goals; beliefs continue to change with added information. Any information about the objective performance of the EV compared to conventional vehicles tends to weaken preferences for the EV. Evidence indicates that, among individuals well informed about the EV's performance and operational characteristics, significant differences exist between adopters and nonadopters in terms of attitudes about various sectors within the EV and transportation industries. A methodology is presented for estimating the ultimate demand potential for complex, unfamiliar, innovative products, such as the EV, without reference to actual sales data or unique samples of potential adopters. The estimation procedures are shown to yield good predictions of the stated choices of individuals who have received EV information. Variables likely to influence the extent of market penetration include the economic and cost disadvantages shared by EV's over conventional vehicles, and the amount of information individuals have to evaluate the alternatives. KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Demand KW - Electric vehicles KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Marketing KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381415 AU - Tarnoff, P J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING APPLIED TO TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - In an analysis of a distributed multi-level traffic control system (DMLS), the system was defined; a state-of-the-art review was made of DMLS application to traffic control; the applicability of Urban Traffic Control System software to DMLS was investigated; a cost/effectiveness analysis of DMLS was applied to different situations (Pittsburgh, Pa. and El Cajon, Calif. used as examples); and further research was recommended. The feasibility analysis results identify certain conditions under which distributed control configurations are likely to be cost-effective: when the control requirements include auxiliary functions as well as traffic control; when the signal system consists of small clusters of signals scattered over an urban area, without a highly concentrated central business district; and when the signal system has few existing facilities. It is noted that most traffic control systems installed to date do not include these characteristics and are therefore more efficiently served by a central control system. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Distributed processing KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Software KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381417 AU - Totani, S AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATUS OF CACS (COMPREHENSIVE AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM) PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control System (CACS) is described, a communication system that links vehicles in motion, roadside equipment, and a central data processing core. Through in-vehicle receivers and transmitters, roadside units which exchange information with vehicles, and a central computer that coordinates this information, traffic flow on main arteries and intersections is monitored, optimum route guidance and advisory information is displayed, and emergency information is broadcast. When the CACS was tested in a one-year pilot program in central Tokyo, it was found to decrease travel time by an average of 11%. Although the effect could not be quantified, the system was found to ease the driver burden, thereby reducing accidents. KW - Centralized control KW - Centralized traffic control KW - Communication systems KW - Coordinated control KW - Coordination KW - Information dissemination KW - Information processing KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381391 AU - Walters, W L AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS FOR ELECTRONIC EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - An overview is provided of the electronic emission control system (ECS) and its self-test and diagnostic aids. Diagnostic techniques, to be used alone or in combination, are discussed: redundant hardware, and self-test hardware and software. Considerations in formulating a strategy for handling transient failure are addressed. The importance of using multiple test criteria for determining a fault is shown; a sample diagnostic software routine is used for illustrative purposes. Service diagnostics are described: using fault tree documentation for isolating malfunctioning element (for system failures covered in self-test diagnostics) or using diagnostic service-aid software (input discrete tests and computer output tests). KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hardware KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381398 AU - Munns, F C AU - Wicken, G W AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LONDON GOES ELECTRIC PROGRAMME (ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ELECTRIC DELIVERY VAN DEMONSTRATION PROJECT) PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The responsibilities and functions of the Departments of Transport, Energy, and Industry of the U.K. and the overall balance of energy production and utilization for transportation are outlined. The development and market potential of electric vehicles (EV's) in Britain is reviewed, including past and present support by the Department of Industry for EV research and development (vehicles, batteries, controllers, and motors). The London Electric Delivery Van Assessment Scheme is described in detail, including some preliminary results. This demonstration project is designed to obtain performance data on electric delivery vans in normal daily use over an extended period and in a wide variety of applications. To be tested for three years, 62 vans were supplied by three manufacturers and their associates; descriptions of the three vehicle types are appended as well as a list of vehicle users. Data being collected includes those for daily operations (mileage), vehicle maintenance work costs and downtime, driver attitudes, and background data. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Controllers KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Downtime KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reaction time KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381409 AU - Hall, R T AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THE CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A study and recommendations are presented for establishing the "petroleum equivalent fuel economy" for electric vehicles (EV's) in order to include these vehicles in the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE). A history and review of the legislative background of the CAFE are provided. Methodologies for determining the equivalent fuel economy of EV's are based on electric efficiency and fuel-source efficiency. Factors involved in these calculations include conversion of kilowatt hours (kWh) into gallons (36.6547 kWh/gal.), electric efficiency of vehicles in the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J227a test procedure, and the National Average Electricity Generation (and Transmission) Efficiency. Petroleum consumption of accessories is included in the calculations but must be estimated since there are no test methods for measuring petroleum consumption in an EV. It is postulated that inclusion of EV's in the CAFE might result in increased production of low fuel economy "gas guzzlers," a practice which could be discouraged by taxation. The influence of consumer attitudes on EV production is noted. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Methodology KW - Petroleum equivalent fuel economy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381416 AU - Kluga, J F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL USING DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The Multisonics VMS 220 Vehicle Management System is analyzed as an example of distributed processing implementation. The history of computer traffic control systems is briefly outlined, and the VMS 220 design philosophy is explained and its performance objectives listed. The VMS 220 comprises a multiprocessor master, intelligent telemetry, and intelligent intersection controllers. Also discussed are the system configuration and partitioning, software implementation (operation by traffic engineering staff, menu format, system expansion, traffic responsive control, and system integrity), and future enhancement potential. KW - Control systems KW - Distributed processing KW - Hardware KW - Implementation KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381423 AU - O'NEILL, J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SHARPENING THE FOCUS ON SAFETY PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - The concept of safety and its definition, evaluation, and monetary value are addressed. A basic difficulty in defining safety is its dual nature, objective and subjective. System safety engineering is defined: the optimum degree of hazard elimination and/or control within the constraints of operational effectiveness, time, and cost, via specific application of management, scientific, and engineering principles throughout a system life cycle. Hazard and fault tree analysis are described as two tools available to the system safety engineer. The concepts of system safety engineering are applied to determining safety criteria for rail transportation (mainline and rapid transit) electronic control systems. The relationships of fail-safety, reliability, and redundancy are examined. The frequency-shift overlay track circuit, frequently used in rail/highway grade crossing warning systems, is used to illustrate failure modes that would represent hazards if not fail-safe. Verification of the fail-safety of electronic circuits via the FMECA (failure mode, effect, and criticality analysis) technique is outlined. The different approach required for safety validation of microprocessors (both hardware and software) is addressed. KW - Electronic control KW - Fail safe KW - Fail safe systems KW - Microprocessors KW - Rapid transit KW - Redundancy KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - System safety KW - Track circuits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381394 AU - Ehlers, K AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DRIVER AND CAR--A PROBLEM OF COMMUNICATION PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Design parameters for the positioning of automotive controls and instruments are discussed: classification of controls as primary or secondary according to frequency of use and safety importance; purpose of control (legal requirement, functional but not legally required, and comfort) and corresponding proximity to driver; traffic light principle (red for danger, amber for caution, green for go); information feedback; continuity of location; compatibility of new instruments/controls; self-explanatory positioning; and passive safety (shape and location specifications). It is pointed out that the definition of instrument location results in lower costs (transferability of parts from one model to another), optimal reliability, and minimal development time. The Volkswagen system of controls and instrumentation is described to illustrate these design principles. KW - Automobiles KW - Compatibility KW - Control systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Instrumentation KW - Location KW - Reliability KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381395 AU - Rogers, W A AU - Meade, R A AU - Kimberlin, D R AU - Ristau, T F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTIPLEX SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Multiplexing is recommended as the best functional and most cost-effective approach for future automotive electrical wiring systems. The proven advantages of a multiplex control system are listed: reduced number of circuits, small gauge control wires, smaller installation space requirement, lower installation weight, expandability for added functions, and standardized harness configuration. Technology employed in multiplex data systems for automotive applications is discussed: Time Division Multiplex (TDM) systems, spoke and ring types of data links, and data word format and typical communication cycle for spoke type TDM systems. Electromagnetic compatibility considerations are addressed. Circuits are diagrammed for an "OPTIPLEX" test vehicle developed by General Motors, a 1979 Oldsmobile station wagon equipped with fiber optic steering column and door/seat multiplex harness systems. KW - Automobiles KW - Electrical equipment KW - Multiplexing KW - Wiring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381412 AU - POWERS, L D AU - Dunn, W M AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUTURE OF FREEWAY CORRIDOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Possible problems encountered by freeway travelers are described, the recent history of techniques and systems to enhance freeway traffic flow is reviewed, and the Integrated Motorist Information System (IMIS) is discussed, including a preparatory feasibility study. Proposed features of the IMIS, to be implemented on the Northern Long Island Corridor, include traffic surveillance, motorist aid, and communication of data to a coordinating control center. Communication strategies would include display of warning and traffic diversion messages by roadside variable-message signs and by roadside radio, metering of freeway entrance ramps, arterial traffic signal control, and coordination of emergency services. Also planned are provisions for pre-trip information, routing advice at major traffic generators, and preplanned incident management. Possibilities for future experimentation are outlined. KW - Communication systems KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeway driver KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - Roadside KW - Signalization KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381413 AU - Kay, J L AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The need for increased efficiency in traffic management has given rise to improved traffic signal control using digital computer and microprocessor technology. Signal control is defined (phasing, cycle length, split, and offset) and the difference between "old" and "new" systems is explained. The effectiveness of the newer systems is highlighted; they provide an average 15% improved street performance and a five-to-one payback in one year (25-to-one for the system life). Annual nationwide savings are estimated at 375 million gallons of fuel and 624 million hours of travel time. The fuel savings are in addition to those resulting from vehicle downsizing and fuel efficiency. Other benefits of computer-based traffic control are quick reporting of system failure and evaluation of system performance. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Digital computers KW - Failure KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Microprocessors KW - Performance KW - Signalization KW - System failure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381427 AU - Saxton, L AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM--CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Energy, safety, and environmental issues are examined in relation to personal mobility. The Automated Highway System (AHS) is discussed in the context of these issues and of its practicality and ease of implementation. The AHS would consist of privately leased or owned automobiles which could be operated manually on conventional roads or automatically on AHS guideways. Potential benefits of an AHS include long distance travel using guideway-derived power generated from nonpetroleum energy sources; significantly improved safety, especially related to driver error or impairment; general elimination of congestion using guideways and improved trip time predictability; and significant reduction in right-of-way requirements for new highways. The system configuration of an AHS will be a key factor in determining success of implementation and public acceptance. A passive guideway/"intelligent" vehicle AHS concept is described which comprises three control levels (system, access and critical maneuver, and vehicle). A scenario is presented for AHS development and implementation. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guideways KW - Implementation KW - Safety KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381388 AU - Ironside, J M AU - Stubbs, PWR AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION CONTROL PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A microcomputer-controlled continuously variable transmission has been developed for improved fuel economy and driveability. The transmission, a toroid and roller type, has a very wide range of ratios fully used by the controller to minimize fuel consumption. Because only about 10% to 40% of the installed power is needed for medium speed cruising, this power can be obtained at the expense of less fuel if the engine is run at very low speeds. Engine internal losses are largely speed related and minimally affected by the higher torque necessary to maintain the power output. To develop the controller, a special test rig was constructed for mechanical simulation of all major driveline components. The controller uses information from speed sensors and the carburetor butterly angle to minimize fuel consumption while meeting driver performance demands. Installation of the transmission in a car demonstrated fuel savings (up to 30% at steady speed) close to predicted values; further development was required to improve driveability. Improved mileage was accompanied by an increase in maximum acceleration performance (equivalent to a 10% power-to-weight ratio improvement). KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381403 AU - Webster, W H AU - Yao, N P AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROGRESS AND FORECAST IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The Department of Energy's (DOE) 1978 major battery development program for near-term electric vehicles (EV's), was designed to develop commercially viable batteries for commuter vehicles (urban driving range of 100 mi.) and vans and trucks (50-mi. range) by the mid-1980's. Nine firms (battery developers) are participating in the research and development program. Three battery candidates are receiving major developmental emphasis: improved lead-acid, nickel-iron, and nickel-zinc systems. Good progress has been made in improving battery specific energy, specific power, and manufacturing processes. Current emphasis is on manufacturing cost reduction and enhancement of battery cycle life and reliability. The zinc-chloride battery was recently added as a fourth candidate, and in-vehicle testing and operating characteristics evaluation are underway. KW - Costs KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Forecasting KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Manufacturing KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Reliability KW - Specific energy KW - Zinc chloride batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381405 AU - Hornstra, F AU - Berrill, E AU - Cannon, P AU - Corp, D AU - Fredrickson, D AU - Genge, M AU - Swoboda, C AU - Yao, N P AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TEST RESULTS OF COMPUTER-GENERATED SIMULATED DRIVING PROFILES APPLIED TO NEAR-TERM BATTERIES PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The Near-Term Battery Development Program administered by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for the Department of Energy (DOE) is briefly described, including simulated driving profiles used in battery tests at ANL's National Battery Test Laboratory and the method for normalizing a test result to the original capacity of the battery. Comparative ranges, with and without regenerative braking, are given from tests applied to improved lead-acid, nickel-iron, and nickel-zinc batteries under development. In all tests, the battery power profile used is from the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J227AD urban driving schedule as would be negotiated by the newly developed DOE General Electric/Chrysler electric vehicle, ETV-1. Significant (17%-30%) increases in range were indicated in every battery when regenerative braking was used. Charge acceptance by the batteries seemed particularly good during regenerative braking. Little or no additional thermal burden was imposed on the battery by the use of regenerative braking; in fact, cooling was slightly enhanced in some systems by entropy effects associated with battery charging during the braking. KW - Charging KW - Driving simulators KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Regenerative braking KW - Simulation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381420 AU - Gruver, G W AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW-COST AVM (AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING) THROUGH MULTI-USER COST SHARING PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The status of Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) in terms of locales and user types is indicated. The features of four operational Gould signpost AVM systems are summarized: Southern California Rapid Transit District bus transit/paratransit Department of Transportation sponsored); Huntington Beach Police; Quebec-Cartier Mine (open-cut); and Detroit, solid waste haulage. The economy of multi-user sharing of AVM system elements is discussed. Cost savings in each of the three subsystem areas (location, communications, and data processing) are examined. The most promising candidate for multi-user AVM sharing is the location subsystem (i.e. the equipment and technology used to locate vehicles in their operating area). The "single transmission" location technique allows the communications system to be compatible with event-driven, synchronous or asynchronous polling, shared-channel, or dedicated-radio systems. Four essential elements to AVM success are listed: system simplicity, transferability throughout the U.S., ease of expandability, and cost sharing. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Bus transportation KW - Communication systems KW - Compatibility KW - Cost sharing KW - Location KW - Low costs KW - Multiple use KW - Public transit KW - Radio KW - Transit services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381422 AU - Symes, D J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING--PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) enables a central dispatcher to know the location and status of each vehicle and to control these vehicles to optimize fleet performance. Occupant security and vehicle and employee productivity are enhanced. Any size fleet can benefit if the costs per vehicle are suitably low. With multi-user systems, the "fixed end" costs can be amortized over a large number of vehicles. Early AVM use has primarily been in transit operations, such as the Chicago Transit Authority bus emergency location system and General Motors' transit management information system in use in Cincinnati. AVM systems are being used by the police departments of St. Louis, Dallas, and Huntington Beach (Calif.), primarily for increased patrol effectiveness and officer safety. Although AVM offers improved productivity, little data exist to support its cost/effectiveness. More data on present AVM systems are needed to allow public officials to justify expenditures for implementing such systems. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Dispatching KW - Information systems KW - Location KW - Multiple use KW - Productivity KW - Public transit KW - Transit services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381390 AU - Mitamura, K AU - Sekiguchi, K AU - Mizote, M AU - Yano, H AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR AUTOMOTIVE TIME CONTROL SIGNALS PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Nissan's Time Control System is described, an electronic device which combines a wide variety of time-related electrical functions into one integrated unit. The system's 11 functions are outlined: clock, intermittent wiper control, turn signals, hazard signal, warning systems (seat belt, excessive speed, key, headlight, open door), and interior lighting and rear window defogger timers. Reminder warnings for the handbrake and reverse gear can be added by installing additional sensors. System hardware includes a central control unit (large-scale integration, hybrid integrated circuit; discrete circuits) and switches. The development of the Time Control System is discussed in terms of cost and reliability objectives, a design review process, and evaluation tests. Flexibility was designed into the system so that it can meet regulations and specifications of different countries. In its first commercial introduction in the Datsun 280C, the Time Control System has experienced an extremely low failure rate. KW - Automobiles KW - Electrical equipment KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Integrated circuits KW - Nissan automobile KW - Nissan Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381392 AU - Hittler, D L AU - Boguslawski, M A AU - Carrion, L P AU - Frank, R K AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MICROCOMPUTER EMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - A single-chip microcomputer system has been developed by American Motors Corporation for control of three-way catalytic converters in six-cylinder passenger cars and California four-wheel drive vehicles. The system incorporates a carburetor-mounted stepper motor actuator for air/fuel (A/F) control, secondary air control, and microcomputer unit (MCU) and overall system diagnostics. The A/F mixture is modified according to three different algorithms (absolute open, closed, and compensated open loops) as a function of the vehicle's operating mode. The microcomputer in the 1981 fuel feedback (FFB) system can be applied to perform additional control functions, including idle speed, manifold heater, transmission lockup, knock, positive crankcase vent shutoff, and electronic advance/retard. The FFB system has demonstrated durability over extended mileage while meeting emission requirements of 0.41, 3.4, and 1.5 gm./mi., respectively for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Plans are for the system to meet the 1.0 NOx gm./mi. standard. The MCU can be calibrated for various vehicle and emission requirements. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Catalytic converters KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Four wheel drive KW - Microcomputers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381399 AU - Campbell, E A AU - Wouk, V AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WORLDWIDE EHV (ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE) FLEET DEMONSTRATIONS--SUMMARY PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Fleet demonstrations of electric and hybrid vehicles in West Germany, the U. K., France, Italy, Belgium, the USSR, and Japan are individually described. Although the basic technologies being employed are the same as those used in the U. S., the foreign demonstration projects have been operational for a longer time. For example, an electric bus program in West Germany has accumulated more than 5 million km. Hybrid buses being demonstrated in Germany represent the only type of fleet not being evaluated in the U. S. One large-scale electric car project in the U. K. is the only one underway overseas. In the U. S., electric cars are being demonstrated to a greater extent than electric delivery vans (with the exception of the Postal Service program). The Postal Service EV program still represents the largest EV fleet demonstration, now having 400 vehicles in operation and another 400 on order. Major lessons learned from the foreign projects include reliability requirements, the important contribution of regenerative braking, the need for driver training and cooperation, and the intensive engineering required for all aspects of the vehicle. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver training KW - Electric vehicles KW - Engineering KW - Foreign KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Postal service KW - Regenerative braking KW - Reliability KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381401 AU - Schwarz, R AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE TWO-PASSENGER ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The design and development of an electric car based on the Volkswagen Rabbit are described, indicating tradeoffs necessitated by design objectives and budget and schedule constraints. Principal tradeoffs included the selection of a two- vs. four-passenger configuration and a propulsion system using a separately excited motor operating under field control only, rather than the more conventional series motor with a Semi-conductor Controlled Rectifier chopper. Developmental test results are presented and correlated with vehicle road load power requirements and component characteristics. The prototype vehicles demonstrated a 0 to 48 kph acceleration time of ten sec., a top speed of 63 mph, and an operating range on the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J227a(c) cycle of 92 km. Controller, clutch, and heater/defroster problems encountered with the prototypes in field service and corrective actions are summarized. A remaining vehicle-specific problem is the noncompatibility of the propulsion system with an automatic transmission, limiting market potential. Problems shared with most EV's include lack of a suitable heater, an energy-efficient air conditioner, and a high-energy-density, long-life, low-cost battery. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Electric vehicles KW - Passenger car design KW - Passenger cars KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Prototypes KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Testing KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381424 AU - Cantilli, E J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY: STATE OF THE ART AND PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The magnitude of the highway safety problem (50,000 deaths and 5,000,000 injured persons annually) is addressed, including the continuing rise in traffic fatalities each year and the large discrepancy between the number of highway fatalities and those of other transportation modes. Current highway safety efforts at the Federal, state, and local levels are reviewed, with emphasis on their fragmentation and inadequacy. Concentration on motor vehicles rather than on people is seen as the major drawback in traffic safety engineering, while it is acknowledged that traffic control measures perhaps are the only approach with real safety potential. Major weaknesses in current research are blamed on poor study selection, lack of communication among governmental agencies (e.g. between the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration), inadequate transfer of research information, inappropriate attitudes of the highway professionals and general public, and political and economic factors. Candidate areas for future safety improvements are indicated: communication between the driver and the traffic control system (i.e. central controllers) and between drivers (signaling), vehicle crashworthiness, and highway maintenance and removal or treatment of roadside hazards. It is stated that technology exists for eliminating whole classes of accident types, such as grade crossing, brake failure, and pedestrian. The potential of Transportation System Safety (TSS), a concept and body of analytical tools, in improving highway safety is emphasized. TSS is based on probabilistic means of assessing risk of failure (i.e. accident). KW - Federal government KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Local government KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety and security KW - State government KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381426 AU - Keneipp, J M AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONICS AND MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR PARKING AND RELATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The cost-effectiveness of electronic devices for parking garage management/operation/control is analyzed in relation to garage economics (capital costs, maintenance and operating costs). To offset an electronic improvement costing $100 per parking space and included in the construction budget, reductions in the personnel budget of 14% and 19%, respectively, for public and private facilities, and of 24% and 33% in security costs would be necessary. Routine applications of electronics in garage operations are reviewed: access street interface, garage entry-exit points, internal vehicular circulation areas, parking space, pedestrian access, office/administration, and maintenance. The revenue control system is discussed in more detail, a component of the garage operation which makes extensive use of electronic devices. The functions performed by this system and the variables influencing the method of operation and equipment requirements are listed. Common types of control system are described, ranging from the simple time-stamped ticket for manual reading to the sophisticated, customer-coded card for electronic reading. A remote identification system and automated cashiering are described as two promising state-of-the-art developments. Opportunities for new technology are identified: specific vehicle space occupancy, enforcement (e.g. identification of overtime parkers), and improved security, air quality, and revenue collection monitoring. KW - Applications KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Parking garages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381393 AU - Henley, W F AU - Toney, J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRONIC TEST EQUIPMENT FOR THE 80'S (AUTOMOTIVE DIAGNOSTICS) PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Recent electronic component developments are summarized which will enable the development of a new family of electronic automotive test equipment in the 1980's: microprocessors and associated components, display systems, voice synthesizers, and printers. Chrysler's Universal Electronic Engine Performance Analyzer (U-EEPA) is described as representative of equipment for the early 1980's. This microprocessor-based diagnostic machine executes preprogrammed test sequences, provides test results, and gives repair instructions to the mechanic. Modules to supplement U-EEPA in the 1982-1983 time frame are outlined; add-ons include testing of automatic transmission, air conditioning, emissions, and electrical equipment located outside the engine compartment. The current trend toward on-board diagnostics is mentioned, as well as the growing interest in signature analysis for diagnosing problems with digital devices. A closer interface between automotive dealerships and manufacturers for parts supply is envisioned for the mid to late 1980's. A possible configuration for the future is suggested: an integrated complex of on-board diagnostics and local off-board diagnostics with access to a central diagnostic data base. This is expected to decrease the need for failure specialists, reduce repair time, and increase customer confidence. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Displays KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information display systems KW - Microprocessors KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Printers KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing KW - Speech KW - Testing equipment KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381400 AU - Geppert, S AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AC (ALTERNATING CURRENT) PROPULSION SYSTEM FOR AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - An electric vehicle propulsion system is described which consists of a 25-hp alternating current induction motor, pulse-width-modulated transistor inverter, two-speed automatic transmission, and an overall vehicle/drive controller. A functional overview is provided of the microprocessor controller and a novel controller-inverter interface. Some inverter developmental problems relating to the new high-power Darlington transistors are indicated. The rationale for a gear shift is explained. A steady-state efficiency map is provided from dynamometer tests of an engineering prototype system. The hardware is performing; some packaging and performance improvements will enable in-vehicle tests. The main barrier to the system is the cost of the inverter transistor. KW - Alternating current KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Controllers KW - Electric vehicles KW - Induction motors KW - Inverters KW - Microprocessors KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Pulse duration modulation KW - Testing KW - Transistors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381407 AU - Sargent, N B AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A LABORATORY FACILITY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE PROPULSION SYSTEM TESTING PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The Road Load Simulator (RIS) Facility at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio is described, including the selection philosophy behind its key components. The facility, which was constructed in support of the Department of Energy's electric and hybrid vehicle research and development program, provides for independent assessment, under accurate and repeatable test conditions, of technology developed by industry under contract. A stable yet flexible laboratory environment is provided in which to test and optimize a propulsion system concept prior to its costly and labor-intensive integration into a vehicle. The RLS applies to the propulsion system a combination of forces made up of tire losses, aerodynamic drag, road grade, and vehicle inertia effects. Once the simulator has been programmed with a particular set of vehicle characteristics, the proper road load is automatically maintained as a function of speed. The operator's only concern is "driving the car"; the control system solves the torque equation and provides the road load while the flywheels provide the inertia. The ability to make accurate electrical power measurements under the influence of armature chopper and field chopper operation has been demonstrated. A battery simulator provides a stable power source for tests involving component mapping and long-term testing. The data system provides continuous measurement and real-time calculation and display of engineering data. Exploratory tests using a battery simulator showed the possibility of separating battery from other effects on the propulsion system. KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Load tests KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Simulation KW - Test facilities KW - Testing equipment KW - Training simulators KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381418 AU - Dornfeld, S AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - QUEENS VILLAGE: A QUANTUM JUMP IN BUS CONTROL/COMMUNICATIONS (NEW YORK CITY) PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Implemented in April 1979, the Radio-Data-Locator System automatically monitors each bus in the Queens Village Depot fleet (New York City Transit Authority). Two-way radio frequency channels, each operating on a pair of 470 MHz frequencies, link a solid-state voice raido and piggyback data package onboard the bus to transmitters strategically located on signposts along the 12 local and express routes. The signposts, from which a location code number is continually transmitted at low power on a VHF frequency, are linked to the East New York Bus Command Center computer via the radio. As the radio transmits, vehicle identity (four-digit bus serial number representing route and run number) and location are automatically displayed (video display terminal) for the Command Center dispatcher. Through its program and memory and an elapsed time generator in the bus data package, the computer uses an average speed to update the real-time bus location between signposts. Polling any of the 230 fleet buses every 90 sec., the computer monitors route, schedule adherence, and mechanical sensor alarms. Buses can be called selectively, in groups, or on an all-call basis, for voice communications. The computer also promptly develops hardcopy reports (e.g. on major headway and schedule deviations). With the Radio-Data-Locator System, there has been a marked reduction in passenger complaints. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Bus transportation KW - Command guidance KW - Command systems KW - Communication KW - Communication systems KW - Computers KW - Control systems KW - Dispatching KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Location KW - New York City Transit Authority KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Public transit KW - Radio KW - Transit services KW - Two way communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381425 AU - Carter, D A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING: A LIFE SAVER PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The basic Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) system is described, an electronic system for position tracking and status monitoring of each vehicle in a fleet, which comprises communications, computer, and location subsystems. Accuracy requirements for three AVM applications are indicated: dispatching, tactical control, and emergency locator. Types of AVM systems are described: Loran-C hyberbolic radionavigation, dead reckoning (DR), multilateration (fixed receiver sites in fleet service area), and proximity location (electronic signposts). Loran-C and DR systems are self-contained, each vehicle determining its position independently; their long-term accuracy is degraded by a continual buildup of error in distance and/or direction measuring equipment. Examples are given of some of the safety-related benefits of AVM: command and control of emergency medical vehicles, safer transport of hazardous/high value cargo (e.g. nuclear materials), and enhanced law enforcement (officer safety, response time, tactical control). The Automatic Vehicle Monitoring/Computer Assisted Dispatching/Digital Communications system is being used by the Dallas Police Department Technical and operational issues to be resolved for each application are minimal compared to the significant benefits. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Communication systems KW - Computers KW - Dead reckoning KW - Dispatching KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Location KW - Loran KW - Radio KW - Safety KW - Tactical control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381396 AU - HAYDEN, C L AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HELPING THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE INDUSTRY GROW PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - The vehicle mix and operational environment are described for General Telephone and Electronics Corporation's (GTE) (GTE) fleet of 39,000 installation and maintenance vehicles, over 7500 of which are future candidates for conversion to electric power. The configuration and use are outlined for GTE's 75 electric vehicles operating in Tampa, Florida, Long Beach, California, and Honolulu, Hawaii as part of the Department of Energy's Electric and Hybrid Vehicle (EHV) Demonstration Project. All of these vehicles limit their operation to flat terrain. The demonstration is having a strong effect on E&HV design, acceptability, and quality. "Debugging" problems encountered by GTE and other site operators, and their solutions are outlined. Continued convergence of demonstration and product-improvement activities are envisioned by GTE in response to the demand for better performance and reduced costs. Future EHV demonstration project emphasis is indicated: further development of the EHV supporting structure, including distribution, sales, maintenance, charging facilities, and used-vehicle resales. Market development goals will include penetration of the personal-use vehicle market and more extensive commercial and public demonstrations. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Industries KW - Marketing KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381397 AU - Ferraro, R J AU - Barnett, J H AU - Furman, C R AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EPRI/TVA (ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE/TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY) PILOT ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEMONSTRATION: UPDATE 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Planning phase activities and progress to date are reviewed and data acquisition system hardware is described in detail for a pilot EV (electric vehicle) demonstration project. Initiated in 1978, the two-year project is aimed at establishing contemporary vehicle characteristics, economics, and infrastructure requirements for EV fleets operating in a representative electric utility environment. Data on all aspects of EV performance, reliability, operations, network interaction, and subsystems, are being gathered to assess the potential impacts of large-scale EV use on utility operations and load management. A microprocessor-based primary data acquisition system is being used to measure 48 different operating parameters of the electrical propulsion system; a microcomputer-based secondary system is recording data on miles driven at various speeds and charging alternating current kWh. An interactive graphics scheme is being developed to present vehicle data. KW - Computer graphics KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Economics KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Interactive graphics KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381410 AU - Pennell, R A AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNIT ANALYSIS (GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION TRUCK AND COACH DIVISION) PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - The basic operations and the tools used by General Motors' GMC Truck and Coach Division Strategic Business Units (SBU's) are described. The functions of the unit are to reach and revise agreement on objectives, to allocate resources for accomplishing these objectives, and to monitor systems to ensure control and schedule attainment. The Planning Department coordinates with the SBU's and develops the following reports: portfolio analysis, strategy analysis report, North American long-range plans, ROI (return on investment) report, division product program (reports on engineering dates and hours, profitability, and lead time), and forward model planning report. KW - Control systems KW - Coordination KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Management KW - Monitoring KW - Planning KW - Resource allocation KW - Scheduling KW - Strategic planning KW - Strategy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381411 AU - Harding, G G AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE PROSPECTS OUTSIDE THE USA--A BRITISH VIEWPOINT PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Following an overview of the rationale for electric vehicles (EV's) and the history of EV use as delivery vehicles in Great Britain, the Lucas electric drive system is described: a 216-V, 42-kW dc separately excited motor, a thyristor chopper controller, a dc/dc converter, an off-board battery charger, and approximately one ton of advanced lead-acid battery. Planned fleet operator trials, servicing, and future production are discussed, as well as the national energy implications of EV use. It is concluded that the modern light commercial battery EV is coming into limited production worldwide. Although increased production is seen as providing reduced costs and making these vehicles more generally attractive, their contribution to reduced oil consumption is considered slight. It is forecast that the development of electric hybrid vehicles as passenger cars will have a greater impact on oil consumption and that these vehicles will become popular as the price of petroleum products increases. The special situation of Brazil is noted, where alcohol fuel predominates. It is postulated that plentiful hydroelectric power might make alcohol/electric vehicles popular in Brazil. KW - Costs KW - Electric drives KW - Electric vehicles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381414 AU - Schurmeier, H M AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SCAN (SENSOR FOR CONTROL OF ARTERIALS AND NETWORKS)--AN APPLICATION OF ADVANCED IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY TO TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A study was made to investigate the feasibility of obtaining traffic flow parameter measurements automatically in real time from video images. A "breadboard" version of a Sensor for Control of Arterials and Networks (SCAN) was designed which demonstrated the feasibility of this concept. Synthesis of the vehicle detection, tracking algorithms, and field tests are described, as well as future potential. Adaptations were required to wide-ranging operational conditions: shadows, reflections from wet pavement, varying sun direction, and weather and night conditions. Software development is underway and field tests are being performed with the breadboard installed in a step-van. Three potential SCAN applications are freeway traffic monitoring, transportation planning and data collection, and arterial/network signal control. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Imagery KW - Sensors KW - Signalization KW - Software KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197817 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380910 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Blane, H T AU - Hewitt, L E AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - ALCOHOL, PUBLIC EDUCATION, AND MASS MEDIA: AN OVERVIEW PY - 1980 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 2-16 AB - Mass media efforts to educate the public about alcohol, to influence attitudes, and to change behavior are discussed; these efforts were designed to prevent or minimize alcohol-related problems on a national level. Programs of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) are reviewed, as well as those of voluntary and private groups (including the National Safety Council, National Council on Alcoholism, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States). The effectiveness of public education programs related to alcohol is addressed; specific evaluation studies include nationwide surveys to assess NIAAA and NHTSA campaigns. Two aspects of alcohol campaign design and evaluation are audience receptivity and message pretesting. Countercommercials to offset advertising by the beverage industry are examined. Based on the research data available, it is recommended that future mass media public education programs be based on marketing strategy (advertising and/or personal selling). Implications for future programs include a trend away from national programs toward emphasis on community programs; coordination and cooperation between professional communicators and professional market researchers; and better capability for controlling the timing, placement, and intensity of messages. A separate note describes a new NIAAA public education program focusing on women and youth. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Alcoholism KW - Assessments KW - Community action programs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Marketing KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public education KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380912 AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DRIVER BEHAVIOR AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS IN RELATION TO YELLOW INTERVALS PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - The stopping behavior of 1762 drivers was observed at two signalized intersections (in Maryland and in Georgia) using time-lapse photography. Only about 10% of the drivers chose to stop upon yellow onset when a deceleration rate of 15 ft./sq. sec. was required, the rate suggested by the Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook for setting yellow clearance intervals. The results show that reducing the limiting deceleration rate from 15 ft./sq. sec. to 10 ft./sq. sec. in the formula would substantially reduce the numbers of vehicles remaining in the intersection when the cross traffic signal turns green. KW - Behavior KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration rate KW - Drivers KW - Signalized intersections KW - Stopping KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380928 AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONVERGENCE 80. IEEE (INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS) VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE (30TH), INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRONICS PROCEEDINGS, SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1980, DEARBORN, MICHIGAN PY - 1980 SP - 571 p. AB - Some 100 papers are compiled under five forum (and various session) headings concerning electric vehicles and automotive electronics. Forum A (Transportation Issues in the 80's) includes a title session and one on investment implications of accelerating technological change. Forum B (Automotive Electronics) comprises sessions on the worldwide status of automotive electronics, electronics manufacturing and reliability issues, key electronics system applications, and diagnostics and systems considerations. Forum C on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (EHV's) discusses EHV progress (public and private fleet user experience), new EHV technology, EHV test and evaluation (methodology and results), and EHV prospects (commercialization, marketing, and the consumer). This forum also includes photographs and descriptions of electric vehicles displayed and demonstrated at the conference. Forum D (Transportation and Traffic Control) consists of papers on traffic and transit management and control systems, safety, user deployment and operational concerns of automated transportation, and present and future automated transportation system technology. Forum E (Communications and Entertainment Electronics) sessions cover major factors influencing new entertainment systems, new land mobile equipment and systems and their component technology, and mobile communication spectrum considerations. KW - Automated transit system KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automotive engineering KW - Communication systems KW - Conferences KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronics KW - Highway traffic control KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Management KW - Manufacturing KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Public transit KW - Reliability KW - Technological innovations KW - Transit management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380929 AU - Riley, J F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY OVERVIEW--A BROAD PERSPECTIVE PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Developing relationships between semiconductor and automotive manufacturers and their implications are examined. Automotive manufacturers will consume approximately $450 million in semiconductors in 1980, increasing to $1.3 billion in 1985 (14% and 19% of the consumer industry, respectively). Integrated circuits are expected to grow faster than discrete components: from 66% to 74% of the market between 1980 and 1985, with metal oxide semiconductors growing more than 200% in this period. Automobile semiconductor consumption will increase from about 3% to over 4% worldwide between 1980 and 1985. Much parallel development will be taking place within the semiconductor and automotive industries (e.g. sensors and analog/digital converters for automobiles). Emphasis will be on the total life cost of a device; quality control will be essential to both industries. The rapid development in semiconductors and microprocessors will result in increased use of robotics and automation in general for automobile production and of in-car diagnostics as well as microprocessor-based diagnostic equipment at service centers. Software, microprocessors, and programming will be an essential part of the automotive designer's vocabulary, budget, and knowledge. Polarization will occur within the supplier/vendor industries with definite teams and minimal overlap, and multinationality of vendor/supplier relationships will increase. KW - Automation KW - Automotive engineering KW - Converters KW - Converters (Electricity) KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Industries KW - Integrated circuits KW - Microprocessors KW - Quality control KW - Robotics KW - Semiconductors KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380628 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - OCTANE REQUIREMENT INCREASE OF 1977 MODEL CARS PY - 1980 SP - 56 p. AB - Continuing a program of octane requirement studies on 1971, 1973, 1974, and 1975 model cars, octane requirement increase (ORI) was measured with 1977 model year cars operated only on unleaded gasoline. A total of 173 cars were tested, representing 56% of the cars produced in the U.S. for the model year. Octane requirements were not significantly different between 15,000 and 20,000 mi. The ORI values were 1.0 RON (Research Octane Number) and 0.4 MON (Motor Octane Number) lower than 1975 cars at the 50th percentile level. At 15,000 mi., ORI values for maximum requirements with unleaded full-boiling range reference fuels (FBRU) were: 4.9 RON and 3.6 MON at the 50th percentile, and 3.5 RON and 2.8 MON at the 90th percentile. At 15,000 mi., ORI values for part-throttle requirements with FBRU were: 4.4 RON and 3.4 MON at the 50th percentile, and 4.9 RON and 3.7 MON at the 90th percentile. At 15,000 mi., ORI values for maximum requirements with primary reference fuels were 2.9 RON and 1.7 RON at the 50th and 90th percentiles, respectively. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Octane requirements KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380629 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1978 CRC (COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL) CUSTOMER VERSUS RATER OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT PROGRAM PY - 1980 SP - 232 p. AB - Following a 1975-1976 study, a program conducted in the summer and fall of 1978 compared the octane requirements measured by trained raters and the octane level at which customers perceived engine knock. After replying to an "unprompted response" questionnaire in which the word "knock" was omitted, customers responded to direct questions in which knock was mentioned. Using the Coordinating Research Council E-15 Technique and a new technique simulating customer-type driving, raters analyzed data from 248 cars (1976-1978 models). At the 50th percentile, the customer objection octane number requirement was 5.6 Research Octane Number (RON) lower than the rater maximum requirement for both statistical analysis approaches: N-plus-1, and quantified. This compares with the 7.0 and 6.0 RON differences in 1975. On the average, the customer objection level was 0.5 RON lower than the perception level, compared with the 0.8 RON found in 1975. Five percent of the customers objected to knock at the same RON as the raters' maximum octane requirement, while 13%, 30%, and 51%, respectively, objected to knock at two, four, and six octane numbers below the raters' requirements. The results from the 1975 and 1978 programs are very similar. It is recommended that no further studies of this type be made until significant changes in automotive technology indicate a need for new information. KW - Automobiles KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Octane requirements KW - Perception KW - Questionnaires KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380643 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY SAVING IDEAS FOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT DESIGNERS PY - 1980 SP - 56 p. AB - Six papers are compiled related to the fuel efficiency of mobile equipment, focusing on fluid power systems. Topics include impact of energy costs on mobile equipment design, case history of a development program to save energy by using clutches with hydraulic pumps and motors, energy consideration in hydraulic system design, a gearbox design with flywheel for reduced vibrations and energy savings, hydrostatic systems, and load-sensitive steering. KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fluid power systems KW - Flywheels KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380654 AU - Pekar, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PATENT SYSTEM AND AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - A historical survey of the patent system is presented with special emphasis on how and why it was established, how it related to the farmer and farm equipment, and how it changed to keep pace with technological growth in the U.S. The service, combining legal and technical procedures for inventors, is beneficial to everyone. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Farm tractors KW - History KW - Inventions KW - Legal factors KW - Patents KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380655 AU - Murray, W A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - YOUR PATENT SYSTEM PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - It is affirmed that exclusive rights (patent powers), as provided by Congress, promote the progress of science and useful arts. Engineers tend to overlook patentable ideas because, with hindsight, they rationalize that the invention would have been obvious to any good engineer, but the mere fact of using and combining old elements does not prevent the development of a patentable invention. The engineer and his patent attorney must deal with questions of infringement, usefulness, and obviousness. KW - Engineers KW - Inventions KW - Legal factors KW - Patents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380658 AU - Coleman, R N AU - Burnham, K W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MILESTONES IN THE APPLICATION OF POWER TO AGRICULTURAL MACHINES PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Important milestones are discussed in the application of internal combustion engine power to agricultural machines, particularly tractors. During this evolution, cumbersome low productivity machinery was replaced with easily operated, improved high performance equipment incorporating many safety and comfort features. An evaluation of the efficiency of fuel use and the productivity of farm workers is included. Where possible the individual or company responsible for first introducing the selected milestone is cited. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Energy efficiency KW - Farm tractors KW - History KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Productivity KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380632 AU - Warren, R A AU - Simpson, H M AU - Hilchie, J AU - Cimbura, G AU - Lucas, D M AU - Bennett, R C AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF FATALLY INJURED DRIVERS TESTING POSITIVE FOR DRUGS OTHER THAN ALCOHOL (ONTARIO, CANADA) PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - The presence of drugs in a sample of 401 driver fatalities in Ontario, Canada (April 1978-March 1979) is reported, as well as a preliminary analysis of drug culpability rates. Alcohol alone was found in 43% of the victims, alcohol with other drugs in 14%, drugs other than alcohol in 12%, and no drugs in 31%. Among males, 60% were positive for alcohol and 26% for other drugs; the respective figures for females are 33% and 30%. The rate of drug (other than alcohol) detection was highest among motorcyclists (38%), followed by truck/van drivers (29%) and car drivers (26%). Alcohol was most frequent among snowmobile operators (87%), followed by motorcyclists (67%) and car drivers (58%). The dominant multiple drug use pattern was alcohol with other drug (s). Of 90 different drugs included in the screening, only 30 substances were detected. Three drugs were identified in two-thirds of the drug detections: cannabinoids (marijuana), salicylate, and diazepam. Adjusting for alcohol use, drug culpability rates were calculated to be: tranquilizers/antidepressants, 97%; cannabinoids, 90%; antihistamines, 72%; salicylate, 49%; no drugs, 52%; and alcohol alone, 87%. The frequency of detection of these drugs and their drug culpability index (drug culpability rate divided by no-drug base rate) were: alcohol, 57% and 1.7; cannabinoids, 12% and 1.7; salicylate, 6% and 1; tranquilizers/antidepressants, 5% and 1.8; and antihistamines, 2% and 1.5. The figures indicate that drivers who consume alcohol are still the greatest traffic safety problem and that drivers using cannabis and tranquilizers/antidepressants are also of concern. KW - Antidepressants KW - Antihistamines KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Marijuana KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcyclists KW - Salicylates KW - Snowmobiles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Tranquilizers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380646 AU - Novak, P R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY CONSIDERATION IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM DESIGN (MOBILE EQUIPMENT) PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Various considerations in the design of energy-efficient hydraulic systems are examined. As applied in open-loop hydraulic systems, load sensing is described in terms of operation and circuitry. It is shown by illustrative examples that under constant load, flow, and pressure requirements and with a pump sized to match them, there is no advantage to a load sensing system. Under variable system requirements, horsepower savings of load sensing can be substantial, up to 50% or more. Closed-loop hydrostatic drives are discussed in terms of their energy saving advantages over conventional open-loop systems: higher volumetric and overall efficiencies, infinitely variable speed, and dynamic braking. The ability of clutches to provide greater energy efficiency is cited in applications where many pieces of equipment use pumps dedicated to circuits which require only intermittent use. Accumulators are described as ideal for applications, especially those involving cylinders, requiring intermittent high flow at low pressure and low flow at higher pressures. The selection of lines, components (motors and pumps), and valving for overall hydraulic system efficiency is addressed. KW - Accumulators KW - Clutches KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Feedback control KW - Horsepower KW - Hydraulic clutches KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Hydraulic transmissions KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Storage batteries KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380925 AU - REED, M J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AIR DISC BRAKES--EARLY EXPERIENCE IN FIRE APPARATUS PY - 1980 SP - 1 p. AB - For firefighting equipment, a four-wheel air disc brake system offers the functional attributes of stability, driver controllability, and resistance to adverse road conditions. These features are especially important in view of the range of experience among volunteer fire department personnel. Large city professional fire department operations can perform more efficiently if fire trucks have self-adjusting brakes such as those used in fire pumpers built by Mack Trucks, Inc. High fade resistance is another important feature of air disc brakes for such operations. In early experience, most drivers rated full air disc performance as less effective than the previous brake system (air/hydraulic front disc, drum rear). This is attributed to two factors: front brake power sized to initial Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 121 stopping distance requirements (which subsequently have been increased or deleted), and disc brake torque curves flatter over time than drum brake curves. With experience, there has been an increase in drivers' confidence levels. Less parking brake effectiveness was also experienced initially. Although FMVSS 121 compliance was established, the static coefficient of friction deteriorated somewhat at elevated temperatures. KW - Air brakes KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brake fade KW - Braking performance KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Disc brakes KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Fire vehicles KW - Perception KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stopping distances UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380932 AU - RIVARD, J G AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATUS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS IN THE USA PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - The rationale for and the ongoing expansion of electronics in U.S. cars and trucks are outlined. The speed, accuracy, and energy/space efficiency of digital electronics is considered essential to sophisticated automotive control strategies demanded by government regulations and competitive performance pressures. Specific applications of electronic controls to the powertrain and overall vehicle since 1978 are highlighted, and the increasing usage of digital electronics in instrumentation, entertainment, and communications are reviewed. The status of previously identified concerns relative to cost is addressed, especially the cost of sensors and actuators, as well as system quality and reliability concerns. Other major issues concern diagnostics and self-diagnostics, software proliferation, electromagnetic interference, and central vs. distributed processing. It is concluded that the pioneering phase of automotive electronics is being replaced by one of consolidation. Accomplishments in the light of past predictions and several revised predictions are mentioned. Although the projected 10% electronics content in vehicles by 1980 has not yet materialized, a steady growth is projected, at least into the mid-1980's. KW - Actuators KW - Automotive engineering KW - Communication systems KW - Computer aided design KW - Control systems KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - Forecasting KW - Instrumentation KW - Reliability KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380939 AU - Webster, J L AU - Henley, W F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRODUCTION AND AUTOMATED TESTING OF CHRYSLER'S ENGINE CONTROL COMPUTER PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The four generations of Chrysler electronic engine controls are briefly described: Analog Spark Control Computer (SCC) as part of the Lean Burn System (introduced in 1976); custom analog version of the SCC; microprocessor-based Digital Spark Control Computer; and the 1980 Engine Control Computer for optimizing fuel economy and driveability and assisting in emission control. The capabilities of the engine control computer have been greatly enhanced, and reliability has remained a key product feature. The basic assembly operations involved in the manufacture of the computer-based products are described, including Chrysler's automated reliability testing program for its engine control computer. In-process testing is accomplished by ten minicomputer-controlled test stations (three in-circuit, two pre-pot board level, two post-pot module level, two final module level at 85 degrees C, and one quality control audit). A seven-hr. burn-in and a final functional test at 85 degrees C are performed, as well as various tests of audit samples selected from units to be shipped. A central computer-based Real Time Operating System monitors the entire test complex, collects and stores data from on-line satellite computer test stations, and provides management information reports. KW - Automated testing KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Control systems KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic engine control KW - Electronic equipment KW - Management information systems KW - Microprocessors KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380922 AU - Myers, P A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROBLEMS FACING THE AIR DISC BRAKE FRICTION MATERIAL SUPPLIER PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - Stability and consistency for better vehicle control, easy maintenance, and weight reduction are cited as advantages for the air disc brake. Problems facing the friction material engineer in supplying pads for heavy-duty air disc brakes are examined: higher energy per sq. in., higher temperatures, need for equal or better life, stronger pad attachment, asbestos elimination (due to worker health concerns), cost effectiveness, risk of an unproven market, and lack of standardization. Satisfactory pad and rotor life and reliable brake hardware are seen as the keys to the success of air disc brakes. KW - Air brakes KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Disc brakes KW - Friction materials KW - Hardware KW - Pads KW - Reliability KW - Service life KW - Standardization KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380924 AU - ORR, L W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AIR DISC BRAKES: A TRUCK MANUFACTURER'S VIEW PY - 1980 SP - 1 p. AB - Kenworth Truck Company has installed air disc brakes on some 500 trucks and truck-tractors over the past four years. The brakes are offered as an unpublished option only, to encourage the customer to make a well-considered choice for air disc over drum brakes, to indicate the experimental nature of the air discs, and to place more engineering attention on each application. The customers rank weight savings and serviceability as the most important advantages. Improved fade resistance ranks next and seems to appeal to two customer types: the safety-conscious operator, and the operator who wants to improve productivity through reduced trip times (generally West Coast loggers). Improved stability with air discs is not a major customer concern. Excessive wear is the number one problem, caused either by incompatibility of air discs with other brake types or by unintentional driver abuse. Squeal and chatter have also been sources of customer complaints. KW - Air brakes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brake fade KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Compatibility KW - Disc brakes KW - Industries KW - Productivity KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Wear KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380931 AU - Feaheny, T J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESIGN CHALLENGE OF TRANSPORTATION ELECTRONICS PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The evolution of solid-state electronics technology is illustrated by the development of sophisticated, computer-based automotive engine controls. In 1978, Ford Motor Company pioneered the first interactive electronic engine control system (EEC-I) in the Versailles model and the three-way catalyst with feedback carburetor on California cars. The heart of EEC-I was a completely solid-state module using a digital microprocessor and other custom-designed integrated circuits. Sensor information was used to calculate spark advance and gas recirculation flow rate. EEC-II, introduced on the 1979 Ford and Mercury, added air/fuel ratio control; capabilities were increased in a package of reduced size, number of computer parts, and weight. The 1980 EEC-III system, which is even less complex, provides more control functions and greater dependability. With these electronic controls, there is also the possibility for self-diagnosis, or self-correction of engine and system functions. Tremendous strides are being made in vehicle instrumentation, information displays, and entertainment equipment. The adaptation of computers to vehicle design has significantly reduced prototype testing, allowing designers more time to consider alternative proposals before making final decisions. Short-term problems facing the application of electronics by the auto industry concern cost, reliability, and servicing. Long-range design issues are shortening design time, reducing package size, improving microprocessor operation in the under-the-hood environment, and breakthroughs in sensor and actuator design. KW - Actuators KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Control systems KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Electronics KW - Instrumentation KW - Integrated circuits KW - Microprocessors KW - Reliability KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380933 AU - Scholl, H AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATUS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS IN GERMANY PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The status of electronic engine equipment (ignition, fuel injection, and engine control) in German-made cars is described in terms of technology and usage rates. The introduction of electronic ignition systems on new cars is well underway, and a complete changeover to the system is expected within the next two to three years. Electronic fuel injection will be more generally used due to system cost reduction and potential fuel savings. An electronic antiskid system developed by Bosch is discussed in more detail: system components, control technology, operations, and performance features. The system allows vehicle lateral stability and steerability to be maintained even under wheel-lock conditions. Although widespread use of the system is constrained by its high cost, a less expensive generation of antiskid systems is expected within the next three to four years. Opto-electronic information displays, on-board computers and fuel consumption indicators, and tape-drive radios are described, as well as four motorist communications systems: ARI, an FM radio station broadcasting information on traffic conditions; ALI, a route guidance and information system between vehicle and fixed points on the road; an automotive telephone network; and Citizens Band Radio. Electric vehicle development is mentioned with primary emphasis on city delivery vans. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Antiskid device KW - Automotive engineering KW - Control systems KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Electronic ignition KW - Electronics KW - Germany KW - Ignition systems KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Skid resistance KW - State of the art studies KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380631 AU - Simpson, H M AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDREN IN ROAD ACCIDENTS (CANADA) PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - In 1976, the most recent year for which national morbidity and mortality data are available, 550 children under the age of 15 were killed in road accidents in Canada and 24,778 were injured. Although children are underrepresented in road accidents relative to their representation in the population, motor vehicle accidents are among the leading causes of mortality among children. The child pedestrian accounts for the greatest frequency of road deaths among the young, followed by the child passenger. Nonfatal injuries among children are most frequent for the passenger, followed by the pedestrian. Bicycle injuries contribute minimally to mortality and morbidity among children under the age of 5, but rather substantially to death and injuries among the 5-14 age group. A critical element is bicycle size. In Canada, there is controversy over the relationship between a child's age or weight and use of the on-board safety belt assembly, and the definition of a "suitable" or acceptable infant carrier. The pediatrician can play a vital role in educating parents about child restraints. Infant carriers should be rear-facing, anchored properly with the lap belt; for older children, suitable seating (especially with a protective shelf) is available or the child in the rear seat can use the lap belt. The great difference in profiles of fatal collisions involving child pedestrians for the 1-4, 5-7, and 8-14 age groups must be considered in developing traffic safety programs. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Physicians KW - Safety education KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380633 AU - Warren, R A AU - Simpson, H M AU - Lucas, D M AU - Bennett, R C AU - Cimbura, G AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - DRUG INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada's (TIRF) project on drug involvement in fatal traffic accidents is outlined within the larger context of TIRF structure, activities, and research philosophy. A study investigated the presence of 90 different drugs in driver and pedestrian fatalities in Ontario (1 April 1978 to 31 March 1979). Of 484 victims tested, 68% had used drugs (including alcohol). Alcohol was most frequently detected (55% of victims), present alone in 41% of the cases and with other drugs in 14%. Twelve percent of the victims were positive for drugs (other than alcohol) alone; 14% had consumed one or more drugs in combination with alcohol. Of the 34 drugs detected, the six most frequent were cannabinoids (12%), salicylate (7%), diazepam (3%), codeine (2%), and acetaminaphen and phenobarbital (each 1%). Drug type and rate of detection were similar in drivers and pedestrians. The drugs most frequently detected fall into very different categorizations: cannabinoids (marijuana), an illegal "street" drug; salicylate, a common over-the-counter drug; and diazepam, a widely prescribed drug. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Marijuana KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrians KW - Salicylates KW - Traffic crashes KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380652 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF FARM MACHINERY PY - 1980 SP - 87 p. AB - A historical review is presented of 75 years of progress in farm mechanization. The subjects discussed include a history of the Society of Automotive Engineers Agricultural Tractor Test Code; the patent system as it relates to farmers and farm equipment, as well as to engineers; safety devices and practices for agricultural equipment; the development of the power take-off mechanism for agricultural equipment; and a survey of selected milestones in the application of power to agricultural machines. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Electric power transmission KW - Farm tractors KW - History KW - Patents KW - Power systems KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380659 AU - Janke, M K AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ACCIDENT RECORDS OF SELF-REPORTING MEDICALLY IMPAIRED DRIVERS PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A study was made of the accident records of drivers reporting themselves on the California license application form as having some physical or mental impairment. The records were compared with those of a random sample from the entire California driving population. Of 579 impaired subjects studied over 6 months, 276 reported themselves as having had lapses of consciousness, 241 as having or having had a physical ailment not involving loss of consciousness, 34 as having mental problems, 5 as alcoholic, and 5 with drug problems; 18 did not indicate their medical condition. A study of accident records over three years showed that medically impaired drivers who reported themselves to the DMV had generally worse accident-involvement records than the comparison group; the accident involvement of lapse-prone drivers was even greater than that of the impaired group as a whole. This finding contradicts an earlier finding of Janke et al. (1978) based on 67 cases, and shows a significant statistical difference between the impaired group as a whole and the comparison group. It is concluded that identification of such drivers by means of the application's medical impairment question has a beneficial traffic-safety effect, and should be continued. KW - California KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Impaired drivers KW - Loss of consciousness KW - Mental illness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380648 AU - Pollman, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROSTATIC SYSTEMS FOR SAVING ENERGY (TRANSMISSIONS) PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Energy efficiency is defined as the amount of production per unit of energy used, and the relationship of component efficiency to overall system efficiency is explained. The analysis of hydrostatic transmission systems is discussed in terms of energy efficiency under four categories: basic circuit type (open vs. closed), individual component efficiencies, mix of variable and fixed displacement units, and system control. Typical gains in energy efficiency range from 5% to 20% per category, with the possibility of additive effects. Because some gains result in more power available for other uses, mobile equipment productivity can also increase. KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Productivity KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380907 AU - Svercl, P V AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAVEL TRENDS DURING THE 1970'S PY - 1980 SP - 56 p. AB - In order to evaluate the effect of fuel shortages, highway travel activity in the U.S. during the 1970's is statistically described, including fuel consumption and passenger vehicle occupancy trends. From 1969 through 1979, highway travel increased about 45%, the highest average annual increase in vehicle miles of travel (VMT) being 6.87% in 1972. Annual highway travel decreased twice as a result of fuel shortages in 1974 and 1979. The estimated total travel in 1979 is 1.5 trillion VMT, a decrease of about 1.5% from 1978. Specific findings related to the short periods of limited fuel availability are: higher vehicle occupancy rates when one or more lanes are reserved in rush hour for high-occupancy vehicles; drastic travel decreases; 6% less travel on high-order, rural highways than on urban highways; 4% to 6% less travel on weekends than on weekdays; most reduction occurring in passenger vehicle travel (little change in commercial truck travel); diesel sales at normal level except in 1979, while gasoline sales decreased; less long-distance discretionary travel; and automobile occupancy rates increased, quickly returning to normal when fuel is readily available. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Sales KW - Statistical analysis KW - Supply KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380918 AU - Fannin, C N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHY AIR DISC BRAKES? A BRAKE MANUFACTURER'S POINT OF VIEW PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - The heavy-duty brake industry is encouraged to adopt the disc brake, especially the air disc brake, in order to meet current demands for heavier axle loads, vehicle weight reduction, and improved brake performance. The conventional drum brake's basic design limitations result in effectiveness, stability, and adjustment problems. While brake engineers have been interested in the disc brake for heavy truck and trailer applications since the late 1950's, truck builders had no real interest in the disc brake until faced with the performance objectives of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 105 and 121 which required a considerable increase in front axle braking. Most disc brake programs ceased when the standards were relaxed, and the disc brake has not yet significantly penetrated the heavy truck market. Testing by brake manufacturers has confirmed the feasibility of the air disc brake for heavy trucks. Advantages of this brake include greater options for engineering in design, more latitude in material selection, weight savings (140 to 160 lb. per rear axle for current designs), volume manufacture with minimal performance variations among samples, and superiority over existing hardware in overall performance, contributing to improved vehicle safety. KW - Air brakes KW - Axle loads KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Disc brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Performance evaluations KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380920 AU - Hopkins, G L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CHALLENGES FACING THE AIR DISC BRAKE PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - Using the S-cam drum brake for comparison, the air disc brake for heavy-duty truck use is assessed in terms of performance (retardation force, energy capacity, and stability), reliability, and cost. The additional frictional force required of the air disc brake and its lack of self-energization require higher loads on the brake pads, resulting in increased demands on the disc, friction material, and actuating system. Air disc brakes can be designed to produce the required retardation force, although other design parameters may be compromised. The higher operating temperatures of the disc brake (because of the smaller mass of the disc vs. drum) must be considered in terms of their effect on tires and wheel seals. Although its importance is difficult to assess, the disc brake has better stability or driveability for improved driver "feel" during braking. Reliability of the more complex air disc brake will be demonstrated only after extensive and varied service. The higher initial cost of disc brakes can be expected to diminish with time. The most significant operational cost difference between disc and drum brakes involves brake relining. Challenges exist to find a durable disc brake friction material and a friction interface resulting in acceptable disc life. The current list price of a replacement disc is almost twice that of a replacement drum, although disc brakes have the advantage in relining cost. It is concluded that the disc brake offers an operating cost advantage only to operators who can take advantage of the weight savings to transport more cargo. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Costs KW - Disc brakes KW - Driveability KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reliability KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380935 AU - Minozuma, F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATUS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS IN JAPAN PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The oligopolic structure of the Japanese auto industry is described (domination of the market shares by two major automakers, Toyota and Nissan); and background is presented on the Japanese electronics industry. The distribution of professional disciplines among auto industry personnel indicates increased importance of electronics engineers. The relationship between the auto and electronics industries is described, and factors related to automotive electronics design and application are outlined: consumer demands and government regulations, degree of adaptation to the overall vehicle system, production structure, servicing, and reliability. Consumer opinions about automotive electronics and factors affecting their purchase decisions are reviewed, and current electronic systems available in Japanese-made cars are listed. Future automotive electronics subsystems are indicated by degree of integration, as well as problems remaining to be solved (e.g. sensor and transducer performance, and electrostatic, electrical, and electromagnetic hazards). KW - Automotive engineering KW - Consumers KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - Japan KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - State of the art studies KW - Subsystems KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380937 AU - Doversberger, K W AU - Miller, R F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TESTING ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The more complex functional capability and consumers' increasing expectation of product excellence require that electronic assemblies have a high level of test assurance. An electronic product development flow is discussed which achieves simultaneous test development. Six activities are involved: product definition, interactive design review-product development, design audit, manufacturing audit, reliability audit, and release of product to production. By carrying out these activities, testing functions are developed in parallel with the product design; product design and requirements dictate testing needs. The assembly and test flow for an electronic engine control module is illustrated. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Development KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380926 AU - Giles, W L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TRUCK AIR DISC BRAKES FROM USERS' POINT OF VIEW PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - Ruan Transport Corp. (tank carrier) supports air disc brakes for trucks because of their vehicle stability during braking, stability with a slopping liquid load, and possibility for weight reduction and easier servicing. In an empty truck, the adverse effect of the excess brake capacity on vehicle stability when braking on slippery surfaces, can be nearly eliminated by the modulating ability and fast release times of air disc brakes. After over 50,000 mi. in the most severe service, the air disc brakes have presented no problems, and lining life has exceeded that of drum brakes. The company believes that safety benefits and accident cost reduction will be realized through improved vehicle stability and brake fade elimination. The adequacy of the salt water spray test is questioned; calcium chloride used in road deicing salts is corrosive even in dry weather and appears more detrimental to automotive hardware than ordinary road salts. Ruan recommends that automatic slack adjusters be incorporated as part of the air disc brake by the brake manufacturer. Air disc brakes are more tolerant of imbalance, overloading, and misuse; brake life and maintenance costs are sacrificed while fade resistance and vehicle stability are improved. Better liaison between user and supplier is needed, as well as compatibility between drum air and air disc brakes. KW - Air brakes KW - Brake fade KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Compatibility KW - Consumer behavior KW - Disc brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Slack adjustment KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - User reactions KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380927 AU - Soltis, P J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRAIGHT AIR DISC BRAKES PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - The major design features, and laboratory and vehicle test development of straight air disc brakes for trucks, tractors, and trailers are described in detail. The result of development and fleet testing combined with experiences from a heavy-duty truck air-over-hydraulic disc brake produced by Kelsey-Hayes Company since 1975, this brake was designed to provide full automatic adjustment with the mechanism completely sealed; brake sizing directly proportional to brake torque requirements; rotor width and diameter for optimum heat dissipation; full compatibility with drum-braked vehicles; installation on current production front spindles, rear axles, and trailer axles; and use of standard service and spring-applied parking brake chambers with only minor modifications. Based on lining energy absorption capabilities, two basic brake models were developed: one primarily for front axles, and the other for all truck and trailer rear axles, both single and tandem. In addition to performance advantages (improved directional stability, increased fade resistance, improved recovery, shorter stopping distances, reduced speed sensitivity, and increased lining and rotor life for most uses), the air disc brake has several advantages over the hydraulic disc brake on trucks equipped with air systems: air only as the actuating medium, utilization of existing wheel end hoses and fittings, no brake bleeding, use of standard trailer air hoses and couplings, compatibility with spring-applied parking brakes, and simplicity in maintenance/service. KW - Air brakes KW - Brake fade KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Compatibility KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Disc brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380930 AU - Kyotani, Y AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RUNNING TESTS ON SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC LEVITATION SYSTEM (INTERCITY PASSENGER RAILWAY) PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The basic concept of a superconducting magnetic levitation linear-motor propulsion system for railway transportation is explained. Such a system under development in Japan is described in terms of test facilities, two prototype vehicles (ML-500 and ML-500R), preliminary test results, and future plans. The superconducting magnet affixed to the vehicle is used for levitation and propulsion; a ground coil is used for thrust and lateral guidance. The superconducting magnet is cooled via an on-board helium refrigeration system. In December 1979, a maximum speed of 517 kph was achieved on the 7 km. Miyazaki Test Line. KW - Intercity transportation KW - Japan KW - Linear motor propulsion KW - Linear motors KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Prototypes KW - Superconductivity KW - Technology KW - Test facilities KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380627 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CUSTOMER PERCEPTION OF COLD START AND WARMUP DRIVEABILITY PY - 1980 SP - 97 p. AB - A program (23 Jan-3 Apr 1978) compared customer perception of driveability problems with trained driver evaluations of performance during cold start and warm-up driving at intermediate ambient temperatures (30 to 70 degrees F). The customers used their cars in daily service; the trained drivers evaluated their performance using Coordinating Research Council (CRC) test procedures. Customer ability to relate difference in car performance to changes in gasoline volatility was investigated, and customer evaluations compared with the CRC rating scale. The 107 customers were informed of the driveability problems; 14 evaluators worked on-site during the program. Customers generally ranked fuels in the same order as the trained drivers. As fuel volatility decreased, average ratings showed deterioration in driveability. Customer satisfaction with the fuels ranged from 62% to 93%; based on recent surveys of commercial gasoline quality, the 5th and 95th percentile values of driveability index for fuel sold in the test ambient temperature range are 98 and 145, respectively. The most frequent driveability problems in customer service were hesitation and stumble; driving stalls were rated as the most troublesome problem. The current CRC trained driver scale assigns greater weight to hesitation, stumble, and idle roughness than does the customer demerit scale developed during the program, and underemphasizes other malfunctions (hard starting, stalls, surge, and backfire). KW - Automobiles KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Customers KW - Driveability KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline engines KW - Perception KW - Performance evaluations KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Volatility KW - Warmup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380630 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1979 CRC (COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL) OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY PY - 1980 SP - 250 p. AB - Full- and part-throttle octane number requirement (ONR) data are presented for 490 U.S. and imported 1979 model vehicles (400 U.S. and 54 imported foreign cars, 35 U.S. and one imported noncommercial light-duty trucks and vans). Surface ignition knock and rumble problems are indicated in tests of tank fuel, high and average sensitivity full-boiling range unleaded (FBRSU and FBRU), and primary reference (PR) fuels. Maximum ONR's for FBRU fuels for the weighted population of all U.S. and imported vehicles at 50% satisfaction levels were: 91.7 Research Octane Number (same as in 1978) and 82.6 Motor Octane Number (0.6 lower than in 1978). ONR's of the 1979 models were higher with PR and lower with FBRSU and FBRU fuels than the 1978 models. An owner-vs.-observer detected knock ratio of 0.49 was determined. Of the 196 vehicles tested for tank fuel knock, 26.0% were reported by the owner to be knocking; 60.8% of these owners found the knock objectionable, the highest percentage reported for any survey since 1972. On a weighted basis, knock reported by trained observers was virtually the same percentage in 1979 and 1978. There were three cars with surface ignition knock; none had rumble. Road octane number depreciation of FBRU fuels (86-100 RON) varied from 1.2 to 5.5, compared with 1.6 to 5.2 in the 1978 survey. Depreciation of FBRSU (87-101 RON) varied from 2.2 to 6.0 compared with 3.5 to 7.7 in 1978. KW - Automobiles KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Engine knock KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Octane requirements KW - Perception KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380656 AU - Zink, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SAFETY ACCOMPLISHMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Early progress in agricultural equipment is described, including the development of the power take-off and efforts to provide protective shielding. Hazardous situations, and areas or mechanisms associated with agricultural equipment are listed: entanglement, overturns, confusion in operator controls, operational and servicing accidents (falls), braking and parking, highway travel, and fire. Methods developed to reduce or eliminate each hazard are described. Recommended safety practices, with particular reference to highway travel, are considered; SAE and ASAE Safety Recommendations and Standards are appended. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety practices KW - Safety standards KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380657 AU - Morrell, T H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT POWER TAKE-OFF MECHANISM PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - Some important steps are outlined in the evolution of the power take-off mechanism, which transmits power from the tractor engine to the propelled implement. Voluntary industry standards have been written and updated to keep abreast of changing usage patterns and increasing size of equipment. These standards permit interchangeability of tractors and machines without an array of adapter bundles which would irritate the user, would increase exposure to hazards, and would increase the cost of operation. This versatility in farm mechanization has helped to lower the overall cost of food production. Photographs and diagrams illustrate the implements described; copies of SAE and/or ASAE standards and recommended practices are appended. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Electric power transmission KW - Farm tractors KW - Power systems KW - Recommendations KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380923 AU - Voorhis, B G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MARKET PROSPECTS FOR AIR DISC BRAKES IN HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - From the perspective of the heavy-truck operator, the pros and cons of air disc brakes are compared with those of other air brake types (S-cam drum, wedge drum). Market prospects for the air disc brake are evaluated, including specific forecasts. The primary advantage of the air disc brake over the drum brake are better fade resistance, greater stability, lighter weight than the S-cam, and ease of maintenance. Disadvantages include greater initial cost, lack of field experience, and front axle weight slightly more than the S-cam. Cost of ownership (purchase price, replacement part cost, maintenance time for reline, lining and rotor life, payload, and resale value) is the key to broad market acceptance, and lining life is a major open issue. If cost of ownership factors do not significantly offset the premium price of air discs, demand will be limited to weight and performance sensitive users (about 30,000 trucks annually by 1985). With more competitive cost of ownership, annual volume could reach 70,000 trucks by that year. KW - Air brakes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brake fade KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Costs KW - Disc brakes KW - Forecasting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance KW - Markets KW - Ownership KW - Service life KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380934 AU - Borroni, M AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATUS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS IN ITALY PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Current automotive electronic devices in Italian-made cars are reviewed: alternator voltage regulators, "breakerless" ignition systems, and a digiplex ignition system which measures engine speed and manifold vacuum via sensors to obtain advanced angle. Electronic systems under development are described: fuel injection, transmission control, antilock, multiplex wiring, and instrumentation (tachometers, clocks, flashers; on-board diagnostics; solid-state instrument panels and computerized driver information systems). Key issues affecting the future of electronics in automobiles are addressed: compromise between vehicle and electronics specifications for best economic solution, reliability, and maintenance. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automotive engineering KW - Control systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Electronic ignition KW - Electronics KW - Ignition systems KW - Instrumentation KW - Italy KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380943 AU - Trenne, M U AU - Nowak, V J AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC CONTROLS FOR PASSENGER CAR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The penetration of diesel engine technology into the transportation industry is traced from its first application in heavy trucks (1940's) to the present expansion in passenger cars. Past and projected growth of electronic fuel control systems for diesel and gasoline passenger cars are indicated. The potential of electronic controls is discussed for meeting mandated diesel emission standards and fuel economy regulations. The application of electronic controls to diesels during the 1980's is described as an outgrowth of transportation electronics maturation (development of reliable microprocessors, sensors, and actuators). The design and operation of a representative "distributor" type fuel injection pump with mechanical controls and its electronic equivalent are briefly described. Benefits derived from changing to electronic controls are outlined: expanded capabilities to meet such requirements as exhaust gas recirculation control and altitude compensation; elimination of installation errors and reduced wear; reduced engineering time; and lower manufacturing costs. KW - Actuators KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manufacturing KW - Microprocessors KW - Sensors KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380634 AU - Copeland, M C AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS PY - 1980 SP - 174 p. AB - A three-part study examines cost-benefit analysis and its application to the economic appraisal of urban transportation projects (especially road projects). Pt. 1 presents the theoretical framework for the identification of costs and benefits, their valuation, acceptance criteria, and treatment of risk and uncertainty. The costs and benefits to be considered within this framework for the evaluation of urban transport projects are identified (project capital and recurring costs, user net benefits, and non-user net costs). Pt. 2 discusses the identification and valuation of these relevant costs and benefits and their correct inclusion in the appraisal procedure. In Pt. 3, a specific project illustrates the use of the recommended procedures. The Christchurch Southern Motorway Project in New Zealand involves the construction of a rail overbridge, widening of one street, construction of a highway toward the south of the city, and upgrading and extending a linking road. The project, begun in 1972-1973, is expected to be completed in 1980-1981. Road maps of state highways on New Zealand's North and South Islands are included. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380644 AU - Nielson, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE IMPACT OF ENERGY COSTS ON MOBILE EQUIPMENT DESIGN PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Fuel costs, which rise at a much faster rate than initial and repair/maintenance costs, are becoming a major factor in mobile equipment purchase decisions. The directly proportional relationship between fuel consumption and horsepower output is emphasized; reduced engine load will decrease the amount of fuel required. The cost of power consumed by a gasoline or diesel engine is identified as $500 per hp over a 10,000 hr. life; major consideration must now be given to the energy cost per unit of work as a basic design criterion. Specific areas are outlined in which mobile equipment can be designed for better fuel economy: engines and drivelines, hydraulic systems and components, lubrication, tires, cutting edges, continuously turning components (e.g.fans), weight, basic function, and electrical circuits. Horsepower in terms of hydraulic power is examined by comparing the overall efficiency and cost of two gear pumps. Implications of higher fuel costs on mobile equipment designers and sales/marketing personnel are addressed. KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Energy consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Horsepower KW - Marketing KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Purchasing KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380653 AU - Candee, R AU - Walters, F C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HISTORY OF SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR TEST CODE PY - 1980 SP - 28 p. AB - An outline is given of the history involved in the development of the SAE/ASAE Agricultural Tractor Test Code, and of comparative tractor testing under uniform conditions. Revisions are documented which keep the test code current with changing requirements. The code now provides reliable specifications for the power and performance characteristics of the tractor under controlled conditions, which can be factually communicated to the public, governments, other companies and engineers; it also provides a means for comparing the performance of a given model or make with other tractors offered for sale, and manufacturer's and dealers' claims with the performance data obtained by the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory. Photographs of the testing equipment and brief summaries of the SAE/ASAE Code and the Nebraska Rules for tractor tests are included. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Farm tractors KW - History KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Test code KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380917 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHY AN AIR DISC BRAKE FOR HEAVY TRUCKS? PY - 1980 SP - 42 p. AB - Introductory remarks concern the undesirable features of the air-over-hydraulic actuation system for truck disc brakes, as well as brake manufacturer efforts to develop an air-actuated system despite a lack of enthusiasm among vehicle manufacturers and customers. Ten papers and panel discussions on the progress and future of the air disc brake represent the varied opinions of the truck manufacturers, brake manufacturers, and a truck fleet; the main issues center on economics and weight vs. performance. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Disc brakes KW - Economics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Industries KW - Performance evaluations KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380940 AU - Totani, S AU - OKADA, M AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVING RELIABILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The operating environment of automotive electronic devices is generally described, and points outlined for improving electronics reliability. Activities of Nippondenso Co., Ltd. (Japan) to improve the reliability of their automotive electronic products are discussed: attention to reliability in all stages from planning to marketing; field defects analysis of products; maintenance of a defective electronics parts data base and meetings with parts suppliers to exchange technical information; selective use of high-reliability parts; establishment and improvement of product screening technology; multistage reliability testing, accounting for environmental conditions; and electromagnetic interference evaluation. Periodic quality control meetings with parts suppliers and the Electronics Parts Recommendation System (quality ranking of parts) has greatly improved the reliability of Nippondenso electronic products. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Databases KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - Japan KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380645 AU - Morgan, G H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CASE HISTORY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM TO SAVE ENERGY BY USING CLUTCHES WITH HYDRAULIC PUMPS AND MOTORS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - After hydraulic failsafe brakes proved successful in many applications, a program was undertaken to develop a companion convenience-packaged hydraulic clutch. The developed clutch, which has been used in numerous applications, has stimulated new equipment design ideas. These have resulted in energy and space savings; equipment cost, noise, and maintenance reductions; employee and equipment protection, and equipment versatility. Four basic clutch-component configurations solve a variety of mechanical problems: clutch mounted between gearbox and pump, permitting hydraulic activity as required, without interrupting mechanical drive; clutch mounted between motor and gearbox, providing auxiliary power control for secondary operations, e.g. front-wheel drive assists; clutch mounted between two motor and drive stations, allowing use of either or both motors for two-station drive (two smaller vs. one larger motor); and clutch mounted between a right angle drive and two gearboxes, permitting torque to be applied to either operation. Illustrative case histories are presented. KW - Automobiles KW - Clutches KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Equipment KW - Equipment cost KW - Hydraulic clutches KW - Hydraulic transmissions KW - Maintenance KW - Sound level KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380647 AU - Herscovici, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GEAR BOX DESIGN WITH FLYWHEEL FOR REDUCED VIBRATIONS AND ENERGY SAVINGS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - A design approach is described in which a flywheel is used to provide inertia to a speed-reducing gearbox driven by a hydraulic motor in an application where high torque peaks are present. Further improvement is provided by a slip clutch in applications where the mechanically driven implement is being brought to a complete stop in milliseconds. The use of the flywheel reduces or eliminates the vibrations associated with power drives using hydrostatic transmissions to provide power at the implement. These vibrations often lead to failure of the hydraulic motor, hydraulic pump, hoses, speed-reducing gearbox, drive chain, and other working components. Because of low torque peaks and a steady-state operation, the engine can be operated at higher torques at the rated engine speed, thus improving equipment productivity. KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Flywheels KW - Gear boxes KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Torque KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle components KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380919 AU - Bueler, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHY AN AIR DISC BRAKE? PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - A ten-year investigation of commercial vehicle disc brakes indicates that potential revenue gain due to reduced truck weight with air disc brakes is illusionary. Initial cost, service cost, service parts availability, need for high skill service labor, and extreme mechanical wear susceptibility as well as lining wear negate any savings from using air disc brakes instead of cam brakes. Air disc brakes presently provide no real improvement in overall performance or safety. With time, brake output consistency decreases and "feel" suffers. The ability of the brake to provide good life under extreme operating conditions with minimum mechanical service is doubtful. "Looseness" necessary to preclude caliper bind results in taper lining wear, and energy load transfer between dissimilar brakes on a tractor-trailer can also produce excessive wear. The apparent fade resistance of disc brakes can be a safety hazard due to sudden, unexpected brake failure. Brake type intermix aggravates this situation and also adversely affects rig stability. Air disc brakes are not currently suitable for general use because of their relatively high initial and long-term cost and marginal performance and wearability. KW - Air brakes KW - Brake fade KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Disc brakes KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380921 AU - Markert, M E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AIR DISC BRAKES--CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCERNS PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - Demonstrated advantages of the air disc brake include: improved side to side balance (reducing pulls and requiring less driver control), fade resistance, improved water recovery, less torque variation with speed, and reduced weight. The "productivity" of the brake is judged by such cost factors as initial cost, service, reline interval, reline cost (time and material), and cost of other components, none of which are totally quantifiable by accepted industry standards. Due to its different design, disc brake performance differs from that of a drum brake in single and multiple stops and in continuous input types of operations typified by mountain grades. Brake balance is a major concern, as affected by brake type intermix (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 121 and pre-121 equipment), push-out pressure (chamber return springs), and absence of shoe return springs. Friction materials for the air brake are relatively new in their development in view of the brake's uncertain market potential. Other air disc brake concerns are the change of bearing load (highly directional in nature) and potentially higher drag (lower fuel economy). The compatability problem of disc and drum brakes needs to be resolved, both by design and by extensive testing and tuning. KW - Air brakes KW - Brake fade KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Compatibility KW - Costs KW - Disc brakes KW - Friction materials KW - Performance evaluations KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380936 AU - JONES, T O AU - Ziomek, J F AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS MARKET PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The world automotive electronics market is analyzed for three time frames (1980, 1985, 1990). Although there is small difference in available technology, there is a significant difference in average car electronics among major geographical regions, primarily because of the impact of different government standards, and the degree of cultural acceptance of electronic systems, either standard or optional. In 1980, the approximate worldwide value of nonentertainment electronic systems for passenger cars/light trucks is $1.6 billion, with the North American market approaching $750 million. The average per vehicle market values are $45 worldwide and $74 in North America. By 1985, led by increased applications of electronic engine controls (to meet emissions and fuel economy requirements), a $10 billion worldwide market is expected, with a vehicle production of 42 million (vs. 35 million in 1980). The North American portion of this market is projected to exceed $3.5 billion. Electronics will play an important role in product differentiation as car downsizing and chassis standardization limit variety of vehicle models. While worldwide vehicle volume is projected at 50 million by 1990, automotive electronic new product growth will continue at a reduced rate during 1985-1990 as more effort is concentrated on system refinements and reliability improvements, especially of safety and security systems, including radar collision avoidance. A $17 billion worldwide automotive electronics market is projected for 1990. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Downsizing KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - Forecasting KW - Market value KW - Markets KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380938 AU - Krebs, D E AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - QUALITY MANUFACTURING--KEY TO THE FUTURE OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - Quality and reliability are cited as the keys to successful automotive application of electronics, with reliability the result of tailoring product design to the capability of the manufacturing process. In manufacturing, the quality and reliability of mechanical products are primarily a factor of dimensional relationships, whereas the primary factors affecting electronic product reliability are thermal and vibration stresses, high parts count, and problems with component interconnections, solder cracks, and board connections, all of which strongly influence the type of testing conducted to assure product quality. The cost of testing facilities for electronic products is therefore much higher than that for production facilities. Essential features of a new electronic product program are outlined: early involvement of manufacturing engineering in product design and development stages; extensive product engineering/manufacturing proveout programs at each stage of the design/development cycle; careful control and total support of new-product launches; and an ongoing validation, analysis, and control program accompanying regular production. The Electrical and Electronics Division of Ford Motor Company is described. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380649 AU - Larson, B J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOAD SENSITIVE STEERING FOR ENERGY SAVINGS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Hydromechanical and hydrostatic power steering systems and their power requirements are described, and the three basic types of hydraulic systems (open-center, closed-center, load-sensitive) and their basic efficiency are defined. Horsepower usage and typical arrangements are described for these systems when used to provide hydraulic power for steering. The advantages of using load-sensitive power steering devices in these systems are examined, indicating any hp savings or other benefits (such as more design options). Designing the human element (i.e. operator input) into the power steering system is addressed, including the Char-Lynn load-sensing steering design in which the valve mechanism compensates for the full range required by both skilled and unskilled machine operators. To show the advantages of this design, the valve flow gain rate characteristics are described for all three hydraulic steering system types. KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Horsepower KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Hydromechanics KW - Hydrostatics KW - Load sensitive steering KW - Loads KW - Power steering KW - Steering systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380664 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT--BETTER MANAGEMENT CAN MAKE IT MORE USEFUL. SUPPLEMENT (RESPONSE TO COMMENTS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ON THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL'S REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 113 p. AB - Comments by the Department of Transportation (DOT) are presented in reply to a General Accounting Office (GAO) draft report on the management of DOT's highway safety research and development program. The DOT remarks deal exclusively with activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, omitting those of the Federal Highway Administration. GAO responses to the DOT reply are also presented, on a comment-by-comment basis. DOT did not concur with the majority of GAO's findings and conclusions, saying they were based on limited information. KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - U.S. General Accounting Office KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380091 AU - United States Congress TI - TO PROVIDE COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION ON S.1337 PY - 1980 SP - 144 p. AB - A transcript and supporting materials are presented for a hearing on a bill introduced to amend Title 23 of the United States Code to provide greater compliance for the fifty-five mile per hour national maximum speed limit and to provide stiffer penalties for any state not meeting the greater compliance percentage required. Opening statements were presented by the senators from Texas, Wyoming, and Vermont. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Transportation and/or prepared statements and responses to written questions were supplied by the following witnesses: Deputy Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Acting Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration, Senator Metzenbaum of Ohio (sponsor of the bill), directors of Governmental Relations and State and Provincial Police of the International Assoc. of Chiefs of Police, Secretary of South Dakota Dept. of Transportation, and Assistant Director of the Highway Dept. and Director of the Traffic Engineering/Safety Dept. of the American Automobile Assoc. Additional material includes a reprint of the proposed bill and a statement by the Vermont Agency of Transportation. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Public hearings KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380119 AU - Komiyama, K AU - Kajiyama, K AU - OKADA, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TURBULENT OPEN COMBUSTION PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A new combustion chamber design, the Micro Turbulence Combustion Chamber (MTCC), allows faster combustion in the diesel engine for improved nitrogen oxide emissions with negligible effects on fuel economy and exhaust smoke. The MTCC is constructed of a square upper part and a circular lower part. There is faster dissipation of the induced swirl flow and creation of small-scale turbulence in the corners of the combustion chamber, resulting in faster combustion. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Micro turbulence combustion chamber KW - Swirl KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379659 AU - Emerson, F AU - CHU, C AU - Gamson, N AU - Hartmann, J AU - Hickman, G AU - Wegrzynowicz, C AU - Sitzer, S AU - Department of Energy TI - SHORT-TERM ENERGY OUTLOOK (U.S.) PY - 1980 SP - 47 p. AB - The base-case U.S. energy outlook for the remainder of 1980 calls for a gross energy consumption decline of 2.7% to a level of 76.8 quadrillion Btu; consumption in the first half of 1981 is expected to be 3.8% below energy use in the first half of 1980. Petroleum consumption in 1980 is expected to decrease by approximately 7%; by mid-1981, the rate of decline will probably moderate due to a rebound in economic growth and leveling of real fuel prices. Domestic crude oil production is projected to remain almost level in 1980, at about 8.55 million barrels per day (MMB/D), with total domestic hydrocarbon liquids down by about 0.8%, averaging 10.64 MMB/D. Motor gasoline supplies at the beginning of the summer driving season should be sufficient. Distillate fuel oil stocks will be equal to levels at the start of the last two heating seasons. Gross oil imports will be down 16% in 1980 to 6.97 MMB/D, while the total cost of these imports is projected to rise 40%, to about $84 billion. During 1980, natural gas consumption is expected to increase by 1.6%, coal use by 6.4%, and nuclear generation by 4.5%. The combined sensitivities of total petroleum use to prices, weather, income, and consumer response to gasoline prices indicate a range of 16.7 to 17.5 MMB/D for total petroleum use in 1980, with total net petroleum imports ranging from 6.1 to 6.9 MMB/D. KW - Coal KW - Distillates KW - Energy consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Imports KW - Natural gas KW - Nuclear energy KW - Oil production KW - Petroleum KW - Petroleum refining KW - Production KW - Short term KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379665 AU - Holt, H E AU - General Environments Corporation TI - VISIBILITY MEASUREMENT TEST (FIELD OF DRIVER VIEW). VOLUME 2 PY - 1980 SP - 231 p. AB - Three replications of measurements were made on a 1979 American Motors Concord, a 1979 Ford Econoline Van, and a 1979 International Harvester F4300 Transtar conventional truck tractor to determine the performance of rearview mirror systems, the angular size of obstructions to the driver's direct field of view, and specified viewing areas through the windshield. The tests were made to determine the accuracy and repeatability of methods for measuring direct and indirect fields of view from motor vehicles as proposed in a new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) for fields of direct view (Docket 70-7; Notice 5) and a revision to FMVSS 111, Rearview Mirrors (Docket 71-3a; Notice 4). Test data and photographs are presented. Appendices contain the two notices of proposed rulemaking and the mirror positioning procedures for passenger cars, vans, and trucks. KW - Automobiles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Mirrors KW - Positioning KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks KW - Visibility KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379676 AU - Samuels, A AU - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited TI - DRUNKEN DRIVING: CHALLENGING THE BLOOD OR URINE ANALYSIS PY - 1980 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-16 AB - Fifteen points are outlined for consideration by the defense lawyer in challenging the accuracy of blood/urine analysis results in a drunk driving case. Relevant legal cases (Britain) are cited. Factors addressed include: size, age, contamination, plasma content, identity, area of withdrawal, and packaging of specimen; margin of error of reading; driver's recent donation of blood; condition of equipment used in analysis; scientist giving evidence as only one member of a team; qualification of analyst; source of alcohol other than from drinking (e.g. manufacture in the liver); consumption of alcohol after ceasing to drive; and driver's contention that he had nothing to drink. Strictly speaking, the prosecution need not prove any particular figure if proof is shown of a blood alcohol content in excess of 80 mg./100 ml. of blood or 107 in the case of urine. Vagueness or uncertainty in the reading may well lead to a discrepancy with the defense analysis and lead to a court rejection of the prosecution's evidence. An acquittal may be the only proper decision for the discrepancy among clinical findings about the defendent's behavior, a positive breath test, and a very low reading. It is mentioned that blood/urine tests will become superfluous in the next few years as the instant breath test machine is authorized by law. U1 - MEDICINE, SCIENCE AND THE LAW KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Judicial processes KW - Law suits KW - Legal factors KW - Litigation KW - Prosecution KW - Trials KW - United Kingdom KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379670 AU - Raub, R A AU - Henry, B C AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - COST OF AIRCRAFT USED FOR TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT BY THE STATE POLICE OF ILLINOIS PY - 1980 SP - 38 p. AB - The fully allocated costs of operating an airplane by the Illinois State Police (1 November 1978 through 31 October 1979) were $137.32/hr.; these costs reflect 4960.6 hr. of flight among six fixed-wing aircraft in law enforcement-related activity. The money spent on salaries, fuel, maintenance, hangers, offices, and depreciation was included, as well as the costs of ground personnel completing pilot-initiated activity. An officer on the ground (including vehicle) in the same function cost $28.20/hr. (plus $1.61 for court appearances). While the hourly costs of operating the airplane in line patrol were approximately five times higher, the pilots covered more than 3.5 times the distance. The air-speed check, the other mode of aerial operation, is equivalent to the radar operator with chase car which was $28.26/hr., with each additional chase car costing $14.13/hr. and an extra $2.96 for court costs. Although the airplane was not competitive with the ground operation, increases in hours flown and more productive support from the ground would make the airplane competitive with the radar and chase car operation. Because airplanes are an important law enforcement tool in manhunts, surveillance, photography, and relays in emergencies, they should be part of a state police operation. Their cost for the specialty functions can easily be offset by their continuous use in daily traffic operations. KW - Aircraft KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380107 AU - Ishii, T AU - Fujimura, K AU - HASHIMOTO, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL WORK OF HIGH SPEED AND HIGHLY SUPERCHARGED TWO-CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE FOR COMBAT VEHICLE PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - Research is described in the development of a highly supercharged two-cycle diesel engine with improved combustion and increased power output. Aspects of the experimental work include analysis of the relationship between swirling caused by cylinder scavenging ports and burning efficiency, selection of combustion chamber configuration and compression ratio, improvement of combustion at high rpm in a highly supercharged environment (selection of injection timing and nozzle, effect of charged air temperature and pressure on engine performance), selecting the supercharging system, and improving the cooling system. As the next-generation diesel for high-speed tracked land vehicles (tanks), the engine has a net power 1.8 to 2.0 times greater than its predecessor. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Cooling KW - Diesel engines KW - Engines KW - High speed engines KW - High speed vehicles KW - Surcharge KW - Swirl UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380115 AU - MIYAMOTO, N AU - Murayama, T AU - Gotoh, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UNIQUE MEASURING METHOD OF INDICATOR DIAGRAMS USING STRAIN HISTORY OF HEAD BOLTS (ENGINE IN-CYLINDER PRESSURE) PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - To obtain accurate indicator diagrams without the use of pressure transducers, the strain and displacement of various engine parts related to pressure variation in the cylinder were measured and analyzed mathematically. By measuring the strain of the cylinder head bolts, the horizontal displacement of the crankshaft end, and the vertical displacement of the intake valve stem, indicator diagrams could be easily obtained without a passage to the combustion chamber. Accurate indicator diagrams were estimated by applying the pressure-strain diagram obtained from the static pressure test in the cylinder to the strain variation in the cylinder head bolts. Better accuracy is possible by assuming that the cylinder head system is a one-degree-of-freedom vibration system. The strain measurement method can be applied to single-cylinder and multi-cylinder engines. KW - Head bolts KW - Indicator diagrams KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379663 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Douglass, R L AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE AND TRAFFIC CASUALTIES: A SPECIAL CASE OF CHANGING ALCOHOL AVAILABILITY IN A PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT (SUMMARY) PY - 1980 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 18-25 AB - An initial study revealed that Michigan and Maine had an increase in alcohol-related (A/R) crashes among 18- to 20-year-olds for the first 12 to 18 months after the legal drinking age was lowered in 1972 from 21 to 18. A second study which analyzed the impact of the law change in Michigan for a 48-mo. period also found an increase in A/R crashes among the 18-20 age group. A conservative estimate is that 4625 A/R crashes, 89 of which were fatal, occurred in Michigan during 1972-1975 as a result of the lowered drinking age. A detailed analysis was also made of licensing activities of the Michigan Liquor Control Commission and statistics of alcohol beverage distribution in the state. Many concurrent dynamics occurred in the control and consumption of beer, wine, and distilled spirits when the drinking age was lowered. These studies demonstrated the interdependence of changes in alcohol availability, alcohol consumption, and A/R traffic casualties. The restoration in 1978 of the 21-year-old drinking age in Michigan will provide the opportunity for another phase of study. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legal factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380096 AU - Carter, A J AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - EFFECT OF SEAT BELT DESIGN RULES ON WEARING RATES (AUSTRALIA) PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - Through the Australian Design Rule (ADR) program, action has been taken to make seat belts more convenient, comfortable, and effective. Inertia reel lap-sash belts for front outboard positions and improved upper anchorage locations for all outboard seating positions are mandatory for all passenger cars and derivatives (station wagons, panel vans, and utilities) manufactured after 1 Jan 1975; these requirements are the most recent major efforts to improve restraint systems. In Mar 1978, a roadside survey of seat belt fitting and wearing was conducted in four Australian cities (Melbourne, Vic.; Adelaide, S. A., Perth, W. A., and Canberra, A.C.T.). In Melbourne, registration plate numbers were obtained in order to determine fitting and wearing rates by year of vehicle manufacture and to identify wearing rates of belts in vehicles complying with different ADR's. For occupants at least eight years of age in outboard seating positions, the survey showed that at least 90% in front and about 70% in rear seats had a seat belt available for use. More front outboard occupants in Melbourne had an available seat belt than in Adelaide, Perth, and Canberra; probably the result of Victoria's retrofitting legislation. At least 95% of the front outboard seat belts were lap-sash belts, with an overall wearing rate of 83%. The corresponding wearing rate in rear seat positions was 34%. A low percentage (6% to 17%) of static lap-sash belts were worn correctly adjusted. Some 96% of inertia reel belt users had adjusted the restraints correctly. KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380111 AU - Kuniyoshi, H AU - Tanabe, H AU - Sato, G T AU - Fujimoto, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL FUEL SPRAY PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - Experimental results are presented from a basic and systematic investigation of diesel combustion conditions and processes using three different chambers: high-pressure chamber (HPC), model chamber with constant cylindrical volume (MCCV), and constant volume chamber with volume and shape similar to the top clearance of a practical diesel engine (CVTC). For the HPC, studies were made of the structure and shape of the diesel fuel spray, air movement around the spray, and the spatial and temporal distribution of the droplet size of the diesel spray injected into a high-pressure, room-temperature charge. The shape of the diesel spray was studied for the MCCV. For the CVTC, flame characteristics and growth and illumination and ignition delays were examined. The MCCV and CVTC injection was into a high-temperature, high-pressure charge. KW - Air movement KW - Combustion chambers KW - Diesel fuels KW - Droplet size KW - Flames KW - Ignition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380112 AU - Uyehara, O A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE (EFFECT) ON SOOT (PARTICULATE FORMATION) PY - 1980 SP - 28 p. AB - From recently published papers, mostly by Japanese researchers, certain experimental results were selected supporting 2000 to 2400 degrees K as the combustion flame temperature range of interest in diesel engine soot (particulate) formation. The maximum soot concentration occurs around 2150 degrees K; at either end of the range, the flame contains negligible soot. The experimental data, background material (droplet behavior, flame temperature), and supportive arguments are presented. Parameters under study affecting soot formation included droplet size, fuel composition, air temperature, ambient pressure, air addition or entrainment, mixing diesel fuel with alcohols, and a heating up period. KW - Alcohols KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Droplet size KW - Fly ash KW - Pressure KW - Soot KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379669 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - IN DEFENSE OF THE UNNECESSARY PASSING FANCY PY - 1980 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 6-9 AB - Although passing on the road is mostly unnecessary since most drivers are traveling at or above the speed limit, information is provided on overtaking for the special cases when it might be required. Conditions are listed under which a driver may not pass (one lane of traffic in each direction): hills, curves, intersections, railroad crossings, bridges, and tunnels. Types of center road lines are described; these lines are designed to indicate whether or not it is legal (and safe) to pass and should be obeyed. Instructions are given on passing under normal circumstances and when there is interference caused by the car to be overtaken, the car following, oncoming traffic, the road, and obstacles in the opposing lane. Advice is given for the special problem of a line of cars behind a slow-moving vehicle. Safety tips are included for lateral pass on a four-lane road. KW - Center lines KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Four lane highways KW - Opposing traffic KW - Passing KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380118 AU - Hori, M AU - Sugiyama, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMBINED MEASUREMENT BY PHOTOGRAPHY AND GAS SAMPLING FOR COMBUSTION ANALYSIS IN A DIESEL ENGINE CYLINDER PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - Schlieren and direct cine photography were used in conjunction with the gas sampling method to investigate three-dimensional combustion phenomena in a direct injection diesel engine cylinder. Observations included burned and unburned gas movement, dispersion of the fuel-air mixture after fuel spray impingement on the cavity wall, and the combustion process under continuous running conditions. Gas concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx), total and decomposed hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen were analyzed. It was found that the fuel carried by the air swirl before wall impingement diffuses rapidly in the swirl direction and is distributed symmetrically along the spray axis. Air swirl accelerates the homogeneity of the fuel-air mixture after spray impingement on the cavity wall. The rapid flame growth corresponds to the first stage combustion period in a heat release diagram, and at this time the equivalent fuel concentration is distributed uniformly in the swirl direction but remains heterogeneous in the cylinder axis direction. During ignition delay, 70% of the fuel decomposes and first ignition occurs at a position of high C5-C8 hydrocarbons. Intermediate products are produced as long as total hydrocarbons (THC) are detected. Extinction of THC coincides with combustion product generation (80% combustion). NOx content increases when the flame spreads rapidly and combustion temperature is high. KW - Analysis KW - Combustion KW - Cylinders KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Gas sampling KW - Gases KW - In-cylinder gas motion KW - Photography KW - Sampling KW - Swirl UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379657 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Department of Energy TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, WINTER 1979-80 PY - 1980 SP - 71 p. AB - Analytical data for 1857 samples of motor gasoline, representing 48 companies' products collected from service stations throughout the U.S., were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for the 17 U.S. marketing districts. A map shows the marketing areas, districts, and sampling locations. Charts indicate the trends of selected properties of motor fuels (octane numbers, Reid vapor pressure, distillation temperature) since 1949. Other charts show octane distribution percent for four marketing areas (Eastern and Gulf Coast, Central, Mountain, and Western) for unleaded, regular, and premium grades of gasoline. The antiknock (octane) index ((Research-plus-Motor)/2) averages of gasolines sold in the U.S. were 87.9, 92.1, 89.0, and 93.3 for the following grades: unleaded below 90.0, unleaded 90.0 and above, regular, and premium. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Data collection KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Reid vapor pressure KW - Surveys KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380090 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLAGGING HANDBOOK (HIGHWAY FLAGMEN) PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - A handbook consistent with the 1978 edition of the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" has been prepared to assist flaggers in understanding their duties in protecting project personnel and providing directions to motorists in highway construction/maintenance/utility zones. Sections cover the following aspects of the flagman's job: equipment (clothing, tools), flagger's position, advance flagger, attention to job, stopping traffic, releasing traffic, slowing traffic, traffic control at haul road intersections, flag carrying, flagging for pilot car operation, additional aids, and rules of conduct. The booklet concludes with comments to the supervisor, including selection, control and training of flagmen. KW - Flaggers KW - Flagging KW - Flagman KW - Handbooks KW - Standardization KW - Supervision KW - Traffic regulations KW - Training KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380106 AU - Nakata, S AU - Yoshizu, K AU - Hatamura, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT WORK OF HIGH SPEED 3.0 LITER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Modifications are discussed which were made on the Mazda 3.0-liter diesel truck engine for reduced size, weight, and noise, while improving durability and reliability. Reduced size and weight were achieved by changes in the accessory layout, engine structure modification, and use of aluminum. To meet Japan's future stringent noise regulations, noise reduction efforts focused on engine modification to decrease excitation forces and structural distortion. The sound level was reduced by 3 to 4 dBA compared to the current production engine by the following measures: a cylinder head with a new bolt pattern, a modified combustion chamber, a more rigid cylinder block, an expansion-controlled piston, a modified piston cooling system, and a fully balanced crankshaft. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cooling KW - Cylinder heads KW - Diesel engines KW - Engines KW - High speed engines KW - High speed vehicles KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380109 AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Nagakura, K AU - Kawai, T AU - KAMIMOTO, T AU - Aoyagi, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY TO A MOTORED DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Some problems associated with applying laser doppler anemometry to the measurement of air motion in the cylinder are discussed from experiments using both forward and back scattering techniques in a motored diesel engine. The effects of doppler broadening caused by the velocity gradient and the diameters of the scattering particles are examined. The decaying process and the structure of the in-cylinder flow field are discussed in terms of measurements of the main flow velocity, the turbulence intensity, and the macro time scale and normalized power spectrum of the turbulence. Forward and back scattering measurement results are compared. KW - Anemometry KW - Backscattering KW - Diesel engines KW - Doppler effect KW - Forward scattering KW - Lasers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380114 AU - Mori, M AU - Arakawa, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOPICS ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL WORK OF HIGHLY SUPERCHARGED DI (DIRECT INJECTION) DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The development of a series of six direct injection, high output diesel engines with cylinder bores ranging from 105 mm. to 185 mm. is discussed. The results of basic combustion tests using a single cylinder test engine with 150 mm. bore and their application to each engine are shown. The developed engines, all highly turbocharged are extensively used as main and auxiliary engines for ships, as generator engines for power stations, and for such applications as driving pumps. Also described are engine problems in a low load range and 5000-hr. field test results of the 150 mm. bore engine on a fishing boat over a two-year period. The engine development work has demonstrated that the use of a swirl type combustion system can reduce the load on fuel injection equipment. The swirl ratio for the highly turbocharged engine must be set at a higher level to compensate for damping of the swirl due to the valve recess, as compared with naturally aspirated engines of the same size. As a result, the engine becomes less sensitive to the changes of the swirl ratio and injection timing. With an increase in cylinder bore, the optimum swirl ratio becomes lower, the contour of the combustion chamber has to be changed from deep to shallow, and the number of fuel injection nozzle holes increased for optimum operation. The swirl combustion system is advantageous up to a cylinder bore of 180 mm. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Superchargers KW - Swirl KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380116 AU - Fujiwara, Yasuhisa AU - Fukazawa, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GROWTH AND COMBUSTION OF SOOT PARTICULATES IN THE EXHAUST OF DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - In order to clarify particulate growth and combustion mechanisms in the exhaust pipe, the size and aggregation of soot particles emitted from a diesel engine were investigated using a transmission electron microscope and their chemical composition analyzed by gas chromatography. When the gas temperature was lowered below 400 degrees C in the exhaust pipe, the particle size distribution increased from 50 to 100 angstroms. With the lower temperatures downstream in the exhaust pipe, there was also an increase of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the soot. This growth of particles is considered the result of condensation and polymerization of hydrocarbons, water, and other components in the exhaust gas. When two hydrocarbons, propane and acetylene, were added to the exhaust, soot particle growth rate and smoke density increased. When the exhaust was heated to above 600 degrees C, soot particles became smaller or burned off. An exhaust gas oxygen concentration above 6% was necessary for this effect. The average diameter of soot particles in the combustion chamber was in the 230 to 280 angstrom range. KW - Chemical composition KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fly ash KW - Particle size distribution KW - Smoke KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380108 JO - Publication of: Indian Roads Congress PB - Indian Roads Congress AU - Asada, T AU - NAGAI, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INVESTIGATIONS ON RECYCLE AND CLOSED-CYCLE DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - p. 33-52 AB - A theoretical analysis of the thermodynamics of recycle and closed-cycle diesel engines is discussed. The construction of a land-based recycle diesel engine testing system and its subsequent modification for closed-cycle engine testing is described. Experimental results on the operation and performance of both engines are presented and compared with analytical results. Information was obtained for use in the design and manufacture of a marine diesel engine: corrosion resistance of the exhaust gas cooling system, the effect of carbon deposit on suction and exhaust gas systems, reliability of the oxygen control system, moisture-proof construction of electric components, and maintenance precautions. The developed underwater diesel generator engine and results of operational tests at a water depth of 100 m. are described. KW - Closed cycle engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine cycle KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Recycle engines KW - Thermodynamics KW - Underwater construction KW - Underwater structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380105 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW DIESEL ENGINES, COMBUSTION, AND EMISSIONS RESEARCH IN JAPAN PY - 1980 SP - 213 p. AB - Fourteen papers are compiled which contain the most current information and data from Japanese diesel engine research. Individual topics include measurements and prediction of fundamental variables related to combustion and emissions, combustion analysis, exhaust smoke, and engine development. Included is a bibliography of Japanese technical papers written in English over the past five years. KW - Bibliographies KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380117 AU - KIDO, H AU - Wakuri, Y AU - ONO, S AU - Murase, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTION OF IN-CYLINDER GAS MOTION IN ENGINES BY AN ENERGY METHOD PY - 1980 SP - 19 p. AB - A simple new method to predict in-cylinder gas motion during the compression stroke is presented for both flat piston and bowl-in-piston type combustion chambers. The method is principally based on the decay law of kinetic energy of the gas flow in an engine cylinder. Comparison of predicted and measured values shows fairly good agreement for different engine variables. Calculations for a flat piston type combustion chamber show that the velocity at TDC (top dead center) varies proportionally to the 1.15th power of the engine speed and to the -0.50th power of the compression ratio (CR). For the bowl-in-piston type combustion chamber, the ratio of the velocity in the bowl at TDC to that at the intake valve closure increases with a decrease in the CR, initial velocity, height of the bump clearance, and combustion bowl diameter, and with an increase in the engine speed. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Energy KW - Engines KW - In-cylinder gas motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379664 AU - Holt, H E AU - General Environments Corporation TI - VISIBILITY MEASUREMENT TEST (FIELD OF DRIVER VIEW). VOLUME 1 PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - Three replications of measurements were made on a 1979 American Motors Concord, a 1979 Ford Econoline Van, and a 1979 International Harvester F4300 Transtar conventional truck tractor to determine the performance of rearview mirror systems, the angular size of obstructions to the driver's direct field of view, and specified viewing areas through the windshield. The tests were made to determine the accuracy and repeatability of methods for measuring direct and indirect fields of view from motor vehicles as proposed in a new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) for fields of direct view (Docket 70-7; Notice 5) and a revision to FMVSS 111, Rearview Mirrors (Docket 71-3a; Notice 4). Background and a general description of the testing program are provided, followed by sections documenting the test area, instrumentation, test vehicles, test procedures, calibration, test results, and photographic coverage of the tests. Problems encountered with the test procedures are outlined and improvements suggested. The area of greatest concern was the photographic data from truck convex mirrors. KW - Automobiles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Mirrors KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Test procedures KW - Test vehicles KW - Trucks KW - Visibility KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379675 AU - Plueckhahn, V D AU - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND THE PREVENTION OF INJURY AND DEATH OF VEHICLE OCCUPANTS PY - 1980 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - p. 28-34 AB - Alcohol's effect on a driver's emotional behavior, reaction time, and visual acuity is reviewed. Various studies of alcohol use among drivers in Victoria (Australia), the U.S., and Toronto (Canada) are cited which demonstrated the increased accident risk with increasing blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Legislative measures introduced in Victoria since 1965 in an attempt to prevent motor vehicle injuries and fatalities are described: seat belt use (including restraints for children under age 8); BAC legal limit, breath testing, and blood analysis; and more strict sanctions for drunk driving offenses. Much of the success of the legislation and its acceptance by a great majority of the public have been largely the result of media cooperation in informing and educating the public. The effect of drugs, both illicit and prescribed, on driving ability is addressed, including the effect of drug interaction with alcohol. U1 - MEDICINE, SCIENCE AND THE LAW KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Legal action KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Sanctions KW - Synergism (Ecology) KW - Synergistic KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196281 ER - TY - SER AN - 00380104 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NEW DIRECTIONS IN TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION SN - 0309030587 PY - 1980 IS - 748 SP - 29 p. AB - Four papers are compiled on transportation training and education programs. Topics include: changing perspectives on transportation engineering education, reviving railroad education in the U.S. (programs for the 1980's and beyond), a program for certifying transportation engineering technicians, and future directions in transportation training and education. KW - Education KW - Training KW - Transportation KW - Transportation engineering UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1980/748/748.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380097 AU - Austin, T C AU - Rubenstein, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GASOHOL: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, OR POLITICAL PANACEA? PY - 1980 SP - 64 p. AB - Although gasohol, a blend of 90% unleaded gasoline and 10% ethanol, has been represented as an alternative to pure gasoline which can reduce the nations's crude oil dependence, a systems analysis of the gasohol production processes indicates that gasohol is increasing the nation's dependence on crude oil. Presently, every gallon of crude oil "saved" by substituting ethanol for gasoline results in a need to import approximately two gal. of crude oil. The Federal government's claim that gasohol can reduce the nation's dependence on imported energy appears to be principally political, but it is also based on the assumption that coal will eventually replace petroleum and natural gas currently used in gasohol production wherever possible. However, if the coal that would otherwise be consumed in gasohol production were used to make methanol or synthetic gasoline and diesel fuel, then gasohol will not reduce our dependence on imported energy but it will result in higher energy costs. Although many different government subsidies are causing the true cost of gasohol to be hidden from customers, the hidden costs are being paid indirectly by the nation's taxpayers. Because the effect of gasohol on automobiles is highly dependent on engine design and calibration, there is a wide variety of data on how gasohol alters vehicle performance. Older, richly calibrated cars can exhibit improved fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions due to the mixture enleanment caused by the blending of ethanol into gasoline. Late model automobiles experience reduced fuel economy and mixed exhaust emissions impacts when gasohol is used. Gasohol results in substantially increased evaporative emissions. Reevaluation of the government's commitment to gasohol is advocated, as well as increased governmental support for using nonrenewable resources on the production of synthetic gasoline and diesel fuel, and methanol, all of which are projected to be less expensive and more energy-efficient fuels than gasohols. KW - Costs KW - Crude oil KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasohol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380110 AU - Murayama, T AU - MIYAMOTO, N AU - Tsuda, T AU - Suzuki, M AU - Hasegawa, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMBUSTION BEHAVIORS UNDER ACCELERATING OPERATION OF AN IDI (INDIRECT INJECTION) DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Research is described on the combustion characteristics of a four-cycle, naturally aspirated prechamber diesel engine over 70 consecutive cycles under acceleration using a microcomputer-based on-line data processing system. Combustion characteristics investigated were fuel injection rate, ignition lag, heat release rate, peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, and smoke density. The effects of various operating conditions on combustion were also studied: fuel injection timing, fuel spray angle, chamber wall temperature, and coolant temperature. Fuel injection timing and coolant temperature were found to be important factors for improving combustion characteristics during acceleration. Combustion characteristics during acceleration may also be estimated from data obtained during steady-state operation at corresponding engine speeds. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Heat flow KW - Heat release KW - Ignition KW - Indirect injection diesel engine KW - Peak pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380113 AU - Matsui, Y AU - KAMIMOTO, T AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF THE TWO-COLOR METHOD TO THE MEASUREMENT OF FLAME TEMPERATURE AND SOOT CONCENTRATION IN DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Results are presented of optical measurement of the flame temperature and KL factor (soot concentration) in a direct injection diesel engine using the two-color method. In the latter stages of combustion, the infrared two-color method gave a lower value than the visible two-color method, the difference being enhanced with crank angle advancement. The KL factor value obtained by the visible method was about half that of the infrared method. These differences were caused by the alpha index (wavelength dependency of flame emissivity) change in the infrared region during the combustion period; the effect at both wave lengths of uneven distributions of temperature and soot concentration along the optical path; and the effect of the reflection of the opposite wall on the infrared method. The optical characteristics and other instrumentation problems of the two-color method at both wavelengths are also discussed. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Flame photometry KW - Flames KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel injection KW - Infrared analysis KW - Optical measurement KW - Soot KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379504 AU - Lexington Books TI - MINIMUM-DRINKING-AGE LAWS. AN EVALUATION PY - 1980 SP - 192 p. AB - The available information about minimum-drinking-age laws is examined in detail. Nine chapters, individually authored, discuss the following topics: minimum-age laws and youthful drinking; the history of youthful-drinking laws and implications for current policy; discouraging unhealthy personal choices through regulation (the minimum drinking age); historical trends in alcohol use and driving by young Americans; research strategies to evaluate the impact of changes in the legal drinking age; the legal drinking age and traffic casualties (changing alcohol availability in a public health context); impact of changes in legal purchase or drinking age on drinking and admissions to treatment; relationship among adolescent drinking practices, related behaviors, and drinking-age laws; and implications for future research and public policy. A subject index, a professional sketch of the editor, and author affiliations are included. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Public policy KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379505 AU - Sands, E S AU - Lexington Books TI - MINIMUM-AGE LAWS AND YOUTHFUL DRINKING: AN INTRODUCTION PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - An overview is presented of state laws regulating drinking age, from their introduction in the 1930's to the present. Of 39 states establishing a single minimum age for the purchase of all alcoholic beverages, twelve have set the limit at age 18, ten at 19, four at 20, and the remaining thirteen at 21. The other 11 states and the District of Columbia continue to make distinctions among types of beverages. Minimum-drinking-age laws encompass three distinct areas of regulation: the right to purchase alcoholic beverages, the right to enter and remain in an establishment selling such beverages, and the right to employment in such an establishment. Minimum-age limits for these activities also vary from state to state according to numerous definitions and qualifications. Summaries of age regulations and associated data are presented concerning other social activities: human sexuality, marriage, driving, age of legal majority, eligibility to vote and serve on juries, sale and use of tobacco, admission to a mental health facility, and education. The discrepancies among various states in the laws governing these as well as drinking activities reflect the diversity of opinion about what age most young people are mature enough to handle adult responsibilities. Despite different methodology, locales, and time periods, numerous surveys have demonstrated widespread drinking among teenagers; changes in the minimum drinking age have been a frequent response to this problem. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Social factors KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379508 AU - Voas, R B AU - MOULDEN, J AU - Lexington Books TI - HISTORICAL TRENDS IN ALCOHOL USE AND DRIVING BY YOUNG AMERICANS PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - Liver cirrhosis (a measure of alcoholism) and motor vehicle fatality rates rose rapidly in the U.S. in the 1960's but have remained constant or decreased slightly in more recent years. Statistics indicate that most alcohol-related accidents occur at night, particularly on weekend nights, as do the highest fatality rates for young drivers. Persons younger than 30 drive on weekend nights more frequently than expected considering their representation in the driving population. Although younger age groups are overrepresented among fatalities, older drivers are most frequently arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. "On-the-record" hospitalizations of alcoholics occur most frequently among men in their middle to late 40's, but self-reported drinking problems are more typical of younger males. By age 17, half of all fatally injured drivers in five western states with 21 as the legal drinking age have alcohol in their bodies; a third have an illegal blood alcohol concentration. Studies have shown that lowering the legal drinking age increases automobile accidents among adolescents. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is conducting studies of states which have recently raised their legal drinking age. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholism KW - Cirrhosis KW - Crash rates KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Liver KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - States KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379481 AU - Ullman, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST OF OWNING AND OPERATING AUTOMOBILES AND VANS, 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - In an update of a 1976 report expanded to include a passenger van, the factors influencing the costs of car ownership and operation are examined and methods suggested for obtaining the best value for the money spent. Selected 1979 model year vehicles (standard, compact, and subcompact size cars and a passenger van) and their costs are traced through a ten-year lifetime of 100,000 miles, based on operations in the Baltimore, Maryland suburbs. During the first year of operation the four study vehicles would have daily owning and operating costs of $10.79 (standard), $7.61 (compact), $5.82 (subcompact), and $17.67 (van). The portion attributable to gasoline costs, including taxes, would amount to $2.48 for the standard, $2.21 for the compact, $1.81 for the subcompact, and $3.31 for the van. The average total costs (cents/mile) over the ten-year lifetime would be 24.6 (standard), 21.7 (compact), 18.5 (subcompact), and 36.2 (van). Throughout this life, gasoline and oil costs, including taxes, would account for 26% of the total cost for the automobiles and 23% for the van. fuel conservation, preventive maintenance, and good driving habits can reduce the cost of operating a vehicle. Keeping records on vehicle expenses, particularly fuel consumption mpg figures, is recommended. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Costs KW - Energy consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Service life KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact car KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192433 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379497 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - WATANABE, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - NOISE CONTROL RESEARCH ON THE DIESEL ENGINE--REDUCTION OF COMBUSTION NOISE AND STRUCTURAL IMPROVEMENT OF ITS TRANSMISSION PATHS PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - p. 31-38 AB - Generation mechanisms and transmission paths of diesel engine combustion noise were investigated in an effort to develop a quieter engine for heavy-duty trucks. The following variables were first investigated in a V-type, two-cylinder engine: piston and nozzle, injection timing, compression ratio (CR), turbocharging, and intake air temperature and pressure. Effective measures for noise control were studied in V-8, V-10, and in-line-6 engines. Laser holography was used to measure engine stiffness and vibration mode, and transfer function analysis to measure mechanical impedance for the nonrunning engine. Holography was further used for dynamic mode analysis of the excited nonrunning engine, and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform Optimization) was used for vibration analysis of the firing engine. Accelerated running simulation on the eddy-current dynamometer was performed. It was determined that the target noise reduction of 2 to 4 dB (A) could almost be reached by cylinder block structural modifications and turbocharging, or by increasing CR for naturally aspirated engines. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fourier transforms KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Holography KW - Improvements KW - Noise control KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196159 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379498 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Inagawa, M AU - Nakamura, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - REDUCING EXHAUST SYSTEM NOISE OF HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - 10 p. AB - Heavy-duty truck mufflers, exhaust pipes, and tailpipes were investigated for acoustic attenuation characteristics, flow-generated noise, and radiated noise. A dynamometer was used to measure the noise generated from the total exhaust system on a vehicle. From the results, it was determined that a muffler with perforated pipe provides a comparatively high attentuation at high frequencies as does an expansion muffler at frequencies under 1 kHz. A combination of these two components is recommended, plus a resonator muffler if more attenuation is needed at any frequency. A horn-shaped expansion muffler reduces flow-generated noise. The outer wall of the exhaust system radiates a large portion of the noise; a premuffler and elimination of the transmission of engine vibration to the exhaust system are two countermeasures. In terms of back pressure, the pressure loss in the exhaust pipe is much greater than in the muffler. The diameter of the exhaust pipe must not be too small and a bending section with a large radius of curvature is required. For reduction of pressure loss, the muffler with perforated pipe should have a reasonable perforation ratio and the expansion muffler should have horn-shaped insertion pipes. KW - Dynamometers KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Mufflers KW - Noise control KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196160 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379501 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Murayama, T AU - Tsukahara, M AU - MIYAMOTO, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - SOME APPROACHES TO THE REDUCTION OF NOX (NITROGEN OXIDES) OF DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - p. 71-78 AB - Earlier research demonstrated that diesel engine nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions can be reduced by lowering certain combustion conditions: rate of heat release, maximum pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, maximum temperature, and oxygen concentration. These findings were used in the present study to determine various methods to achieve reduced NOx without loss in engine performance. A lighter fuel with improved ignitability resulted in a lower oxygen concentration in the precombustion chamber of a two-stage combustion system and in decreased combustion time. Auxiliary fuel injection (pilot injection) with retarded timing of the main fuel injection reduced combustion duration. A water-oil emulsified fuel produced a drop in temperature and oxygen concentration, resulting not only in reduced NOx but also in lowered specific fuel consumption, smoke density, and carbon monoxide. KW - Air quality management KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuels KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379479 AU - O'BRIEN, J P AU - Sidhu, C S AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF AERIAL PATROL OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS BY THE ILLINOIS STATE POLICE PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - Since April 1978, the Illinois State Police have patrolled rural portions of interstate highways in the state by using fixed-wing aircraft. These aerial patrols search for accidents, stranded motorists, traffic bottlenecks, and traffic law violators. From April 1978 to March 1979, there were 18% fewer accidents in the patrol areas than expected and 24% fewer serious (fatal and injury) accidents, both decreases being statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence and indicating the effectiveness of the patrol operation. A benefit-cost ratio of 9.1 to 1 was calculated by using the National Safety Council's cost estimates for traffic accidents. The success of this operation is attributed to the effect of 3243 citations issued to drivers who were speeding over 70 mph. It is assumed that these violators, and other motorists who observed the ticketing, subsequently drove more cautiously or at lower speeds. KW - Aerial reconnaissance KW - Aircraft KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bottlenecks KW - Crashes KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Police patrol KW - Rural areas KW - States KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379512 AU - Maisto, S A AU - Rachal, J V AU - Lexington Books TI - INDICATIONS OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG ADOLESCENT DRINKING PRACTICES, RELATED BEHAVIORS, AND DRINKING-AGE LAWS PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - The 1978 Survey of Adolescent Drinking Behavior demonstrated, as did previous research, that the majority of high school students in the U.S. use alcohol. The Survey also showed that the minimum-drinking-age law correlated consistently with drinking behavior variables: 10th through 12th grade respondents from states with 21-year drinking-age laws were more likely to report abstinence and if they used alcohol, were less likely to be heavy drinkers than respondents from states with 18- to 20-year drinking ages or those from mixed states. These latter two state categories rarely differed, except in daily consumption of hard liquor. The data reveal that higher-drinking-age laws were related to less peer approval of drinking and less perceived peer drinking, less drinking and driving, less accessibility to alcoholic beverages, and less frequent intoxication. No relationship was found between drinking-age laws and perceived reasons for drinking and negative functions of alcohol, possibly because of the subjectiveness of these variables. There was a marked discrepancy between respondents' self-evaluation of drinking problems and the incidence of problem drinking based on the incidence of drunkeness and negative consequences of alcohol use during one year. A low incidence of problem drinking was found by applying a series of individual negative alcohol consequences in a simple summary variable for respondents in all drinking classifications. Preliminary data suggest that drinking-age laws are correlated with youths' drinking practices and patterns, and with frequency of intoxication, drinking and driving, and peers' use of and attitudes toward alcohol. More refined analysis is in progress. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Consumption KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - High schools KW - Intoxication KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192473 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379495 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Yamazaki, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORKS ON HEAVY VEHICLE NOISE REDUCTION IN JAPAN PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - p. 9-16 AB - A noise reduction project conducted by four major Japanese heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers is described. Initiated in April 1974, the three-year project had a target noise level of 86 decibels in the ISO (International Standards Organization) R362 accelerated passby test. Hino Motors Limited investigated engine encapsulation; Isuzu Motors Limited, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, and Nissan Diesel Motor Company respectively studied noise reduction of the cooling system, exhaust system, and engine. An experimental vehicle was built by each manufacturer incorporating its own as well as the other companies' technological developments. The vehicles were a 6 x 4 straight cargo truck, a 6 x 4 straight dump truck, a 4 x 2 rear-engine bus, and a 4 x 2 truck tractor. This joint effort was partially successful in reducing noise from the major sources; a second phase of research is underway to include tire and powertrain noise reduction. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Cooling KW - Dump trucks KW - Emission control systems KW - Encapsulation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Noise control KW - Prototypes KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379502 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Kim, Y K AU - IWAI, N AU - Suto, H AU - TSURUGA, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - IMPROVEMENT OF ALCOHOL ENGINE PERFORMANCE BY FLASH BOILING INJECTION PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - p. 81-86 AB - A fuel supply method called "flash boiling injection" has been developed to overcome the problems associated with alcohol fuel use. In flash boiling, a fluid boils when the pressure around it falls below the saturation pressure. By applying this principle, the spray droplet size can be made small, the spray angle large, and the spray travel short to improve thermal efficiency and to reduce exhaust emission of unburnt alcohol. Flash boiling injection can be applied to both spark ignited and diesel engines. The technique has been successfully applied to the unthrottled operation of an open-chamber, spark ignited engine to improve thermal efficiency at partial load. KW - Alcohols KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379514 AU - Guenthner, R P AU - STAFFORD, G K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - TRAFFIC SPEED REPORT NO. 112. INTERIM REPORT, JANUARY-MARCH 1980 (INDIANA HIGHWAYS) PY - 1980 SP - 71 p. AB - Data are analyzed from spot-speed observations of automobiles and trucks on rural and urban Interstate and two-and four-lane highways in Indiana during the January-March 1980 quarter. Additional data based on every nth vehicle were collected at specified locations to enable computation of factors required by the interim speed monitoring procedures resulting from the Surface Transportation Act of 1978. Results indicate a statewide average of 61.0% of the vehicles traveling above the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit, a slight increase over the 59.0% recorded during the previous quarter. The overall free-flow average speed of 57.1 mph represents very little change from the previous quarter. The average-free-flow speeds for each vehicle type and highway classification are virtually unchanged from October-December 1979 values. KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Data analysis KW - Four lane highways KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Spot speed KW - Spot speed study KW - States KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192475 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379499 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Goto, K AU - Ichimiya, T AU - HIRATA, T AU - SATO, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - THE GENESIS OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF A GASOLINE ENGINE. STUDY PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - p. 55-60 AB - To determine the location and amount of hydrocarbons (HC) being generated and exhausted under various operating conditions, solenoid gas sampling valves were installed on the inside and on the surface of the combustion chamber and at the exhaust port of a gasoline engine. The sampled gas was analyzed by chromatography. It was found that both the accumulation of HC in the quench layer and incomplete HC combustion during unstable combustion cycles are the major causes of increased HC in the exhaust gas. In particular, lean mixtures reduce combustion speed and delay the flame front arrival to the chamber surface, resulting in a lower gas temperature which is believed to cause the thicker quench layer. KW - Chromatographic analysis KW - Chromatography KW - Combustion chambers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gasoline engines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196161 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379500 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - KURODA, H AU - NAKAJIMA, Y AU - Sugihara, K AU - Takagi, Y AU - Muranaka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - FAST BURN WITH HEAVY EGR (EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION), IMPROVES FUEL ECONOMY AND REDUCES NOX (NITROGEN OXIDES) EMISSION PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - p. 63-69 AB - In an investigation of NOx (nitrogen oxides) reduction by EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) while maintaining good fuel economy, analytical experiments and simulation studies of cycle-by-cycle combustion in the cylinder were conducted around the practical engine operating stability limit. It was found that when the stability limit is reached, 5% slow burn exists without partial burn or misfire. A short combustion duration (fast burn) greatly extends the stable combustion range under heavy EGR, resulting in a marked reduction in NOx emissions and fuel consumption. Reduced pumping and cooling losses are major factors improving fuel economy. To realize the fast burn concept, a hemispherical combustion chamber with dual spark plugs was found to be the most promising. This configuration was adopted in the newly developed Nissan Z Fast Burn Engine. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379491 AU - MacPherson, E S AU - Pretz, P H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BALL JOINT FRONT SUSPENSION AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE NEW 1952 LINCOLN AUTOMOBILE PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Substantial progress in the art of suspension design was achieved when the ball joint front suspension system was incorporated in the 1952 Lincoln. More usable space was provided in the engine compartment, a necessity because of the trend to shorter and lower hoods with V-type engines. Suspension serviceability was simplified, requiring only four grease fittings with easy access, simple caster and camber adjustments not requiring special tools, and no special equipment for replacing or realigning the system. Exceptional flexibility for future design changes was realized in engine component locations and wheel and steering geometries. Riding performance was considerably improved by greater wheel travel. The system proved to be remarkably free of rattles caused by wear. Steering and handling were likewise improved. KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - History KW - Serviceability KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle front end KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379506 AU - Mosher, J F AU - Lexington Books TI - THE HISTORY OF YOUTHFUL-DRINKING LAWS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CURRENT POLICY PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - The history of efforts to regulate childhood and teenage drinking in the U.S. is traced; this exercise points out the need to examine the broader legal and social issues that condition the effectiveness of drinking age laws. Colonial America is considered as an era of acceptance of youthful drinking, with regulation increasing from the post-revolutionary period to national prohibition in 1921. The legal histories of youthful-drinking laws in Massachusetts, New York and California prior to national prohibition are presented, as well as the British experience. The prohibition and post-repeal periods are discussed as times of strict control. The reasons for the contradictions in current drinking-age legislation and enforcement are explored, with implications for future reform. It is concluded that a coherent youthful-drinking policy requires careful attention to wider issues. The needs of children and adolescents for learning and experimenting with adult roles in limited ways and the need for a consistent alcohol policy must be carefully examined. KW - Adolescents KW - History KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legal factors KW - Public policy KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379507 AU - Bonnie, R J AU - Lexington Books TI - DISCOURAGING UNHEALTHY PERSONAL CHOICES THROUGH GOVERNMENT REGULATION: SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE MINIMUM DRINKING AGE PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - An analysis is provided of the implications of minimum-drinking-age laws as one of various attempts to influence individuals' lifestyles. The need for proponents of the "new paternalism" to be sensitive to the value of human freedom is emphasized; it is pointed out that public health measures that rely on compliant behavior are often more costly than beneficial, both financially and ethically. One of the early successes of the new paternalism was raising the minimum drinking age from 18 to some higher "youthful adult" age, usually 21. Laws establishing a minimum drinking age higher than 18 impact a social life characterized by normative dissension. Penalties for underage users of alcohol have little deterrent effect, especially when the bans are sporadically and unenthusiastically enforced. The main preventive effects of the minimum-age law, including its symbolic effects, are attributable to commercial access restrictions, and most of the costs of the higher minimum age are attributable to noncompliance in situations where the law and other normative influences are highly dissonant. It is proposed that the most prudent approach is to permit underage drinking in situations least likely to generate social problems such as impaired driving. The ban should be restricted to commercial distribution (by package or for on-premise consumption). Parental supervision of drinking in the home is considered socially beneficial and with low risk. KW - Compliance KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal drinking age KW - Public health KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192468 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379496 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - TAKEDA, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - REDUCTION OF COOLING SYSTEM NOISE ON HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS PY - 1980 IS - 2 SP - 8 p. AB - Experimental work is described on the specifications and layout of cooling elements affecting noise characteristics and airflow and the heat dissipation rate of the radiator. The study was designed to develop an optimum low-noise cooling system for heavy-duty trucks which would reduce fan noise without sacrificing cooling performance. It was determined that the most efficient approach to noise reduction was to decrease fan speed. To improve cooling performance, a larger fan and radiator and a bell-mouthed fan shroud could be used and the fan position could be changed. KW - Cooling KW - Engines KW - Fans KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Noise control KW - Radiators KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379494 AU - Department for Transport, England TI - POLICY FOR ROADS: ENGLAND 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 67 p. AB - A White Paper presents to Parliament the first comprehensive statement of government policy for the trunk road system in England (i.e. the national network of major roads which primarily handle long-distance through traffic). The road program is examined in terms of economics, priorities, the decision-making process, efficiency of operation, and road maintenance. Developments of national importance since the last Roads White Paper are outlined. Summaries are provided for each region, detailing what has already been accomplished, developments over the past two years, and how the revised program will meet the needs for new trunk roads. Tables provide data about expenditures, road mileage, and routes recently completed and in the current program. A map of England's trunk road system is attached. KW - Administration KW - Arterial highways KW - Comprehensive planning KW - Decision making KW - Foreign KW - Governments KW - Highway administration KW - Highway economics KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Networks KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379510 AU - Douglass, R L AU - Lexington Books TI - THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE AND TRAFFIC CASUALTIES: A SPECIAL CASE OF CHANGING ALCOHOL AVAILABILITY IN A PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT PY - 1980 SP - 40 p. AB - An initial study revealed that Michigan and Maine had an increase in alcohol-related (A/R) crashes among 18- to 20-year-olds for the first 12 to 18 months after the legal drinking age was lowered in 1972 from 21 to 18. A second study which analyzed the impact of the law change in Michigan for a 48-mo. period also found an increase in A/R crashes among the 18-20 age group. A conservative estimate is that 4625 A/R crashes, 89 of which were fatal, occurred in Michigan during 1972-1975 as a result of the lowered drinking age. A detailed analysis was also made of licensing activities of the Michigan Liquor Control Commission and statistics of alcohol beverage distribution in the state. Many concurrent dynamics occurred in the control and consumption of beer, wine, and distilled spirits when the drinking age was lowered. These studies demonstrated the interdependence of changes in alcohol availability, alcohol consumption, and A/R traffic casualties. The restoration in 1978 of the 21-year-old drinking age in Michigan will provide the opportunity for another phase of study. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Change KW - Consumption KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Public health KW - Supply KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379509 AU - Whitehead, P C AU - Lexington Books TI - RESEARCH STRATEGIES TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE PY - 1980 SP - 19 p. AB - Collision involvement is addressed as the dependent variable in assessing the impact of changes in drinking age laws, followed by reviews of research strategies used in the U.S. and Canada to study the impact of lowering the legal drinking age on young driver accident involvement. The various studies are analyzed in terms of criteria relating both to research design and data analysis. Critical design criteria include the use of an interrupted multiple time-series design, which includes at least one nonequivalent control group; inclusion of all alcoholic beverages in the drinking age change; and no variance of the factors affecting the inclusion cases between (quasi-) experimental and comparison groups. Less critical design factors include the extent to which the collision population is comprehensive; use of data in which the age categories correspond closely to those affected by the law change; and use of data permitting a division of the time series that closely corresponds to the time of the law change. The extent to which the investigator has appropriately analyzed the available data is also examined. In addition, methodological issues are introduced regarding research strategies previously used to study other possible impacts of the change in the legal drinking age (alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, and consequences of alcohol use). The studies with the soundest methodologies strongly indicated that the lowering of the drinking age led to an increase in alcohol-related crashes among young drivers. KW - Adolescents KW - Change KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drivers KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Strategy KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379511 AU - Smart, R G AU - Lexington Books TI - THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN LEGAL PURCHASE OR DRINKING AGE ON DRINKING AND ADMISSIONS TO TREATMENT PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - Between 1970 and 1975, all Canadian provinces, 29 American states, and Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland) lowered their legal drinking ages, often to harmonize conflicts between drinking age and age of majority. The law changes varied in terms of age, and type and sale of alcoholic beverages. Such laws were often passed as part of a package of liberal measures, leaving no control groups available for study. Official statistics suggest that after the laws were enacted, the biggest change in Ontario was an increase in on-premise consumption, some Canadian provinces experienced little impact on per capita consumption, and beer sales increased in the U.S. Surveys found an increase in drinking among both new and established drinkers in the Ontario high school population; there was little effect on consumption among college students. Data from Nordic countries suggest that reducing drinking ages increased drinking among young people, although Norway may be an exception. Tentative data from Ontario suggest that a subsequent return to a higher drinking age has reduced drinking among the affected student population. Evidence also indicates an increase in admissions to treatment facilities since the new law. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Change KW - Consumption KW - Legal drinking age KW - Sales KW - Students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379513 AU - Whitehead, P C AU - Lexington Books TI - IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND PUBLIC POLICY (MINIMUM-DRINKING-AGE LAWS) PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - No clear imperatives for future legislation emerge from this review of information on minimum-drinking-age laws. Considerable evidence indicates that automobile collisions, physical health, damage to property, drinking behavior, and amount of alcohol consumption among young people are affected by legal restraints on the purchase of alcoholic beverages, but that other factors affect teenage alcohol use. Future research is recommended on other than legal effects on adolescent alcohol consumption and its concomitant problems: changes in liquor industry marketing strategies; Sunday sales of liquor; liberalization of laws governing pubs and bars; and gasoline scarcity and price, safety regulations, and other automobile-related factors. Research is also urgently needed on the effects of raising the minimum drinking age in states where such laws have been enacted. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Change KW - Consumption KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Public health KW - Public policy KW - Purchasing KW - Restrictions KW - States KW - Supply KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379105 AU - STARKMAN, E S AU - Newhall, H K AU - Sutton, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF ALCOHOL AND HYDROCARBON FUELS PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - Calculated and experimental comparative performance characteristics of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and hydrocarbons (octane and benzene) as spark ignition engine fuels are presented. These characteristics were derived from analysis of relative amounts of combustion products produced per unit of inducted charge, energy in the charge, and latent heat of evaporation. The thermodynamic properties of methanol and air, ethanol and air, and benzene and air were also analyzed. Differences in the stoichiometry and thermochemistry of the hydrocarbons and alcohols confirm the observed increase in power output with ethanol and methanol, in particular, as engine fuels. Accompanying any increase in output is a disproportionate rise in fuel consumption. Principal factors influencing output are the product volume/inducted charge volume and the fuel latent heat as it may influence compression work. More sophisticated analysis, based upon thermodynamic charts of combustion products, do not necessarily improve correspondence between calculated and experimental results. KW - Alcohols KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benzene KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methanol KW - Motor fuels KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Power output KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379107 AU - Ebersole, G D AU - Manning, F S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS: METHANOL VERSUS ISOOCTANE PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The engine output, fuel consumption, and exhaust emission characteristics of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and aldehydes were investigated on a single-cylinder spark ignition engine operated at maximum power spark timing with isooctane and methanol respectively. The lean misfire limits occurred at leaner mixtures with the alcohol than with the gasoline and maximum engine output levels were nearly equal for both fuels. Use of methanol resulted in higher indicated specific fuel consumption, greater emission of aldehydes, but lower emissions of HC and NO; the two fuels showed similar trends of CO emission. KW - Aldehydes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Isooctane KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Power output UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379119 AU - O'BRIEN, J P AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - CONCENTRATED TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM, ILLINOIS STATE POLICE. EVALUATION OF SECOND YEAR PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - During September-December 1978 and May-June 1979, the Illinois State Police increased the enforcement of certain traffic laws at 55 selected locations on highway sections with high accident rate experience at times of the day and on days of the week when accidents at these locations occurred most frequently. Traffic accidents decreased from expected levels by 33% during all hours and 43% during the hours when the patrol was present, although statewide accidents decreased only 11% over the same period. During patrol hours, fatal and injury accidents were 38% fewer than projected; a 27% decrease was found for all hours. This project was financed by Federal highway safety funds, involved 48,554 hours of extra patrol, and cost $639,466, primarily for personnel services and automobile use. According to the National Safety Council's estimates of costs for traffic accidents, a total of $15,911,300 was saved by this project, representing benefits 25 times greater than the cost of the increased enforcement. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefits KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379097 AU - Walton, H AU - Energy Information Administration TI - COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL STORAGE OF DISTILLATE AND GASOLINE. A STUDY REQUIRED BY SECTION 241 OF THE EMERGENCY ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT OF 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 94 p. AB - From various surveys, information is presented on the primary, secondary, and tertiary storage capacities and inventories of gasoline and middle distillates in the United States. Primary storage refers to stocks held at refineries, bulk terminals, and pipelines; secondary storage includes stocks of wholesale and retail fuel oil dealers; and tertiary storage stocks include those of electric utilities, and residential and nonresidential buildings (data on other end users not currently available). At the end of August 1979, distillate stocks at the primary level dwarfed those held by smaller wholesale and retail dealers. Tertiary storage stocks approached the primary level, but the utility stocks were significantly less than those of residential or nonresidential buildings. Primary distillate stocks increased by 64% for the June-November 1979 period, those of wholesale/retail dealers by 55%, and those of utilities by only 11%. In August 1979, about 230 million barrels of gasoline were in inventory at the primary level, and there was storage capacity for about 470 million barrels. At retail gasoline stations there was a storage capacity of about 75 million barrels (60% leaded, 40% unleaded). Primary stocks of gasoline and distillate were essentially at the same levels at the end of November 1978 and November 1979. The overall stock of oil at utilities was essentially the same in December 1978 and November 1979. A supplementary report, to be published in six months, will provide newly developed data. KW - Capacity KW - Commercial buildings KW - Distillates KW - Dwellings KW - Electric utilities KW - Fuel storage KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Inventory KW - Petroleum refineries KW - Physical distribution KW - Pipelines KW - Refineries KW - Retail trade KW - Wholesale trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379084 AU - White, J G AU - Transport Canada TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT STUDY (CANADA) PY - 1980 SP - 159 p. AB - Data are presented depicting the growth of motorcycle registrations and motorcycle road accidents in Canada, in the context of all Canadian road accidents, the riding population, and international trends. Three computer-based motorcycle accident files-TRAID (Traffic Accident Information Data) motorcycle accident subfile (1974), the Extended Ontario File motorcycle accident subfile (1972), and the Michigan-Illinois Bi-Level Data File (1971-73)-are compared and analyzed to produce descriptive statistics on the motorcycle operator, the motorcycle, the environment, the crash phase, and the victim. Motorcycle accidents in Canada are found to be more frequent (per registered vehicle) and much more severe than accidents involving other vehicle types only. In general, motorcycle accidents occur under predominantly favorable environmental conditions. Two out of three cases involve another vehicle and almost half occur at intersections. General conclusions, and those relating specifically to fatal, rural and single-vehicle motorcycle accidents are presented. Data shortcomings are discussed with suggestions given for further data gathering and analysis. A comprehensive literature search indicated that characteristics of motorcycle accidents in other countries do not vary greatly from those in Canada, so that countermeasures for such accidents are likely to be universally applicable. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash severity KW - Crash victims KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Registrations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379090 AU - Oliver, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - KEROSENE TO HALOGEN--A HISTORY OF AUTOMOTIVE HEADLIGHTING PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A semitechnical history is presented of automotive headlighting in the United States, as written for audiovisual presentation. The evolution of headlighting is traced from the unlighted horseless carriage to the halogen lamps of today, showing that style and the need for more light have been the basic motivators of change. The history can be divided into technological segments or eras: 1892 through 1912, no lights, kerosene lanterns, and the acetylene lamp; 1912 through 1939, removable electric inner bulb mounted in a reflector with a lens; and 1939 through 1979, sealed beam headlamp, including the halogen sealed beam headlamp which was designed to produce greater upper beam light output. KW - Automobiles KW - Headlamps KW - History UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379098 AU - Department of the Treasury TI - ALCOHOL FUEL PLANTS PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - Provisions of the Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act are highlighted for those interested in producing alcohol for fuel use. Every producer of ethyl alcohol must properly qualify the plant and obtain a permit from ATF before beginning operation; addresses are given of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) regional offices. General provisions of the alcohol fuel plant permit system are given for small, medium, and large plants, and bond requirements are enumerated. In a question and answer format, certain points are clarified with respect to the alcohol fuel plant application and operations. Sample permit application and permittee report forms are included. KW - Applications KW - Ethanol KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuels KW - Incentives KW - Permits KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379109 AU - Vallin, G E AU - LARSSON, L-G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INFLUENCE OF RESILIENCE ON ENDURANCE IN A TANDEM AXLE SYSTEM PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A thorough study of the forces in the suspension components of a new tandem axle concept for construction equipment (on-off road) revealed very high parasitic forces due to friction. Use of a rubber cushion with a through chain as the spring support resulted in a 32% reduction in the maximum force in the upper V-rod and 17% in the lower torque rod at 66,000 pound tandem load. The reduction in friction between spring and axle resulted in a lower effective spring rate, and the rubber itself added resilience to the system, resulting in longer life and extended load-carrying capacity at lower weight and less cost. KW - Axles KW - Construction equipment KW - Durability tests KW - Endurance KW - Friction KW - Rubber KW - Service life KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Suspension systems KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tandem axles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379117 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - 1979 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - Statistical tables on motor vehicle accidents which occurred on all North Dakota highway systems in 1979 provide data on age, sex, and license of driver; cost; fatalities; persons injured; alcohol use among fatalities; vehicle type; time of day and month; environmental conditions (road, weather, light); collision type; citations and contributing circumstances; objects struck; vehicle defects; accidents by population and roadway; and accident type. Data are also provided on traffic violations/convictions and non-traffic accidents involving motor vehicles. General accident statements and a map of fatality rates by county are included. In 1979, there were 18,233 traffic accidents in North Dakota in which 128 persons were killed and 6386 persons were injured. In 1978, there were 18,037 accidents, 185 fatalities, and 6206 injured persons. All accident statistics reported are derived from accidents which were required to be reported: those resulting in death, personal injury, or property damage exceeding $400. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Personal injury KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379087 AU - Hirabayashi, H AU - Ohtaki, M AU - Yukimasa, T AU - Iida, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TROUBLE AND COUNTERMEASURE OF SEALS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION--PT. 2 PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Information is presented from defects investigations of oil seals, O-rings, water pump seals, and dust cover seals used in automotive applications. Illustrations and photographs of defects are provided. For each type of seal, a tabular summary indicates failure modes, probable causes, corrective actions, and observed failures. It is noted that mechanics have a tendency to incorrectly diagnose oil seals as being the cause of oil leakage. Most seal defects are found to be the result of improper handling or application (counter to manufacturer's recommended operating conditions). KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Automotive seals KW - Countermeasures KW - Defects KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Failure KW - Oil seals KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379092 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Piasecki, F-U AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - SUSTAINED-ACTION BRAKE SYSTEM ONLY IN THE TRACTION? SENSIBLE USE OF RETARDERS T2 - DAUERBREMSE NUR IM ZUGFAHRZEUG? ZUM SINNVOLLEN EINSATZ VON RETARDERN PY - 1980 VL - 82 IS - 5 SP - 15 p. AB - As a sustained-action brake system, only the engine braking power and the trailer friction brakes are conventionally used in commercial vehicles. Since the efficiency of this system is inadequate on long downgrades, tractor-trailers and tractor-semitrailers must be driven in lower gears and consequently at lower speeds to maintain a reasonable margin of safety. An analysis is presented which shows that an increase in downgrade speed is possible if the tractor is equipped with an efficient retarder. However, its braking moment, the magnitude of which depends on the design of the axle assembly, must be controlled by a load sensitive device. KW - Axles KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Friction brakes KW - Friction braking KW - Motor vehicles KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379104 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALCOHOLS AS MOTOR FUELS (SELECTED PAPERS THROUGH 1980) PY - 1980 SP - 333 p. AB - Twenty selected SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) papers are compiled which present significant new information or new observations/conclusions based on previous material on the subject of alcohols (methanol, ethanol) as motor fuels. Following is a bibliography, with abstracts, of additional SAE papers on the subject, as well as several non-SAE references. A subject index is included. KW - Alcohols KW - Ethanol KW - Fuels KW - Methanol KW - Motor fuels KW - New systems KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379106 AU - Bolt, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SURVEY OF ALCOHOL AS A MOTOR FUEL PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Most of the significant and authoritative literature (1921-1964) is reviewed concerning alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and their application as motor fuels. The following topics are discussed: chemistry of combustion; vaporization and volatility; engine performance of alcohol; octane quality; water tolerance, metering characteristics, and engine performance of alcohol blends; antiknock fluids for increased output; exhaust composition; and sources and production of alcohol. A chronological key to the bibliography is included. The following facts are elicited from the review. Although alcohol has been promoted and used as a motor fuel for more than 50 years, its production in the United States is one third of 1% of gasoline production. Although alcohol's high latent heat of vaporization results in some power increase over gasoline, alcohol's heating value is low and the energy content of alcohol blends is less than that of gasoline, resulting in increased fuel consumption. Alcohol blends will cost more than gasoline. The ability of ethanol to improve octane number of gasoline diminishes as the octane number of gasoline increases. There is no evidence that alcohols can appreciably reduce air pollution. KW - Air pollution KW - Alcohols KW - Combustion KW - Costs KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gases KW - Methanol KW - Motor fuels KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Production KW - Vehicle performance KW - Volatility KW - Volatilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379108 AU - Wigg, E E AU - Lunt, R S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL AS A GASOLINE EXTENDER--FUEL ECONOMY, EMISSIONS, AND HIGH TEMPERATURE DRIVEABILITY PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Methanol's potential as a gasoline extender was evaluated in the areas of fuel economy, exhaust emissions, and driveability. The results of tests with three cars with normal carburetion range show that methanol's effect on fuel economy and emissions can be directly related to its leaning effect on carburetion. The data suggest that any benefits in these two areas would be significant only for older, rich-operating cars. A 13-car driveability study indicated that the large increase in fuel volatility resulting from the addition of methanol to gasoline could pose serious problems. A marked increase in vapor locking tendency was observed when no front-end volatility adjustments were made to the methanol blends. "Stretchiness", a lack of expected response to throttle movement, was also found with the methanol blends. This operational characteristic, being related to excessively lean operation, was more pronounced with the newer cars tested. Phase separation is probably the most critical product quality factor associated with the use of methanol-gasoline blends. Tests indicated that higher molecular weight alcohols in the methanol blends, in concentrations of 15% of the alcohol fraction, reduce the problem but do not eliminate it. For typical gasolines, phase separation still occurs in the presence of less than 1% water. Overall, the results suggest that fuel-related uses for methanol other than in motor gasoline would be preferred. KW - Blends KW - Evaluation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Methanol KW - Motor fuels KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379110 AU - FUREY, R L AU - King, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVAPORATIVE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM CARS FUELED WITH GASOLINE CONTAINING ETHANOL OR METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - Vehicle tests showed that evaporative emissions were increased significantly by adding 10% ethanol to gasoline, but were increased less by adding 15% methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline blending component. The quantity of ethanol or MTBE in evaporative emissions was investigated in laboratory tests. Exhaust hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions from a car without closed-loop fuel control were significantly lower with the ethanol and MTBE fuel blends than with gasoline. For cars equipped with closed-loop carburetors, there were small absolute differences in exhaust emissions among the fuels. Fuel economy and driveability were worse with ethanol and MTBE fuel blends than with gasoline. KW - Air quality management KW - Blends KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Ethanol KW - Evaporative emission control KW - Evaporative emissions KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasohol KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methanol KW - Motor fuels KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379111 AU - Nagalingam, B AU - Sridhar, B L AU - Panchapakesan, N R AU - Gopalakrishnan, K V AU - Murthy, B S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SURFACE IGNITION INITIATED COMBUSTION OF ALCOHOL IN DIESEL ENGINES--A NEW APPROACH PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Since self-ignition temperature of alcohols is so high that abnormally high compression ratios would be required in conventional diesel engines, a novel approach is presented of force igniting methanol or ethanol alone in a diesel engine at normal compression ratios. A heated and insulated surface was used to induce methanol pre-ignition as in a spark ignition engine. A conventional single-cylinder diesel engine, modified to work on this principle, operates satisfactorily at the rated speed (1500 rpm) on methanol and ethanol with thermal efficiencies comparable to a normal diesel engine of the same configuration. The engine also exhibits multi-fuel capability. KW - Alcohols KW - Blends KW - Combustion KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Ethanol KW - Ignition systems KW - Methanol KW - Preignition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192180 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379093 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Schonfeld, K H AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - STATIC AND DYNAMIC OVERTURN BOUNDARIES OF TRACTOR-TRAILERS T2 - STATISCHE UND DYNAMISCHE KIPPGRENZEN VON SATTELKRAFTFAHRZEUGEN PY - 1980 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - 22 p. AB - The roll and overturn behavior of tractor-trailers were investigated via computer simulation using a comprehensive three-dimensional vehicle model. The following maneuvers were studied: entrance into a transitional curve and continuation on a higher or lower level on a circular course, and change of test course via a side ramp onto a higher or lower road. When negotiating a curve at 90% of the theoretically attainable speed within the static overturn boundary value, rollover may occur within 0.5 seconds. When changing lanes at excessive speed, loss of directional control will occur before overturn, the driver's steering behavior having the greatest influence. With conditions such as uneven lanes in construction zones and steep banks, critical velocities can decrease by up to 30%. A progressive torsion suspension results in an improved maximum tolerable transverse acceleration (i.e. overturn immunity); shock absorber setting has little influence. KW - Behavior KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Drivers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Lane changing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Overturning KW - Rollover crashes KW - Shock absorbers KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Statics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195963 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00334630 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Haar, G AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VEHICLE REAR LAMPS TO EXTERNAL LIGHT - POSSIBILITIES FOR ITS REDUCTION T2 - FREMDLICHTEMPFINDLICHKEIT BEI KRAFTFAHRZEUGHECKLEUCHTEN - MOEGLICHKEITEN ZUR VERMINDERUNG PY - 1980 VL - 82 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - A report is given on experiments to determine whether the susceptibility of vehicle rear lights to external light can be reduced. The experiments differentiated between three different forms of phantom light: mirror-phantom light (bright light which has similar colour to the signal light and by incidental light from an external light source is reflected by the mirror of the signal light), reflex-phantom light (reflection of sunlight on the upper surface of cover glass) and genuine phantom light (external light, such as sunlight, reflected by the glass lens). To reduce phantom light the lens of the brake light should be so formed that as little external light as possible is reflected back. To investigate the extent of susceptibility to external light of a lamp a measuring instrument was developed, which is described in detail. The tests have shown that a reduction of the phantom light in the colour of the signal is possible by the following measures: clear cover glass, dipping of the glass by 14 degrees, fitting of a grill (with the grill plate as thin as possible) between reflector and glass, light-imperveous strips horizontally at equi-distance across the face of the glass. By these methods it was possible for external light having an incidence of about 18 degrees to the test lamp to almost completely hinder the white reflex and to reduce susceptibility by 2/3. In an appendix a report is given of subsequent testing of the suggested measures for a mass produced lamp and on the susceptibility to external light of mass produced rear lamps compared to the test lamps. (TRRL) KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflector (veh) KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Side light KW - Side lighting KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle lighting devices KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00325682 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Johnke, K D AU - Behr, P AU - Keller (W) und Company TI - AUTOMOBILE PLASTICS TAKE SAFETY ASPECTS INTO CONSIDERATION - PART 1: INTERIOR USE OF PLASTICS ON AUTOMOBILES T2 - KUNSTSTOFFE IM AUTOMOBILBAU UNTER BERUECKSICHTIGUNG SICHERHEITSTECHNISCHER ASPEKTE. TEIL 1: HOCHPOLYMERE BEI DER INNENAUSSTATTUNG VON FAHRZEUGEN PY - 1980 VL - 82 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-38 AB - In recent years there has been an increased use of high polymers - plastomers, duromers, elastomers - in automobile construction. The trend is towards the increased use of plastics in automobile interiors instead of other, standard materials. As many as two thirds of all high polymers used in automobiles are substitutes for felt, damping materials, textiles, trims etc, whereas only one third are substitutes for metals. Three main types of plastics are dominant: polyvinyl chloride (pvc), polyurethane (pur) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (abs). Trends, such as the growing desire for comfort and ease of operation, and changes in the energy and raw material sector, are resulting in the use of plastics for vehicle interiors being discussed in a new light. (TRRL) KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Durability KW - Elastomers KW - Energy conservation KW - Interior KW - Interior (veh) KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Polymers KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Raw materials KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Thermoplastic KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376921 AU - Iacobelli, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ARIZONA EMISSIONS INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE PROGRAM PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - From the analysis of the first four years of operation of the Arizona Vehicular Emissions Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Prog., it is concluded that repairs to vehicles failing the emissions test are effective in reducing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions and that average emissions levels are sensitive to cutpoint selection both on a fleet and model year basis. Cutpoint adjustment is cost-effective in reducing tailpipe emissions. The CO tailpipe reductions are directly reflected in CO ambient air quality improvement. The I/M program effectiveness is diminished by the waiver system which passes a vehicle failing retest if the required repairs have been done or if a cost ceiling has been reached in repair work ($75 for later model vehicles). Also detrimental to the program are untrained mechanics and "do-it-yourselfers" who tune vehicles to pass the emission test rather than tuning to manufacturer's specifications. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Waiving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376923 AU - Matthews, K B AU - Appleby, M R AU - Gallisath, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISONS OF FUEL ECONOMY CHARACTERISTICS OF 1969-73 AND 1979-80 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Fuel economy data are compared from tests conducted on a representative sample of 1969-1973 passenger car models in 1973 and 1979-1980 passenger car models in 1979. Overall, the maximum fuel economy for the 1973 series was 24.0 mpg, compared to 28.3 mpg for the 1979 series (a 17.9% improvement). The most fuel-efficient speed (about 40 mph) was the same for the two generations of automobiles. Air conditioning required a larger percentage of fuel at 40 mph than at 65 mph (1.3% more for the newer models, 7.1% for the older models). For the 1979 series, open windows reduced fuel economy by 1.1% at 40 mph and 1.9% at 65 mph (corresponding figures for air conditioning: 7.7% and 5.5%). Increasing tire pressure 5 psi above manufacturer's recommendation improved fuel economy 1.1% for the 1973 series with no change for the 1979 series. Decreasing pressure by 5 psi reduced fuel economy 2.6% for the 1973 series and 3.4% for the 1979 series. Overall, the 1973 series showed a fuel economy reduction between light and moderate acceleration of 10.6%, and 21.1% between light and heavy acceleration; corresponding figures for the 1979 series were 8.0% and 17.3%. For the on-the-road tests, the 1979 series had better fuel economy than the 1973 series in all cases. The small cars showed the lowest fuel economy improvement, and the mpg increase was highest for heavy city driving. Downsizing and smaller displacement engines are significant factors in improved mileage. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inflation KW - Road tests KW - Small car KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376925 AU - Winkler, M AU - Hagan, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A TEST FACILITY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAVY VEHICLE SUSPENSION PARAMETERS PY - 1980 SP - 32 p. AB - The new Highway Safety Research Institute Heavy Vehicle Suspension Testing Facility is a permanent facility for the measurement of compliance, kinematic, and coulomb friction properties of heavy vehicle suspension and steering systems in response to vertical, lateral, and brake forces, and roll and aligning moments. Single- and tandem-axle suspensions of all common on-highway track widths can be tested in their normal configuration or as mounted on an abbreviated frame section. The measurements are steady- or quasi-steady-state. The facility has three major mechanical systems: a static structure, a movable table, and four wheel pad assemblies. The test methodology is described, and qualitative findings to date are given. Appendices contain more detailed descriptions of certain machine elements and specific suspension data. KW - Axles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laboratories KW - Measurement KW - Single axle KW - Suspension systems KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tandem axles KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376927 AU - Booth, Jonathan Harold AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF BALL JOINTS TO FRONT SUSPENSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - The design histories of ball joint suspensions produced in Europe and the U.S. are reviewed, and a development program is described which resulted in a novel ball joint front suspension application. Two functionally different units have been created from the "full ball" type of joint, formerly applied to both upper and lower sockets. A lower socket hanging on the stud, which carries the load on a loose ring of balls, provides a free turning motion for steering. An upper socket provided with a spring-loaded clutch dampens the steering motion and vibrations resulting from the gyroscopic thrusts of the front wheel. The new suspension provides the following advantages: suspension action and steering motion are combined at one point into a neat package; ball joints prevent suspension stiffness resulting from production line misalignment in the conventional pin-and bushing type of suspension; engine compartment space can be increased or greater wheel travel can be obtained by appropriate adjustments; a compact service package is created in the ball joint which can be easily removed from the suspension; and brake anchor pins can be attached directly to the spindle support. Reductions in unsprung weight are possible. Other advantages of the new ball joint design include improved durability, fewer parts, and fewer lubrication points at outer end of suspension. KW - Ball and socket joints KW - Ball joints KW - Front suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190759 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00376934 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOR AND BICYCLE TRAFFIC SN - 030903051X PY - 1980 IS - 743 SP - 56 p. AB - Six papers on pedestrian behavior/bicycle traffic are compiled under the following subject headings: measuring pedestrian behavior, use of pedestrian conflict analyses for hazard assessment in school zones, development of a conflicts analysis technique for pedestrian crossings, causal factors of non-motor-vehicle-related bicycle accidents, determination of the characteristics of bicycle traffic at urban intersections, and strategies for increasing levels of walking and bicycling for utilitarian purposes. U1 - 59th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19800121 EndDate:19800125 KW - Behavior KW - Bicycles KW - Crosswalks KW - Hazards KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrians KW - Schools KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Walking UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1980/743/743.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376917 AU - Shadis, W J AU - McCallum, P W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT GASOHOL FUEL ECONOMY DATA PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - All currently available comparative gasohol fuel consumption data are summarized and analyzed, representing the results of 16 different gasohol test programs conducted or sponsored by Federal and state government agencies and private concerns. Ten programs utilized chassis dynamometers; six involved road tests. Data from each program were subjected to a statistical analysis, and all of the data combined to determine an overall mean gasohol fuel economy. Dynamometer data analysis predicted that the use of gasohol will result in a statistically significant decrease (about 2%) in fuel economy, while road test data analysis predicted about a 4% reduction (result not considered statistically significant). The lesser significance of the road test results is due partly to the more variable nature of the test environment and the nonpairing by fuel of some test programs, necessitating use of statistical methods with lower resolution. Limited dynamometer data at simulated winter and summer driving temperatures indicate that gasohol fuel economy is lower at temperatures higher and lower than 75 degrees F. KW - Dynamometers KW - Gasohol KW - Road tests KW - Temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376928 AU - BARKER, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTIPLEXED LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) DRIVER INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR USE WITH LOW COST MICROCOMPUTERS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - A general-purpose liquid crystal display (LCD) driver chip set employing a multiplexing scheme is described which offers many advantages over other display technologies. An LCD element or segment is electrically equivalent to a nonlinear voltage-dependent capacitor; in most cases, LCD's can operate at the same voltage level as the driver circuit, requiring no additional power. The LCD driver chip set for use with low-cost microcomputers incorporates mask programmable options of either four or three common backplanes and a master/slave approach to yield more optimum system expansion of frontplanes. Temperature tracking of liquid crystal threshold shift can readily be implemented off chip. Internal clock timing can be generated by an on-board oscillator circuit or an external clock source. It is anticipated that a large number of new display applications will emerge with the introduction of a standard LCD multiplexing chip set for internal circuits. KW - Integrated circuits KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microcomputers KW - Multiplexing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376913 AU - BURROWS, C R AU - Price, G AU - Perry, F G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The analysis and design of a hybrid drive for a 7.5-tonne (8.4 ton) urban delivery van are described. The drive consists of a flywheel for vehicle acceleration, and a battery pack and compound-wound direct current motor for steady-state power. The motor output is automatically regulated and the continuously variable transmission (CVT) is controlled to match the flywheel to the vehicle demand. Various types of CVT are considered, and their relative merits compared. It is concluded that rolling friction drives offer the best solution for vehicle applications. Digital simulation results are presented comparing the hybrid with an equivalent electric drive for a standard vehicle duty cycle. The effect of varying the flywheel capacity and regenerative braking benefits are examined. It is shown that the hybrid drive offers a significant increase in vehicle range. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy storage systems KW - Flywheels KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Regenerative braking KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376914 AU - Frank, A A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR FLYWHEEL-TRANSMISSION AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - The standard vehicle propulsion system and its controls are compared with a flywheel energy management propulsion system. Design principles for energy storage systems and storage concepts other than the flywheel are outlined. Design considerations for a general-purpose automatic flywheel transmission vehicle are discussed. Specifications required for a flywheel transmission system providing mpg improvement and high performance are presented. The resulting vehicle would accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in less than ten sec. and achieve 50 mpg on the Federal Urban Driving Cycle at an inertia weight of 3000 lb. Fuel economy is achieved by engine operation only at minimum brake specific fuel consumption, elimination of engine idle, recovery of energy from braking, and minimizing transmission losses. The fuel economy is determined largely by the driveline efficiency, with the continuously variable transmission being the most critical element. Design sketches of several alternative driveline configurations are included; their operating principles, features, and advantages are given. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Energy storage systems KW - Flywheels KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376931 AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ON UTAH HIGHWAYS 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 232 p. AB - Annual (1979) average daily traffic volumes (AADT) on road sections of varying length are tabulated separately for state highways, Federal-aid primary highways not on the state system, Federal-aid urban local highways, and Federal-aid secondary local highways in Utah. The following additional information is shown for each route: Federal-aid Interstate of the U.S. number equivalency, administrative number, mile point, county, and previous years' AADT (1977 and 1978). Appendices contain: a summary of manual counts of vehicle types, a list of the 58 continuously operated permanent automatic traffic recording stations, and a cross-reference guide for city streets in the Salt Lake, Ogden, and Provo areas. Also appended is a tabulation of the following traffic data from the recording stations: average traffic by day of week for each month, average daily and weekday traffic by month, percent the average day is of the average weekday, percent the monthly daily average is of the yearly daily average, and percentage breakdown by vehicle types for the yearly average. A pocket contains maps indicating all routes on the various highway systems. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Federal aid highways KW - State highways KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376919 AU - Gurney, M D AU - Allsup, J R AU - Merlotti, C L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GASOHOL: LABORATORY AND FLEET TEST EVALUATION PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - To compare truck, van, and car operation using gasohol or unleaded gasoline, field measurements and data collection included road driveability, in-use fuel economy, and fuel system failures. Laboratory analysis provided information on exhaust emissions, fuel economy, and trace metals in crankcase lubricating oils; the effect of varying chassis dynamometer inertia weight was also examined. Exhaust data indicated that the vehicles averaged 26.3% less carbon monoxide when operating with gasohol. Unburned hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions showed an average reduction of 4.5% and 5.7%, respectively, with gasohol. Unregulated emissions of aldehydes and unburned ethanol were higher with gasohol, although the absolute levels were low. There were no significant differences between gasohol and gasoline in volumetric fuel economy on the dynamometer or in-use mpg. Both fuels had decreased fuel economy with increased vehicle weight, although the decrease was at a slower rate with gasohol. Driveability was poorer with gasohol; problems took the form of hesitation upon acceleration and stalls, more evident in winter and summer extremes of temperature. A higher quantity of copper was found in the lubricating oils of the gasohol fleet. Gasohol fuel was found to be an acceptable substitute for unleaded gasoline if precautions were taken to avoid excess water in the fuel system. Fuel system failure with gasohol was not detected. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field tests KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasohol KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricating oils KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376926 AU - SHAMSI, S S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL-TIME DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF A TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - A quasi-steady-state model of the diesel engine-governor and fuel pump-turbocharger system is described in terms of engine and load dynamics, governor/fuel pump characteristics, air mass flow balance, engine power output, turbine inlet temperature, compressor characteristics and efficiency, turbine swallowing capacity and efficiency, bearing power loss, pulse factor, turbocharger dynamics, and smoke. Real-time digital computer simulation of the turbocharged diesel engine for investigating transient response is discussed. Real-time digital operation is achieved by using an analog computer as a real-time clock and as a signaling device. To the author's knowledge, this is the first such simulation of the turbocharged diesel. Good agreement between predicted and test bed transient results is shown. KW - Diesel engines KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Fuel pumps KW - Governors KW - Governors (Devices) KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Simulation KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376912 AU - Kollbrunner, T A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPREX SUPERCHARGING FOR PASSENGER DIESEL CAR ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Based on experience in using a pressure-wave device for supercharging commercial vehicle engines, recent research has concentrated on applying this concept to passenger car diesel engines. Results on performance, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas characteristics have been very encouraging. Work is underway to develop a complete range of pressure-wave superchargers for engine outputs between 30 and 100 kW. In addition to engine downsizing possible with supercharging, the increased brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) in the low speed range allows the rear axle ratio to be extended, thus moving toward higher BMEP. Pressure-wave supercharging offers the possibility of small, high-speed diesel engines with a power density and power-weight ratio comparable with those of current gasoline engines. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake mean effective pressure KW - Brakes KW - Diesel engines KW - Superchargers KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376915 AU - Hagerty, J C AU - McCue, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTERCITY BUSES OF THE UNITED STATES, PRESENT AND FUTURE PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - Standard equipped versions of three intercity buses commonly used in the U.S. are compared: Eagle Model 10, MCI/TMC MC-9, and Prevost TS-47 Le Mirage. Information is given on body construction, powerplant, driveline, suspension system, steering, passenger compartment, restrooms, driver's station, and luggage/cargo compartments. An advanced design intercity bus, called the D/E 15, is described which draws heavily from the components and technology of the three buses reviewed. Freedom from legislated vehicle configuration constraints enabled an exploration of alternative bus layouts. The principal differences between the D/E 15 design and conventional intercity buses are a result of the designers' response to six basic criteria: greater passenger and cargo capacity, inherent safety features in configuration, improved potential operating efficiency as a ratio of total payload weight to gross vehicle weight, improved potential fuel economy in both passenger mpg and payload-lb. mpg., low drag, and near-term production feasibility. A unique feature of the new design is the galley for use on extended trips. Specifications for the three current designs and the new bus concept are tabulated. KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle capacity KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376916 AU - Cross, M E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROTARY VALVE AS AN ALTERNATIVE PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - A very early example of a rotary valve is described, followed by a review of Cross Mfg. Co. Ltd. (England) work in developing rotary valves for four-cycle spark ignition engines. Photographs and illustrations of various rotary valve and engine designs accompany the text. The rotary valve offers better volumetric efficiency than an equivalent poppet valve. While such a valve has yet to achieve production status, ideas initially formed around the rotary valve have led to useful Cross developments. Two such spinoffs are described: a method for manufacturing piston rings from high-quality alloy steel by various hot rolling procedures, and "eggshell" liners for aluminum alloy cylinders. Also described is the development of light alloy connecting rods for a motorcycle engine (Royal Enfield Crusader), an example of aluminum cylinder conversion to eggshell lining. KW - Engines KW - Motorcycles KW - Rotary valve KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376918 AU - Handel, G M AU - Newhall, H K AU - Reed, E M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALTERNATE TRANSPORTATION FUELS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A broad overview is presented of synthetic fuels and their application as alternative transportation fuels. Synfuels include shale oils produced by decomposition of the kerogen in oil shales, synthetic crude oils produced from tar sands, and liquids and gases produced by conversion of coal. Resources and technology (extraction, conversion), economics, refining considerations, and product characteristics (including a comparison with methanol and ethanol fuels) are discussed. Synfuels will phase into transportation fuel supplies during the next two decades. The emerging nature of the technologies, the magnitude of petroleum use today, and the costs of building commercial plants all limit the rate at which these fuels can be assimilated. One million barrels/day of synfuels production by 1990 is an ambitious but achievable target, provided government support is forthcoming. Synfuels can be refined to high quality transportation fuels using modern refining technology; they can serve as substitutes for crude oil in refineries with modern hydroprocessing capability. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Crude oil KW - Shale oil KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376920 AU - Harris, W M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATERIALS AND PROCESSES VERSUS RELIABILITY AND COST PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Performance requirements for a given product entail some combination of the material's mechanical, physical, chemical, and dimensional properties. Processing requirements involve machining operations, forming methods, fabrication techniques, heat treatments, surface treatments, and an evaluation process. Reliability requirements involve such considerations as length of time for product performance of its intended function, a tolerable frequency and level of maintenance and repair, and product assurance techniques within the manufacturing cost bracket. The cost of an article is proportional among materials, processing, and reliability. Although the traditional approach to materials cost is on a weight basis, certain applications might require a cost/volume or cost-vs.-use basis. The form of a selected material will vary with the cost of the material itself and the cost of further processing. Processing costs involving machining vary in terms of material structure and condition which determine permissible metal removal rates and resulting surface finish. Material type and thickness and production volume will determine the most economical forming methods. Fabrication (joining) cost relates to the associated processes and materials of mechanical, chemical, and metallurgical methods. Finishing costs accrue due to final heat or surface treatments required for a particular application. Product liability, consumer reliability demands, and manufacturer reputation require evaluation of the product, either via "in process" controls and inspection, or a combination of the two. KW - Concrete finishing KW - Costs KW - Liability KW - Materials KW - Processing KW - Properties of materials KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376922 AU - Appleby, M R AU - Hodge, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND ON-THE-ROAD AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY DATA FOR A FLEET OF CALIFORNIA AUTOMOBILES PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Fuel economy data on 1975-1978 California production automobiles were generated by three methods: the approved carbon balance method, a direct/gravimetric method, and in-use fuel economy. Both low-mileage (0 to 15,000 mi.) and high-mileage (40,000 to 60,000 mi.) data were acquired and analyzed by pairs of automobiles and by engine family. There were significant differences in Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data on pre-production prototypes and data obtained on the production cars; the carbon balance method resulted in the largest difference. In-use fuel economy of the production cars fell about midway between the combined and city EPA estimates. The direct method of fuel economy measurement represented the in-use fuel economy more accurately than the carbon balance. method. Direct and in-use methods indicated that fuel economy decreased as mileage accumulated, whereas the carbon balance technique showed an increase. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Road tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376924 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Ervin, R D AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Winkler, C B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT AND REPRESENTATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TRUCK LEAF SPRINGS PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - The force-deflection characteristics of truck leaf springs were studied in order to examine the influences of stroking amplitude and frequency, and of nominal static load on spring rate and energy dissipation. Measurements were made of five commercial leaf springs representative of a variety of applications at five stroking frequencies (0.5, 3.0, 6.0, 10.0, and 15.0 Hz.) for three stroking amplitudes and two nominal static loads (either .1, .2, and .4 in. at 4000 lb. and 6000 lb., or .05, .1, and .2 in. at 1500 lb. and 6000 lb. or at 2000 lb. and 6000 lb.). The test results indicate that stroking frequency over the 0 to 15 Hz. range has no influence on spring rate and energy dissipation of truck leaf springs. These springs are highly nonlinear devices for which the average damping force in a cycle of stroking increases directly with either the stroking amplitude or nominal static load, and the effective spring rate decreases if the stroking amplitude is increased or if the nominal static load is decreased. A mathematical method for representing the force-vs.-deflection characteristics of leaf springs is presented in a form suitable for use in digital simulations of commercial vehicle dynamic performance. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Leaf springs KW - Measurement KW - Mechanical properties KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190756 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00331379 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Johnke, K D AU - Behr, P AU - Keller (W) und Company TI - PLASTICS IN MOTOR CAR CONSTRUCTION TAKING ACCOUNT OF ASPECTS OF SAFETY TECHNOLOGY. PART 2. HIGH POLYMERS FOR THE EXTERNAL COMPONENTS IN MOTOR CAR CONSTRUCTION T2 - KUNSTSTOFFE IM AUTOMOBILBAU UNTER BERUECKSICHTIGUNG SICHERHEITSTECHNISCHER ASPEKTE. TEIL 2: HOCHPOLYMERE FUER AUSSENTEILE IM FAHRZEUGBAU PY - 1980 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - p. 95-101 AB - The present extent of the use of plastics in vehicle construction amounts to 40 to 100 kilograms per vehicle in Europe. To fulfil all legal safety regulations which are applicable to the bodywork and the vehicle exterior, the plastics contribute a considerable part. In addition the use of high polymers necessitates the production of new vehicle safety regulations. The use of plastics replaces steel by about one third. This part is covered mainly by high polymers, which are used for the bodywork and external components. The ratio of material costs (23%) to fabrication costs (30%) varies for plastics in the direction of material costs. Using as an example the development of a plastic fuel container the advantages of the use of plastics are clearly illustrated. In the overall examination of the front and rear boot - covering diverse materials and conceptions are available which automatically result in compromises when considering loading and function. Which material emerges from this can not be established at present: however a growth in application is clearly apparent. As the examples listed show, the plastomers, duromers and elastomers show considerable advantages compared with traditional materials, when they are used taking advantage of all their properties. (TRRL) KW - Automobile bodies KW - Body (car) KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Costs KW - Fuel tank KW - Fuel tanks KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Polymerization KW - Polymerization KW - Polymers KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/166999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376436 AU - Houser, K R AU - Lestz, S S AU - Dukovich, M AU - Yasbin, R E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL FUMIGATION OF A LIGHT DUTY AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - An Oldsmobile 5.7L V-8 diesel engine was fumigated with methanol in amounts up to 40% of the fuel energy in order to determine the effect of methanol fumigation on fuel efficiency, smoke, nitric oxide (NO) emission, and the occurrence of severe knock. An assessment of the biological activity for samples of the raw exhaust particulate and its soluble organic extract was also made by the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test and the Bacillus Subtilis Comptest. Results are presented for a test matrix consisting of twelve steady state operating conditions chosen to reflect over-the-road operation of a diesel engine powered automobile. Methanol fumigation was found to decrease NO emission for all conditions, to have a slight effect on smoke opacity, and to have a beneficial effect on fuel efficiency at higher loads. At higher loads, the methanol was found to induce what was defined as "knock limited" operation. While the biological activity of the raw particulate was generally found to be lower than that of the soluble organic fraction, the fumigation by methanol appears to enhance this activity in both cases. Details of the tests are appended. KW - Biologic activity KW - Biological activity KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine knock KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Smoke KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376855 AU - Howell, L J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURES AND ACOUSTICS TECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - The literature on the current status of automotive structural analysis methods and acoustic techniques is reviewed, and the current application of this technology in the design and development of motor vehicles is indicated. Relatively new approaches to vehicle weight reduction, such as structural optimization and materials substitution, are described, including example problems. Noise reduction techniques are discussed, including finite element acoustic analysis and Fourier analysis techniques for noise measurement. Analysis of crashworthiness involves prediction of local section buckling and collapse, representation of large deflections and rotations, and characterization of post-buckling non-linear material behavior, including strain rate effects, all within an analytical framework general enough to permit modeling of a complex system in a nonlinear transient state. Total capability for such an analysis does not currently exist, although sufficient progress has been made to eliminate the need for full-scale barrier tests in preliminary design. Selected research needs are outlined in structures, materials, and structural-acoustics technology. KW - Acoustics KW - Automotive engineering KW - Crashworthiness KW - Lightweight materials KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Structural analysis KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376856 AU - Holmer, E AU - Berg, P S AU - Bertilsson, B I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE UTILIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN A DIESEL ENGINE USING DIFFERENT METHODS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Different approaches to using such alternative fuels as methanol, ethanol, and widecut gasoline (contains diesel fuel) in an automotive turbocharged direct injection diesel engine are evaluated. Use of cetane improving additives (e.g. Cetanox) with either ethanol, gasoline, or widecut fuel is acceptable in the diesel engine; methanol and additive will result in excessive diesel engine wear. Cetane improvers are uneconomical except with widecut and crude gasoline. An emulsion of methanol or ethanol with diesel fuel can replace only a small quantity of diesel fuel and will result in unreliable starting. Mixtures of high octane gasoline and diesel fuel do not offer favorable replacement of diesel fuel, although good substitution can be achieved with crude gasoline (widecut). Although much developmental work has been performed on the Otto engine, problems of low efficiency and high exhaust temperature remain. Stratified charge may improve efficiency. Carburetion of the alternative fuel in the inlet manifold and ignition by diesel injection is not satisfactory because of ignition and knock problems and only a small quantity of diesel fuel can be replaced. The spark ignited diesel engine has great potential but much development work remains to improve reliability and durability. The use of two separate injection systems is very promising for all alternative fuels, the only problem being injector durability. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carburetion KW - Diesel engines KW - Ethanol KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376874 AU - Harris, W A AU - Metropolitan Police Department TI - STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 1979 (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) PY - 1980 SP - 184 p. AB - Descriptive statistics are compiled on traffic accidents which occurred in Washington, D.C. in 1979 (and in previous years to indicate trends), as well as on traffic enforcement activities. The Alcohol Countermeasures Prog. for the District of Columbia is described. Traffic accidents in 1979 decreased by 428 or 2% from the 24,701 accidents reported in 1978, and fatalities decreased by one death or 2% from the 51 deaths in 1978. Alcohol was involved in 34% of all traffic fatalities, and 50% of fatalities and 10% of injured persons were pedestrians. Persons 65 years and older comprised 32% of the 1979 pedestrian fatalities; 24% of these persons were aged 75 or over. Twenty-five percent of all accidents occurred during evening rush hour; Fridays and Saturdays were peak accident days. Total societal cost is estimated to be $27,968,000. Traffic fatalities in the District have declined annually since 1974. A list of traffic safety materials available free of charge is provided. KW - Accident costs KW - Alcohols KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376886 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - VEHICLE INSPECTION HANDBOOK. PASSENGER CARS: 1980 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 42 p. AB - A revised handbook describes motor vehicle inspection procedures and guidelines for rejecting passenger cars and station wagons. It is responsive to motor vehicle inspection requirements and to changes in vehicle design that significantly affect motor vehicle inspection programs. The handbook interprets guidelines prepared by the American National Standards Inst. and the National Hwy. Traffic Safety Administration. Inspection procedures, accompanied by illustrations, cover registration, brakes, tires and wheels, suspension and steering, lighting and electrical systems, vehicle glazing, body and sheet metal, exhaust and fuel systems, and emission control systems. KW - Automobiles KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376097 AU - Hess, R L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND REGULATION RELATING TO HEAD IMPACT TOLERANCE AND INJURY CRITERIA. APPENDIX C: NCSS (NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY) HEAD INJURY ACCIDENT DATA. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 230 p. AB - National Crash Severity Study data are presented in eight categories of head injury: driver in car-to-car front or left-side crush, and car-to-tree/pole front or left-side crush; and right front passenger in car-to-car front or right-side crush, and car-to-tree/pole front or right-side crush. For each category, the cases are summarized and arranged according to the occupant's Overall Abbreviated Injury Scale. In a set of three figures, derived delta-velocity, barrier equivalent velocity, and peak deceleration for each case are plotted vs. the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) value of the most severe head injury. Computer-composed sketches of the case reports are divided into three regions. The upper region provides case vehicle data, occupant restraint use, and an ejection/entrapment value. The middle portion of each sketch reports the nature of the occupant's injuries to all body regions. The lower region provides a scaled sketch of the crushed vehicle and indicates the direction of the crash force. Small circles illustrate the front seating pattern. A block diagram depicting the front of an upright occupant is divided into body regions indicating injury location and AIS values. Reported and deduced data on the vehicle and occupant are also recorded. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Case studies KW - Data KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - National crash severity study UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376098 AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - INSURANCE FACTS. 1980-81 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 88 p. AB - A yearbook provides basic facts relating to the U.S. property and liability insurance business. Individual sections present information on the scope of the business, financial aspects, shared markets, government insurance programs, factors affecting costs, losses by category, and laws affecting motorists (financial responsibility, compulsory insurance, "no-fault"). A general information section describes regulation of the insurance industry (listing state regulatory authorities), provides definitions, and lists insurance-related organizations. The motor vehicle loss subsection provides statistics on accidents by age of driver, automobile collision and personal injury claims and repair costs, accident claims costs, repair cost estimates for 1980 compact and subcompact models based on low-speed crash tests, motor vehicle accidents, and motor vehicle thefts. In 1979, drivers under age 30 comprised 33.7% of the driving population, but represented 52.1% of accident-involved drivers and 51.1% of drivers in fatal accidents. The highest fatal accident involvement rate (79 per 100,000 drivers) was among drivers in the 20-24 age bracket. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Personal injury KW - Regulations KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376109 AU - Nader, R AU - Ditlow, C AU - Kinnard, J AU - Caroline House Publishers, Incorporated TI - THE LEMON BOOK. HOW NOT TO GET RIPPED-OFF WHEN YOU BUY A CAR. WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU GET RIPPED-OFF ANYWAY PY - 1980 SP - 237 p. AB - A consumer guide for "lemon owners" (owners of cars which have chronic, often multiple, defects) provides strategies for getting defective vehicles repaired or replaced, advice on how to identify a lemon and avoid purchasing one, information on legal rights and small-claims court procedures, and auto safety and energy use tips. Systematic, step-by-step suggestions are provided for resolving the problems and abuses facing lemon owners. Included are examples of actual consumer complaint letters sent to the Center for Auto Safety, a sample personal complaint letter, a model consumer organization complaint letter, addresses of auto company officials, guidebooks on organizing consumer groups, sample copies of warranties, sample small-claims court complaints, guides, and manuals, a history of protest law, do-it-yourself maintenance guides, Federal government addresses and telephone numbers, and information on the safety advantages of air bags. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Defects KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Insurance claims KW - Legal factors KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Purchasing KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376110 AU - Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission TI - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE SUN SCREENING DEVICES PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Requirements are established for approved vehicle glazing materials designed to reduce the effects of the sun, and for products and materials to be used with them. The requirements are established for purposes of safety and to furnish state administrators with a guide for uniform regulation concerning these products and materials. The regulation applies to passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses with a gross vehicle weight rating up to 10,000 lbs. and encompasses all exterior locations of glazing materials except roof mount locations. After defining terms, the regulation discusses glazing location applicability, methods of certification and testing of the products or materials, and labeling or marking. KW - Glare KW - Glazing KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376113 AU - Nickol, H A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE POWERTRAINS--NOW AND INTO THE 1990S PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - A powertrain hardware overview is presented in which refinement to current powerplants and transmissions are reviewed (electronic engine controls, fuel delivery systems, and supercharging) and potential future componentry is identified which may be required to achieve future fuel economy goals. Detailed discussions, with diagrams, are presented of the conventional gasoline engine, stratified charge engine, diesel (naturally aspirated, direct and indirect injection, turbocharged), and electric motor (battery, hybrid), as well as projected powerplants of the 1990s (advanced programmed combustion, gas turbine, Stirling), and transmission concepts (manual/automatic, continuously variable). KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobile engines KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel injection KW - Gas turbines KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Manual transmissions KW - Stirling engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Superchargers KW - Transmissions KW - Turbine engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376852 AU - WISMANS, JSHM AU - Eindhoven University of Technology TI - A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN KNEE JOINT PY - 1980 SP - 142 p. AB - A mathematical model is presented of the relative motions and forces in the human knee joint. Two rigid bodies, representing the femur and the tibia, are connected by a number of nonlinear springs, representing the ligaments and the capsule. The geometry of the articular surfaces and the locations of the insertion areas of ligaments and capsule have been measured on joint specimens; material properties were estimated on the basis of information in the literature. The articular surfaces are represented by polynomials in space, neglecting the friction between these surfaces and the patella and the menisci. Forces induced by muscles and weight, for example, can be accounted for as constant external loads acting on the femur. The relative joint position can be calculated for a given load as a function of the flexion-extension angle, as well as such parameters as contact forces, contact point locations, and ligament and capsule strain. The model is suitable for evaluating such aspects as internal-external rotation, antero-posterior displacement, and joint stiffness. Many aspects of the mechanical behavior of the knee joint are described realistically, including contact point locations, final rotation, and ligament and capsule strain. The internal-external range of motion predicted by the model is greater than average data in the literature, perhaps due to the absence of menisci in the model. Validation experiments are required, with geometrical data from specimens used as input for the model. Applications of the model include calculation of joint forces during various activities, and investigation of artificial joint replacements, ligament reconstructions, and diagnostic methods for ligament and capsule injuries. KW - Human beings KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Knee KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376859 AU - Jackson, A AU - Rowe, C N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF EHL (ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION) THEORY TO GEAR LUBRICATION PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The concept of EHL (elastohydrodynamic lubrication), and simplified equations for calculating the isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubricant film thickness between meshing gear teeth, are presented. The only physical property of the lubricant required is the lubricant parameter (LP), which combines both the viscosity and the viscosity-pressure characteristics. The value of LP can accurately be determined by direct measurement of the oil film thickness in an optical EHL apparatus. Since LP is dependent on temperature, measurements are made at different temperatures and the data presented in the form of charts of LP vs. temperature. The quality of lubrication of gears can be expressed as the ratio of the EHL film thickness to the composite surface roughness of the gear teeth, frequently called the specific film thickness. Data relating the probability of gear distress to the specific film thickness are reviewed. Lubricant selection for a desired value of the specific film thickness can be made through LP. Under certain operating conditions the EHL film thickness may be significantly less than that calculated from theory. Correction factors are provided for nonisothermal conditions and for lubricant starvation in the EHL contact of meshing gear teeth. Effects of viscosity index improved and non-Newtonian oils are considered. KW - Elastohydrodynamic lubrication KW - Gears KW - Lubricating oils KW - Pressure KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376866 AU - Warner, L AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - CYCLISTS' TOURING CLUB--A CENTURY OF SERVICE TO CYCLING. 1878-1978 PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - Growth of a cycling club in Great Britain from 1878 to 1978 is reviewed. In the 1870's, cyclists were generally unpopular and a national body known as the Bicycle Union was formed to protect their interests. Membership in the subsequently established touring club reached 60,000 persons by 1899. Accomplishments of this club included the publications of route books and maps, the creation of a nationwide network of "consuls" to provide members with information about local road surface conditions, a list of hotels offering meals and accommodations for cyclists, and the erection of over 2000 "danger" or "caution" signs at the top of steep hills. The club later became more involved in road safety and road construction, and succeeded in having a number of London parks opened to cyclists. A touring information bureau was set up and group cycling tours were organized at home and abroad. In the early 1900's, interest in cycling declined with the advent of the motor vehicle, but increased after World War II. Club membership later declined in the 1970's due to increased availability of motor vehicles. The club continued to play an active role in safeguarding general interests of cyclists, particularly on matters related to road safety and access to the countryside. The club was largely responsible for Section 30 of the 1968 Countryside Act, giving bicyclists a legal right to ride on bridleways. In the late 1970's, the focus of the club was on the environment and appropriate energy use. KW - Associations KW - Bikeways KW - Cyclists KW - Energy KW - Environment KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Maps KW - Parks KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376870 AU - Jennings, T AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - BIKEWAY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM: AN OVERVIEW (U.S.A.) PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - The Bikeway Demonstration Program established under provisions of the Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 provided 80% Federal funds for constructing bikeways in urban areas for recreational and commuter purposes. In October 1976, 41 projects in 31 states were selected for the $6 million in Federal funds appropriated for the program. These projects demonstrate an array of bicycle facilities, including bicycle parking devices, bicycle racks on buses, and facilities to overcome physical barriers to cycling. All projects are required to evaluate the effectiveness of their demonstration features. Monitoring plans for two projects (bicycle/pedestrian bridge and a van shuttle system) are briefly described. With approximately 300 miles of bikeways planned, 75% of the projects involve bicycle paths. The remaining projects include bicycle lanes, bicycle routes, sidewalk bikeways, and facilities for commuting and recreational bicyclists. The program has been successful in improving the conditions for bicycling; purchase and use of bicycles are increasing and communities recognize that bicycle facilities complement their existing road networks. Appended are information on bicycle activities in the Federal Government, a summary of the bikeway demonstration projects, commuter shuttle and bicycle bridge survey instruments, and a suggested outline for a bikeway demonstration program evaluation report. KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycle parking KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Commuters KW - Demonstration projects KW - Parking KW - Recreation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376877 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Reed, M F AU - Carter, M M AU - Rankin, W W AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY. PROGRAMING PROJECTS PY - 1980 SP - 65 p. AB - A manual of procedures is presented for development of transportation improvement programs. Included are procedures for reviewing and establishing administrative road systems; identifying candidate improvement projects; determining the funding plan; assigning priorities; budget allocation and project scheduling; and monitoring, adjusting, and evaluating the programs. KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Evaluation KW - Fund allocations KW - Improvements KW - Manuals KW - Programming KW - Scheduling KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190717 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376830 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - OIL--THE LIFEBLOOD OF AN ENGINE PY - 1980 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-7 AB - The importance of engine lubrication and the use of additives to solve oil-related problems are discussed. In winter, a car must occasionally be started in freezing weather and oil must be free flowing at low temperatures. During the summer, oil must withstand very high temperatures. Oil technologists have produced multigrade oils such as Castrol GTX to meet these widely varying conditions. More engine wear occurs in cars driven daily for short trips than in cars driven frequently on long, fast trips. Additional problems are oxidation which thickens and discolors oil, and dirty engine running conditions which damage exhaust valves, cause ignition problems, and reduce fuel economy. Additives to prevent oil-related problems include viscosity index improvers, antioxidants, detergent-dispersants, and antiwear additives. Research work of the Castrol laboratories is noted. KW - Additives KW - Antioxidants KW - Detergents KW - Dispersers KW - Engine oils KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376439 AU - United States Congress TI - AUTOMOBILE USE MANAGEMENT. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION, JULY 22, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 136 p. AB - Testimony, statements and letters are presented from a Congressional hearing on proposed legislation by the administration on auto use management. Testimony was offered by representatives of the Department of Transportation and the Department of Energy, as well as by spokesmen for the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, the President's Task Force on Ridesharing, and the Connecticut Department of Transportation. Additional material was included from Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Los Angeles County, California. KW - Automobile travel KW - Hearings KW - Laws KW - Management KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376446 AU - Nasch, H AU - Brammertz, H G AU - Gairing, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATION OF PISTON CLEANLINESS OF HIGH-QUALITY DIESEL ENGINE OILS IN THE MWM-B (MOTORENWERKE MANHEIM) TEST METHOD, CEC (COORDINATING EUROPEAN COUNCIL) L-12-A-76 PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - European diesel engine design, test facilities, and test costs have created the necessity for test procedures designed to evaluate the performance of engine lubricants in European engine test laboratories similar to the application of Caterpillar engine test procedures in the U.S. The MWM-B, CEC (Motorenwerke Mannheim, Coordinating European Council) L-12-A-76 test procedure is described, including an outline of the test method, review of operating conditions, assessment of the piston, discrimination between reference and European commercial oils, correlation of MWM-B results to those in multicylinder diesel engines, and application of the MWM-B procedure and comparison of results obtained with singlegrade and multigrade diesel engine oils. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Multigrade oils KW - Performance tests KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376094 AU - Stoke, C B AU - Shean, O J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF VIRGINIA TRAFFIC LAW AFFECTING BICYCLE SAFETY PY - 1980 SP - 73 p. AB - In an effort to assess the nature and scope of Virginia's bicycle/motor vehicle crash problem, the literature relevant to bicycling and bicycle/motor vehicle accidents was reviewed, Virginia bicycle/motor vehicle accident data for 1977-1979 were analyzed, and the Code of Virginia, the Uniform Vehicle Code, and the Codes of Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and California were examined. Assistance was received from an advisory panel composed of representatives of Federal, state and local governmental agencies, numerous bicycling organizations, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, and the Tidewater Automobile Association of Virginia. The study indicates that accidents and injuries are experienced primarily by youths ten to 14 years of age riding on residential streets. There is also evidence that increasing numbers of adults riding in business and commercial areas are being killed and injured in bicycle accidents. Crashes occur primarily at intersections, the bicyclist is usually at fault, and the two most common faults of both bicyclists and motorists are failure to yield and inattention. Since the Code of Virginia does not clearly define a number of typical bicycle riding situations, some revisions to the Code are suggested, including those that define the status of the bicycle, the bicyclist's position on the roadway, and the responsibility of the bicyclist at intersections. KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Residential areas KW - Safety KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36429/81-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376106 AU - Kay, J L AU - Neudorff, L G AU - Wagner, F A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Wagner-McGee Associates TI - CRITERIA FOR REMOVING TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 156 p. AB - Results are presented of a study to develop criteria and procedures for the removal of existing traffic control signals. Development of the signal removal criteria was based largely on precedent, as in a legal argument. Cases where positive impacts were realized by removing signals served to identify the criteria and conditions for removing other signals. Cases involving negative impacts or unsuccessful removal attempts were reviewed to identify conditions under which signal removal should not be pursued. Traffic signal removal experiences at over 200 intersections in 31 political entities were compiled and summarized, and this information was analyzed to provide an objective base for the development of signal removal criteria. The decision process is designed to allow the traffic engineer to predict the impacts to be expected from the removal of a traffic signal at a particular intersection: intersection safety, traffic flow, energy consumption and costs. The traffic engineer can then make a sound decision concerning the removal of a signal. The details of the signal removal criteria are documented, including data collection; signal removal process characteristics; characteristics of signal removal data base; accident impacts; stops, delays and fuel consumption impacts; cost impacts; analysis of unsuccessful signal removal attempts; traffic signal removal decision process; and development of signal removal procedural guidelines (public notification, interim control methods, follow-up information needs). KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Impacts KW - Removal KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376117 AU - Frankenfeld, J W AU - Taylor, W F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF FLOW IMPROVER ADDITIVES ON DISTILLATE FUELS FROM OIL SHALE PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The ability of additives to improve the cold flow properties of shale oil distillates boiling on the diesel fuel range was evaluated using hydrotreated shale oils as model fuels. Crude oil shale from Occidental Shale Company was fractionated to give three liquids in the diesel fuel boiling range. Each fraction was hydrotreated to three different severities to afford nine different model fuels. A variety of commercial and experimental additives were evaluated as cold flow improvers in these fuels at treat levels of 0.04 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. Both the standard pour point test (ASTM D97) and a more severe low temperature flow test were employed. Reductions in pour points of from zero to 70 degrees F and improvements in a low temperature flow test from zero to 16 degrees F were achieved. It is concluded that these additives can play an important role in improving the cold flow properties of future synthetic fuels of the diesel type derived from oil shale. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Flow KW - Fuel additives KW - Low temperature KW - Shale oil KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376447 AU - Keller, J S AU - Kotuszenko, N S AU - McCoy, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL ECONOMY BENEFITS OF SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS IN HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Fuel economy improvements ranging up to 6% are documented from the use of synthetic engine and gear lubricants in heavy-duty diesel trucks. Tests included a laboratory engine test, vehicle chassis rolls tests and ATA (American Trucking Association) Type 1 two-truck over-the-road tests. These fuel savings have been confirmed in closely monitored fleet tests in both long-haul and delivery service for up to two years of testing and approximately four million miles (6.4 million km) of operation. Heavy-duty 290-365 hp diesel engines produced by the four most popular US builders were included in the fleet tests. The economics of energy savings by using synthetic lubricants are discussed. KW - Diesel engines KW - Economics KW - Engine oils KW - Field performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Multigrade oils KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376853 AU - THOMPSON, A G AU - DAVIS, B R AU - PEARCE, CEM AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OPTIMAL LINEAR ACTIVE SUSPENSION WITH FINITE ROAD PREVIEW PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - A theory of optimal feed-forward control is developed for a linear system with a disturbance input, based on the analogy between a filtered white noise and a unit step. The theory is applied to an active unicycle suspension on a random road with finite preview and the effect of preview time on the performance index determined. The proposed electrohydraulic system has a fixed preview distance and requires feedback of the body state variables plus feedforward of the previewed road input through a shift register sequence which is adaptable to a wide range of speeds by automatic switching. KW - Feed-forward control KW - Preview KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376858 AU - Zarotti, G L AU - Nervegna, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BETTER HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS CONCEIVED VIA APL (A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE) PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - A procedure is described for effective computer-aided design (CAD) of hydraulic systems by adopting concepts of linear inter-connected systems theory (i.e. considering the system in terms of "multipole blocks" with appropriate linking strategies). A high-level computer language, APL (A Programming Language), with outstanding conversational and numerical capabilities is introduced. Integration of this basic software with stochastic analysis and nonlinear optimization packages is presented. Based on a reference system, a case study illustrates the versatility of the approach. Appended are a listing for an unconstrained optimization method that has been implemented in the APL program, and an example solution to a typical test problem. The special emphasis of this CAD approach is hydraulic system synthesis (to design such a system within definite bounds or goals for performance, efficiency, and cost). KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Optimization KW - Stochastic processes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376860 AU - Allen, J R AU - Cornet, J P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CLBT9680, AN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FOR OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The transmission design and test development programs are described for the CLBT9680, an automatic transmission developed by Detroit Diesel Allison to match the larger engines and rear axles of recent mechanical drive trucks. Performance and reliability goals for the transmission are indicated. The planned applications for the CLBT9680 include: rear-dump trucks up to 140-ton capacity, bottom or side-dump trucks up to 170-ton capacity, and special-purpose installations. For the truck applications, the transmission has a power rating up to 1007 kW. (1350 ghp), and for special-purpose uses such as oil field service equipment, 1093 kW. (1465 ghp). KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190700 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376831 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Willcock, J AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - EYES AT THE WHEEL (EYE EXAMINATIONS FOR DRIVERS) PY - 1980 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 19-22 AB - Safety requires that road users realize the importance of regular eye examinations. Although there are about 20 million licensed drivers in England and three million persons with provisional licenses, no regulation requires potential motorists to have their eyes tested before driving on the road; it is estimated that about 20% of motorists have never had their vision tested. Reading a chart with each eye individually is only a screening method. A full vision test involves examining the eye's interior, testing for color vision defects, testing that eyes work in unison, and checking for any external eye disorders. Spot checks carried out among drivers indicate that about 20% of those checked are advised to see an optical practitioner for further eye examinations. Most motorists are not aware that insurance policies may become invalid if drivers who should have been wearing glasses were not wearing them at the time of an accident. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Insurance KW - Testing KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194837 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376840 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Asai, M AU - Ikeda, Y AU - Nakai, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - DRIVER BEHAVIOR AND OPINIONS--AN INTERNATIONAL CROSS CULTURAL STUDY PY - 1980 VL - 4 SP - p. 30-41 AB - Japanese drivers' attitudes and behavior are compared to those of motorists in England, France, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and West Germany. It is shown that drivers in every country surveyed, except West Germany, are highly fearful of road accidents; the highest degree of fear is in Japan. Japanese drivers seem to blame accidents on vehicle quality or road condition, rather than recognizing themselves as responsible. In contrast to the other countries, Japanese drivers blame tailgating on ignorance of proper braking distance. In West Germany, England, and South Africa, drivers believe that they adhere to the speed limit. Spanish drivers have confidence only in themselves with regard to keeping the speed limit, and they do not trust other drivers to follow the limit. In Japan and France, drivers do not trust themselves or others in keeping the speed limit. Japanese drivers recognize the effectiveness of seat belts and the need for legislation on seat belt use, but the rate of use is very low. European nations are more practical than Japan concerning measures to improve the existing road environment, while Japanese drivers are more interested in new road construction. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Foreign KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376105 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, AUGUST 4, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 222 p. AB - Testimony and articles, letters and statements are presented from a Congressional hearing on commercial motor carrier safety. Government officials, transportation and union officials, safety inspectors, bus drivers and truckers testified and/or submitted material, including accident data, discussion of enforcement procedures in the trucking industry and treatment of hazardous materials, and the 55 miles per hour speed limit. KW - Bus transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hearings KW - Motor carriers KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Testimony KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376107 AU - JHK & Associates AU - Wagner-McGee Associates TI - USER GUIDE FOR REMOVAL OF NOT NEEDED TRAFFIC SIGNALS. IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE PY - 1980 SP - 68 p. AB - Criteria are discussed for determining if an existing traffic signal should be removed; such criteria apply only to urban signals on regular red, yellow, green color operation. Major impacts of signal removal are safety, traffic flow, and cost. The signal removal decision process is outlined and the procedural guidelines are presented for carrying out the actual removal of the signal. The decision process involves preliminary screening of candidate locations followed by a detailed analysis predicting the change in number of accidents, computing traffic flow-related impacts of signal removal, estimating the general strength of signal removal support or opposition, and the final decision. Procedural guidelines for actual removal include advance public notification (by news release, letters and signs); interim control methods, flashing or bagging the signal for a minimum of 30 days prior to removal; and follow-up accident information. Special factors influencing signal removal and strategies for implementing the program are considered. An analysis worksheet is appended, with graphs of intersection delays. KW - Costs KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Impacts KW - Implementation KW - Removal KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376114 AU - Raymond, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TODAY'S FUELS AND LUBRICANTS AND HOW THEY GOT THAT WAY PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - An in-depth discussion is presented of the development of refinery conversion processes. The discovery of tetraethyl lead as the pre-eminent petroleum product additive is described, and the development of improved fuels, lubricants and transmission fluids is considered in relation to planning for the future. For example, use of tricresyl phosphate was discontinued when it was found that phosphorus poisoned exhaust emission catalysts. Among the engine oil additives discussed are pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, detergents and dispersants, and bearing corrosion inhibitors. Hypoid gear lubricants and automatic transmission fluids are also featured. KW - Engine lubrication devices KW - Fuels KW - Lubricants KW - Oil additives KW - Transmission fluids KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376116 AU - Shackson, R AU - Leach, H J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL ECONOMY AND SYNFUELS--A COMPARISON OF STRATEGIES FOR MAINTAINING AUTOMOTIVE MOBILITY PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Two strategies for maintaining automotive mobility, improved fuel economy and production of synthetic fuels, are compared with regard to their potential for replacement of petroleum, their investment requirements, and marginal consumer cost. If the necessary capital can be made available, the strategies can be competitive with expected prices of imported petroleum, and can replace 2.9 million barrels of petroleum per day by 1990, 6.1 million bbl by 2000. KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Investments KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376842 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Takeuchi, D AU - ISHIGURO, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ESTIMATION METHOD FOR TRAFFIC VOLUME ON RESIDENTIAL STREETS PY - 1980 VL - 4 SP - p. 74-84 AB - Data were collected on street characteristics and automobile, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic volumes in a residential area of Nagoya, Japan. The traffic volumes over time, the traffic mix, and types of automobile traffic (generated (beginning or ending on the street under study), collective/distributive, and through) were analyzed. A generalized method was developed to estimate the volume of each transport mode on residential streets based on the distribution of facilities (residential, commercial, entertainment, medical, transportation, factory) in the area, the street pattern, and the street conditions. For pedestrian and automobile traffic volumes, Hayashi's quantification theory type I model was used to derive a through traffic volume index from the characteristics of each street. By multiplying this index by the traffic flow generated by facilities along the street, a cross-sectional traffic volume was obtained. The generated traffic volume was determined by enumerating each facility type and multiplying it by a generation ratio. Using the pedestrian traffic volume in a regression equation, bicycle traffic volume can be calculated more accurately. KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Pedestrians KW - Residential areas KW - Streets KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194848 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376300 JO - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis PB - Society for Experimental Analysis of Behavior AU - Geller, E S AU - Society for Experimental Analysis of Behavior TI - SEAT BELT USAGE: A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS PY - 1980 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 669-675 AB - Results of 1,579 observations of cars entering or exiting campus parking lots showed direct relationships between seat belt wearing and the intrusiveness of the engineering device designed to induce belt usage, and between device intrusiveness and system defeat. For example, all drivers with working interlocks or unlimited buzzer reminders were wearing a seat belt; but 62% of the systems with interlocks or unlimited buzzers had been defeated, and only 15.9% of the drivers in these cars were wearing a seat belt. The normative data indicated marked ineffectiveness of the negative reinforcement contingencies implied by current seat belt inducement systems; but suggested that unlimited buzzer systems would be the optimal system currently available if contingencies were developed to discourage the disconnection and circumvention of such systems. Positive reinforcement strategies are discussed that would be quite feasible for large-scale promotion of seat belt usage. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376445 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTIGRADE OILS FOR DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 56 p. AB - Five papers are presented concerning the use of multigraded oils in heavy duty diesel equipment. These papers, which represent the culmination of more than a decade of development work, deal with bench testing and field evaluation of a variety of multigraded oils in diverse diesel engine applications, and demonstrate that multigraded oils often work better than their single-graded counterparts. Topics include evaluation of piston cleanliness of high-quality diesel engine oils, fuel economy benefits of synthetic lubricants in heavy-duty trucks, the development and performance of multigrade super tractor universal oils, performance of multigrade oils in off-highway diesel engines, and fuel economy lubricants in heavy duty road service. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Field performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty equipment KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Multigrade oils KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376826 AU - Staats, E B AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL AS A MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL. REPORT TO THE HONORABLE MAX BAUCUS, UNITED STATES SENATE, BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES PY - 1980 SP - 38 p. AB - Ethanol's potential for widespread use as a motor vehicle fuel is reviewed. The analysis considers technological barriers and other factors that inhibit large-scale reliance on ethanol as a fuel for motor vehicles; impacts of a shift to ethanol on fuel consumers, oil imports and related balance of payments, and the domestic agriculture industry; work done by Federal agencies to assess the fuel potential of ethanol; oil industry activities related to ethanol; and results of state and private efforts to evaluate ethanol's potential as fuel. Even considering constraints on the availability of feedstocks for producing ethanol, it appears feasible for the country's entire vehicle fleet to be operating on a 10% ethanol, 90% gasoline blend (gasohol) by the year 2000. A national gasohol program could reduce oil imports by 260 million barrels a year, at a savings of over $8 billion, based on 1980 prices for imported oil. The Dept. of Energy has taken steps to coordinate previously fragmented efforts, but industry is still uncertain as to ethanol's potential as a widely used motor vehicle fuel. Even so, many major oil companies are marketing gasohol and are removing marketing barriers. KW - Ethanol KW - Fuels KW - Gasohol KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376850 AU - COOPER, DRC AU - Young, J C AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - ROAD SURFACE IRREGULARITY AND VEHICLE RIDE. PART 3--RIDING COMFORT IN COACHES AND HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES (BUSES AND TRUCKS) PY - 1980 SP - 33 p. AB - Ride, represented by the root means square of the vertical acceleration at the seat-person interface, was measured in long-distance buses and trucks (rigid and articulated) and correlated with riding comfort assessments by drivers and passengers. These measurements were compared with those previously obtained for passenger cars. Results show that bus passengers and truck drivers will tolerate higher acceleration levels more readily than will car occupants. Psychological factors, as well as vibration levels, influence the subjective assessment of ride. Evaluation of the highest measured acceleration levels against recommended International Standard ISO/DIS 2631 (human exposure to whole-body vibration) indicated that truck drivers could, in certain cases, suffer from fatigue-decreased proficiency within their present legally permitted periods of continuous driving. Truck ride could be improved by the more widespread use of suspension seats. KW - Comfort KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychological aspects KW - Riding qualities KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Suspension seats KW - Truck drivers KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376862 AU - HURN, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE TECHNOLOGY FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Within the next 20 to 30 years, available alternative fuels may include methanol, ethanol (both anhydrous and as-produced at 170 to 190 proof), and vegetable oils (outside the U.S.). For the longer term, alternative fuels include those derived from coal (expected to be low-quality for diesel applications, possibly high-octane for spark ignition (SI) engines) and from shale oil (expected to be primarily distillates, with ignition quality dependent on boiling range). During the period of transition to greater usage of nonpetroleum fuels, it will be advantageous to broaden the boiling range of diesel fuels and to lower the refining severity of gasolines. Engine technology should seek to accommodate these directional changes. From now through 2000, the engine technologies with the best potential for development and use with alternative fuels include: SI engines designed for use with the alcohols and possibly high-octane gasoline from coal; stratified-charge engines tolerant (with good efficiency) to low-quality, broad boiling range fuels; and large, slow-speed diesels to use heavy, minimally refined fuels from nonpetroleum sources. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coal oils KW - Engines KW - Ethanol KW - Fuels KW - High octane gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Shale oil KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376864 AU - RICE, R S AU - Milliken, W F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATIC STABILITY AND CONTROL OF THE AUTOMOBILE UTILIZING THE MOMENT METHOD PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Recent developments are discussed in the application, interpretation, and general utility of the Moment Method (SAE-760712), an analytical tool for assessing automobile stability and control. The technique, introduced in 1976, has been used in a series of studies related to vehicle design, confirming its usefulness for the analysis of specific maneuvers as well as overall maneuvering performance. Progress in the interpretation of the graphical presentations which are a feature of the Moment Method has been facilitated by the development of a new digital computer simulation program which, with a print/plot routine, enables the rapid production of diagrams illustrating changes in vehicle configuration and operating conditions. The technique's application to vehicle design and its capability to provide a measure of transient response are discussed, along with the significance and utility of the Force-Moment diagram. Although the Moment Method has been viewed as a quasi steady-state technique, a method has now been developed for calculating a transient response time. This represents major progress in providing the designer with a comprehensive, nonlinear tool for the analysis and synthesis of automobile stability and control characteristics, including front wheel drive problems. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobiles KW - Front wheel drive KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376879 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Reed, M F AU - Carter, M M AU - Rankin, W W AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY. TRANSIT PLANNING PY - 1980 SP - 57 p. AB - A manual is presented for identifying the major types of public transportation options for small urban areas (fixed route, demand-responsive, and brokerage), potential Federal resources for public transportation support, and the generalized approach to planning such transportation. Procedures are described for estimating transit demand, specifically data collection methods and trip interchange modal split analysis, and for operational planning of a public transportation system: establishing objectives, developing operational guidelines, administering the transit system, internal operational procedures, and fixed facility planning. Also included are a transportation planning evaluation procedure and evaluation measures for existing public transit operations. KW - Brokerage KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Fixed routes KW - Modal split KW - Public transit KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5500/5526/370.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376881 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Reed, M F AU - Carter, M M AU - Rankin, W W AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY. SYSTEM PLANNING APPENDIX PY - 1980 SP - 164 p. AB - Information is presented for use in transportation demand estimation. The separate appendices include useful data (default values) for manual and computer applications; application of the manual trip distribution procedure; trip interchange modal split model, guide to Urban Transportation Planning System programs forming a simplified chain for four-step transportation planning; details of traffic estimation based on ground counts--manual application; computer programs for ground count factoring; example of redistribution of assigned volumes among available facilities; and details of the Partial Matrix Technique. KW - Computer programs KW - Mathematical models KW - Modal split KW - Models KW - Traffic counting KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/SPA.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376118 AU - Pefley, R AU - Nebolon, J AU - Adelman, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALCOHOLS AS EXTENDERS AND SUPPLANTERS OF PETROLEUM IN THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A summary is presented of evidence amassed so far on performance and environmental factors relating to alcohol fuel use in internal combustion engines. The properties of the alcohols are discussed as spark ignited engine fuels: their cold starting ability, aldehyde suppression, and engine materials and lubrication compatibility. Alcohols in diesel engines and methanol-diesel blends are discussed, including environmental health and safety factors. It is concluded that alcohols may be used to extend gasoline supplies, and it is recommended that all new cars be able to accept 5% methanol and 10% ethanol blended gasoline while meeting mileage and emission standards. The power and efficiency of engines designed expressly for alcohols in pure form will exceed those of gasoline engines. Regulated emissions from such engines can be as low as or lower than powerplants fueled by gasoline, and their photochemical reactivity is expected to be lower. Diesel engines can be operated on combinations of alcohol and diesel fuels by fumigating the alcohols with injected alcohol diesel fuel emulsions or by separate injection of the two fuels. The use of pure alcohols in diesel engines requires engine modifications unless cetane improvers are added to the alcohols. Since current additives are expensive and increase nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, the use of pure alcohols by spark or thermal ignition is being investigated. Exhaust emissions of alcohol-fueled diesel engines will be lower in soot since alcohols form no soot during combustion and their lower flame temperature results in reduced NOx emissions. KW - Air quality management KW - Alcohols KW - Diesel engines KW - Engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuels KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376825 AU - Transport Canada TI - ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 1979 T2 - RAPPORT ANNUEL 1979, SECURITE ROUTIERE PY - 1980 SP - 145 p. AB - The 1979 annual report of Canada's Road and Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety Branch covers countermeasures development, motor vehicle regulations, motor vehicle investigations, traffic safety programs, and facilities at the Motor Vehicle Test Centre to be opened in May 1979. Specific areas of concern are seat belt use and performance, vehicle and traffic noise, roadway and vehicle lighting, roadway geometry and environment, speed enforcement, alcohol and drugs, driver education and licensing, motorcycles and data systems development. Other areas of interest include automotive safety engineering, regulations enforcement, energy and emissions engineering, advanced engineering projects, vehicle recalls and public complaints, accident and vehicle defect investigations, liaison with the public, and international cooperation. Traffic safety programs include national public information campaigns, demonstration and development projects, safety seminars, and the support of nongovernmental agencies involved in road safety. Appendixes contain supplementary information on contracts negotiated by the Branch, motor vehicle safety standards, regulations enforcement, laboratory testing activities, motor vehicle complaints, and vehicle recall campaigns. KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programs KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376863 AU - Murrell, J D AU - Foster, J A AU - Bristor, D M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSENGER CAR AND LIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY TRENDS THROUGH 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 96 p. AB - The 4000-mi. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy figures are presented for passenger cars from pre-emission control models through 1980, for light trucks from 1975 through 1980, and for motorcycles for 1980 (first EPA listing of motorcycles). The data include stratification by weight class, vehicle size class, manufacturer, and mpg range; domestic vs. import, gasoline vs. diesel, and 49-states vs. California models. Passenger car fleet mpg in 1980 is up 11% from 1979, due to a shift in the inertia weight mix, followed by system optimization. The 1980 diesel car fleet average (28.6 mpg) is 29% higher than that for 1980 gasoline cars (22.2 mpg). Even with 6000 to 8500 lb. trucks added to the 1980 data base, sales-weighted combined car/truck fleet mpg is up from 1979, and average weight and engine displacement are down. The 1980 light truck fleet mpg average is 17.1 mpg, compared to 17.5 mpg in 1979 without the heavier trucks. Average EPA city mpg for the 1980 motorcycle fleet is 54 mpg (excluding motorcycles with engines less than 50 cc., those for off-road use, and cycles with low sales volume). KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376865 AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - NATIONAL SWEDISH ROAD AND TRAFFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE. ANNUAL REPORT 1978/79 PY - 1980 SP - 133 p. AB - The results of research and development work are presented to enable local jurisdictions to comply more easily with Sweden's traffic standards and road safety policies. Institute programs deal with road transport planning, roads, vehicles, and road users. Specific programs concern road transport system evaluation, road design and construction, vehicle component characteristics, the vehicle-environment interaction, road users (performance characteristics and factors influencing traffic behavior), traffic processes (analysis and regulation), and administration (information collection and documentation). Other activities of the Institute encompass seminars, international collaboration, representation on committees, and collaboration with universities and colleges. A balance sheet for the year ending 30 Jun 1979, and cost-revenue statements for 1978-1979 are provided. KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Transportation systems KW - Travelers KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376880 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Reed, M F AU - Carter, M M AU - Rankin, W W AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY. SYSTEM PLANNING PY - 1980 SP - 101 p. AB - A manual is provided on transportation system planning techniques that are applicable to small urban areas. The functional classification of streets and highways is discussed: the basic concept, functional classes, information required, and step-by-step procedure. Noncomputer and computer techniques are described for estimating transportation demand; information required for system planning and simplifications for data collection are provided. Estimation of the social, physical, economic, and environmental effects of alternative transportation systems is discussed. Methods are described for evaluating transportation service relative to intersection and corridor capacity. Priorities for determining solutions to transportation problems are addressed. KW - Classification KW - Evaluation KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Small cities KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/PMF.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376882 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - MVMA (MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION) MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS AND FIGURES '80 PY - 1980 SP - 100 p. AB - An overview is presented of the U.S. motor vehicle industry, describing the 1979 market and indicating product directions for the 1980's, followed by tables, charts, and graphs of statistical data on the industry for 1979 (and for previous years to indicate trends). Production and registration data are provided under the following headings: manufacturer facilities, factory sales, fuel consumption, parts and accessories, production, records, recreational vehicles, registrations, retail sales, retirement, and thefts. A use and owners section provides information on buyers, drivers, emissions, fleets, highway fatalities and injuries, highways, intercity travel, ownership, personal transportation, purpose of usage, school bus transportation, shipment of goods, and vehicle miles of travel. A final section on economic impact presents figures related to businesses, employment, exports/imports, financing, Gross National Product contribution, Hwy. Trust Fund, material consumption, payrolls, personal consumption expenditures, sales, and taxes. A subject index is included. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic impacts KW - Markets KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376442 AU - CAMERON, M H AU - Cameron (MH) and Associates TI - THE EFFECT OF AUSTRALIAN DESIGN RULE 22A FOR HEAD RESTRAINTS PY - 1980 SP - 75 p. AB - Results are presented from an effectiveness study of Australian Design Rule (ADR) 22A, which requires manufacturers to fit head restraints to the driver's and front passenger's seats of all new cars manufactured in Australia beginning with 1975 models. As an upgrade to ADR 22, adjustable head restraints were required to be adjusted below a specified minimum height. The study was based on 1977-1978 claims to a "no-fault" injury compensation scheme operated by the Motor Accidents Board (MAB) in Victoria. Potential benefit groups (front outboard seat occupants in rear end impacts) and disbenefit groups (front and rear seat occupants in front end impacts) were considered. It was concluded that ADR 22A head restraints are effective in reducing whiplash injuries to female front occupants, aged 17-49, involved in rear end impacts. The analysis was inconclusive regarding the benefits to male front occupants in these impacts. An increase in whiplash injuries to these persons may be due to increased seat belt wearing in the front seats of ADR 22A cars, resulting in little or no apparent benefit from the changed requirement. Results confirmed previous findings that the benefits of ADR 22 head restraints in rear end impacts were confined to female occupants of the front left seats. There was no evidence of disbenefits from either ADR in terms of increased facial or head injuries to rear seat occupants in front end impacts. No evidence exists that ADR 22A head restraints increase whiplash, concussion, major intracranial injury, or total head injury to drivers or front left passengers involved in front end impacts, although increased whiplash injuries to drivers with ADR 22 head restraints in front end impacts was found, which confirmed previous findings. Due to the absence of information on crash severity and seat belt wearing, the analyzed data are suggestive, not definitive. There appears to be a case for upgrading ADR 22A to increase the minimum height of head restraints, so that male front seat occupants are more frequently protected. Installation of head restraints in rear seats does not appear to be justified. KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Effectiveness KW - Females KW - Frontal crashes KW - Headrests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear end crashes KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376444 AU - CAMERON, M H AU - Cameron (MH) and Associates TI - SIDE IMPACTS AND THE EFFECT OF AUSTRALIAN DESIGN RULE 29 FOR SIDE DOOR STRENGTH: A PRELIMINARY STUDY PY - 1980 SP - 85 p. AB - Australian Design Rule (ADR) 29 specifies strength and stiffness requirements for side doors of all new cars in Australia beginning with 1977 models, to reduce intrusion into the passenger compartment as a result of side impact. The rule is based on and is almost identical with FMVSS 214 (Side Door Strength). In a study of the effect of ADR 29, literature was reviewed on side door strength effectiveness and side impacts, and an analysis was made of 1977-1978 claims to the "no-fault" injury compensation scheme operated by the Motor Accidents Board (MAB) in Victoria. The study is considered preliminary because of the crudeness or absence of information on important injury-influencing factors in the available data. It was concluded that there was no statistically significant evidence that ADR 29 reduces the risk of injury to front occupants seated on the impact side in side impacts. Opposite-side occupants were not considered in the study. KW - Doors KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190454 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376841 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Kato, S AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - WAGING A NEW FIGHT AGAINST TRAFFIC POLLUTION PY - 1980 VL - 4 SP - p. 51-64 AB - Major factors contributing to increasing traffic demands and urbanization in Japan are evaluated, and curative measures to be taken from the environmental policy point of view are noted. Traffic pollution, including noise, vibration, and air pollution, is beginning to exert a significant influence on the expansion and use of traffic-transportation facilities. Recommendations include renewed focus on improved flow of goods through such economic incentives as adjusted fares and taxes; and transition to more appropriate and balanced land use in the vicinity of traffic-transportation facilities. Efforts to improve and restructure the composition of cities are also recommended, particularly coordinated policies related to urban planning, residential housing, industry, traffic, and transportation. To accommodate the growing number of automobiles, the administration of road construction and maintenance services and peripheral facilities has become a large-scale fiscal and public works project. This development and permeation of traffic-transportation facilities in Japan's densely populated society has been a significant factor in traffic pollution. Measures to reduce automobile, aircraft, and railway pollution and the need to conduct environmental assessments for new traffic-transportation facilities are identified. It is suggested that an overall traffic pollution control policy be a primary theme in Japan's future planning. The results of an opinion pool of road traffic pollution are appended. KW - Environmental protection KW - Incentives KW - Industries KW - Land use KW - Residential areas KW - Traffic KW - Transportation KW - Urbanization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194847 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376303 JO - Papua New Guinea Medical Journal PB - Medical Society of Papua New Guinea AU - Wyatt, G B AU - Medical Society of Papua New Guinea TI - THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA PORT MORESBY POST-MORTEM RECORDS, 1975-78 PY - 1980 VL - 23 SP - p. 60-65 AB - The number of fatal road accidents in Papua New Guinea has risen by more than 400% between 1968 and 1978. Papua New Guinea now has over thirteen times as many fatal road accidents per 10,000 registered vehicles as Great Britain. The Highlands show fatal accident rates about three times higher than those for Papua New Guinea as a whole. Of 121 road accident victims coming to post-mortem in Port Moresby between 1975 and 1978, two-thirds were young adult males. Deaths were nearly equally divided between passengers and pedestrians with drivers forming only 16% of the total. Post-mortem blood alcohol levels were above 80 mg% in 42% of the victims tested and very high levels were found in a third of the drivers. A plea is made for safer passenger vehicles, the use of seat belts and the introduction of breath testing for alcohol, along with public education to reduce the toll of accidents. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety education KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376438 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - SUMMARY OF STATE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS, 1980 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - A reference guide is presented, prepared in cooperation with state inspection officials, to the motor vehicle safety inspection requirements in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Twenty-five states and the District of Columbia require periodic motor vehicle safety inspection (PMVI); eight have some form of random spot inspection which usually involves stopping and checking a vehicle, or a system of temporary check lanes; ten states have limited inspection laws; seven have no state law requiring motor vehicle inspection. The number of inspections required, length of inspection period, inspection fee, and items of equipment most commonly inspected, are reported for the various states. A series of detailed charts indicates the equipment inspected by states. Emissions inspections and inspection procedures are not covered. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376823 AU - HOMEL, R AU - Macquarie University, Australia AU - New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Res TI - PENALTIES AND THE DRINK/DRIVER: A STUDY OF ONE THOUSAND OFFENDERS. VOLUME 1. MAIN REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 149 p. AB - Personal characteristics, previous records, and subsequent convictions of 1000 drunk drivers convicted in New South Wales were analyzed in 1972; subjects were followed for three years from their date of conviction or date of release from prison. All data were obtained from official government records. The study aim was to determine the impact of judicial penalties on the likelihood of repeat offenses for drinking and driving or for other motoring-criminal offenses. Based on a simple model of the sentencing process, offenders were classified as high, medium, or low entitlement for punishment and as having received a high, medium, or low severity penalty. Several groups of high-risk offenders were identified as reoffenders for drinking and driving regardless of the penalty they received. It is recommended that preventive approaches, such as mechanical devices on cars to prevent drunk drivers from operating them, and more intensive and specialized rehabilitation schemes be employed to deal with these persons. Driving disqualification periods up to 18 months in duration are recommended as a general measure to reduce the rate at which some offenders commit nondrinking-driving offenses. Longer disqualification periods will probably not reduce the reconviction rate for drinking and driving. It is suggested that high-risk groups in the general public and among convicted drunk drivers are not likely to be positively affected by alcohol countermeasures like the breathalyzer, random breath tests, and publicity campaigns. KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver records KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human characteristics KW - Penalties KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376867 AU - Attfield, G AU - Nickson, T AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - LEGAL ASPECTS (CYCLE FACILITIES) PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Legal powers available to local authorities in Great Britain who want to provide facilities for cyclists are stipulated. A mandatory with-the-flow cycle lane can be introduced by a traffic regulation order under the Road Traffic Regulation Act of 1967, when the remaining carriageway's width is sufficient to allow all vehicles to pass each other safely without encroaching onto the cycle lane. A mandatory contra-flow lane can similarly be introduced into an otherwise one-way street. Where the carriageway is too narrow to provide a mandatory lane for cyclists, an advisory with-the-flow lane can be provided. Cycle track is defined in the Highways Act of 1959 as a way constituting or comprised in a highway over which pedal cycles have the right of way. Cycling in areas designated solely for pedestrians is an offense under the Highways Act. Where a cycle track crosses a minor road, drivers can be warned of the cycle route's existence by an advisory road marking. Cyclists must remember that this marking is advisory only and gives them no protection. Where a cycle track crosses a major road, traffic signals can be provided for cyclists against major road traffic; similarly, where a cycle track enters a signal-controlled junction, a separate phase for cyclists can be provided. Cycling may be exempted from vehicle prohibition by a traffic regulation order or where streets are designated solely for pedestrians. The Transport Act of 1978 extends parking places to include stands and racks for bicycles. KW - Bicycle parking KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Legal factors KW - Local government KW - Parking KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic signals KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376869 AU - Hoekwater, J AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - CYCLE ROUTES IN THE HAGUE AND TILBURG PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Measured by the number of trips, cycling is the most important transport mode in the Netherlands. As part of demonstration projects conducted to improve cycling conditions and to promote the construction of new cycling facilities, two demonstration cycle routes have been devised in urban areas (The Hague and Tilburg) from which cycle-traffic studies have been initiated which focus on route design, safety, and attitudes. Important data elements in these studies are described. Changes in traffic flow and traffic circulation, and design solutions are important techniques for reducing accident occurrence. The traffic process must be described as accurately as possible in safety studies, including time and place data. Information on road and traffic characteristics and accidents must be collected before and after the construction of a cycle route. A cycle-traffic survey must consider where people frequently use cycles (trip generation), whether changes occur in the transport mode choice, and whether more cyclists on parallel routes are attracted to the cycle route. Consideration must be given to the impact of cycle routes on retail trade. Detailed results of studies in the Netherlands are expected to be published in 1981. KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Bikeways KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Retail trade KW - Safety KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376876 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Reed, M F AU - Carter, M M AU - Rankin, W W AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY. MONITORING AND FORECASTING PY - 1980 SP - 42 p. AB - A manual is provided which describes procedures for assembling inventories of the street and highway system, the public transportation system, and land use and socioeconomic characteristics. Methods are outlined for monitoring the performance of the transportation system and general community development in order to determine if development trends are evolving as forecast and to update the base inventory. Changes in the following areas are monitored: land use, population, dwelling units, and auto registration; employment; vehicle miles of travel; transit patronage; and transportation system service and operation. The manual also describes procedures for forecasting data items needed in urban transportation system planning: population and dwelling units, mean income, auto ownership, and retail and nonretail employment. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Employment KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Housings KW - Inventory KW - Land use KW - Manuals KW - Monitoring KW - Population KW - Public transit KW - Ridership KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Streets KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/374MF.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7100/7107/374MF.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376878 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Reed, M F AU - Carter, M M AU - Rankin, W W AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY. TRAFFIC PLANNING PY - 1980 SP - 41 p. AB - A manual is provided as a ready reference to basic traffic engineering techniques and their potential for improving traffic flow and traffic safety on urban arterial streets and highways. As a planning tool, it is intended to assist in the identification of traffic engineering measures appropriate for consideration in the development of a community transportation improvement program or plan. The following traffic engineering measures to improve flow are discussed: traffic signal improvements, parking controls, one-way streets, unbalanced flow, reserved lanes for high-occupancy vehicles, access controls, two-way left-turn lanes, and minor physical improvements. Also addressed are offstreet parking, use of traffic control devices, and increased enforcement. Among the measures identified for improved traffic safety are installation or upgrading of traffic signals, left-turn prohibitions or special lanes for turning vehicles, intersection channelization, and implementation of one-way streets. Volume reduction traffic improvement measures are outlined: auto restricted zones, carpools and vanpools, variable work hours, and bus lanes. The basic administrative framework is outlined for an effective local traffic engineering organization in a small urban area. KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Manuals KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/PYC.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376093 AU - Lloyd, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REINFORCED RIM (REACTION INJECTION MOLDING) URETHANES. THE LIGHTWEIGHT CAR BODY OF THE 80S PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The advantages of reinforced reaction injection molded (RRIM) urethanes in exterior body panel applications for automobiles indicate a wide use in the near future. The characteristics of RRIM urethanes are discussed, including mold design, material processing, and physical properties. Material characteristics required for external vehicle body applications include good high temperature dimensional stability at paint bake oven temperatures (up to 325 deg F); good impact resistance over a wide temperature range; sufficient stiffness to enable the part to be self supporting at highway speeds; coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) near that of metals to permit the adjacent use of plastic and metal exterior panels; and good surface quality, so that the resulting parts have automotive industry "Class A" surfaces. Mold specifications are suggested: mold material (metal); integration of fiber orientation; after-mixer with high turbulence; design of sprue and gate; part design; and elimination of ribs. Processing specifications cover mixing, flowability, gel/demold times, density, and shrink marks. Postcuring is recommended soon after demolding to insure distortion-free parts. Physical properties of RRIM urethanes are discussed as they affect heat sag, dimensional stability, impact resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, and water absorption. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Injection molding KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Physical properties KW - Specifications KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376102 AU - Moran, K AU - Mountain Bicyclists' Association, Incorporated TI - BICYCLE TRANSPORTATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 135 p. AB - A study mandated by Section 682 of the National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1978 was designed to identify the obstacles to increased bicycle use; to develop a Comprehensive Bicycle Transportation Program to overcome these obstacles; to establish a target goal for bicycle commuting; and to determine the energy conservation of potential bicycle transportation. Personal and institutional disincentives to bicycle use in transportation were identified, and policy and actions recommended for Federal (including the Department of Transportation), state, and local authorities, as well as for the private sector (bicycle groups, bicycle and general industry, professional associations, and the media). It was determined that 470,000 people commuted by bicycle in 1975 and that a reasonable goal for 1985 would be an additional 1.5 to 2.5 million bicycle commuters, with a 50%-100% increase in other bicycle travel. This goal would result in an annual total fuel saving of 16.4 to 23.5 million bbl by 1985. Appended are a selected bibliography and a discussion of identified research needs to increase bicycle operator competence and awareness, to improve the transportation infrastructure, and to increase institutional responsiveness. KW - Bicycles KW - Commuting KW - Energy conservation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25528/DOT-P-80-092.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376857 AU - Stewart, R M AU - Selby, T W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE--PT. 5. SUPPLEMENT TO SAE SP-460 AND ASTM STP 621-S4. DISCUSSIONS AND AUTHOR CLOSURES FROM TWO 1979 SYMPOSIA PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - Prepared discussions and author closures are compiled from the two SAE/ASTM (Society of Automotive Engineers/American Society for Testing and Materials) viscosity-related symposia held in Michigan in 1979 (Pt. 5). The eight Pt. 5 papers were bound into a booklet along with four papers from the Feb 1980 SAE/ASTM Viscosity Symposium (Pt. 6) of the SAE Congress and Exposition meeting. The discussions/closures supplement papers on use of a Couette high-shear-rate viscometer for measuring engine oil viscosity (SAE-790212); assessment of shear stability methods for European engine oils (SAE-790214); low-temperature stability starting and pumpability requirements of European automotive engines (SAE-790727); effect of engine oil viscosity on low-temperature cranking, starting, and fuel economy (SAE-790728); evaluation of new and used oils in gasoline engines with regard to cold starting and oil pumpability (SAE-790729); and predicting low-temperature oil pumpability with the Mini-Rotary Viscometer (SAE-790732). KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Engine oils KW - Low temperature KW - Performance KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376871 AU - ROBINSON, K AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - CYCLE ROUTES IN PETERBOROUGH (ENGLAND) PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Cycle planning and design criteria for a British city on flat terrain are addressed. In accordance with planned expansion of the city, three criteria were considered essential in planning for cyclists: all routes should be as direct as possible; the cycle network should link all major points of attraction, such as schools, shopping, and employment; and cycle routes should be separate from major roads and, where possible, from the local road system. Rather than having cyclists use primary roads, a strategic network for cycle paths was devised as a basis for planning new housing and employment areas. In all cases, cycle facilities were routed along bus priority routes or major footpaths. Cycle planning in existing areas involved applying the principle of radial routes from city centers. An experimental cycle route was designed, with attention paid to signing, junctions, pedestrians, legislation and traffic regulations, and publicity. Preliminary surveys of the experimental route indicated that the number of cyclists increased 10%-30%. It is concluded that the priority to be given to cycling requires detailed consideration of both continuity and flexibility concepts in transportation planning. KW - Bikeways KW - Design KW - Employment KW - Location KW - Planning KW - Residential areas KW - Residential location KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376095 AU - DURAND, A AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - A STUDY OF UNINSURED MOTORISTS INVOLVED IN REPORTED AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS PY - 1980 SP - 33 p. AB - The characteristics of uninsured motorists and their vehicles were investigated using accident report data supplied by motor vehicle departments in seven states (California, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oregon, Virginia, and West Virginia). In both insured and uninsured reported accidents, almost 70% of the drivers were males (who comprised 53% of all licensed drivers in the survey states). Some 46% of the uninsured motorists were under age 25, compared with 38% of all accident-involved and 22% of all licensed drivers. About 30% of the uninsured drivers were not owners of the vehicles (more younger than older drivers). Of the uninsured vehicles, 46% were 1971 models or older, compared with 36% of all cars in operation. Failure to have auto insurance was not restricted to a limited segment of the population in terms of income or mobility. KW - Age KW - Automobile insurance KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Uninsured motorists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376096 AU - Hess, R L AU - Weber, K AU - Melvin, J W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND REGULATION RELATING TO HEAD IMPACT TOLERANCE AND INJURY CRITERIA. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 102 p. AB - An historical review examines regulations governing head injury protection of motor vehicle occupants in relation to head injury biomechanics research. Research in the early period (1960-1970) encompassed the Wayne State Tolerance Curve, the Severity Index, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 201, injury mechanism research, mathematical modeling efforts, and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208, Occupant Crash Protection. The transitional period (1970-1973) introduced alternate views of head injury, the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), developments in mathematical and mechanical models, and HIC extensions. The most recent period (1974-1980) was characterized by finite element and kinematic models, and experimental advances and model validation. In concluding the review, the weaknesses of the HIC are enumerated: sparse experimental data; ineffective measurement of injury; lack of correspondence with injuries produced under controlled laboratory conditions; and the inadequate biofidelity of the Pt. 572 dummy, the test device used to produce HIC data. It is suggested that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration will not exchange the HIC for another index in the near future, partly because no other completely validated injury prediction tool exists. Recommendations are made for the more effective use of current experimental and analytical techniques in the study of human skull/brain injury under impact conditions. Appended are excerpts from reviewed issues of the Federal Register and an extensive bibliography. KW - Bibliographies KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376111 AU - Richardson, B C AU - Segel, L D AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AN INVENTORY OF SELECTED MATHEMATICAL MODELS RELATING TO THE MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED LITERATURE. FIRST SUPPLEMENT PY - 1980 SP - 308 p. AB - The first supplement to an inventory of mathematical models related to motor vehicle transportation presents 52 descriptions of selected mathematical models (econometric, physical, accounting) and 54 abstracts of documents that relate to models and the policies analyzed by the models. Most models, which generally describe some impact that bears upon the motor vehicle transportation system, may possibly be used in policy-related analyses. Complete references and summaries are given for the models and associated literature. The models are further described, indicating their objectives, structure, data and computer requirements, and other relevant information. Indexes are provided by model name, report title, keywords, personal and organizational authors, and sponsors. Twenty-five subject areas include automobile demand, fuel consumption and economy, air pollution, vehicle size-class market share, and vehicle miles traveled. KW - Air pollution KW - Demand KW - Fuel consumption KW - Markets KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Transportation policy KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376112 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINES, FUELS AND LUBRICANTS--A PERSPECTIVE ON THE FUTURE PY - 1980 SP - 108 p. AB - Eight papers are presented in order to provide a perspective on the future through shared knowledge of past events, current technology, and speculation on possible future developments. An in-depth review is given of how fuels and lubricants were developed to their present sophistication, and of the complex forces to be considered when planning for the future. An overview of current technology in powertrains, fuels, and lubricants is followed by a projection of future fuel and lubricant developments. Options for fueling the automobile transportation system through the year 2000 are considered; technologies for improving fuel economy and increasing production of synthetic fuels are described, and potential reduction in petroleum consumption estimated. Four papers from the session "Alternative Fuels Utilization--Frontiers in New Fuels for Transportation" describe specific research on alternative fuels utilization and the type of activities necessary for the matching of future fuels and automotive powerplants. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Lubricants KW - Research KW - Synthetic fuels KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190262 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376851 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Bandel, J AU - Keller (W) und Company TI - THE RESEARCH CAR. RESULTS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING RESEARCH ON INTEGRATED OVERALL DESIGNS FOR TEST VEHICLES T2 - DER FORSCHUNGS-PERSONENWAGEN. DARSTELLUNG AUTOMOBILTECHNISCHER FORSCHUNGSERGEBNISSE AN INTEGRIERTEN GESAMTKONZEPTEN VON VERSUCHSFAHRZEUGEN PY - 1980 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - p. 59-62 AB - Following a review of the West German transportation system and road traffic, the goals of Federally sponsored research and development concerning motor vehicles and highway traffic are outlined. The development of a research passenger car is described to conform to the needs of drivers in the coming decade: economy of energy and resources, environmental protection (low noise and emissions), safety, economy, and efficiency. The three development phases are drafting vehicle specifications, construction of prototype vehicles, and testing. Audi NSU, Daimler-Benz, and Volkswagen automobile manufacturers and the universities at Darmstadt, Aachen, Berlin, and Stuttgart are involved in the project. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Specifications KW - Test vehicles KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376861 AU - Wolbers, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WORLDWIDE SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS (CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT) PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - In order to present a fair comparison between U.S. and European motor vehicle regulations, the various sources of motor vehicle regulation in the U.S., the manner in which regulations are promulgated in Europe, and European on-site and on-highway regulations of construction equipment are considered. Regulatory activities of the following European organizations are discussed as they pertain to construction equipment: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel., Economic Commission for Europe, and the European Economic Community (in particular, its Com. for European Construction Equipment). Type approvals and testing required by regulations of various European governments and directives of the Common Market are described. The terms of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a code of conduct for international trade, are outlined; multilateral trade negotiations sponsored by GATT since 1947 are mentioned. U.S. construction equipment manufacturers are subject to a maze of product-oriented regulations in marketing their U.S.-and foreign-built products in foreign countries. In the past, these foreign regulations were more apt to be trade barriers to protect domestic markets than bona fide regulations to protect the users. These trade barriers are gradually being lifted as manufacturers in virtually all countries have expanded beyond domestic markets. This expansion now encourages the elimination of trade barriers and the harmonization of regulations. KW - Construction equipment KW - Environment KW - International trade KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Tariffs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376868 AU - Trevelyan, P AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - THE DESIGN OF CYCLE FACILITIES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The design of facilities for cyclists in Germany, France, Sweden, Holland, Denmark, the United States, and the United Kingdom is discussed. It is anticipated that cycling will continue to be an important transport mode in Europe for certain sectors of the population, although it is unrealistic to believe that cycling will replace most uses of the private automobile. Surveys in the United Kingdom indicate that cyclists are concerned about safety. Both cyclists and motorists recognize that the segregation of cycles and vehicles is the most likely method for improving the safety situation and for making cycling a more attractive transport mode. The need for cycle facilities and associated design guidelines has been recognized in various European countries and the United States, especially in countries which have climatic, social, and economic conditions similar to those in the United Kingdom. Cycle facility design is examined in relation to accident records, cycle ownership, cycle trip rates and lengths, and attitudes of cyclists and other road users. Also discussed are planning of a cycle route network, the detailed design of cycle facilities, and elements of good cycle facility design (safety, economy, attraction and convenience for the cyclist, continuity and comprehensibility for both cyclist and noncyclist, minimum environmental impact and inconvenience for the noncyclist, and legal and statutory backing). KW - Bikeways KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Legal factors KW - Planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic segregation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376875 AU - WIGAN, M R AU - Carter, A J AU - ARRB Group Limited AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - MOPEDS AND THE AUSTRALIAN USER PROFILE PY - 1980 SP - 55 p. AB - Moped definitions, the regulation of moped use, and major moped safety issues are briefly outlined to provide an international basis for a discussion of recent Australian data on moped users. Results are presented of two 1979 surveys: a pilot survey in Victoria and Western Autralia to test questionnaire design and to obtain initial data on the characteristics of moped purchasers, and a main survey in South Australia of registered moped and under-50 mL. motorcycle owners. Data cover the number of mopeds, personal characteristics of riders, vehicle ownership and access, licenses held, the vehicle and reasons for purchase, effects of moped ownership on travel, distances traveled, accident involvement, and attitudes (perception of the moped, moped regulations, and moped riding habits). The implications of increased moped use in Australia are discussed: regulatory aspects, effect of reduced fees, minimum license age, and effects on accidents. From the surveys conducted in the three Australian states, moped owners are likely to be male, to come from any age group (the average age highly dependent on minimum license age), and to perceive the moped as a necessary means of economical transport. The moped is likely to be ridden 2300 km. (1400 mi.)/yr. and has a low accident risk. Future research should be directed at monitoring and examining moped accident patterns. KW - Attitudes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Ownership KW - Regulations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190715 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376832 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - TAYLOR, A AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - IS THERE A MOTORCYCLE PROBLEM? PY - 1980 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-28 AB - Motorcycles pose significant transportation dangers, since they cover only 2% of vehicle mileage in England but account for 20% of all casualties. Anyone interested in reducing deaths and injuries among motorcyclists must consider in particular what can be done to reduce accidents involving teenagers. Many young riders who have only a provisional license simply continue to drive with this license rather than take a driving test. Persons who have attended a voluntary training course are better equipped to deal with hazards and problems encountered by motorcyclists, but only a small number of young people participate in such a course. The Dept. of Transport is considering the concept of a motorcycle license. Training appears to be the most important way of improving the skills, awareness, and safety of young motorcyclists. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376437 AU - Ryan, T W AU - Likos, W E AU - Moses, C A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF HYBRID FUEL IN A SINGLE-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 26 p. AB - Several hybrid fuel formulations were developed and tested in a direct injection single-cylinder diesel engine: solutions of ethanol and vegetable oils in diesel fuel, emulsions of methanol and of ethanol in diesel fuel; and slurries of starch, cellulose, and "carbon" (coke, carbon black, coal) in diesel fuel. At present the solutions and emulsions appear to be viable diesel engine fuels if the economic factors are favorable and if the storage and handling problems are not too severe. The slurries are not at the same point of development as the solutions and emulsions. Although other solids do represent energy sources, the "carbons" appear to have the most potential for development into finished fuel slurries for current diesel engine designs. Improvements in the thermal cycle efficiency are possible with carbon black slurries which result from improved combustion of liquid diesel fuel; similar improvements with alcohol/diesel fuel blends result from increases in ignition delay time. KW - Carbon KW - Cellulose KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Economic factors KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel storage KW - Fuels KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Methanol KW - Starch KW - Vegetable oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376441 AU - McLean, A J AU - HOLUBOWYCZ, O T AU - Sandow, B L AU - University of Adelaide TI - ALCOHOL AND CRASHES. IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT FACTORS IN THIS ASSOCIATION PY - 1980 SP - 74 p. AB - Factors in the association between alcohol consumption and road accidents were investigated to develop more successful countermeasures than those currently available. Breath alcohol concentrations of a sample of the general driving population (control drivers) were matched with those of intoxicated accident-involved drivers. Two investigations are reported: a survey of the extent of alcohol usage by the general population of drivers, and a study of the relationship between a driver's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and his probability of being involved in a serious crash. The relevance of the results of these investigations to drinking driver countermeasures is discussed and recommendations are made for further investigations and for changes in current practices. Random breath testing by police is recommended, as well as testing on suspicion of illegal BAC. Separate evaluation of these measures is also recommended, to be accompanied by wide dissemination of information for drivers on drinking rate correlation with BAC. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Information dissemination KW - Police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376448 AU - Morris, P J AU - Stockill, E C AU - Schetelich, A A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF MULTIGRADE SUPER TRACTOR UNIVERSAL OILS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The demand is increasing for Super Tractor Universal Oils (STUO) which can be used to lubricate all of the major parts of a tractor (engine, gear box, final drive, hydraulic system, and wet brakes). The history of STUO is reviewed, and the formulation, experience, and performance of multigraded oils meeting today's requirements are presented. Field testing experience provides data to further support the STUO concept. The need for compromise in viscosity grading is noted. KW - Engine oils KW - Field performance KW - Heavy duty equipment KW - Multigrade oils KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376108 AU - Chang, FFM AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLE-SAFE GRATE INLETS DESIGN MANUAL. IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE PY - 1980 SP - 55 p. AB - Equations are presented for computing the hydraulic efficiency and discharge for three bicycle-safe grate inlets on a continuous grade and under sump conditions. Selection of grates was based on previous tests of 11 inlet grates by the Engineering and Research Center of the Denver Water and Power Resources Service. The parallel bar with transverse rods (P-1-7/8-4), the parallel bar with transverse spacers (P-1-1/8), and the curved vane (CV) grates showed the best overall characteristics in safety, hydraulic efficiency, and debris handling. The equations were derived empirically to fit the data within plus or minus 10%. Computer and calculator programs are also included. KW - Computer programs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Cyclists KW - Equations KW - Grates KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376115 AU - Kane, E D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUTURE FUELS AND LUBRICANTS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A scenario for likely fuel and lubricant trends over the next 20-25 years includes conservation, optimization of the petroleum product mix, use of high octane blending agents (alcohol, methyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary butyl alcohol), broadening of fuel specifications, greater use of fuel additives to provide acceptable fuel quality, and new lubricants, including new chemical additives to improve overall vehicle fuel economy. Key areas for attention include dieselization of light- and medium-duty vehicles and adaptation of larger engines, where appropriate, to operate on heavier and less highly refined fuels. Demand for jet fuels and lubricants is expected to increase during the next decade. Beyond 1990, synthetic fuels and advanced new lubricant formulations will begin to make their contribution. Such interindustry groups as the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Activity and the Coordinating Research Council will play increasingly important roles. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuels KW - Lubricants KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190265 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373263 JO - Behaviour Research and Therapy PB - Elsevier AU - Matson, J L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A CONTROLLED GROUP STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN-SKILL TRAINING FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED PY - 1980 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 99-106 AB - Pedestrian-skills training procedures were compared using 30 mentally retarded institutionalized adults. Three groups of ten subjects were randomly assigned to a no-treatment control group and two modes of pedestrian-skills training. The training methods included a form of individualized classroom training in the practice of correct behavior using movable figures on a scale model of an intersection, or independence training which emphasized self-evaluation of performance, social reinforcement, and sign recognition, using a mock-up of an intersection on the hospital grounds. Data were taken on sign recognition, verbal and performance based responses to classroom training of pedestrian skills, performance of skills at an intersection on the hospital grounds, and performance of pedestrian skills in the community. Independence training proved to be significantly more effective than no treatment or classroom training, and classroom training proved to be significantly more effective than no treatment at all. KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor skills KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373273 AU - Reagan, J A AU - Hatzi, P J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF NOISE BARRIER EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1980 SP - 34 p. AB - Procedures are provided for determining field insertion loss as a measurement of the effectiveness of noise barriers for existing highways where measurements can be obtained before the barrier is built, and for new highways or existing noise barriers where such measurements cannot be obtained. The field insertion loss is the difference in sound levels at a particular microphone location caused by the construction of a sound barrier. Based on preliminary work on people's perception of barrier effectiveness, general information is provided for determining who and when to survey. Two survey techniques (home/telephone and mail interviews) are suggested with example questionnaires. KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Interviewing KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise barriers KW - Questionnaires KW - Sound level KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373284 AU - Barber, E J AU - Hildebrand, L K AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING CRITERIA TO DESIGNATE ROUTES FOR TRANSPORTING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE PY - 1980 SP - 74 p. AB - Techniques are explained that may be used for evaluating alternative highway routes for hazardous materials movements. The criteria that may be applied for hazardous materials routing is briefly described and their application is illustrated by an example. Current routing practices, with existing regulatory requirements, are described as background. An overview of the routing method is followed by a description of the guidelines and procedures for applying the routing criteria. The concept of risk is defined and each step in the route selection explained. A hypothetical case study illustrates the application of the routing procedures; the example includes personal and property risk calculations and illustrates the techniques for analyzing urban arterials and rural highways. Blank worksheets and forms for structuring and conducting the routing analyses are appended. KW - Arterial highways KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Routing KW - Rural highways KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185817 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373264 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Daggett, L R AU - Rolde, E J AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - DECRIMINALIZATION OF DRUNKENNESS. EFFECTS ON THE WORK OF SUBURBAN POLICE PY - 1980 VL - 41 IS - 9 SP - p. 819-828 AB - Effective 1 Jul 1973, the Massachusetts reform statute modeled after the Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxication Treatment Act, abolished the crime of public drunkenness and established detoxification centers throughout the state. Police, as a major source of referral to the center, were instructed to take any incapacitated intoxicated person to a center or home. As a last resort, the police could incarcerate a person for a period of protective custody not to exceed 12 hr. The present study investigated the extent to which police in ten Boston suburbs (five with detoxification centers) used jail cell detention for handling persons who formerly would have been arrested for public drunkenness. Decriminalization was found to have resulted in increased detentions, and the expected diversion of chronic public inebriates to treatment facilities has been minimally realized. This must be viewed in light of the fact that drunkenness per se was never the actual reason for an arrest. Public drunkenness laws have been used in a broadly discretionary way by police in their role as agents of social control to deal with troublesome situations. It became apparent to the suburban police that the detoxification centers were not useful to them in fulfilling this role. A protocol is recommended of temporary jail-cell custody followed by a later transfer to a detoxification center. This would reduce police travel and time. For removal of persons with drinking-related problems from jail cells to treatment centers, the centers need the legislated right to enforce longer-term treatment at other facilities. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Laws KW - Police KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189237 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373259 JO - Journal of Biomechanics PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - HU, A S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - HEAD IMPACT ROTATIONAL MEASUREMENTS AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE PY - 1980 VL - 13 SP - p. 615-622 AB - The importance of harmonic analysis in establishing the data channel frequency response and sampling rate requirements for biomechanical experiments is examined. The rate gyro performance in measuring head impact rotation is compared with high-speed film data. The frequency response requirements are presented for measurement data which are subjected to integration (combined Simpson's and Newton's rules) and differentiation (Lagrangian polynomial, truncated Fourier series, and Lanczos convergence factors) procedures. These procedures are low- and high-pass filtering processes which should be analyzed in the frequency domain. The Lagrangian polynomial is independent of the selection of the harmonics because it operates in the time domain. In general, it is superior to the other two differentiation methods if the sampling rate is high compared to the highest frequency component of the function. The selection of the total number of harmonics used in the other two methods must be higher than that used to reconstruct the function itself. The integration process involves a band width lower than that of the function itself, making the cutoff frequency unimportant. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Frequency response KW - Head KW - Measurement KW - Rotation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373280 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Lonn, C AU - Rabow, L AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - IS THE POSITION OF SEAT BELT ANCHORING POINT A FACTOR IN THE ETIOLOGY OF SPINAL INJURY? PY - 1980 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - p. 38-39 AB - A possible mechanism which can cause cervical spine injury is discussed: a seat belt anchoring point which is too high in relation to the passenger's body length. Two cases are described in which accident victims sustained injury in the head-neck-junction from seat belts. Experiments in Sweden showed that anchoring points in several car models cause the belt to lie more or less across the neck of drivers or passengers not much below average height; the risk is even more pronounced in the back seats, which are softer and where the geometry of the belt is often not ideal. Pending further studies, it is recommended that backseat belts not be made compulsory. The hazard of the belt sliding up on the neck can be prevented by a vertically adjustable anchoring point in the door pillar. KW - Anchoring KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Position fixing KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373275 AU - United States Congress TI - U.S. TRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICY: IMPORTS AND THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY. HEARING BEFORE THE JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 19, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 151 p. AB - Testimony and submissions for the record are presented from a hearing on the current status of the U.S. auto industry with respect to the growth of Japanese automobile imports. Jan 1980 imports amounted to 30% of all domestic sales. The president of the United Auto Workers (UAW) has called for limitations on imports and the adoption of local-content laws to induce major foreign suppliers of the American market to build manufacturing facilities within the U.S. Bills have already been introduced in Congress which would put these proposals into effect. Testimony and submissions were presented by the UAW president; Senator Birch Bayh (Indiana); and representatives of Volkswagen of America, Inc.; American Honda Motor Co., Inc.; Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.; and Nissan Motor Corp. of U.S.A. Submissions for the record were also made by Lee A. Iaccoca of Chrysler Corp., and Robert M. McElwaine of the Imported Automobile Dealers Assoc. KW - Automobile industry KW - Hearings KW - Imports KW - International trade KW - Laws KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373277 AU - DURAND, A AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - AN ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT LOCATION IN RELATION TO AREA OF RESIDENCE PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - In an investigation of accident locations in relation to victims' areas of residence, a total sample of 1849 auto injury victims sustaining an economic loss or receiving a payment as a result of auto crash injuries (Aug 1975-Aug 1977) was analyzed. Approximately half were injured within five miles of their homes, and almost 90% no more than 30 miles from their homes. Though the majority of injured persons were residents of areas similar to those in which their accidents occurred, there were substantial proportions of injured persons for whom this was not true: of those residing in central cities, 74.2% were injured in central city areas; 64.5% of suburban residents had been injured in suburban areas and 20.6% in central city areas; rural residents were most likely to be injured in rural areas and least in central city areas. KW - Crashes KW - Location UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373276 AU - Sandberg, U AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - EFFICIENCY OF SPRAY PROTECTORS--TESTS 1979 (HEAVY TRUCKS) PY - 1980 SP - 94 p. AB - Ten truck/spray protector combinations were evaluated, including standard Swedish and British protectors and two new protector designs. The experiments were conducted on an artificially watered test track (1 to 1.5 mm. water depth) at a speed of 80 kph. The spray-induced reduction in visibility (light transmission loss) was measured transversely and longitudinally (1 m. to the sides of the vehicle). Photographs and films were used for subjective evaluation as well as for detailed study of the generation process of spray (water thrown centrifugally from tire tread) and splash (water ejected from tire-road interface). At higher water depths, the spray protectors were less effective when placed closer to the vehicles because of an increased proportion of splash to spray, although the protectors were efficient at distances further out. The most efficient protector design provided a 25% to 30% improvement in spray reduction over a standard Swedish protector. Specifications for a good protector design are recommended. KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Specifications KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucks KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373278 AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - THE CHALLENGE OF MOTORCYCLING. A GUIDE FOR THE NEW STREET RIDER PY - 1980 SP - 65 p. AB - A detailed guide is offered for the new motorcycle rider who is unable to take a formal Motorcycle Rider Course. Recommendations are given about insurance, state requirements, and safety skills. Subjects covered include location and use of instruments and controls, pre-ride inspection and use of protective gear; practice riding; basic motorcycle skills; riding on the street; improving riding skills; including special braking skills and coping with difficult riding situations; problems with alcohol, drugs, or fatigue; proper loading; and diagnosis of malfunction. Each chapter is followed by a self test. KW - Driver education KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373262 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL BUS SAFETY INSPECTION PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - During 14-17 May 1980, the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety inspected 649 passenger carrying vehicles (buses). Of the 569 authorized carriers inspected, 21 were put out of service; the average number of defects per vehicle was 1.18. For the 34 exempt (intracity, or vehicles of gross weight not over 10,000 lb. on two axles) carriers, four were put out of service and there were an average 1.35 defects per vehicle. Of the 46 other carriers, out-of-service actions numbered four and average number of defects per vehicle, 2.52. There were 299 driver violations, 49% attributable to such offenses as failure to use seat belts, transportation of unauthorized passengers, and failure to comply with state and local driving laws. Hours-of-service violations were the next highest category (29%), followed by medical certificate violations (21%). KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373285 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. 1980 EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK PY - 1980 SP - 146 p. AB - A guidebook is presented for use by firefighters, police, and other emergency service personnel to indicate initial actions for protecting themselves and the public in handling hazardous materials incidents. Designed primarily for highway or railroad incidents, it can be applied with certain limitations to other transportation modes and to such facilities as terminals and warehouses. Numerical and alphabetical indexes of the hazardous materials are presented. For each material, one numbered response guide contains vital information in brief, practical form. Besides providing emergency action instructions, the guides identify health and fire or explosion hazards, outline steps to take in case of a fire, spill or leak, and describe appropriate first aid. Included is a table of isolation and evacuation distances for selected materials, as well as full-color representations of shipping placards and applicable guide numbers. Information is provided on the Chemical Transportation Emergency Center. KW - Emergencies KW - Evacuation KW - Explosions KW - Fires KW - First aid KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hazardous materials KW - Leakage KW - Spillage KW - Spills (Pollution) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373287 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIDESHARING: MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF THE '80S. THE REPORT OF THE NATIONAL TASK FORCE ON RIDESHARING PY - 1980 SP - 34 p. AB - In analyzing the commuter trip, the Task Force has focused on four specific areas: policy and planning, incentives and obstacles, marketing and promotion, and capital facilities that encourage ridesharing. In each of these areas, recommendations were formulated for Federal and state/local governments and employers to increase the participation in and effectiveness of ridesharing (carpooling, vanpooling, buspooling, shared-ride taxis and jitneys, and public transit). The Task Force emphasizes that ridesharing offers multiple benefits for individuals, private organizations, all levels of government, and society in general. Ridesharing, an essential element of a comprehensive transportation system that complements public transit services, is gaining acceptance by public and private sectors as an economical transportation and management strategy. An effective public/private partnership is essential to developing a successful ridesharing effort. Elimination of regulation, insurance, and fuel allocation obstacles is of major importance. The goal is to increase the number of ridesharing participants to 40% by 1985. KW - Incentives KW - Marketing KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Ridesharing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185820 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373265 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - SOBELL, L C AU - VanderSpek, R AU - Saltman, P AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - UTILITY OF PORTABLE BREATH ALCOHOL TESTERS FOR DRUNKEN DRIVING OFFENDERS PY - 1980 VL - 41 IS - 9 SP - p. 930-934 AB - The utility of incorporating instruction in the use of portable breath alcohol testers into DUI (driving under the influence) countermeasure programs was investigated n two Tennessee programs, an education-prevention program for first offenders and a treatment program for multiple DUI offenders. While there was no explicit penalty or incentive for using the testers during the program periods, 42 of the 94 first offenders and 50 of the 99 multiple offenders reported trying the testers. When 25 of the multiple offenders used the testers to make a decision about whether they were legally too drunk to drive, only one in ten who registered a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeding .10% drove after the test. Fourteen of the first offenders used the testers to determine whether they were legally too intoxicated to drive, and the three with a BAC of .10% or more chose not to drive. Most of the participants said they would use breath alcohol testers if they were readily available and would tell their friends about them. The utility of the testers seems to be based on their low cost and provision of immediate feedback. Although the testers are not legally valid breath alcohol testing devices, they are an easier and more reliable method of determining BAC's than are estimation formulas. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Portable equipment KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373286 AU - Gluck, J S AU - Military Traffic Management Command TI - MASTERING RIDESHARING PY - 1980 SP - 56 p. AB - The methodology is presented for designing, implementing, evaluating, and maintaining a ridesharing program. Guidelines and tools are suggested for identifying the need for ridesharing, and for designing and implementing the program. Data collection and analysis are described and ridesharing options (carpools, vanpools, and buspools) are discussed. Possibilities of local, state and Federal support are indicated. Implementation of the program involves identifying the potential market, creating incentives, matching employees, and maintaining and expanding the program. Appended are sample forms and letters, and lists of state and local ridesharing agencies, Federal Highway Administration division offices, and state departments of transportation. KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Implementation KW - Programs KW - Ridesharing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373282 AU - United States Congress TI - SURFACE TRANSPORTATION ACT OF 1980. HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION, MARCH 26, APRIL 16 AND 21, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 466 p. AB - Testimony, and submissions and additions to the record are presented from three hearings on surface transportation assistance legislation. The Surface Transportation Act of 1980 provides for highway construction, highway safety, and mass transportation appropriations. The Public Transportation Amendments of 1980 would amend the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 (discretionary grant program and formula program, other revisions). The National Ridesharing Act of 1980 would amend title 23 of the United States Code to allow the Secretary of Transportation to make grants and loans for carpooling and vanpooling programs and to establish a National Office of Ridesharing. Testimony was presented by the Department of Energy, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, the governor of New York, the Council of Governments, the Department of Transportation, a national conservation representative, state and local transportation officials, the American Road and Transportation Builders Highway Advisory Council, representatives of the National Governors' Association and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, a spokesman for the handicapped, representatives of the National Association of Counties and the National League of Cities, Representative Jerry Patterson (California), and Grumman Flexible Corporation (manufacturer of urban transit buses). KW - Appropriations KW - Hearings KW - Ridesharing KW - Surface transportation act 1980 KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373283 AU - Staats, E B AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY GRANT PROGRAM ACHIEVES LIMITED SUCCESS. REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1980 SP - 66 p. AB - The major funding effort by the Department of Transportation to reduce traffic accidents and related deaths, injuries, and property damage is assessed. Obstacles affecting Federal, state, and local governments' abilities to effectively reduce the problem are identified. These include weakened or repealed motorcycle helmet use laws in 27 states, lack of mandatory seatbelt use laws, unused grant funds, low degree of cost sharing, and objections to a single state highway safety coordinating agency. The General Accounting Office (GAO) concludes that Congressional direction is needed for the program, that few funded projects have been shown to have a lasting effect in reducing accidents, and that many measures believed to improve highway safety have not been implemented by the states. Comments on the draft report by safety representatives of eight states are considered. GAO recommendations to the Secretary of Transportation include establishing and enforcing criteria for state highway safety problem identification and data analysis; and developing a plan for safety evaluation and for disseminating evaluation results. GAO also recommends that the Congress determine the extent of the Federal government's future role in highway safety and provide appropriate funding. The Department of Transportation's summary comments, with GAO's evaluation, appear at the end of each chapter. The states' detailed comments and GAO's evaluation have also been published as a supplement (CED-81-16A) to this report. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372675 AU - Ljung, C AU - SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Sweden TI - ON SCALING IN HEAD INJURY RESEARCH PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Transient motions following impacts of short and long duration and steady-state response to a periodic motion are analyzed using an idealized skull-brain model. Calculations are made for three different skull sizes, approximating those of man, chimpanzee, and squirrel monkey. The model consists of a rigid, infinitely long cylindrical shell filled with viscoelastic material. The two model parameters are kinematic viscosity and shear modulus. It is shown that simple scaling laws valid for elastodynamic problems can provide fair accuracy in translating results from chimpanzee to man, and, with exercise of a certain degree of caution, from squirrel monkey to man. The scaling laws are more adaptable to experiments which directly simulate head impacts rather than to indirect experiments such as periodic excitations of the skull. KW - Animals KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372676 AU - BEIER, G AU - Schuller, E AU - Schuck, M AU - Ewing, C AU - Becker, E D AU - Thomas, D J AU - Munich University, West Gemany TI - CENTER OF GRAVITY AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF HUMAN HEADS PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Physical data are presented from measurements taken on the heads of 19 male and two female unembalmed cadavers. The coordinate reference system for all locations and directions of the data is that described by Thomas (1972), based on four anatomical landmarks located on the skin over the left and right infraorbital notches at the superior edge of the left and right external auditory meati. These four points are assumed conplanar (Frankfort Plane) with the origin at the midpoint of the left and right infraorbital notches. The X-Z plane is considered the mid-sagittal plane. The data show that the center of gravity is located almost exactly in the X-Z plane. The principal moments of inertia vary from 136 to 274 kgm. sq. cm. about the X' axis, from 167 to 298 kgm. sq. cm. about the Y' axis, and from 110 to 198 kgm. sq. cm. about the Z' axis. The radii of gyration (mean) for the X', Y', and Z' axes are 6.89 cm., 7.18 cm., and 5.85cm., respectively. The variation of head weights accounts for about two-thirds of the variations of the principal moments. KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Center of gravity KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373232 AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - Smith, Gary A AU - Transport Canada TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF A SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM ON SEAT BELT USAGE. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM, HUMAN SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 67 p. AB - The impact of a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (S.T.E.P.) on seat belt usage in the Ottawa area was studied, the program consisting of greater police surveillance, increased charging of violators, and mass media publicity. In Kingston (control city) no change was made in seat belt enforcement legislation. A stratified sample of drivers was interviewed concerning attitudes in surveys conducted in both cities before, during, one month after and six months after the program. During the program, both the actual number of charges and the perceived number of charges increased in Ottawa, while no changes in actual charges occurred in Kingston. Subjective probability of being charged for not wearing a seat belt increased in both cities during the program. Observed seat belt usage in Ottawa increased from 59% to 80%, but was unchanged from the baseline level of 54% in Kingston; self-reported usage increased in Ottawa but not in Kingston. One month and six months afterwards, observed and self-reported seat belt usage was still higher than the baseline level in Ottawa, but subjective probability had returned to baseline level. The data supported predictions that the effects of increased enforcement on traffic violations may be mediated by subjective probability of being charged. The unexpected increase in subjective probability in Kingston, despite lack of seat belt enforcement, may have been due to increased enforcement of other traffic offences, suggesting that selective traffic enforcement may have carry-over effects on other offences. A threshhold of subjective probability may have to be attained before compliance occurs. Unexpected attitude changes are discussed in terms of reactance. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Police KW - Publicity KW - Surveillance KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violators KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372661 AU - NIEDERER, P AU - Institute of Biomedical Engineering TI - MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE WITH THE AID OF A 2-DIMENSIONAL CAR OCCUPANT MODEL PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A mathematical model (PSOS, Program for the Simulation and Optimization of Safety Belts) is presented which simulates in two dimensions the motion of a restrained car occupant, by representing in lumped parameter form, the deformations experienced by the human body as a result of belt loading during a crash event. The human body model has ten degrees of freedom. To provide a detailed analysis of restraint system performance, independent simplified models of the body regions contacted by a safety belt and of the restraint system itself were combined with the body model. The model was validated by comparing the computer calculations with the results of a 50 kph barrier crash test with sled and dummy. In view of the pronounced deformation-rate dependence of human chest biomechanics, the presently used belt material with its structural damping behavior (i.e. strain-rate independent loading and unloading characteristics) does not seem to offer optimal protection. It is shown that improved performance within the framework of the mathematical model can be obtained with a restraint system which exhibits a strong viscous (i.e. strain-rate dependent) mechanical component. Such a system would have some capability of adapting its stiffness over a wide range of crash conditions and occupant characteristics. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Design KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Performance KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372672 AU - Lucchini, E AU - Weissner, R AU - Volkswagenwerk TI - DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE KINEMATICS AND LOADING OF IMPACTED ADULTS AND CHILDREN; RESULTS FROM DUMMY TESTS PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Vehicle-to-pedestrian 90 degree impact tests were conducted at 35 and 50 kph to demonstrate the response difference between a 50th percentile male dummy and a six-year-old-child dummy. No significant differences were found between head loadings. The chest and pelvis loadings were higher for the impacted child dummy, especially at 50 kph. The impact points of the head against the hood were markedly different for the adult and child dummies. The results clearly show the significant loading and kinematic differences for the two pedestrian groups under similar accident conditions, and underline the importance of implementing protective measures for both groups. KW - Biophysics KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Kinematics KW - Mechanical loads KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372679 AU - Sauter, AJM AU - Klopper, P J AU - Faassen, F van AU - Keeman, J N AU - Amsterdam University, Netherlands TI - FAT EMBOLISM AFTER STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOAD PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Rabbit femurs were fractured with different strain rates (static and dynamic) and the bone marrow pressure measured. Unlike previous research, bone marrow pressure was measured at the actual moment of fracturing. The results show that the amount of fat emboli is dependent on the strain rate, and that embolism occurs mainly at the moment of fracture, when elastic strain energy is released in the form of pulse waves. Another group of rabbit femurs were subjected to standardized pulse waves on the bone marrow. The number of fat emboli produced was proportional to the wave strength and number. KW - Animals KW - Biophysics KW - Bones KW - Crash injury research KW - Fat embolism KW - Fracture mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372692 AU - United States Senate TI - ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVER ACT. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE FOR CONSUMERS, JULY 1, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 97 p. AB - Testimony and additional articles, letters, and statements are presented from a hearing on a bill to deny Federal funds to any state without a comprehensive alcohol traffic safety program. Specifications for such a program would include a mandatory ten-day jail sentence or comparable term of community service for each conviction of drunken driving; mandatory participation in a safety or alcohol treatment program upon conviction; monitoring to ensure compliance with court sentences; and mandatory license suspension for up to one year on the first offense, and mandatory license revocation for at least a year for second and third convictions within a three-year period. The Alcohol-Impaired Driver Act would amend section 402 of title 23, United States Code, relating to highway safety programs. Testimony was given by the Automobile Club of Rhode Island; the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; the Kemper Group (insurance); the National Safety Council; the Alliance of American Insurers; Senator Claiborne Pell (Rhode Island), sponsor of the bill; and the Rhode Island Governor's highway safety representative. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol-impaired driver act KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fund allocations KW - Hearings KW - States KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373090 AU - Prosek, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SAE'S (SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS) ROLE IN ROPS (ROLLOVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE) CRITERIA AND CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The history of SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) involvement in developing ROPS (rollover protective structure) criteria for mobile construction and earthmoving equipment is reviewed. The task was given to Subcommittee 12, Vehicle Test Codes, of the Construction and Industrial Machinery Technical Committee in 1966. Comments are made on factors addressed by the subcommittee: degree of protection required; definition of protected zone; effect on operator environment (temperature), visibility, egress, and sound level; material quality control specifications; necessary adjuncts and companion documents; facilities and instrumentation required; verification of criteria (proof rolls); and force-deflection characteristics (limits). A list of SAE ROPS documents is appended. The ROPS criteria produced by SAE have been accepted by such bodies as the International Organization for Standardization, the European Economic Community, and the British Standards Institute Subcommittee 12 (now known as Machine Test Procedures, under the Off-Road Machinery Technical Committee) continues to refine and expand current ROPS recommended practices, publishing new information reports and documents. KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Development KW - History KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373091 AU - Sparrell, C F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AND OPERATOR TRAINING PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Detailed investigations were made of 11 fatal and 36 severe injury accidents involving off-highway vehicles. Lack of recognition by the operator of vehicle limitations and hazardous operating conditions was found to be a major contributing factor in each instance. The accident types and frequencies were as follows: man struck by equipment, 11; overturn/thrown from vehicle, 7; failure to secure machine, 6; falls in dismounting, 6; struck object/hole, 5; vehicle collision, 3; fall of an unauthorized rider, 2; failure to block blade, 2; and miscellaneous, 5. In 14 cases, the use of a seat belt could have prevented a fatality or reduced injury severity. In an earlier study, equipment operators gave the following reasons for not wearing seat belts: fear of being trapped in an overturn, discomfort in traveling over rough ground, and inability to turn and look backwards. Research is recommended on means to increase seat belt usage, as well as formal training of operators in hazard recognition and control. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver training KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Operator performance KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373093 AU - Ashford, N A AU - Hill, C T AU - Chisholm, R K AU - Frenkel, R AU - Heaton, G R AU - Priest, W C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY REGULATION PY - 1980 SP - 104 p. AB - A study concerning the benefits of regulation is presented, based on information compiled on the achievements of health, safety, and environmental regulations. It is concluded that "substantial" benefits have been realized from Federal regulation in the areas of health, safety, and the environment, including direct economic gains, improvements in public health and in the standard of living, and enhanced environmental quality. The reported benefits of regulations in seven major regulatory areas (air pollution control; automotive safety; consumer product safety; food, drugs, and cosmetics; food safety and quality; occupational safety and health; and water pollution control) are summarized, an assessment is made of the state-of-the-art of benefits estimation, and recommendations are provided. It is also concluded that a strict cost/benefit approach in Federal regulation is inadvisable, due to inadequate empirical data on many health and ecological effects, and the presence of philosophical and ethical issues which do not lend themselves to economic quantification. KW - Air quality management KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Environmental control KW - Public health KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372669 AU - Hontschik, H AU - Ruter, G AU - Battelle-Institut EV, West Germany TI - INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE EFFICACY OF THREE-POINT SEAT-BELTS IN OBLIQUE IMPACT EXPERIMENTS PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - In a series of dummy sled tests conducted to investigate the effectiveness of three-point seat belts in plus/minus 30 degree lateral impacts (which account for 20% of accidents) at 35 and 50 kph, it was determined that with the usual belt system and the usual anchorage positions the risk of injury in oblique impacts is sometimes higher than in head-on collisions. Supplementing the restraint systems with shoulder and pelvis supports and a pre-load device resulted in a significant improvement in the seat belt effectiveness in oblique impacts without compromising the protective effect for head-on collisions. It was concluded that the introduction of the pre-load device, which is also highly effective in head-on collisions, should be promoted (particularly in view of the limited space available in smaller vehicles) and that design improvements should be implemented that guarantee the effectiveness of the seat/belt combination for oblique impacts as well as head-on collisions. Although a tendency for front passengers to collide with one another at impact angles of plus/minus 30 degrees was not observed, it is recommended that corresponding tests be performed at 60 and 90 degrees since "interaction risks" for the passengers are more likely at these angles. KW - Biophysics KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Effectiveness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372671 AU - Walfisch, G AU - Fayon, A AU - Tarriere, C AU - Rosey, J P AU - Guillon, F AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - Peugeot-Renault AU - Inst de Recherches & de Biomecaniques & Accidental AU - Institut voor Wegtransportmiddelen, TNO AU - UER Biomedicale des Saints-Peres TI - DESIGNING OF A DUMMY'S ABDOMEN FOR DETECTING INJURIES IN SIDE IMPACT COLLISIONS PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - An analysis of injury data on nearside occupants in side impact accidents found that the liver and spleen were the most frequently and seriously injured abdominal areas. Free-fall tests were conducted with cadavers to obtain data on the tolerance and dynamic response of the human abdomen. Using the test data for the right side of the abdomen, a lateral impact dummy abdomen was designed and constructed from urethane foam, based on the Pt. 572 abdominal insert, the APR (Assoc. Peugeot/Renault) thorax, and the Pt. 572 pelvis and spine. Two conditions for severe injury occurrence were established: a force greater than 450 daN, and "penetration" greater than 3.9 cm. for the Pt. 572 dummy. A simple on/off switching system is incorporated in the abdomen to indicate the presence or absence of severe abdominal injuries in lateral impact collisions. KW - Abdomen KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372678 AU - Schmid, W AU - Daimler-Benz AG TI - PLANNING OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND ANALYSING OF THE MEASURED DATA PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - In the study of biomechanics, six steps required in the conduct of experimental investigations are described: project definition, planning of the experiment, measurements, calculations, interpretation of the results, and reporting. Particular attention is given to the statistical analysis of experimental results. The use of correlation and regression analyses to study the relationship of one variable to another is mentioned. For the case of several independent variables, four multivariate models are described: linear, product, model with adapted exponents, and hyperbola-parabola. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Data analysis KW - Experiments KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Planning KW - Statistical analysis KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372680 AU - Viano, D C AU - General Motors Corporation TI - FEMORAL IMPACT RESPONSE AND FRACTURE PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Lower extremity injury is the most frequent fracture lesion of AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) 3 in the National Crash Severity Study data base, although femoral fracture accounts for only 14% of AIS 2 or greater injuries in the University of Michigan-Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association accident data file. The higher than static load-carrying ability of the femur for short duration impact can be explained by a complex structural response which significantly attenuates local strain during dynamic loading. There is also a significant inertial acceleration component of the contact force which merely displaces the femur. The available information points to a static tolerance of about 8.9 kN for femoral fracture, which increases for impact durations below 20 msec. In a series of axial knee impacts of a denuded cadaver femur, femoral midshaft and condylar fractures occurred primarily at a site of tensile strain even though the femur was subjected to compressive load at the knee joint. During compression the femoral shaft bends to produce tensile strain on the anterior surface of the midshaft. The patella wedges the condyles laterally and posteriorly. Comparative tests have indicated that the measured dummy femoral load averages 1.5 with a range of 1.2 to 1.9 times the contact load developed in cadaver tests. KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Knee KW - Leg UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373087 AU - Presson, E W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROGRESS UPDATE--ELECTRICALLY HEATED WINDSHIELDS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Aircon Electrically Heated Acrylic is designed to provide anti-ice capability for aircraft windshields. Marketed since 1977, this product offers a positive alternative to gold film technology and is adaptable to low voltage general aviation requirements and to high voltage commercial and military aircraft. The Aircon system can be used with existing aircraft as either an add-on device or a full-size acrylic windshield. Advantages over film heating systems include compatibility with low voltage power sources; excellent power uniformity, provision for positive precipitative static electricity drain; high light transmission properties; low reflectance properties for night flying; and excellent reliability. KW - Acrylic resins KW - Electric heating KW - Ice prevention KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373089 AU - Kovac, J G AU - Bartholomae, R C AU - Bockosh, G R AU - Madden, R AU - Rubin, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BULLDOZER NOISE CONTROL PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Two Caterpillar D9G bulldozers were selected to demonstrate the feasibility of retrofit noise control treatments in coal surface mining operations. One dozer had ROPS (rollover protective structure) and no cab; the other was equipped with a standard cab. The treatments involve blocking the path of main noise sources (engine and fan) to the operator, sealing all openings near the floor pedals and operator's seat to reduce secondary source noise (transmission and final drive), and installation of sound absorption in the operator's area, primarily on the underside of the canopy. Before noise control treatment, the high idle noise level at the operator's position for the ROPS dozer was 105.5 dBA and for the cab dozer with the doors closed, 100 dBA. After installation, the ROPS dozer noise level was reduced to 93 to 94 dBA during normal operation. This indicates that the dozer will be in compliance with the Federal regulation, without requiring operator hearing protection, for four and one-half to five and one-fourth hours/day. The noise level of the cab dozer was reduced to 90 dBA, allowing it to be used for full shift operation in compliance with Federal permissible noise exposure. After 7500 hours in service, the noise control treatments have required only routine maintenance and are still effective. KW - Bulldozers KW - Compliance KW - Construction equipment KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise control KW - Regulations KW - Retrofitting KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372665 AU - KRAMER, F AU - Appel, H AU - RICHTER, B AU - Oberdiech, W AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - Schmeling, W AU - Technical University of Berlin, West Germany AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - HUK-Verband TI - EVALUATION OF PROTECTION CRITERIA BY COMBINING RESULTS OF COMPUTER AND EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION WITH RESULTS OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - A method which shows a direct relationship to real accident phenomena is described for use in validating biomechanical limit values used as passenger protection criteria. By this method, correlations between dummy load values and injury severity in real accidents are determined for passengers wearing safety belts in frontal and lateral collisions on the basis of Equivalent Accident Characteristics (EAC). The EAC describes the accident severity and combines loading and injury values from experimental tests, simulations, and statistical evaluation of documented accidents. Simulations were carried out with the ICMF/S mathematical model (translated as Occupant Crash Mechanical Calculating Program for Frontal/Side Collisions). The relationship between mechanical load and injury severity thus obtained enables the relevant dummy protection criteria to be determined simply, while taking into account predetermined injury criteria (such as Abbreviated Injury Scale values). KW - Biophysics KW - Crash severity KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical loads KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372667 AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - Maltha, J AU - Research Institute for Road Vehicles, TNO, Nethlds TI - MADYMO USED FOR COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF A DYNAMIC CHILD RESTRAINT SEAT PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A child restraint system based on a new concept was computer designed and optimized. The system is based on a moving impact shield, which is horizontal during normal use to provide good forward visibility, but during a frontal collision the shield pivots upward to restrict the forward motion of the child's head and thorax. After the design of the actuating mechanism of the dynamic shield was sufficiently developed, the performance of the restraint system was adapted to the TNO-P3, three-year-old child dummy. The optimization of the design was carried out by varying the geometry, padding, and inertial properties, using the MADYMO crash victim simulation program. Sled tests were performed to validate and refine the design of the system. KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Computer aided design KW - Crash injury research KW - Design KW - Frontal crashes KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372682 AU - ROY, A P AU - Mackay, G M AU - GLOYNS, P F AU - Birmingham University, England TI - SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE MODELLING OF CHILDREN IN CAR COLLISIONS BASED ON FIELD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 19 p. AB - Some of the risks and causes of injury to children associated with being unrestrained in car collisions are outlined, based on a British sample of high energy crashes. Data are presented from a questionnaire survey of a separate sample of 663 children who were wearing some type of restraint system in collisions. For unrestrained children, the results show that head injuries are very important, and that partial ejection is a frequent mechanism of injury. For restrained children, head injuries are the most common type of injury, with intrusion and lateral loading as dominant causal factors. There is no evidence of severe neck injuries for restrained children nor any suggestion that deceleration forces without specific contacts are generating major injuries. Intrusion, seat movement, and seat damage are the main factors which prejudice the safe ride-down envelope. Some consequences of these data are reviewed in relation to the problems of the dynamic modeling of young car occupants. KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Ejection KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372684 AU - Jones, I S AU - Jennings, P W AU - University of Oxford TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE CRASH (CALSPAN RECONSTRUCTION OF ACCIDENT SPEEDS ON THE HIGHWAY) 2 PROGRAM FOR USE UNDER EUROPEAN CONDITIONS PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - Of 200 British accidents investigated on the scene, 62% could be reconstructed with damage-only runs of the CRASH (Calspan Reconstruction of Accident Speeds on the Highway) program; 10.5% had insufficient data; 20% were sideswipe or loss of control/rollover accidents and could not be simulated. For 200 accidents studied retrospectively, 52% could be reconstructed, 8.5% had insufficient data, and 33.5% were not applicable. Comparison with National Crash Severity Study data, which are representative of U.S. conditions, showed a similar success rate (about 50%) for CRASH reconstructions in follow-up investigations. A total of 38 car impact tests were used to obtain more accurate frontal crush stiffness coefficients for the minicar and subcompact categories, and four tests were made to explore the accuracy of the compact group. Difficulties in obtaining a realistic velocity change threshold for the onset of crush deformation necessitated weighting the optimization techniques, leading to a more realistic threshold but a slightly reduced closeness of fit to the individual data points. The trajectory analysis of CRASH was modified to accommodate yaw angles on impact, giving increased algorithm accuracy and utility. KW - Biophysics KW - Compact automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Frontal crashes KW - Simulation KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372694 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES, PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. CLAIM FREQUENCY RESULTS BY SIZE OF CLAIM FOR 1977, 1978, AND 1979 MODELS (PASSENGER CARS) PY - 1980 SP - 33 p. AB - The frequency of claims for injuries to occupants of 1977, 1978, and 1979 model year passenger cars are reported through Dec 1979. Claim frequency results are shown separately for all medical claims, for those exceeding $250, $500, and $100, and for vehicle series, car size group, and body style subgroup. The data were supplied by nine insurers: Aetna Life and Casualty, Allstate, GEICO, Kemper, Nationwide, Prudential, State Farm, Travelers, and USAA. There were 24 vehicle series among the 1977 through 1979 models with at least one claim frequency 30% or more below the average for all cars. Among them were 18 intermediate models, most of which were station wagons or four-door models. There were 22 series with at least one claim frequency 30% or more above the average, all but two of which were subcompacts, primarily regular two-door models. The Oldsmobile Toronado had the lowest overall claim frequency (43% below average) and also the lowest over-$250 frequency (47% below). The Chevrolet Caprice Station Wagon had the lowest over-$500 frequency (37% below). The Datsun 200 SX had the highest overall claim frequency (71% above) and over-$500 frequency (56% above). The Plymouth Arrow (Mitsubishi) had the highest over-$250 frequency (80% above). Claim frequencies declined with increasing car size for subcompacts, compacts, and intermediates, but also varied greatly among cars in the same car size and body style groups. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Personal injury UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185539 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373095 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Madeley, P J AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - DRIVER METAMORPHOSIS PY - 1980 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 26-28 AB - The psychology of driver behavior is discussed, notably the transformation of a well-balanced person into a discourteous maniac when driving a car. Several theories for this change are suggested: that motorists have dual personalities; that the suppressed self is liberated through the medium of the car; that automobiles provide drivers with a cloak of anonymity; that driving provides an outlet for a state of mind, conflict, feeling, or attitude; and that the vehicle becomes a symbol of status and power. The author believes that reckless drivers are a distinct group of inconsiderate drivers rather than responsible persons who commit an occasional driving indiscretion. He recommends that society eliminate driver metamorphosis by failing to condone and protect irresponsible drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Reckless drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189166 ER - TY - SER AN - 00373097 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS SAFETY SN - 0309030633 PY - 1980 IS - 753 SP - 38p. AB - Five papers are compiled on the following topics related to traffic safety: identification of high-hazard road sections in Baltimore County (Maryland), comparison of Michigan accident data for trucks and other vehicles, truck drivers' perceptions of mountain driving problems, development of a master file of essential highway safety planning and evaluation data, and day vs. night traffic accidents (Kentucky). KW - Crash analysis KW - Data banks KW - Days KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Mountains KW - Night KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373086 AU - Fallow, J AU - Little, F AU - Center for Auto Safety TI - GUIDE TO SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON AUTO DEFECTS. REVISED EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 28 p. AB - A handbook of information sources related to motor vehicle defects classifies the material under three categories: background information, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and general. Background materials include an encyclopedic work entitled "Automobile Design Liability" (1970 and supplements) and a 1965 article by Ralph Nader entitled "Automobile Design Hazards." Nine NHTSA sources include recall campaigns, consumer complaint letters, defect investigations, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, compliance tests, multidisciplinary accident investigations, manufacturers' service bulletins and service manuals, Fatal Accident Reporting System, and accident data bank. General sources comprise attorneys and expert witnesses in the Center for Auto Safety files, the National Technical Information Service, the American Trial Lawyers Association independent automotive research centers, the Society of Automotive Engineers, periodicals, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Congress, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Highway Loss Data Institute, automobile manufacturers, the Federal Trade Commission, industry public relations groups, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Appended are names and addresses of source organizations, a NHTSA organizational chart, and sample pages from informational materials. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Data banks KW - Defects KW - Handbooks KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Liability KW - Recall campaigns KW - Sources KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373088 AU - Johnson, G A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVED VISIBILITY SYSTEM FOR LARGE HAULAGE TRUCKS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - To improve the field of view of drivers of large trucks used in surface mining, a prototype system has been developed that consists of improved right- and left-hand mirrors, fresnel lens "blind area viewers," and rugged closed circuit television (CCTV) hardware for direct rear viewing. After an initial in-mine, on-vehicle test of the system at Kaiser Steel's Eagle Mountain mine (Calif.), second generation prototype hardware is undergoing long-term testing at the Erie mine, Hoyt Lakes, Minn. The improved visibility system expands the driver's field of view from about 35% of where he can steer to about 80%. Cost estimates (installed) are: mirrors, $100 to $400; fresnel lens viewers, $500; and CCTV, $5000. KW - Blindspots KW - Closed circuit television KW - Costs KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Fresnel lens KW - Rear view KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372666 AU - LAANANEN, D H AU - Simula Incorporated TI - HUMAN BODY SIMULATIONS FOR ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT CRASH SURVIVABILITY PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - After a review of specific requirements for mathematical and mechanical models in the evaluation of aircraft seating and restraint systems, a three-dimensional mathematical simulation of the human body is presented which was developed for this purpose. Program efficiency and ease of user input have been given considerable weight in development. Although further validation, based on testing of more complex seats and crash environments, is needed to establish the effective limits of the simulation, the procedure has the advantage of being independent of test data and requiring only information that is readily available to the designer. Satisfactory agreement of model predictions with test data has been demonstrated, and the model is considered to be a potentially valuable engineering tool for crashworthy design of aircraft. It is noted that three major design considerations for crashworthiness are shared by aircraft and motor vehicles: the need to maintain sufficient living space during impact; sufficient occupant restraint to prevent ejection and impact with the vehicle interior; and attenuation of forces on the occupant to a tolerable level. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft design KW - Biophysics KW - Crashworthiness KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372668 AU - Cotte, J P AU - Laurent, M AU - Berthommier, M AU - National Council for Road Safety AU - Automobiles Citroen TI - IMPROVEMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO STUDY PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - The introduction of ONSER 50 dummy characteristics into the MVMA III D (Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association 3-D) impact simulation model is described. Measurements were made according to the model's Sierra 292/050 dummy (car occupant) structural shape (15 segments, 14 joints). The ONSER dummy segments were defined by weight, center of gravity, joint location, and moment of inertia. Dummy joints were defined by center of rotation, mean location, extreme points, and flexural and torsional spring and viscous characteristics. For frontal and lateral pedestrian impacts at 20 and 25 kph, calculated results using the modified MVMA IIID program are compared with results from vehicle-to-ONSER dummy tests. The model showed an earlier head impact against the vehicle, an impact point nearer the vehicle front, and a slightly lower impact speed. Calculated dummy kinematics agree quite well with test results for the frontal impact. In side impacts, the dummy movement depends essentially on the initial position of the legs, and the head impact is strongly influenced by the arm movement and support on the hood. Further studies will be made at higher impact speeds, and model refinements made where possible to enhance car-to-pedestrian impact simulation. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Frontal crashes KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372681 AU - Cesari, D AU - Ramet, M AU - Cavallero, C AU - Billault, P AU - Gambarelli, J AU - Guerinel, G AU - Farisse, J AU - Seriat-Gautier, B AU - Bourret, P AU - National Council for Road Safety AU - Automobiles Citroen AU - Marseille Medical University AU - Centre d'Etudes de Traumatologie Routiere TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN KINEMATICS AND INJURIES PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - A series of car-to-pedestrian impact tests was conducted, 16 with an ONSER 50th percentile dummy and 31 with unembalmed cadavers. Impact speeds ranged from 10 to 40 kph, and the pedestrian was hit either frontally or laterally. Car models were employed with fronts identical to Citroen Visa and GSA models; a modified Visa model was also used. The cadaver results indicate a risk of severe injuries at impact speeds as low as 20 to 25 kph for both pedestrian orientations. The head impact speed increased with car impact speed and was higher for frontal than for lateral impact. The area of head impact was influenced by the cadaver height. The modified Visa front, which simultaneously contacts the thigh and the lower leg, seems to alter the head impact area but not the injuries. KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Kinematics KW - Pedestrians KW - Severity KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372683 AU - Krantz, P AU - Lowenhielm, P AU - Lund University of Technology, Sweden TI - INJURY RESPONSE IN BELTED AND UNBELTED CAR OCCUPANTS RELATED TO THE CAR CRASH ENERGY IN 458 ACCIDENTS. A STUDY OF ALL FATAL AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS IN SWEDEN 1975 PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - For 458 fatal automobile accidents reported in Sweden during 1975, data were analyzed from police reports, autopsy records, case sheets, photographs of the accident scene and the damaged vehicles, and periodic reports of the Swedish Road Traffic Safety Authority. Results are presented for belted and unbelted drivers and front seat passengers. Since 1975, Sweden has had a mandatory seat belt use law for front seat occupants. The analysis indicates that fatalities occur in spite of, not because of, seat belt use which reduces the likelihood of severe injuries for most individuals and crash circumstances. One of the most important effects of seat belt use is to prevent ejection which is almost always associated with fatal injuries. Steering columns and dashboards still pose a serious risk; skull and brain injuries are not substantially reduced with seat belt use by front seat occupants. Seat belts reduce severe and moderate injuries to a greater extent than they save lives. Injury severity is strongly dependent on occupant age. It is doubtful whether improved emergency medical care can significantly reduce fatalities. KW - Age KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Severity KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372693 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES, PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. CLAIM FREQUENCY RESULTS BY SIZE OF CLAIM FOR 1977, 1978, AND 1979 VANS, PICKUP TRUCKS AND UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 28 p. AB - The frequencies of insurance claims are reported for injuries to occupants of 1977, 1978, and 1979 model year vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles through Dec 1979. Claim frequency results are shown separately for all medical claims, for those exceeding $250, $500, and $1000, and for vehicle series and types. The data were supplied by nine insurers: Aetna Life and Casualty, Allstate, GEICO, Kemper, Nationwide, Prudential, State Farm, Travelers, and USAA. In all claim size categories, pickups had the lowest claim frequencies and, with the single exception of claims greater than $500 (equal for vans and utility vehicles), utility vehicles had the highest frequencies. Among the vans, the Volkswagen Kombi/Campmobile had the highest overall claim frequency (24% above the average for all vehicles) and the highest frequency of claims over $250 (35% above average). The Chevrolet G20 Sportvan had the fewest claims, 18% below average for all claims and 28% below for over-$250 claims. Among the pickups, the Toyota Standard Bed had the worst record; its overall frequency was 46% above average and its over-$250 frequency, 40%. The trucks with the best claim record were the Dodge D200/W200 (overall frequency 32% below average) and the GMC C2500/K2500 (30% and 42% below average, respectively, for overall and over-$250 claims). Among the utility vehicles, the Chevrolet C10/K10 Suburban had the best record (32%, 46%, and 51% below average for overall, over-$250, and over-$500 claims). The Jeep/AMC CJ-5 had by far the worst record; its overall frequency was 130% above average and its over-$250 claim rate 179% (the highest injury frequency result in this claim size ever reported). KW - Automobile insurance KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Personal injury KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372662 AU - Mechling, F AU - Automobiles Citroen TI - MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE AUTOMOBILE OCCUPANT: INTRODUCTION OF THE OCCUPANT ENVIRONMENT PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - A two-dimensional model of an automobile occupant with 11 degrees of freedom is described which is designed to overcome the data acquisition problem in simulating occupant behavior in a frontal impact. The model is based on an anthropomorphic dummy with nine rigid segments and three nonlinear resistant torques in each joint. The model includes a three-point safety belt. Careful measurements were made of dummy dimensions, centers of gravity, masses, inertias, stiffnesses, dampings, and joint friction. Seat and Safety belt stiffnesses were also measured. The data obtained were sufficient for the relatively simple mathematical model. KW - Biophysics KW - Frontal crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372664 AU - Mechling, F AU - Tisseron, C AU - DeJeammes, M AU - Martin, F AU - Automobiles Citroen AU - National Council for Road Safety TI - MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE AUTOMOBILE OCCUPANT: USE AND LIMITATION OF THE MODEL PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The use of a two-dimensional mathematical model with 11 degrees of freedom in designing a restraint system for a particular vehicle is described. The influence of seat stiffness and belt anchorage points were studied on safety belt forces; resultant accelerations of head, pelvis, and torso; and horizontal displacements of head, pelvis, and knee. It was concluded that the results support qualitative analysis, but are sufficient for quantitative analysis only in the preliminary design stage. Mathematical modeling was found to be advantageous in permitting analysis of one variable at a time and in quickly indicating trends to guide experimental research. KW - Anchorages KW - Biophysics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372691 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION ACT. JOINT HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PROTECTION AND FINANCE, AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS, JUNE 2, 10, AND 12, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 542 p. AB - Testimony and additional material are presented from three hearings (New York City, 2 Jun 1980, and Washington, D.C., 10 and 12 Jun 1980) on a bill to improve the physical security features of the motor vehicle and its parts, to increase criminal penalties for persons trafficking in stolen vehicles/parts, to curtail the exportation of stolen motor vehicles, and to stem the growing problem of chop shops. The Motor Vehicle Theft Protection Act would enable U.S. Customs Service personnel to thoroughly inspect the documentation of cars being exported. It is estimated that the bill, which would require a vehicle inspection number to be stamped on each major automotive part, would reduce the $4 billion annual auto theft problem by one-half. Testimony was given by the U.S. and Canadian Departments of Justice; the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators; state and local law enforcement personnel; a representative of the New York/New Jersey Anti-Car Theft Com.; the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; an individual formerly involved in the theft and resale of automobiles; the National Automobile Theft Bureau; the Coalition to Halt Automotive Theft; insurance representatives; the Automotive Dismantlers and Recyclers of America; and General Motors and Ford safety engineering staff. KW - Exports KW - Hearings KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Penalties KW - Prevention KW - Testimony KW - Theft KW - Vehicle identification numbers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373112 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT AND INVENTORY BULLETIN. NO. 2, CALENDAR YEAR 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 134 p. AB - U.S. rail-highway crossing accident/incident statistics for 1979, compiled from the Federal Highway Administration's rail-highway accident/incident and railroad casualty files, are tabularly and graphically displayed in the following sections: national, state, and railroad; highway user and vehicle; train and track; warning device; time, day, and weather; and motorist action. Information from the accident/incident file is combined with data in the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory to develop statistical relationships between certain grade crossing characteristics and accident frequencies. Physical (location, track, highway system, warning device) and operational (train traffic and speed, highway traffic) statistics are compiled for all public at-grade rail-highway crossings as described by the National Inventory in Jun 1980. Appended are definitions, reporting forms, miscellaneous data, and private crossing accident/incident data. In a 1979 total of 12,509 crossing accidents/incidents (all but 500 involving motor vehicles), 883 people were killed and 4378 were injured. KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Incidents KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373101 AU - SHEPPARD, D AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - LEARNERS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE DRIVING TEST REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The prevalence of candidates' knowledge of the requirements and procedures for the official L-driver (learner's driver) test was examined. Three groups of people were given 26-question multiple-choice tests. For 15-year-olds who had not read a relevant text, the average level of correct response was 46%; for 15-year-olds who had read the official booklet, "Your Driving Test and How to Pass," the average correct response was 67%; among army driving school pupils who had read this booklet, 84% gave correct answers. By chance, 33% would have selected correct answers. A group of driving school pupils who were about to take their driving tests had a result similar to that of the army pupils. It was concluded that pupils expecting to take a test are well informed about driving test requirements, but may have occasional inaccurate ideas which driving instructors should correct. KW - Driving tests KW - Knowledge KW - Learning KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372659 AU - Maltha, J AU - Wismans, J AU - Research Institute for Road Vehicles, TNO, Nethlds AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - MADYMO-CRASH VICTIM SIMULATIONS, A COMPUTERISED RESEARCH AND DESIGN TOOL PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - MADYMO is a compact, general-purpose computer program package for two- or three-dimensional crash victim simulation (CVS). The program predicts the kinematic and dynamic behavior of the victim during the crash, based on data on the victim, environment, safety devices, and crash conditions. The package differs from most of the existing CVS programs by its flexibility in choice of number of linkages and number of elements in each linkage. Great flexibility in the modeling of force interactions between elements and environment is assured by the fact that user-defined submodels can readily be incorporated. Standard force interaction models for automotive crash research include submodels for joint torque and for acceleration, contact, and belt forces. The program is used in basic biomechanical crash research as well as the development and optimization of crash safety devices such as seat belts and child seats. The theoretical basis and the use of MADYMO are briefly discussed with some examples of applications. KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372660 AU - Wismans, J AU - Cesari, D AU - Maltha, J AU - Ramet, M AU - Research Institute for Road Vehicles, TNO, Nethlds AU - National Council for Road Safety TI - EVALUATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS OF A REAL FRONTAL COLLISION WITH A MATHEMATICAL MODEL PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - In a study to investigate the usefulness of the MADYMO crash victim simulation (CVS) program in reconstructing real accidents, a comparison of dummy test results and dummy model results showed a reasonably good agreement, except in the femur load. This observed difference was probably caused by contact of the knee or lower leg with a rigid part of the car interior. A mathematical cadaver simulation was made with a preprocessor ANTROP program which generates the human body's dimensions and mass distribution from input of total body height and mass. Differences between predictions made by the cadaver model and experimental cadaver results were believed to be also due to the nature of the knee contact. A mathematical simulation was then made of a real accident. The good agreement between model predictions and actual responses suggests that the CVS can be considered reliable for qualitative simulation of victim responses in real head-on collisions. Further improvement of the model would give a more realistic description of interaction (slip) between shoulder belt and thorax. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Forecasting KW - Frontal crashes KW - Mathematical models KW - Reliability KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372673 AU - ALDMAN, B AU - THORNGREN, L AU - BUNKETORP, O AU - Romanus, B AU - Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden AU - Gothenburg University, Sweden TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF LOWER LEG AND KNEE INJURIES IN CAR-PEDESTRIAN IMPACTS PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The mean bumper force at the impact point and the ligament force in the knee joint were examined, with calculations based on a compound pendulum model. Results indicate the possibility of minimizing these forces by varying the impact level. A mechanical model of the leg is described, and results of its use in tests simulating leg-bumper impacts are presented. The impact velocity, bumper level, and bumper padding were varied, and the impact sequence was documented by high-speed cinematography. The maximum knee deflection angle and the angular velocity of the leg after impact were derived. Based on the test data, the significance of bumper level and type for lower leg and knee injuries in car-pedestrian accidents is discussed. This study has shown that the bumper force has a maximum when the impact occurs near the lower leg center of gravity and a minimum near the knee level. The knee reaction forces have a minimum near the lower leg center of gravity. The knee ligament forces are highest for knee level impact. A deformable bumper structure can reduce the bumper force but not all knee reaction forces. The physical model can probably be developed into an instrument for rating bumper aggressiveness. The mathematical model used in the analysis is appended. KW - Aggression KW - Biophysics KW - Bumpers KW - Crash injury research KW - Knee KW - Leg KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372674 AU - Sturtz, G AU - Technical University of Berlin TI - CORRELATION OF DUMMY-LOADINGS WITH REAL INJURIES OF CHILDREN BY REPETITION TESTS PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Based on in-depth analyses of 200 child pedestrian accidents, ten cases were selected for simulation in dummy impact tests. Cases were also selected from 93 accidents to restrained child passengers for repetition with a hydropneumatic catapult. The selection criterion was skull brain trauma incidence, the head being the most traumatized body region among child traffic accident casualties. A six-year-old-child dummy was utilized, and the impact tests for each case were repeated to determine reproducibility. The dummy load values were correlated with the injury data by body region (head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities). Biomechanical critical load values and protection criteria were derived. KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373092 AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Nagakura, K AU - Kawai, T AU - KAMIMOTO, T AU - Aoyagi, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY TO A MOTORED DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - Some problems associated with applying Laser Doppler Anemometry to the measurement of air motion in an engine's cylinder were studied, and the forward and the back scattering technique in a motored diesel engine were compared. The effects of the doppler broadening caused by the velocity gradient and the diameters of the scattering particles are discussed. The decaying process and the structure of the in-cylinder flow field were studied by measuring the main flow velocity, the turbulence intensity, macro scales, and normalized power spectrum. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Diesel engines KW - Flow KW - Laser doppler anemometers KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372663 AU - Lestrelin, D AU - Fayon, A AU - Tarriere, C AU - Peugeot-Renault TI - DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL SIMULATING A TRAFFIC ACCIDENT VICTIM PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Following a review of applications of mathematical models to crash victim simulation and of model validation, results are presented from two studies using the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (Peugeot-Renault Association modification) model for pedestrian simulation and one for simulation of an automobile passenger restrained by a shoulder belt and knee bar. Appended are detailed descriptions of the studies: influence of bumper position on the kinematics of a struck pedestrian's head; kinetic energy distribution in a passenger restrained by a belt and knee bar in a head-on collision; and comparison of various methods of reconstructing real pedestrian accidents with a 50th percentile dummy to simulate a smaller and/or lighter victim. KW - Biophysics KW - Bumpers KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Frontal crashes KW - Kinematics KW - Knee bars KW - Knee restraints KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372670 AU - Farber, E AU - PULLWITT, E AU - Federal Institute of Road Research, Germany TI - INTERACTION OF CAR PASSENGERS IN FRONTAL, SIDE AND REAR COLLISIONS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Compact/subcompact cars with dummy occupants were impacted in the front, side, and rear by a rigid moving barrier at 30 and 60 kph in order to investigate the interaction of car occupants. In the frontal impacts, an unbelted rear occupant moved forward, impacting the front seat back with its knees and hitting a belted front occupant, with loading via the legs and thorax. In the lateral impacts, a dummy seated on the impact side was thrown to the middle of the passenger compartment, striking a dummy in the opposite seat. The primary pulse had high peak accelerations with short durations. The subsequent occupant-occupant contact generated dummy loads evenly distributed throughout the body areas, but nearly doubled the total pulse duration. In the rear impacts, the main interaction was between the thorax of the front passenger and the femur forces of the rear passenger. The front occupant's mass forces bent the seat back until it hit the knees of the rear occupant. It was concluded that the requirements of ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) 17 and 25 for car seats and head rests are too low. KW - Biophysics KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Frontal crashes KW - Headrests KW - Rear end crashes KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372677 AU - Kallieris, D AU - Schmidt, G AU - Hausler, E AU - Heidelberg University, West Germany AU - Saarlandes University, West Germany TI - BRAIN INJURIES UNDER HIGH SPEED LOADINGS--A STUDY WITH MODELS AND CADAVER HEADS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Impacts with plastic (polyvinyl chloride) or steel cylinders from a pneumatically operated gun were made on two- and three-dimensional skull models and cadaver skulls at impact velocities between 14 and 30 m./sec. and a pulse duration of 50 microsec. The model was made of material with mechanical properties similar to skull bone, and the three-dimensional models were filled with water or oil. The two-dimensional models were shadow-optically investigated; local piezoelectric load measurements were taken in the model fluid and the human brain; results of both tests indicated similar behavior for the models and cadaver skull. The negative pressure of the elastic wave is considered the injury mechanism, causing cavitation which leads to tissue damage. Cavitation occurred at about 15 bar negative pressure. Histological examination of the brain revealed microinjuries in the form of capillary ruptures and nerve fiber lacerations, caused by cavitation bubbles. KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371808 AU - Jacobs, H H AU - Jacobs (Herbert) and Associates TI - TOWARD MORE EFFECTIVE SAFETY MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - The purposes and requirements of a safety measurement system are outlined, and questions are addressed which reflect the problems faced by conventional measurement systems in the statistical treatment of accident reports. A central issue is the need to consider aggregating as many accidents as possible, regardless of similarity of cause or importance, in order to increase the sample size. Statistical unreliability is a major impediment to suitable precision for any measurement of injury-producing accidents. Proposed modifications of current standards for reporting/measuring accident experience are reviewed, including the serious injury, high potential accident, and property damage accident indexes. Alternative techniques of statistical interpretation (confidence intervals, control chart techniques) are described, and accident propensity concepts (critical incident (near-miss) and unsafe behavior frequency techniques) are examined. It is suggested that the basic research challenge is the development of a plan to evaluate existing procedures, proposals, and possibilities. KW - Cluster analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371819 AU - Cesari, D AU - Ramet, M AU - Clair, P-Y AU - National Council for Road Safety TI - EVALUATION OF PELVIC FRACTURE TOLERANCE IN SIDE IMPACT PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - In 36 transverse impact tests against the pelvis of ten cadavers, fracture tolerance was found to decrease with age and to be lower for female than male subjects. The maximum limit value for the impact speed is between 30 and 35 kph. The maximum impact force, or a derived parameter such as impulse, is a better pelvis injury criterion than acceleration, which does not correlate well with speed. The pelvis tolerance limit for force would be about 5000 N; for impulse, it would be 100 N.s. KW - Cadavers KW - Females KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Males KW - Pelvis KW - Side crashes KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371826 AU - Sturtz, G AU - Technical University of Berlin TI - BIOMECHANICAL DATA OF CHILDREN PY - 1980 SP - 49 p. AB - Biomechanical load limits and the loading capacity of children are examined using four sources of data: medical/technical literature review (overall body, body tissue, head, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities); mechanics of similitude, i.e. scaling adult data (head region); analysis of real pedestrian accidents (head region and lower extremities); and experimental simulation of real traffic accidents using modified anthropomorphic dummies (head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities). Based on these sources, biomechanical load limit values as well as protection criteria are given for frontal/dorsal and lateral/medial body load directions. KW - Biophysics KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Experimental studies KW - Experiments KW - Load factor KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Protection KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371833 AU - United States Senate TI - FEDERAL GASOLINE ALLOCATION PROCESS. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY REGULATION, JUNE 9, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 210 p. AB - Testimony and additional material are presented from a hearing on the Federal gasoline allocation process, which concerned the ability of independent dealers to obtain gasoline. Oil jobbers, dealers, and refiners testified, as well as members of Congress and the Department of Energy's administrator of economic regulations. KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal gasoline allocation process KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Gasoline KW - Hearings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371842 AU - Wiley, M E AU - Braun, M AU - Dankers, M AU - Action for Child Transportation Safety TI - CHILD RESTRAINT RESOURCE NOTEBOOK. 3RD EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 163 p. AB - A compilation of resource material includes a child restraint glossary, common mistakes noted in parents' use of restraints, considerations in the selection of an appropriate restraint, and pictures of dynamically tested restraints. Copies of instruction manuals for these restraints are provided, each preceded by a description and practical comments. Special problems with restraints are examined: too short a seat belt, placement of top anchor strap, locking clip for continuous loop lap/shoulder belts, and double threading single harness buckle. Demonstration techniques for infant and child restraints, and educational materials lists (Action for Child Transportation Safety, Physicians for Automotive Safety) and order forms are included. KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Education KW - Facilities KW - Glossaries KW - Handbooks KW - Infants KW - Installation KW - Instructions KW - Occupant restraint KW - Problem solving KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371805 AU - Chapanis, A AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore TI - THE ERROR-PROVOCATIVE SITUATION: A CENTRAL MEASUREMENT PROBLEM IN HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING PY - 1980 SP - 30 p. AB - Human factors engineering is related to the five elements of man-machine systems design and their interrelationships: personnel selection and training, equipment design, operating procedures, and the work environment. The human factors engineer is primarily interested in predicting and eliminating error-provocative designs before systems are built. Examples are given of error-producing situations, and the safety advantages of analyzing such situations are enumerated. Factors which increase the probability of error are examined: violation of operator expectations, operator overloading, fatigue inducement, inadequate facilities and information, unnecessary difficulty or unpleasant environment, and unnecessary danger (lack of protective devices). Various measurement techniques for anticipating and evaluating error-provocative designs are described: checklists and evaluation guides, simulators, task analysis, study of existing systems, human reliability analysis, and laboratory experimentation. The error-provocative situation analysis is considered a limited approach in that many errors do not lead to accidents, solutions are not always simple, and such analysis does not provide an ultimate measure of safety performance. KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Errors KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human machine systems KW - Measurement KW - Operating strategies KW - Safety KW - Training KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371822 AU - Viano, D C AU - Culver, C C AU - Prisk, B C AU - General Motors Corporation TI - INFLUENCE OF INITIAL LENGTH OF LAP-SHOULDER BELT ON OCCUPANT DYNAMICS--A COMPARISON OF SLED TESTING AND MVMA (MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION)-2D MODELING PY - 1980 SP - 41 p. AB - A Pt. 572 dummy, seated on a bucket seat and restrained by a lap-shoulder belt system, was exposed to a series of frontal decelerations. The length of the belt webbing was incrementally increased from a snug configuration by as much as 30 cm. The addition of webbing increased the forward excursion, velocity, and acceleration of the head, chest, and hip without affecting the peak tension in the belt segments of the restraint system. Belt tension was identified as a poor measure of the horizontal load on the chest because of significant reaction forces in the lateral and vertical direction at the belt anchorages. The advanced belt system subprogram of the MVMA (Motor Vehicle Manufacturers)-2D (two-dimensional) model had to be modified to account for the influence of the lateral anchorage location on belt tensions and the planar restraint of the occupant. Although reasonable agreement was achieved in simulating the occupant dynamics, belt loads were dissimilar. The MVMA-2D model is judged to be a sophisticated, delicate tool requiring additional study and refinement. KW - Belts KW - Bucket seats KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration rate KW - Dummies KW - Front seats KW - Frontal deceleration KW - Length KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests KW - Tension KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371823 AU - Horsch, J D AU - General Motors Corporation TI - OCCUPANT DYNAMICS AS A FUNCTION OF IMPACT ANGLE AND BELT RESTRAINT PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - Sled tests were conducted to investigate the dynamics of a Pt. 572 dummy as a function of belt restraint configuration and impact direction. The tests involved a 35 kph velocity change and 10 g deceleration. An "opened" fixture, free of intervening surfaces, was oriented from frontal (0 degree), through oblique (plus/minus 30, 45, and 60 degrees), to full lateral (90 degrees). Restraint by only a lap belt resulted in the dummy's upper body rotating about the lap belt and continuing in the direction of sled deceleration. Although restraint by a lap-shoulder belt greatly reduced upper-body displacement, the displacement and body loading were strongly dependent on the orientation of the belt relative to the impact direction. When the belted shoulder was opposite the impact (zero to plus 90 degrees), the belt retained the upper body for impact angles of zero to 45 degrees. Although the upper body escaped from the shoulder belt from 60 to 90 degrees, significant kinetic energy was removed from the upper body before escape, even for full lateral deceleration. When the belted shoulder was on the impact side (zero to minus 90 degrees), the upper body was restrained for all impact angles, but the shoulder belt acted directly on the neck with increasing load as the impact became more lateral. Addition of lateral torso restraint, such as with a winged seat, greatly reduced the loading of the neck by the shoulder belt for all impact angles. KW - Belts KW - Deceleration KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371839 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - 1980 STANDBY GASOLINE RATIONING PLAN. HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND POWER, JANUARY 31, JUNE 23, AND 27, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 239 p. AB - Testimony and additional material are presented from three hearings on the Federal standby gasoline rationing plan. The hearings spanned the period from publication of the Department of Energy (DOE) draft regulations for the rationing plan in the Federal Register (10 Dec 1979) until after President Carter submitted the proposed plan to Congress (12 Jun 1980). The law does not permit rationing unless there is a 20% shortage in gasoline and heating oil. The proposed plan bases ration allotments on motor vehicle registrations. An earlier plan, submitted to Congress on 1 Mar 1979, was rejected. Testimony on the second plan was presented by members of Congress, an economics professor, and representatives of the Council for a Competitive Economy, the National Consumers League, California Energy Commission, the Economic Regulatory Administration of DOE, Congress Watch, the Urban Environment Conference, and the American Bankers Association. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Gasoline KW - Hearings KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rationing KW - Registrations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371818 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Melvin, J W AU - Mueller, G AU - MacKenzie, J R AU - Burney, R AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - THORACO-ABDOMINAL RESPONSE AND INJURY PY - 1980 SP - 42 p. AB - The response of human cadavers and live anesthetized and postmortem primates and canines to blunt lateral thoraco-abdominal impact was investigated using a 10 kgm. free-flying mass. Injuries were evaluated by gross autopsy, and for live subjects, also by sequential peritoneal lavage and biochemical assays. Mechanical measurements included force time history, intra-aortic pressure, and high-speed cineradiography. The X-ray cineradiograph was shown to be invaluable as an in vivo, noninvasive technique for quantifying the motion of internal structures during impact. The heart's response during the time of contact was affected by interactions with other material bodies (diaphragm, thoraco-abdominal wall, and lung tissue). During impacts of 12 msec. or less, the hepatic system acted as a deformable structure. Injury severity (Abbreviated Injury Scale) was lower for the unpressurized postmortem subjects than for the live subjects. Elevated levels of the enzymes glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase occurred in both the circulatory system and the peritoneal cavity within one half hour following blunt abdominal impact trauma. Evaluation of abdominal injury severity by gross autopsy was found to lack interpretation of such critical factors as hemorrhaging. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Abdomen KW - Animals KW - Autopsies KW - Cadavers KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Post mortem KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371820 AU - Monk, M W AU - MORGAN, R M AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT SLED AND PADDING DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 72 p. AB - Crush tests were conducted with specially designed body forms into the side interior door of VW Rabbits previously crashed in side impact studies. An acceleration-type sled buck was built with an "interior door" mounted to mimic the interior stiffness determined from the crush tests. The sled was dynamically tested with a Haversine sled pulse similar to the door crash pulse, and was validated by reproducing the crash environment of a car-to-car collision. Validation criteria included acceleration-time and velocity-time curves of the interior door, kinematics of the Pt. 572 surrogate, and accelerations on the surrogate. Using the sled and a new side impact dummy, numerous energy-absorbing materials were tested as interior door padding. The following six types of padding gave the best performance in terms of AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) B parameter (acceleration of the left upper rib): Ensolite ABC, Fiberglas H3BC, Rubatex 2VS and R-310-V, GTREM, APR, and Durafoam C222A. The AIS values ranged from 3.2 to 3.5 (VW Rabbit traveling at 15 mph and impacted in the door area at 30 mph by an intermediate size vehicle at an impact angle 60 degrees from the forward longitudinal axis). The padding types ranked highest in upper spine 3 msec. clip acceleration tests were Durafoam C222A, Fiberglas H3BC, Ensolite AAC, APR, Rubatex R-310-V, and GTREM. The spinal accelerations ranged from 40 to 45 g's. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Dummies KW - Energy absorption KW - Fracture tests KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Insulating materials KW - Kinematics KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Vehicle padding KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371825 AU - Begeman, P C AU - King, A I AU - LEVINE, R S AU - Viano, D C AU - Wayne State University AU - General Motors Corporation TI - BIODYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM TO IMPACT ACCELERATION PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Male volunteers restrained by a lap-shoulder belt system were subjected to static and dynamic (low level impact acceleration) tests in a simulated automobile environment while electromyographic (EMG) activity of various lower extremity muscles was recorded. The seat and floor pan were supported on load cells which measured all restraining forces. Nine-accelerometer modules and high-speed photography were used to measure kinematics. Identical tests were made with an embalmed cadaver and a dummy. While reflex responses of the relaxed volunteer were found too slow to affect loads and accelerations sustained, the voluntary pre-impact contracted musculature in a subject was found to reduce certain acceleration levels and to change the restraint load distribution. Significantly more load went through the legs to the floor board, with a concomitant lowering of seat and belt loads. Although a similar load distribution was seen in cadaver and dummy tests, the response of the relaxed or tensed volunteer was substantially different from either surrogate. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Biodynamics KW - Cadavers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dummies KW - Human subject testing KW - Impact tests KW - Kinematics KW - Load transfer KW - Lower extremities KW - Lower extremity KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Musculoskeletal system KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371827 AU - OTTE, D AU - Technical University of Berlin, West Germany TI - A REVIEW OF DIFFERENT KINEMATIC FORMS IN TWO-WHEEL-ACCIDENTS--THEIR INFLUENCE ON EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES PY - 1980 SP - 45 p. AB - Results are presented of on-the-scene multidisciplinary investigations of 127 motorcycle/moped/mofa and 136 bicycle accidents which occurred in Hanover, West Germany. Accident characteristics and collision types, injury patterns and causes, rider and vehicle kinematics, and crash helmet effectiveness are discussed. Based on the findings, the following training/education measures are proposed: improved driver licensing instruction, with more intensive training for all cyclists; and education for other road users on the special problems of two-wheeled vehicle operators. Legislative recommendations include mandatory helmet use for all users of motorized two-wheeled vehicles, daytime headlight use for motorcycles, and speed limit controls for mofas and mokicks. Recommended vehicle/equipment/roadway construction changes include car and truck exterior modifications, especially the front and windshield area of cars; increased power absorption in two-wheeled vehicle areas such as the fork; alteration of the throw-off angle of the cyclist; helmet material standardization; and elimination of road features which contribute to cycle accidents, such as raised markings. KW - Bicycles KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed limits KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371812 AU - De Haven, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SURVIVAL IN FALLS FROM HEIGHTS OF FIFTY TO ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY FEET PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Seven cases are reported of people who survived accidents in which they fell from heights ranging from 55 to 146 ft. In an eighth case reconstructed from a 1919 report, the victim survived a 320 ft. fall from a cliff. The accident circumstances, deceleration and acceleration conditions, and injuries sustained are summarized with commentary, including references to similar cases. The first seven accidents were falls from buildings, two in which the victims landed on automobiles. The cases present evidence that the primary causes of injury (impact and force localization) are defeated when distributed in distance (time) and area (space). It is concluded that the human body can tolerate and expend a force of two hundred times gravity for brief intervals when the force acts in transverse relation to the body's long axis. These accident cases suggest that structural provisions to reduce impact and distribute pressure can enhance survival and modify injury within wide limits in aircraft and automobile accidents. KW - Aircraft KW - Automobiles KW - Body KW - Crashes KW - Free fall KW - Gravity KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Survival KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371814 AU - Nahum, A AU - Ward, C P AU - Raasch, E AU - Adams, S AU - SCHNEIDER, D AU - University of California, San Diego TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SIDE IMPACT TO THE HUMAN HEAD PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - In an ongoing effort to develop an accurate model of human head impact relationships, two series of impacts were performed on the side of a human cadaver head at the junction of the temporal and parietal bones. When four sequential impacts were performed on a single embalmed specimen, a good correspondence was found between peak head acceleration and Head Injury Criterion, and the adequacy of instrument placement and data analysis was confirmed. Five impacts on individual unembalmed cadavers indicated that side impacts produced pressure gradients in the brain. These superimposed gradients were proportional to the magnitudes of the head acceleration components, the largest of which was in the direction of impact and produced positive pressures near the impact and negative ones opposite the impact. A pressure-limiting mechanism acted on the side of the brain opposite the impact. Subarachnoid hemorrhages occurred on the high stress and strain brain surfaces. Approximate values for the pressures were determined in computer simulations. Changes in the model and instrumentation are needed to improve the accuracy of the computed pressures. The acceleration traces contained vibration or noise which made calculation of rotation acceleration and velocity impossible. A better representation of the midsaggital sinus is needed. KW - Bleeding KW - Brain KW - Cadavers KW - Experimental studies KW - Experiments KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Human subject testing KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371816 AU - ONO, K AU - Kikuchi, A AU - Nakamura, M AU - Kobayashi, H AU - NAKAMURA, N AU - Japan Automobile Research Institute AU - University of Tokyo AU - Jikei-kai University, Japan TI - HUMAN HEAD TOLERANCE TO SAGITTAL IMPACT. RELIABLE ESTIMATION DEDUCED FROM EXPERIMENTAL HEAD INJURY USING SUBHUMAN PRIMATES AND HUMAN CADAVER SKULLS PY - 1980 SP - 60 p. AB - In experiments to investigate the relationship between head impacts and changes in vital functions, translational and rotational acceleration impacts were performed on live monkeys using a head restraint mask with broad contact area, as well as impacts of the unrestrained head against a padded flat surface. The results indicate that the occurrence and severity of concussion, cerebral contusion, and skull fracture in the monkeys depended on translational vs. rotational impact, contact area size, amplitude and direction of the resultant head acceleration, and frontal vs. occipital impact direction. The occurrence of concussion indicated the tolerance threshold, representing a transitory and reversible disturbance of vital functions. A threshold of concussion occurrence (TCO) curve was derived. The occurrence of skull fracture indicated the danger threshold (severe or fatal brain injury likely). Free-drop impact experiments were conducted on human cadaver skulls to obtain a fracture threshold curve. The dimensional analysis method of Stalnaker et al. was applied to the monkey TCO to estimate the human TCO. Combining this with the human cadaver skull fracture threshold, a human head impact tolerance threshold was derived. KW - Animals KW - Brain KW - Cadavers KW - Concussion KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Head KW - Head trauma KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Shock (Pathology) KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371829 AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - SAUL, R A AU - Daniel, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAUSES AND MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE AGGRESSIVENESS IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS PY - 1980 SP - 64 p. AB - Lumped parameter modeling and multiple linear regression analysis of car-to-car collisions identified four vehicle parameters which significantly influenced a baseline vehicle's aggressiveness to a typical minicompact car in an aligned frontal collision: vehicle weight, forward frame stiffness, frontal sheet metal stiffness, and bumper-to-engine distance. Equations relating these parameters to occupant survivability in the small car were produced (e.g. chest acceleration data from the ABAG computer model), along with statistical estimates of the accuracy of the relationships. When results of car-to-car crash tests involving the Ford Torino, Plymouth Fury, and Honda CVCC were analyzed, a significant difference was found between the aggressiveness of the Torino and Fury in both full and offset frontal collisions with the Honda. The Fury, which had a significantly stiffer frontal structure, was the more aggressive vehicle. Additional analytical studies indicated that the degree of vehicle aggressiveness in an aligned frontal collision with a minicompact can probably be determined in a fixed rigid barrier crash test by measuring two parameters: vehicle weight, and maximum vehicle crush. The deformable moving barrier may also provide slightly better correlation with car-to-car crash test results, although the fixed rigid barrier may be a better compliance test device in terms of simplicity, cost, and reproducibility. KW - Aggression KW - Bumper to engine distance KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Frames KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Metals KW - Research KW - Small car KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371831 AU - United States Senate TI - ECONOMIC REGULATION OF THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY. HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, PART 5, FEBRUARY 21, 26, AND 27, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 505 p. AB - Testimony and additional articles, letters, and statements are presented from the 15th, 16th, and 17th hearings on a bill to amend title 49 of the United States Code to reduce economic regulation of the trucking industry. Specifically, the bill provides for substantial freedom of motor carriers to increase or decrease rates, counterbalanced by liberalized market entry and significant reforms in the rate bureau process. Among those presenting testimony were representatives from the Interstate Commerce Commission, the trucking industry, labor unions, private research organizations, the Dept. of Transportation, and businesses which use trucking. KW - Economic factors KW - Economic policy KW - Economic regulation KW - Hearings KW - Motor carriers KW - Rates KW - Regulation KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371813 AU - HODGSON, V R AU - THOMAS, L M AU - Wayne State University TI - MECHANISMS OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURY DURING IMPACT TO THE PROTECTED HEAD PY - 1980 SP - 28 p. AB - The heads of embalmed cadavers wearing protective helmets were subjected to static and impact loading to investigate the mechanics of fracture-dislocation injury to the cervical spine. One side of the neck on some cadavers was exposed for high-speed photographic observation of the spine during impact. Other cadavers were instrumented with strain gauges on the bodies and near the facets to assist in correlating spine movements and load configuration with strain distribution. Results indicate that static loading can be a useful predictor of failure site under dynamic conditions. Conditions most influential on injury site and level of strain were the extent to which the head was gripped by the impact surface to allow or restrict motion at the atlanto-occipital junction; impact location, and impact force alignment with the spine. It was found that energy-absorbing material in the crown did little to reduce spine strain from a crown impact. The rear helmet rim was not a "guillotine" threat to fracture-dislocation from blows which cause hyperextension, and the higher cut near rim recommended to reduce or eliminate this alleged hazard caused higher strain by allowing greater extension of the neck. KW - Cadavers KW - Deformation curve KW - Dislocations KW - Energy absorption KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Helmets KW - Human subject testing KW - Impact loading KW - Impact loads KW - Injuries KW - Load transfer KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety equipment KW - Spinal column KW - Static loading KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371815 AU - Sances, A AU - WEBER, R AU - Myklebust, J AU - Cusick, J AU - Larson, S AU - WALSH, P AU - CHRISTOFFEL, T AU - Houterman, C AU - Ewing, C AU - Thomas, D AU - Saltzberg, B AU - Medical College of Wisconsin AU - Naval Biodynamics Laboratory AU - Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences TI - THE EVOKED POTENTIAL: AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD FOR BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF BRAIN AND SPINAL INJURY PY - 1980 SP - 38 p. AB - Axial forces were applied between the shoulders and the skull of eight male Macaca mulatta monkeys. Forces from 556 to 1444 Newtons produced marked changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and distraction of the cervical spinal column with minimal ligamentous disruption. Somatosensory-evoked potentials recorded at the cortical and thalamic levels following dorsal column or peripheral nerve stimulation were altered prior to or during changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Similar findings were observed in the efferent responses recorded from electrodes placed on the thoracic spinal cord following stimulation of sensorimotor cortex. Studies in four monkey cadaveric-isolated cervical column preparations indicated that disruption occurs with axial loads which are approximately one-third of the maximum used in the in vivo studies. KW - Animals KW - Axial loads KW - Biophysics KW - Brain KW - Evoked potential KW - Experimental studies KW - Experiments KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Spinal column KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371830 AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - Biokinetics and Associates Limited TI - HEAD INJURY CRITERIA IN AUTOMOTIVE CRASH TESTING PY - 1980 SP - 47 p. AB - The origin and development of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) are reviewed, and the concept of correlating internal head injury with measured kinematics is reexamined. It is concluded that the use of the HIC in automotive crash testing is fundamentally wrong, since the criterion is incapable of predicting from ATD (anthropomorphic test device) kinematics the likelihood or severity of human head injury. Various recent attempts to develop relationships between head injury Abbreviated Injury Scale and HIC are reviewed which substantiate this view. Other approaches to head injury assessment are proposed: to revise the test procedures and failure criteria to preclude ATD head contact with any part of the automobile; to permit head contact, limiting the impact speed of the ATD head; to monitor the force developed on the ATD head during impact; to monitor actual force spatial distribution (i.e. local skull external pressure); or to design an ATD head having the appropriate skull deflection characteristics and an artificial brain. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Failure KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371832 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - OVERSIGHT--ALCOHOL FUELS. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS, FEBRUARY 22, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 118 p. AB - Testimony is presented from a hearing on the proposed Federal alcohol fuels program. The administration has announced a package of new initiatives that would quadruple gasohol production by the end of 1980, and would increase alcohol production to 500 million gallons by the end of 1981. This goal would provide enough ethanol to replace about 10% of unleaded gasoline with gasohol. Testimony was provided by Senator Birch Bayh (Indiana), chairman ofthe National Alcohol Fuels Commission; a spokesman for the American Agricultural Movement; a consulting chemical engineer; general manager of Midwest Solvents, Inc. (Kansas), a manufacturer of alcohol since 1941; and spokesmen for the Dept. of Argiculture and the Dept. of Energy. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Energy KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Gasohol KW - Hearings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371846 AU - Green, P AU - Burgess, W T AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - DEBUGGING A SYMBOL SET FOR IDENTIFYING DISPLAYS: PRODUCTION AND SCREENING STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 120 p. AB - The results of two studies to evaluate candidate pictographic symbols for motor vehicle display use (to label warning lights or to identify gauges on instrument panels) are presented. In the first study, 28 students (all but one licensed drivers) drew pictures to symbolize several vehicle functions. Drawings were obtained for seven "systems" (air, brake, coolant, fuel, hydraulic, oil, and transmission), four system properties or "modifiers" (filter, fluid level, pressure, and temperature), and 20 of the 28 possible system-modifier combinations. Based on those drawings (as well as industry, government, and international standards, manufacturers' suggestions, and the authors' ideas), sets of 5 to 12 candidate symbols (126 total) were assembled for 26 functions, excluding the hydraulic system and related functions. In the second study, 26 of the subjects from the first study evaluated the meaningfulness of each candidate symbol for its intended purpose. Based on those ratings and other guidelines, a subset of the test symbols and modifications were recommended for further testing. It was found that the ratings for combined symbols could be predicted from independent ratings of their system and modifier elements. The second study served to reduce the collection of candidate symbols to a manageable number, rather than to select the "best" symbol for each function in question. Copies of the subjects' drawings, free response and rating questionnaires, and rating response form are appended. KW - Displays KW - Evaluation KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pictograms KW - Symbols UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371809 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Bhise, V D AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ford Motor Company TI - TWO APPROACHES TO A NON-ACCIDENT MEASURE FOR CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - An active and a passive procedure are discussed as methods for assessing safety performance in the workplace. The active system evaluates safety performance based on information obtained through the cooperation of workers, whereas the passive approach uses behavior and environment sampling studies developed from an analysis of historical data. Each procedure involves eight major steps: identification of unsafe acts/conditions; scaling of these acts/conditions according to a hazard index; frequency analysis; designing a scheme for measuring frequency of unsafe acts/conditions and joint occurrences; developing a scheme for obtaining safety performance scores, collecting data; evaluating scores, and developing standards and control charts. The active procedure, augmented by occasional cross-checking with the passive procedure, appears to be an effective tool for assessing and controlling safety performance. KW - Assessments KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371811 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STAPP CAR CRASH CONFERENCE (24TH) PROCEEDINGS, OCTOBER 15-17, 1980, TROY, MICHIGAN PY - 1980 SP - 726 p. AB - Following a memorial tribute to Hugh De Haven, a pioneer in biomechanics and automotive safety research, his 1942 paper on free-fall injuries is reprinted. Reflecting his work in quantitative evaluation of human survival in accidental impact, a compilation of 18 papers discusses experimental and clinical studies of injury mechanisms, some dealing with the automobile crash environment. KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Clinical tests KW - Conferences KW - Crash phase KW - Crashes KW - Experimental studies KW - Experiments KW - Free fall KW - Impact KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Studies KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371834 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1980 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1980 SP - 52 p. AB - This first annual report includes information on the motorcycle market, population, registrations, sales, and imports; on manufacturers and distributors; on the retail marketplace; on motorcycle usage; and on characteristics of the motorcycle owner. A list of state motorcycle dealers associations, with addresses, is appended, as well as brief histories of the National Motorcyclist Association and the Motorcycle Safety Foundation. A subject index is provided. KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371810 AU - Schroder, H M AU - University of South Florida, Tampa TI - SAFETY PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: MEASURING SAFETY ATTITUDES PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - The level of conceptual development of safety attitudes is defined in terms of two parameters: differentiation (dimensionality) and organization of information. Differentiation refers to the number, nature, and weighting of attributes, categories, dimensions, or kinds of information used by a person in making judgments and in thinking about safety. Two objective methods for measuring dimensionality are: multidimensional scaling, in which individuals make global judgments about the degree of similarity between pairs of stimuli; and free-adjective description, in which individuals respond to each member of a stimulus set (persons, components) with as many relevant descriptive adjectives as possible. Successive measurements of dimensionality can provide accurate information about the nature and kind of change occurring in safety attitudes over time. Organization refers to the degree to which information is combined for effective and adaptive use. A high level of safety performance requires the development of increasingly complex conceptual properties for processing safety information. Currently, the most effective method of assessing structural properties in the interpersonal domain is the paragraph completion test. A major prerequisite to increased conceptual development is worker performance feedback. KW - Attitudes KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371817 AU - Ward, C P AU - CHAN, M AU - Nahum, A AU - Biodynamics/Engineering Incorporated AU - University of California, San Diego TI - INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE--A BRAIN INJURY CRITERION PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - Head impacts in animal and human cadaver tests and in aircraft accidents were simulated using finite element brain models. Brain injury severity was found to correlate with peak intracranial pressure, with serious and fatal injuries occuring when the pressures exceeded 34 psi. Using this value as the maximum allowable brain stress, tolerance curves are presented for frontal and occipital impacts which represent four head accleration pulse shapes and impact durations between 1 and 10 msec. The brain pressure tolerance (BPT) curves are compared with other head injury criteria: Wayne State tolerance (WST) curve; Vienna Inst. of Tech. model; Hwy. Safety Res. Inst. maximum strain criterion (MSC); the Gadd Severity Index (GSI) and a modified version, Head Injury Criterion (HIC); and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 218. While the BPT curves are based entirely on brain injury data associated with impact, the WST, Vienna model, and MSC all use skull brain injury, and the GSI and HCI are based primarily on whole body accelerations usually greater than 20 msec. Protection based on these other indices would be inadequate for short duration (less than 3 msec.) impacts (such as when the head strikes an ineffectively padded or unpadded rigid surface). Ideally, tolerance curves for each kind of head injury should be superimposed, and the lowest curves used to define an overall head injury tolerance. KW - Animals KW - Brain KW - Cadavers KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Head trauma KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Intracranial pressure KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Simulation KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371828 AU - Ashton, S J AU - Birmingham University, England TI - A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR PEDESTRIAN INJURY REDUCTION THROUGH VEHICLE DESIGN PY - 1980 SP - 29 p. AB - Two different vehicle design strategies for reducing pedestrian injury severity are compared, by assessing their effect on a sample of real accidents (Great Britain) and by weighting the results to estimate the total population effect. The first strategy, aimed at reducing the frequency of serious head injuries, maintains the stiffness of current front structures (bumper and front edge of the hood) but modifies the top surface of the hood, fenders, and windshield frame to prevent serious head contact injuries up to 30 kph. This design approach would result in less than a 5% reduction in the number of pedestrians seriously injured after being struck by the front of a car. The second strategy, aimed at reducing serious leg and pelvic injuries, alters the stiffness of the front structures to provide tolerable impacts up to 40 kph. Since this approach offers at least a 20% reduction in the number of seriously injured pedestrians, it is concluded that the adoption of full-face compliant front structures offers the best initial approach to pedestrian injury mitigation. KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash injury research KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head trauma KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Lower extremities KW - Lower extremity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pelvis KW - Safety engineering KW - Severity KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle front end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371840 AU - Emerson, F AU - Department of Energy TI - SHORT-TERM ENERGY OUTLOOK. VOLUME 1: PROJECTIONS PY - 1980 SP - 51 p. AB - Projection series are given for each major energy source or fuel from the third quarter of 1980 through the third quarter of 1981. The base-case outlook for 1980 calls for a 1.8% decline in gross energy consumption from 1979 to 77.4 quadrillion Btu; consumption for the first three quarters of 1981 is projected to average 1.4% higher than for the same period in 1980. Individual sections cover macroeconomics and crude oil prices (recent developments and forecast assumptions), energy prices total petroleum, petroleum imports, motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, natural gas, coal, electric power, total energy, and recent alternative forecasts. Currently, there are adequate or surplus supplies in all major sources. Barring significant cutbacks in foreign crude oil production or major changes in the inventory and operating policy of the U.S. energy industries, the domestic energy supply is seen as fully adequate for the 1980-1981 winter season. KW - Energy KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy prices KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Forecasting KW - Inventory KW - Macroeconomics KW - Prices KW - Projection KW - Short term KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371806 AU - Churchman, C W AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - SUGGESTIVE, PREDICTIVE, DECISIVE, AND SYSTEMIC MEASUREMENTS OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Safety information is classified into the following four categories, with illustrative examples: suggestive, predictive, decisive, and systemic. Suggestive information systems supply mainly general, unfocussed information. Predictive information systems tell the user what would occur if he were to take a certain action. Decisive information systems model the user as a decision maker within a bounded system, where the boundaries are given (for example, by the user). Finally, systemic information systems attempt to relate the bounded decision-making to other "higher level" considerations. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential of decisive and systemic information in the area of safety. For example, a cost-benefit description of an accident reduction program aids the user in deciding whether to implement the program (decisive information). The broader systemic information system enables the user to place safety programs in the context with other "efficiency" or "cost reduction" activities. Decisive information is designed to enable a final decision to be made by arbitrarily setting "feasible" boundaries on a system. Systemic information, on the other hand, aims to create problems whose study will increase the scope of understanding. KW - Decision making KW - Information content KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Measurement KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371807 AU - Grimaldi, J V AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles TI - THE MEASUREMENT OF SAFETY ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 36 p. AB - Safety performance measurement considerations are examined and various approaches to quantifying safety efforts are described, including the American National Standards Inst. Z-16.1 standard for work injuries. In a previous study by the author which investigated the possibility of a relationship between work injuries and operating variables under administrative control, it was concluded that safety engineering performance measurement should relate to the operation's general effectiveness, particularly its ability to eliminate the causes or limit the consequences of severe events. The effectiveness of safety engineering appears to be a function of the general administrative control climate. It also appears that injury ratios, the traditional units of safety effectiveness measurement, may not be reliable in evaluating performance. These measurement complexities may be resolved by constructing a measurement model of administrative control effectiveness coupled with safety engineering performance. Although such intermodular measurement has been explored and seems feasible, the measurement method most likely to be used is one acknowledged as "standard." The injury severity rate is currently the most likely indicator of safety engineering performance. KW - Effectiveness KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371821 AU - Foret-Bruno, J Y AU - Hartemann, F AU - Thomas, C AU - Tarriere, C AU - Loyat, B AU - Stcherbatcheff, G AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - Association Peugeot SA-Renault AU - Centre d'Etudes Peugeot AU - Renault AU - Hopital Raymond Poincaire TI - OCCUPANT VELOCITY CHANGE IN SIDE IMPACT METHOD OF CALCULATION--APPLICATION TO A SAMPLE OF REAL-WORLD CRASHES PY - 1980 SP - 47 p. AB - A method is presented for calculating the change in velocity (deltaV) of the occupant on the near side of impact in a car-to-car collision. The method can be applied to real-world accidents under the following conditions: presence of an occupant in a line with the impacted structure, impacted vehicle's longitudinal velocity not exceeding 20% of the impacting vehicle's velocity, and angle of collision 90 degrees plus/minus 30 degrees. Preliminary validation of the method via a series of experimental collisions is described, and application to 60 real-world accidents is discussed. A high correlation was found between occupant deltaV and pelvis and thorax injury severity (Abbreviated Injury Scale). The correspondence between injury severity and either car deltaV or impact velocity was not as great. For given occupant deltaV values, relationships are established between Hybrid II dummy acceleration levels and the severity of injuries sustained by cadaver subjects and by persons involved in crashes. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Cadavers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Experimental studies KW - Experiments KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant velocity KW - Pelvis KW - Real-world KW - Side crashes KW - Studies KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371824 AU - DALMOTAS, D J AU - Transport Canada TI - MECHANISMS OF INJURY TO VEHICLE OCCUPANTS RESTRAINED BY THREE-POINT SEAT BELTS PY - 1980 SP - 38 p. AB - The injury patterns of 223 drivers and 91 front passengers who were fully restrained and sustained at least one injury of AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) 2 or greater in Canadian traffic accidents were investigated. Overall, the head/face and chest were the most frequently injured body regions. For drivers, facial injuries were invariably associated with the steering wheel, while head injuries were more closely associated with interior side and roof structures. Injuries to the shoulder/chest and pelvis/abdomen regions among drivers were usually attributed to direct contact with either the steering wheel or the vehicle's interior side surfaces. Passengers were more likely to have sustained shoulder/chest and abdominal injuries from the seat belt itself. Injuries to the lower extremities consisted largely of knee, lower leg, and ankle-foot fractures; femur fractures occurred only in the most severe collisions. In the absence of any intrusion or rear occupant loading of the front-seat back, injuries were generally below AIS 4. It is concluded that while further reductions in fatal or life-threatening injuries will require major vehicle structural improvements, further reductions of AIS 2 and 3 injuries appear possible via more careful design of the seat belt and interior structures. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Abdomen KW - Crash injury research KW - Design KW - Face KW - Head KW - Head trauma KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Lower extremities KW - Lower extremity KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pelvis KW - Restraint systems KW - Road shoulders KW - Roofs KW - Seat belts KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax KW - Three point restraint systems KW - Three-point seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371493 AU - Mattavi, J N AU - General Motors Corporation TI - THE ATTRIBUTES OF FAST BURNING RATES IN ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 19 p. AB - An ideal representation of the spark ignition engine cycle is examined to establish the theoretical effect of fuel burning rate on engine efficiency; a more realistic representation is used to analyze nitric oxide emissions. Experimental results are reviewed of the effect of fuel burning rate on efficiency, emissions, tolerance to dilution, power stability, and octane requirements. Physical mechanisms contributing to and associated with fast burning, as identified by diagnostic techniques and combustion modeling procedures, are discussed. Several new engine designs using the fast-burn approach are described and their combustion chambers illustrated: General Motors 2.8L V-6, experimental modified wedge chamber, Nissan NAPS-Z, May Fireball, Mitsubishi MCA-JET, and Chrysler hemi combustion chamber. Fast burning attributes include improved tradeoff between efficiency and nitrogen oxide emissions; greater dilution tolerance, either with exhaust gas recirculation or excess air; reduced cyclic variation of engine power, leading to improved driveability; and greater knock resistance, allowing higher compression ratios for improved fuel economy. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Dilution KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Power KW - Requirement KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371494 AU - Clemens, W J AU - Follmer, W C AU - Ford Motor Company TI - AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS IN THE 80'S PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Electronic engine controls (EEC's) are reviewed in terms of key developmental factors, basic subsystems, control parameters, and advantages over mechanical systems. Historical background is given on Ford Motor Co.'s EEC systems. The EEC III EFI (electronic fuel injection) system, introduced in the 1980 model 5.0-L engine Lincoln/Mark IV car lines, is described in detail. The system interrelates all four basic engine operating parameters (ignition timing, air/fuel ratio, exhaust gas recirculation, and secondary air). Its electronic control assembly, sensors, and actuators are detailed. Future EEC developments are indicated: more powerful, low-cost electronics (microprocessors); expanded system functions; new sensors; and new control algorithms. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Automobile engines KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - Ignition KW - Timing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371520 AU - Tarrants, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE MEASUREMENT OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 420 p. AB - Four introductory chapters present the concepts of safety performance measurement and define problem areas. Following are updated and edited versions of eight papers originally presented at the National Safety Council Industrial Conference symposium held in Chicago on 14-17 Sep 1970. The symposium explored various aspects of measurement and safety performance as viewed by individuals outside the occupational safety field. Five chapters in a final section integrate the spectrum of views and present systematic approaches to safety performance measurement, including specific methodologies appropriate to the safety field. A glossary of measurement terminology and a subject index are provided. KW - Measurement KW - Occupational safety KW - Performance KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371225 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. POWER BRAKE PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Special hydraulic system valves are discussed, such as the brake pressure differential valve, proportioning valve, metering valve, and combination valve. Instructions are given for switching off the brake failure warning light, and checking and replacing the proportioning, metering, and combination valves. The operation of power brakes and power-assist disc brake units is discussed. Instructions are given for performing basic checks on the power brake system, such as checking for suction, inspecting the check valve, cleaning the filter, checking for brake fluid leakage, and inspecting the automatic adjuster. KW - Agglomeration KW - Fluids KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Power brakes KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371226 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC. CARB (CARBURETOR) CARE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Basic tips are provided on carburetor care and maintenance. Recommended regular maintenance procedures include replacing air and gas filters, adding carburetor cleaner to the gasoline, cleaning the inside of the carburetor with a gravity-feed kit, and thoroughly checking all possible sources of performance problems before taking the carburetor apart. Indications are outlined that determine whether a carburetor should be rebuilt or replaced. Step-by-step instructions are provided for rebuilding carburetors. Photographs and diagrams illustrate the procedures, with captions providing additional carburetor rebuilding tips. KW - Agglomeration KW - Carburetors KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning procedures KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Reconstruction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371490 AU - Futers, C AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - THE VISUAL IMPACT OF CARS PARKED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - Increased congestion in popular recreational areas over the past decade has resulted in more cars in previously remote areas of Britain and a concomitant increase in informal roadside parking. In a survey of the visual impact of parked cars on the rural landscape, a random sample of Windsor (England) residents were asked to rate color photographs of rural scenes. The photos included varying numbers of parked cars, and the interviewees used a seven-point scale ("extremely unpleasant" scoring one and "extremely pleasant" scoring seven). The rating values were found to decrease inversely with the number of cars or the percentage area of cars present. In the change from no cars to 15 cars, the ratings fell by 1 1/2 scale units, similar to the rating difference between a National Park landscape and a more commonplace rural scene. KW - Aesthetics KW - Automobiles KW - Parking KW - Reaction KW - Rural areas KW - Subjective KW - Traffic congestion KW - Visual intrusions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371222 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC. FINAL TUNING PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Instructions for making final adjustments after an engine tuneup are outlined. The main tools needed for a final tuneup are a dwellmeter, combination tach/dwell, and a timing light. Step-by-step instructions and photographs are used to demonstrate setting the dwell angle, performing a dwell hold test, setting the carburetor, and adjusting the ignition timing. KW - Agglomeration KW - Carburetors KW - Dwell angle KW - Dwell hold test KW - Engine tuning KW - Ignition timing KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Tools KW - Tune-ups KW - Tuning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371229 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - IGNITION SYSTEMS. PART 2 PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The latest types of ignition systems are discussed which have evolved due to advances in electronic technology. New breakerless, high-energy ignition systems have eliminated the problems associated with conventional ignition systems. The advantages and disadvantages as well as the operation of the transistor ignition system, Ford Dura-Spark solid-state system, Chevrolet High-Energy Ignition (HEI), and Capacitive Discharge Ignition (CDI) are described. The new ignition systems are more reliable, deliver higher energy levels, are easier to repair, and aid in controlling exhaust emissions. Photographs of ignition system parts, a schematic drawing of a Ford transistorized ignition system, an exploded view of a GM HEI and Ford Dura-Spark distributor, an 11-item glossary, and a list of five recommended reference books are included. KW - Agglomeration KW - Capacitive discharge ignition KW - Energy levels KW - Glossaries KW - High energy ignition KW - Ignition KW - Ignition systems KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Operation and maintenance KW - References KW - Solid state devices KW - Solid state ignition KW - Transistor ignition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371358 AU - Buhlman, M A AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - ALCOHOL IN ACCIDENT VICTIMS REPORTING TO EMERGENCY WARDS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS (NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA) PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Blood or breath samples were taken from over 600 consenting patients at four hospital emergency rooms in New Brunswick, Canada, during Aug 1979-Mar 1980. Around 75% of the participants were either negative for alcohol or registered levels less than 10 mgm.%; some 25% had BAC's of 10 mgm.% or more (8% below the legal limit, 17% above), with 11% over 120 mgm.%. Results of this preliminary data collection indicate that voluntary participation is being obtained, especially since one-fourth of the participants had significantly high BAC's (compared to one-third of the refusers who were judged to be sober). With additional data and analysis, greater insight is expected into the contributory role of alcohol and other factors in motor vehicle injury accidents. A re-analysis of data from a similar study in British Columbia (Nov 1978-May 1979) will permit comparisons between BAC distribution and victim and crash attributes. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Victims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371503 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM. FIELD MANUAL FOR THE CONTINUING ANALYTICAL AND STATISTICAL DATA BASE PY - 1980 SP - 190 p. AB - In an effort to reduce total data reporting, eliminate duplication, and coordinate all planning data reporting requirements, the Mileage Facilities Reporting System has been merged with the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). A manual is provided which contains guidelines for reporting (merged) HPMS data and establishing update procedures for annual data submission. Three major types of data are involved: universe mileage (complete inventory of mileage classified by system, jurisdiction, and selected operational characteristics); sample (specific inventory, condition, and operational data for sample panels of highway sections); and areawide (rural, total small urban, and individual urban area total mileage, travel, accidents, bus usage, land area, and population). Capital improvement data are also part of the sample section requirements, as are accident data for non-local sample sections. Procedures are outlined for data preparation, including forms; instructions are given for building and editing the data set; and a timetable is included for coordinating various HPMS aspects. KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Inventory KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371205 AU - Factline, Incorporated TI - A COMPARISON OF DRINKING PATTERNS OF ADULTS AGES 21-34 AND 35-54 PY - 1980 SP - 136 p. AB - Results are tabulated and described from 1028 personal interviews conducted in 12 major U.S. markets concerning alcohol use. Equal numbers of men and women were surveyed; two-thirds of the sample were married and one-third single, separated, divorced, or widowed. All respondents were in the 21-to-54 age bracket and regularly consumed at least two drinks of liquor (distilled spirits) per week and possibly beer or wine. The study was designed to contrast the drinking patterns of younger (21-34) vs. older (35-54) segments of the drinking population. An overview and demographic characteristics of the two groups are given. Included are statistical tables on the characteristics and drinking patterns of consumers by type of alcohol beverage most preferred (scotch, vodka, gin, rum, bourbon, and Canadian whiskey) and data on liquor consumers who also drink beer or wine. Frequency of drinking and amount of liquor per drink were not involved in the survey. KW - Accelerators KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Alcohol use KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drinking patterns KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371501 AU - Spielberg, F AU - Ernst, U AU - Kemp, M AU - Olsson, M L AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Urban Institute TI - PROFILE OF THE '80'S (U.S. DEMOGRAPHICS, INCLUDING TRAVEL) PY - 1980 SP - 85 p. AB - U.S. statistics are analyzed in terms of energy consumption in the 1980's under the following categories: economy, people, households, housing, workers, energy resources, automobiles, travel expenditure, and travel. Since U.S. petroleum reserves could be largely depleted by 1990 at current consumption and import rates, conservation and alternative energy sources must be a national priority in the 1980's. The small car will be the norm in view of policy supporting fuel efficiency and increased gasoline prices. A stabilization of petroleum use is expected, despite the 22 million more cars in 1990 over 1980, plus 20 million more drivers and 20% more trips. Motor fuel demand should stabilize at 122 billion gal./yr., with diesel fuel increasing to 33% of motor fuel consumption. Auto emissions will be greatly reduced. Carpools and vanpools will increase. The number of transportation handicapped people will increase 2% annually, especially among the over-65 age group. Total travel will increase by 20% in all areas, especially among single person, central city households using public transit. Upper income households will be able to maintain existing travel patterns in view of rising fuel costs, but lower income households may experience restricted mobility. Paratransit, bicycles, and mopeds will play an increasing role in transportation. Substitution of telecommunications for personal travel will develop more fully in the 1980's but will be unlikely to have a significant impact on either tripmaking or energy consumption. KW - Carpools KW - Compact automobiles KW - Demographics KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Households KW - Mobility KW - Small car KW - Travel patterns KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371512 AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - DOCKET ANALYSIS FOR THE FINAL NOISE EMISSION REGULATION FOR BUSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 155 p. AB - Comments received by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding the proposed bus noise emission regulation and the government's response to each comment are presented. The comments include those received during the 90-day public comment period (12 Sep-11 Dec 1977) and testimony at two public hearings (Washington, D.C., 25 Oct 1977; San Francisco, 1 Nov 1977). Comments/responses address health and welfare benefits, bus interior noise, school buses, possible economic effects, noise control technology, enforcement, test procedures, acoustical assurance period and sound level degradation factor, Transbus, transit malls, and general aspects. Individuals and organizations commenting during the formal period are listed and their comments numbered for identity in the text. These contributors are grouped under the following categories: bus manufacturers, manufacturers related to bus industry, associations, bus users, private citizens and citizens groups, biomedical community, state and local governments, and Federal government. Also listed are individuals/organizations contacted by EPA during regulation development (including the media) and those that EPA will contact in order to inform the public of regulation benefits and impacts. KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Noise control KW - Public hearings KW - School buses KW - Testing KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Transbus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371219 AU - HOLT, D AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. VOLUME 2 PY - 1980 SP - 80 p. AB - A series of articles concerning automobile maintenance are compiled to aid the novice working at home and to provide a few reminders for the experienced hobby-shop mechanic. Individual topics covered are buying a used car; general tuneup; final tuning; drum brake maintenance; brake hydraulic systems; power brake maintenance; carburetor care; air conditioning; ignition systems; sparkplugs; and grease, oil, and filter change. KW - Agglomeration KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Carburetors KW - Cooling equipment KW - Drum brakes KW - Engine tuning KW - Filters KW - Grease KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Ignition systems KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Power brakes KW - Spark plugs KW - Tune-ups KW - Tuning KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371200 AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - EMISSION RECALL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Background is given on the Environmental Protection Agency's emission recall program, followed by information on all recalls announced during 1979. If a substantial number of any class of vehicles or engines fail to conform to the emission standards in actual use, the manufacturer is required to submit a remedial plan. A summary table lists the numbers of foreign and domestic recall compaigns and vehicles recalled; included are ordered, influenced, and voluntary recalls that have already been initiated by the manufacturer as well as those in which the remedial plan has yet to be approved. A more comprehensive listing provides specific information on each recall: case/defect number, date of owner notification, vehicle class, emission problem, and number of vehicles recalled. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Imports KW - Recall campaigns KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371221 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC. GENERAL TUNEUP PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - General instructions are provided on performing a basic car tuneup. Preliminary steps include reading the service manual to identify necessary equipment and parts; inspecting the car's basic components (battery, air and gas filters, emission systems, spark plug wires, carburetor, choke, drive belts, and master cylinder reservoir) and performing a compression check. Detailed instructions and photographs are given for replacing spark plugs, points, and distributors. KW - Agglomeration KW - Compression tests KW - Engine tuning KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Parts KW - Tools KW - Tune-ups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371223 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. DRUM BRAKES. IT'S EASY TO UP YOUR STOPPING POWER PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Rear drum brake maintenance is reviewed, including checking the brake linings and/or pads for wear and replacing them when necessary. Signs of brake wear are described, as well as conditions indicating that brakes must be relined. Step-by-step instructions and photographs are provided to illustrate removing the brake drums, checking the linings and drums for wear, cleaning the removed drums, turning the brake drums, installing brake shoes, and adjusting the new brakes. KW - Agglomeration KW - Brake drums KW - Brake linings KW - Brake shoes KW - Brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371230 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC. BACK TO BASICS. SPARK PLUGS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The importance and function of spark plugs in engine performance are discussed. The heat range of a spark plug is explained as are step-by-step instructions for proper spark plug installation. Suggestions are given for correcting a mis-fire or no-fire, which can be caused by lack of proper mixture in the cylinder, tracking ignition, surface ignition, wide electrode gap, bridged gap, flashover, cracked insulator, and/or fouled plug. Suggested methods are provided for plug gap adjustment, examining coil polarity, avoiding cross fire, examining plugs for wear, and cleaning used plugs. A schematic diagram illustrates the processes of normal combustion, detonation, and pre-ignition. Charts and diagrams show the maximum torque values at which plugs should be installed and engine problems which may be identified by telltale plugs placed in the correct firing order. Photographs illustrate the appearance of spark plugs in various stages of wear. KW - Agglomeration KW - Building KW - Combustion KW - Cost allocation KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Pre-ignition KW - Spark plugs KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371359 AU - Chattaway, L D AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - ANALYSIS OF SIX YEAR TRENDS IN ALCOHOL LEVELS IN TRAFFIC FATALITIES IN CANADA PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Data on alcohol involvement in fatal traffic accidents during 1973-1978 are analyzed for seven Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island). The minimum percent of drivers who had been drinking remained relatively stable during the study period. The minimum percent of drivers who were impaired decreased slightly. The proportion of decrease varies directly with the proportion of reduction in fatalities. The mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at which drivers die appears to have increased over time. Young and old drivers tend to die at lower BAC's than middle-aged drivers. In the more recent years, more drivers died at higher BAC's, indicating that the drinking-driving problem is increasing. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371378 AU - National Police Agency TI - STATISTICS '79 OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN JAPAN PY - 1980 SP - 59 p. AB - Following historical data (1946-1979) on the road traffic situation and road accidents in Japan, statistics are compiled on accidents in 1979. Separate sections cover total, fatal, and expressway accidents and total child casualties. Japan had 471,573 traffic accidents in 1979, in which 8461 people were killed and 596,287 injured. Accidents were up 1.6% over 1978 and the number injured by 0.4%. Tables provide data on traffic violations (1979 and other years), traffic regulations and controls (1977 and 1978), licensed drivers (1978 and 1979), fleet safety supervisors/administrators (historical data), and present road conditions. KW - Adolescents KW - Data analysis KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Minors KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371386 AU - Hickok, B AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY PROGRAM, 1916 TO DATE: A SELECTIVE, PARTIALLY ANNOTATED, BIBLIOGRAPHY BASED ON THE HOLDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION STUDIES LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY PY - 1980 SP - 116 p. AB - Complete monographs and serials, or portions thereof, which have been written since 1916 (year of the Federal Aid Road Act) are compiled, concerning the U.S. Interstate Highway System. The majority of references are national in scope. Some are general treatments of Federal aid to highways rather than specific studies of interstate highways. The monographs are arranged chronologically under the following categories: books, Federal government publications (subdivided as legislative branch, executive branch, and advisory commission/committee), unpublished material (e.g. dissertations), special-interest-group publications, university reports, and bibliographies. Conferences and periodicals are arranged by issuing agency and then title, and serials by frequency of issue and then title. Annotations are included for many of the monographs, often consisting of quotations selected from author(s) introductions, summaries, or conclusions. Each item is numbered; selective personal author, corporate author, and title indexes are provided. KW - Bibliographies KW - Federal Aid Highway Act KW - Federal aid highways KW - Interstate Highway System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371491 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PISTON ENGINE--MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF THE 80'S. ENGINEERING KNOW-HOW IN ENGINE DESIGN, PART 28 PY - 1980 SP - 51 p. AB - Four papers are compiled concerning the piston engine in the 1980's, under the following topics: the volume increase of rubbers associated with fuel handling applications after immersion in gasoline/alcohol blends, attributes of fast burning rates in engines, automotive electronics, and evolution of the NT-855 heavy-duty diesel engine. KW - Automobile engines KW - Combustion KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronics KW - Gasohol KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Rubber KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371497 AU - United States Congress TI - AUTOMOBILES (CONFLICTING REGULATIONS) PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Regulatory conflicts facing the U.S. auto industry concern fuel economy, emissions, and vehicle safety. The difficulties in meeting both fuel efficiency and emission standards is illustrated by plans to utilize diesel engines in automobiles in the 1980's. General Motors (GM) claims that the diesel engine consistently achieves a 25% improvement in fuel economy over gasoline engines. However, GM, Ford, and Chrysler, as well as Mercedes-Benz, indicate that only the smallest models of diesel cars can simultaneously meet the 1985 nitrogen oxide (NOx) standard and the 1983 proposed particulate standard. Exhaust gas recirculation to achieve NOx standards would increase particulates. Chrysler estimates that higher 1980 model emission standards for cars and light trucks will lower its corporate average fuel economy by 5% (10% for California); GM and Ford project similar losses. Although automakers and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration support the use of lubricant additives such as graphite to improve fuel economy, these "slippery oils" have an adverse effect on catalyst performance and are unacceptable in Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy certification testing. Weight reductions in small cars (e.g. smaller engines) for better mpg are partially offset by added weight due to safety standards (e.g. heavier structural components) and emission equipment. Duplication and conflict also exist between Occupational Safety and Health Administration and state regulations and their reporting requirements. The aggregate of regulations also offsets other Federal goals, e.g. by increasing car prices and thus contributing to inflation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Graphite KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371517 AU - United States Senate TI - PROFESSIONAL MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT AND CHOP SHOPS. HEARINGS BEFORE THE PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS, NOVEMBER 27,28,29,30, AND DECEMBER 4,1979 PY - 1980 SP - 498 p. AB - Testimony and exhibits are presented from a series of hearings on the growing problem of professional automobile theft in the U.S., centering on "chop shops" in which stolen vehicles are dismantled and the parts sold on the black market. The response of law enforcement agencies to the problem is addressed. Auto theft annually represents a loss of $4 billion, and has increased 13% during the first six months of 1979 compared to the same period in 1978. Testimony was given by individuals formerly involved in chop shop operations; Chrysler, General Motors, and Ford engineering staff; congressional staff; state law enforcement personnel; and the director and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. KW - Automobiles KW - Hearings KW - Law enforcement KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371224 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC. BRAKE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Brake hydraulic system inspection and maintenance are described. Detailed instructions are provided for checking the hydraulic system, brake lines, master cylinder, and fluid; rebuilding the master cylinder; bleeding the brakes; and cleaning the hydraulic system. Photographs are provided to illustrate inspection techniques and diagrams are used to demonstrate the brake hydraulic system, principles of hydraulics, and master cylinder disassembly. KW - Agglomeration KW - Engine cylinders KW - Fluids KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Master cylinders KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371227 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - AIR CONDITIONERS. KEEP YOUR COOL, BABY PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The dynamics of air conditioning unit operation are described in terms of the function of the compressor, condenser, receiver, expansion valve, evaporator unit, and associated hoses and fittings. Troubleshooting tips and instructions are provided for inspecting compressor belts, replacing belts, checking compressor operation, inspecting condenser and fan, checking for leaks, examining the sight glass, checking the line temperature, and evaluating blower performance. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the basic refrigerant flow cycle, blower motor and fan operation, evaporator assembly location, typical air conditioning component location, and receiver assembly showing sight glass. KW - Agglomeration KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Cooling equipment KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Operation and maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371228 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - IGNITION SYSTEMS. THE SPARK OF LIFE FOR YOUR CAR. (PART 1) PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Following a brief historical review of ignition sources, the operation of the conventional coil ignition system (the Kettering system) is described. This system is composed of the electrical energy source (battery), ignition coil, condenser, distributor, ignition switch, low and high tension wiring, and spark plugs. Basic ignition system dynamics and the distributor function are reviewed. The system is designed to develop high voltage, to time the high voltage delivery to correspond with engine speeds, and to direct the voltage to the correct spark plug. The effects of the centrifugal advance mechanism, vacuum advance mechanism, dwell angle, condenser, coil, and spark plugs on the ignition system are explained. A pictoral of the Kettering ignition system; cutaway diagrams of an engine, distributor, and vacuum advance mechanism; and photographs of the internal parts breakdown of a Pinto distributor are included. KW - Agglomeration KW - Coil ignition KW - Ignition coils KW - Ignition systems KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Operation and maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371492 AU - Nersasian, A AU - Du Pont de Nemours (EI) and Company, Incorporated TI - THE VOLUME INCREASE OF FUEL HANDLING RUBBERS IN GASOLINE/ALCOHOL BLENDS PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - The volume increase of fluorohydrocarbon, fluorosilicone, nitrile, and epichlorohydrin homopolymer and copolymer rubbers was determined after total immersion in high aromatic gasoline blended with methanol or ethanol at 21 and 54 degrees C. The methanol blends produced more swelling than the ethanol blends at equivalent alcohol concentrations over the range of 10-100 vol.% alcohol. In both systems, the elevated test temperature was required to reach equilibrium volume increase. Of the various fuel handling rubbers tested, the highly fluorinated fluorohydrocarbon rubbers showed the best resistance to swelling in either blend. These rubbers also have the lowest permeation to gasoline and resist attack by "sour" or hydroperoxide-containing fuels. KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Immersion KW - Methanol KW - Rubber KW - Swelling KW - Temperature KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371495 AU - Hoefflin, C W AU - Cummins Engine Co., Inc. TI - EVOLUTION OF THE NT-855 ENGINE (HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL) PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Improvements since 1957 in the Cummins NT-855 heavy-duty diesel engine are described. The current model, the Big Cam II, is a turbocharged, four-stroke, in-line, six-cylinder engine with 855 cu. in. displacement. Examples of its application are commercial heavy-duty trucks (bulk of the market), large articulated farm tractors, commercial fishing boats, and generator sets (standby or continuous duty). The NT-855 is traced from its pre-1975 version with a rated speed of 2100 rpm (Small Cam), through the 1975 introduction of the Formula rating in which rated speed was reduced (1900 rpm) while maintaining rated power output, to the 1976 Big Cam--Formula (1900 rpm) and 1979 Big Cam II--Formula (1800 rpm) versions. A 15% fuel economy improvement was realized in the 1975-1980 time frame. Future developments (Big Cam III in 1982 and New Engine in 1984) are indicated; a 10% mpg gain is targeted for the 1984 engine over the equivalent Big Cam II model. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371521 AU - Altman, J W AU - Synectics Corporation TI - BEHAVIOR AND ACCIDENTS PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - In terms of measurement and control of safety performance, it is assumed that human behavior is an important factor in determining the frequency, severity, and incidence of accidents, and that modification of that behavior can either increase or decrease the likelihood of accidents and can influence the probable consequences of errors. Emphasis is placed on six areas of behavior related to accidents: analysis of errors having accident potential, task engineering, the role of reinforcement schedules in accidents (effect of reduced feedback), transfer of training and safe behavior, conflicting reinforcements, and contextual comparison. It is concluded that detailed analysis of performance requirements and learning conditions is needed for effective safety engineering and training. Identifying actual performance errors as deviations from standards of safe performance is an appropriate and useful approach to safety performance measurement. KW - Behavior KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371522 AU - BLUMENTHAL, M AU - Denver University TI - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO THE MEASUREMENT OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY PERFORMANCE BASED ON A STRUCTURAL CONCEPT OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - In an attempt to increase their usefulness, safety statistics are related to the management decisions that are needed to prevent or reduce injuries. Traditional concepts of "accident" and "causation" are replaced by a four-level causal structure. At the top level, accidents are defined as symptomatic of malfunctions in the man-technological system that comprises the second level. These failures reflect the inability of people and materials to cope with system demands. The inappropriate demands, in turn, reflect inadequate management decisions at the third level. The inadequacy of management follows from the lack of adequate knowledge and/or the valuing of other items (e.g. profits, efficiency) over safety. An approach to the "measurement" of safety performance, based on the independent work of Gibson (1961) and Haddon (1966) relating accidental injuries and energy sources, is used to correlate symptoms, system malfunctions and management decisions. This approach integrates the upper three levels of the causal structure, simultaneously relating occupation, body location of injury, injury severity, relative frequency, energy type (initiating the accident), suggested type of management intervention, and judged adequacy of emergency medical care and transportation. The percentage of total overhead invested in safety research and the slopes of accident/severity rates and cost-effectiveness ratios are suggested as other measurements of management's occupational safety performance. It is also suggested that in a value system which goes beyond a "market" conception of the worth of human life, increased expenditures could be justified for the prevention and amelioration of accidental injuries. KW - Crash causes KW - Human machine systems KW - Industries KW - Injuries KW - Management KW - Measurement KW - Occupational safety KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371220 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - BUYING A USED CAR. SOME BASIC TIPS ON SELECTING A SAFE AND SOUND USED CAR PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Advice is given on selecting a safe and reliable used car. The importance of deciding upon wants, needs, and affordability are discussed and methods of determining market price and availability are suggested. The advantages of automotive diagnostic testing are stressed. The relative advantages of buying a used car from a new car dealer, used car dealer, or a private owner are compared. Items to inspect before buying a used car are discussed, including the general condition of the car, wheels and tires, steering and suspension, radiator, car interior, appearance under the hood, and test drive performance. KW - Agglomeration KW - Buying KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inspection KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Selection criteria KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371231 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC. BACK TO BASICS...GREASE, OIL, AND FILTER PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The role of preventive maintenance (grease job and oil and oil-filter change) in extending engine life is emphasized. Oil and filter changes are recommended at intervals no longer than every 5000 miles. It is also advised that fuel, air, and fluid filters be changed frequently to prolong the need for major maintenance. Step-by-step illustrated instructions are provided for performing a grease job and on oil and oil-filter change as demonstrated by a female mechanic working in an auto hobby shop on a full-size Mercury. KW - Agglomeration KW - Air filters KW - Filters KW - Grease KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371379 AU - Prime Minister's Office, Japan TI - JAPANESE GOVERNMENT WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORTATION SAFETY 1980 EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 235 p. AB - Statistics are compiled on transportation accidents and traffic safety measures in Japan in 1979 (and in earlier years to indicate trends). Road, rail, marine, and aviation modes are examined separately. Budgetary allocations for road traffic safety programs are shown. Road traffic accident data are presented by area, month, day of week, and time of day. Fatal accidents are analyzed in more detail. Pedestrian and cyclist fatalities and injuries are given by age groups. Road traffic safety measures encompass the traffic environment, public education, safe driving, vehicle safety, traffic control, first aid and emergency medical services, accident compensation, and government research. There were 471,573 traffic accidents in Japan in 1979 in which 8461 people were killed and 596,287 injured. Accidents were up 1.6% over the previous year and number injured by 0.4%, although fatalities decreased by 3.7%, continuing a trend begun in 1971. KW - Air transportation KW - Countermeasures KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371387 AU - RILEY, B S AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - FATAL ACCIDENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN IN 1976 INVOLVING HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES (COMMERCIAL TRUCKS) PY - 1980 SP - 30 p. AB - The 740 police-reported heavy goods vehicle (HGV, commercial truck) accidents in Great Britain during 1976 are examined by accident type (HGV alone, car, other HGV, bus, two-wheeled vehicle, and pedestrian). The characteristics of each accident type and possible means of reducing injuries are discussed. Of the 844 fatalities, 67 were HGV occupants. The most frequent cause of death was ejection from the cab or crushing when the vehicle overturned; seat belt wearing and stronger cab structures could have prevented some of the fatal injuries. A total of 391 occupants in 450 cars were killed. About half of the cars underran the HGV; nearly two-thirds of these ran under the front of the truck. Although strong front and rear underride guards would benefit car occupants, it is doubtful that adequately strong side underride guards could be cost effective. Lightweight guards fitted along the sides of HGV's would probably have benefitted 39 of the 159 bicyclists/motorcyclists and 14 of the 159 pedestrians killed, mainly by preventing their being run over. KW - Causes KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371509 AU - Kulp, G AU - Shonka, D B AU - COLLINS, M J AU - Murphy, B J AU - Reed, K J AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Evaluation Research Corporation TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION DATA BOOK: 4TH EDITION PY - 1980 SP - 398 p. AB - A statistical compendium is presented as a desk-top reference for data on transportation and factors influencing transportation energy use. Most of the data are in the form of tables, graphs, and charts. Following a section on statistical highlights is a chapter on aggregate energy use data for all transportation modes, which are treated separately in later chapters. The highway mode, which accounts for 74% of total transportation energy consumption, includes the following topics: vehicle stock characteristics, fuel efficiency, household vehicle ownership and use, fleet automobiles, buses, and trucks. Nonhighway data cover air, marine, pipeline, and rail transportation. Relevant energy supply statistics are provided and historical trends in transportation are summarized. KW - Air transportation KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Pipelines KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370999 AU - Wouk, V AU - Wouk (Victor) Associates TI - RESEARCH ON FUEL ECONOMY INCREASE IN HEAT-ENGINE/BATTERY-ELECTRIC HYBRIDS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Avenues of research are discussed for techniques and components to improve the fuel economy of the heat-engine/battery-electric hybrid. The configuration selected for research is the parallel hybrid using existing commercial components. (The disadvantages of the "series hybrid" are enumerated in an appendix.) Research on lightweight materials, lower rolling resistance, and fuel economy strategies for conventional vehicles is also of value for the hybrid. Specific hybrid research items include engines, clutches, electric dynamometers, batteries, electronic controls, and transmissions. The desirable engine characteristics include squatness, high utilization factor, and nonidling characteristics. The hybrid requires a clutch of unusual character between the engine and dynamometer, since the clutch engages at no load on the engine. Designs and production techniques must be investigated for dynamometers with a high ratio of peak to average power. A battery with high power capabilities and low total energy storage needs to be developed for the hybrid. Electronic control of the interrelationships between the engine and dynamometer requires research in logic circuits. Tests on full-sized, full-performance automobiles converted to hybrids have shown fuel economy increases of over 50%. Other advantages of the hybrid design include immediate cold start, smooth, stall-free operation in heavy traffic, and immediate engine warming. Cost is an initial disadvantage which is offset by life-time petroleum savings. KW - Clutches KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Costs KW - Dynamometers KW - Electric batteries KW - Energy storage systems KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Lightweight materials KW - Research KW - Rolling resistance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371010 AU - Vanderby, R AU - Daniel, I M AU - Koller, G M AU - IIT Research Institute TI - LOAD INTRODUCTION PROBLEMS WITH TUBULAR COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - In order to use filamentary composites as a replacement for steel in automotive structures, an analytical study was undertaken to determine a transition geometry between a graphite/epoxy laminate cylinder and E-glass/epoxy cylindrical tabs which would minimize stress concentrations in the transition area. Axisymmetric anisotropic finite element analyses were performed to determine stress concentrations during in-plane loading, single and combined, of a series of end tab materials, end tab designs, and configurations for the steel grips at each end of the tubular structure. It was found that extreme stress concentrations can occur in the areas of load transfer for tubular composites. Geometric discontinuities causing abrupt changes in the circumferential stiffness can cause axial bending stresses to reach a critical level while circumferential stresses are still low. Pressure compensation on the tubular ends can help reduce these stress concentrations. This is best performed by increasing the circumferential stiffness from the tubular specimen to the end tabs and from end tabs to grips as gradually as possbile, using a combination of intermediate softer materials and geometries free from sharp discontinuities. KW - Automobiles KW - Composite materials KW - Discontinuity KW - Load transfer KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Tubular structures KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370522 AU - Gummesson, SGR AU - Rosenqvist, NKG AU - SJOSTEDT, L E AU - KB United Stirling AB and Company TI - STIRLING ENGINES FOR LIGHT AND MEDIUM DUTY AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - A 75 kW four-cylinder double-acting Stirling engine with multifuel capability is described which provides extremely low emission levels and engine efficiency equal to or better than that of a diesel engine at slightly higher manufacturing cost. The 75 kW engine and an eight-cylinder version (two 75 kW modules in line) are scheduled for market introduction in 1985. The current status of United Stirling engine development and vehicle installation (Opel Record passenger car, Volvo delivery truck) is reviewed, and potential improvements in fuel economy are outlined. Near-term applications of this Stirling engine in low-emission vehicles for use in confined spaces or in an urban environment (e.g. underground mining equipment, forklift trucks, and city buses) are indicated. Emissions are compared to those of corresponding diesel engines. KW - Automobile engines KW - Costs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stirling engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370529 AU - Flegl, H AU - Gruden, D AU - Szodfridt, I AU - Wust, R AU - Porsche AG TI - THE PORSCHE 995 RESEARCH CAR POWERTRAIN--A CONTRIBUTION TO REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - The "Research Car Study" had an appreciable reduction in fuel consumption as a main objective. Fuel economy strategies included reduced vehicle weight and aerodynamic drag, minimization of parasitic losses (e.g. by low-friction drive shafts), improved energy efficiency measures, improved power transmission, and powertrain operation in the range of maximum efficiency. Results to date demonstrate the influence of engine displacement, fuel consumption during idling, and required driving performance on overall fuel economy. Analysis of fuel economy made with different engine concepts (Otto/Diesel, different number of cylinders, turbocharging, reduced idling fuel consumption) led to two engine variants for further study (four-cylinder and eight-cylinder with partial cylinder cutoff). Comparison of several transmission variants (e.g. hydrodynamic torque converter) showed that an automatic mechanical five-speed transmission with double clutch action was the most favorable solution. A central electronic system is to be installed for ignition, fuel injection, and transmission control as well as other duties (e.g. central information system). KW - Automobile engines KW - Drag KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electronics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370536 AU - Emmenthal, K D AU - Hagemann, G AU - WALZER, P AU - Volkswagenwerk TI - FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS BY TURBOCHARGING (SPARK IGNITION ENGINES) PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Possible turbocharger applications to spark ignition (SI) engines are described for achieving fuel economy with good driveability. A number of system variations are discussed, including details of a turbocharged 1.6 L gasoline engine for the Calspan Research Safety Vehicle (four-cylinder in-line engine with a compression ratio of 8:1 and flanged-on five-speed manual transmission). Also discussed is a 2.2 L five-cylinder SI engine with a similar turbocharger installation. The good fuel economy results produced by these engines show the extent to which turbochargers can help to improve the fuel economy of SI piston engines. Further work should focus on improved knock control in these engines with the aid of engine-map controlled ignition systems and knock sensors, and on faster-responding turbochargers with much lower moments of inertia. Ultimately, the benefit-to-cost ratio will be the basis for a decision on a production model. KW - Engine knock KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvements KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370547 AU - Lewis, J M AU - Tierney, W T AU - United Parcel Service of America, Incorporated AU - Texaco, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATIFIED-CHARGE ENGINE WITH BROAD FUEL TOLERANCE PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - United Parcel Service (UPS), with Texaco and Ricardo Consulting Engineers Ltd., has undertaken a program to design and develop a fuel-efficient stratified engine conversion kit for the General Motors GMC 292 six-cylinder gasoline engines used in UPS delivery vehicles. The potential benefits, and outline of the work to be accomplished, and the status of the program are presented. The Texaco controlled-combustion system (TCCS) is a stratified-charge concept which controls combustion by coordinating fuel injection, spark ignition, and air swirl. The result is a lean fuel-air mixture which results in excellent fuel economy, low emissions, and the lack of combustion knock. TCCS has been under development by Texaco since the 1940's. Past engine conversions are outlined and information on fuel economy, emissions, and performance are presented. The major benefit of this program will be a fuel-efficient engine that runs on a fuel requiring minimum energy for its production. Such an engine will provide an opportunity to maximize the available transportation miles per barrel of crude. KW - Combustion KW - Conversion KW - Engine knock KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Performance KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370554 AU - Hunt, M F AU - Power (JD) and Associates TI - CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD FUEL SHORTAGE AND VEHICLE PURCHASE INTENTIONS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Results are presented from a May 1979 mail questionnaire survey of American drivers (over 5000 responses) on their perceptions of the oil shortage, on acceptability of alternative vehicle design and manufacturing methods to increase fuel economy, and on their preferences for next vehicle purchased. Overall, most respondents blamed the energy shortage on the major oil companies and on OPEC, while others placed the main responsibility on Congress and the Executive branch of government. About two-thirds of the respondents favored economic sanctions to solve the energy crisis while opposing military force as a solution. Eight in ten favored the excess profits tax on the oil companies; one-half did not want additional tax on gasoline for the development of alternative fuels. Seven in ten surveyed did not consider mass transit a feasible personal solution to energy problems. Adoption of the diesel engine by more manufacturers was seen as the most likely measure to be taken, although 29% to 57% of the respondents declined to express their opinion about the acceptability of 13 alternatives to increase fuel economy. Almost half the drivers intended to replace their primary vehicle within four years. Six in ten stipulated a passenger car as their next vehicle; one in ten specified a pickup truck. Half would buy the same size vehicle; almost a third would down-size. Six in ten would actively seek a more fuel efficient vehicle as their next purchase. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Attitudes KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Economic policy KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Public transit KW - Purchasing KW - Questionnaires KW - Sanctions KW - Supply KW - Surveys KW - Taxation KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370525 AU - Seiffert, U AU - WALZER, P AU - Oetting, H AU - Volkswagenwerk TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Factors influencing automotive fuel economy are discussed: body shape (effect on air and rolling resistance), vehicle weight, fuel type, and drivetrain effectiveness. Other factors include driving mode and traffic environment. The interactive effect of drag coefficient, inertia weight, and engine power on fuel economy is discussed. Potential improvements in the gasoline engine include more precise mixture control, optimization of ignition point and valve timing, leaner warm-up phase, higher compression, lower friction losses, utilization of waste heat (by turbocharging), and engine displacement adapted to driving needs. Electronic systems for mixture control, ignition-map control, and knock sensing for a gasoline engine are diagrammed. The Volkswagen Integrated Research Vehicle is described. The drivetrain includes a 70 hp swirl chamber diesel engine with turbocharger and a manual five-speed transmission. Fuel economy of 60 mph was achieved with excellent acceleration. A possible future improvement to the diesel engine is direct fuel injection. Five-speed transmissions are designed for fuel economy; a possible improvement is free-wheel drive. Electronically controlled transmissions with pneumatic or power-assist components are a long-term possibility. Reference is made to regulations imposed by contradictory government policies which impede development of automobiles with maximum fuel economy (up to 80 mpg). Included are regulations controlling particulates, nitrogen oxides, and noise emission, safety regulations, and sales weighted average projection requirements. Electricity and alcohol (methanol and ethanol) are mentioned as possible mid-term alternative sources of energy. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Drag KW - Electronics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370526 AU - John, R R AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - TRANSITION TO THE POST-1985 MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - A preliminary assessment is presented of the potential petroleum savings, technical feasibility, and material and capital resource requirements associated with a highly fuel efficient post-1985 passenger car and light truck fleet (baseline of 27.5 mpg for 1985 passenger cars and 20 mpg for light trucks). A scenario of 40 mpg for cars and 25 mpg for light trucks/vans would result in fuel savings of 1.8 million bbl/day by the year 2000; with 50 mpg cars and 35 mpg light trucks/vans, the fuel savings would be nearly 3 million bbl/day (25% and 40% over the baseline). Marketable car and light truck fleets of 40 to 50 mpg and 25 to 35 mpg, respectively, are thought to be technically possible by the mid-1990's through fleet weight reduction by materials substitution (high-strength steel, fiberglass reinforced plastic, aluminum, and hybrid reinforced plastic) and by a shift in fleet mix to smaller vehicles. The question remains whether such a fleet can be produced at an affordable cost and in conformance with consumer needs (roominess, comfort, driveability). The shift in materials requirements for the post-1985 car and light truck fleet is indicated, as well as necessary capital expenditures. The total 1985-1995 program cost (research, engineering, pre-production, and launch) is estimated to be nearly $100 billion (1979 dollars). Cost of fuel saved is estimated at $30-$45 billion/year by the year 2000. Two programs (West German and U.S.) have been initiated to generate data for evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of continued post-1985 motor vehicle fuel economy improvements. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - High strength steel KW - Light trucks KW - Plastics KW - Savings KW - Small car KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370540 AU - Basshuysen, R van AU - Steinwart, J AU - Kromer, G AU - Audi NSU Auto Union A.G. TI - FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS BY REDUCTION OF FRICTION LOSSES AND OTHER MEASURES PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - A study of friction and pumping losses was made on a four-cylinder 1.6 L engine equipped with the Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection system. Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) was considered as the difference between indicated MEP and brake MEP (BMEP). Friction losses were measured for piston plus crankshaft, auxiliary shaft with oil pump and distributor, and camshaft plus valve drive. A 23% lighter piston was developed with smaller compression distance, shorter piston pin, recessed design of the piston pin area, direct support of the piston crown, thinner crown and skirt, and smaller ring grooves. The new piston design, in bench tests and vehicle tests, increased BMEP at wide-open throttle by about 5%, producing a 2% fuel economy improvement in city tests. Noise emission was reduced by about 2 db(A). When valve spring force was reduced by 30%, a 1.5% improvement in fuel economy was noted in the U.S. city test. To reduce pumping losses, the effects of lean mixture, unthrottled condition, and cylinder deactivation (cylinders 1 and 4) were studied. Mechanical and thermodynamic losses during warm-up were separately identified, and such measures as modified circuit, high temperature thermostat, lower oil viscosity, and less oil were studied for their possible ameliorative effect. Also studied was the effect of fuel cutoff during deceleration by means of the K-Jetronic with switch control. A total fuel economy improvement of 12.7% was realized by the measures described, without a corresponding increase in exhaust emissions. KW - Automobile engines KW - Design KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Losses KW - Noise control KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Pumps KW - Testing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370543 AU - Cochran, C N AU - McClure, RHG AU - Alcoa Laboratories TI - WEIGHT SAVING MATERIALS, ENERGY, AND THE AUTOMOBILE PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The energy requirements for production, fabrication, and recycling are calculated along with gasoline requirements to derive life-cycle energy balances for aluminum, plastics, and high-strength steel parts in automobiles. The life-cycle energy for aluminum parts is much lower than for steel and matches that for plastic parts, considering only manufacture and operation of the car. Aluminum parts have the lowest energy requirement in their life cycle using recycled materials or considering only the petroleum component of the energy. The fuel consumption/weight coefficient, compounding of weight saving, and material replacement ratios are discussed for 1979 automobiles. Lifetime fuel savings with aluminum range from 0.8 gal./lb. of aluminum for simple part substitution to 2.5 gal./lb. of aluminum when weight saving and resizing of the drivetrain is combined with reduced vehicle weight. The projected average aluminum content of 250 lb. for 1985 automobiles should reduce vehicle weight an estimated 560 lb. and improve fuel economy by 16% over a car containing no aluminum. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - High strength steel KW - Plastics KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370557 AU - Kemper, Y AU - SHIH, S AU - Trachman, E G AU - Vadetec Corporation TI - IMPROVEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY USING THE VADETEC INERTIAL DRIVELINE PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The novel arrangement and powertrain control strategy of Vadetec Corporation's Inertial Driveline (IDL) are described. The new driveline is based on a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and has the capabilities of regenerative braking and intermittent engine operation. The influence of CVT speed ratio range and efficiency on fuel economy in city driving is examined. Performance simulation results for an IDL-equipped vehicle (Volvo with 130 CID engine and three-way Lambda-Sond System) are presented; a 44% fuel economy improvement, comparable acceleration to vehicles with conventional drivelines, and compliance with emission standards are indicated. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Drivelines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Performance KW - Regenerative braking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371003 AU - Drewitz, H AU - Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg AG TI - REDUCING THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HEAVY TRUCK TRAINS (TRACTOR VEHICLE AND TRAILER) BY LOWERING AERODYNAMIC DRAG PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Drag coefficients for direct and oblique air streams and airflow patterns on truck-trailer and tractor-semitrailer models were investigated in wind tunnel tests with the aid of streamers and smoke tracers. When the tests were repeated with shrouded models, two aerodynamic add-on devices were found most promising for a 38-ton vehicle train: roof-mounted air shield with front air dam and side fairings on the tractor, and front cladding with stabilizer and side fairings on the trailer. Road tests performed with two 320 hp vehicle trains on the autobahn between Munich and Stuttgart, Germany, were representative of a typical long-distance trucking route, including both flat and mountainous sections; the wind speed was assumed to be average. The tests, covering a distance of 20,000 km. evaluated a standard combination and one equipped with the aerodynamic aids. The road tests conclusively demonstrated that the aerodynamic devices, which can readily be fitted on existing vehicles, can reduce drag by as much as 25% (at mean speeds between 70 and 80 kph) which corresponds to a fuel savings of up to 10%. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind KW - Wind speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371006 AU - Murphy, R W AU - Freightliner Corporation TI - IMPROVEMENT IN FUEL ECONOMY AND PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH USE OF LIGHTWEIGHT COMPONENTS IN HEAVY DUTY HIGHWAY TRUCKS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Using the relationship between gross vehicle weight and fuel consumption, a simplified method of estimating cost savings resulting from weight reduction is described. Two methods of calculating the economic advantage of reduced tare weight are presented: the increase revenue method for private carriers, and the cost avoidance method, applicable to for-hire carriers. Examples are provided to demonstrate the economic benefits, using data from actual fleet operations. Three practical methods of reducing tare weight are discussed: using aluminum in place of iron and steel, using composite rather than solid parts, and alternate light-weight systems (e.g. wedge brakes, tubeless tires, single vs. dual drive, frontal air, air starter, smaller fuel tank, and special engine). Weight savings for each method are cited. Cost savings per truck for a 2000 lb. tare weight reduction can be as high as $4000 over a five-year period for a private carrier of bulk petroleum products. Increased annual revenue for a for-hire carrier can be as high as $4800. It is shown that the use of aluminum in place of steel is fuel efficient even though more energy is required to produce aluminum. KW - Aluminum KW - Composite materials KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economic benefits KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Productivity KW - Savings KW - Trucks KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370447 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. (WITH AMENDMENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS ISSUED THROUGH DECEMBER 1980) PY - 1980 SP - v.p. AB - This reference volume contains Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations, including amendments and interpretations, issued through December 1980. The volume is divided into three sections. The first section contains procedural rules and regulations. The second section contains the standards. The third section contains Rulings and additional regulations. Each section is sub-divided into Parts which correspond to the Part numbers appearing in the United States Code of Federal Regulations. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Certification KW - Consumers KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Motor vehicles KW - Procedural requirements KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371000 AU - HAGIN, F AU - Merker, P AU - Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg AG TI - DRIVE SYSTEMS WITH BRAKE-ENERGY RECOVERY PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Intended for use in city buses in regular service, two hybrid drive systems have been developed for storing recovered brake energy: a mechanical flywheel storage (gyrobus) and a hydraulic storage (hydrobus) system. The drive units comprise a diesel engine with an infinitely variable transmission, and the energy storage system arranged under the floor and connected to the transmission. The greatest fuel savings can be realized with the hydrobus, in which no stored energy is lost due to idling, although the purchase price and weight of this bus are higher. Current figures show that the hybrid drives with brake-energy recovery can attain or may exceed the economic efficiency of standard buses. Further development, such as optimizing the drivetrains and increasing the energy density of the storage systems, will enhance efficiency. Apart from a 10% to 25% fuel savings, which will offset the additional investment, these systems offer improved drive characteristics (including speed) and reduced pollution. KW - Buses KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy storage systems KW - Flywheels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Infinitely variable transmissions KW - Power trains KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371002 AU - Glass, D R AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - REDUCTION OF AERODYNAMIC DRAG ON TRUCKAWAY UNITS PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Wind tunnel tests were conducted using 1/12 scale models of 55- and 65-ft. truckaway units (i.e. trucks used to transport cars, small vans, etc.), and various modifications were made in an attempt to reduce aerodynamic drag. The most significant reduction in drag was obtained for crosswind conditions by the use of various side panels. Drag reduction was directly proportional to the degree of blockage of cross flow between vehicles on the truck. For example, for carriers traveling at 55 mph in a 20 mph crosswind, drag reductions of 20% to 30% are quite attainable, and should result in fuel savings of about 10% to 15%. Even with lower velocity crosswinds and less than complete side panels, the drag reductions can be significant. It was also found that other minor modifications would reduce the drag by up to 5% for each model. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Crosswinds KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Panels KW - Side KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371007 AU - Keller, J A AU - Kotuszenko, N S AU - McCoy, R R AU - Mobil Oil Corporation TI - FUEL ECONOMY BENEFITS OF SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS IN HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - A synthetic diesel-engine oil and/or gear lubricant can provide substantial fuel savings over conventional premium-quality lubricants under widely different test conditions and procedures. Fuel economy improvements ranging up to 6% from the use of synthetic lubricants in heavy-duty diesel trucks were demonstrated in a laboratory engine test, vehicle chassis dynamometer tests, and Regulated Common Carrier Conference Type 1 two-truck over-the-road tests. These fuel savings have been confirmed in closely monitored fleet tests in both long-haul and delivery service for up to two years in approximately four million miles of operation. Heavy-duty 290 to 365 hp diesel engines from the four most popular U.S. builders were included in the fleet tests. Other advantages demonstrated by the synthetic lubricants include excellent low-temperature fluidity for improved cold-weather starting and engine protection; high-temperature stability, resulting in reduced oil degradation and constant viscosity during service; oil economy benefits with engines in good mechanical condition; extended drain capability; and compatibilty with conventional lubricants and all commonly used seal materials. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic benefits KW - Engine oils KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricating oils KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371009 AU - Hahn, E E AU - Vanderby, R AU - Iwankiw, N R AU - IIT Research Institute TI - AUTOMOTIVE ENERGY PERFORMANCE SIMULATION PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - An automotive energy performance simulation computer code has been developed for use in determining the energy consumption of internal combustion, electric, and hybrid vehicles. The input to the code consists of a simplified description of the vehicle, its powertrain, and a velocity-time driving cycle. The output gives the total, instantaneous, and average fuel consumption and/or battery charge. The major computational modules of the computer program determine the torque and speed required at the wheels and in the transmission, the internal combustion engine fuel consumption, the required electric motor current and chopper time, the battery charge state, and the generator current output. The vehicle energy simulation code has been successfully tested for both an internal combustion and an electric vehicle over three standard driving cycles. This program has the capability of providing valuable insights into vehicle design tradeoffs and engine efficiency. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370537 AU - Savage, T J AU - John, JEA AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - TURBOCHARGED AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS WITH METHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Engine performance characteristics with alcohol-gasoline blends were investigated in dynamometer testing of a turbocharged V-6 engine at wide-open throttle (WOT) and road loads. At WOT, without altering carburetion, gasoline blended with 10% and 20% methanol did not affect power output while improving volumetric-, mass-, and energy-based fuel efficiency. Volumetric efficiency was not significantly affected, but brake enthalpy efficiency was increased compared to that obtained with unblended gasoline. At road loads, mass and volumetric efficiency decreased compared to gasoline, while improvements were observed in energy-based fuel efficiency and volumetric and enthalpy efficiency. Methanol-gasoline blends have lower stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, lower energy content, higher volatility, and lower combustion temperature compared to gasoline. The changes observed were primarily the result of the leaning effect of methanol in gasoline and its better combustion characteristics. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Automobile engines KW - Combustion KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Testing KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370539 AU - Schellmann, K AU - Schmid, W AU - Porsche AG TI - POSSIBILITIES OF SAVING FUEL BY SWITCHING OFF CYLINDERS (OTTO ENGINE) PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Porsche's eight-cylinder Otto engine with cylinder switch-off is designed to provide a high maximum output with low partial-load fuel consumption by switching off four cylinders during partial-load operation. The engine operation is described, including the arrangement of the switched-off cylinders, functioning of the fuel injection system, engine performance control, and performance characteristics of the two engine segments. Exhaust decontamination for Porsche switch-off engines is explained and the fuel savings at partial-load are indicated by results of bench tests. Fuel consumption was reduced up to 25% at speeds between 24 mph and 36 mph and a 40% reduction was achieved during idling. In constant volume sampler city and highway tests, fuel consumption was reduced 23% and 15%, respectively. In the Economic Commission for Europe city test, fuel consumption was reduced by 20%; 10% and 7% reductions were achieved at constant highway speeds of 90 kph and 120 kph. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Otto cycle engines KW - Performance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370544 AU - Thomas, R E AU - Enos, J H AU - Lindley, N L AU - Dow Chemical Company TI - REINFORCED VINYL ESTER RESIN: A LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURAL MATERIAL PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Lightweight reinforced plastic composites (RP/C) are increasingly being used in structural automotive parts because less energy is consumed in their manufacture and their light weight improves vehicle fuel economy. Structural materials must withstand conditions encountered during the life of an automobile (long-term loading, fatigue, and variable temperatures) without sacrificing suitability for mass production. Following a brief review of the history of RP/C use, the static and dynamic physical properties of several reinforced vinyl ester composites are discussed. Static creep, fatigue, and impact strength are examined at a variety of temperatures. Room temperature static properties are found to be largely a function of the glass content of the system; dynamic properties and high-temperature static properties are largely controlled by the resin matrix. DERAKANE 790 vinyl ester resin, a high-strength molding compound, is recommended for a wide range of structural automotive applications. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Physical properties KW - Plastics KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Vehicle components KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370546 AU - Korff, P von AU - Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg AG TI - POWER-TRAINS OF HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS WITH COMBINED SUPERCHARGING SYSTEM AND INTERCOOLING PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The history of efforts by Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg (MAN) to reduce fuel consumption in heavy-duty trucks is reviewed, and the contribution of turbocharging combined with resonance charging by an oscillating air column in the induction system (resonance-tube supercharging) is described, as applied to a MAN six-cylinder in-line diesel engine. Modifications to the engine, drivetrain, transmission, and rear-axle ratio (rated speed) are discussed, as well as rolling resistance and tires. KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Rolling resistance KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370548 AU - Stieber, J G AU - GREYHOUND CANADA (AIRLINE) TI - INTERCITY GAS TURBINE-POWERED BUS DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The intercity gas turbine demonstration program will collect performance and operational data to allow direct comparisons between the gas turbine and current diesel engines. Gas turbine engines have the potential for fuel economy, reduced noise, emissions, and maintenance, increased comfort and reliability, and fuel flexibility. The program is designed to demonstrate and evaluate the operation of the latest generation of gas turbine engines in Greyhound Lines' intercity coaches in revenue service. Coaches will operate in different city pairs throughout the U.S. for maximum public exposure and collection of maintenance and operational data in diverse environments. Since the first turbine-powered bus was put into revenue service on 30 Aug 1979, comments from drivers and passengers have been favorable. The program's goal is to accelerate acceptance and commercialization of gas turbine technology by the transportation industry. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Buses KW - City pairs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Diesel engines KW - Gas turbines KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370998 AU - Norrup, L V AU - AiResearch Manufacturing Company TI - NEAR-TERM, FUEL-EFFICIENT ENGINE FOR AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS: THE MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE/SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE HYBRID POWER PLANT PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Current mechanical energy storage (MES) technology, in the form of a flywheel, can be combined with the highly developed spark ignition (SI) engine to provide power for a full-sized vehicle which can meet or exceed current or projected corporate average fuel economy requirements and can attain consumer performance expectations. The hardware technology and most of the manufacturing facilities already exist to produce such an MES/SI hybrid engine, and the theory behind the integration process is understood. Since integration of a flywheel and an SI engine has not actually been accomplished, uncertainties exist in vehicle driveability, powerplant cost, and user acceptability. Integration work should center on the energy and power management of the propulsion system within the context of the total vehicle's fuel economy, acceptability, and safe operation. The integration of the MES/SI engine into a vehicular system is discussed under the following headings: fuel economy and performance goals, vehicle performance considerations, potential MES/SI hybrid propulsion systems, transmission designs (one of which must be a continuously variable transmission), control considerations, power load leveling, and regenerative braking. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Automobile engines KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Costs KW - Energy storage systems KW - Flywheels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Regenerative braking KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Technology KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371011 AU - DeLancey, W H AU - Product Development Company TI - AN INFINITELY VARIABLE INFINITE RATIO AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - An automatic transmission is described which is infinitely variable without fixed ratio limits for torque amplification and with a highly efficient lockup for cruising. Torque amplification is obtained by a combination of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic drive. When torque falls below a predetermined point it goes into idle with minimum drag; when it exceeds a predetermined value it starts torque amplification which can continue up to maximum engine speed regardless of the rate of vehicle motion. Full engine output is available at any time for acceleration and grade ascent. Efficiency during lockup compares favorably with the best manual transmissions, and during acceleration exceeds the latest production automatics. Since full engine output at maximum speed is always available, the engine size can be radically reduced to run at high efficiency while cruising, reducing fuel consumption by an estimated 50%. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370533 AU - Neitz, A AU - CHMELA, F AU - Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg AG TI - MAN (MASCHINENFABRIK AUGSBURG-NURNBERG) FM PROCESS TO ENABLE DIESEL ENGINES TO BURN METHANOL PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Application of the MAN (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg) FM combustion system is described, a system based on a direct injection diesel engine with a spark plug for igniting the alcohol, which resists self-ignition. Features of the process that make the FM engine especially suitable for burning methanol are diesel compression ratio, direct injection, wall depositing of fuel in combustion chamber, and a conventional electric ignition system. Cold starting is no problem. Although fuel input is roughly twice as high because of alcohol's low heat value, energy consumption with methanol is slightly lower than in the diesel engine, and nitrogen oxides emissions are also reduced. Carbon monoxide emissions, while slightly higher, are negligible. Hydrocarbon emissions can be kept within the limits of U.S. regulations by providing a catalyst. One of the major benefits of an FM-methanol engine is the complete absence of exhaust smoke, which helps control air pollution. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370535 AU - Forster, H-J AU - Gwinner, D AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. TI - THE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The dominant position of the spark ignition engine worldwide is due to the following characteristics: high brake mean effective pressure and high maximum speed (which result in high torque and high power-to-swept volume ratio); low weight and low bulk volume for a given power demand; smooth and low-noise operation; low cost per unit of power output; and possibility of operation with different fuels, including gasoline, liquified petroleum gas, alcohol, natural gas, liquified natural gas, and hydrogen. The current diesel engine popularity is based on its greater fuel economy at part load. Fuel efficiency of the spark ignition engine at part load can be improved by such measures as choosing operating areas with good efficiency; increasing the compression ratio (CR) and providing a knock-sensing control system; increasing the CR at part load by variable CR pistons; turbocharging; providing a low, stabilized idling speed, and cylinder cutoff at part load; reducing the power demand of auxiliary drives; and reducing engine weight. Many of the proposed improvements can be realized only by increased use of electronic control systems. Since these measures add to the complexity and cost of the engine, their introduction depends on the fuel cost savings returned to the consumer. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvements KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370550 AU - SHERMAN, L AU - Manski, C F AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated TI - ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF GASOLINE PRICE AND VEHICLE DESIGN ATTRIBUTES ON CONSUMER CHOICE OF MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - Forecasts are presented of U.S. household vehicle purchases and holdings over the 1978-1985 period covered by Title V fuel economy standards. The forecasts are based on an econometric model explaining the composition by make, model, and year of individual household vehicle ownership, and on a Feb 1976 national random sampling of households. Two models are presented: one of vehicle composition in one-vehicle households, and the other in multiple-vehicle households. These models are incorporated, along with empirically estimated models explaining household vehicle ownership level and scrappage decisions, in a nationwide aggregate forecasting package. Population behavior has been derived by simulating the vehicle type choices of each sampled household and aggregating the results, scaled by a sampling weight. Vehicle purchase patterns through 1985 are based on an assumed schedule of vehicle design changes and alternative fuel price scenarios. KW - Automobile makes KW - Choice models KW - Consumers KW - Econometric models KW - Forecasting KW - Gasoline KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Prices KW - Purchasing KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370552 AU - Boyd, J H AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated TI - MARKET EFFECTS OF CAFE (CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY)- INDUCED CHANGES IN AUTOMOTIVE ATTRIBUTES--A HEDONIC DEMAND ANALYSIS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The probable market effects of CAFE (corporate average fuel economy)-induced changes in the attributes of various makes and models of automobiles are examined, including price, fuel consumption, acceleration, noise, styling, repair, and handling. Elasticities of market shares with respect to those attributes have been calculated for individual car lines, size classes, and manufacturers. The implications of CAFE standards for consumer acceptance of downsized cars, changes in consumer welfare from changes in price and other attributes, and corporate market shares are discussed. A hedonic demand model, a multinomial logit probability choice model with random coefficients, has been utilized. Consumers' valuations on car characteristics have been derived, with allowance for differences in consumer tastes; these valuations are based on attributes and observed market shares of some 150 models and submodels in 1977 and 1978. The results imply that the market for new cars is relatively stable, with relative shares of size classes or individual manufacturers somewhat insensitive to rather large changes in purchase or gasoline price. Also implied is that shifts in market shares from more to less fuel efficient cars in response to possible changes in new-car or gasoline prices are likely to have only modest short-term impacts on fleet average fuel economy. Fuel economy changes within size classes remain the option available to automakers to meet CAFE standards. KW - Automobiles KW - Choice models KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Fuel consumption KW - Markets KW - Mathematical models KW - Prices KW - Standards KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370519 AU - JONES, C AU - Curtiss-Wright Corporation TI - DIRECT INJECTION STRATIFIED CHARGE ROTARY COMBUSTION ENGINE DEVELOPMENTS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Data on the 1977 developmental status of the unthrottled direct-injected stratified-charge rotary combustion engine program at Curtiss-Wright are reviewed against recent preliminary results from a study comparing fuel consumption using a higher compression ratio in the 1977 rig engine (RC1-60) with fuel consumption results for a rig engine (RC1-350) scaled up by a linear factor of one and two-thirds. Preliminary data suggest that thermal efficiencies are reasonably close for both engines. Limited test data indicate that the stratified-charge rotary engine offers diesel-competitive fuel economy on a wide range of fuels, plus higher power density and better emissions potential. Directions for future research are suggested. KW - Automobile engines KW - Development KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rotary engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Testing KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370521 AU - Kronogard, S-O AU - Malmrup, L AU - United Turbine TI - ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE TURBINE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM: DIESEL-COMPETITIVE FUEL ECONOMY WITH LOW EMISSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Specifically designed for automotive use, the Kronogard Turbine Transmission (KTT) system closely integrates the gas turbine engine with the transmission system by shifting the torque conversion function of the transmission into the turbine portion of the engine. The KTT three-shaft configuration offers continuously variable transmission (CVT) features and allows recovery of most of the transmission losses in the regenerator while maintaining high turbine inlet temperatures at part load. Without sacrificing rapid acceleration, the configuration allows a low idle speed, and low idle fuel consumption, resulting in very high fuel economy over the Federal Driving Cycle (equal to or higher than comparable automotive diesel cars at equal or lower cost). Variations in the geometric arrangement of the components and use of ceramic materials may further reduce fuel consumtion. A wide variety of fuels (e.g. coal-derived gases and liquids and synthetic fuels) can be used in the continuous combustion process, the characteristic of gas turbines. This process also provides low emissions. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Kronogard turbine transmission KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370523 AU - Herbert, R M AU - Lanoway, B J AU - Kristiansen Cycle Engines Limited TI - IMPROVED ENGINE EFFICIENCY WITH EMPHASIS ON EXPANSION PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The relative importance of compression ratio and expansion ratio with regard to overall engine cycle efficiency is discussed, with emphasis on the special significance of expansion ratio. The inadequacy of conventional textbook analyses for realistic cycle evaluation is demonstrated. The effects of mechanical, volumetric, and combustion efficiency on part-load engine performance are discussed, and an analysis is made to show that increasing the expansion ratio can improve the overall engine efficiency over the entire operating range. The practical methods of achieving increased expansion ratios in an engine are discussed, and the influence of one such engine configuration on air-fuel mixture requirements and exhaust emissions is reviewed. Comparisons are made to other proposed methods of improving the efficiency of an engine, such as turbocharging and turbocompounding. Data are presented from tests conducted on an actual engine with increased expansion ratio, and further work required to achieve the engine's full potential is outlined. It is estimated that substantial (30% plus) improvements in brake specific fuel consumption are achievable with the successful development of an increased expansion ratio engine. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Automobile engines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Expansion KW - Expansion ratio KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Testing KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370528 AU - Boehly, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SAFETY AND FUEL ECONOMY PERFORMANCE OF THE NHTSA'S (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The Research Safety Vehicle (RSV) is an important research and development program by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, designed to integrate advanced concepts of vehicle safety into vehicles with low fuel consumption and low exhaust emissions. The Calspan RSV has nearly completed the test phase of the program; the Minicars RSV is about to undergo testing. The safety and fuel economy performance of these vehicles are discussed. Safety goals include reduced frequency and severity of collisions, better occupant protection, and mitigation of pedestrian injuries in case of accident. The minimum fuel economy goal is to achieve a combined Environmental Protection Agency cycle fuel economy of at least 27.5 mpg while meeting statutory emissions levels. Acceleration from zero to 60 mph in 13.5 sec. is projected for the RSV's. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370530 AU - Chinaglia, L AU - Conti, L AU - Cornetti, G AU - Montanari, V AU - Rinolfi, R AU - Fiat Research Center TI - COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE POTENTIAL FUEL ECONOMY OF DIESEL AND SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - Comparative data are presented on the potential for fuel economy improvement via integrated powertrain electronic control in a spark ignition engine and by use of a prechamber and direct injection in a small diesel engine. The data presented are based on a reference passenger car of 1150 kgm. weight and acceleration times as follows: from 50 kph to 70 kph in 5.5 sec.; to 90 kph in 10.5 sec.; to 110 kph in 17 sec.; and to 130 kph in 26 sec. Manual five-speed transmission is assumed in all cases. For the spark ignition engine, data are presented on the tradeoff between fuel economy and emissions for a specific electronic control system (absolute minimum fuel-consumption calibration, minimum fuel consumption calibration with emissions constraints, the stoichiometric approach with and without exhaust gas recirculation, and the lean burn approach). The additional gains of transmission control are discussed and a research stepped transmission prototype is presented. A complete picture of fuel economy and emissions in various configurations of a prechamber diesel engine is presented. The gains in adopting direct injection are discussed and data on a research prototype engine of 1.5 L displacement are presented. Analysis of the data led to the following conclusions. The electronically controlled spark ignition engine and the prechamber diesel are essentially equivalent for missions having low power demand; for intermediate missions, the diesel is superior. Turbocharging of the diesel brings about important improvements for low and intermediate missions. At high speed, the three engines are equivalent. The direct-injection, turbocharged diesel is superior over the entire range of missions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Research KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370553 AU - Kernish, R AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated TI - THE CLIMATE OF OPINION: CONSUMER BELIEFS AND AUTOMOTIVE INNOVATION PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - To provide insight into the climate of opinion within which auto manufacturers and importers must operate, several fundamental consumer beliefs and perceptions related to automobile acceptability are identified and discussed. Popular beliefs among consumers about automotive technology are that the carburetor is the most critical element in fuel economy, and that durability is a function of size and weight; lightweight structural plastics are widely viewed as inferior to steel for automotive parts. Many consumers also believe that a small engine under a heavy load gets poorer gas mileage than a big engine. On the other hand, the consumer is aware that spark ignition engines can be improved by such innovative technology as turbocharging. The consumer also believes that his behavior has no effect on manufacturing decisions. This represents a boundless faith in technology coupled with conspiracy theories about why it is not applied, especially for fuel efficiency. There appears to be a broad but reluctant consensus in favor of Federal fuel economy standards, as well as public readiness for technological innovation. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Public opinion KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370555 AU - Heisler, J T AU - Market Facts, Incorporated TI - CONSUMER REACTION TO VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - A 1978 questionnaire survey of over 400 people across the U.S. investigated the relationship of vehicle operator, economic, vehicle, and alternative fuel economy option variables in consumer response to the fuel economy issue. Women were especially concerned about gasoline price and availability, as were persons who drove mini/subcompact cars and those from large households. People in the 25-29 age group and drivers of pickups were most concerned about initial vehicle price, while drivers of late model vehicles expressed the least concern. Consumers rated good gas mileage and service above other vehicle attributes; interior room and trunk space were valued least. A vehicle with improved mpg was not desired if more frequent servicing were required. Downsizing was most acceptable to drivers of mini/subcompacts and people over 40. Owners of small and large vehicles alike had a definite preference for midsized vehicles. It was indicated that gradual changes in gasoline prices and availability, vehicle prices, and maintenance costs would not significantly change the respondents' car purchase and usage patterns, but that sharp changes might lead consumers to modify usage and to postpone purchases. Consumers appeared to prefer a new vehicle over a used one. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Availability KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Prices KW - Purchasing KW - Questionnaires KW - Supply KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370532 AU - Storm, Richard S AU - Carborundum Company TI - FABRICATION AND TESTING OF ALPHA SILICON CARBIDE DIESEL COMPONENTS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Three applications of sintered Alpha silicon carbide (Alpha SiC) ceramic components to diesel engines are described: precombustion chambers, valve lifters and turbocharger rotors. Precombustion chambers, fabricated by green machining, have run up to 2000 mi. in an Opel 2100D followed by 1000 hr of severe cycle rig testing. Injection-molded parts have subsequently been produced and have had varying degrees of success. Tooling modifications designed to correct performance problems are discussed. Solid valve lifters have been successfully rig tested for 2500 hr. in a medium-duty diesel engine. Turbocharger rotors have also been fabricated by injection molding. Initial parts, when run in a turbocharged Mercury Capri, resulted in a 4.5 lb. boost. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Injection molding KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370534 AU - Gibbons, R A AU - Wolf, B A AU - Diesel Automobile Association TI - OPTIMIZING DIESEL COMBUSTION: IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY, ENGINE LIFE AND REDUCING PARTICULATES AND NOX (NITROGEN OXIDES) EMISSIONS WITH ELECTROSTATIC FLUID PROCESSORS PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Electrostatic Fluid Processing Systems (EFP) can be used to remove particulates as small as 0.001 gm. from diesel fuel and other hydrocarbon fluids by applying a high voltage electrical charge to the liquid. This results in the migration of suspended particles toward, and collection on, an electrically charged surface. The processing causes no deterioration nor any changes in chemical or physical properties. Analysis of processed fluids showed improvements in viscosity and flash point over contaminated liquids. A test of EFP systems on a diesel locomotive showed reduced smoke and particulate emissions, and a 10% improvement in fuel economy. A further benefit of EFP application is reduction of engine wear, downtime, and associated maintenance, as well as the following specific benefits: reduced fuel pump/injector wear; reduced failure of seals, gaskets, O-rings and polyurethane fuel injection parts; reduced wear of cylinder liners, piston rings, and valves; reduced corrosion; reduced acid formation; improved combustion; reduced noise; reduced carbon deposition on exhaust valves and combustion surfaces; easier cold starts; and the potential for design of EFP systems which completely eliminate oil drain requirements. KW - Air quality management KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Combustion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Electrostatic fluid processing KW - Electrostatics KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Particulates KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370549 AU - Smith, W B AU - Mercedes-Benz TI - JOINT ATA/SAE (AMERICAN TRUCKING ASSOCIATIONS/SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS) IN-SERVICE FUEL CONSUMPTION TEST PROCEDURES--TYPE 1 AND 2 PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - In cooperation with the Department of Transportation Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Improvement Program, two in-service fuel economy measurement procedures have been developed and validated for commercial vehicles. Type 1, described in SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J1264, is the Joint RCCC (Regular Common Carriers Conference)/SAE Fuel Consumption Test Procedure (Short-Term In-Service Vehicle). It is suitable for use with components which can be switched from one truck to another with relative ease. Type 2, the Joint ATA (American Trucking Associations)/SAE Fuel Consumption Test Procedure, or Control Vehicle/Test Vehicle(s) In-Service Test, is applicable for evaluating a major component change on a given vehicle. The two procedures are relatively easy to apply and provide useful results that have credibility with fleet operators (can be applied to typical operating conditions of the specific user). These in-service tests provide a value for relative improvement independent of an absolute measure of fuel consumption, which is highly variable in most trucking operations. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370551 AU - Dobson, Richard AU - Chase Automotive Division TI - FACTORS AFFECTING MOTOR VEHICLE SALES AND FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Motor vehicle buying trends and consumer attitudes are reviewed to evaluate probable reactions of future prospective buyers toward vehicles mandated by the passenger car and light-duty truck fuel economy standards. It is noted that automotive fleet fuel economy improvements require advances in the fuel economy of new cars and trucks, and buyer acceptance of new motor vehicles. A review of buyer trends indicates that consumers have traditionally shown a preference for larger, heavier, more versatile vehicles. Demographic projections of the Bureau of the Census suggest that this preference will be maintained at least through 1990. Consumer attitude studies, many sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, clearly indicate the potential for buyer rejection of passenger cars built under the constraints of the current fuel economy standards. Shifts in consumer sentiment in response to "energy shocks" (for example, the Arab oil embargo) do not appear to be developing into a significant and permanent conservation ethic among consumers. It is concluded that fuel economy standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks should be designed to acknowledge the basic preferences of motor vehicle buyers. Otherwise, manufacturers may be deprived of resources for further advances in fuel economy and introduction of new and more fuel-efficient motor vehicles into the automotive fleet may be delayed. Neither regulatory actions nor manufacturer compliance plans should be based on peak levels of consumer responses to energy shocks. By gradually introducing fuel economy measures into the new motor-vehicle fleet, the chances of buyer rejection can be reduced and the best interests of fuel conservation can be served. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Sales KW - Standards KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370997 AU - Lemmens, J R AU - Lemmens (Joseph R) Enterprises AU - Kinergy Research and Development TI - APPROACH TO HIGH-EFFICIENCY AUTOMOBILE POWERTRAINS WITH LOW-COST COMPONENTS AND ENGINEERING MODELS PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - The practicality, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of two powertrains incorporating a buffer energy system are discussed: an internal combustion engine (ICE) with mechanically continuously variable transmission (MCVT), and flywheel buffer system (100% improvement and up to 50 mpg); and a hybrid electric (battery) ICE, MCVT, and flywheel buffer (100 mpg in combined city and highway driving). Four factors contribute to improved powertrain efficiency: improved ICE efficiency, advanced control system (torque loading), regenerative braking, and improved battery discharge efficiency. The importance of strict methodology, analytical approach, rational method, and mathematical models in the development of MCTV's or mechanically infinitely variable transmission (MIVT) related to flywheel energy storage systems is demonstrated. Candidate transmissions for a flywheel system are screened. Configuration analyses are made through a global review of previous and practical developments in the areas of double and single transmissions, series and parallel configurations, and the MIVT with dual functions. A mathematical model is presented for evaluating the high-, medium, and low-torque MIVT. Several MIVT's are reviewed as candidates for mass production by 1985. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Flywheels KW - Infinitely variable transmissions KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Mathematical models KW - Regenerative braking KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371012 AU - Stabilimenti Meccanici VM SpA TI - SUPERCHARGING. DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 2 p. AB - The principle of supercharging an internal combustion engine is explained and advantages of a supercharged engine are outlined. In supercharging, a turbine is driven by exhaust gases which in turn moves a compressor (of air fed to the engine). More fuel is burned, thus increasing the specific power and improving the weight/power ratio of the engine, and improving volumetric, thermal, and mechanical efficiencies. Specifications are given and test data compared for a supercharged and a naturally aspirated diesel engine. Specific fuel consumption at normal rpm's was improved 10% with the turbocharged engine. The turbo's exhaust emission levels were 0.21, 1.20, and 1.21, respectively, for hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Respective figures for the naturally aspirated engine were 0.40, 1.50, and 1.90 compared to U.S. 1980 emission standards of 0.41 HC, 3.40 CO, and 1.50 NOx. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Specifications KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371001 AU - Woodhouse, G D AU - AiResearch Manufacturing Company TI - ITI (INDUSTRIAL TURBINES INTERNATIONAL) GT601: A NEW APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF VEHICULAR GAS TURBINE POWER UNITS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Designed and under test as a gas turbine powerplant specifically for highway trucks, the Industrial Turbines International GT601 engine is an aeromechanical design, a medium-pressure-ratio, recuperated-cycle, free-turbine engine. It comprises a two-state centrifugal compressor, a four-module recuperator, a single-can combustor, a radial-inflow gas generator turbine, and a two-stage power turbine utilizing stators with variable geometry. The engine is controlled by a hydromechanical fuel metering system, and start sequencing and control trimming are handled by an electronic control module. The engines presently being tested in the test cell and in trucks have demonstrated compliance with all projected gaseous emissions requirements and have shown particulate emissions dramatically lower than those for any diesel power unit. Highway fuel consumption is currently dependent on the build standard of the installed power unit. The driving performance of GT601-powered vehicles has been very satisfactory, and vehicle acceleration and running tests have indicated that a simplified three-speed transmission can adequately meet performance and fuel economy demands. In the near term, the all-metal version of the engine can provide superior performance to that of current diesels. The introduction of ceramic components into future high-temperature versions can be expected to provide benefits exceeding those projected for diesel developments of the mid-1980's (e.g. turbocompound, adiabatic, and bottoming cycle). KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Ceramic materials KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Particulates KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371008 AU - Sjostrom, K AU - Eriksson, S AU - Lindner, B AU - Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden TI - HYDROGEN--FUEL FOR TOMORROW--TODAY PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - A solution is presented to some of the problems associated with running an internal combustion engine under lean conditions with hydrogen as a co-fuel. Methanol is steam reformed in a catalytic reactor to produce mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Steam is supplied from the main exhaust gas stream by a smaller recycle flow. The exit gas from the reactor is mixed with gasoline-air mixture and injected into the combustion chambers. The present system uses methanol and unleaded gasoline as the primary fuels. Test results indicate possibilities of decreasing exhaust emissions and increasing brake efficiency. Although the present system is stationary, a nonstationary system is under development. KW - Braking performance KW - Development KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrogen KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Methanol KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370520 AU - Kuroda, T AU - Satow, H AU - Toyo Kogyo Company Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT IN FUEL ECONOMY OF THE ROTARY ENGINE AT TOYO KOGYO PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The fuel economy of Toyo Kogyo's (Mazda 110S) rotary engine vehicles was improved by modifying the engine and increasing the efficiency of the thermal reactor. A method was developed to keep the exhaust gas at high temperature, which provided exhaust emission control at a lean air-fuel mixture. A catalyst system was developed for emission control at an even leaner mixture. Further work was undertaken to increase combustion velocity, to improve gas sealing, and to decrease friction loss in order to achieve better engine thermal efficiency. To overcome a problem of misfiring at light load, a new ignition system and spark plug were developed, and the intake and exhaust systems were improved to decrease gas dilution. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Rotary engines KW - Thermal efficiency KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370531 AU - Katz, I AU - Northeastern University TI - DESIGN AND OPERATING FACTORS FAVORING IMPROVED ECONOMIES OF SPARK IGNITION AND COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - Principles of engine design and operation are presented that favor improved combustion, lower unacceptable emissions, greater conversion efficiencies, and lower blowby losses in spark- and compression-ignition engines operating on four- or two-stroke cycles. Topics discussed include effects of scale on engine performance (surface/volume and surface/force ratios), heat balance, blower power requirements and partial energy recovery, combustion efficiency enhancement (fuel/air ratio variation), piston speed, exhaust energy recovery, air vs. liquid cooling, direct fuel injection, and factors affecting hot and cold start (mechanical friction, vapor lock, cold combustion-space surfaces). Recommendations for future development include two-stroke cycle operation (reduced engine weight/power ratios); two-stage supercharging; excess air blow-through (for cylinder purging and added oxygen supply); fewer cylinders with largest bore and stroke compatible with power output; variable valve timing; removal of emission control devices from exhaust system; removal of precombustion chambers adjacent to the main combustion space; large transverse and short longitudinal engine dimensions; engine size matched to the car so as not to exceed three-quarter load at any speed; programmed direct fuel injection; unit injectors to avoid accumulator effects; cylinder arrangements of flat-opposed two, three in-line, four-opposed, and six V; aircooling; pilot fuel injection; and forged steel (or ceramic) cylinder heads and barrels with integral cooling fins. KW - Compression ignition engines KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance KW - Size KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370538 AU - Hata, Y AU - AONO, S AU - SASAKI, K AU - Nissan Motor Company, Limited TI - NISSAN ECCS (MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL SYSTEM) BOOSTS FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - A microprocessor in the Nissan ECCS (Electronic Concentrated Engine Control System) has contributed to better fuel economy and lower exhaust emission levels. Fuel, spark timing, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, and idle speed are centrally controlled in response to the engine's various operating conditions. This system is especially beneficial during low engine speed and light load conditions. The amount of fuel fed to the engine is feedback-controlled, using an oxygen sensor to obtain the maximum performance of the three-way catalyst. The spark-timing and EGR rate are brought to predetermined values by the microprocessor for most economical fuel consumption and optimum exhaust emissions. When the ECCS was installed in an in-line six-cylinder, 2.8 L engine mounted in a vehicle of the 3500 lb. inertia weight class, the vehicle fully complied with the Japanese exhaust emission standards at a 10% improvement in fuel economy, while maintaining good driveability. ECCS also improves engine performance (e.g. cold start and warm-up characteristics) and reduces required engine tuning and maintenance. KW - Automobile engines KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microprocessors KW - Performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370545 AU - Jahnle, H A AU - BUDD COMPANY TECHNICAL CENTER TI - MATERIAL APPLICATIONS IN FUTURE AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURES PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Alternative materials for future passenger cars and light trucks are viewed in terms of material availability, application areas, manufacturability, durability and damageability, recyclability, and cost. A cost increase is expected for all candidate alternative materials, with carbon (graphite) fiber-reinforced plastic the most expensive (both material and labor cost). Low-carbon steel, the existing major material, is the least expensive. High-strength low-alloy steel, aluminum alloys, plastics, and glass or carbon fiber-reinforced composites are available for extensive automotive application. Mill capacity will continue to be marginal, on a supply-demand basis. The alternative materials can supply durability and crashworthiness comparable to that of low-carbon steel at a weight reduction. Elastomeric plastics can provide improved front and rear end nondamageability without a weight penalty. Aluminum alloys and glass-reinforced plastics will continue to be used for hang-on components. Reaction injection molding will increase plastics potential in exterior body panels (weight and cost reduction). Metal skin thermoplastic laminates and mixed fiber hybrid composites, when combined with steel space frame design, provide potential weight reduction at low cost penalty. Recommendation for future research efforts include reducing manufacturing cost, developing statistical materials design data, analysis of operating loads (improving finite element models), conserving energy, creating new designs to provide greater use of existing materials, improving crashworthiness, and identifying health hazards in manufacture. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobiles KW - Availability KW - Composite materials KW - Costs KW - Crashworthiness KW - Durability KW - High strength steel KW - Light trucks KW - Materials KW - Plastics KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Steel KW - Supply KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370556 AU - Forster, H-J AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. TI - WAYS OF IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY IN VEHICLES WITH AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Influence of automatic transmissions on vehicle fuel economy was examined by tests on U.S. fuel economy driving cycles. All test data were normalized to fuel consumption at a constant speed of 100 kph. Factors associated with automatic transmissions include torque converter efficiency, engine/torque converter combination, mechanical efficiency, shift program, final drive ratio, lockup clutch application, driver behavior, and extension of transmission range. The analysis shows that automatic transmission modifications contribute relatively little to fuel economy, especially with a more rigid converter. Only a more direct ratio in top gear, made possible by extending the transmission range in conjunction with automatic downshifting when full throttle is applied, allows the use of a low rear axle ratio to realize the advantages of overdrive without losing acceleration and climbing ability. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Fuel consumption KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370524 AU - Kim, Y K AU - Ayusawa, T AU - Takishita, T AU - Koo, Y AU - IWAI, N AU - Japan Automobile Research Institute TI - WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL OF THE ALCOHOL FUEL STRATIFIED-CHARGE ENGINE FOR AN ADVANCED POWER PLANT? PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a stratified-charge, prechamber-type, spark ignition engine were studied using alcohol and gasoline fuels. When results were compared with those in a homogeneous-charge, open-chamber engine, it was concluded that stratification by a prechamber does not necessarily provide a higher compression ratio for both fuels. Alcohol fuel is more efficient than gasoline in providing fuel economy and low (nitrogen oxides) exhaust emissions, but stratification is more effective with gasoline than with alcohol. KW - Alcohols KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370527 AU - FRIELINGSDORF, W R AU - Wagner, W D AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. TI - A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM ENGINE SIZE FOR BEST FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - A procedure is described for determining in advance the optimum engine size for best fuel economy in a specific vehicle with defined driving performance (expressed by acceleration time from 30 mph to 60 mph in highest gear). A specific fuel consumption map is described with only two normalized parameters; load-dependent and zero-load fuel consumption. The effects of cylinder volume and specific power output on fuel consumption are discussed, under the basic assumption that acceleration performance of every engine displacement/axle ratio combination is identical. The study confirms the generally accepted fact that reduced driving performance will result in improved fuel economy. It is also concluded that lowering the numerical axle ratio will not yield maximum fuel economy unless engine size is also reduced, and that reducing the acceleration capability beyond a certain point will yield only marginal further increases in fuel economy. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobile engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Size KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370541 AU - Socha, L B AU - Ford Motor Company TI - TRENDS IN VEHICLE AERODYNAMIC IMPROVEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE AND FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - In order to realize the 10% improvement in 50 mph steady-state fuel economy achievable by a 20% aerodynamic drag reduction, the Ford Motor Company has undertaken a multistage aerodynamic program, involving wind tunnel testing of scale model clay surface properties, full-sized fiberglass or fiberglass/clay surface properties, prototypes, and production vehicles. The program is designed to identify and correct the aerodynamic shortcomings of the vehicle surface by detail optimization. The history of aerodynamics in vehicle design is briefly outlined; landmark designs include the 1899 Bollee, the 1914 Alpha Romeo; the 1921 Rumpler; the 1934 Chrysler "Air Flow," and the 1937 Lincoln Zephyr. Federally mandated corporate average fuel economy standards have renewed interest in aerodynamic vehicle design. Hood and fender areas are primary targets for testing, followed by the A pillar. The back light/deck region is the most difficult area for aerodynamic reduction. Heavy and medium trucks can be supplied with devices mounted on the cab roof to reduce aerodynamic drag. Internal airflow management can be achieved by relocating the radiator grille opening, lowering and tilting the radiator, and adding plenum seals or ducting to the radiator. The airflow can thereby be increased by 105% and the drag reduced by 6.5%. Aerodynamic design of the 1980 Thunderbird and the 1980 F-Series pick-up truck is reviewed. A future aerodynamically designed car, the Probe,I, is illustrated and described. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Drag KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370542 AU - BUCHHEIM, R AU - PIATEK, R AU - WALZER, P AU - Volkswagenwerk TI - CONTRIBUTION OF AERODYNAMICS TO FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS IN FUTURE PASSENGER CARS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The influence of aerodynamic drag on the fuel economy of passenger cars is analyzed and compared to other parameters, such as weight and engine size. It is shown that for cars marketed today, more than a 30% difference in drag exists between poorly designed and efficiently designed cars, resulting in differences of more than 12% in fuel economy. A research program was designed to show how the aerodynamic drag of future passenger cars can be reduced. It is concluded that aerodynamics alone can contribute a 10% to 15% fuel economy improvement in future passenger cars, and that when aerodynamics is properly matched to vehicle weight and engine size reductions, its contribution is even greater. It is shown that drag reduction can be achieved with body shapes not too different from those of today's cars, without loss of passenger comfort, and within the scope of current legal restrictions, but with some increase in cost. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371004 AU - Buckley, F T AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - EVALUATING THE IN-SERVICE FUEL SAVINGS PRODUCED BY DEVICES FOR REDUCING THE AERODYNAMIC DRAG ON TRUCKS PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - A computer simulation model was used to evaluate the long-term, in-service fuel savings produced by add-on devices for reducing the aerodynamic drag on tractor-trailers. The effects were related to the statistical properties of wind conditions defining a vehicle's long-term operating experience. Winds are shown to be the most important factor affecting the performance of an aerodynamic device and the accuracy of in-service test results. Normal variations in operating speed, weight, accessory power requirement, and vehicle configuration are also important. The requirements are defined for a faithful in-service test of fuel savings from an add-on device, and the limitations of current in-service test procedures are addressed. Use of a circuitous highway course and a wind speed close to the average in long-term operations are recommended for improving the Regulated Common Carrier Conference short-term test procedure. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Fuel consumption KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind KW - Wind speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371005 AU - Leasure, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VARIATIONS IN TRUCK TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE AND THEIR EFFECT ON FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The rolling resistance characteristics of new and worn bias- and radial-ply truck tires were investigated under equilibrium and transient conditions. The equilibrium rolling resistance of the bias tires typically exceeded that of radial tires by 50%. Although a 4% variability was observed among the radial tires, a 13% variability range was found for the bias tires. As tires wore and tread depth decreased, rolling resistance decreased for both tire types. When tires were accelerated from a cold start to 50 mph, the rolling resistance increased linearly with speed. At equilibrium, the resistance decreased slightly with speed. At equilibrium, the bias-ply tire rolling resistance was a linear function of load but a nonlinear function of reciprocal inflation pressure. For the radial-ply tire, the resistance was a linear function of both load and reciprocal inflation pressure. Under nonequilibrium conditions the rolling resistance significantly increased with load. At equilibrium, the bias tire exhibited a slight increase in resistance with load, while the opposite trend was observed for the radials. Underinflation significantly increased resistance and thus increased fuel use. A 100% increase in rolling resistance was found as the slip angle changed from 0 to plus/minus 1.5 degrees. Radials exhibited a larger increase in resistance with slip angle than did bias tires. When large driving or especially braking torque was applied to the truck tires, rolling resistance increased. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inflation KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling resistance KW - Slip angle KW - Slip surfaces KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369663 AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Satrun, E A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - MOTORCYCLE HEADLIGHTING: EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTER SIMULATION COMPARISONS OF NIGHTTIME VISIBILITY DISTANCES OBTAINED WITH VARIOUS HEADLAMP BEAMS PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The distances at which a target could be identified at night by five motorcyclists were measured using various headlamp beams. A typical Japanese symmetrical low beam (A-9200), a European asymmetrical low beam (H-1), a U.S. asymmetrical low beam (4458), and two high beams (A-9200, 4458) were used to identify a target positioned either at the right or left of the test lane. The results were compared with predictions of identification distances made by a computer simulation program. Of the low beams, those with an asymmetrical beam pattern provided overall superior performance, having visibility on the left at least equivalent to the symmetrical low beam and substantially greater visibility on the right. The H-1 beam had the best visibility to the right and left. The high beam headlamps provided the greatest visibility distances, with the A-9200 beam giving somewhat less visibility to the left than to the right, and the 4458 beam having equal right and left visibility distances. The simulation program closely predicted the low beam visibility distances, but overestimated those obtained with the high beams. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asymmetry KW - Distance KW - Forecasting KW - Headlamps KW - High beamed headlamps KW - High beamed headlights KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Motorcycles KW - Night visibility KW - Performance evaluations KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369664 AU - Jacobs, H H AU - Sussman, D AU - Abernethy, C AU - PLANK, G AU - Stoklosa, J AU - Hanking, J R AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Vought Corporation TI - PLEASE REMAIN SEATED: SEAT DESIGNS TO HELP RETAIN PASSENGERS DURING EMERGENCY STOPS (AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS) PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A series of experiments was conducted to identify the factors that could aid passengers to remain seated during an emergency deceleration of an automated guideway transit system. Sixty subjects, representative of three anthropometric levels, underwent various levels of deceleration in an instrumented vehicle controlled by an automated braking system. The independent variables examined were seat orientation and tilt, seat contour and covering, footrests and armrests, and rate of change of deceleration (jerk). The primary dependent variables were the deceleration levels at which subjects moved (tested by sensors imbedded in the experimental seat). Movies were taken and subject comfort ratings were also obtained. Forward-facing subjects sustained higher deceleration levels without being dislodged than subjects sitting at orientation angles of 15 degrees and 30 degrees. A footrest contributed to greater retention of forward-facing subjects as did a seat tilt of 12 degrees back. The maximum deceleration level for retaining 84% of the forward-facing passengers under these conditions was 0.36 g. Greater retention of side-facing passengers was achieved by the use of armrests. Jerk was not a factor in dislodging subjects at the onset of the emergency stop, but it was a factor in the perception of comfort. Providing a warning to the passengers of an impending stop may aid them in sustaining higher deceleration levels. KW - Armrests KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Deceleration KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency warning devices KW - Footrests KW - Jerk control KW - Passenger comfort KW - Passengers KW - Seats KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369660 AU - Sivak, M AU - Post, D V AU - Olson, P L AU - DONOHUE, R J AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - General Motors Corporation TI - BRAKE RESPONSES OF UNSUSPECTING DRIVERS TO HIGH-MOUNTED BRAKE LIGHTS PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Brake responses of unsuspecting drivers to signals by a conventional brake-lamp system with and without supplemental high-mounted brake lamp(s) were compared. The experiment was conducted under normal daytime traffic conditions at speeds of 48-72 kph. The signals given by the systems with one or two supplemental high-mounted brake lamps were found to be more likely to produce a brake response by a following driver. On the other hand, the reaction times of the brake responses did not vary between the systems. The implications of the findings as well as comparisons with other relevant studies are discussed. The study of Malone et al. (1978) is cited, in which a reduction was found in rear-end collisions of taxicabs equipped with a single supplemental high-mounted brake lamp. Aspects for future evaluation are suggested: other reactions (e.g. taking foot off accelerator but not braking, changing lanes); the novelty effect; and the absence of deceleration during signal presentation. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Braking performance KW - High mounting KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369667 AU - BENEL, R A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - EYES AND GLASS CURTAINS: VISUAL ACCOMMODATION, THE MANDELBAUM EFFECT, AND APPARENT SIZE (WINDSHIELDS AND FIELD OF VIEW) PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - When operating a vehicle, the driver's eye may focus on either the windshield or the distant object. Circumstances have been documented where the interposed surface provides a stimulus to visual accommodation which produces loss of acuity for details of the distant object. The apparent size of an object has been shown to relate to accommodation distance. Two experiments are described which investigated the relationship between the trapping of accommodation at a near distance (Mandelbaum effect) and changes in the apparent size of an object. In the first study, 24 observers reported smaller size with nearer accommodation and larger apparent size with farther accommodation at a better than chance rate. The 12 observers in the second study showed a consistent diminution of mean apparent size of an object as a screen was moved nearer to them. The implications for vehicle control in automobile and aircraft operation are examined. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Distance KW - Distortion (Optics) KW - Distortion /optical/ KW - Experiments KW - Eye KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Size KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369671 AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - INTERNATIONAL MOTORCYCLE SAFETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, WASHINGTON, D.C., MAY 18-23, 1980. VOLUME 4: SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS PY - 1980 SP - 344 p. AB - Fifteen papers are compiled on motorcycle/moped safety. The development and structure of novice rider education programs in the U.S., Canada, the U.K., India, and Australia are discussed, including program effectiveness and course participants. Experienced rider education programs from Japan and the U.S. are highlighted, with recommendations on program effectiveness and future marketing techniques. The new Motorcycle Safety Foundation rider improvement program is described in detail. The effect of accessories on cycle stability, the role of steering in cornering, and the development of experimental "crash-safe" motorcycles are examined. Motorcyclist attitudes and behavior are discussed: awareness of riding risks, perception of potential road hazards, the decision-making process, the influence of beliefs about helmets and their use, and perception and acceptance of accident risk. Moped research in the U.S. is briefly reviewed; moped handling characteristics, accident experience, and rider education programs are discussed. Three problem areas of current motorcycle safety are highlighted: conspicuity, uniform collection of motorcycle accident statistics, and effectiveness of safety helmets. The role of industry in motorcycle safety legislation is outlined. KW - Accessories KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369692 AU - Otto, W M AU - Otto Laboratories, Incorporated TI - EFFECT OF MOTORCYCLE ACCESSORIES ON STABILITY PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Results from 16 computer simulations and validation experiments were used to evaluate the effect of motorcycle accessories on high-speed stability. Using two large touring motorcycles (500 and 1000 cc classes), the effects of adding a travel trunk, saddlebags, and frame- and handlebar-mounted fairings, alone and in combination, were studied. The overall conclusion is that added accessories will almost always result in some motorcycle destabilization in one or more modes, but the effect is generally negligible, even at above-normal highway speeds. Certain combinations of rigidly-mounted accessories can actually improve stability, as well as degrade performance (at different speeds and in different modes). Mounting elasticity and load rigidity in travel trunks and saddlebags can completely change the high-speed stability contributions of accessories. Rider actions can profoundly influence the outcome of an otherwise inconsequential instability. Tire characteristics and inflation pressure are extremely important with respect to motorcycle high-speed behavior. Motorcycle and accessory specifications are appended. KW - Accessories KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369699 AU - Lacey, J H AU - Carroll, C L AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL IN NORTH CAROLINA MOTORCYCLE CRASHES PY - 1980 SP - 17 p. AB - North Carolina data (1976-1977) relating to motorcycle and passenger car crashes were examined to contrast alcohol-related (A/R) motorcycle crashes with A/R passenger car crashes and other motorcycle crashes. Police reports of alcohol involvement in fatal motorcycle crashes were also compared with medical examiner determination of blood alcohol concentrations to assess reliability and completeness of data. Police estimates of drinking behavior in fatal motorcycle crashes were found to be relatively accurate, although in nearly 60% of the cases these estimates were lacking. Compared with A/R car crashes, A/R motorcycle accidents occurred more often in the summer, earlier in the evening, more often on rural roads, and at higher speeds, and more often involved side and top impacts. A/R crash-involved motorcycle operators were younger, more likely to be male, more likely to be severely injured and less likely to be charged with a violation. Compared with other motorcycle crashes, A/R motorcycle crashes occurred more frequently at night, in rural areas, and as single vehicle crashes. The A/R crash operators were much more likely to be severely or fatally injured. Recommendations include further analyses to examine interactions, incorporate exposure data, and identify needs for countermeasure development. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Night KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369715 AU - Forberger, D P AU - Ford Motor Company TI - MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENT) PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - Four prime considerations in the design of a microprocessor system for automotive application are outlined: quality, reliability/durability, cost, and packaging. Quality is examined in terms of the module manufacturing process, calibration strategy, and serviceability. Reliability/durability factors include environment, parts count, durability prove-out, failure analysis, and heat management. Centralized vs. distributed microprocessor control is considered with respect to packaging; as an example, the requirements in packaging the microprocessor calibration (memory) are reviewed. KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Microprocessors KW - Packaging KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369656 AU - Human Factors Society TI - HUMAN FACTORS: SCIENCE FOR WORKING AND LIVING (HF '80). HUMAN FACTORS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING (24TH) PROCEEDINGS, OCTOBER 1980, LOS ANGELES PY - 1980 SP - 696 p. AB - Following the Presidential Address, over 170 papers and/or abstracts are compiled on the many facets of human factors research. Papers are arranged under subject headings ranging from aircraft displays to workload assessment. Broad subject areas cover anthropometry, automation and computers, aviation/aerospace, decision making and problem solving, research philosophy and methods, safety (including driver performance, eye safety, mass transit vehicle emergency stops), testing and evaluating, training (including the use of driving simulators for handicapped persons), visual performance, vigilance, and work. An author index is included. KW - Anthropometry KW - Automation KW - Decision making KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Physiological aspects KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Testing KW - Training KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369658 AU - Matthews, M L AU - Boothby, R D AU - University of Guelph, Canada TI - VISIBILITY OF CYCLISTS AT NIGHT: LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THREE REAR WARNING DEVICES PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The relative effectiveness of three bicycle rear warning devices (a red light, a red reflector, and amber pedal reflectors) was evaluated using slides of nighttime traffic scenes. Situational variables of target lane position and distance, and visual complexity of the scene were also manipulated. Performance was assessed in terms of detection accuracy and response latency. For both measures the red light was most effective in relatively difficult detection situations (distant target, noisy scene). At closer distances the three devices produced approximately equal performance rates, all significantly higher than for a cycle without rear warning equipment. The superior performance obtained when the bicycle was in the right lane position is consistent with previously reported data and implicates driver expectancy of cycle position as an important detection variable. The validity of these laboratory findings is currently being assessed in field trials. KW - Amber KW - Bicycles KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory studies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night visibility KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Red KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369673 AU - Miller, H R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR SAFETY RESEARCH PROGRAM. NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Motorcycle Operator Research Program was initiated in 1975, in order to determine the best way to train riders to operate safely and to assess their knowledge and safe riding ability through the driver licensing process. The program has been a cooperative effort involving many individuals and organizations. The first and most enduring working relationship was established in 1973 between NHTSA and the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF); this was formalized in a 1975 Memorandum of Understanding which is still in effect today. Beginning with a problem identification and analysis phase, the Motorcycle Operator Research Program has progressed through program development, evaluation, and implementation phases. The last phase is awaiting the results of a NHTSA demonstration project to evaluate the MSF Motorcycle Rider Course as an accident countermeasure. Should the course graduates experience significantly lower crash and injury rates, NHTSA will probably encourage the states to make the course available. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Organizations KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369675 AU - Booth, R A AU - Stanton, C S AU - AMF/Harley-Davidson Motor Company, Incorporated TI - EFFECT OF COMPRESSION DAMPING ON MOTORCYCLE RIDE COMFORT AND HANDLING PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Motorcycle shock absorbers are typically valved to permit little damping on the compression (jounce) stroke. Among cycling enthusiasts, compression damping has always been associated with poor comfort but good handling. The effect of compression damping on these two parameters is examined using results from full-scale, subjective road tests and digital simulation. Although the data cover two extreme cases and only one type of excitation, the techniques presented can be applied to other damping proportions and excitations. The results confirm the enthusiasts' opinion concerning the effect of compression on comfort, even with equivalent total damping per cycle. Indications are that compression damping is not important in terms of handling. KW - Comfort KW - Compression KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motorcycles KW - Ride quality KW - Road tests KW - Shock absorbers KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369695 AU - WIGAN, M R AU - Carter, A J AU - ARRB Group Limited AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - MOPEDS AND THE AUSTRALIAN USER PROFILE PY - 1980 SP - 59 p. AB - Moped definition, the regulation of moped use, and major moped safety issues are reviewed, followed by a profile of Australian moped users. Pilot surveys conducted in 1979 tested questionnaire designs and obtained initial data on the characteristics of moped purchasers in Victoria and Western Australia; a survey in South Australia covered all registered moped users. Survey results encompass personal characteristics of moped users, vehicle ownership and access, licenses held, vehicle make and model and reasons for purchase, effects of moped ownership on travel, distances traveled, accident involvement, and rider attitudes (perception of the moped, moped regulations, riding habits). The effect of reducing insurance and registration fees and lowering the licensing age on moped use and accident involvement in Australia is examined. From the surveys conducted in the three Australian states, moped owners are likely to be male, from any age group (the average age of owners being highly dependent on minimum license age), and perceiving the moped as a necessary means of economical transport. Annual moped travel is about 2300 km. (1400 mi.) and risk of accident involvement is low. Further examination of accident patterns is recommended as a guide for future research and regulatory changes. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Hazards KW - Males KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - User characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369697 AU - Gustafsson, H AU - Nygren, A AU - Cacciola, I AU - Fehervary, T AU - Svensson, J AU - Folksam Insurance Group TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN SWEDEN. A ONE-YEAR STUDY FROM THE ACCIDENT STATISTICS OF AN INSURANCE COMPANY PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - Statistics are presented on 187 motorcycle injury accidents which occurred in Sweden from 1 Jul 1976 to 30 Jun 1977. The data include day/time/month, environment (population density, speed limit at accident site, road conditions), rider age and number of years licensed, accident type, and rider and passenger injury severity (Abbreviated Injury Scale for six body regions). The costs of these accidents in claims for vehicle insurance (Folksam), hospitalization, and national health insurance are shown. Eighty-six percent of the accidents occurred in populated areas. Education and information for all road users appear to be the most expedient approach to improving motorcycle traffic safety. Those 20 years of age or younger accounted for 59% of the injured persons; 70% of the riders had held a license for two years or less. It is recommended that every motorcyclist be trained to control his bike in any traffic situation, be familiar with the highway code, and be aware of accident risks and consequences. The compulsory use of safety helmets has had a beneficial effect in Sweden. Head injuries that occur in spite of helmet use are mainly the result of high-speed accidents. Injuries to the extremities predominate, suggesting the compulsory use of such protective equipment as leather clothing and special gloves and boots. Since driver difficulty in seeing a motorcycle and judging its speed was a contributing factor in 48% of the cases, bright colors for garments, helmets and motorcycles are recommended. Compulsory use of undipped headlights is also recommended, possibly with rapid changes in intensity to give a flashing effect. KW - Accident costs KW - Clothing KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver training KW - Epidemiology KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Leather KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369712 AU - Wolpert, J AU - Belanger, R AU - Dynamic Science TI - VEHICLE HANDLING TESTS OF THE AMERICAN MOTORS CJ5 JEEP PY - 1980 SP - 51 p. AB - The rollover characteristics of the American Motors CJ5 Jeep were investigated in moderate speed J turns and obstacle avoidance maneuvers (lane changes) that might be encountered in highway driving. Performance was compared with that of the Chevrolet Chevette at equal and higher speeds. Test methodology (vehicles, instrumentation and measurement, calibration), maneuvers, and facilities are described. Results are tabulated separately for the specific tests. Data from vehicle configurations which resulted in rollovers are listed separately from non-rollover test data. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Performance tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369677 AU - Chikada, T AU - YOSHIDA, K AU - Honda Research and Development Company Limited TI - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCESSORY-EQUIPPED MOTORCYCLES PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - Theoretical studies and field tests evaluated the relationship between motorcycle accessories and operational performance (handling and stability). The accessories include fork- and frame-mounted windscreen fairings, luggage racks, and saddlebags. Overall, these types of accessories do not appear to have a significant adverse effect on cycle operating characteristics, when installed and used in a manner consistent with good practice and manufacturer's recommendations. Data are presented on three example motorcycles of varying engine size and gross weight. Results indicate that high speed stability is affected by the weight of luggage being carried, with 30 kg being the upper limit beyond which care must be exercised in riding. KW - Accessories KW - Baggage KW - Driving KW - Equipment KW - Handling characteristics KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Luggage racks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369693 AU - Howells, R A AU - Buck, J R AU - Knight, J L AU - Weiss, S M AU - MacMillan, A G AU - Purdue University AU - Bell Telephone Laboratories TI - DECISION MAKING IN INTERSECTION ENTRY ACCIDENTS PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - The decision to enter an intersection is characterized by three problem aspects: perceptual-computational factors, entering driver's knowledge about the operating characteristics of the oncoming vehicle, and personality factors (e.g. the risk-taking propensity of the entering driver). Subjects in a driving simulator made intersection entry decisions under different perceptual variables: vehicle size/type (semi-truck, van, automobile, and motorcycle), lighting status (on, off), approach/turn direction (left, left; left, right; and right, left), and oncoming vehicle approach speed (41 mph, 55 mph). Entering driver knowledge (experienced vs. inexperienced motorcyclists) and risk-taking behavior (high-risk and low-risk instructions) were varied. Accepted gap magnitudes (GAP), reaction time (RT), estimated oncoming vehicle speed, accelerator pedal excursion, and excursion rate were recorded on each trial. GAP was larger (RT shorter) for large vehicles. Oncoming vehicles with lights on produced larger GAP's (shorter RT's), although motorcycles with lights on enjoyed a much smaller advantage than multiple headlight vehicles. GAP increased (RT decreased) with oncoming vehicle speed. GAP's were larger (RT's shorter) when the entering driver turned into the same lane as a vehicle approaching from the left as compared with an approach from the right. The smallest GAP (longest RT) was observed when the entering driver crossed in front of a left approaching vehicle and turned left. This situation may represent a different task than the "same lane" conditions. Subject experience and driving strategy also influence GAP and RT. Experienced motorcyclists serving as the entering automobile driver produced larger GAPs (shorter RTs) than inexperienced drivers. Drivers performing under high risk driving instructions produced smaller GAPs (longer RTs) than low risk drivers. Results were interpreted in terms of a conceptual framework involving three problem aspects of the intersection entry decision processes. Implications for future research, including the modeling of the entry decision processes and the development of safety training programs, are discussed. KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Gap acceptance KW - Hazards KW - Intersections KW - Motorcyclists KW - Reaction time KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369714 AU - AMANN, C A AU - General Motors Corporation TI - CONTROL OF THE HOMOGENEOUS-CHARGE PASSENGER-CAR ENGINE--DEFINING THE PROBLEM PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - The engine control problem is discussed as it concerns the controls engineer, including the need to provide maximum fuel economy within emission constraints at acceptable levels of driveability, reliability, and cost. The effects of spark advance, air-fuel ratio, and exhaust gas recirculation on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides) are reviewed. The Federal Test Procedure for emission certification and emission control systems (oxidizing catalytic converter, three-way catalytic converter) is described. System deterioration, combustion knock, octane requirements, driveability, cold start, dynamic effects, control system anomalies, reliability, and cost are discussed in terms of engine control. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Control systems KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Spark advance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369716 AU - United States Congress TI - AUTOMOBILE WARRANTY AND REPAIR ACT. HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PROTECTION AND FINANCE, JULY 10, 12, 24, 25; OCTOBER 4, AND 5, 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 724 p. AB - Testimony and additional articles, letters, and statements are presented from hearings on a bill to amend the Magnuson-Moss--Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act. This bill would extend the protection in the Act to owners of new passenger motor vehicles; it would require that any warranty provided by an automobile manufacturer must be a full warranty and would include provisions to make it easier for owners to obtain satisfaction if automobile defects are not properly and promptly repaired. Testimony was provided by manufacturers of motor vehicles and motor vehicle components, organizations representing automobile dealers, consumers and consumer organizations, and Federal and state government officials. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Defects KW - Hearings KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Testimony KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369655 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - EXPOSURE CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTH CAROLINA MOPED RIDERS PY - 1980 SP - 207 p. AB - In North Carolina, surveys were conducted of moped riders (identified from warranty card information) in order to obtain moped exposure data (e.g. demographics, trip purpose, mileage) and rider opinions. Moped accident data from 1979 were compared with those of 1976-1978 and with the exposure data. Results of the surveys show moped riders to be evenly distributed from age 16 into the 60's. There are six times as many males as females, and 90% of the riders are white. Riders are also fairly well distributed by education, income group, and city population. Where primary use is designated, commuting to work is indicated most often, with pleasure riding second. When all trip purposes are totaled (not just principal use), shopping/errands constitute the trip purpose most often identified. About three-fourths ride less than 50 miles per week. Males are associated with higher weekly mileage, as are those who use the moped primarily for commuting to work. Average annual miles per rider are calculated to be about 1,330. The majority of riders (54%) indicate that residential streets are their primary road type, while low and high speed rural roads are the second and third choices. About one-fourth of the riders carry passengers occasionally, and about one-fifth either sometimes or always wear a helmet when riding. Hazardous features identified by moped riders include other drivers or vehicles (57%), the low speed and acceleration capability of the moped (10%), and the actions of the moped operator (10%). In 304 reported moped accidents in 1979, approximately 30% of the moped riders were seriously injured or killed. Accident-involved riders are fairly equally distributed by age. Over 90% are male, with females underrepresented in accidents in terms of their exposure. Some 30% of the accident-involved moped operators have been drinking (virtually all male). Of the riders involved in 1979 accidents, 21% were found to have a suspended or revoked license at the time of the accident. KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Moped drivers KW - Passengers KW - Race KW - Surveys KW - Trip purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369657 AU - Boydstun, L E AU - Kessel, D S AU - Miller, J M AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - ASSESSMENT OF PERCEPTUALLY DISABLED INDIVIDUALS DRIVING SKILLS WITH A DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - Ten perceptually disabled and ten nonhandicapped subjects ranging in age from 18 to 25 participated in two sessions on a fixed-base driving simulator, followed by a road test. This preliminary investigation indicated a high correlation between simulator and road test performance scores. The simulator provides a good assessment of current driving skills for many individuals and may prove to be an effective tool for determining appropriate training procedures. The simulator should not be used as a screening mechanism to deny individuals access to training programs, but its use in driver training programs may provide handicapped persons with a safe, economical, and individualized training environment for the acquisition of perceptual-motor skills. Further investigation should address the question of training effectiveness. KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369672 AU - Buchanan, L S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOTORCYCLE RIDER EDUCATION PROGRAM (U.S.) PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The evolution of U.S. motorcycle safety education programs since 1966 is traced, outlining the involvement of the following agencies/organizations: Public Health Service, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), National Education Association, Motorcycle Industry Council, American Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association, Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF), and American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. Developed under MSF sponsorship and published in Dec 1974, the Motorcycle Task Analysis has served as the basis for most subsequent program development work in rider education and licensing. In 1974, MSF published the Beginning Rider Course which was eventually replaced by the Motorcycle Rider Course, the best available novice training course available today. NHTSA is sponsoring an extensive rider education project in one state, a key element being effectiveness evaluation. For rider education to gain widespread support, it must be shown to have a significant effect in reducing accident rates. KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - History KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Organizations KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369674 AU - Otto, W M AU - Otto, C L AU - Overton, R K AU - Otto Laboratories, Incorporated TI - RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTORCYCLE RIDERS TO A COMPLEX EMERGENCY SITUATION PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - Two experiments were conducted to investigate the responses of 63 motorcycle riders to an emergency situation and their recollection of the event. Fifty randomly selected cyclists were told that their ability to maintain the motorcycle at a constant speed (40 and 60 mph, respectively) was being tested. The first experiment utilized a tethered motorcyle on a treadmill in an isolation booth and an experimenter-controlled stuck throttle as the emergency condition. The second experiment employed a free motorcycle on a racetrack and a radio-controlled clutch disengagement. Male and female subjects with varying experience were used in the first test, while the second test involved 13 male subjects with long experience in riding. In the stuck-throttle situation, the times to bring the motorcycle under control were long in comparison with automobile braking or with the typical accident process. With one exception, ignition or kill switch was used, although bearing down on the brakes was a viable control action. The moderately experienced rider took significantly longer to respond than either the inexperienced or very experienced operator. In both experiments, the ability to recall events correctly was found to be extremely poor and easily influenced by "plausible" suggestions which were not applicable to the test situation. Subjects' degree of panic was recorded on film (facial expression, verbal response). KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Emergencies KW - Experiments KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motorcyclists KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369696 AU - STROUD, P G AU - Kirkby, C AU - FULTON, E J AU - Loughborough University of Technology, England TI - MOTORCYCLE CONSPICUITY PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - The relative effectiveness and acceptability of selected aids to daytime motorcycle conspicuity were investigated in five studies: observational survey of cyclist clothing and accessory use habits; user evaluation survey of currently available fluorescent clothing; fluorescent jacket design study; laboratory trials of selected fluorescent garments and accessories; and field trials of garments, headlights, and daytime running lights. Results suggest that motorcyclists can improve their daytime conspicuity by wearing a fluorescent vest or jacket (most available option for U.K. motorcyclists), using a 12-volt running light, or using a dipped headlight for machines 250 cc and over. A preliminary study into nighttime conspicuity indicated that, compared with cars, motorcycles are at a disadvantage in peripheral detection distance and accuracy of speed judgment. Alternative lighting systems (amber running lights, a yellow headlight), evaluated in laboratory and field trials, appeared to be of very limited value, while photometric studies showed that retroreflective materials offer no benefit. The need is demonstrated for educating motorcyclists and other road users. Further work is recommended to define the nighttime conspicuity problem and to evaluate other possible solutions. KW - Accessories KW - Clothing KW - Days KW - Headlamps KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Night KW - Running lights KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369698 AU - Hurt, H H AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTORS AND IDENTIFICATION OF COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1980 SP - 19 p. AB - An on-scene, in-depth investigation of 900 motorcycle accidents was conducted in Los Angeles, California. Crash tests were conducted to train the research team in accident reconstruction. The accident investigators, who were both motorcyclists and scientists, collected human factors, vehicle and environmental data. Motorcycle rider error was found to be the principal causative factor in 40% of the cases, and violation of the cyclist's right of way in 50% of the accidents. Intersections were found to be particularly dangerous, and motorcycle conspicuity a major problem. In 77% of the multiple vehicle collisions, cars came from the 11:00, 12:00, or 1:00 o'clock position, and the car turning left in front of the oncoming motorcycle was the typical critical accident configuration. Use of headlights is very effective in reducing these types of accidents, as well as the wearing of high-visibility upper torso garments. Equipment such as face shields or goggles are warranted, mainly to aid driver vision. The median pre-crash speed for the involved motorcycles was 30 mph. Most accident-involved cyclists have had no formal training and lack collision-avoidance skills (with braking a particular problem). Helmets are critical in preventing head injuries. Included is a question-and-answer session which followed a film presentation on helmet effectiveness. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Clothing KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Human factors KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Right of way KW - Safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369713 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF ENGINE CONTROL STRATEGIES WITH ELECTRONICS PY - 1980 SP - 65 p. AB - Written supplements are provided for the 1980 Spring Lecture Series of the Society of Automotive Engineers Detroit Section's Junior Activity. The topics include basic elements for controlling emissions, fuel consumption, and driveability of spark ignition engine; and microprocessor design considerations for the automotive environment. Three complementary papers not included in the Lecture Series cover General Motors' microcomputer engine control system, Ford's Central Fuel Injection system, and Ford's interactive approach to electronic engine controls. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Control systems KW - Electronics KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369659 AU - ATTWOOD, D A AU - Williams, R D AU - McBurney, L J AU - Frecker, R C AU - Transport Canada AU - Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Downsview AU - University of Toronto TI - BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF DRIVERS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND CANNABIS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - The effects of alcohol and marijuana were compared, separately and in combination, on the ability of subject drivers to bring their vehicles to a smooth stop in response to a light signal. The results suggest that driver performance is affected by doses of alcohol and marijuana normally associated with social use. Univariate analyses suggested that drivers under the influence of alcohol (alone or with marijuana) tend to brake sooner than when under the influence of marijuana or when not intoxicated. While the univariate analyses illustrated performance differences on several variables among selected drug conditions, none of the variables demonstrated significant differences identifying each drug condition. Multivariate analyses, on the other hand, were able to differentiate performance on one drug treatment from that on another. Research is recommended to develop an on-line monitoring device for detecting driver impairment. KW - Braking performance KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369661 AU - Bathurst, J R AU - Essex Corporation TI - ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE SKILL TRAINING (AAST) PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - New equipment and techniques were developed for training drivers to avoid crashing following imminent threats from stationary objects and from moving automobiles. Sixteen students, ranging from newly licensed teenagers to adults with more than five years of driving experience, were exposed to the realistic crash avoidance experience provided by the new equipment and techniques on a driving range. Initial differences were noted between the beginning drivers and the experienced adults in their ability to avoid crashes. Before leaving the program, however, the drivers of each age and experience subgroup had become significantly better and about equal in their ability to escape the imminent danger faced. Furthermore, all the students retested nine months after training had not only retained, but had also improved, the crash avoidance skills developed. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Driver training KW - Equipment KW - Methodology KW - Motor skills KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369668 AU - Glaser, H J AU - HALCOMB, C G AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock TI - FOOTPEDAL PLACEMENT AND RESPONSE LATENCY: A TEST OF FITTS' LAW (BRAKE/ACCELERATOR PEDAL PLACEMENTS) PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - Response latencies were compared for three-dimensional brake/accelerator placements (depth, height, and lateral separation). Brake pedal depth (distance between brake and accelerator pedal faces in vertical plane) was found to be the only factor significantly affecting movement time. A comparison between Fitts' and Welford's movement time predictions and experimental response latencies resulted in correlations of .549 and .543. Neither movement time equations were able to predict response latencies when the brake pedal was placed 2.54 cm. behind the vertical plane of the accelerator. Fitts' and Welford's equations seem to have limited use in predicting three-dimensional foot movements. KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Brake pedals KW - Emergency response time KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Location KW - Pedals KW - Placement KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369670 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THOUGHTS ON THE QUESTION OF QUANTIFIED GOAL STATEMENTS FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY PLANNING PURPOSES PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - North Carolina data are used to illustrate some points concerning the pros and cons of quantifying state highway safety goals. It is recommended that impact goals be left unquantified rather than be measured by committee vote or some other nonobjective procedure. In the highway safety field, there is frequently little objective evidence for determining the presence or amount of a program's impact on accidents. Three approaches to setting program goals are outlined, including their limitations: use of previous evaluations, "break even" cost analysis, and statistical detection of change. It is emphasized that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the states should attempt to develop better goal-setting procedures if such quantified goals are to remain an integral part of the Highway Safety Program. Much greater use of project impact evaluation is strongly advocated. KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Methodology KW - Planning KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369700 AU - Wilson, E C AU - Bureau Permanent Intl des Constructeurs Motorcycle TI - ROLE OF INDUSTRY IN SAFETY LEGISLATION (MOTORCYCLES/MOPEDS) PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - Relatively little technical legislation exists on motorcycle safety because only a small percentage of motorcycle accidents are caused by cycle design or production defects, and because motorcycles constitute a much smaller population than cars. The commonality of motorcycle legislation among countries with repsect to rider age, licensing, and safety equipment and vehicle safety is noted. The recommended role of industry in vehicle safety legislation involves cooperating with the national government to perfect the safety of vehicles and their operation. The two areas of special interest to the Bureau Permanent International des Constructeurs de Motorcycles include restrictions imposed on young and/or inexperienced riders and vehicle technical requirements. The essential requirements of motorcycle/moped safety legislation in the following countries, as well as of Economic Commission of Europe regulations, are summarized in appendices: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Operator (e.g. age, training), equipment (e.g. helmets), and vehicle (e.g. brakes, lights, rider protection) requirements are covered, and future legislation is indicated. KW - Helmets KW - Industries KW - Laws KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369665 AU - Miller, J C AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated TI - NEW APPROACHES TO THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF VIGILANCE BEHAVIOR (DRIVER AROUSAL) PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - Two expanded approaches to the assessment of the physiological correlates of vigilance behavior are proposed: heart rate within the context of cardiovascular function, and short-epoch analysis of the spontaneous EEG (electroencephalogram). Driver arousal during open-highway driving serves as the example. Steady decline in heart rate (HR) has been observed during extended driving periods, and has been interpreted as a manifestation of declining driver arousal. An experiment was conducted in which impedance cardiographic measurements were obtained on a male subject during a three-hour drive. Of interest was a hemodynamic pattern that occurred during periods of greatest driver attentiveness: the first 20 minutes of the trip and again during the first 30 minutes of the return trip. This pattern was characterized by HR and HR30 (30-sec. period) values at or below the three-hour average and stroke volume values one to two standard deviation units above the average. Cerebrocortical electrical activity patterns similar to those at sleep onset have been reported for drivers whose performance deteriorates with time. An automated EEG scanning approach could be devised to provide short-epoch (ten to 20 sec.) analysis for excessive theta activity, a characteristic of drowsiness. Such a device could be used to identify road variables and highway information systems that reduce drowsiness. KW - Attention value KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drowsiness KW - Electroencephalographs KW - Electroencephalography KW - Heart KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Sleep KW - Vigilance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369666 AU - BERGMAN, H AU - Duijnhouwer, F AU - Utrecht University, Netherlands TI - RECOGNITION OF VDU (VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT) PRESENTED COLORS BY COLOR DEFECTIVE OBSERVERS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - In order to determine the degree to which color defective observers can effectively use nonredundant color-coded information on a visual display unit, a choice reaction time experiment was conducted. The effect of advance training, stimulus size, and simultaneous color contrast was explored. Although all groups of subjects, including normal trichromats, experienced difficulties in performing the experimental task, all color defective observers performed worse than those with normal color vision. Within the group of color defectives, anomalous trichromats performed significantly better than did dichromats. Among dichromats, deuteranopes had significantly better results than did protanopes. The performance of all subjects was negatively influenced by simultaneous color contrast (in particular, green-yellow and cyan-white). The differences among all groups were qualitative rather than quantitative, implying that conditions under which normal trichromats show optimal performance will be the same for color defectives. KW - Color blindness KW - Color vision KW - Contrast KW - Experimental data KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369662 AU - Hungerford, J C AU - Rockwell, T H AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville TI - MODIFICATION OF DRIVER BEHAVIOR BY USE OF NOVEL ROADWAY DELINEATION SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 5 p. AB - In terms of providing positive perceptual illusions to influence drivers during rural curve negotiation, three types of roadway delineators were investigated: post delineators, raised pavement markers, and transverse stripe pavement markings. Vehicle speed and lateral placement were studied as a function of curve geometry and delineator type, characteristics (e.g. size, color), and geometry (e.g. number, lateral placement). The research included static and dynamic psychophysical laboratory testing in a simulated environment; field testing using jury techniques; field testing by road users; and exploratory testing using an instrumented vehicle to collect eye movement and control data. The following delineation systems were evaluated at different field sites: standard post delineators in ascending in/out and standard configurations, carsonite post delineators in a standard configuration with a large curve warning sign, three large chevrons in a standard configuration, Life Lite system (raised pavement markings), and transverse pavement stripes. It was concluded that delineation systems can positively modify driver behavior on high-accident rural curves (i.e. reducing speed and correcting lateral placement). Long-term impact was much less than the "night after effect," suggesting adaptation by local drivers. Novel delineation systems are justified on two-lane rural curves with high nighttime accident rates where most victims are not local drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Field tests KW - High risk locations KW - Highway curves KW - Highway delineators KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral placement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Perception KW - Psychophysical methods KW - Psychophysics KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic speed KW - Transverse traffic markings KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369669 AU - Benton, M E AU - Bateman, R P AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - THE EFFECTS OF LEFT HAND FATIGUE ON RIGHT HAND PERFORMANCE PY - 1980 SP - 7 p. AB - Tracking tasks were performed by 25 subjects with the right arm before and after cranking a bicycle ergometer with the left arm for periods of 60, 90, and 120 sec. The results indicate a significant decrement in tracking performance the first ten seconds after each of the cranking periods. By 30 seconds after cranking, tracking performance returned to precranking level for each of the conditions. The decrement was not attributable to heart rate or breathing rate increases which remained for periods of up to five minutes. The crossover fatigue effect warrants further study. KW - Cyclists KW - Ergometer cranking KW - Ergonomics KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369676 AU - Cababa, E R AU - Otto, W M AU - Otto Laboratories, Incorporated TI - MOTORCYCLE FIRE BURN INJURIES: PATTERN AND CAUSES PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Twenty-five gasoline fire experiments and 17 laboratory collisions were conducted in an effort to determine the mechanics of gasoline fuel propagation during motorcycle crashes. Data from 34 real accidents were also analyzed to establish burn injury patterns. In 14 of the accident investigations, the motorcycle was modified from its stock configuration in a manner which directly affected the fuel system's integrity at collision or falldown. Fire propagation, burn injury mechanisms, variance in burning rates due to clothing, impact severity, and fuel system design are discussed, and the following tentative conclusions are drawn. Rescue attempts in motorcycle fires involving unmodified fuel systems can be made safely without the threat of a "Hollywood" type explosion. Early patting out of even saturated clothing can successfully limit the degree of burn injury, with minimal or no risk to the rescuer. Leather clothing can markedly diminish the rate of temperature rise to the skin, and leather worn over an insulating layer of cloth is even better. Clothing in layers, worn close to the body, can also provide significant protection, provided the outer layer is extinguished before the inner layer ignites. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Clothing KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Leather KW - Motorcycles KW - Propagation KW - Protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369694 AU - WHITE, W T AU - Toomath, J B AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - MOTORCYCLIST EXPOSURE TO RISK OF ACCIDENTS (NEW ZEALAND) PY - 1980 SP - 26 p. AB - The riding and accident patterns of New Zealand motorcyclists are described, based on an interview survey of 6170 motorists (of whom 251 were cyclists) and injury accidents reported to the Ministry of Transport during 1976 and 1977. Motorcycling was found to comprise only 2.2% of total mileage driven, but 20% of that driven by males in the 15-17 age group. The main use of motorcycles (52.5%) as for other vehicles (38.9%), was for social/recreation purposes. Among 15- and 16-year-olds, about 30% of mileage on motorcycles was done by non-owners (70% for cars). Motorcycles were found to be 9.3 times as accident-involved per unit of distance driven as four-wheeled vehicles. The overall accident risk of motorcycles reflects the large proportion of cycling done by teenagers. Among males, the highest motorcyclist-to-driver ratio of risk for an age group was 6.3. After five years experience, the accident risk of motorcyclists was shown to decrease dramatically. It was estimated that doubling motorcycle use, at the expense of automobiles, could reduce fuel usage by 1 1/2% and increase total injury accidents by 14%. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Hazards KW - Interviewing KW - Males KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment KW - Surveys KW - Trip purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369717 AU - United States Congress TI - THE NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT. HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES, UNITED STATES SENATE, SEPTEMBER 17, 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 119 p. AB - Testimony is presented from a hearing on a bill to amend Title 23 of the United States Code by increasing the levels of state compliance with the fifty-five miles per hour speed limit that are required to avoid loss of Federal aid highway money. Testimony was provided by Joan Claybrook of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Senators J. Bennett Johnston (Louisiana), Howard M. Metzenbaum (Ohio), and Charles H. Percy (Illinois); Governor John R. Thompson, Jr. of Illinois on behalf of the National Governors' Association; and representatives of Center for Auto Safety, Epilepsy Foundation of America, Alliance to Save Energy, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and American Automobile Association. Also included is the Department of Transportation report, "The Double-Nickel Challenge Race to the Fuel Pump," which describes tests showing that the 55 mph speed limit could save fuel for trucks. KW - Compliance KW - Federal aid KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hearings KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Testimony UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369196 AU - Uchibori, K AU - Hikosaka, S AU - Nippon Oil Company, Limited TI - SOME FIELD DATA AND FUTURE TRENDS IN DIESEL PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS IN JAPAN PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Factors are described which effect the development of improved engine oils for use in diesel passenger cars in Japan. The current quality of diesel passenger car engine oils is discussed, including recommended oil drain intervals and used oil properties as shown in an analysis of oils taken from taxicabs, trucks, and buses. Future requirements for diesel passenger car engine oils are outlined (oxidation stability, detergency and dispersancy, and anti-wear properties). A survey of the characteristics of diesel fuels in Japan has shown that these fuels have recently become slightly heavier, but have not changed enough to affect performance. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Schedules KW - Service frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369203 AU - United States Congress TI - EXAMINING CURRENT CONDITIONS IN THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY AND THE POSSIBLE NECESSITY FOR CHANGE IN THE MANNER AND SCOPE OF ITS REGULATIONS. HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION, FEBRUARY 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, AND MARCH 6, 1980. PY - 1980 SP - 1634 p. AB - Testimony, and submissions and additions to the record, are presented from a series of hearings on current conditions in the trucking industry. In H.R. 6418, changes are proposed to Subtitle IV of Title 49 of the U.S. Code to provide more effective regulation of motor carriers of property; changes are proposed in other related bills. Testimony and correspondence were received from members of Congress, and representatives of the Department of Transportation, Department of Defense, Interstate Commerce Commission, Office of Consumer Affairs, and spokesmen for consumer advocate organizations, household goods movers and associations, labor unions, independent business and truckers' (owner-operators) organizations, agricultural products and food transportation, trucking organizations, air cargo carriers and handlers, truck drivers' associations, motor vehicle administrators, regulatory utility commissioners, and university departments of transportation education. KW - Hearings KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Testimony KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369260 AU - MULLEN, J AU - Day, D A AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated TI - ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION OF TRAFFIC OFFENSES PY - 1980 SP - 25 p. AB - Information is presented on the use of administrative adjudication procedures instead of criminal court actions for settling traffic violations. Beside reducing the strain on the police and judicial system, the potential benefits of this approach include more efficient case processing, more equitable sanctions on traffic violators, better control of problem drivers, and the opportunity to realize substantial revenue gains from fines. The need for new approaches to traffic offense adjudication is addressed, the New York State approach is outlined (first state to develop administrative adjudication system for traffic offenses), and national efforts in support of administrative adjudication are reviewed. Key features and benefits of administrative adjudication are described. A chart illustrates the major steps of a model procedure for nonjudicial traffic case processing. Actions are discussed to be taken by legislators and government executives in order to institute an effective administrative adjudication system. The status of the states in decriminalizing minor offenses and developing adjudication alternatives is indicated. Sources of information and assistance are given, and relevant sections of New York State statutes are appended. KW - Adjudication KW - Crimes KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Laws KW - Minor offenses KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182995 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369255 JO - GAO Review PB - U.S. General Accounting Office AU - Subalusky, F V AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - REVIEWING AN AUTOMOBILE SAFETY STANDARD: A UNIQUE SERVICE TO THE CONGRESS (GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE REVIEW OF PASSIVE RESTRAINTS) PY - 1980 SP - p. 42-47 AB - Background is presented on passive restraints (air bags and automatic lap/shoulder belts) and the revision of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 (Occupant Crash Protection) to require the installation of passive restraints in all new cars by 1984, beginning with large cars in 1982. The mandate, issued on 30 Jun 1977, was later approved by Congress. The case for passive restraints (the life-saving potential) and the case against (limited test and field data) are presented. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimated that full implementation of passive restraints would save 9000 lives and prevent 65,000 injuries annually and that the associated cost ($200 per car) would be more than offset by insurance premium discounts. NHTSA also said that sodium azide, the chemical propellant used in air bags, could be used safely in the industrial and automotive environments, and that the scrappage problem associated with uninflated bags could be resolved. On the other hand, the estimated safety benefits are uncertain due to a lack of test data on air bags in small cars, limited actual field experience with air bags, and recent auto industry tests indicating a possible out-of-position occupant problem with air bags. According to recent industry figures, air bags could cost considerably more than NHTSA estimates, and the ultimate effect of these devices on insurance rates is uncertain. The exposure of occupants to unburned sodium azide in air bag deployment and the chemical's mutagenicity and/or carcinogenicity to humans must be evaluated. The General Accounting Office's (GAO) independent, in-depth review of passive restraints and Congressional response are cited. GAO recommended that NHTSA establish a program to evaluate real-world data and modify the safety standard as warranted. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sodium azide KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369183 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION: SELECTED STATE HIGHWAY SKID RESISTANCE PROGRAMS PY - 1980 SP - 78 p. AB - The following tasks were performed to evaluate state highway skid resistance programs: investigation of 12 highway accidents involving wet pavement; review of ten state skid resistance programs; review of states' responses to the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Skid Accident Reduction Program - FHWA Docket No. 77-16; special study on the magnitude of the wet pavement problem; and a limited review of the literature on research conducted by the states. Systematic application of proven principles and practices by the states and FHWA was found to be lacking. For example, many local or county roads have never been skid tested and more than one state does not use accident records to define where testing is needed. Recommendations to FHWA include developing objectives for comprehensive wet weather skid resistance programs; initiating rulemaking requiring each state to have an FHWA-approved program subject to annual audit; revising the Federal-aid Highway Program Manual (FHPM 6.2.4.3); promoting further research on the measurement and effects of rutting, on more effective signing to indicate safe speeds on different road surfaces, on use of more representative tread depths to measure skid resistance, and on the effect of heavy-truck traffic on new road surfaces; and disseminating skid resistance information more effectively. KW - Crash investigation KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavements KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Skid resistance KW - States KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369199 AU - Klaus, E E AU - Cho, L AU - Dang, H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - ADAPTATION OF THE PENN STATE MICROOXIDATION TEST FOR THE EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The Penn State Microoxidation Test has been adapted for use with mineral oil base stocks and fully formulated automotive crankcase oils. Tests under nitrogen and air atmospheres coupled with analyses using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and clay column adsorption provide for a semiquantitative analysis of the products by elution time (apparent molecular size). This test procedure allows for primary and secondary oxidation reaction rate studies after substantial quantities of the lubricant have been oxidized. Time-temperature studies can show the effectiveness of base oil quality as well as effects contributed by additives. A general time-temperature equivalence in the range of 200-225 degrees C has been demonstrated for a series of formulated engine oils. Microoxidation tests have been compared with III-C hot engine tests for a series of reference oils, and show similar general trends. KW - Crankcases KW - Engine oils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oxidation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369180 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - EXAMPLES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN HSRC (HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH CENTER) AND VARIOUS OPERATIONAL STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS (NORTH CAROLINA) PY - 1980 SP - 84 p. AB - Through flow charts and text, 38 examples are given of direct incorporation of Highway Safety Research Center technical activities into the operations of various state agencies in North Carolina (Governor's Highway Safety Program, Department of Public Instruction, Division of Motor Vehicles, Division of Highways, and State Highway Patrol). Eight statewide safety programs were evaluated: driver license written test waiver law, motorcycle headlights-on law, drunk driver limited license law, reflectorized license plates, periodic motor vehicle inspection, fifty-five mile per hour speed limit, driver improvement programs, and habitual offender law. Ten pilot programs which were evaluated include driver education range training, emergency driving skills, K-9 pedestrian education, motorcycle driver education, enforcement tactics, radar enforcement, speed check zone, visual speed indicator, following too closely, and operation CARE. Technical support services for state/local highway safety programs include a vehicle deformation scale, wheel removal in vehicle inspection, oral and written driver license tests, motorcyclist and heavy truck driver license tests, in-field accuracy of speed-measuring devices, in-field measurement of peripheral vision, merge system, roadside hazard countermeasures, Keystone vision testers, and driver handbooks. Seven examples of problem identification/analysis include belt use trends; unrestrained children in accidents; moped, school bus (two studies), and bicycle accidents; and literacy and driving. KW - Highway safety KW - Interaction KW - Programs KW - State government KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369186 AU - Asst Secretary for Policy & International Affairs AU - Department of Energy TI - NATIONAL ENERGY TRANSPORTATION STUDY. A PRELIMINARY REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT BY THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE SECRETARY OF ENERGY PY - 1980 SP - 393 p. AB - Focusing on the years 1985 and 1990, a preliminary assessment is presented of the ability of the U.S. transportation system to carry future supplies of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear materials. Emphasis is placed on the changing transport patterns that will result from the shift from oil to coal and from the development of new oil and gas sources. Following an historical overview of U.S. energy transportation up to the 1970's, future trends in energy commodity transportation are predicted on the basis of the national goals set forth in the second National Energy Plan, May 1979. Areas are identified where capacity problems might require expanded facilities. Possible financial, social, safety, and environmental constraints on the transportation system are identified. The analysis is based on testimony from the public, local, state and Federal agencies, and private industry; Department of Energy (DOE) forecasts of energy supply and demand by commodity, quantity, and geographic location; and DOE and Department of Transportation research and commissioned studies. Appended are summaries of public input, details of analytic methodology, a glossary, a metric conversion guide, and a bibliography. KW - Capacity KW - Demand KW - Energy KW - Forecasting KW - Future growth KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation system analysis KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369253 AU - Allan, A B AU - Elmadany, M M AU - Dokainish, M A AU - University of Toronto AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - McMaster University TI - ARTICULATED VEHICLE MODELS PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Analytical results are compared for three mathematical models of varying complexity (19, six, and three degrees of freedom), describing the motion of a tractor-semitrailer. The common results which may be obtained from all three models (vertical and pitch motion of the tractor and pitch motion of the semitrailer) provide a reasonable measure of driver ride comfort and load ride conditions. Presented in the form of curves, the results indicate the steady-state response of the vehicle to a sinusoidal input profile at the tire contact points for a range of input frequencies. Indications are that adequate results for many truck design problems may be obtained from a relatively simple dynamic model. Model simplification reduces computer time and cost and allows the use of computers with smaller capacities (for the simplest case, a desk-top unit). KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Ride quality KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369261 AU - Haslegrave, C M AU - Nada, M AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - STUDY OF PELVIC GEOMETRY AND DIMENSIONS OF THE NHTSA (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) MASTER MODEL PELVIS PY - 1980 SP - 26 p. AB - The dimensions and geometry of the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) master model pelvis are compared with anthropometric data obtained on living subjects at the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA), with a sample of skeletal pelves measured by Leung et al. (1979), and with the pelvic structures of the Pt. 572 Hybrid II and OPAT dummies. The bi-iliac width and height of anterior-superior iliac spines of the NHTSA pelvis are at the lower end of the range measured on the 33 male subjects at MIRA. The NHTSA pelvis is generally smaller than the pelvis predicted for a 50th percentile male. The mean dimensions of the Leung samples are smaller than those of the British males. The NHTSA pelvis dimensions do, however, lie within the range of human data from both samples. The pelvic triangles of the NHTSA model and skeletal sample of Leung are similar, although in the former, the triangle is located further forward from the base of the spine. The orientation of the sartorius (or upper part of the inter-spinal notch between the anterior-superior and -inferior iliac spines) in the NHTSA pelvis is similar to that of the skeletal pelves. The sartorius is steeper in both the Pt. 572 Hybrid II and OPAT dummies. The effect of pelvis orientation and sartorius inclination on submarining is discussed. Recommendations are appended for the pelvic design of the OPAT and MIRA side-impact dummies. KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Pelvis KW - Submarines KW - Submarining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182996 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369257 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Allegrante, J P AU - Mortimer, R G AU - O'Rourke, T W AU - National Safety Council TI - SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN MOTORCYCLE SAFETY HELMET USE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY PY - 1980 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 115-126 AB - Data were collected from personal interviews with a systematically selected sample of 235 motorcycle operators in Illinois, a state without a helmet use law. Multiple regression analysis was used to test Fishbein's linear model of behavior intention in predicting intentions to use a helmet from attitudinal and social-normative factors. Results show that 53% of the variance in behavioral intentions to use a helmet could be explained from attitudinal and social-normative factors; the average correlation for the intention-behavior relationship is .86. The decision to use a safety helmet was found to be primarily under attitudinal rather than social-normative control. Analysis of the informational system underlying attitude showed that intenders differed from nonintenders on belief factors of the safety and comfort-convenience consequences of helmet use. The study suggests the need and justification for public policy to stress an educational approach to the problem of nonuse in view of the recent trend for states to repeal or weaken their helmet use laws. KW - Attitudes KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Helmets KW - Interviewing KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Psychological aspects KW - Public policy KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Social factors KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186933 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369268 JO - American Motorist AU - Giannone, A AU - WHITE, J AU - American Automobile Association TI - IS RADAR RELIABLE? PY - 1980 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 3 p. AB - Most of the queries and complaints directed to the American Automobile Association Potomac Division concern the use of radar by law enforcement officials. Police have been using radar (radio/detecting/ranging) to detect speeders for about 30 years, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration supports the use of radar as an effective speed limit enforcement tool. Radar units emit a high frequency radio beam that bounces off a moving object and is reflected back with a changed frequency. This is translated into miles per hour by the radar set. Stationary radar sets, such as radar guns, are almost infallible because they are relatively simple and are used in a highly controlled environment. Moving sets are more complex and subject to variables due to motion. These devices determine an object's velocity based on the patrol car's speed while closing with a target vehicle. Because moving radar has difficulty isolating a specific car within a moving mass of traffic, radar must be used as a sophisticated gauge to back up a visual observation. Although false radar readings are possible, they can be prevented by proper use of the equipment. Proper training for radar operators and calibration of radar units for accuracy are essential. Separate notes report that some motorists use radar detectors, illegal in some jurisdictions, and that fighting a radar violation is difficult, although a good driving record may result in a lighter penalty. KW - Accuracy KW - Radar KW - Radar devices KW - Reliability KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369192 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DETERIORATION OF AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS IN SERVICE PY - 1980 SP - 94 p. AB - Seven papers are presented from the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Meeting held in Baltimore, 20-23 Oct 1980. Topics include prediction of automatic transmission fluid service life from laboratory oxidation test data; laboratory evaluation of detergent additives for engine oils; control of engine oil acidity; field data and future trends in diesel passenger car engine oils in Japan; effect of soot on piston deposits and crankcase oils and an infrared spectrometric technique for analyzing soot; influence of oil drain period on connecting rod bearings in linehaul diesel truck engines; and adaptation of the Penn State Microoxidation Test for the evaluation of automotive lubricants. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Crankcases KW - Detergents KW - Deterioration KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Fly ash KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricants KW - Lubricating oils KW - pH value KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Schedules KW - Service frequency KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369249 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Ervin, R D AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Winkler, C B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - MEASUREMENT AND REPRESENTATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TRUCK LEAF SPRINGS PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The force-vs.-deflection characteristics of truck leaf springs were investigated with respect to the influences of stroking frequency and amplitude and nominal static load on hysteretic damping and effective spring rate. Measurements were made on five currently employed leaf springs at five stroking frequencies (0.5 to 15.0 Hz) for three stroking amplitudes at two static loads. Test results indicate that the stroking frequency over the studied range has no influence on the spring rate and energy dissipation properties of truck leaf springs. Truck leaf springs are highly nonlinear devices for which the average damping force in a stroking cycle increases directly with either the stroking amplitude or nominal static load, and the effective spring rate decreases inversely with the stroking amplitude or directly with the static load. A mathematical method is presented which represents the force-vs.-deflection characteristics of truck leaf springs in a form suitable for use in the simulation (digital calculations) of vehicle dynamics. KW - Leaf springs KW - Measurement KW - Mechanical properties KW - Simulation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369251 AU - Elmadany, M M AU - Dokainish, M A AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - McMaster University TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF RIDE QUALITY OF HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - The linear dynamic response of articulated vehicles to road surface irregularities was investigated, represented as stationary Gaussian random excitations, and the analytical results are discussed. The power spectral density approach was utilized to evaluate the effects of load pattern, road characteristics, speed, and vehicle suspension system on ride quality. The analysis demonstrated that vehicle parameters must be studied both individually and in combination in order to understand their effect on vehicle ride performance. Although the ride comfort of articulated vehicles can be greatly improved by using low spring stiffnesses, lowering stiffness below certain values increases the dynamic wheel loads, allows excessive dynamic suspension deflections, and consequently increases the probability of suspension bottoming. Adequate suspension dampings are essential to control resonances, to reduce dynamic suspension strokes, and to ensure contact between wheels and road. Future work is recommended to extend the analysis to the effects of frame beaming, cab mounting, and roll mode upon tractor-semitrailer dynamic characteristics, as well as to integrate the analysis with other design considerations (e.g. wheelbase length) and to develop integrated design procedures. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369175 AU - Younghouse, E C AU - Waddey, W E AU - Schmidt, R P AU - Exxon Company, USA TI - FUEL ECONOMY LUBRICANTS IN HEAVY DUTY ROAD SERVICE PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Newly formulated lubricants for high-speed diesels in vehicular service improved the fuel economy of a truck fleet using fuel efficient oils in controlled operations by 3% to 3.7% over three conventional commercial heavy duty oils. In this service, with fully warmed-up engines, multigrade SAE 15W-40 and single grade SAE 30 oils gave equivalent fuel economy, but in a diesel car in cold-start commuter service, an SAE 15W-40 gave about a 3.8% (plus or minus 2.0%) fuel economy benefit over the SAE 30 version of the same formulation. The 3% benefit in fuel economy from a fuel efficient lubricant translates into large savings for highway diesel applications (annual U.S. saving of 11 million barrels of fuel). The need for controlled operation with statistical adjustment of the data is noted, as well as the need for consistency of engine conditions, in order to achieve accurate quantification of fuel economy. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369193 AU - Willermet, P A AU - Mahoney, L R AU - Kandah, S K AU - Sever, A W AU - Ford Motor Company TI - THE PREDICTION OF ATF (AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID) SERVICE LIFE FROM LABORATORY OXIDATION TEST DATA PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - In a study of automatic transmission fluid (ATF) oxidation in the Ford Aluminum Beaker Oxidation Test (ABOT) and in vehicles in service, results show that transmission failures due to oxidation are the result of the accumulation of oxidation products. These products interfere with transmission operation usually by interacting with friction elements. Oxidation processes in transmissions were found to be so well simulated by the ABOT laboratory procedure that quantitative predictions of service life and of chemical changes prior to failure can be made by extrapolations of the laboratory test data. Results for the Turbo Hydra-matic Transmission Cycling Test obtained with Ford fluids were also successfully correlated with the ABOT results. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Failure KW - Fluids KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricants KW - Oxidation KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369195 AU - Cartwright, S J AU - Carey, L R AU - Imperial Oil Limited TI - CONTROL OF ENGINE OIL ACIDITY PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Laboratory studies of used oils from field and bench engine tests were conducted to gain a better understanding of acid-base reactions in the oil medium and the relationship between oil acidity, service and copper/lead bearing corrosion. Corrosion tests of acidic used crankcase oils have demonstrated extensive oxidative degradation of the lubricant under high temperature service conditions, with formation of oil-soluble carboxylic acids that are extremely corrosive to the lead in copper/lead bearings. Potential bearing corrosion problems cannot be inferred from the total acid number (TAN) of the used lubricant, since the TAN titrimetric technique cannot distinguish between corrosive and non-corrosive acids. Not all highly overbased detergents will neutralize organic oxidation acids; criteria other than total base number (TBN) need to be considered for control of used oil acidity. Field testing supports this conclusion. A quantitative infrared spectroscopic technique was used to confirm that copper/lead bearing corrosion inhibition by overbased detergents is directly related to the extent of acid neutralization. This technique can also indicate the role of surface protection and/or acid peptization in corrosion inhibition. Limited results on neutral metal sulphonates suggest that if bearing corrosion control relies on surface protection or acid peptization, the structure of the detergent alkylate is important irrespective of the metal cation. The lack of neutralization reactions explains the simultaneous high TAN and TBN levels often obtained with used field oils, and raises doubts concerning the value of "reserve TBN." KW - Bearings KW - Corrosion KW - Crankcases KW - Detergents KW - Engine oils KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oxidation KW - pH value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369204 AU - United States Conference of Mayors TI - AUTO IN THE CITY. AN EXAMINATION OF TECHNIQUES MAYORS CAN USE TO REDUCE TRAFFIC IN DOWNTOWN AREAS PY - 1980 SP - 61 p. AB - Selected strategies are presented for coping with automobiles in downtown areas. Included are capital projects (such as pedestrian malls and transit malls) and traffic and parking management programs (such as free-fare zones, residential parking permit programs, off-street parking management programs, parking pricing, transit streets, and reserved lanes on expressways and city streets). The overall downtown traffic policies of San Francisco, Calif., Portland, Oreg., and Boston, Mass. are described, as well as actions being taken or planned in Denver, Colo. and Houston, Tex. to reduce automobile traffic in order to improve air quality. The role of the mayor is discussed, noting the need for mayors and local governments to plan and implement traffic management programs and the importance of involving local merchants. Appended are the Proceedings from the Regional Meeting; a summary of views from the meeting's discussion groups are included in the text. KW - Air quality management KW - Central business districts KW - Highway traffic control KW - Local government KW - Mayors KW - Parking KW - Pedestrian malls KW - Transit malls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369248 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CURRENT TRENDS IN TRUCK SUSPENSIONS PY - 1980 SP - 90 p. AB - Recent research on truck suspensions is described in six papers covering measurement and representation of truck leaf-spring mechanical properties, a test facility for measuring heavy-vehicle suspension parameters, ride quality assessment of heavy-duty trucks, optimum design of tractor-semitrailer suspension systems, articulated vehicle models, and articulated vehicle dynamic analyses using the equivalent linearization technique. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369267 AU - Kaji, T AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - A COST-EFFECTIVENESS APPROACH FOR THE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STATE OF INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 119 p. AB - A cost-effectiveness approach has been developed for the evaluation of highway safety improvement projects. Using data from a group of safety projects conducted between 1963 and 1972 in Indiana, a model was formulated to determine optimal budget allocation for a safety improvement program, taking into consideration a multi-year time frame and the stochastic characteristics of accident reduction effects and of safety improvement costs. A cost-effectiveness approach enables non-priceable secondary effects to be combined with direct safety impacts of a project. The use of an appropriate cost-effectiveness matrix is recommended to provide necessary data for decision making. On the basis of available data in Indiana, modernization of signals or flashing beacons was found to be most cost-effective. Accident reduction effects of projects with a single safety improvement were observed to be lower than those of projects with double safety improvements. The model of optimal budget allocation can be used to select safety improvements to maximize the reduction of total accidents on an areawide basis subject to total funding restraints. The model results can also be used to determine the optimal funding level necessary to maximize cost-effectiveness of an areawide safety improvement program. KW - Beacons KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Flashing beacons KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical models KW - Maximization KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369189 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - CHILDREN IN CRASHES PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Hazards presented to the child motor vehicle passenger from contact with the car's interior and from the inadequacies of on-lap travel are examined. Crash sequence photographs are presented for three unsafe situations: mother with infant on lap, children in rear cargo area of station wagon, and infant lying on front seat. Advice is given to adults on the use of restraints to protect children, and car design measures are outlined which would increase the protection of all occupants. The revised Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213 is described which requires child restraints to provide specified levels of frontal crash protection at impact speeds up to 30 mph. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety sponsored an in-depth study of 16 serious crashes to determine the effectiveness of child restraints. It was found that although child restraints performed well in frontal impacts, they were far less effective in side impacts. The only two state laws requiring the use of child restraints (Tennessee and Rhode Island) are described. Elements of a model child restraint law are proposed. Other benefits of child restraints include protection in non-crash incidents such as sudden stops, prevention of falls from moving vehicles and control of disruptive behavior which could lead to a crash. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Falls KW - Frontal crashes KW - Ground transportation crashes KW - Infants KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369191 AU - United States Congress TI - DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GASOHOL POLICY. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY, AND NATURAL RESOURCES, LAFAYETTE, INDIANA, JULY 28, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 177 p. AB - Testimony and additional material submitted for the record are presented from a hearing on the Department of Energy's (DOE) gasohol policy. Indiana, home of Representative Floyd J. Fithian, a leading promoter of gasohol as an alternative fuel, has made substantial contributions toward the development of alcohol fuels. A May 1980 report to DOE by the Gasohol Study Group of the Energy Research Advisory Board was discussed. The report and DOE's (Office of Alcohol Fuels) response are appended. Testimony and submissions were supplied by directors of the National Alcohol Fuels Commission, and DOE's Alcohol Fuels Office and Consumer Affairs Office; two professors of agricultural engineering from the Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (Purdue University), one of the leading U.S. alcohol fuel research facilities; and Representative Toby Moffett (Conn.), Chairman of the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. KW - Federal government KW - Gasohol KW - Hearings KW - Policy KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369250 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Hagan, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - A TEST FACILITY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAVY VEHICLE SUSPENSION PARAMETERS PY - 1980 SP - 29 p. AB - The Highway Safety Research Institute (University of Michigan) Heavy Vehicle Suspension Testing Facility is described, a new installation for the measurement of compliance, kinematic, and coulomb friction properties of heavy-vehicle suspension and steering systems as they react to vertical force, roll moment, lateral force, brake force, and aligning moment. The facility was designed and constructed under the sponsorship of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Heavy Truck Braking and Handling. Single and tandem-axle suspensions (maximum tandem spread 180 cm. or 70 in.) of all common on-highway truck widths can be tested in their normal configuration or as mounted on an abbreviated frame section. All measurements are performed at steady-state or quasi-steady-state. The facility has three major mechanical systems: a static structure, a movable table, and four wheel pad assemblies. Various test procedures are described, and qualitative findings to date are reviewed. Detailed descriptions of machine elements and specific suspension data are appended. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Machinery KW - Measurement KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Suspension systems KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369252 AU - Elmadany, M M AU - Dokainish, M A AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - McMaster University TI - OPTIMUM DESIGN OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER SUSPENSION SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The optimum steady-state response of a tractor-semitrailer traveling over an uneven road is examined. A nonlinear programming technique is used for the design of the vehicle suspension system. The vehicle model is excited at several points by harmonic forces. The method allows the designer to determine the optimum damping and stiffness parameters that provide sufficient vibration isolation from road disturbances in order to achieve driver comfort. The design criterion for measuring ride quality is maximum vertical acceleration at the cab. Design constraints involve maximum fore and aft acceleration and maximum static deflection of each suspension (tractor front and rear, semitrailer). The mathematical techniques and corresponding numerical solution of the governing differential equations are presented, as well as an optimization algorithm for design selection. KW - Algorithms KW - Design KW - Equations KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369274 AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, SAFETY, AND POSITIVE GUIDANCE PROJECTS PY - 1980 SP - 226 p. AB - A step-by-step procedure is presented for evaluating traffic operations, safety, and positive guidance projects. In the planning stage, an evaluation design is selected and measurements of effectiveness (MOE's) identified; during improvement development, the selected measurements are used as diagnostics; and in the post-implementation phase, differences in the MOE's are used to assess the project. The procedure consists of three phases: evaluation plan development (ten steps), collection of evaluation data (eight steps), and assessment of results (four steps). Each step is structured in terms of inputs, outputs, and the logic involved in its execution. Tables and worksheets lead to the development of a detailed evaluation plan, data collection procedure, and data analysis routine. Among the factors detailed are selecting appropriate MOE's, maintaining validity, assuring "before" and "after" comparability, selecting the proper statistical test, establishing an appropriate confidence level, and recognizing the importance of practical significance. KW - Evaluation KW - Guidance KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369309 AU - Reel, T O AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing TI - AN EXPLORATORY STUDY TO EXAMINE THE INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL TRAFFIC SAFETY CONFERENCES ON THE OPINIONS AND KNOWLEDGE OF SELECTED LOCAL OFFICIALS AND COMMUNITY LEADERS PY - 1980 SP - 177 p. AB - The major purpose of this study was to identify the opinions and knowledge of selected local officials and community leaders on traffic safety, as expressed through their participation in a local traffic safety conference. A questionnaire technique was employed to determine whether exposure to this type of meeting resulted in any changes in the opinions or knowledge of the participants. A related, subordinate problem also addressed concerned the overall effectiveness of these conferences as a process for better identifying local problems and needs related to traffic safety. This study represented the evaluation component of a federally-sponsored highway safety project initiated by the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning in March, 1977. A total of 652 pre-conference (Pre-Q) questionnaires were mailed to those persons invited to each local conference; 232 or 35.6% were completed and returned. A somewhat higher return rate was noted for the post-conference (Post-Q) questionnaire--46.1% overall. A total of nine questionnaires were returned by 20 state officials resulting in a 45% rate of return. KW - City planning KW - Conferences KW - Effectiveness KW - Local government KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public participation KW - Questionnaires KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369194 AU - Folonari, C V AU - Salino, P AU - Volpi, E AU - Volpi, P AU - Centro Ricerche Fiat SpA TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF DETERGENT ADDITIVES FOR ENGINE OILS PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - An apparatus for the laboratory evaluation of the detergent properties of additives in diesel engine oils consists of an oil sump and high temperature piston/cylinder simulators which provide a simulation of an engine oil lubrication circuit. The apparatus allows rapid evaluation of all aspects of detergency under controlled operating conditions. The results of a series of tests carried out with this apparatus suggest that good discrimination can be obtained between oils containing different detergent additives. The results also indicate that the apparatus may be an useful tool in the investigation of various functions performed by detergent additives and the examination of synergistic effects between various additives contained in a fully formulated oil. KW - Detergents KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Laboratory equipment KW - Laboratory tests KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369209 AU - Mueller, W A AU - Ingham, J D AU - Reilly, W W AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME AND SMOKE RETARDANT THERMOPLASTIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - A possible approach was investigated to the development of a fire-retardant thermoplastic molding compound having a high level of water-releasing filler and good impact resistance. Such a material offers low toxicity and cost, and could be applied in mass-transit vehicle interiors. Compositions of polypropylene and ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) resins filled with high levels of alumina trihydrate (A1(OH)3) or magnesium hydroxide were examined for smoke generation and impact resistance. Best results were obtained with EAA resin filled with A1(OH)3 and coated with a low-modulus elastomer. Addition of polyvinyl alcohol fibers to the filled resin improved impact resistance at some sacrifice in maximum smoke produced. KW - Flammability KW - Impact strength KW - Interior KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Shock resistance KW - Smoke KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369254 AU - Elmadany, M M AU - Dokainish, M A AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - McMaster University TI - ARTICULATED VEHICLE DYNAMIC ANALYSES USING EQUIVALENT LINEARIZATION TECHNIQUE PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - The equivalent linearization technique is presented as an analytical tool for studying the dynamic response of the nonlinear articulated vehicle system to random road excitations. The technique, which offers a compromise between the accuracy of nonlinear digital simulation and the efficient computation techniques of linear analysis, is an efficient method for parametric studies and for understanding many tractor-semitrailer dynamic problems. The technique can be used as a design tool and as an analytical aid for interpreting test results. Analytical results indicate that dry frictional forces should be considered in articulated vehicle analysis because of their significant influence on ride quality. The inclusion of the possibility of separation at the tire-road interface is of secondary importance. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Linear method KW - Ride quality KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369266 AU - Guenthner, R P AU - STAFFORD, G K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - TRAFFIC SPEED REPORT NO. 113. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 69 p. AB - Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane, and two-lane Indiana highways (Apr-Jun 1980). An analysis is presented of the interim speed monitoring procedures which are required as a result of the Surface Transportation Act of 1978. Results indicate a statewide average of 53.9% of the vehicles traveling above the fifty-five miles per hour speed limit. Analysis of free flow speeds show that the overall average speeds have changed only slightly during the past year. Where a change has taken place, the average speeds by highway classification and vehicle type have been in proportion to the overall average. KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Four lane highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic speed KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369174 AU - Schmidt, G M AU - Michael, M I AU - Deere and Company TI - PERFORMANCE OF MULTIGRADE OILS IN OFF-HIGHWAY DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - A number of multigrade diesel engine oils meeting API (American Petroleum Institute) Service Classification CD, including multicylinder diesel test engine. There was a wide range in performance of these commercial oils in regard to piston deposits, wear, oil deterioration, oil consumption, filterability, deposits and wear from high sulfur and low cetane fuels, and fuel economy, a range similar to SAE 30 oils of the same service classification. This wide variability in oil performance indicates that engine oil test criteria of API Service Classification CD do not adequately address the concerns of diesel engine manufacturers. A new performance classification above and beyond API Service Classification CD is needed to quantify oil performance parameters so that extended oil drain intervals can be used without sacrificing engine durability and reliability. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Schedules KW - Service frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369179 AU - Wainwright (HC) and Company TI - REGULATION AND AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY COMPETITION: A CRITIQUE OF THE NHTSA (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) RESPONSE PY - 1980 SP - 94 p. AB - Comments are made regarding a Jan 1980 report by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in response to the May 1979 Wainwright study on the impact of government regulation on competition in the U.S. auto industry. The critique comments in order on the points made by NHTSA in its response. Topics include the Wainwright tax analogy, impacts of regulation on sales and profitability, product differentiation, disproportionate burden of regulation on smaller firms, financial analysis, economic and financial variables, price increases due to regulation, vehicle quality improvements, regulatory compliance costs, product policy implications, and the regulatory process. NHTSA's responses are cited and analyzed and further research is recommended where appropriate. The Wainwright analysis concluded that without some deregulation, Chrysler may not be able to survive as a full-line auto manufacturer. NHTSA found the analysis to be deficient both theoretically and methodologically. Wainwright, in turn, characterizes the NHTSA response as an attempt to defend the regulatory status quo. The agency is criticized as not understanding economic theory and as applying unobjective and/or incompetent methodology. A copy of the NHTSA response is appended. KW - Automobile industry KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Competition KW - Deregulation KW - Economics KW - Federal government KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369184 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC BARRIER SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 45 p. AB - Statutes and regulations and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program publications related to barrier systems are reviewed, especially current design and performance specifications. Past National Transportation Safety Board concerns regarding the adequacy of bridge and highway rail systems are addressed, and the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) efforts to develop safer traffic barriers are evaluated. The results of recent crash testing sponsored by FHWA are analyzed. It is recommended that FHWA establish mandatory performance standards, and associated compliance test procedures, for all traffic barriers constructed on Federal-aid roads after 1 Jan 1982. It is also recommended that FHWA continue and expand performance testing of currently used barriers meeting AASHTO specifications. The Secretary of Transportation is requested to establish a task force to examine the problem of front wheels on small front-wheel drive vehicles being snagged and torn from the vehicle when impacting barriers, as well as the failure of front axles and wheels of school bus type vehicles in such impacts. Modification of AASHTO guidelines and specifications for bridge and highway barriers is recommended to comply with developed FHWA performance standards. KW - Barrier design KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Compliance KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance tests KW - Quality of work KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369197 AU - McGeehan, J A AU - Fontana, B J AU - Chevron Research Company TI - EFFECT OF SOOT ON PISTON DEPOSITS AND CRANKCASE OILS--INFRARED SPECTROMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING SOOT PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - The effects of diesel soot on piston deposits and the crankcase oil in Mack Multicylinder ETAZ-673 engine are reported. It was found that diesel engine soot can be a predominant factor in the formation of piston deposits at high exhaust smoke density; that the exhaust smoke density correlates with the soot content in the deposits and in the crankcase oil; and that the soot content of deposits correlates with carbon deposit rating. It was also found that the oxidized resin content of the oil correlates with lacquer ratings, and that piston deposits are not simple accumulations of oil insolubles. An infrared spectrometric method is described which was developed for quantifying soot in piston deposits, in crankcase oil insolubles, or directly in the oil. Study of the spectrometry technique indicated that diesel engine soot is closely related to carbon blacks in composition, particle size, porosity, density, and infrared (IR) absorptivity; and that a linear relationship exists between IR absorbance and soot concentration (Beer's Law). KW - Crankcases KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Fly ash KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Soot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369198 AU - Clevenger, J E AU - Rozalsky, I AU - Shell Development Company TI - INFLUENCE OF OIL DRAIN PERIOD ON CONNECTING ROD BEARINGS IN LINEHAUL DIESEL TRUCK ENGINES PY - 1980 SP - 19 p. AB - The influence of oil drain interval on connecting rod bearings in linehaul diesel truck engines is discussed. Oil contaminants usually encountered include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, soot, partially burned fuel, water and acids, and oil oxidation products, as well as unburned fuel, glycol antifreeze, and airborne abrasives. Limiting factors, such as alkalinity depletion, viscosity increase, and contamination, are considered for 2-cycle and 4-cycle diesel engines. The feasibility of extended oil drain service in terms of used oil alkalinity limits is evaluated from results of laboratory and field tests. The ASTM D664 (American Society of Testing and Materials) method is recommended for measuring the total base number of used oil. The effects of oil drain interval on bearing distress (overlay removal and lining corrosion) are also discussed. In order to maximize bearing life, it is recommended that fleet operators follow good engine maintenance procedures and observe the engine manufacturers' recommended oil change intervals. KW - Bearings KW - Contaminants KW - Corrosion KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Schedules KW - Service frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369256 AU - Fuchs, C AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison TI - WISCONSIN DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM: A TREATMENT-CONTROL EVALUATION PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - The Wisconsin Driver Improvement-Individual Counseling Program is an educational treatment approach used for habitual violators (drivers who accumulate a certain number of demerit points in a given period of time or who are about to have their licenses reinstated following a revocation/suspension). In order to evaluate the program, 10% of the eligible drivers were randomly selected as a control group. Among 84,300 selected drivers who received individual counseling during the 15 Aug 1973-15 Aug 1976 period and 10,768 from the control group, no overall differences were found in subsequent convictions and accident rates. Similarly, no beneficial effects of program attendance were found when drivers were grouped by the two referral determinants or when subsequent driving exposure was divided into one-year periods to test changes over time. Additional analyses, including comparisons of standardized rates and an evaluation of the associations between demographic characteristics and driving behavior, also showed no effect. It is emphasized that the use of a randomized control group as an inherent part of the Wisconsin program permits a reliable and valid evaluation. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326261 AU - Klein, R H AU - Allen, R W AU - Miller, J C AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRUCK RIDE QUALITY AND SAFETY OF OPERATIONS: METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980 SP - 189 p. AB - This report presents an overall program plan, including sample experimental design, which can be used to determine the effects of vehicle vibration upon driver performance. The recommended solution is to combine a fixed-base driving simulator facility with a high-frequency motion base "ride quality" facility. The result is an interactive "rider simulator" that allows line drivers to perform real-world tasks while under very tightly controlled traffic and vibration scenarios. This approach has never been attempted before. Ride simulator facilities that meet the necessary requirements exist, and the driving simulator capability also exists at several research organizations throughout the U.S. The motion and driving task facilities could be brought together in about one year's time to the point of being ready to provide: an instrumented truck cab mounted on motion base and tied into a computer facility; various levels of cab acceleration data "measured" from variou trucks on both rough and smooth roads; and various driving scenarios. This simulator phase would require a minimum of 18 line driver subjects and should take about three months (including data analysis) to complete. When added to one year's preparation and three months for final report preparation, the overall program could be accomplished in about 18 months. The results of this study, if implemented by the NHTSA via subsequent procurement actions, would be used to determine if rulemaking standards for truck ride quality are warranted. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Bibliographies KW - Comfort KW - Computer programs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Human factors engineering KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Riding qualities KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Standards KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368406 AU - Amato, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - S.1337, A BILL TO PROVIDE GREATER COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT. STATEMENT BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION, SENATE COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS, JUNE 3, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - Between 1974 and 1979, at least 18,000 lives were saved by the fifty-five mile per hour national speed limit. It is estimated that reversion to previous speed patterns would increase petroleum consumption by 125,000-273,000 barrels/day. The 55 mph statute, with 1978 amendments, has imposed new and greater speed enforcement responsibilities on the states. The states must meet specified compliance levels or risk losing highway funds. The state law enforcement agencies increased speeding arrests from 5.7 million in 1973 to more than 8 million in 1978. Federal funds have been available to the states since 1978 to support 55 mph activities. Most state police agencies are conducting greatly expanded and, in many cases, innovative speed enforcement programs. Nevertheless, despite the speed limit's proven fuel conservation and safety effectiveness, a majority of motorists fail to comply with it. Consequently, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has requested $50 million for fiscal year 1981 for state enforcement programs and $7 million for incentive grants to states exceeding required compliance for a given year. Current NHTSA 55 mph activities involve developing cost-effective ways to enforce the 55 mph law, identifying means to increase the public's expectation of detection and apprehension; evaluating countermeasures during trial runs in states; disseminating results of successful projects; exploring the feasibility of automatic speed enforcement systems; developing performance standards for radar devices and a model training course for police operators of radar devices; identifying the costs attributable to 55 mph enforcement; and arranging workshops/seminars for traffic enforcement agencies. Although the driving population appears willing to accept a somewhat stricter enforcement, a "tolerance factor" of 5 to 7 mph exists. NHTSA has been running an active public information and education program at the national, state, and local levels to convince the public that the 55 mph law is necessary and desirable and that enforcement is becoming stricter. KW - Compliance KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Police KW - Radar devices KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368413 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REMARKS BEFORE THE AUTO REPAIR CONFERENCE, MADISON, WISCONSIN, AUGUST 5, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Following an overview of auto industry approaches to vehicle design for better fuel economy, effectiveness of auto maintenance and servicing is addressed as another important element in new car design. Cars can be designed in terms of crash damage repair. For example, an expensive mechanical component such as the drivetrain should be mounted away from the area where it is likely to sustain low-speed crash damage. The General Motors' X body cars represent a promising effort to reduce crash repair costs; this line is the result of design cooperation among the auto, insurance, and body repair industries. With proper design, many maintenance and repair items can be virtually eliminated. Examples in the marketplace today include maintenance-free batteries, self-adjusting brakes, bearings set and lubricated for life, and increased service intervals for initial engine oil change and air cleaner replacement. Vehicle design can also reduce maintenance costs with systems that are easy to diagnose (e.g. on-board electronic control systems with self-diagnosis capability). Innovative design can improve component accessibility, leading to ease of servicing and maintenance. Another factor relevant to new car design is the need for special tools and equipment for repair, representing extra costs to both the repair industry and consumers. Service bulletins must be readily available to facilitate efficient auto repairs. Consumers also require technical information concerning vehicle maintenance requirements and repairability. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Research Safety Vehicle program has demonstrated that the conflicting goals of safety, fuel economy, low emissions, and repairability can be met in a small car. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Small car KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368424 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. INSTRUCTORS'S LESSON PLANS PY - 1980 SP - 246 p. AB - These lesson plans contain all the information needed by the instructor for the Training Program for Titling and Registration (T and R) Personnel. The instructor will be a motor vehicle department employee who is qualified and experienced in T and R activities. The program consists of seven units of instruction, each requiring between one and four hours (classroom mode). A classroom size of 15 is suggested. The instructor's role in and responsibility for planning are described, especially with regard to local adaptation. Guidance for selecting between classroom and self instruction is provided along with a discussion of the instructor's function in each of the three possible presentation modes: classroom, self-instruction, and on-the-job training. For each of the program units, a detailed lesson plan is provided; the lesson plans are augmented by a set of visual aids (overhead projection transparencies). The seven units are: introduction to registration and titling, recognition and verification of the vehicle identification number, vehicle theft, customer relations, titling and registration procedures, odometer tampering, and uniformity and model procedures. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368378 AU - BERGER, R AU - Colmen, J AU - Automated Services, Incorporated TI - SELF-TEST ON DRINKING AND DRIVING FOR TEENAGERS (INCLUDING DISCUSSION LEADER'S GUIDE AND FINAL REPORT) PY - 1980 SP - 43 p. AB - The Self-Test on Drinking and Driving for Teenagers was developed to help adolescents better understand the social and psychological forces affecting their decisions in situations involving drinking and driving. Participants are directed to rate their feelings (on a scale of 1 to 5) about 40 statements grouped into eight attitudinal sets: rationalization, taking responsibility for others, consequences of drinking and driving, perceived psychological benefits of driving, peer pressure, parent pressure, reacting with hostility to others, and looking before you leap. Following is a 16-item true/false knowledge test. A chart is appended showing the range of scores received by 3000 Pennsylvania high school students who took the test. Teenagers administer the test, and score and interpret their responses. The test provides a stimulus for group discussion. KW - Adolescents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Psychology KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368385 AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF INJURY (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 214, SIDE DOOR STRENGTH--UPGRADE) PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The development of a test device to assess occupant injury for an upgraded Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214 (Side Door Strength) is described. Under National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsorship, pendulum and wall side impact tests at the Highway Safety Research Institute have provided data on thoracic impact responses and injuries from which were derived candidate injury criteria capable of translating measurable mechanical parameters into good estimates of observed trauma (Abbreviated Injury Scale and number of rib fractures). The test data have been used by NHTSA to modify an existing dummy to improve its kinematic and local responses in lateral impacts. The prototype side impact dummy design will undergo an intense repeatability and reproducibility evaluation in pendulum and sled tests. NHTSA is currently evaluating another dummy which was designed by Renault-Peugeot. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Pendulum tests KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Standards KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368392 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD'S 403 PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS CONTAINED IN "HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, (DECEMBER 1979)." (RESPONSE OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) REPORT TO THE SENATE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE PY - 1980 SP - 56 p. AB - The formal position of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is presented on each substantive recommendation in the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Conference report of December 1979. After a discussion of the 403 5-year program accomplishments, and a general presentation of NHTSA's view of TRB's recommendations, consideration is given to the "Process" recommendations, including the 403 mission, fundamental research and discovery, data needs, objectivity of NHTSA research, improving technology transfer, demonstrations and other knowledge transfer methods, two-way communication, mechanisms for gathering input, and interagency cooperation. "Subject Area" recommendations cover driver licensing, motor vehicle registration, titling and anti-theft, national driver register, alcohol and drugs, emergency medical services, state traffic records, the National Center for Statistics and Analysis, occupant restraints, state program management, fifty-five miles per hour speed limit noncompliance and other unsafe driving actions, traffic law adjudication, police traffic services, pedestrian/bicycle/pupil transportation, young drivers, motorcycle/moped safety, and basic driver behavior research. KW - Highway safety KW - Recommendations KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368417 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REMARKS BEFORE THE MICHIGAN CHILD SAFETY CONFERENCE, TROY, MICHIGAN, NOVEMBER 14, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 14 p. AB - The recent Michigan State Senate vote against a mandatory child restraint law is noted; the bill had already been passed by the House. The State Senate also voted to repeal Michigan's mandatory motorcycle helmet law. These events are noted in connection with the first statewide Child Passenger Safety Conference. It is recommended that doctors view their patients as motorists and advocate preventive measures against automobile crash injury. Recommendations for improving safety of child automobile passengers are made: eliminating protruding knobs and hard surfaces, making cargo compartments inaccessible to children, installing tether anchorages for child restraints, requiring locking mechanisms on front-seat inertia reel belts for safe installation of restraints, and requiring belts long enough to secure child safety seats, with latch plates that fit through the child seat. Dissemination of consumer information on crash-tested child safety seats and their proper use is also recommended. Although Michigan has an active education network, good materials and research, and an extensive distribution system, the child seat usage rate is only 10%. It is noted that Rhode Island and Tennessee are the only states with mandatory child restraint usage laws. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Consumers KW - Helmets KW - Information dissemination KW - Laws KW - Physicians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368420 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. COURSE GUIDE PY - 1980 SP - 43 p. AB - This course guide provides an overview of the Training Program for Titling and Registration Personnel and describes the administrative needs such as time required, facility and equipment, and special preparation for local use. It also describes the educational characteristics: instructor and student qualifications, the use of both classroom and self instruction, and the evaluation of student achievement. Unit tests are appended. The training program prepares state-level titling and registration personnel to perform effectively in four major areas: titling and registration procedures, vehicle theft, uniformity and model procedures, and customer relations. The program consists of seven units of instruction, each requiring between one and four hours (classroom mode). The instructor should have considerable experience in titling and/or registration programs and procedures. The course was designed for any high school graduate who will be or is employed by a titling/registration department, either state or county. A classroom size of 15 is suggested. The course includes several means for assessing student achievement, including pre- and post-tests. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368374 AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - VEHICLE MIX. REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY ADVISORY COMMITTEE PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - The trend toward smaller, more fuel efficient cars, along with an increase in the number and size of trucks on the highway and more use of motorcycles and bicycles, will result in serious incompatibilities among vehicles on the U.S. road system. In fatal accidents involving heavy trucks and passenger cars, 97% of the deaths occur among car occupants. The occupants of a subcompact car are 8.2 times more likely to be killed than those of a full-size car in a two-car collision. The disparity is even greater when two-wheeled vehicles are involved. If vehicle miles traveled are held to 1975 levels, the downsizing of passenger cars would effect a 5.6% increase in fatalities in 1995. Promotion of the use of manual occupant restraints by adults and children is recommended, as well as continued support for mandatory installation of passive restraints. Through public service announcements, and driver education, vehicle licensing, and dealer-sponsored programs, the public should be informed of the potential hazards posed by the changing vehicle mix. Methods of reducing vehicle miles traveled, such as ride-sharing programs and increased use of bus and rail transportation, should be actively pursued. Model truck length limit regulations are recommended, as well as steps to increase truck-trailer visibility and to implement splash/spray and underride countermeasures. To promote rapid adoption of vehicle safety features, increased distribution of consumer information is necessary, particularly vehicle crashworthiness ratings. KW - Consumers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Education KW - Hazards KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle mix KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368375 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT CONFERENCE (WASHINGTON, D.C., JANUARY 31 AND FEBRUARY 1, 1980) PY - 1980 SP - 120 p. AB - Nine papers by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) personnel are compiled from a conference convened by NHTSA on the upgrading of side impact protection (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214). The presentations describe current NHTSA activities in identifying test devices, test conditions, and structural and interior modifications for a regulation that would significantly improve occupant protection in side impact crashes. Papers presented by industry personnel and other interested parties were submitted to Docket No. 79-04, Side Impact Protection (upgrade). KW - Conferences KW - Protection KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368388 AU - Monk, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS OF INTERIOR MODIFICATION PROJECT (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 214, SIDE DOOR STRENGTH--UPGRADE) PY - 1980 SP - 3 p. AB - The project being conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Safety Research Laboratory in support of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214 (Side Door Strength) upgrade is described. The project was designed to develop a sled buck that will reproduce the occupant environment of the Volkswagen Rabbit in a crash test, and to demonstrate a suitable padding restraint material for the Rabbit interior. Side impact crash environment parameters were defined; interior geometry of the door, sill, and floor relative to the occupant; stiffness of interior door panel during occupant contact; door acceleration and velocity time histories; and direction of compartment motion. The door stiffness and compartment motion parameters required additional tests to supplement previous crash test data. A side impact sled buck reproducing the occupant crash environment has the following unique characteristics: adjustable door stiffness mechanism, adjustable angle platform, and faithful reproduction of Rabbit interior geometry. The padding selection process will involve initial screening of materials via manufacturer/supplier contacts; component testing to isolate thorax responses using a side impact dummy; sled buck testing; and full-scale car-to-car crashes of the final padding design (May-Jun 1980). KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Interior KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Standards KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368389 AU - Clark, C C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR SIDE IMPACT PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The project being conducted by Dynamic Science (contract DOT-HS-9-02177) in support of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214 (Side Door Strength) upgrade is described. The project is designed to develop economical sled test methodologies, including door intrusion dynamics, in simulating side impacts (after a series of four car-to-car side impact tests for calibration purposes); to develop side impact padding and seat structure countermeasures; and to demonstrate accident reconstruction capabilities and vehicle modifications via full-scale car side impact crashes. Preliminary crash tests are described in which Cutlasses moving at 30 or 40 mph impacted with unmodified or early modified Volkswagen Rabbits moving at 20 or 15 mph, at angles of 90 or 60 degrees respectively. The use of the Calspan Reconstruction of Accident Speeds on the Highway computer simulation is noted. The "sled within a sled" side impact test device developed by Dynamic Science is described. The Minicar and Calspan Research Safety Vehicle door designs are considered. KW - Angles (Geometry) KW - Angularity KW - Automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Standards KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368409 AU - Amato, E J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY, HEALTH, AND ENERGY ISSUES IN THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY: THE GOVERNMENT VIEWPOINT PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The adversarial relationship between the trucking industry and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is noted. An effort to remedy this situation via public meetings on truck safety held by NHTSA in 1979 and 1980 is discussed. These meetings were attended by representatives of labor, motor carriers, manufacturers, NHTSA, and the Federal Highway Administration. NHTSA feels that the discussions opened the door for more voluntary industry safety improvements or regulations based on a better understanding of the regulated industry. The meetings revealed problems in basic industrial relations as much as in safety; the conflict between labor and management on occupational safety issues was evident. NHTSA proposes that the trucking industry has two options: either to take the initiative by itself to incorporate a social responsibility component into its industrial relations policy or to have the government take over such a function. A list is provided of NHTSA truck regulation activities in the following areas: driver environment, driveability, crash protection, and vision and lighting. The acceptance of variable fan drives and radial tires is cited for its positive effects on the trucking industry (fuel economy saving) while the resistance to antilock brakes is noted for its adverse results in terms of highway safety and the public image of trucking. It is advocated that wise technical decisions and better labor-management relations on safety matters will result in large dividends for the trucking industry. KW - Laborers KW - Management KW - Occupational safety KW - Regulations KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368411 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPENING STATEMENT (FORD TRANSMISSION CASE) PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - These remarks by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator opened a hearing convened by the Agency to allow Ford Motor Company and other parties to comment on apparent defects in five automatic transmissions in Ford vehicles sold after Aug 1972 and manufactured prior to Oct 1979. On 9 Jun 1980, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) made an initial determination that Ford C-3, C-4, C-6, FMX, and JATCO automatic transmissions have safety-related defects. At that time, NHTSA's investigative file contained more than 23,000 reports of Ford vehicles slipping out of parking gear, and reports of 1700 injuries and 97 fatalities alleged to have resulted from accidents caused by the defective transmissions. Thousands of additional failures were reported but were discounted by the investigative staff for various reasons. Some of the transmissions do not provide a satisfactory internal lock to keep the transmissions from shifting from park into reverse. On other transmissions, the locking mechanism itself can bind midway between park and reverse, and the gear selector may be left on the land between park and reverse. Ford has contended that driver error in shifting is the problem. NHTSA-generated publicity during the investigation was limited to two consumer advisories; Ford itself issued statements to the press denying the existence of a defect. In its preliminary comments to NHTSA, Ford questioned the accuracy of the number of complaints, alleged that the higher incidence of reports of Ford vehicle failures is the result of NHTSA publicity, and challenged the adequacy of the technical support for the initial determination. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Defects KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368380 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IN RESPONSE TO H.C. WAINWRIGHT REPORT (IMPACT OF REGULATION ON COMPETITION IN THE U.S. AUTO INDUSTRY) PY - 1980 SP - 36 p. AB - Comments are made by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) on the May 1979 Wainwright study which analyzed the impact of regulation on competition in the U.S. auto industry. The Wainwright report argues that regulations are analagous to taxes, depress profitability, and substantially result in reduced product diversity, and that smaller firms are disproportionately burdened by automotive regulations. NHTSA characterizes the Wainwright analysis as theoretically and methodologically deficient, adding little to the understanding of the effect of regulations on competition in the auto industry. The agency finds insufficient rationale in the analysis to consider altering its programs. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368382 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND COST OF THE CURRENT STANDARD 214--SIDE DOOR STRENGTH PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - A preliminary evaluation of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214, Side Door Strength, was based on accident statistics (National Crash Severity Study, Fatal Accident Reporting System) and cost data available through Oct 1978. FMVSS 214 appears to provide cost-effective occupant protection by greatly reducing the likelihood of death or severe injury in single-vehicle side door impact crashes. The significant reduction in intrusion and casualty occurrence in nonlateral impacts demonstrate the effectiveness of FMVSS 214 performance requirements. Although side door impacts are usually envisioned as vehicle-to-vehicle collisions, primarily with lateral forces acting on the struck vehicle, many deaths and severe injuries occur in single-vehicle crashes which may primarily involve nonlateral forces. It is speculated that the improved door structure in post-standard cars acts in tandem with the sills or pillars, possibly enabling the vehicle to "slide by" impacting objects. The significantly lower effectiveness of FMVSS 214 in vehicle-to-vehicle side door impacts suggests that considerable potential remains for improving occupant protection in these cases. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Doors KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368405 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REMARKS BEFORE THE FIRST ANNUAL EASTERN REGIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS, NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL MAY 29, 1980, WASHINGTON, D.C. PY - 1980 SP - 12 p. AB - Motor vehicle crashes are discussed as one of the most serious public health problems, especially for young people. With the Federal auto safety standards, the public has the choice to invest in health protection; just as important, the automakers have a basic societal obligation to serve the public via safe vehicles. One obstacle faced in combating the crash problem is that safety is forced to compete with other auto industry objectives while the industry refuses to compete on safety in the marketplace. Another factor is that safety is jeopardized by the need to make cars smaller and lighter to increase fuel economy. A third series of obstacles to highway safety concerns the acceptance of highway losses as inevitable, the intensely personal feelings people have about their cars, and basic human nature. A preliminary projection indicates that by 1990 passenger car fatalities will increase by 10,000 to 15,000 per year because of increased travel and reduced size and weight of new cars. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Research Safety Vehicle program is cited to demonstrate that a small, comfortable car can offer high levels of crash safety, good fuel economy, and low emissions. NHTSA crash tests of new cars are reviewed; in these tests several newer and smaller American models met safety requirements at 35 mph. Automatic crash protection (i.e. air bags and passive belts) is discussed as the most significant Federal automotive safety initiative. Fatality reductions of one-third to one-half have been realized in cars equipped with automatic restraints vs. manual safety belts. Two other major NHTSA programs for improving crash survivability are described: side impact and pedestrian protection. NHTSA's future consumer information requirements for new-car safety performance are noted. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public health KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Small car KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368407 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION ACT OF 1979. STATEMENT BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PROTECTION AND FINANCE, HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE, JUNE 10, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 9 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has published a manual of antitheft guidelines for state motor vehicle titling programs and has assisted the New York Department of Motor Vehicles in establishing a program for the detection of vehicles rebuilt with stolen parts (examination of vehicle identification numbers (VIN) before issuance of title certificates). Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 115 has recently been amended to standardize VIN systems and to improve VIN visibility. FMVSS 114 requires all passenger cars to have a key locking system to lock the steering wheel or otherwise restrict mobility when the key is removed; also required is a buzzer or light to warn of a key left in the ignition. A proposed rulemaking for FMVSS 114 would introduce a number of antitheft modifications to cars and would extend the standard to light trucks and vans. The recent reversal in the declining trend in auto thefts during 1970-78 is the result of increased activity by professional auto thieves. New methods of theft prevention are needed. NHTSA supports the antifencing measures of the Theft Prevention Act outlawing alteration/removal of VIN's and trafficking in vehicles and parts with altered numbers, restricting import/export of stolen vehicles, and supporting theft protection standards. Together with the National Bureau of Standards, NHTSA is studying improvements in steering wheel and ignition locking mechanisms so that activation would take at least ten minutes, thus deterring the juvenile thief. Use of identification numbers on major body parts would deter "chop-shop" operations. Comments are supplied on specific provisions of the proposed legislation. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Laws KW - Theft KW - Vehicle identification numbers KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368384 AU - Ragland, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SIDE IMPACT BARRIER AND TEST PROCEDURE PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - The development of a test device and test procedure is described for evaluating the injury and fatality reduction potential of vehicles in car-to-car side impacts. The crash environment representative of a given level of injury in a real-world crash will be established, followed by development of a test device and procedure which reproduce injury-causing mechanisms in a laboratory test, later to be refined and validated for use in a compliance test (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214 upgrade). In order to simulate an actual collision, the impact test device must yield and absorb an equivalent degree of energy as the striking car. An energy-absorbing barrier has been developed using a layered and segmented aluminum honeycomb with a bumper attached to the front face. A barrier weight of 3450 lb. has been established for the 1985 and beyond accident population. Barrier geometry has been defined, subject to changes to account for differences in projected vehicle fleets; barrier stiffness has also been specified. Component and full-scale tests have been conducted. The test condition for the development process is currently a 30 mph vehicle striking a 15 mph vehicle at a 60 degree angle. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Angles (Geometry) KW - Angularity KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368386 AU - Boehly, W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF THE RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - A slide/text presentation describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Research Safety Vehicle (RSV) Program, an integrated systems research effort designed to demonstrate advanced motor vehicle performance and to acquire engineering data. Performance criteria are identified as increased levels of safety, enhanced fuel economy, reduced vehicle emissions, and consumer acceptability. Major safety criteria include reduction in accident frequency and severity, occupant crash protection, compatibility with other vehicles in impacts, and mitigation of pedestrian injuries in impacts. RSV program data will be used to form a technical basis for future NHTSA rulemaking, and to provide feedback for research and development planning. The two RSV's under development (Calspan, Minicars) are described, particularly their side impact performance. KW - Air quality management KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance tests KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368401 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CLASSIFIED DRIVER LICENSING. ISSUE PAPER PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration endorses the classification scheme and classified licensing principles developed by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators and urges all licensing authorities to implement them. A key distinguishing feature of a classified driver licensing system is that it qualifies drivers according to their knowledge and ability to operate the specific type(s) of vehicle(s) for which they apply to be licensed. The system differs from the operator/chauffeur licensing concept that generally permits persons with an operator's license to drive any type of vehicle as long as they are not paid specifically for driving. A classified system requires a driver knowledge test on the specific type of vehicle the applicant wishes to drive, medical qualifications appropriate to the hazard inherent in the particular vehicle or cargo, and a driver skill test using a vehicle of the size, weight, configuration, and handling characteristics of that to be driven. Most states with a classified system have reported a first-year conversion cost of less than $100,000 and subsequent costs no higher than previous operational expenditures. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving KW - Driving tests KW - Handling characteristics KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368372 AU - Green, P E AU - Rogers, P W AU - Rogers National Research, Incorporated TI - CHANGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE BUYER ATTITUDES AND MARKET BEHAVIOR PY - 1980 SP - 82 p. AB - An analysis is made of the impact of fuel-efficient motor vehicle design changes on the attitudes and market behavior of buyers of new motor vehicles. Car buyer profiles for selected makes of automobiles describe demographic characteristics, owner satisfaction, reasons for buying, car characteristics, source of sales, and owner loyalty. Truck buyer profiles include demographic characteristics, characteristics of new vehicle purchased, other trucks and vans owned, alternate purchase decision, and vehicle usage. The analysis focuses on the statistically significant changes occurring among buyers of specific makes when new fuel-efficient designs are introduced, and on tracking their changes through time. The multivariate statistical technique of discriminate analysis is used to determine which vehicle attributes significantly distinguish new car buyers before and after a fuel economy design change. Positioning maps of the nine car segments indicate changes in car preferences and demographics from the pre-downsizing baseline year of 1976 over the next three model years. Share of market, market composition, source of sales and owner loyalty are discussed. It is concluded that fuel-efficient vehicles have been well received and that there has been no major distortion of buyer attitudes or segment positioning. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Markets KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Purchasing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368373 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (MOPEDS) PY - 1980 SP - 99 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration does not have a "moped" motor vehicle classification, per se. These low-powered, low-speed vehicles are currently classified as "motor-driven cycles", a subcategory of motorcycle, and are defined by the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CRF 571.3b) as a "motorcycle with a motor that produces 5 brake horsepower or less." Certain requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards have been changed to ease the burden of compliance without jeopardizing basic safety performance for motor-driven cycles which attain a speed of 30 mph or less in one mile. Other standards and requirements are also applicable to "mopeds." Copies of the following regulations are presented: Standard 108 (Lighting Requirements), Standard 111 (Rearview Mirrors), Standard 123 (Motorcycle Controls and Displays), Part 566 (Manufacturer Identification), Part 567 (Certification), Part 574 (Tire Identification and Recordkeeping), Part 575 (Consumer Information), Part 577 (Defect Notification), and M.V. Import (Importation of Motor Vehicles). A tabular summary is included of current motorized bicycle legislation in 32 states and the District of Columbia. KW - Mopeds KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368390 AU - Jankovich, J P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST AND LEAD-TIME ANALYSIS (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 214 (SIDE DOOR STRENGTH) UPGRADE) PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - The methodology is outlined by which the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) derived cost and lead-time estimates for the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214 (Side Door Strength) upgrade. The costing procedure includes technology survey (analysis of manufacturers' present and projected product and production plans); review of relevant research and development work; development of unit consumer price; and estimation of consumer life cycle costs. The general characteristics of the costing methodology are analagous to accepted industry practice of costing automotive parts, components, and systems. The approach uses both NHTSA and outside expertise, with lead-time estimates considering past industry practice in implementing technological changes of similar magnitude. Both facility and capital resource availability, as well as material and tooling supply constraints, are examined if applicable. Product and production changeovers are analyzed to determine the best methods for phasing in the standard. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Doors KW - Estimates KW - Lead time KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368558 AU - Lummis, M L AU - Dugger, C AU - University of Kansas, Lawrence TI - IMPACT OF THE REPEAL OF THE KANSAS MANDATORY MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW: 1975-1978 PY - 1980 SP - 215 p. AB - The incidence, severity, and cost of motorcycle accidents in selected areas of Kansas were investigated from Jul through Sep in 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978. When the state's mandatory motorcycle helmet use law was repealed as of 1 Jul 1976, the use of helmets by all riders decreased dramatically. Although the use of motorcycles has been declining, there has been a steady increase in the proportions of motorcycle accidents resulting in injuries and fatalities. The proportion of head injuries sustained in motorcycle accidents has steadily increased since repeal of the helmet law. Nonhelmeted riders suffered more head injuries at all severity levels and required more hospitalization than riders wearing helmets. The average total cost (1978) for a motorcycle accident involving a nonhelmeted rider admitted to a hospital was $14,905.94, or 214.3% higher than the average cost for a helmeted rider hospitalized for injuries. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head trauma KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory helmet laws KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368404 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REMARKS BEFORE THE 1980 NATIONAL CONFERENCE. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, MAY 20, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - Progress in emergency medical services (EMS) is reviewed since 1967 when the National Highway Safety Bureau envisioned a highway safety program standard requiring the states to develop EMS systems. An EMS highway safety program has been designed to assure the states the degree of flexibility needed to serve all medical emergencies. Since 1968, an estimated $600 million of non-Federal money has been generated in support of EMS and about $150 million of Federal funds have been applied by the states to EMS. Today, all states have EMS coordinators. There have been dramatic advances in emergency medical care personnel training, communications, transportation, and treatment capability. The trend toward smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, and the vulnerability of occupants of these vehicles to injury and death, are noted. The feasibility of producing a car that is both safe and fuel efficient is discussed, using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Research Safety Vehicle program as the example. The beneficial role of Federal motor vehicle regulations in terms of both fuel economy and safety is cited. The unwillingness of most motorists to use seat belts is noted, to which the introduction of passive restraints such as the air bag offers a solution. It is advanced that safety will become increasingly important in the automobile industry, both for competitive and protective reasons. NHTSA's future new-car assessment system (crashworthiness and restraint performance ratings) is mentioned as an aid to consumers. NHTSA future plans in the EMS field are outlined. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car KW - States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368408 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATEMENT (JULY 1, 1980) BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSUMER AFFAIRS, SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE AND TRANSPORTATION. S. 2816, A BILL TO ESTABLISH A COMPREHENSIVE ALCOHOL-TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM IN EACH STATE PY - 1980 SP - 8 p. AB - Ms. Claybrook supports a proposed Senate bill (S. 2816) requiring the establishment of a comprehensive alcohol-traffic safety program in each state to discourage driving while intoxicated. Drunk driving is a major public health and safety problem; in 1979, approximately 25,000 persons died on the highway in motor vehicle accidents involving alcohol. Studies indicate that about 50% of all involved are legally drunk, i.e., with a blood alcohol concentration over 0.1%. The Federal government and states have initiated substantial efforts to improve alcohol safety. From 1967 to 1977, states spent $271 million on programs to enhance apprehension and adjudication systems for drunk drivers. Efforts of police officers and courts are partially thwarted by lack of adequate training and preparedness to deal with the large number of drunk drivers on the road, and lack of close coordination between police and courts to handle and dispose of drunk driving cases expeditiously. Courts and juries rarely apply maximum sanctions for drunk driving allowed under state law because they consider typical penalties (mandatory jail sentences, license revocation, or large fines) too harsh for normal, law abiding citizens. Courts endorse plea bargaining or reduce the charge to a lesser, nonalcoholic offense. People in most states who drive while intoxicated have little or no fear of apprehension. Findings of Alcohol Safety Action Projects indicate that four measures are effective in reducing the drunk driving problem: a coordinated system involving police officers, prosecutors, courts, probation officers, treatment personnel, and government public information officials; streamlined court processing procedures; broad approach to court sanctions by combining punishment with referral to rehabilitation agencies; and strengthened state and local laws to aid enforcement, adjudication, license revocation, and treatment efforts. Provisions in the bill to encourage local enforcement, financial self-sufficiency of drunk driving programs, state-wide driver records, and the substitution of community service for a mandatory jail term are applauded. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Apprehension KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fear KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Police KW - Public health KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368415 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REMARKS BEFORE THE CONFERENCE ON PROGRAMS IN ACCIDENT AND INJURY PREVENTION, REHABILITATION INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO, OCTOBER 30, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 10 p. AB - Ms. Claybrook reviews the origin of a standard for state emergency medical service systems, which was developed by Dr. William Haddon, the first director of the agency which became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The problem of applying cost/benefit analysis to safety performance is outlined: the difficulty of quantifying the societal benefits of accident prevention. It is nevertheless demonstrable that since 1966, when the first significant auto safety legislation was adopted, the vehicle accident fatality rate has been reduced 40% (from 5.7 to 3.3 deaths per 100 million miles of travel). Improvements in vehicle crash protection are outlined: laminated windshields, collapsible steering columns, interior padding, lap and shoulder belts, side marker lights, head restraints, leak resistant fuel systems, stronger bumpers, increased side door strength, and better brakes. It is forecast that automatic occupant crash protection standards (air bags or automatic belts) will save from 9000 to 12,000 lives a year when the devices are installed on all cars. The cost of increased crash protection since 1975 has represented only 2% of the total price increase for automobiles. Use of already existing seat belts and observing the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit are accident prevention devices that cost nothing; the 55 mph limit, in fact, saves money as well as lives. The Research Safety Vehicle program is cited as an illustration of the feasibility of producing a socially responsible car, integrating fuel economy, safety, low emissions, and personal comfort in a small car. NHTSA has prepared a guidebook to help medical organizations develop effective vehicle accident prevention programs. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Compact automobiles KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Laws KW - Prevention KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368376 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SAFE, FUEL-EFFICIENT CAR. A REPORT ON ITS PRODUCIBILITY AND MARKETING PY - 1980 SP - 45 p. AB - The Research Safety Vehicle (RSV) program administered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was designed to show the public and the automobile industry what can be done to produce an attractive, affordable automobile that integrates fuel economy, safety, low emissions, and comfort features in a small car. The technology to build a more socially-responsible (safe and fuel-efficient) automobile is available, and experimental cars like the RSV can be mass produced within three and one-half years at a cost similar to that of launching any new model. The first company to produce such a car could gain a competitive advantage in the market by exploiting an unsatisfied need for a safe, fuel-efficient car, particularly in an arena where little competition currently exists. The social benefits, consumer features, production cost, and lead time of RSV's are described and the consumer demand for safe automobiles is assumed. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Demand KW - Fuel consumption KW - Marketing KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368387 AU - HOLLOWELL, W T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED VEHICLE SIDE STRUCTURES PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - The design philosophy of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in developing an improved vehicle side structure (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214 upgrade) is outlined, with results obtained to date by incorporating this philosophy into producible structural modifications. The design philosophy incorporates concepts providing protection for front seat occupants, protection in multivehicle accidents, compatibility with improved interior occupant protection, and reduced likelihood of ejection. Crash tests by Dynamic Science identified modifications to the 1976 Plymouth Volare to improve side structure integrity (17 lb. added to each side): increasing the depth of the door beam hat section, closing the door beam section, improving the door beam/door connections, lowering the beam, installing tabs on the door beam to engage the rocker panel, and adding continuous welds to the sheet metal door facing. Production feasibility is being addressed by a Budd Company study, as well as improvement in the side structure of a subcompact vehicle (1976 Volkswagen Rabbit). Structural modifications of the door structure, structure surrounding the door, and A and B pillars have been completed at three weight levels. A weight optimized design will incorporate the best features of each level. Instead of redirecting the crash load from the door beam into the sill structure as with the Volare project, General Environments Corporation is pursuing the seat structure as a potential load path. Another side structure testing program involves light pickup trucks and vans. KW - Automobiles KW - Doors KW - Light trucks KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Testing KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368410 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPENING REMARKS AT SMALL CAR SAFETY NEWS CONFERENCE, AUGUST 19, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 6 p. AB - Some results are presented of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's crash test program for small 1980 model cars, and the serious problem of small car safety is addressed. Only two of 12 model cars crashed at 35 mph into a fixed barrier passed the frontal occupant protection test. The only imported car providing satisfactory protection was the Fiat Strada; the other car to pass was the Chevrolet Chevette equipped with an automatic belt system. All 1980 Japanese and the two German cars tested failed the tests. Analyses of the causes of the test failures indicated that in many cases the safety performance of the cars could be improved substantially at low cost ($5 to $15) by modifying restraint systems and steering columns. A conservative projection is that small cars will make up at least half of the passenger cars on the road by the mid-1980's. In crashes severe enough to cause a fatality, occupants of subcompact cars are eight times more likely to be killed in crashes with full-sized cars than are occupants of the large vehicles. An effective remedy is the safety belt, out only one in nine motorists is willing to buckle up. Three remedies which automakers can build into cars to improve crash survivability are air bags and automatic safety belts; improved structure, steering wheel, and restraint system design to absorb and manage crash forces on the occupant; and a variety of design features shown in research safety vehicles to reduce both crash and injury risk. KW - Air bags KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368412 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REMARKS BEFORE THE MOTOR CAR DEALERS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 1980 SPRING BUSINESS CONFERENCE, APRIL 24, 1980, INDIAN WELLS, CALIFORNIA PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Some general observations are made concerning the future direction of the automotive industry, and the role of the Federal government. The focus on a socially-responsible automobile carries with it the expectation of socially-responsible motor vehicle manufacturing, supplier and servicing, and dealer industries. The industry must change to accommodate the consumer trend toward more fuel-efficient, safer, and less polluting cars. Until the automotive industry can restore public confidence in the auto repair business, there will be continuing pressures for the government to play a role through standards, consumer information, prosecutorial actions, and inspection programs. It is stated that the impetus for government regulation has been the refusal or failure of industry to respond to the public's reasonable demands. Improved motor vehicle safety and fuel economy are discussed as the products of such regulation. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Research Safety Vehicle program is cited as a demonstration that safety can be integrated with good mileage, low emissions, and the comfort features consumers want in a smaller car. It is proposed that automotive dealers could serve as the public's internal advocate to seek basic improvements in the auto industry. Sales and service representatives could benefit their industry and their customers if they would look at their activities from the consumer's perspective. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Federal government KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368381 AU - Hedlund, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT DATA DESCRIBING SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1980 SP - 4 p. AB - Some 10,000 people died and another 20,000 were seriously injured in side impact accidents in the U.S. in 1978. Most side impacts (86%) are vehicle-to-vehicle (passenger car, light truck, or van) crashes. Over half the victims are in vehicles with passenger compartment damage; 92% of the life-threatening injuries are associated with such damage. A principal force direction (as viewed by an occupant) of 10 or 12 o'clock accounts for over half of all injuries. The median velocity change is 10 mph; for injury accidents, it is 17 mph, and for life-threatening injury accidents, 26 mph. Of all victims of side impact accidents, 84% are in the front seat, about half on the impact side. Two-thirds of those with life-threatening injuries are on the impact side. Only 7% or 8% of the victims are restrained; 98% remain in their vehicles after impact, but the 2% who are ejected account for 23% of life-threatening injuries. These statistics are from the National Crash Severity Study. KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - National crash severity study KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368383 AU - Burgett, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE TEST PROCEDURE (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 214, SIDE DOOR STRENGTH-UPGRADE) PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Vehicle-to-vehicle side impact crash parameters are reviewed: vehicle orientation, relative velocity, principal direction of force, change in velocity, and final velocity. Using National Crash Severity Study data, life-threatening injury distribution among near-side occupants in side impacts are examined for various crash conditions. It is concluded from this analysis that Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 214 (Side Door Strength) upgrade compliance test conditions should include orientation angles in the 60 to 100 degree range, and a relative velocity of 40 to 45 mph, with the struck car moving slower than the striking car. In testing baseline and modified vehicles, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has been using a 30 mph velocity for the striking car, 15 mph for the struck car, and a 60 degree orientation angle. Appended are illustrative diagrams, tables and graphs. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Angles (Geometry) KW - Angularity KW - Automobiles KW - Doors KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368396 AU - Bollier, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION: HOW MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS CAN WORK TO PREVENT MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES PY - 1980 SP - 194 p. AB - An initial draft is presented of a guide to help the medical community promote prevention of motor vehicle accidents and injuries. The contributions of various medical professionals/organizations to highway safety are cited. The epidemiology of motor vehicle injury, injury preventive measures, and the physician's role in automotive safety are reviewed. Two accounts are given of the personal consequences of traffic accidents, and statistics are provided to illustrate the magnitude of the traffic safety problem. Strategies to improve motor vehicle safety are examined: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, the Research Safety Vehicle Program, automobile crashworthiness ratings, and occupant crash protection: manual seat belts, automatic restraints (air bags and automatic seat belts), child restraint systems, and motorcycle helmets. Auto safety initiatives for the physician are suggested under the following categories: easy steps to educate patients and the community, communicating with the public, turning research into action, and reaching out to other professions. Motor vehicle/highway safety information sources, technical literature, and public information materials are listed. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Education KW - Epidemiology KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Physicians KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368414 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATEMENT BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS, HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE, SEPTEMBER 30, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - Ms. Claybrook discusses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) policy concerning the use of cost/benefit and related analysis in making regulatory decisions, and the potential for conflicts of interest which result when consulting firms employed by Federal regulatory agencies perform similar studies for the industry subject to regulation. NHTSA policy on regulatory analysis is to ensure that the bases for governmental decision are understood by all, and that the detailed consequences of a regulatory action are debated within the agency, including the offices of planning, rulemaking, legal affairs, research, and enforcement. One problem in quantifying the benefits of a regulation is that of estimating the costs of accidents and the corresponding benefits of accident prevention: saving lives; reducing trauma; maintaining family relationships; achieving employment goals; and reducing need for emergency medical and police traffic services, hospital care, rehabilitation, unemployment compensation and welfare, and continuing supportive services (e.g. special transportation). Costs of regulations are also dependent on the manufacturer, since the method of achieving standard performance is left to the industry. Contracts issued by NHTSA include those for consulting services, policy analysis, data collection and analysis, and methodology development. Potential for conflicts of interest differ among these types of contracts, with the greatest potential being in policy analysis. Safeguards to prevent such conflicts in NHTSA contracts are outlined. Specific information requested by the House Subcommittee is appended. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Conflict of interest KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368416 AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REMARKS AT THE SEVENTH ANNUAL NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY SAFETY CONFERENCE PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Some highway safety contributions made by the Highway Safety Research Center of the University of North Carolina are cited, including basic research into the relationship between motor vehicle injuries and vehicle makes/models, a manual on organizing safety belt usage programs, a statewide traffic records system, and research into licensing requirements for drivers. Statistics are presented demonstrating traffic accidents as a continuing major public health problem in the U.S.; in 1979, there were more than 51,000 traffic fatalities. Evidence is cited in support of the safety benefits of motor vehicle regulations; since 1966 and the first major auto safety legislation, the traffic fatality rate has been reduced 40%. The use of cost-benefit analysis in safety regulation decision-making is addressed, including the difficulty of quantifying the benefits realized (i.e. prevention of injuries and deaths). The price to the consumer of safety regulations is indicated; in the last decade, only three safety standards have added more than $10 to the price of a car. Non-use of standard seat belts (leading to the need for automatic restraints) and the increased safety risk of smaller cars (which are being bought in record numbers) are cited as two major safety problems today. The technology to build cars that are both safe and fuel efficient is evidenced by the Research Safety Vehicle program. Various state highway safety programs are outlined: enforcement of the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit, efforts to reenact motorcycle helmet use laws, child restraint use laws, and improved emergency medical services. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration program priorities are listed: state/local programs on alcohol safety and 55 mph compliance, increased motorcycle helmet and child restraint use, Federal programs to improve vehicle crashworthiness, and Federal safety standards for truck brakes. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Regulations KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car KW - Statistics KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368421 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. TRAINING ADMINISTRATOR GUIDELINES PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - These guidelines provide assistance to the administrator in planning and administering the training of instructors for the Training Program for Titling and Registration (T and R) Personnel. The objectives and a content outline of the Instructor Training (Methods) Course are presented. The course is intended to introduce the T and R Course to potential instructors and to provide training in appropriate instructional methods. The basic qualifications of the instructor are: faculty membership at a college with an established program for training of occupational instructors, and experience as an occupational instructor-trainer. The student instructor will be a qualified and experienced T and R supervisor. The course was designed to be presented in four days; a class size of 15 is suggested. Appended are a directory of colleges offering National Highway Traffic Safety Administration instructor training, an outline of the Training Program for T and R Personnel, and an instructional evaluation questionnaire for students in the Instructor Training Course. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368423 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TITLING AND REGISTRATION PERSONNEL. STUDENT INSTRUCTOR GUIDELINES PY - 1980 SP - 74 p. AB - These guidelines are for use by the student during instructor training for the Training Program for Titling and Registration (T and R) Personnel, and as a future reference. They are to be used by a new instructor to identify instructional strategies for presenting the content of the T and R Course. The student will be a motor vehicle department employee who is qualified and experienced in T and R activities. Seven units are presented: introduction to registration and titling, recognition and verification of the vehicle identification number, vehicle theft, customer relations, titling and registration procedures, odometer tampering, and uniformity and model procedures. Appended are three worksheets (arrangements, aids inventory, and instructor's lesson plan), and information on the following aspects of teaching: the teaching-learning process, instructor qualities and platform manner, teaching strategies, demonstration method/skill development, questioning techniques, work in small groups, role playing, training aids, evaluation, and the four-step lesson plan. The Instructor Training (Methods) Course was designed to be presented in four days; a class size of 15 is suggested. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368379 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGY FOR MAKE/MODEL FATALITY ANALYSIS PY - 1980 SP - 70 p. AB - A report is presented on the relative damageability, crashworthiness, and ease of diagnosis and repair of passenger cars for sale in the United States. The report reviews the conceptual background of the problem, describes the analytical methodology developed, presents a tabulation and discussion of illustrative results, and describes near-future plans to upgrade the implementation of the methodology. It is concluded that the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) can be combined with exposure measurements to permit comparisons of fatal involvement experience for specific makes/models. The illustrative results obtained to date suggest that the fatal involvement rate increases as car size decreases. A thorough make/model analysis of the fatality and fatal involvement experience of 1976 and newer model cars as recorded in the FARS files is recommended, with an annual update. Also recommended are studies on improving data sources for improved exposure measurement, and improving analytic methodology. Extension of make/model investigations to include injury experience is suggested for the long term. KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Crash exposure KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Methodology KW - Repairing KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344411 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1979: A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966 AND THE MOTOR VEHICLE INFORMATION AND COST SAVINGS ACT OF 1972, JANUARY 1-DECEMBER 31, 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 158 p. AB - This is the 13th annual report on Motor Vehicle Safety. Highlights: (1) A statistical compilation of accidents and injuries occurring in the preceding calendar year; (2) A list of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards prescribed or in effect during the year; (3) The degree of observance of applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; (4) A summary of all current research grants and contracts, together with a description of the problems to be considered by the grantees and contractors; (5) An analysis and evaluation, including relevant policy recommendations, of research activities completed and technological progress achieved during the year; (6) A statement of enforcement actions during the year, including judicial decisions, settlements, and pending litigation; (7) The extent to which technical information was disseminated to the scientific community and consumer-oriented information was made available to the motoring public; and (8) A summary on the administration of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 and the Department of Energy Act of 1978. KW - Crash reports KW - Development KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research management KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367939 AU - Najjar, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD) 212 AND 219; AGGRESSIVENESS, DOWNSIZING, AND EJECTION PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Passenger car/passenger car (PC/PC) crashes were compared with light truck and van vehicle (LTV)/PC crashes to address the issue of LTV aggressiveness with injury rate of PC occupants used as the evaluation measure. Results show that aggressiveness has a relatively minor effect on injury when compared with either delta v of the occupant vehicle or weight of the aggressive vehicle. Downsizing (decreasing PC weight) was examined and was not found to have a clear effect on PC occupant injury in either accident type. Ejection rates were compared for PC's and LTV's, and the effects of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 212 and 219 (related to ejection through windshields) on these rates were examined. LTV ejection rates were found to be almost four times higher than those for PC's. LTV windshield ejection rate was slightly higher than the PC rate. No difference was found between pre- and post-standard PC data in terms of ejection or windshield ejection rates. Data were unavailable to make this comparison for LTV's. KW - Aggression KW - Ejection KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vans KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367941 AU - Kelton-Fogg, G AU - SRI International TI - AERODYNAMIC DRAG REDUCTION DEVICES IN THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY: A MARKET SURVEY. FINAL REPORT REV. PY - 1980 SP - 130 p. AB - Background is presented on truck aerodynamics and fuel economy, followed by descriptions and photographs of truck and trailer aerodynamic drag-reducing devices: wind deflectors, fairings, gap sealers, air vanes, stators, corner-rounding devices, and rear-mounted devices and underbody modifications. Test methods (coastdown, wind tunnel, fuel economy runs) are discussed. The aerodynamic drag reducing device market is examined in terms of vehicles served and most effective configurations, market size, and sales trends. Fuel savings are indicated, based on the Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Improvement Program. Fleet operators have reported an average 3% to 7% fuel economy improvement by using these devices. Of the 1.7 billion gallons of fuel saved through the use of fuel-efficient components (1973-1977), 49 million resulted from the use of aerodynamic devices. The future of truck aerodynamics as it will affect the market is addressed. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Fuel consumption KW - Markets KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367943 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A CONTEMPORARY OVERVIEW OF TRAFFIC LAW UNIFORMITY IN THE UNITED STATES: 1968-1978 PY - 1980 SP - 117 p. AB - The nature and extent of traffic law uniformity from state to state are reviewed for the decade following promulgation of the Codes and Laws Highway Safety Program Standard in mid-1967. Congressional hearings and national concerns on nonuniform state traffic laws are noted. Numerous graphs identify the interstate trends and progress achieved by the states between 1968 and 1978 in conforming to the Uniform Vehicle Code's (UVC) specimen traffic rules. A national index of conformance in 13 specific statutory areas, including pedestrian, motorcycle, and bicycle rules, is also given to highlight priority areas for improvement. A map of the U.S. designates the percentage conformity of each state's traffic laws with the UVC (Rules of the Road chapter). KW - Conformity KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367945 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOPED SAFETY: GUIDELINES FOR COMPREHENSIVE STATE PROGRAMS PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - Recommendations and their rationale are presented for state implementation of comprehensive moped safety programs. The guidelines are based on information from various sources, including recommendations by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, comments from the states, the moped industry, and the public, and research on moped accidents and their prevention. The moped is defined and recommendations offered on vehicle requirements, administration and enforcement, rider and public education, rider protection, and limitation on moped use. References cover research on the moped accident problem and potential solutions. KW - Crashes KW - Guidelines KW - Mopeds KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367926 AU - Blaauw, G J AU - TNO INSTITUTE FOR PERCEPTION TI - CYBERNETICS AND CAR DRIVING: A MATHEMATICAL (COMPUTER) MODEL FOR THE SYSTEM TO BE CONTROLLED PY - 1980 SP - 24 p. AB - For the use of cybernetical models to describe and predict driver behavior quantitatively it is first necessary to develop a mathematical description for the system to be controlled. In this context the system might be defined by combinations of lateral and longitudinal vehicle dynamics, course-following, car-following and the execution of an arbitrary additional task. For the system description a linearized model is developed and implemented in a number of subroutines on a digital computer. The model is based on the modern control theory in the time domain and uses state vector notation. The description results in a six-dimensional state vector and involves three lead variables (course of the road, velocity of the lead car and the stimulus of the additional task) and one disturbance variable (side-wind gusts or road-way irregularities). The routines calculate future values for the course of the road and the velocity of the lead car in order to make anticipation possible by the driver. Driver's actions are modelled by the position of the accelerator, the brake force and the steering-wheel angle. Several routines are extended with additional procedures to allow for an independent use in other applications. For example, the mathematical representation of the vehicle dynamics is extended with non-linear equations to cover the complete range of variables and may be used in specific studies of the effects of vehicle parameters. KW - Behavior KW - Cybernetics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Variables KW - Vector analysis KW - Vectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367949 AU - Winter, D J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Columbia University TI - SENIOR ADULTS, TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ALCOHOL PY - 1980 SP - n.p. AB - An increase in the proportion of drivers aged 55 and over is being accompanied by a disproportionate involvement of senior adults in traffic fatalities and disabling injuries, both as drivers and as pedestrians. This involvement may be partly due to a decline in sensorimotor skills, but alcohol consumption is a contributing factor. A program on traffic safety and alcohol targeted for the senior adult takes into consideration this increase in the number of older drivers, the increasing alcohol abuse among older adults, and their vulnerability because of age. An animated film, six-page pamphlet and discussion period was field-tested in nine states with 833 senior adults; positive changes in knowledge, attitude, and behavioral intentions about alcohol and traffic safety resulted for the experimental group. The program is available through local affiliates of the American Automobile Association. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367951 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPENDIUM OF HIGHWAY SAFETY QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS PY - 1980 SP - 140 p. AB - Questionnaire items and results are compiled from state and national highway safety surveys conducted from 1976 to 1980. The compendium is organized by safety issues: fifty-five mile per hour speed limit (and enforcement), safety belts and air bags, drinking and driving, public information and education, safety helmets, perception of control, perception of risk, and demographic (i.e. driving experience and exposure, personal data). Items for each of the first six issues are divided into three groups (driver attitude, behavior, and knowledge). The source (national, specific state), type of survey (telephone, personal, mail), year, sample size, question, and percentage of responses are given. KW - Air bags KW - Attitudes KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Knowledge KW - Manual safety belts KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25496/DOT-HS-805-579.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367920 AU - Blaauw, G J AU - Instituut voor Zintuigfysiologie, TNO TI - CYBERNETICS AND CAR DRIVING: A DRIVER MODEL AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - For the use of cybernetical models to describe and predict driver behavior quantitatively a proposal is made for a supervisory control model based on the well-known optimal control model. In the model some elements are distinguished which suit well with the ideas from experimental psychology. An extension to the model is given by introducing elements related to future values of the lead variables, like the course of the road, to permit a description of driver anticipation in specific tasks. A proposal is given for an experimental validation of this model by hypothesizing effects of experimental variables (time over which future values are observable, task accuracy, driving experience, etc.) on specific elements of the model structure. KW - Behavior KW - Cybernetics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Variables KW - Vector analysis KW - Vectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367940 AU - PEIZER, J AU - Miller, C AU - Miller, B AU - Jenkins, K AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated TI - THE VEHICLE SELECTION MATRIX. INTERIM REPORT, 26 JUNE 1979-25 JUNE 1980 (CANDIDATES FOR COMPLIANCE TESTING) PY - 1980 SP - 415 p. AB - Of approximately 6000 models of passenger vehicles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, trailers, and multipurpose vehicles currently eligible for Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) compliance testing, specific models must be identified that are more likely to fail specific compliance tests or that have no significant compliance test history. The Vehicle Selection Matrix System was developed as an improvement over random process selection of a necessarily small group of test candidates from a large population of eligible models. A data base of vehicle compliance related data was created from several sources (Vehicle Buylist file, Office of Defects Investigation files of vehicle owner complaints and Part 573 Defect Reports, supplementary data generated by Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance engineers, and the Multi-Disciplinary Accident Investigation files). A general Matrix report for selecting vehicles and FMVSS tests was developed that provides flexibility and specificity to the utilization of the data for research. Given a specific FMVSS, the system predicts which vehicles are most likely to be in noncompliance and identifies vehicles with no test history. Operating instructions for the system are appended. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367947 AU - HURT, H H AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT FACTORS STUDY. SUMMARY OF RESULTS PY - 1980 SP - 78 p. AB - An in-depth study was performed of motorcycle accident data, concentrating on factors causing the accident. The effectiveness of safety equipment, clothing and rider protective devices in reducing injury was also considered. Human, vehicle, and environmental factors were studied, and a comparison made of accident and exposure populations. Findings indicated that most motorcycle accidents are caused by human factors rather than environmental or vehicular, and that most often the other vehicle's driver violates the right-of-way of the motorcyclist. Increasing motorcycle conspicuity should be effected by keeping headlights on at all times and wearing high visibility clothing. Other recommendations include careful maintenance of the machine, the use of protective equipment, especially helmets, and formal motorcycle training in safe operational practices. KW - Clothing KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Driver training KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Human factors KW - Motorcycles KW - Right of way KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367946 AU - Chatfield, B AU - Byington, S AU - McGuigan, R AU - LaHeist, W AU - LEVY, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE LIFE-SAVING BENEFITS OF THE 55 MPH NATIONAL SPEED LIMIT. REPORT OF THE NHTSA/FHWA TASK FORCE PY - 1980 SP - 22 p. AB - An update is provided of key legislative changes that have taken place concerning the fifty-five miles-per-hour National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL). Summary statistics through the 1978 time period are followed by summaries of the literature reviewed on the benefits of the NMSL. An annotated bibliography of 16 studies represents various points of view and interests of the traffic safety community, and a supplementary list of references is provided. Findings of the Task Force are presented with the range of estimates for conclusions drawn. Since the 1973-4 decreases in fatalities, travel, and speed, there have been small increases for 1976-8, but the level of fatalities has not returned to pre-55 mph NMSL levels. In spite of a shortage of reliable data, it was concluded that 20,000 to 30,000 lives were saved in the 1974-1978 period. KW - Benefits KW - Fatalities KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178857 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367963 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Warren, R A AU - Simpson, H M AU - National Safety Council TI - EXPOSURE AND ALCOHOL AS RISK FACTORS IN THE FATAL NIGHTTIME COLLISIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN DRIVERS PY - 1980 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 151-156 AB - This paper examines several variables that contribute to the higher rate of fatal nighttime collisions among male drivers. A risk-factor approach is applied to the appropriate data sets to determine the extent to which males are overrepresented in collisions, controlling successively for exposure and alcohol involvement. As in previous investigations, exposure to risk is found to account for a substantial amount of the disproportionate collision involvement. Additionally, the greater frequency of drinking drivers among males is shown to be associated with their overrepresentation in collisions. Even when exposure and alcohol involvement are controlled, however, the risk of fatal collision for males remains higher than that for females. Several explanations are offered for this finding. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Hazards KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Night KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367942 AU - BONDY, N AU - Partyka, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF FATALITIES IN ARTICULATED TRUCKS USING AUTOMATED ACCIDENT DATA FILES PY - 1980 SP - 48 p. AB - Data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) are analyzed pertaining to articulated truck accidents which occurred in 1979 (985 fatalities involved). Accident, vehicle, collision, and occupant factors are examined. The FARS data are supplemented by accident data (the latest are for 1977) for vehicles in interstate commerce which were collected by the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS); this allows a breakdown of associated factors by gross truck weight. The National Accident Sampling System - Continuous Sampling Subsystem (NASS-CSS) is used to provide estimates of involvement rates for all police-reported truck accidents. The FARS and BMCS data are consistent in their identification of the accident environment for articulated truck fatalities. Rollovers, ejections, and vehicle-to-vehicle collisions are important fatality events. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Data analysis KW - Ejection KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Rollover crashes KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367938 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CLASSIFIED DRIVER LICENSING IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1980 SP - 35 p. AB - A review was made to identify weaknesses in State driver licensing systems. Survey results are tabulated for states with and without classified driver licensing systems (learner's permits and licenses applying specifically to vehicle type: heavy and light truck, passenger car, and motorcycle); supplementary information on specific points is provided for each state. The data indicate that the cost of implementing a classified licensing program is less than $100,000 for the first year of operation. There is extensive lack of conformity with the one license/one record concept, although all jurisdictions favor it. More uniformity is needed in medical aspects of licensing. Many states require that the driving test be conducted in a vehicle comparable to the type the driver intends to operate; this should be required by all. Pre-trip inspection as part of the driving test, required now of heavy duty truck driver applicants in some states, should be required by all states. Most jurisdictions indicate willingness to consider efforts toward more uniformity in vehicle classifications, with more than 60% having adopted classified driver licensing systems. A sample of the regional survey form is appended. KW - Data collection KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367921 AU - Blaauw, G J AU - TNO INSTITUTE FOR PERCEPTION TI - CYBERNETICS AND CAR DRIVING: PERSPECTIVE PERCEPTION AND THE OUTPUT VECTOR OF THE SYSTEM TO BE CONTROLLED PY - 1980 SP - v.p. AB - This report deals with a sensitivity analysis for the perspective perception of lateral position variations during course-following and distance variations during car-following. Variations in the curvature of the road to be followed are also considered via a perspective transformation. The sensitivities are derived for the development of a cybernetical model to describe and predict driver behavior quantitatively. The lateral position variations and the variations in the distance to a lead car form the only elements of the system state vector which are thought to be transformed by the perspective perception. The curvature variations are related to the most substantial element of the lead vector. The sensitivity for lateral position variations distinguishes between several guidance features on a straight road: lane markers, postmounted delineators, public lighting, etc. The relative importance of each type is given. The sensitivities for distance variations are related to the angular perception of the lead car dimensions and the road interval between lead car and own vehicle. The derived transformation equations are combined into one "display" equation which represents the transformation of the variables involved in the system to be controlled and models the output vector of that system as input information for the driver. KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Curvature KW - Cybernetics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Lateral placement KW - Mathematical models KW - Perspectives KW - Variables KW - Vector analysis KW - Vectors KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368300 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING LAWS ANNOTATED 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 255 p. AB - This book reviews state laws and regulations dealing with driver licensing, including relevant definitions, in the context of Uniform Vehicle Code provisions covering those subjects (Chapters 1 and 6 of the 1968 revised edition as amended in 1979). Thus, it quite naturally and expediently follows the organization and numbering system of the Code. Its format is similar to that generally used in an annotated edition of a book of law--the text of each Code section (or subsection) is reprinted in full and supplemented by an Historical Note, a Statutory Annotation, and Citations. KW - Driver licensing KW - Laws KW - Regulations KW - States KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367919 AU - Godthelp, J AU - TNO INSTITUTE FOR PERCEPTION TI - LEVELS OF STEERING CONTROL: REPRODUCTION OF STEERING WHEEL MOVEMENTS PY - 1980 SP - 30 p. AB - A schematic description of the driving control process is presented. It is shown that this process can be described in terms of levels of control i.e. precognitive, pursuit and compensatory. Level of control will depend on driver's skill in making use of "clever" strategies which may be related to knowledge about the path to follow (input) and/or the vehicle under control. This knowledge may be referred to as an internal model of a particular task element. Internal information, as derived from these internal models will probably be used together with proprioceptive feedback. It is hypothesized that the efficiency of the higher levels of control will depend on the accuracy of both the internal and proprioceptive information. Based on this research philosophy a series of experiments is carried out. KW - Experiments KW - Motor skills KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Task analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367311 AU - Boehly, W A AU - LOMBARDO, L V AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY CONSEQUENCES OF THE SHIFT TO SMALL CARS IN THE 1980'S PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - The number of motor vehicle occupant fatalities, now at 35,000 annually, has increased for the past five years; and the growing shift to small cars is adding to the traffic safety problem. Small cars are less safe because they are subjected to greater forces in collisions with larger, heavier vehicles. As demonstrated by the Research Safety Vehicle Program, automakers can readily design small cars incorporating improved safety at minimal costs. Vehicle design improvements can increase the likelihood of surviving a crash without serious injury, including crash energy management (to absorb, control, and reduce crash forces on the occupants via improved structural design); improved structural integrity (to prevent occupants from being ejected, trapped, burned, or crushed by the steering column or by compartment collapse); and occupant restraints (to prevent or cushion the second collisions of the occupant with the vehicle interior). If the Federal standard for automatic crash protection (air bags and automatic seat belts) is implemented on schedule, it is estimated that between 10,500 and 13,600 lives will be saved in 1990 and nearly 250,000 by 2000. To provide protection in side impacts, a planned crash protection standard covers strengthened and padded doors and door frames, and redesigned window glazing and seat structure. KW - Air bags KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Small car KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367267 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAW ADJUDICATION. PARTICIPANT'S GUIDE PY - 1980 SP - v.p. AB - Developed jointly by the American Academy of Judicial Education and the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Traffic Law Adjudication program is designed to inform traffic law judges about current trends and developments and to provide in-depth examination of mainstream issues in traffic law adjudication. Contents of the course range from broad social and emotional issues to specific points of trial law, to highly technical presentations on equipment used in traffic law enforcement and adjudication. This range is intended to present to judges with varying levels of experience a comprehensive program on traffic law enforcement and adjudication processes. The program was tested in a pilot course in Tampa, Florida on December 2-5, 1980, as a joint effort of the Florida State Judicial Education Office and the American Academy of Judicial Education. Forty-nine judges attended this program. Forty-one were members of the Florida Bar. Eight were lay judges. Ages of the attending judges ranged from 32 to 68 years, with the average being 51.3 years. Years of experience on the bench averaged 10.1, with a range of zero to 33. Because the pilot was aimed at less experienced judges, this profile may not be totally representative of expected participation. However, this audience does provide some example of what can be expected in the diversity of participation. Naturally, the structure of local and state judicial systems will be an influencing factor. This Participant's Guide is intended for use by each person enrolled in the course. It serves as a textbook, presenting clearly the issues to be discussed and the reference material to be covered in the sessions. KW - Adjudication KW - Education KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Judges KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367307 AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - INCOMPATIBILITY OF STANDARDS USED IN: QUALIFYING DRIVERS, BUILDING HIGHWAYS, DESIGNING VEHICLES. A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION, JUNE 17, 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Many situations exist which establish expectations beyond the normal functional capabilities of even the most alert and physically fit driver. As long as crashes resulting from highway safety standards incompatible with normal driver performance are attributed to "driver error", no effort will be made to improve the situation. With the increased vehicle population of small cars, the problem of incompatibility has become more serious. It is recommended that the Secretary of Transportation adopt a five-part program to effect compatibility and thus improve safety. All standards, guidelines, and regulations affecting highway safety which are issued or endorsed by the Department of Transportation (DOT) should be reviewed for compatibility. A plan should be developed to resolve incompatibilities which will consider the driver and the projected vehicle population. Automakers should be urged and assisted in voluntarily resolving incompatibilities between their own vehicles and with highway safety hardware. DOT should take the lead to ensure compatibility of standards sponsored by government and by public organizations engaged in setting standards. A process should be implemented to ensure that future safety standards and regulations are coordinated and reviewed for compatibility. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Compatibility KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Regulations KW - Small car KW - Standards KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367302 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE JOINT INDUSTRY-GOVERNMENT VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Improvement Program, begun in 1975, emphasizes the need for shared responsibility by the Government, manufacturers, and motor carriers. Program membership now includes over 300 actively participating manufacturers, suppliers, motor carriers, trade associatons, labor organizations, trade press, and government agencies. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) developed consensus standard test procedures for measurement of truck and bus fuel economy. A test fleet of trucks and trailers built to SAE specifications with a "fuel-saver" were tested by different motor carriers in various geographical areas. Information on efforts to save fuel and results obtained was collected from leading manufacturers and distributed through members by a nation-wide system of pamphlets and brochures. Recommended practices were studied in the areas of vehicle categorization; driving cycles; OEM test procedure; in-service and aerodynamic test procedures; test procedures for engine, fan, and accessory, driveline components, and rolling resistance; and vehicle simulation. Excess engine idling was found to be a large factor in fuel consumption; a three-day test for fuel consumption vs. speed showed generally better fuel economy at 55 mph than at higher speeds. It is estimated that in 1979 the truck program produced twice the savings of the legislated automobile regulations. Industry has invested over $900 million on fuel-saving options on new trucks. Cost of this successful voluntary program has been 1/10th cent per gallon of fuel saved, far less than any regulatory program would have cost. KW - Buses KW - Engine idling KW - Fuel consumption KW - Idling KW - Motor carriers KW - Programs KW - Savings KW - Speed KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367266 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAW ADJUDICATION. INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE PY - 1980 SP - v.p. AB - Developed jointly by the American Academy of Judicial Education and the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Traffic Law Adjudication program is designed to inform traffic law judges about current trends and developments and to provide in-depth examination of mainstream issues in traffic law adjudication. Contents of the course range from broad social and emotional issues to specific points of trail law, to highly technical presentations on equipment used in traffic law enforcement and adjudication. This range is intended to present to judges with varying levels of experience a comprehensive program on traffic law enforcement and adjudication processes. The program was tested in a pilot course in Tampa, Florida on December 2-5, 1980, as a joint effort of the Florida State Judicial Education Office and the American Academy of Judicial Education. Forty-nine judges attended this program. Forty-one were members of the Florida Bar. Eight were lay judges. Ages of the attending judges ranged from 32 to 68 years, with the average being 51.3 years. Years of experience on the bench averaged 10.1, with a range of zero to 33. Because the pilot was aimed at less experienced judges, this profile may not be totally representative of expected participation. However, this audience does provide some example of what can be expected in the diversity of participation. Naturally, the structure of local and state judicial systems will be an influencing factor. This Instructor's Guide is intended for use by the person who teaches this course. It provides a master agenda and detailed instructions on the requirements for each session. KW - Adjudication KW - Education KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Judges KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367304 AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF DRIVER IMPAIRMENT. A GUIDE FOR STATE MEDICAL ADVISORY BOARDS PY - 1980 SP - 73 p. AB - A guide is provided for use by medical advisory boards in advising the driver licensing agency on medical criteria and vision standards. After a discussion of medical classifications for driver licensure, and evaluation of conditions that impair functional capability to operate a motor vehicle, the manual considers neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic conditions, alcohol and other drug abuse, mental illness, musculoskeletal conditions, respiratory function, problems of vision and hearing, narcolepsy, obesity and vestibular disorder, and the aging process. Physician reporting of driver impairment and medical standards for safety belt usage are discussed. Appended are a schematic of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators classified program; a list of the physical qualifications for drivers of motor carriers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce; a definition of the problem drinker; and an excerpt from the Uniform Vehicle Code. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Medical advisory boards KW - Physicians KW - Professional drivers KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367306 AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - DRIVER LICENSING. A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY ADVISORY COMMITTEE PY - 1980 SP - 11 p. AB - In a study of U.S. driver licensing (question and answer format), much diversity was found in the criteria used by the states to qualify drivers, revoke licenses, identify problem drivers, and record violations and accidents in a driver's record. It is recommended that extensive research be conducted to develop an effective model comprehensive driver licensing and revocation program and that the program be used to effect a national approach to driver licensing and revocation, with emphasis on complete interstate cooperation. KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash records KW - Criteria KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Programs KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367308 AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE WITH THE 55 MPH NATIONAL SPEED LIMIT. A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY ADVISORY COMMITTEE PY - 1980 SP - 20 p. AB - Findings and recommendations are reported from a study which explored ways to increase voluntary compliance with the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit. Reasons for noncompliance include commercial vehicle drivers setting a faster pace for all traffic, unrealistic goals and criteria of the 55 legislation/regulations, ineffective sanctioning system for 55 violators, and lack of involvement by state officials. Recommendations to the states include more active participation by state leaders in the enforcement and compliance program; establishment of a system for notifying commercial vehicle owners of drivers' speeding citations; adoption of the Driver License Compact (one license concept); an enforcement system incorporating significant fines for violators, accurate recording of violations on drivers' records, and judicial accountability of all traffic violations; use of radar, including equipment standards, operator training, and procedural guidelines; and aerial surveillance in enforcement. A communications network linking all licensing jurisdictions with each other and with a national register of problem drivers is recommended, as well as research to define a model driver record system. More intensive news coverage of all increased 55 mph enforcement efforts should be sought and commercial endorsements by celebrities avoided. It is recommended that the Department of Transportation consider speeds of 55-60 mph as meeting the 55 mph speed limit. KW - Aerial reconnaissance KW - Communication systems KW - Compliance KW - Driver records KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Law enforcement KW - National Driver Register KW - Problem drivers KW - Publicity KW - Radar KW - Sanctions KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic violators KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367313 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - The development of a mobile system for the diagnostic inspection of motor vehicles is described. Objectives of the mobile service include customer convenience, low cost to customers, employee benefit, and reduced accidents, fuel waste, emissions, noise, and costs for inspection, maintenance and repair. System design is discussed in terms of varieties of mobile facilities, operational designs, and program possibilities (employee car care, fleet maintenance, individual vehicle inspection and maintenance, garage network, and servicing option for leased vehicles). Vehicle and equipment requirements, their estimated cost, and van layouts are given, as well as personnel needs. Inspection workload (throughput and levels, including a subcategory listing of components/ elements/conditions) and cost of inspections (number of inspections, annual cost factors, and cost per inspection) are indicated. The report focuses primarily on the concepts, either implemented or planned, of the United Systems Testing, Inc. mobile diagnostic inspection/maintenance/repair operation in the St. Louis, Missouri area. KW - Costs KW - Inspection KW - Mobile equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel KW - Portable equipment KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367315 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER: A PART OF THE STATES DRIVER LICENSING SYSTEM. A REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1980 SP - 307 p. AB - The need for and practicability of a national driver register to improve the integrity of the states' driver licensing programs are addressed. Six alternative system configurations are studied, including their cost and potential impact on the total driver licensing management system. Three indexing systems are considered which duplicate state data files maintained at the national level: Batch/Mail, Rapid Response, and HR 11733. Three pointer systems are considered which have only minimal data maintained at the national level, the substantive data held by the states: Problem Driver, All Driver, and Phased-In All Driver. The study concludes that a National Driver Register system is needed to determine (through a single inquiry) if a person has a past record of poor driving practices in other jurisdications. Other reasons for such a system include: to reduce serious traffic law violations; to provide states with complete and accurate driver records to carry out their licensing responsibilities, and accessibility to problem driver records regardless of location; to enable employees to obtain their comprehensive driver history records for employment purposes; to support the Driver License Compact and the one-license/one-record concept; to provide the Department of Transportation and National Safety Board with driver data for research and accident investigations; and to support Federal Highway Safety Program Standard No. 5 (Driver Licensing) and No. 10 (Traffic Records). The Problem Driver Pointer System is recommended for implementation as the least costly and most cost-effective of the alternatives reviewed. KW - Accessibility KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data systems KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Information systems KW - National Driver Register KW - Problem drivers KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367305 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION. PROGRESS REPORT NO. 3 PY - 1980 SP - 100 p. AB - Considered in this progress report are human loss in motor vehicle crashes; the technology of occupant protection; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208, Occupant Crash Protection; industry plans for implementing FMVSS 208; and public acceptance of automatic crash protection. Annual human loss in motor vehicle crashes of 50,000 deaths and four million injuries, and monetary cost of $50 billion do not reflect hidden personal costs, trauma and heartbreak suffered by individuals and their friends and relatives. The science of vehicle crashworthiness has progressed to the point where engineers can design crashworthiness into safety glass and padding and into the car body structure as well. Regulations of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration set minimum requirements for occupant protection at 30 mph in frontal crashes. Systems meeting these requirements reduce a person's risk of death or serious injury in a severe crash by nearly 50%. The shift to small cars and the growth in automobile use may cause 15,000 more people to be killed each year by 1990 if automatic crash protection is not instituted. FMVSS 208 requires that, by model year 1983, all new intermediate and compact cars must be equipped with automatic restraint systems in the front seats, and by model year 1984 the standard will be extended to all new passenger cars. Mercedes-Benz has decided to build its 1982 U.S. models with air bags as standard equipment for protecting front-seat occupants. Ford plans to make air bags available as an option in limited numbers in the 1981 model year. General Motors has changed its plans to offer the choice of air bags for automatic crash protection in 1982 models. This decision will save the company about $20 million in capital investments. All domestic manufacturers are planning to comply with FMVSS 208, and two are currently manufacturing cars for sale with an automatic belt system (Volkswagen Rabbit and General Motors Chevette). Most foreign car manufacturers exporting cars to the United States are also planning to produce cars with automatic restraints. Public acceptance of automatc crash protection is good, even though air bags add $360 to the price of a new car. Developments in automatic and manual safety belts, air bags, and crash protection for children are reviewed. Evaluation of automatic crash protection is discussed. A list of materials on occupant restraints and a list of domestic manufacturers of safety components are appended. KW - Accident costs KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compact automobiles KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366765 AU - West, J AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - THE REDUCTION OF DIESEL ENGINE NOISE BY CLOSE SHIELDING. 1980/4 PY - 1980 SP - 158 p. AB - The lead shielding technique, vibration measurements and a specially designed test rig to simulate the vibration properties of an engine were used to design a number of close shielding systems for two diesel power units. The close shielding systems were applied to a small and large diesel power unit adopting the philosophy that the shielding should not interfere with access for maintenance and be a relatively permanent feature of the units. Noise reductions of up to 6 dBA were found possible on the bare power unit, but the reductions obtained on the vehicle were somewhat less owing to flanking by the noise from other sources. The reduction of interior noise was less in terms of dBA but significantly improved the subjective refinement of the vehicles. It is apparent from this work that the design of cost-effective acoustically efficient and mechanically reliable close shields for mass production engines which do not detract from the reliability of the power unit will only be achieved as a result of considerable development work. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Design KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177908 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367090 JO - Automotor Sport Test & Technik PB - United Motor Publishers AU - Fuhrmann, T AU - United Motor Publishers TI - IMPACT TIME. NOT ALL BUMPERS PERFORM AS PROMISED PY - 1980 SP - 15 p. AB - Today, when I open the hood of an automobile, I see only paragraphs. This is how it is put by Professor Ernst Fiala as a representative for the entire branch of highly qualified researchers of the Volkswagen Plant to formulate the constraints placed on the design engineer. The Americans, who rapidly drew up legal regulations for the automobile have not always performed exemplary pioneer work in this area. In 1971, the first mandatory requirements imposed on bumper systems were published by the United States Traffic Department. They finally took effect on September 1, 1973. According to the law, the vehicle should suffer no permanent deformation on the body, no damage to the lights and no change in the chassis adjustment data following an impact at 5 mph (8 km/hr) against a solid barrier. The bumper itself was allowed to change position by 2 cm following testing and could undergo slight deformations. The American law has gradually and decisively had its effect on Europe. In an effort to achieve a better relationship between cost and benefit, the corresponding ECE Regulation No. 42 has formulated the same criteria, but the impact speed has been reduced to 4 km/hr (2.5 mph). This value is currently being discussed in the American House of Representatives and Senate in order to get away from the expensive and heavy bumper systems. KW - Bumpers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Energy absorbing bumpers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Legislation KW - Performance KW - Regulations KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367309 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT INCLUDING TIRES, REPORTED TO THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION BY DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS, APRIL 1, 1980 TO JUNE 30, 1980. PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - Following a summary tabulation of safety defect recall campaigns, information is provided on foreign and domestic motor vehicle and equipment recall campaigns including the NHTSA identification number, date of company notification, make and model (or size designation), model year, number of pages on file, number of vehicles or components recalled, and a brief description of the defect and the manufacturer's corrective action. Types of vehicles recalled include passenger cars, vans, trucks, motorcycles and mopeds, semi-trailers and trailers, street sweepers, buses semi-trailers and trailers, street sweepers, buses (including wheelchair lifts), school buses, motor homes, and travel trailers. Equipment under recall includes tires, power take-offs, brake fluid, fuel filters, motorcycle rear brake master cylinder assemblies, wheels, windshields, and combination rear lamps. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - School buses KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367312 AU - Brownlee, M AU - Hackney, J AU - Abney, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM FOR SMALL CAR SAFETY PY - 1980 SP - 13 p. AB - The New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), initiated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 1979, is designed to explore the feasibility of establishing a comparative crashworthiness rating system for new cars. Initial experimental work by NCAP has used the injury criteria of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 (occupant crash protection) and requirements of other standards for 30 mph barrier test performance (FMVSS's 212 and 219, windshield retention and intrusion; and FMVSS 301-75, fuel leakage). The tests have involved single crashes of a small number of minicompact, compact, and intermediate class cars for model years 1979 and 1980. This crash test work, although not a rating system per se, has provided a substantial amount of data for the comparative assessment of safety performance. The results indicate that there are significant differences in performance among cars of similar weight, the differences among vehicles generally falling into three categories: vehicle structure, steering column performance, and restraint system performance. Based on engineering evaluations, the costs for remedial measures would not exceed 15 dollars. Since there is good presumptive evidence that consumers would use the rating system in purchase decisions, NHTSA plans to pursue rulemaking which would make this type of safety information routinely available for a large number of automobiles. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Performance tests KW - Ratings KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Small car KW - Standards KW - Steering columns KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366818 AU - Federation To Combat Drunk Driving E.V. TI - ANNUAL REPORT 1979/1980. FEDERATION TO COMBAT DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1980 SP - 29 p. AB - This report for the period October 1, 1979 to September 30, 1980 summarizes the accomplishments of the Federation to Combat Drunk Driving, Registered Association and non-profit organization in West Germany. The work has been performed primarily by the state sections and to a small extent by the board of the Federation. The work performed included the drafting, design, publishing, and distribution of more than 25,600 posters, 752,800 folders, 891,650 major documents and brochures, and 299,800 message presents of all types (stickers, key rings, pocket calendars, etc.). At meetings during the report period, the state sections held 39 judges' conferences with 2091 participants, 20 junior attorney training courses which 1200 people attended, 47 scientific drinking tests involving 1512 people, 2489 general educational presentations involving a total of 120,537 people, and 1226 presentations to members of the Bundeswehr (Federal Armed Forces) with 68,370 people attending. Many presentations were supplemented by films or slide shows. This report discusses these accomplishment in greater detail. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Nonprofit corporations KW - Organizations KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367265 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAW ADJUDICATION. ADMINISTRATOR'S GUIDE PY - 1980 SP - 95 p. AB - Developed jointly by the American Academy of Judicial Education and the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Traffic Law Adjudication program is designed to inform traffic law judges about current trends and developments and to provide in-depth examination of mainstream issues in traffic law adjudication. Contents of the course range from broad social and emotional issues to specific points of trial law, to highly technical presentations on equipment used in traffic law enforcement and adjudication. This range is intended to present to judges with varying levels of experience a comprehensive program on traffic law enforcement and adjudication processes. The program was tested in a pilot course in Tampa, Florida on December 2-5, 1980, as a joint effort of the Florida State Judicial Education Office and the American Academy of Judicial Education. Forty-nine judges attended this program. Forty-one were members of the Florida Bar. Eight were lay judges. Ages of the attending judges ranged from 32 to 68 years, with the average being 51.3 years. Years of experience on the bench averaged 10.1, with a range of 0 to 33. Because the pilot was aimed at less experienced judges, this profile may not be totally representative of expected participation. However, this audience does provide some example of what can be expected in the diversity of participation. Naturally, the structure of local and state judicial systems will be an influencing factor. This Administrator's Guide is intended for use by that person in charge of each state's judicial education who will have responsibility for implementation of the Traffic Law Adjudication program. It will also serve as a logistical planning and implementation tool for staff appointed to execute and manage Traffic Adjudication program in a local or regional area. KW - Adjudication KW - Education KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Judges KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367303 AU - Brown, C AU - Calspan Corporation TI - RESULTS OF ROLLING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS ON TWELVE RADIAL PASSENGER CAR TIRES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980 SP - 134 p. AB - The Calspan Tire Research Facility is described, including the test procedure, a tire test schedule, and a tire identification schedule for testing low-rolling resistance radial passenger car tires. The equilibrium rolling resistance was measured on each of the following 12 tires: four Goodyear elliptical P215/65 R390, four Uniroyal P185/80 R13, and four Firestone P195/75 R14. Tires were maintained in free-rolling, straight-ahead conditions, and tire inflation pressures were regulated during the tests. The results of force and moment measurements are reported in graphs and tables. KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366764 AU - Devlukia, J N AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - DEVELOPMENT OF QUIET LOW BACK PRESSURE EXHAUST SILENCERS ON TWO SALOON CARS USING A PERFORMANCE PREDICTION COMPUTER PROGRAM. 1980/2 PY - 1980 SP - 68 p. AB - This report described the development of low back pressure, all reactive, exhaust silencer systems to assess the extent to which fuel consumption could be reduced, power output increased and silencer performance improved and rationalised by an experimental approach aided by a computer performance prediction program. The work was carried out on a small low power to weight ratio saloon car (LPWR) and a small high power to weight ratio saloon car (HPWR) which exhibited many of the constraints which affect silencer design and manufacture. The design targets for the exhaust systems of the LPWR vehicle of substantially lower back pressure (about 50% of O.E.) without detracting from the external noise requirement of EEC Directive 77/212/EEC were essentially met. On the HPWR vehicle a similar back pressure target and a more stringent (3 dBA better) performance compared to the O.E. exhaust system over the engine speed range bounding the EEC noise test were also substantially met. In spite of an increased volume (20 - 60% re O.E. silencer volume) the prototype silencers were fitted to the test vehicles without loss of ground clearance. The reduced back pressures of the silencers resulted in improvements of better than 3% in maximum power and better than 3.5% in specific fuel consumption at maximum power. The improved fuel consumption measured on the engine could not be detected on the vehicle on the ECE Urban driving cycle, but could be detected during tests at high ( 90 km/h) constant speeds. Although the design targets were substantially met, the computer aided design procedure proved to be of only limited success and much more basic research is required before drawing board design of exhaust silencers becomes a practicality. KW - Back pressure KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Development KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Noise control KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362391 AU - National Committee on Uniform Traf Laws & Ordinanc TI - MODEL MOPED LEGISLATION PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - This Model Law dealing with mopeds, although not part of the Uniform Vehicle Code, relies on that document and even duplicates some of its sections. Parts of this Model Law present drafts of legislation that could be adopted as laws. Other parts of this Model Law indicate that a few states need to amend laws without presenting drafts of legislation. Some parts of this Model Law are addressed to the executive branch of government in some states and to legislatures in others. The following areas are covered: definition of mopeds; registration; driver licensing; insurance; dealers; equipment; inspection; sidewalks; bike trails; bicycle only lanes; helmets and eye protection; position on roadway; bicycle left turn; parking; altering of mopeds; manner of riding; controlled-access highways; and manual for moped drivers. KW - Definitions KW - Driver licensing KW - Helmets KW - Inspection KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Moped drivers KW - Mopeds KW - Registrations KW - States KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361555 AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR SKILL TEST (MOST 2). USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980 SP - 49 p. AB - A manual is provided for uses of the Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST 2), designed for use by state agencies to assess license applicants' motorcycle riding skills. The test can be set up in an off-street paved area, such as a parking lot, in an area about 125 ft. x 50 ft., smaller than that required by the original version of MOST. Nine exercises are used in both versions: starting and moving up a hill; sharp turn; accelerating and slowing in a turn; normal stop; turning speed selection; quick stop (straight); obstacle turn; and quick stop (curve). The test course layout and control system are described; applicant processing and examiner training are discussed. Sample field guides located in a back pocket include exercise descriptions, a time/speed/stopping distance chart, a motorcycle skill test score sheet, scoring criteria, and a summary of instructions. MOST 2 was evaluated in an operational licensing program at the California Dept. of Motor Vehicles (Apr 1976-Dec 1978). KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Manuals KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance KW - State highway departments KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361557 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKBOOK TO COMPARE MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS WITH THE UNIFORM VEHICLE CODE PY - 1980 SP - 108 p. AB - A loose-leaf workbook is provided to help states bring their traffic laws into better conformance with the traffic laws and regulations of other states and the Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC). It is designed to facilitate a section-by-section comparison of the state traffic laws with the provisions and sections of selected UVC chapters. The initial chapters include Words and Phrases Defined and Rules of the Road. Other chapters may be subsequently added to the workbook. Recently revised or added sections of the chapters are indicated by year. The provisions of the chapters are reproduced in the first column (left-hand pages), the section numbers/titles indicated in bold-face type. The second column is for notes and references on administrative rulings and other pertinent items. The third column (right-hand pages) is for insertion of parallel provisions of the state's laws, and the fourth column is for comments. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Laws KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - State government KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349886 AU - Howard, R A AU - Plenum Publishing Company TI - ON MAKING LIFE AND DEATH DECISIONS PY - 1980 SP - p. 89-113 AB - Recent research has provided us with methods by which an individual can make decisions that involve risk to his life in a way that is consistent with his total preferences and with his current risk environment. These methods may ethically be used only by the individual himself or by an agent designated by the individual. In the absence of such delegation, anyone who imposes a risk on another is guilty of assault if the risk is large enough. Just as society has found ways to distinguish a "pat on the back" from physical battery, so must it now determine what risk may be placed upon another without his consent. The research on hazardous decision making creates a framework for this exploration. The basic concept of this approach is that no one may impose on another a risk-of-death loss greater than a specified criterion value established by the experience of society. If anyone attempted to do so, he could be forbidden by injunction. The only way that an injunction could be avoided would be by showing evidence of insurance that would cover the damages to be paid by the imposer of the risk if the unfortunate outcome should occur. The methodological framework is used both to estimate the risk-of-death loss and the amount to be paid if death occurs, an amount that is likely to be much larger than present "economic" values of life. Evidence would be required both on the preferences of the individual-at-risk as revealed and corroborated by his behavior and on the magnitude of the risk as assessed by experts. Such a system is likely to require revisions in the present legal codes. It is to be expected that when a logically and ethically based risk system is functioning, there will be an increased interest in purchasing the consent of people to imposed risk. Problems of securing the consent of contiguous property owners, for example, could be handled by interlocking options. People will also be more likely to be informed of the risk implied by using products or services. Thus risk would become an explicit part of purchasing decisions. The joining of logic and ethics in these new procedures offers hope for a more effective and humane treatment of risk issues in society. KW - Decision making KW - Hazards KW - Legal factors KW - Risk assessment KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361559 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - COMPARATIVE DATA, STATE AND PROVINCIAL LICENSING SYSTEMS PY - 1980 SP - 129 p. AB - An updated report improves the original reference document, "Comparative Data and Analysis in State Motor Vehicle Administration." Discussions and statistics are presented on requirements and restrictions of the various states relating to learners' permits, original and renewed driver's licenses, driver testing, selection of driver examiners, driver improvement programs, medical advisory boards, and driver licensing administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver licensing KW - Medical advisory boards KW - State government KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362015 AU - Highway Patrol Department of Public Safety TI - MISSISSIPPI. ANNUAL SUMMARY 1980 PY - 1980 SP - v.p. AB - This summary is divided into two sections: General information graphs and Mississippi Highway Safety Patrol Activity graphs. The first section includes data on type, location, number of accidents, vehicle type, driver age, sex, residence, and fatalities (statewide, by county, by month, by time of day and day of the week and type of highway). The second part deals with moving hazardous violations (by district, by month, per man) arrests, tickets written, law enforcement activities, statistical summaries of accidents by district, state and federal, statewide, driver improvement, driver licensing, data processing implied consent and the Safety Responsibility Bureau. KW - Age KW - Counties KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Information processing KW - Law enforcement KW - Moving violations KW - States KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361911 JO - Australian Paediatric Journal PB - Royal Children's Hospital AU - Geddis, D C AU - Spears, G F AU - Royal Children's Hospital TI - WHY PARENTS DO NOT PROVIDE AUTOMOBILE RESTRAINTS FOR THEIR CHILDREN PY - 1980 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - p. 114-116 AB - If children in cars were adequately restrained many deaths and injuries would be prevented. Currently in New Zealand only 17% of children 0-8 years are appropriately restrained. Questionnaires about child car restraints were completed by 3,288 mothers who had a child 0 to 8 years of age. Eighty-six percent of the mothers drove at least twice a week while the child was with them. Overall, 52% claimed to always or usually use some form of approved child car restraint. The numbers varied with the age of the child. The reasons parents gave for not using a child car restraint could be placed in 2 groups--those which could be changed through altering public attitudes (58%), and those which suggest a need for co-operation between government, car manufacturers and car seat manufacturers (42%). A significant association (P less than 0.001) was found between people who claimed to use restraints and those who favoured the compulsory use of restraints. KW - Age KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361770 AU - Metropolitan Police Department TI - STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 107 p. AB - This report contains: (A) General Traffic Related Information; (B) 1980 General Traffic Accident Data; (C) Comparative Traffic Related Information for Previous Years and Similar Cities; (D) Traffic Enforcement in the District of Columbia; (E) Alcohol, Speed, and Pedestrian Enforcement; and (F) Traffic Safety Literature. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Economic impacts KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361552 AU - ABERNATHY, W J AU - RONAN, L AU - Lexington Technology Associates TI - HONDA MOTOR COMPANY'S CVCC ENGINE PY - 1980 SP - 76 p. AB - From 1968 to 1972, Honda Motor Co. of Japan designed, tested, and massproduced a stratified charge engine, the CVCC, which was lower in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxide emissions and higher in fuel economy than contemporary conventional engines of similar output. Honda developed the CVCC without government assistance or outside help. Honda's success came at a time when steadily increasing fuel costs and the various provisions of the Clean Air Act had forced U.S. automakers to consider possible alternatives to the conventional gasoline engine. While most major engine manufacturers had investigated some form of stratified charge engine, Honda's CVCC was the only one to find successful market application. This case study examines the circumstances surrounding the development of the CVCC engine and its introduction into the Japanese and American markets. KW - Energy conservation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361553 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Department of Energy AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - TRUCKER'S GUIDE TO FUEL SAVINGS PY - 1980 SP - 26 p. AB - A booklet providing guidelines for the line-haul truck operator on saving fuel contains information developed for the following engine models: 220- and 240-hp, four-stroke, naturally aspirated diesel engines; and 290- and 350-hp, four-stroke, turbocharged diesel engines. The importance of saving fuel and potential cost savings are outlined. Truck movement resistance (rolling, air, and grade) is explained in terms of power required. Approaches to saving fuel are described: engine tuning, increasing payload, reducing truck frontal area, using radial or wide-base single tires, truck streamlining, using a temperature-modulated fan, using single-drive axles, adding turbocharging kits, derating the engine, reducing engine speed, driving slower, and optimizing engine, transmission, and axle. A special note to drivers explains fuel-efficient driving techniques. An example is provided of how much fuel can be saved by applying a combination of methods in stages. KW - Diesel engines KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Line haul KW - Line haul transport KW - Truck drivers KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349879 AU - Rothengatter, T AU - Groningen State Univ /Netherlands TI - A SURVEY OF PARENTS' OPINIONS ABOUT CHILDREN'S TRAFFIC PARTICIPATION AND TRAFFIC EDUCATION PY - 1980 SP - 32 p. AB - The traffic education of children does not start until the children are about 6 or 7 years old and start attending the primary school. The introduction of the child to the traffic environment is therefore a matter for the parents. Since the parents are made responsible for traffic education, their opinions about the traffic participation of their child and their educational efforts will to a large extent determine the children's exposure to traffic and their knowledge and ability to cope. The present study investigated the parents opinions' about the traffic participation of their children, their traffic educational efforts in terms of the methods and topics they emphasize, their opinions about traffic education and their opinion about other countermeasures. In addition, these data were related to measures of their children's traffic proficiency in order to detect factors which influence the effectiveness of the parents' educational efforts. The results indicate that children are exposed to traffic at a very early age, and that the intensity of the traffic to which they are exposed is relatively low. There are indications that two types of parents can be distinguished; one type appears to be control-oriented, rather repressive towards the child and general in the topics they emphasize. The other type seems more oriented towards educating on specific traffic topics, and are inclined to use practice as a method. However, both types rely on negative methods of education. Regression analysis demonstrates that parents have at least some effect on their child's traffic proficiency, but age and traffic exposure are also important factors. It is concluded that informing the parents about the specific problems children face in traffic may greatly improve their selection of relevant educational topics. Considering the probable relation between general child rearing practices and the methods used in traffic education, it might prove to be more difficult to adapt parents' methods of traffic education. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash exposure KW - Effectiveness KW - Exposure KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Minors KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175821 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361603 JO - Prevention Routiere Internationale TI - RESULTS OF THE STUDY ON TWO-WHEELED MOTOR VEHICLES... PY - 1980 SP - 18 p. AB - A questionnaire on two-wheeled vehicles was sent out to a number of member-countries of the International Road Safety (P.R.I.) with the aim of comparing the situation in a number of selected countries, with special emphasis on the situation in France as compared to other countries. Forty countries were included but only 15 of them replied. Notable for their absence were the United States, West Germany and Italy but the study still gives a fairly good picture of the current situation regarding two-wheeled vehicles in most of the European countries, along with Japan. The questions used fall into two main categories: (1) regulations governing the use of two-wheeled vehicles, including vehicle classification schemes, mandatory parts and equipment, minimum age requirements for license, and use of helmets,and (2) education and training for riders, including driving tests, instructor training programs etc. A summary of the results is shown in tables, with a brief commentary on each of the tables. KW - Age groups KW - Classification KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Driving instructors KW - Driving tests KW - Helmets KW - Minimum age requirements KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Questionnaires KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Training programs KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361774 AU - Nicholl, J P AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - THE USE OF HOSPITAL IN-PATIENT DATA IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE INJURIES SUSTAINED BY ROAD ACCIDENT CASUALTIES PY - 1980 SP - 57 p. AB - This study aimed at compiling from existing hospital casualty records and police accident records a dataset containing information on the nature of injuries to road accident casualties and on the circumstances of the accident in which each casualty was injured. Hospital In-Patient Enquiry data and national police accident data, which comprise the source data, are described and their accuracy discussed. These records are anonymous. Consequently, matching casualty records in the two datasets was a matter of selecting the most likely match. The method of selecting matches is explained, and some of the difficulties involved discussed. It is estimated that about 50 percent of the hospital records can be readily matched and that less than 10 per cent of the matches are incorrect. The matched dataset derived from one year's data for almost the whole of Great Britain contains 3,800 accident records in which the circumstances of the accident, the vehicle involved, and the casualties from the accident are recorded. For each accident the location of the major injury and length of stay in hospital of one casualty are known. Some examples are given of the many analyses carried out to study the usefulness and limitations of data derived in this way in investigating the factors which influence the nature of injuries to casualties. KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Patients KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361556 AU - Oklahoma Highway Safety Office TI - RURAL EMS (EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES) UNDER CONSTRUCTION. PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM, MAY 7-9, 1979, OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA PY - 1980 SP - 229 p. AB - The first state-sponsored national EMS (emergency medical services) meeting is reported; it was also the first such meeting devoted solely to rural EMS, designed to provide for an exchange of information on rural EMS systems under development, to spotlight individuals with specific knowledge on construction of rural EMS system elements, and to review state legislature approaches to rural EMS system development. Alternatives to Federal guidelines were sought to meet rural needs more effectively, as well as ways to accelerate mechanisms for coordination of authorized Federal program funds; ideas for continued EMS funding at state and local levels were explored, and possible research areas necessary for continued rural EMS development were examined. The following 12 workshops provided an opportunity for panel members (representatives from nine sponsoring states) to converse with each other and the audience in two-hour sessions: rural physician's role, accessing the rural system, rural EMS training, rural regional system, rural communications, rural emergency nurse's role, special transportation problems in rural EMS, rural EMS model planning, funding and regulating the rural system, rural evaluation and data, university and hospital roles in rural EMS, and Agriculture Dept.'s role. The proceedings comprise three parts (opening statements, workshops, closing summaries). Appended are symposium comments, testimony before the Select Com. on Aging of the U.S. House of Representatives (Oklahoma City, 7 May 1979), and a list of attendees (representing 30 states). An outcome of this symposium was the establishment of the Mid-America States Rural EMS Council composed of representatives from the nine sponsoring states. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fund allocations KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical services KW - Regional planning KW - Rural areas KW - State planning KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361507 AU - WATTS, G R AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - PEDAL CYCLE BRAKING PERFORMANCE--EFFECTS OF BRAKE BLOCK AND RIM DESIGN PY - 1980 SP - 16 p. AB - Many pedal cyclists know that the wet weather braking performance of rim brakes employing rubber brake blocks and chromed steel rims is inadequate. Road tests were conducted to find combinations of brake block material and rim types which provided adequate braking in the wet and dry. Nine brake block sets were tested; these included rubber, synthetic and leather blocks. The rims tested were plain, dimpled and grooved chromed steel and plain light alloy. The bicycle used for comparative tests was equipped with a water reservoir and jets to each rim so the water application rate could be controlled. The loads applied on the brake levers were controlled by adjustable stops on the handlebars. Results are given for rubber, synthetic and leather blocks on chromed steel and on light alloy rims in both wet and dry conditions. It is noted that dimpled and grooved rims do not significantly improve wet braking performance over that for plain steel rims. Leather blocks were shown to be suitable in all the test conditions, while synthetic blocks were suitable only for light alloy rims. Some rubber blocks appeared to be suitable only for light alloy rims, but others were not. All the rubber blocks tested gave very long stopping distances in the wet on chromed steel rims. KW - Bicycles KW - Brake blocks KW - Brakes KW - Leather KW - Moisture content KW - Rims KW - Rubber KW - Stopping distances KW - Synthetics KW - Wet conditions KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361558 AU - Desmond, W F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A NEW GUIDE TO REFERENCE SERVICES IN THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Collections housed in the National Hwy. Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) reference library, the Technical Reference Div. (TRD), are described; and their relation to the program elements originating them is outlined. Reference materials include: research reports, multidisciplinary accident investigation case reports, defects investigation files, safety defect recall campaign files, consumer letters, compliance test files, certification information request files, consumer advisories, the Docket (i.e. information and data relating to rulemaking activities for motor vehicle and highway safety standards), standards information, research and testing films, and other materials (e.g. automotive manufacturer specifications, periodicals, and government documents). Some of these materials are abstracted in the monthly journal, Highway Safety Literature. The collections are housed in the TRD's Reading Room or in facilities within commuting distance. Tables are provided which present information on the TRD collections under the following headings: series title, series prefix and numbering system, date of first in series, approximate number of items, format, indexing, and use of collection. KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Disciplines KW - Docket KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Libraries KW - Multidisciplinary accident investigations KW - Recall campaigns KW - Reference materials KW - Referencing KW - Research KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361560 AU - FORREST, L AU - LEE, W B AU - SMALLEY, W M AU - Aerospace Corporation TI - ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE DIESELIZATION PY - 1980 SP - 347 p. AB - A first-level assessment is provided of the environmental effects which might result if diesel vehicles were produced and sold in large numbers, thereby changing the mix of vehicles in the in-use fleet. The impacts of diesel exhaust emissions on air quality are emphasized, especially particulate and odor effects. Projections are made to the year 2000, based on several selected scenarios for diesel growth. Areawide and local site air quality analyses are conducted. The areawide analysis examines pollutant dump effects in three metropolitan city areas (Manhattan, St. Louis, and Phoenix); the local site analysis investigates pollutant concentrations in several critical urban sites (the heavily traveled freeway, the street canyon, and the enclosed parking garage). The methodology is described, and results are presented in terms of trends in the emission inventories for the city-wide analysis and of pollutant concentration profiles for the local site analysis. The areawide analysis indicates that dieselization would increase urban total suspended particulates by less than 3%, while the air quality relative to hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides would improve. The local site analysis shows that dieselization would produce particulate concentrations ranging from 9 to 13 microgm./cu. m. at long-term exposure locations in the freeway and street canyon sites and 24 microgm./cu. m. in the enclosed parking garage. Odor effects in a nominal diesel-gasoline vehicle mix are found to be negligible. KW - Diesel engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Light duty vehicles KW - Light vehicles KW - Projection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361930 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 49 p. AB - This publication has been compiled to acquaint citizens and specific accident prevention organizations with traffic accident statistics in Wyoming. For the year 1980, a total of 17,222 accidents occurred on Wyoming's road system, which is a four and one-half percent decrease from 1979 totals. As a result, 6,822 persons were injured and 245 persons were killed, with traffic accidents resulting in an estimated ninety-two and one-half million dollar economic loss. Statistics are compiled from reports submitted by individuals involved in accidents, investigating officers from city police departments, sheriff offices and the Wyoming Highway Patrol. The estimates for accident costs were supplied by the National Safety Council. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361554 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY RESEARCH CONFERENCE (1ST) PROCEEDINGS, WASHINGTON, D.C., OCTOBER 31-NOVEMBER 2, 1979 PY - 1980 SP - 541 p. AB - Following an introduction by the Administrator and Associate Administrator of the National Hwy. Traffic Safety Administration, status reports were presented by government representatives (U.S., Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Italy, U.K., Canada, Sweden, and France) on energy use and conservation programs in the automotive transportation sector. Fifty technical presentations covered future powertrain concepts, a systems approach to improved fuel economy, diesel engine technology, current spark ignition engines, vehicle design and materials, heavy-duty trucks, the market and the consumer, and improved transmission and hybrid vehicle concepts. Five technical papers are included which were not presented at the conference. These concern hydrogen fuel; automotive energy performance simulation; loading problems with tubular composite structural members; an infinitely variable, infinite ratio automatic transmission; and supercharging. A summary of the conference activities was supplied in a final panel discussion and closing comments. A roster of conference participants is included. KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy use KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Materials KW - Power trains KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361602 AU - Royal Ulster Constabulary TI - DEATH AND INJURY ROAD ACCIDENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND 1980 PY - 1980 SP - 53 p. AB - This very extensive report contains a review of the year, a summary, a definition of terms used in the tables, 11 graphs and 24 tables. It also includes a comparison of road deaths per 10,000 vehicles for most of the European countries, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and the United States of America. There has been a decrease in road accidents and persons killed and injured. Pedestrians involved in accidents have the highest number of fatalities, especially elderly pedestrians. Accidents involving children show a reduction as compared to the previous year, and there was a fall in the number of motorcyclist fatalities. The drink factor in driver causation in accidents has fallen considerably when compared with the past number of years. Still, excessive speed and drink are the main causes in fatal road accidents; whilst in accidents generally, the principal factors are: (1) Excessive Speed; (2) Entering Major Road; and (3) Inattentive or attention diverted. KW - Children KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349816 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY--1980 PY - 1980 SP - 56 p. AB - This report, based on all traffic accident reports submitted to the Arizona Department of Transportation, is divided into eight sections: (1) Highlights and historical trends; (2) Geographic location; (3) Accident description; (4) Motor vehicle and driver characteristics; (5) Alcohol related accidents; (5) Pedestrian and pedalcyclist accidents; (7) Motorcycle accidents; and (8) School bus accidents. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Cyclists KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human characteristics KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175741 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349875 JO - Akron Law Review PB - Rohrich Corporation AU - Bruggeman, A AU - Rohrich Corporation TI - MOTOR VEHICLES. DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED. SECTION 4511.19. IMPLIED CONSENT PY - 1980 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 731-744 AB - To encourage people arrested for driving while intoxicated to submit to breathalyzer tests every state, plus the District of Columbia, now has an implied consent statute. These statutes are considered reasonable regulations capable of state enforcement under its police power to protect public safety. To avoid any coercion in eliciting consent, the statutes generally provide that upon refusal the test shall not be given but that the police officer shall file a sworn statement to the Registrar including the reasonable grounds on which he based his belief that the person was driving while intoxicated, that the alleged violator had been advised of the consequences of refusal and that he refused. This article examines various court cases in both the State courts and the United States Supreme Court where these implied consent statutes have been challenged. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180114 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00361327 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GUIDEWAY SNOW AND ICE CONTROL AND ROADSIDE MAINTENANCE SN - 0309031214 PY - 1980 IS - 776 SP - 27 p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Design Approach for Thermal Removal of Snow and Ice on Automated-Transportation-System Guideways, T. J. Kramer; Wind-Tunnel Analysis of the Effect of Plantings on Snowdrift Control, S. L. Ring; Alternatives to Sodium Chloride for Highway Deicing (Abridgment), S. A. Dunn and R. U. Schenk; Deferred Maintenance, M. F. Creech; Roadside Management, R. L. Berger and D. R. Anderson; Minimizing Roadway Salt Problems in Maine (Abridgment), K. M. Jacobs and R. Scofield. U1 - 60th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19810112 EndDate:19810116 KW - Deferred maintenance KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Guideways KW - Roadside KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowdrifts KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349829 AU - Kitto, H J AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - ACCIDENT RATE AT URBAN RIGHT-ANGLE INTERSECTIONS PY - 1980 SP - 94 p. AB - Data on various physical and traffic characteristics from 460 intersections throughout New Zealand were obtained from local authorities, and injury accident records 1965-1969 for the same intersections were obtained from a search of Ministry of Transport files. A series of computer analyses were carried out on the data, the final runs using multiple regression techniques to examine the effects of all the site characteristics on accident frequency simultaneously. A matrix of accident prediction equations were derived which may be used to estimate normal accident rates at specific intersections. Bias in the sample was investigated and was found to be insignificant. Generally it was found that the effect of the variables studied is relatively small. 60% or more of the accident rate is due to chance or to variables not studied. Forms of control have the normally expected effect with accidents reducing as severity of control increases. However, a single level change in control (e.g. Uncontrolled to Give Way or Give Way to Stop) usually produces no change in accident rate. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Estimating KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Right angle intersection KW - Traffic control KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361036 AU - Cameron, R A AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - DRIVERS' KNOWLEDGE OF SPEED LIMITS: AN ON-SITE STUDY PY - 1980 SP - 23 p. AB - Before a driver can comply with a speed limit he must be informed what that speed limit is. The extent to which drivers did know what the speed limit was at four sites was investigated. Three of the sites were in 30 mile/h speed limit and one site was in a 40 mile/h limit. Overall, 74 per cent of drivers gave the correct limit when asked but 26 per cent were unable to do so. Drivers were rather more likely to cite the correct speed limit in the 40 mile/h area and the repeater signs may be responsible for this. Interviews showed that the drivers relied to a large extent on speed limit signs to inform them of the speed limit and relatively few drivers were aware of the significance of the presence or absence of street lighting. Speed measurements on "free-movers" showed that those who identified the limit correctly were rather more likely to comply with it. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Behavior KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Lighting KW - Perception KW - Repeaters KW - Signs KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349858 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - 1980 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1980 SP - 27 p. AB - This annual publication presents statistical data concerning motor vehicle traffic accidents for all street and highway systems within North Dakota. This information is derived from reports submitted by police agencies on all motor vehicle accidents resulting in death, personal injury or property damage of $400 or more during 1980. Crash data is presented to represent the circumstances of motor vehicle crashes and identify substantive problem areas, so that appropriate countermeasures can be implemented. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Personal injury KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349871 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - SUMMARY OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS BY COUNTY, MUNICIPALITY AND ROAD SYSTEM 1980 PY - 1980 SP - v.p. AB - The statistical information provided in this report is based on data supplied by police agency reports of accidents submitted in accordance with the provisions of Title 39 of the State of New Jersey. The number of fatalities reported include fatalities that occurred within twelve months of the accidents until April 30, 1981. It includes accident severity (automobiles and pedestrians), time, light conditions, location and type (single vehicle or two or more vehicles). KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361039 AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - Chung, L AU - ADLAF, E AU - Addiction Research Foundation TI - R.I.D.E. (REDUCE IMPAIRED DRIVING IN ETOBICOKE): A DRIVING-WHILE-IMPAIRED COUNTERMEASURE PROGRAMME. A FINAL 18-MONTH EVALUATION PY - 1980 SP - 68 p. AB - The Reduced Impaired Driving in Etobicoke (R.I.D.E.) was a drinking-driving countermeasure programme, piloted in Etobicoke, a borough of Metropolitan Toronto and one of the five Toronto police districts (district 2). The programme was based on the concept of general deterrence and involved two components: (i) enforcement, by means of random spot-checks and road-side breath-testing that is aimed at increasing subjective and objective probabilities of risk apprehension, and (ii) public education, aimed at increasing public knowledge of drinking-driving. The present report is an addendum to the one-year report. The results of the present report are the following: (1.) During the year and one half operation, a total of 180,185 drivers were checked by R.I.D.E. In the final six months, 42,082 cars were stopped and 539 A.L.E.R.T. tests were given. Of the drivers tested, 248 (46%) passed, 163 (30%) were warned, 112 (20%) failed and 16 (3%) refused. (2.) Trend analyses for the "alcohol-related" accident and injury data and proportion of all accidents and injuries considered "alcohol-related" showed statistically non-significant changes for most police districts, although the direction of the changes were generally downward. Etobicoke, however, demonstrated a nearly significant downward trend for "alcohol-related" accidents and proportion of all accidents considered "alcohol-related". (3) "Alcohol-related" and proportion of total considered "alcohol-related" accident data for Ontario Provincial Police patrolled Etobicoke and Toronto highway strips generally showed significant increases for Etobicoke and Toronto for Thursday through Saturday but not for Sunday through Wednesday. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Analysis of variance KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Daily KW - Daily variations KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Governments KW - Law enforcement KW - Public KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361384 AU - Green, F S AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - LEFT TURN ON RED PY - 1980 SP - 62 p. AB - After reviewing overseas experience with left-turn-on-red (or its equivalent), the discussion centres on the likely effects of implementing left-turn-on-red on traffic delay, fuel consumption, safety and other factors. The need for legislative changes and new traffic signs is also discussed. Feasibility criteria, based largely on U.S. recommendations, have been devised and are described, along with the results of applying them to intersections in Takapuna City. It is concluded that more detailed studies and field trials, to evaluate left-turn-on-red in New Zealand, are necessary. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349857 AU - Thomson, G A AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - MOTORCYCLE SURVEYS--HEADLIGHTS, HELMETS, AND ENGINE CAPACITY CHECKS PY - 1980 SP - 21 p. AB - Two motorcycle surveys have been conducted in 1979, one in summer-time, the other in winter-time. In both surveys daytime headlight use was checked and in the latter survey type of helmet and c.c. rating of the motorcycles were also checked. The headlight use in the two surveys was different. In urban areas in the summer-time check there was 17% usage, but in the winter-time check there was 45% usage. The "full-face" type helmet was the most commonly worn helmet, which contrasts favourably with a 1973 survey which showed only around 12% wearing this type. Motorcycles with engine capacity greater than 250 c.c. were the most frequently checked (51.5%) which is considerably different to the percentages of registrations. Interactions between these factors were found, including helmet use and headlight use eg. riders turning headlight on were more likely to be wearing full-face helmets. This suggests a "safety consciousness" effect is operating. Riders of higher powered motorcycles were more likely to be wearing full-face helmets and using their headlights, while riders of low powered motorcycles were more likely to be wearing "Jet" helmets and not have their lights on. KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349844 AU - Andrews, J S AU - Eaton, E G AU - McTaggart, S AU - Monash University TI - AN ANALYSIS OF DRINK DRIVING RESEARCH PY - 1980 SP - 393 p. AB - This monograph presents a review of the literature on drink driving. It is selective, the major criteria for selection being relevance and availability. The literature is restricted to the years 1971-1978, except where an earlier paper is part of a series or was judged to be particularly important. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the monograph and contains a discussion of bias and methodology, problems encountered in the literature being reviewed. Chapters 2 through 5 contain the major portions of this review and cover, respectively, the following four topics: surveys of drink driving practices, description or predictions of drinking drivers, countermeasures aimed at reducing drink driving, and measurements of drinking and drink driving. Chapter 6 presents a theoretical model based in part on the research reviewed which could be used to guide future studies, to suggest research that needs to be undertaken, and to aid intellectualizing about the likely effectiveness of a countermeasure program. The final chapter, 7, discusses a general approach to an effective countermeasure program, covering three general aspects--the acceptability of the program to the community, the target group at whom it is aimed, and the particular attitude or behavior that the program aims to change. KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349868 AU - Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - 1980 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1980 SP - 31 p. AB - This report analyzes accidents and fatalities in Florida by month, time of day, day of week, and counties in which they occurred. The contributing causes, estimated property damage, and economic losses are statistically diagrammed. Conditions of drivers and pedestrians statewide are also included as is the Annual Standard Summary. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Loss and damage KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329013 AU - Knoop, J C AU - Costenoble, K AU - Ball, J T AU - Northrop, G M AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - 1980 SP - 162 p. AB - The objective of the analysis is to determine the overall effectiveness of child restraints when used, rather than to evaluate FMVSS 213 in particular. This required an analysis of subsets of mass accident data involving 4 year old and younger child occupants of known injury level, seating position and restraint usage in passenger cars. Evaluations were based on 21,837 cases in New York (1974, 1977), 6,738 cases in New Jersey) and 3,766 cases in Idaho (1976-1978). Contingency table data were subjected to log-linear modeling and adjustment to minimize potential confounding effects and allow direct comparison of injury rates between children using child restraints, children using seat-belts, and unrestrained children. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Constraints KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318909 AU - GARROTT, R AU - WILSON, D AU - White, A AU - SCOTT, R A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING. VOLUME 6. PROGRAMMERS' GUIDE FOR THE DRIVER MODULE PY - 1979/12/30 SP - 400 p. AB - The goal of the report is to provide sufficient documentation on the DRIVER MODULE as to enable it to be altered readily, if desired. KW - Braking KW - Computer programming KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Digital simulation KW - Feedback control KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285748 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - STEPHENSON, R R AU - FRYBOURG, M TI - SECTION 7 : CONCLUSION DE LA CONFERENCE T2 - SECTION 7 : CONFERENCE CONCLUSION PY - 1979/12 SP - 955-6 AB - LES CONCLUSIONS DE LA CONFERENCE SONT PRESENTEES PAR MESSIEURS STEPHENSON, RR ET FRYBOURG, M. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - France KW - France KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285747 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - CLAYBROOK, J AU - FURNESS, J W AU - MALLIARIS, A C AU - FINKELSTEIN, M AU - POCCI, H AU - SHIMODAIRA, T TI - SECTION 6 : PANEL DE DISCUSSION SUR LES INTENTIONS DE LEGISLATION T2 - SECTION 6 : PANEL DISCUSSION ON INTENTIONS OF RULE MAKING PY - 1979/12 SP - 929-54 AB - APRES UNE INTRODUCTION DU DELEGUE AMERICAIN CLAYBROOK, J, LES COMMUNICATIONS SUIVANTES ON ETE PRESENTEES :PRESENTATION DES PERSPECTIVES DE LEGISLATION EN EUROPE, (FURNESS,JW); LA SECURITE AMERICAINE DES VEHICULES A MOTEUR EN PERSPECTIVE, (MALLIARIS,AC ET FINKELSTEIN,M); PRESENTATION DU GOUVERNEMENT ITALIEN EN MATIERE DE LEGISLATION, (POCCI,G); PRESENTATION DU GOUVERNEMENT JAPONAIS EN MATIERE DE LEGISLATION, (SHIMODAIRA,T). (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Circulation KW - Code de la route KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - France KW - France KW - Italie KW - Italy KW - Japan KW - Japon KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Traffic KW - Traffic regulations KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285746 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - MANICARDI, S AU - DAVIS, J W AU - BOULTON, F W AU - KIYOTO, M AU - FUJIKI, N AU - FUJIWARA, T AU - BELOHOUBEK, E AU - ENKE, K AU - DARENBERG, W AU - PANIK, F AU - WEIDEMANN, W AU - JAKSCH, F O AU - CHIDINI, L AU - MANTOVANI, F AU - SANO, S AU - FURUKAWA, Y AU - OGUCHI, Y AU - SCHMIDT-CLAUSE, H J AU - PASTA, M AU - SOARDO, P AU - PERSICKE, G AU - JACOBSON, M A TI - SECTION 5 : SEMINAIRES TECHNIQUES. SEMINAIRE 6 : FREINAGE, CONDUITE ET STABILITE T2 - SECTION 5 : TECHNICAL SEMINARS. SEMINAR 6 : BRAKING, HANDLING AND STABILITY PY - 1979/12 SP - 739-927 AB - CE SEMINAIRE CONSACRE AU FREINAGE, A LA CONDUITE ET A LA STABILITE DES VEHICULES COMPREND LES COMMUNICATIONS SUIVANTES :SYSTEME DE FREINAGE INTEGRAL OU COMBINE POUR MOTOCYCLETTES (MANICARDI,S); AMELIORATION DE LA STABILITE AU FREINAGE DES VEHICULES COMMERCIAUX (DAVIS,JW); SYSTEME DE FREINAGE HYDROPNEUMATIQUE (BOULTON,FW); ETUDE D'UN SYSTEME AUTOMATIQUE DE FREINAGE (KIYOTO,M, FUJIKI,N ET FUJIWARA,T); FONCTIONS CONTROLEES PAR RADAR DANS LA RECHERCHE AUTOMOBILE AMERICAINE (BELOHOUBEK,E ET AL.); POSSIBILITES D'AMELIORATION DE LA SECURITE DANS LE SYSTEME DE CONTROLE CONDUCTEUR-VEHICULE-ENVIRONNEMENT (ENKE,K); ANALYSE DU SYSTEME DE CONTROLE "CONDUCTEUR-ENVIRONNEMENT-ROUTE" (DARENBERG,W, PANIK,F ET WEIDEMANN,W); CARACTERISTIQUES DU VEHICULE INFLUENCANT LA QUALITE DU CONTROLE DE DIRECTION DES VOITURES PARTICULIERES (JAKSCH,O); DEFINITION DES CARACTERISTIQUES DYNAMIQUES D'UN VEHICULE PAR FONCTION TRANSFERT :CORRELATION AVEC L'EVALUATION SUBJECTIVE (CHIDINI,L ET MANTOVANI,F); INFLUENCE DE L'AMELIORATION DES CARACTERISTIQUES DYNAMIQUES D'UN VEHICULE SUR LES PERFORMANCES DE CONTROLE DU CONDUCTEUR (SANO,S, FURUKAWA,Y ET OGUCHI,Y); AMELIORATION DES SYSTEMES D'ECLAIRAGE AVANT ET ARRIERE DES VEHICULES A MOTEUR (SCHMIDT-CLAUSEN,HJ); CONCEPTION DE VISIBILITE OPTIMALE POUR LES FEUX STOP (PASTA,M ET SOARDO,P); APPROCHE PRATIQUE DE LA PROTECTION CONTRE L'ENCASTREMENT ARRIERE (PERSICKE,G ET CHILD,JR); CONDUITE ET FREINAGE DE VEHICULES DE SECURITE :LA LEGISLATION NE PEUT TOUT COUVRIR (JACOBSON,MA); IMPERATIFS POUR LES PASSAGERS D'AUTOMOBILES (SUGIURA,J, KIMURA,K ET SHIKAT,H). (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Automation KW - Automatique KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Brake lamps KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Bumpers KW - Conducteur KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deux roues a moteur KW - Direction veh (processus) KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Encastrement KW - Expose de mise au point KW - Feu de position KW - Feu de stop KW - France KW - France KW - Frein KW - Freinage KW - Habilete KW - Handling characteristics KW - Headlamps KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Mathematical models KW - Modele mathematique KW - Motocycliste KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pare choc KW - Phare KW - Poids lourd KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Radar KW - Radar KW - Side lighting KW - Stabilite du vehicule KW - State of the art reports KW - Steering KW - Structural connection KW - Trucks KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Visibilite KW - Visibility KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285745 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - ECHAVIDRE, J P AU - GRATADOUR, J TI - VEHICULE PEUGEOT VLS 104 ET PROTECTION DES PIETONS T2 - PEUGEOT VLS 104 AND PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION PY - 1979/12 SP - 689-98 AB - SONT DECRITES LES SOLUTIONS TECHNIQUES MISES EN OEUVRE SUR LE VEHICULE PEUGEOT VLS 104 POUR UNE MEILLEURE PROTECTION DES PIETONS. ON DONNE LES PREMIERS RESULTATS D'ESSAIS ET DES DONNEES CHIFFREES SUR L'AUGMENTATION DE POIDS ET DE PRIX DU VEHICULE. ON TRAITE EN OUTRE DE LA COMPATIBILITE DU SYSTEME UTILISE AVEC LA PROTECTION DU VEHICULE DANS LE CAS DE PETITES COLLISIONS URBAINES. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Jambe KW - Leg KW - Mannequin KW - Pare brise KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Reconstitution (accid) KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - State of the art reports KW - Tete KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere KW - Windshields KW - Zone urbaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285744 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - BRUN, F AU - LESTRELIN, D AU - CASTAN, F AU - FAYON, A AU - TARRIERE, C TI - SYNTHESE DES DONNEES DISPONIBLES POUR L'AMELIORATION DE LA PROTECTION DES PIETONS T2 - A SYNTHESIS OF AVAILABLE DATA FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION PY - 1979/12 SP - 641-54 AB - L'ETUDE BIDISCIPLINAIRE DES ACCIDENTS DE LA ROUTE ET L'ANALYSE DE RESULTATS D'ESSAIS DE CHOC PIETON-VOITURE PARTICULIERE MONTRE UNE FREQUENCE ELEVEE DE DECES PAR CHOC DE LA TETE CONTRE LE VEHICULE A DES VITESSES SUPERIEURES A 30 KM/H. DES IMPACTS SIMULES AVEC DES TETES DE MANNEQUIN A DIFFERENTS NIVEAUX DE L'AVANT D'UN VEHICULE ONT PERMIS D'APPRECIER LE DANGER PRESENTE PAR LES DIFFERENTES ZONES ET D'AMELIORER LES PARTIES LES PLUS DANGEREUSES. L'UTILISATION D'UN MODELE MATHEMATIQUE VALIDE PAR LA SIMULATION D'UN NOMBRE SUFFISANT D'ESSAIS DE CHOC A PERMIS DE CONTRIBUER A L'OPTIMISATION DE LA FORME DE L'AVANT DU VEHICULE EN VUE DE REDUIRE LA GRAVITE DES CHOCS DE LA TETE. DES ESSAIS DE COLLISION AVEC DES MANNEQUINS ONT PERMIS LA COMPARAISON DE LA CINEMATIQUE ET DE LA LOCALISATION DES IMPACTS DE LA TETE AUSSI BIEN POUR DES ENFANTS QUE POUR DES ADULTES. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Children KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Enfant KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Fatalities KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Mathematical models KW - Modele mathematique KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Reconstitution (accid) KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Statistique KW - Tete KW - Tue KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Vitesse KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285743 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - NEILSON, I AU - ASHTON, S J AU - MACKAY, G M AU - BRUN, F AU - LESTRELIN, D AU - CASTAN, F AU - FAYON, A AU - TARRIERE, C AU - LUCCHINI, E AU - WEISSNER, R AU - STCHERBATCHEFF, G AU - KRAMER, M AU - ECHAVIDRE, J P AU - GRATADOUR, J AU - PRITZ, H B AU - HARRIS, J AU - RADLEY, C P AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - DANIEL, S AU - COHEN, D TI - SECTION 5 : SEMINAIRES TECHNIQUES. SEMINAIRE 5 : PROTECTION DES PIETONS T2 - SECTION 5 : TECHNICAL SEMINARS. SEMINAR 5 : PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION PY - 1979/12 SP - 630-73&8 AB - CE SEMINAIRE CONSACRE A LA PROTECTION DES PIETONS COMPREND LES COMMUNICATIONS SUIVANTES :CONCEPTION DE VOITURES PARTICULIERES POUR LA MINIMISATION DES BLESSURES AUX PIETONS ( ASHTON,SJ ET MACKAY,GM); SYNTHESE DES DONNEES DISPONIBLES POUR L'AMELIORATION DE LA PROTECTION DES PIETONS (BRUN,F, LESTRELIN,D, CASTAN,F, FAYON,A ET TARRIERE,C); RESULTATS DE SIMULATIONS EXPERIMENTALES DE COLLISIONS VOITURE-PIETON AVEC DES VOITURES VW DE SERIE, (LUCCHINI,E ET WEISSNER,R); PROTECTION DES PIETONS :CARACTERISTIQUES PARTICULIERES DU VEHICULE RENAULT E.P.U.R.E. (STECHERBATCHEFF,G); PROTECTION ACCRUE DES PIETONS PAR REDUCTION DE LA GRAVITE DE L'IMPACT DE LA TETE SUR LE CAPOT, (KRAMER,M); VEHICULE PEUGEOT VLS 104 ET PROTECTION DES PIETONS, (ECHAVIDRE,JP ET GRATADOUR,J); CONCEPTION D'UN VEHICULE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PIETONS, (PRITZ,HB); VOITURES PLUS SURES POUR LES PIETONS, (HARRIS,J ET RADLEY,CP); MISE AU POINT DE CARACTERISTIQUES SIMPLIFIEES DES PERFORMANCES D'UN VEHICULE POUR LA MINIMISATION DES BLESSURES DE PIETONS, (EPPINGER,RH); CONSIDERATIONS SUR L'ELABORATION DE STANDARDS DE SECURITE DES PIETONS, (DANIEL,S, EPPINGER,RH ET COHEN,D). (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Accident KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Choc KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - State of the art reports KW - Tete KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046895 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285742 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - SCOTT, W AU - HEDLUNG, J H AU - SABEY, B E AU - ZIMMERMANN, G AU - ITOH, M AU - DANNER, M AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - FURUKAWA, Y AU - SANO, S AU - HARTEMANN, F AU - FORET-BRUNO, J Y AU - THOMAS, C AU - TARRIERE, C TI - SECTION 5 : SEMINAIRES TECHNIQUES. SEMINAIRE 4 : ETUDE D'ACCIDENTS ET ANALYSE DES DONNEES T2 - SECTION 5 : TECHNICAL SEMINARS. SEMINAR 4 : ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND DATA ANALYSIS PY - 1979/12 SP - 554-630 AB - CE SEMINAIRE CONSACRE A L'ETUDE DES ACCIDENTS ET A L'ANALYSE DES DONNEES COMPREND LES COMMUNICATIONS SUIVANTES :ETUDE NATIONALE DE GRAVITE D'ACCIDENTS EN RELATION AVEC LES CRITERES DE CONCEPTION DE L'ESV, (HEDLUNG,JH); TECHNIQUES D'ETUDE D'ACCIDENTS POUR LA SECURITE SECONDAIRE, (SABEY,BE); BASE DE DONNEES POUR LA RECHERCHE EN MATIERE D'ACCIDENTS ET DE SECURITE DANS LE SECTEUR DE L'INDUSTRIE AUTOMOBILE :ASPECTS GENERAUX DE LA NECESSITE ET DE LA COMMUNICATION DES DONNEES, (ZIMMERMANN,G); ANALYSE DES ACCIDENTS DE PIETONS A PARTIR D'UNE ETUDE D'ACCIDENTS DE LA ROUTE, (ITOH,M); CARACTERISTIQUES DES COLLISIONS ET BLESSURES DE PIETONS EN ACCIDENTS REELS, (DANNER,M ET LANGWIEDER,K); ETUDE DE LA MAITRISE DES CONDUCTEURS BASEE SUR DES ETUDES D'ACCIDENTS, (FURUKAWA,Y ET SANO,S);COMPATIBILITE DE MASSES ET DE STRUCTURES DANS LES COLLISIONS LATERALES ENTRE VOITURES PARTICULIERES, (HARTEMANN,F, FORET-BRUNO,JY, THOMAS,C ET TARRIERE,C.); (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Accident KW - Automobiles KW - Banque de donnees KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Conducteur KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data banks KW - Drivers KW - Enquete sur place (accid) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Injuries KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Passager KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - State of the art reports KW - Statistics KW - Statistique KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285741 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - LOYAT, B TI - AMELIORATION DE LA PROTECTION EN CHOC LATERAL T2 - IMPROVEMENT IN THE PROTECTION AGAINST SIDE IMPACT PY - 1979/12 SP - 521-30 AB - LA GRAVITE D'UNE COLLISION LATERALE DEPEND DE LA VITESSE D'IMPACT ENTRE LE PASSAGER ET LA PAROI DU VEHICULE, DE LA RIGIDITE ET DES CARACTERISTIQUES D'ABSORPTION D'ENERGIE DES STRUCTURES DU VEHICULE. APRES UNE ANALYSE DES CARACTERISTIQUES DE LA COLLISION LATERALE, ON DECRIT L'APPLICATION QUI EN EST FAITE POUR UNE MEILLEURE PROTECTION DES PASSAGERS DU VEHICULE PEUGEOT VLS, CONCU SUR UNE BASE 104, NOTAMMENT EN DIMINUANT L'AGRESSIVITE DE L'AVANT DU VEHICULE ET EN MODIFIANT LES STRUCTURES POUR UNE MEILLEURE ABSORPTION D'ENERGIE. ON COMPARE LES RESULTATS D'ESSAIS DE COLLISION LATERALE METTANT EN OEUVRE DES MANNEQUINS ENTRE LA PEUGEOT 104 ET LE PEUGEOT VLS. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Choc KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Passager KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - State of the art reports KW - Tete KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Vitesse KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285740 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - PROVENSAL, J TI - PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS EN COLLISION LATERALE : CARACTERISTIQUES PARTICULIERES DU VEHICULE RENAULT E.P.U.R.E T2 - OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN LATERAL COLLISIONS : SPECIAL FEATURES OF RENAULT E.P.U.R PY - 1979/12 SP - 509-21 AB - ON DECRIT UN CERTAIN NOMBRE D'ESSAIS AFIN DE MONTRER CE QUI SE PASSE LORS D'UNE COLLISION ENTRE VOITURES PARTICULIERES ET QUELS SONT LES PARAMETRES DETERMINANT LA GRAVITE DE LA COLLISION POUR LES OCCUPANTS. ON DISCUTE DES AMELIORATIONS POSSIBLES. L'APPLICATION AU VEHICULE E.P.U.R.E. SE TRADUIT PAR UNE DIMINUTION DE L'AGRESSIVITE DU TABLEAU DE BORD, UN RENFORCEMENT LATERAL, UNE AMELIORATION DE LA QUALITE D'ABSORPTION DE CHOC DES PAROIS INTERNES DU VEHICULE AU NIVEAU DES OCCUPANTS. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Biomecanique KW - Biophysics KW - Blessure KW - Collision frontale KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Passager KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - State of the art reports KW - Tete KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285739 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - POCCI, G AU - REIDELBACH, W AU - SCHMID, W AU - NEILSON, I D AU - DYCHE, A K AU - FRANCHINI, E AU - SEIFFERT, U AU - BURGETT, A AU - HACNEY, J R AU - PROVENSAL, J AU - LOYAT, B AU - BEZ, U AU - HOEFS, R AU - STAHL, H W AU - COOLEY, P AU - O'DAY, J AU - KAPLAN, R J TI - SECTION 5: SEMINAIRES TECHNIQUES. SEMINAIRE 3: PROTECTION EN CHOC LATERAL T2 - SECTION 5: TECHNICAL SEMINARS. SEMINAR 3: SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION PY - 1979/12 SP - 439-553 AB - CE SEMINAIRE CONSACRE A LA PROTECTION EN CHOC LATERAL COMPREND LES COMMUNICATIONS SUIVANTES : CONDITIONS D'ESSAIS PLUS REALISTES POUR L'EVOLUTION DE LA PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS DE VOITURES PARTICULIERES (REIDELBACH, W., SCHMID, W.) PROCEDURES D'ESSAIS AMELIOREES POUR CHOC LATERAL (NEILSON, ID ET AL); COLLISION LATERALE (FRANCHINI,E.) ESSAIS DE COLLISION LATERALE (SEIFFER,U.) ETAT DE LA RECHERCHE DE LA NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION ET ACTIVITES LEGISLATIVES POUR L'AMELIORATION DE LA PROTECTION EN CHOC LATERAL (BURGETT, A. HACKNEY, JR.) PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS EN COLLISIONS LATERALES : CARACTERISTIQUES PARTICULIERES DU VEHICULE RENAULT E.P.U.R.E., PROVENSAL, J. AMELIORATION DE LA PROTECTION CONTRE LES CHOCS LATERAUX (LOYAT,B.) AVANT DE VEHICULE EN V- SON INFLUENCE SUR LA GRAVITE DES BLESSURES DANS LES ACCIDENTS DE PIETONS ET LES COLLISIONS LATERALES (BEZ, U. HOEFS, R. STAHL, H-W.) ETUDE DES DIVERSES CONFIGURATIONS DE CHOC LATERAL (COOLEY, P. O'DAY, J. KAPLAN,RJ.) (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR 112061). KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Capot KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Hoods KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Passager KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - State of the art reports KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046891 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285738 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - DIGGES, K AU - MOSCARINI, F AU - BIAGI, A AU - VERSACE, J AU - WAGNER, R AU - ROSENAU, W AU - WEISSNER, R AU - ICHINOSE, O AU - KURIMOTO, K AU - NAICHINOSE, O AU - KURIMOTO, K AU - NAKAYA, H AU - NEILSON, I D AU - PENOYRE, S AU - PETTY, S P AU - VENTRE, P AU - BOEHLY, W AU - DELARM, L A AU - MORRIS, J B AU - SHIMKAT, H AU - MORITA, S AU - FUKUDA, S AU - IWATA, T TI - SECTION 5 : SEMINAIRES TECHNIQUES. SEMINAIRE 1 : PROTECTION EN CHOC FRONTAL ET DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA SECURITE PASSIVE T2 - SECTION 5 : TECHNICAL SEMINARS. SEMINAR 1 : FRONTAL CRASH PROTECTION AND PASSIVE RESTRAINT DEVELOPMENT PY - 1979/12 SP - 203-343 AB - LE SEMINAIRE 1 CONCERNE LA PROTECTION EN CHOC FRONTAL ET LA MISE AU POINT DE DISPOSITIFS DE SECURITE PASSIVE. IL COMPREND LES COMMUNICATIONS SUIVANTES :ETUDE D'UN SIEGE DE SECURITE AVEC CEINTURES INCORPOREES, (MOSCARINI,F ET BIAGI,A); MODELE D'OPTIMISATION DE SYSTEMES DE SECURITE (SSOM), (VERSACE,J); CONCEPTION D'UNE AUTOMOBILE PAR RAPPORT AU MARCHE AFIN D'AMELIORER LA PROTECTION EN CAS DE COLLISION, POUR SOI-MEME ET POUR LES AUTRES VEHICULES, (WAGNER,R); MISE AU POINT ET PERFORMANCES D'UN SYSTEME DE RETENTION PASSIVE, (ROSENAU ET WEISSNER,R); ADEQUATION DE DETECTEURS DE COLLISIONS AUX CARACTERISTIQUES DE DEFORMATION D'UN VEHICULE, (ICHINOSE,O KURIMOTO,K ET NAKAYA,H); PROCEDURES D'ESSAIS AMELIOREES POUR CHOC FRONTAL, (NEILSON,ID, PENOYRE,S, ET PETTY,SPF); RESULTATS D'ESSAIS COMPARATIFS DE CHOCS FRONTAUX, (VENTRE,P); PROTECTION AMELIOREE EN CAS DE CHOC FRONTAL POUR LES OCCUPANTS D'UN VEHICULE A MOTEUR, (BOEHLY,W, DELARM,LA ET MORRIS,JB); CONCEPT DE COMPATIBILITE ACCRUE DES PASSAGERS D'AUTOMOBILE, (SHIMKAT,H); ETUDE DE LA RESISTANCE DU CORPS PAR RAPPORT AUX SYSTEMES DE CEINTURE DE SECURITE, (MORITA,S, FUKUDA,S, ET IWATA,T). (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR NO 112061). KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Capteur KW - CEINTURE A ENROULEUR KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Collision KW - Collision frontale KW - Colonne de direction KW - Conducteur KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Drivers KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Modele mathematique KW - Passager KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Sac a air KW - Securite passive (systeme) KW - Sensors KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - State of the art reports KW - Steering columns KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerance humaine KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046890 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285737 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - Dugoff, H AU - STEPHENSON, R R AU - TAYLOR, H AU - SOMA, T AU - REIDELBACH, W AU - FRANCHINI, E AU - FORICHON, M AU - FRYBOURG, M AU - FIALA, E TI - SECTION 4 : PANEL DE DISCUSSION SUR LE PROGRAMME ESV T2 - SECTION 4 : PANEL DISCUSSION ON THE ESV PROGRAM PY - 1979/12 SP - 185-99 AB - A CETTE DISCUSSION, ONT PRIS PART :DUGOFF, H (NHTSA), STEPHENSON, R (NHTSA), TAYLOR, H (COMITE EUROPEEN DES VEHICULES EXPERIMENTAUX), SOMA, T (MINISTERE DE L'INDUSTRIE ET DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL, JAPON), REIDELBACH, W (DAIMLER-BENZ), FRANCHINI, E (FIAT), FORICHON, M (PEUGEOT), FRYBOURG, M (IRT), FIALA, E (REPRESENTANT L'INDUSTRIE EUROPEENNE DES CONSTRUCTEURS AUTOMOBILES). (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR NO 112061). KW - ALLEMAGNE, REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE DE KW - Blessure KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Dimensionnement KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - France KW - France KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Italie KW - Italy KW - Japan KW - Japon KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285736 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - CRITON, D TI - PRESENTATION DE COLLISION LATERALE AVEC LE VEHICULE CALSPAN RSV T2 - PRESENTATION ON LATERAL COLLISION ON CALSPAN RSV PY - 1979/12 SP - 150-7 AB - ON DONNE LE COMPTE-RENDU D'ESSAIS COMPARATIFS DE COLLISIONS LATERALES R20 CONTRE RSV CALSPAN ET R20 CONTRE R30. LES ACCELERATIONS SUBIES PAR DES MANNEQUINS INSTALLES AUX PLACES DES CONDUCTEURS ET PASSAGERS ONT ETE ENREGISTREES AU NIVEAU DU BASSIN, DU THORAX ET DE LA TETE. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR NO 112061). KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometry KW - Blessure KW - Collision laterale KW - Conducteur KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Passager KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - Tete KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285735 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - VENTRE, P TI - ETAT DE LA RECHERCHE DU VEHICULE EXPERIMENTAL DE SECURITE RENAULT T2 - STATUS REPORT OF RENAULT EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLE PY - 1979/12 SP - 97-104 AB - APRES UNE BREVE PRESENTATION DES PARTICULARITES DU VEHICULE E.P.U.R.E., NOTAMMENT LES CEINTURES DE SECURITE ET LE REMBOURRAGE DES PORTES, ON DONNE SES CARACTERISTIQUES PRINCIPALES ET LES RESULTATS D'ESSAIS DE COLLISIONS LATERALE, FRONTALE ET AVEC PIETON. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR NO 112061). KW - Anthropometry KW - Blessure KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Collision frontale KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Portiere (veh) KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Rembourrage (secur) KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - State of the art reports KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285734 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - WATSON, P M TI - CARACTERISTIQUES DE LA MOTOCYCLETTE EXPERIMENTALE DE SECURITE ESM1 T2 - FEATURES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY MOTORCYCLE ESM1 PY - 1979/12 SP - 85-97 AB - APRES UNE ANALYSE STATISTIQUE DE L'UTILISATION ET DES ACCIDENTS DE MOTOCYCLETTES CES VINGT DERNIERES ANNEES, ON PRESENTE LES CARACTERISTIQUES TECHNIQUES DE LA MOTOCYCLETTE EXPERIMENTALE DE SECURITE ESM1 MISE AU POINT AU TRRL, QUI COMPREND NOTAMMENT DES GARNITURES DE FREIN A DISQUE EN METAL FRITTE, DES FREINS ANTIBLOCAGE, DES COULEURS VOYANTES, UN COMPTEUR DE VITESSE A AFFICHAGE DIGITAL, UN CAPITONNAGE POUR LE THORAX, UN DISPOSITIF DE PROTECTION DES JAMBES. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR NO 112061). KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Color KW - Compteur de vitesse KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Couleur KW - Crashes KW - Derapage KW - Deux roues a moteur KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Frein KW - Freinage KW - Impact tests KW - Mannequin KW - Motocycliste KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Poitrine KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Rembourrage (secur) KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Skidding KW - Speedometers KW - State of the art reports KW - Statistics KW - Statistique KW - Thorax KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285733 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - DERAMPE, J TI - VEHICULE DE SECURITE PEUGEOT 104 T2 - PEUGEOT 104 SAFETY VEHICLE PY - 1979/12 SP - 48-63 AB - SONT EXPOSES LES CRITERES TECHNIQUES QUI ONT PRESIDE A LA CONSTRUCTION DE CE VEHICULE SUR LA BASE D'UNE PEUGEOT 104, EN VUE D'UNE MEILLEURE PROTECTION EN CHOCS FRONTAL, LATERAL ET ARRIERE ET D'UNE AGRESSIVITE MOINDRE VIS-A-VIS DES PIETONS. ON DONNE DES RESULTATS D'ESSAIS AVEC MANNEQUIN DE MEME QUE LES CARACTERISTIQUES TECHNIQUES DU VEHICULE. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR NO 112061). KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Collision arriere KW - Collision frontale KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Overturning KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - State of the art reports KW - Tonneau (veh) KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046885 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01285732 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - FRYBOURG, M TI - ETAT DE LA RECHERCHE EN FRANCE PY - 1979/12 SP - 42-5 AB - MONSIEUR FRYBOURG, M PRESENTE, A L'AIDE D'UN MONTAGE AUDIO-VISUEL, LE PROGRAMME FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE "ACTIONS THEMATIQUES PROGRAMMEES - SECURITE DES VEHICULES". L'ACTION PORTE SUR L'AMELIORATION DE LA VISIBILITE, LES AIDES A LA CONDUITE, L'ETUDE DES ACCIDENTS POUR UNE AMELIORATION DE LA SECURITE SECONDAIRE, LE PERFECTIONNEMENT DE LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE ET L'AMELIORATION DES TABLEAUX DE BORD EN VUE DE DIMINUER LEUR AGRESSIVITE, LES POIDS-LOURDS, LES DEUX-ROUES. (VOIR FICHE GENERALE DIRR NO 112061). KW - Amelioration KW - Automobiles KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deux roues a moteur KW - France KW - France KW - Improvements KW - Instrument panels KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Poids lourd KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Tableau de bord KW - Trucks KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Visibilite KW - Visibility KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1046884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284456 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - STCHERBATCHEFF, G TI - PROTECTION DES PIETONS : CARACTERISTIQUES PARTICULIERES DU VEHICULE RENAULT EPURE T2 - PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION : SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE RENAULT EPURE PY - 1979/12 SP - 660-74 AB - LES DONNEES ACCIDENTOLOGIQUES ET LES RECONSTITUTIONS D'ACCIDENTS PIETON-VOITURE PARTICULIERE MONTRENT QUE LES BLESSURES LES PLUS GRAVES SONT AU NIVEAU DE LA TETE ET LES PLUS FREQUENTES AU NIVEAU DES MEMBRES INFERIEURS. LA CONCEPTION DU VEHICULE RENAULT EPURE INTEGRE CES DONNEES EN VUE D'UNE MEILLEURE PROTECTION DES PIETONS. LES ZONES D'IMPACT DE LA TETE ONT ETE DETERMINEES EXPERIMENTALEMENT ET A L'AIDE DE MODELES MATHEMATIQUES POUR DIFFERENTS TAILLES DE PIETONS. CES ZONES ONT ETE SPECIALEMENT EQUIPEES. LA GRAVITE DES BLESSURES DES MEMBRES INFERIEURS A ETE REDUITE PAR LA CONCEPTION DE PARE-CHOCS REDUISANT LA FREQUENCE D'IMPACT DES GENOUX. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Bumpers KW - Capot KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - Fatalities KW - France KW - France KW - Genou KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Jambe KW - Knee KW - Leg KW - Mannequin KW - Mathematical models KW - Modele mathematique KW - Pare brise KW - Pare choc KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Reconstitution (accid) KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Size KW - State of the art reports KW - Taille (dimens) KW - Tete KW - Tue KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045608 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284455 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - HARTEMANN, F AU - FORET-BRUNO, J Y AU - THOMAS, C AU - TARRIERE, C TI - COMPATIBILITE DE MASSES ET DE STRUCTURES LORS DE COLLISIONS LATERALES ENTRE VOITURES PARTICULIERES T2 - COMPATIBILITY OF MASSES AND STRUCTURES IN CAR-TO-CAR LATERAL COLLISIONS PY - 1979/12 SP - 622-9 AB - L'ETUDE DE 1344 COLLISIONS LATERALES ENTRE VOITURES PARTICULIERES MONTRE QUE LES OCCUPANTS D'UNE VOITURE PERCUTEE SONT D'AUTANT PLUS SEVEREMENT BLESSES QUE LE RAPPORT DE MASSE ENTRE LEUR VEHICULE ET LE VEHICULE IMPACTEUR VARIENT EN SENS INVERSE. L'INTRUSION DU VEHICULE IMPACTEUR A UNE INFLUENCE CONSIDERABLE SUR LES BLESSURES SUBIES PAR LES PASSAGERS SITUES SUR LE COTE PERCUTE. LA PROTECTION OFFERTE PAR LES VEHICULES DE FAIBLE MASSE SERAIT CONSIDERABLEMENT AMELIOREE EN AUGMENTANT LA RIGIDITE DES STRUCTURES LATERALES BASSES DU VEHICULE. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Accident KW - Automobiles KW - Blessure KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fracture (os) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Injuries KW - Passager KW - Poids KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Vitesse KW - Voiture particuliere KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045607 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284454 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - SEIFFERT, U TI - ESSAIS DE COLLISION LATERALE T2 - LATERAL COLLISION TESTS PY - 1979/12 SP - 476-88 AB - LES CONSTRUCTEURS EUROPEENS D'AUTOMOBILES ASSOCIES DANS LE CCMC ONT EFFECTUE UN PROGRAMME D'ESSAIS DE COLLISIONS LATERALES METTANT EN OEUVRE DIVERSES CONFIGURATIONS DE COLLISION. LES RESULTATS MONTRENT QUE LES ESSAIS CONTRE BARRIERE CEE ET LES ESSAIS VEHICULE CONTRE VEHICULE NE SONT PAS COMPARABLES DU POINT DE VUE DEFORMATION DES VEHICULES IMPACTES ET DES RESULTATS SUR MANNEQUINS. LE CCMC CONSIDERE QUE L'ESSAI ACTUEL CEE NE CORRESPOND PAS AUX SITUATIONS D'ACCIDENT REEL ET TRAVAILLE A LA MISE AU POINT D'UN TEST PLUS REALISTE DE COLLISION LATERALE. PAR AILLEURS UN MANNEQUIN ADAPTE AUX ESSAIS DE COLLISION LATERALE DEVRAIT ETRE MIS AU POINT. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - France KW - France KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Jambe KW - Leg KW - Mannequin KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - Tete KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045606 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284453 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - FAYON, A AU - LEUNG, Y C AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - WALFISCH, G AU - BALTHAZARD, M AU - TARRIERE, C TI - PRESENTATION D'UN MANNEQUIN POUR CHOCS FRONTAL ET LATERAL, DEFINI A PARTIR DE DONNEES HUMAINES ET REALISE SUR UNE BASE "PART 572" T2 - PRESENTATION OF A FRONTAL IMPACT AND SIDE DUMMY, DEFINED FROM HUMAN DATA AND REALIZED FROM A "PART 572" BASIS PY - 1979/12 SP - 407-16 AB - LE MANNEQUIN TEL QUE DEFINI PAR LA "PART 572" N'A PAS EN SITUATION D'ACCIDENT LE MEME COMPORTEMENT QU'AURAIT UN ETRE HUMAIN. EN PARTICULIER UN CAPITONNAGE OPTIMISE POUR UN MANNEQUIN PEUT S'AVERER TROP RESISTANT ET DONC DANGEREUX POUR UN THORAX HUMAIN. EN CHOC FRONTAL UNE IMPLANTATION DE CEINTURE PEUT FAIRE "SOUS-MARINER" LE MANNEQUIN ET NON UN PASSAGER EVENTUEL. EN PRENANT POUR REFERENCE DES DONNEES BIOMECANIQUES OBTENUES SURTOUT SUR CADAVRES, LES BRAS ET LES EPAULES ONT ETE PROFONDEMENT MODIFIES ET UNE CAGE THORACIQUE A ETE REALISEE DE FLEXIBILITE ANALOGUE A CELLE DE L'ETRE HUMAIN, POUR LES SOLLICITATIONS ACCOMPAGNANT LES CHOCS LATERAUX. LES MEMBRES SUPERIEURS ET LE BASSIN SONT AUSSI MODIFIES. LES RETOUCHES DU BASSIN VISENT UNE SIMULATION PLUS REALISTE VIS A VIS DU SOUS-MARINAGE. MANNEQUIN ET RESULTATS OBTENUS SONT PRESENTES. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Arm KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Biomecanique KW - Biophysics KW - Bras KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Collision frontale KW - Collision laterale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Mannequin KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - State of the art reports KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerance humaine KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045605 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284452 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - CESARI, D AU - FRIEDEL, B AU - HEGER, A AU - MACKAY, M AU - TARRIERE, C AU - WEISSNER, R TI - RAPPORT PRELIMINAIRE SUR LE TRAVAIL DU COMITE DU PROJET DE RECHERCHE COMMUNE BIOMECANIQUE (KOB) T2 - A PRELIMINARY REPORT ABOUT THE WORK OF THE JOINT BIOMECHANICAL RESEARCH PROJECT (KOB) PY - 1979/12 SP - 344-59 AB - LE PROJET DE RECHERCHE COMMUNE BIOMECANIQUE CONCERNE LA RECONSTITUTION D'ACCIDENTS REELS. CHAQUE ACCIDENT FAIT L'OBJET DE CINQ A SIX RECONSTITUTIONS AVEC MANNEQUIN ET TROIS AVEC CADAVRE. ON PRESENTE LA METHODOLOGIE MISE EN OEUVRE, LES POSSIBILITES DE REALISATION ET LES RESULTATS QUE L'ON PEUT EN ATTENDRE. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Cadavers KW - Cadavre KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Fracture (os) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - France KW - France KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Jambe KW - Leg KW - Mannequin KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Reconstitution (accid) KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Tete KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045604 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284451 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - FRIEDEL, B AU - CESARI, D AU - HEGER, A AU - MACKAY, M AU - TARRIERE, C AU - WESSNER, R AU - ROBBINS, D H AU - LEHMAN, R S AU - AUGUSTYN, K AU - APPEL, H AU - KRAMER, F AU - HOFMANN, J AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - BACKAITIS, S AU - HAFFNER, M AU - Melvin, J W AU - BENSON, J B AU - MITAZL, N K AU - CHENG, R AU - KING, A I TI - SECTION 5 : SEMINAIRES TECHNIQUES. SEMINAIRE 2 : BIOMECANIQUE ET MISE AU POINT DE MANNEQUIONS T2 - SECTION 5 : TECHNICAL SEMINARS. SEMINAR 2 : BIOMECHANICS AND DUMMY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1979/12 SP - 344-438 AB - LE SEMINAIRE 2 CONSACRE A LA BIOMECANIQUE ET A LA MISE AU POINT DE MANNEQUINS COMPREND LES COMMUNICATIONS SUIVANTES :RAPPORT PRELIMINAIRE SUR LE TRAVAIL DU COMITE DU PROJET DE RECHERCHE BIOMECANIQUE COMMUNE (KOB), CESARI, D, HEGER, A, FRIEDEL, B, MACKAY, M, TARRIERE, C, WEISSNER, R; SYNTHESE DES TOLERANCES HUMAINES OBTENUES A PARTIR DE SIMULATIONS DE CHOCS LATERAUX, TARRIERE, C ET AL.; PREDICTION DE BLESSURES THORACIQUES EN FONCTION DE LA CINEMATIQUE DES OCCUPANTS, ROBBINS, DH, LEHMAN, RL, AUGUSTYN, K; CRITERES DE PROTECTION POUR LES PASSAGERS ET LES PIETONS, APPEL, H, KRAMER, F, HOFMANN, J; CONSIDERATIONS SUR LA MISE AU POINT DE MANNEQUINS POUR CHOC LATERAL, EPPINGER, RH; MISE AU POINT DU MANNEQUIN AVANCE NHTSA POUR L'AMELIORATION DES NORMES DE PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS, BACKAITIS, S, HAFFNER, M; PRESENTATION DU MANNEQUIN POUR CHOCS FRONTAL ET LATERAL DEFINI A PARTIR DE DONNEES HUMAINES ET REALISE SUR LA BASE D'UN "PART 572", TARRIERE, C ET AL.; APPLICATION EXPERIMENTALE DE TECHNIQUES D'INSTRUMENTATION THORACIQUE AVANCEES AUX DISPOSITIFS D'ESSAIS ANTHROPOMORPHIQUES, MELVIN, JW, ROBBINS, DH, BENSON, JB; NOUVELLE CONCEPTION D'UN MODELE DE COLONNE, MITAL, NK, CHENG, R, KING, AI, EPPINGER, RH. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Anthropometry KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Biomecanique KW - Biophysics KW - Blessure KW - Collision frontale KW - Collision laterale KW - Colonne vertebrale KW - Conducteur KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Norme KW - Passager KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Spinal column KW - Standards KW - State of the art reports KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerance humaine KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045603 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284450 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - BILLAULT, P AU - TISSERON, C AU - DEJEAMMES, M AU - BIARD, R AU - CORD, P AU - JENOC, P TI - LE BAUDRIER GONFLABLE (AMELIORATION DE LA PROTECTION EN CHOC FRONTAL) T2 - THE INFLATABLE DIAGONAL BELT (IMPROVEMENT OF PROTECTION IN THE CASE OF FRONTAL IMPACT) PY - 1979/12 SP - 308-21 AB - DES SERIES D'ESSAIS DYNAMIQUES REALISES A L'AIDE D'UN MODELE VIVANT, LE BABOUIN, ONT MIS EN EVIDENCE L'INTERET DU BAUDRIER GONFLABLE PAR RAPPORT A D'AUTRES SYSTEMES DE RETENUE TELS QUE LA CEINTURE TROIS POINTS CLASSIQUE OU A LIMITEUR D'EFFORT. LA MISE AU POINT DU GENERATEUR A ETE REALISEE PAR LA SOCIETE NATIONALE DES POUDRES ET EXPLOSIFS. DES ESSAIS REALISES AVEC DES CEINTURES CLASSIQUES AYANT LES MEMES POINTS D'ANCRAGE QUE CEUX DE LA CEINTURE A BAUDRIER GONFLABLE FOURNISSENT DES VALEURS DE REFERENCE. A L'ISSUE DES ESSAIS EFFECTUES A 50 KM/H, IL APPARAIT QUE LE MANNEQUIN HYBRID II N'EST PAS APPROPRIE POUR METTRE EN EVIDENCE TOUS LES AVANTAGES DU BAUDRIER GONFLABLE OBSERVES LORS DES ESSAIS AVEC MODELE VIVANT. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Anthropometry KW - Blessure KW - CEINTURE A ENROULEUR KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Collision frontale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Fracture (os) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mannequin KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Tete KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045602 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284449 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - NEILSON, I D AU - PENOYRE, S AU - PETTY, S P TI - PROCEDURE D'ESSAIS DE CHOC AMELIOREE POUR CHOC FRONTAL T2 - IMPROVED TEST PROCEDURES FOR FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1979/12 SP - 247-63 AB - EST PRESENTEE UNE NOUVELLE METHODE D'ESSAI DE CHOC DE VEHICULES CONSISTANT EN UN CHOC A 30 DEGRES A 55-60 KM/H CONTRE UNE BARRIERE EN BOIS, AU LIEU DU CHOC FRONTAL A 48 KM/H ACTUELLEMENT UTILISE DANS LA LEGISLATION EUROPEENNE. ON DECRIT EN OUTRE UNE METHODE MISE AU POINT AU MIRA SOUS CONTRAT TRRL POUR L'EVALUATION DES CHOCS SUBIS PAR LA TETE LORS D'UNE COLLISION. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE, VOIR FICHE DIRR 112061. KW - Accident KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Collision frontale KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Mannequin KW - Royaume uni KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Tete KW - United Kingdom KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045601 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284448 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - STEPHENSON, R R AU - DERAMPE, J AU - STRUBLE, D AU - SEIFFERT, H U AU - WATSON, P M AU - VENTRE, P AU - FABIAN, G J AU - FRIG, G AU - ETRUSCHI, R AU - ZOMOTOR, A AU - CRITON, D AU - WEISSNER, R AU - BRAESS, H H AU - CLAYBROOK, J AU - HONDA, S TI - SECTION 3 : ETAT DES RECHERCHES INDUSTRIELLES T2 - SECTION 3 : INDUSTRY STATUS REPORTS PY - 1979/12 SP - 47-183 AB - L'ETAT DES RECHERCHES INDUSTRIELLES SUR LES VEHICULES EXPERIMENTAUX DE SECURITE EST PRESENTE POUR LES PAYS SUIVANTS :USA (STEPHENSON, RR, NHTSA; STRUBLE, D, MINICARS; FABIAN, GJ, CALSPAN CORPORATION; FRIG, G, CHRYSLER CORPORATION; CLAYBROOK, J, NHTSA) - FRANCE (DERAMPE, J, PEUGEOT; VENTRE, P, RENAULT; CRITON, D, RENAULT) - REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE D'ALLEMAGNE (SEIFFERT, HU, VOLKSWAGENWERK; ZOMOTOR, A, DAIMLER-BENZ; WEISSNER, R, VOLKSWAGENWERK; BRAESS, HH, PORSCHE) - ROYAUME-UNI (WATSON, PM, TRRL) - ITALIE (ETRUSCHI, R, ISTITUTO SPERIMENTALE AUTO E MOTORI) - JAPON (HONDA, S, HONDA MOTOR COMPANY). POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE, VOIR FICHE DIRR NO 112061. KW - ALLEMAGNE, REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE DE KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Blessure KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Dimensionnement KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Expose de mise au point KW - France KW - France KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Italie KW - Italy KW - Japan KW - Japon KW - Motocycliste KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passager KW - Pedestrians KW - Pieton KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Royaume uni KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - State of the art reports KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerance humaine KW - United Kingdom KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045600 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284447 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - FRYBOURG, G AU - FINKELSTEIN, M M AU - STEPHENSON, R R AU - HANAJIMA, M AU - DANESE, G AU - PRAXENTHALER, H AU - FURNESS, J W TI - SECTION 2 : ETAT DES RECHERCHES NATIONALES T2 - SECTION 2 : GOVERNMENT STATUS REPORTS PY - 1979/12 SP - 21-45 AB - L'ETAT DES RECHERCHES DE SECURITE ROUTIERE AU NIVEAU DES NATIONS EST PRESENTE POUR LES ETATS-UNIS (FINKELSTEIN, MM ET STEPHENSON, RR), LE JAPON (HANAJIMA, M), L'ITALIE (DANESE, G), LA REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE D'ALLEMAGNE (PRAXENTHALER, H), LE ROYAUME-UNI (FURNESS, JW), LA FRANCE (FRYBOURG, M). POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE, VOIR FICHE DIRR NO 112061. KW - Accident KW - ALLEMAGNE, REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE DE KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Casque KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - CONTROLE TECHNIQUE KW - Crashes KW - Economie d'energie KW - Energy conservation KW - France KW - France KW - Helmets KW - Intoxication KW - Italie KW - Italy KW - Ivresse KW - Japan KW - Japon KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pollution KW - Pollution KW - Prevention KW - Prevention des accidents KW - Protective clothing KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Royaume uni KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Statistique KW - United Kingdom KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule KW - Vitesse UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045599 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01284446 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE AU - FRYBOURG, M AU - ADAMS, B AU - LE THEULE, J AU - GSCHEIDLE, H K AU - CLAYBOOK, J TI - SECTION I : OUVERTURE DE LA CONFERENCE T2 - SECTION I : CONFERENCE OPENING PY - 1979/12 SP - 1-19 AB - UNE BREVE INTRODUCTION EST FAITE PAR LE SECRETAIRE ADAMS, B ET LES MINISTRES LE THEULE, J ET GSCHEIDLE, K. DES RECOMPENSES POUR LEUR CONTRIBUTION A LA SECURITE SONT ATTRIBUEES A :BOHLIN, N, VOLVO; FIALA, E, VOLKSWAGENWERK; FRANCHINI, E, FIAT; OKAMI, Y, JAPAN AUTOMOBILE RESEARCH INSTITUTE; PAUL, J, DAIMLER-BENZ; RICHARDS, PH, TRIPLEX SAFETY GLASS COMPANY; SEIFFERT, UW, VOLKSWAGENWERK; TARRIERE, C, ASSOCIATION PEUGEOT-RENAULT; VENTRE, P, RNU RENAULT; YOSHINO, H, HONDA MOTOR COMPANY; BASTIAANSE, JC, TNO. POUR L'ENSEMBLE DE LA CONFERENCE, VOIR RESUME FICHE DIRR NO 112061. KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - France KW - France KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045598 ER - TY - SER AN - 01284445 JO - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8,1979 PB - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, US GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE TI - SEPTIEME CONFERENCE TECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE SUR LES VEHICULES EXPERIMENTAUX DE SECURITE, PARIS, 5-8 JUIN, 1979 T2 - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, JUNE 5-8, 1979 PY - 1979/12 SP - 961P AB - LA SEPTIEME CONFERENCE TECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE SUR LES VEHICULES EXPERIMENTAUX DE SECURITE A ETE ORGANISEE AVEC LE CONCOURS DU GOUVERNEMENT FRANCAIS ET DES FABRICANTS FRANCAIS D'AUTOMOBILES. ELLE COMPREND LES SECTIONS SUIVANTES :SECTION 1 :OUVERTURE DE LA CONFERENCE - INTRODUCTION, PRESENTATION DES RECOMPENSES - SECTION 2 :ETAT DES RECHERCHES NATIONALES PAR LES REPRESENTANTS DES ETATS-UNIS, DU JAPON DE L'ITALIE, DE LA REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE D'ALLEMAGNE, DU ROYAUME-UNI, DE LA FRANCE SECTION 3 :ETAT DES RECHERCHES INDUSTRIELLES PAR LES REPRESENTANTS DES DEPARTEMENTS AMERICAIN ET BRITANNIQUE DES TRANSPORTS ET PAR LES REPRESENTANTS DES CONSTRUCTEURS FRANCAIS, ALLEMANDS, AMERICAINS, ITALIENS ET JAPONAIS - SECTION 4 :PANEL DE DISCUSSION SUR LE PROGRAMME ESV - SECTION 5 :SEMINAIRES TECHNIQUES SUR :PROTECTION EN CHOC FRONTAL ET SECURITE PASSIVE - BIOMECANIQUE ET MISE AU POINT DE MANNEQUINS - PROTECTION EN CHOC LATERAL - ETUDE D'ACCIDENTS ET ANALYSE DES DONNEES - PROTECTION DES PIETONS - FREINAGE, CONDUITE ET STABILITE - SECTION 6 :PANEL DE DISCUSSION SUR LES INTENTIONS DE LEGISLATION - SECTION 7 :CONCLUSIONS PAR LE PRESIDENT ET LE PRESIDENT TECHNIQUE. POUR LES RESUMES DE CERTAINES COMMUNICATIONS ET LA LISTE DES COMMUNICATIONS PRESENTEES DANS CHAQUE SECTION, VOIR LES FICHES DIRR NO 112062 A 112072. KW - Accident KW - ALLEMAGNE, REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE DE KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Expose de mise au point KW - Facteur humain KW - France KW - France KW - Human factors KW - Italie KW - Italy KW - Japan KW - Japon KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Royaume uni KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - State of the art reports KW - Suede KW - Sweden KW - United Kingdom KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082955 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Marijuana, Other Drugs and their Relation to Highway Safety: A Report to Congress PY - 1979/12 SP - 55p AB - This report has been developed by the Department of Transportation in response to Section 212 of Title II of the Surface Transportation Act of 1978 (the Highway Safety Act of 1978). This section requires the Secretary of Transportation to report to Congress concerning efforts to detect and prevent marijuana and other drug use by motor vehicle operators. The full report is organized into 5 Chapters: I. An introduction providing a brief history of the report, and a discussion of the similarities and differences between alcohol and drugs as they relate to highway safety; II. The frequency of drug use among drivers and its relation to highway safety; III. The legal approaches to the control of drug use by drivers; IV. Federal and State activity in the detection and prevention of inappropriate drug use by drivers. V. The Secretary's conclusions, recommendations and DOT programmatic actions. KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Drug control KW - Drug use KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Legal factors KW - Marijuana KW - Prevention KW - State government UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25525/DOT-HS-805-229_003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318510 AU - Wiedemann, B AU - SCHMIDT, R AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA BASE FOR LIGHT-WEIGHT AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL POWER PLANTS. VOLUME II: DISCUSSION AND RESULTS PY - 1979/12 SP - 505 p. AB - The effects on fuel economy, emissions, passenger car safety and other variables due to the installation of light-weight Diesel powerplants were studied. Experimental data was obtained on naturally aspirated and turbocharged Diesel engines installed in subcompact and compact passenger vehicles. The data includes fuel economy as a function of engine type and horsepower, as a function of vehicle inertia weight and as a function of regulated emission constraints. Unregulated emissions have been characterized during the course of the work. The compatibility of the Diesel engine studied with passenger car structures incorporating advanced frontal crashworthiness capabilities was also verified. Volume II, the main body of the report, provides a discussion of the fuel economy and emissions obtained, a description of the engine/vehicle systems tested and the results of factory driveability tests. KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashworthiness KW - Databases KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric power plants KW - Exhaust gases KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Horsepower KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Service life KW - Small car KW - Specifications KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318509 AU - Wiedemann, B AU - SCHMIDT, R AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA BASE FOR LIGHT-WEIGHT AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL POWER PLANTS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/12 SP - 47 p. AB - The effects on fuel economy, emissions, passenger car safety and other variables due to the installation of light-weight Diesel powerplants were studied. Experimental data was obtained on naturally aspirated and turbocharged Diesel engines installed in subcompact and compact passenger vehicles. The data includes fuel economy as a function of engine type and horsepower, as a function of vehicle inertia weight and as a function of regulated emission constraints. Unregulated emissions have been characterized during the course of the work. The compatibility of the Diesel engine studied with passenger car structures incorporating advanced frontal crashworthiness capabilities was also verified. Volume I, the Executive Summary, presents a summary of the data obtained and a review of the important conclusions. KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashworthiness KW - Databases KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric power plants KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Horsepower KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Service life KW - Small car KW - Specifications KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318511 AU - Wiedemann, B AU - SCHMIDT, R AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA BASE FOR LIGHT-WEIGHT AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL POWER PLANTS. VOLUME III: MISCELLANEOUS DATA PY - 1979/12 SP - 205 p. AB - The effects of fuel economy, emissions, passenger car safety and other variables due to the installation of light-weight Diesel powerplants were studied. Experimental data was obtained on naturally aspirated and turbocharged Diesel engines installed in subcompact and compact passenger vehicles. The data includes fuel economy as a function of engine type and horsepower, as a function of vehicle inertia weight and as a function of regulated emission constraints. Unregulated emissions have been characterized during the course of the work. The compatibility of the Diesel engine studied with passenger car structures incorporating advanced frontal crashworthiness capabilities was also verified. Volume III, the appendixes, presents miscellaneous data used during the program. KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashworthiness KW - Databases KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric power plants KW - Exhaust gases KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Horsepower KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Service life KW - Small car KW - Specifications KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337123 AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR SPARK IGNITION DATA BASE PY - 1979/12 SP - 1280p-in 4 AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314057 AU - Cross, A L AU - Wakeley, W AU - Viergutz, O J AU - HARVEY, M AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS OF BRAKE INSPECTABILITY REQUIREMENTS PY - 1979/12 SP - 80 p. AB - An accurate description of the feasibility, optimum schedule, and cost of implementing a brake inspectability requirement for all production passenger cars (PPC) and light trucks (LT) was prepared. The work was performed as a part of Task 1h Manufacturing and Maintainability, which addresses the need for supporting fuel conservation through vehicle design. The study made use of best available data on PPC and LT current and projected production designs and data, real and predicted costs of production, and expert engineering judgement, to predict the impact of separate inspection requirements and the overall consequences of implementation for improvement of fuel economy. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313649 AU - Halstead-Nussloch, R AU - Olson, P L AU - Burgess, W T AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A SINGLE-BEAM HEADLIGHTING SYSTEM PY - 1979/12 SP - 170 p. AB - The study sought to develop an improved headlamp beam for use in conditions of oncoming or preceding traffic. A number of candidate beam patterns were offered for consideration from several sources. These were evaluated by two computer models. One of these models estimates the visibility distance provided to various areas and under a variety of road conditions. The other model produces a 'figure of merit' for each beam, which is the percent of time it simultaneously meets certain visibility and glare criteria. Based on this evaluation, three different beam patterns were selected for field testing. The three beams were fabricated and evaluated both objectively and subjectively. The objective tests were run on public roads, using targets which appeared normal to the environment. The subjects were not aware of the purpose of the test. The subjective evaluation was run on a wide variety of roads and solicited opinions concerning many aspects of beam performance. The results of both studies indicated that under some conditions the test beams provided marginal improvement over the SAE units used as controls. KW - Beams radiation KW - Distance KW - Evaluation KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Motor vehicles KW - Particle beams KW - Simulation KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313633 AU - Eder, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HANDBOOK ON FINANCING OPTIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION PROGRAMS PY - 1979/12 SP - 89 p. AB - A major impediment to initiating motor vehicle diagnostic inspection programs is the high initial capital investment needed to establish inspection centers. At the present time, there is a wide range of public and private finance methods available, with few if any of them geared specifically toward motor vehicle diagnostic inspection programs. This report provides a description of the methods by which, in the absence of a specific funding mechanism, it may be possible for a State or local government planner or private entrepreneur to innovatively obtain required funds from currently available sources. The funding mechanisms are divided into two main categories, public and private financing, to coincide with the two basic administrative organizational approaches to the various inspection concepts. State and local government funding mechanisms are described including Federal domestic assistance and State and locally generated revenues. In addition, the report contains the spectrum of funding mechanisms, including commercial banks and capital investment firms, applicable to private for-profit and non-profit enterprises such as cooperatives and auto service clubs. KW - Capitalized costs KW - Costs KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fixed investment KW - Inspection KW - Investments KW - Local government KW - Motor vehicles KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313638 AU - McLean, R AU - Barbarek, LAC AU - Viergutz, O J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR/PEDESTRIAN IMPACT PROTECTION SYSTEM EVALUATION PY - 1979/12 SP - 119 p. AB - Under the specified contract effort the application of pedestrian protective front end designs were studied using four candidate vehicles representing the 1979 passenger car fleet. The models chosen were: Dodge Omni, Ford Fairmont, Chevrolet Malibu, and Chevrolet Impala. In this study, two separate performance requirements were addressed meeting and not meeting the Part 581 Standard (49CFR Part 581). Specifically: (1) For the establishment of a pedestrian protection system design that excludes the 49CFR Part 581 requirements for the weight of each of the four 1979 market class vehicles studies, the pedestrian design system are scaled from the Battelle design; (2) For the pedestrian protection system that includes the 49CFR Part 581 requirements, the bumper system design development and necessary vehicle modification are derived from available research data and based upon a paper engineering analysis; and (3) For the 1979 model year base systems, engineering assessments and existing study data are utilized. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Design standards KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Pedestrians KW - Protection KW - Requirement KW - Safety engineering KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452411 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A STUDY TO DIMENSION THE UNINSURED MOTORIST PROBLEM IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1979/12 SP - n.p. AB - A study was conducted to determine the extent of uninsured passenger vehicle registration in New York State and to construct a profile of those individuals who are found to be owners of registered but uninsured motor vehicles. Data analysis indicated approximately 6.5 percent of registrants of passenger cars in New York State lack insurance coverage. Generally, owners of uninsured vehicles tend to be under forty years of age, drive older cars, and reside in the New York City metropolitan area. KW - Age KW - Automobile insurance KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - New York (State) KW - Registrations KW - Service life KW - Uninsured motorists KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269239 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386134 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FIRST AID AT THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT, ARRANGED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ACCIDENT AND TRAFFIC MEDICINE (IAATM), OSLO, NORWAY, 20-23 JUNE, 1979. SURVEY OF PAPERS PRESENTED, (NO. 2) PY - 1979/12 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - p. 58-60 AB - Papers on first aid in accidents are surveyed in varying degrees of detail. The traffic accident situation in Nigeria and first-aid training courses offered to the public in Lagos were discussed. First-aid training programs as well as campaigns to encourage laymen to train themselves to become first-aiders were described by representatives from Portugal, Canada, and the U.S. A study was reported of fatal injuries sustained by a sample of traffic accident victims in Sweden, including an estimate that 12% of these fatalities could have been saved by better emergency care. The requirements of care during ambulance transport of severely injured patients were discussed, based on an analysis of 116 accident fatalities in Helsinki, Finland during 1970-1971. It was concluded that lives can be saved by improving respiratory and circulatory care through effective education of ambulance personnel. The research programs in resuscitology (critical care medicine) developed within the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of Pittsburgh were described; these programs are now being intensified and expanded in the form of a Resuscitation Research Institute. Components of an emergency and critical care delivery system are tabulated. Personal experience was reported concerning the teachability of artificial respiration in third world countries. The ability of urban school children (ages 7 to 11) in Brazil to effectively learn mouth-to-mouth breathing was verified. Factory workers in the country were able to learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CRP) but were unable to maintain acceptable performance if not retrained every eight months; ability to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing was retained. Others' experiences in CPR teaching were also recounted. KW - Developing countries KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Resuscitation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203631 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380650 JO - Maryland State Medical Journal PB - Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of MD AU - Benner, C AU - Brown, T C AU - Cowley, R A AU - Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of MD TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING IN MARYLAND: A SPECIAL REPORT, 1979 PY - 1979/12 VL - 28 IS - 12 SP - p. 57-60 AB - Basic principles of blood alcohol content (BAC) and risk of accident, serious injury, and death in motor vehicles are examined, along with pertinent Maryland data. Maryland's present drinking and driving law, including its strengths and weaknesses, and possible alternatives are examined. One-half of all Maryland traffic fatalities and serious injury highway accidents are directly attributable to drinking and driving. Recently, the average BAC of the victims has been .144%. In 1969, the Maryland drinking/driving law was changed to include an express consent statute relating to the chemical test for alcohol content, and a two-step system for prosecuting DUI (driving while under the influence) offenders (driving while intoxicated at .15% BAC and above, driving while impaired at .10% and above). The penalties are both judicial (jail terms and fines) and administrative (suspension or revocation of license); the court or Motor Vehicle Administration can also make other suggestions, primarily concerned with rehabilitation and education. While the law change had an initial impact, the DUI arrest rate has remained relatively low; a high percentage (38% in 1977 and 1978) of persons refuse to take the chemical test. Since refusal cannot be used as evidence against the defendant or counted as an alcohol-related offense, the use of probation before judgment, rather than a finding of guilt or innocence, is common. The maximum penalty in Maryland at .15% BAC (revocation) compares with the maximum penalties in other states at .10% BAC; there is no minimum sanction. Suggested alternatives include mandatory administrative sanctions for driving while intoxicated or impaired, lowering the limits to .08% and .10% (the legal limit recommended by the Department of Transportation), and increasing time of license suspension for refusal to take a BAC test. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Express consent statute KW - Fatalities KW - Legal action KW - Maryland KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Penalties KW - Prosecution KW - Sanctions KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196954 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380665 JO - Medical Hypotheses PB - Churchill Livingstone AU - Robinson, A A AU - Churchill Livingstone TI - MALE, FEMALE HEART DISEASE: RELATIONSHIP WITH VEHICLE TRAVEL PY - 1979/12 VL - 5 IS - 12 SP - 10 p. AB - Australian data (1956-1966) on heart disease and motor vehicle accident death risk per 100,000 population are compared for males and females by age group. These data, in conjunction with evidence from World Health Organization statistics, support a relationship between deaths due to heart disease and those resulting from accidents. It is postulated that vehicle travel is the primary cause of heart disease, due to the visual stimulus of motion which triggers metabolic processes causing stimulation of the motor and neural systems. This hypothesis is supported by findings of Bellet (1969) and Simonson (1968) and by the definition of stress as "any potentially damaging strain, force, or agent which stimulates a physiological defense reaction...capable of producing pathological lesions." It is recommended that the stimulus input should be modified, e.g. through wearing by passengers of special glasses or hats that restrict vision, car and road design changes, and alteration of road centerline striping. KW - Australia KW - Cardiac disorder KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Females KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Males KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Physiological aspects KW - Stresses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Visual perception KW - Visual stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376884 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Widome, M D AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY: THE PEDIATRICIAN'S RESPONSIBILITY PY - 1979/12 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - p. 966-968 AB - The childhood health hazard posed by automobiles is addressed, with reference to the risky practice of holding young infants on the lap of unrestrained adults in a car's front seat. Crash tests conducted by the Insurance Inst. for Hwy. Safety demonstrate the mechanism of injury when young infants are not placed in an appropriate restraint seat. Upon frontal impact, the child is crushed between the parent and the car's interior surfaces. Even when the adult is wearing a seat belt, and in moderate-speed crashes, the average adult is unable to prevent the child from impacting the dashboard or windshield. The proper use of approved, crash-tested infant seats provides the best available protection for infants in automobiles. There is a need for pediatricians to discuss highway safety with their patients, although some believe that the school is the appropriate vehicle for highway safety education. Data regarding the precise factors associated with a physician's effectiveness as a health educator are lacking. Improved passive restraint systems, such as air bags, are potentially the pediatrician's greatest ally, since this protection does not depend on patient and parent compliance. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Physicians KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376844 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Doolittle, R P AU - Brown, R T AU - Boshell, A AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - ADOLESCENTS AND MOTORCYCLE SAFETY: THE CASE FOR HEALTH ADVOCACY PY - 1979/12 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - p. 963-965 AB - Increased morbidity and mortality in the adolescent population are related to motorcycle accidents; the adolescent male has a 2% chance of being killed or seriously injured for each year he owns a motorcycle. Motorcycle accidents, which represented 1.5% of 1977 U.S. motor vehicle accidents, accounted for 6.1% of the fatalities. Of all motorcycle accidents, 90% involve personal injury or death vs. 9% of all other motor vehicle accidents. Motorcycle injuries are most frequent among male drivers between 15 and 24 years of age, with a peak at age 18. There is an important association between head injury and death. Helmet law repeal in 22 states has resulted in an increase in the incidence and severity of injury and fatality rates. Head and major bone and joint injuries account for considerable morbidity. Driver age, collision type, speed, engine size, and driver stature are also related to the incidence and/or severity of injury. Unexpectedly, driver education has not demonstrated a difference in crash, death, or injury rates. Physicians and other health professionals need to identify the population at risk among their patients and to stress the appropriate safety measures. Individuals and health organizations should join in a strong effort for legislative action in several areas: helmet laws, license restriction, decreased engine size, driver education, mandatory accident insurance, stricter competency requirements for all motor vehicle drivers, and media awareness programs. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318931 AU - Mitre Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE USE OF LORAN-C IN TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS PY - 1979/12 SP - 50 p. AB - The extension of LORAN-C operations from Marine Services to terrestrial vehicle tracking applications in urban centers is discussed. Two successful experimental vehicle tracking systems, one in Philadelphia, PA and the other in Washington, DC are described. LORAN-C receiver parameters which must be upgraded for terrestrial use are identified and minimum receiver performance characteristics then suggested for land-based vehicle tracking. KW - Automatic tracking KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Ground vehicles KW - Loran KW - Performance KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Radio receivers KW - Tracking systems KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337182 AU - Oetting, H AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR SPARK IGNITION DATA BASE. VOLUME III: MISCELLANEOUS DATA, PART II PY - 1979/12 SP - 403 p. AB - Test data was obtained from spark ignition production and preproduction engines at the engine and vehicle level. The engines were applicable for vehicles 2000 to 3000 pounds in weight. The data obtained provided trade-offs between fuel economy, power, emission constraints and emission control technology, and other relevent parameters. Volume III, the appendixes, presents miscellaneous data used during the program. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance evaluations KW - Power KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Tables (Data) KW - Technology KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337124 AU - Oetting, H AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR SPARK IGNITION DATA BASE. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/12 SP - 44 p. AB - Test data was obtained from spark ignition production and preproduction engines at the engine and vehicle level. The engines were applicable for vehicles 2000 to 3000 pounds in weight. The data obtained provided trade-offs between fuel economy, power, emission constraints and emission control technology, and other relevant parameters. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance evaluations KW - Power KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Technology KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337126 AU - Oetting, H AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR SPARK IGNITION DATA BASE. VOLUME III: MISCELLANEOUS DATA, PART I PY - 1979/12 SP - 443 p. AB - Test data was obtained from spark ignition production and preproduction engines at the engine and vehicle level. The engines were applicable for vehicles 2000 to 3000 pounds in weight. The data obtained provided trade-offs between fuel economy, power, emission constraints and emission control technology, and other relevent parameters. Volume III, the appendixes, presents miscellaneous data used during the program. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance evaluations KW - Power KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Tables (Data) KW - Technology KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337125 AU - Oetting, H AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR SPARK IGNITION DATA BASE. VOLUME II: DISCUSSION AND RESULTS PY - 1979/12 SP - 390 p. AB - Test data was obtained from spark ignition production and preproduction engines at the engine and vehicle level. The engines were applicable for vehicles 2000 to 3000 pounds in weight. The data obtained provided trade-offs between fuel economy, power, emission constraints and emission control technology, and other relevent parameters. Volume II, the main body of the report, provides a discussion of the fuel economy and emissions obtained, a description of the engine/vehicle system tested and the results of factory driveability tests. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance evaluations KW - Power KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Technology KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327756 AU - Reis, R E AU - Davis, L A AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DUI (DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE) CLIENT CHARACTERISTICS: AN INTERIM ANALYSIS OF THE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT PROCESS PY - 1979/12 SP - 105 p. AB - The report examines the personal characteristics of those traffic offenders convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) who comprise the CDUI Project's treatment research sample. The study assesses the degree to which the random assignment process has been successful in distributing Project clients among the various treatment groups, such that the personal characteristics of clients in each group are equivalent. This confirmation of the random assignment process also provides a concise description of persons on whom the determination of treatment effectiveness will be based. Fifteen client characteristics were examined including general demographics, socio-economic data, arrest and court related information, and diagnostic information. These characteristics were compared between treatment groups for each of three principal research designs, one for first offender DUI's and two for multiple offender DUI's. A composite of the two multiple offender samples was also analyzed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Safety KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic assignment KW - Treatment KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314451 AU - Fabian, G J AU - Frig, G E AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALSPAN CHRYSLER RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE. PHASE III. FINAL DESIGN REPORT. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/12 SP - 258 p. AB - A comprehensive summary of the final design of the Calspan/Chrysler RSV is presented. Reference is made to earlier studies in which the design goals were established. Details of the design tradeoff analyses and the final design decisions which culminated in the cars built for the fourth, or final, phase of the six-year program are given. These vehicles are based on a modern-high production car design which was modified to achieve the resistance to damage in low speed collisions, pedestrian safeguards and occupant protection characteristics which were desired. Subsequent testing in various types of impacts at Calspan and elsewhere demonstrated these qualities. Analytical development and testing activities supporting the evolution and improvement of the individual body and chassis components are discussed and the final parts are illustrated with photos and drawings. The documentation includes a bill of materials from which the actual automobiles were fabricated. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Chassis KW - Components KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Exhaust gases KW - Materials recovery KW - Materials recovery (Mining) KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Passengers KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety vehicles KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313154 AU - Cantwell, C AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - LIGHT DUTY TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORICAL DATA BASE PY - 1979/12 SP - 60 p. AB - The report is a collection of data concerning physical, operating, performance, and market characteristics of light duty trucks for the model years 1972 and 1975 thru 1977. The data is stored on tape in DOT/TSC DEC System 10 computer system. Information was collected from published and unpublished sources with extrapolation and correlations being made when raw data was not available. Vehicles are reported by model year and grouped by manufacturer using production volume, model, body type, engine displacement, transmission and GVWR class attributes as criteria to select representative vehicle configurations. Characteristics are documented for vehicles representative of total U.S. sales of domestic and imported light duty trucks for the model years indicated. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Light trucks KW - Markets KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313960 AU - Schink, G R AU - Loxley, C J AU - Wharton Econometrics Forecasting Associates, Inc AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE AUTOMOBILE MARKET: MODELING THE LONG-RUN DETERMINANTS OF THE DEMAND FOR AUTOMOBILES. VOLUME III - APPENDICES TO THE WHARTON EFA AUTOMOBILE DEMAND MODEL PY - 1979/12 SP - 274 p. AB - An econometric model is developed which provides long-run policy analysis and forecasting of annual trends, for U.S. auto stock, new sales, and their composition by auto size-class. The concept of "desired" (equilibrium) stock is introduced. "Desired stock" and its composition by size-class are related to numerous economic and demographic variables using cross-section data. Among them is a new "capitalized cost per mile" measure, which expresses all costs over time relative to miles driven, discounted back to the present. New registrations, total and by class, and scrappage are found to be strongly related to "desired stock" relative to actual stock, with other influences operating as "speed of adjustment" factors. Fuel efficiency is analyzed in detail, relating mpg by class to physical vehicle characteristics and technological developments. Purchase prices and options expenditures are analyzed and all cost measures distinguished by foreign vs domestic origin as well as by size-class. Volume I summarizes and describes the study, and contains a forecast through 2000. Volume II contains extensive simulation analysis, with public policy implications. Volume III contains data and methodology appendices. KW - Automobiles KW - Capitalized costs KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Econometric models KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inventory control KW - Market research KW - Policy KW - Simulation KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313956 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY COMPLIANCE TEST PROGRAM FMVSS 212, 219, 301-75, NCAP, ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DIVISION DATA PY - 1979/12 SP - 86 p. AB - The report presents information acquired during the preparation and execution of tests of the following 1979 vehicles: BMW 528i, Ford Fiesta, Saab 900 GL, Toyota Corolla, and Volvo 244 DL. The tests were conducted to address FMVSS 212, 219, 301-75 and the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) requirements. The vehicles contained two Part 572 dummies fully instrumented and accelerometers were mounted as specified on the vehicle. In addition to the data acquired for compliance evaluation and the NCAP, data were acquired for the Accident Investigation Division also. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313954 AU - Schink, G R AU - Loxley, C J AU - Wharton Econometrics Forecasting Associates, Inc AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE AUTOMOBILE MARKET: MODELING THE LONG-RUN DETERMINANTS OF THE DEMAND FOR AUTOMOBILES. VOLUME II - SIMULATION ANALYSIS USING THE WHARTON EFA AUTOMOBILE DEMAND MODEL PY - 1979/12 SP - 353 p. AB - An econometric model is developed which provides long-run policy analysis and forecasting of annual trends, for U.S. auto stock, new sales, and their composition by auto size-class. The concept of "desired" (equilibrium) stock is introduced. "Desired stock" and its composition by size-class are related to numerous economic and demographic variables using cross-section data. Among them is a new "capitalized cost per mile" measure, which expresses all costs over time relative to miles driven, discounted back to the present. New registrations, total and by class, and scrappage are found to be strongly related to "desired stock" relative to actual stock, with other influences operating as "speed of adjustment" factors. Fuel efficiency is analyzed in detail, relating mpg by class to physical vehicle characteristics and technological developments. Purchase prices and options expenditures are analyzed and all cost measures distinguished by foreign vs domestic origin as well as by size-class. Volume I summarizes and describes the study, and contains a forecast through 2000. Volume II contains extensive simulation analysis, with public policy implications. Volume III contains data and methodology appendices. KW - Automobiles KW - Capitalized costs KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Econometric models KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inventory control KW - Market research KW - Policy KW - Simulation KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313152 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1979/12 SP - 142 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning the handling, operation, and safety of school buses. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Bibliographies KW - Buses KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway transportation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Requirement KW - Safety engineering KW - School buses KW - Schools KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Students KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313115 AU - Morris, J B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEAT BELT PERFORMANCE OF MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS INSTALLED IN THE GM AND CHEVROLET CHEVETTE AND THE VW RABBIT PY - 1979/12 SP - 11 p. AB - Tests of both manual and automatic seat belt equipped Chevrolet Chevettes and VW Rabbits have been conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The report reviews the test data and attempts to explain the reason for the difference in performance of the two (manual and automatic) seat belt systems. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Reviews KW - Safety engineering KW - Systems analysis KW - Tests KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313188 AU - Schnik, G R AU - Loxley, C J AU - Wharton Econometrics Forecasting Associates, Inc AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE AUTOMOBILE MARKET: MODELING THE LONG-RUN DETERMINANTS OF THE DEMAND FOR AUTOMOBILES. VOLUME I. THE WHARTON EFA AUTOMOBILE DEMAND MODEL PY - 1979/12 SP - 164 p. AB - An econometric model is developed which provides long-run policy analysis and forecasting of annual trends, for U.S. auto stock, new sales, and their composition by auto size-class. The concept of "desired" (equilibrium) stock is introduced. "Desired stock" and its composition by size-class are related to numerous economic and demographic variables using cross-section data. Among them is a new "capitalized cost per mile" measure, which expresses all costs over time relative to miles driven, discounted back to the present. New registrations, total and by class, and scrappage are found to be strongly related to "desired" stock relative to actual stock, with other influences operating as "speed of adjustment" factors. Fuel efficiency is analyzed in detail, relating mpg by class to physical vehicle characteristics and technological developments. Purchase prices and options expenditures are analyzed and all cost measures distinguished by foreign vs domestic origin as well as by size-class. Volume I summarizes and describes the study, and contains a forecast through 2000. Volume II contains extensive simulation analysis, with public policy implications. Volume III contains data and methodology appendices. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Demographics KW - Econometric models KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Fuel consumption KW - Long range planning KW - Long term KW - Market research KW - Needs assessment KW - Traffic forecasting KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394230 AU - Drinking Driver Monitor Program TI - DRINKING DRIVER MONITOR PROGRAM PY - 1979/11/21 SP - 36 p. AB - The Drinking Driver Monitor Program of Baltimore County, Maryland is outlined. The program is based on 5 concepts: identification, evaluation, motivation, treatment, and tracking (monitoring). This report explains each of these concepts and steps in relation to the functions of the trial court/criminal justice system and the procedures in operating the program. The design of the program is simple and free of bureaucratic entanglements. It provides for accurate and readily accessible records on individual defendants and overall program statistics. A detailed outline of the clerical procedures is included. KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Monitoring KW - Motivation KW - Statistics KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212316 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384710 JO - New England Journal of Medicine PB - Massachusetts Medical Society AU - Hoffer, E P AU - Massachusetts Medical Society TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES, 1979 PY - 1979/11/15 VL - 301 IS - 20 SP - p. 1118 AB - The impact of a 1966 National Academy of Sciences report on the "neglected epidemic" of accident death and disability led to passage of the National Highway Traffic Safety Act in that year. Similarly, a 1973 report by the Conference on Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Medical Care, pointing out the life-saving potential of emergency techniques, led to the Emergency Medical Services System (EMSS) Act of 1973. Federal legislation has identified 15 components of an EMS system reflecting the coordinated effort among persons and institutions required for optimal medical care. The most visible change in emergency care since 1973 has been the replacement of the dual-purpose station wagon with the modular ambulance. Other prehospitalization phase advances include an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)/Ambulance training course, a national training course standard for paramedics (the basis for the new National Registry for EMT/paramedics), and mobile advanced life-support systems. Since the early 1960's, there has been a growth in the number of full-time emergency physicians. A controversial issue among EMS planners is categorization of hospital facilities, a concept that has emerged as a keystone of Federal emergency care planning and grant awards. In some emergency care areas (e.g. the newborn, the critically burned, and persons with spinal cord injuries), there is evidence or support that specialty centers decrease mortality and long-term morbidity. For other conditions, particularly acute coronary events and trauma, the data are less solid. KW - Ambulances KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Emergency procedures KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Injuries KW - Life support systems KW - Mobile equipment KW - Paramedics KW - Portable equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318417 AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CAR/TRAILER HANDLING AND BRAKING STANDARDS PY - 1979/11 SP - 423p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318407 AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS PY - 1979/11 SP - 673p-in 6v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318412 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME V: FMVSS 213 (CHILD SEATING SYSTEMS) PY - 1979/11 SP - 74 p. AB - A program was conducted to determine the cost and weight of several popular infant and child seats. The seats were purchased, torndown to basic components, cost and manufacturing processing methods applied to derive variable cost, specimens photographed and costs extended by use of the Macro-Analysis Method to develop Wholesale and Consumer Cost. Consumer cost varied for infant seats from $20.00 to $26.50 and the weight varied from 1.5 to 8.8 pounds. Consumer cost of the child seat varied from $40.97 to $49.95 and the weight varied from 8.8 pounds to 10.8 pounds. KW - Analysis KW - Child restraint systems KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Infants KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318418 AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CAR/TRAILER HANDLING AND BRAKING STANDARDS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/11 SP - 39 p. AB - This report summarizes the development of handling and braking performance requirements for passenger cars towing trailers. These requirements are based on the results of over 2000 combination-vehicle tests with eight trailers and three rear wheel drive tow cars (in 95 different configurations), over 500 tests with three trailers and two front wheel drive tow cars (in 38 different configurations), plus the results of previous trailer towing research. The proposed standards include recommendations for straight line braking performance, trailer swing stability, tow car steady turn stability, and combined brake in turn stability and performance. For straight line braking, the recommended performance criterion is 0.4 g deceleration of the combination-vehicle. A tow car weight based on trailer brake capability requirement is presented to insure that the combination-vehicle will meet this deceleration requirement. For trailer swing stability the safety-related performance measure is damping ratio, or the equivalent cycles to one-half amplitude. A minimum damping ratio of 0.15 (or 3/4 cycles to one-half amplitude) has been recommended. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deceleration KW - Dynamic braking KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Parasites KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standards KW - Steering KW - Towed vehicles KW - Towing devices KW - Towing vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318410 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME III: FMVSS 122 (MOTORCYCLE BRAKE SYSTEMS) PY - 1979/11 SP - 35 p. AB - A program was conducted to determine if implementation consumer cost and weight variance resulted from the establishment of the standard in January 1974. Five models of motorcycle brake systems were examined. The same components existed for both the implementation year and the year prior to implementation. A further check indicated that the standard was being met for several years prior to the implementation date. The Honda Model 350 changed to a Model 360. The change in components were believed by the Contractor to be due to design requirements rather than the standard. It was concluded that the cost of implementation of the standard in January 1974 was zero. A summary of cost data was presented for each model studied. KW - Analysis KW - Brakes KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Implementation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318419 AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CAR/TRAILER HANDLING AND BRAKING STANDARDS. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT FOR PHASE I - REAR WHEEL DRIVE TOW CARS PY - 1979/11 SP - 150 p. AB - This report identifies suitable handling and braking performance requirements for rear-wheel drive passenger cars towing trailers. This includes straight line braking, trailer swing stability, tow car steady turn stability, and combined brake-in-turn stability. Over 2000 combination-vehicle tests with eight trailers and three tow cars (in over 250 different configurations), plus the results of previous trailer towing research were then used to validate and/or revise the criteria and procedures. For straight line braking performance a combination-vehicle deceleration criterion of 0.4 g is recommended. A tow car weight requirement based on trailer brake capability is presented to insure the combination vehicle will meet the deceleration requirement. For trailer swing stability the safety-related performance measure is damping ratio, or the equivalent cycles to one-half amplitude. A minimum damping ratio of 0.15 (or 3/4 cycles to 1/2 amplitude) is recommended. Test procedures and analysis curves are presented which can be used to determine damping ratios for each trailer. In this case a minimum hitch load criterion based on tow car weight is suggested to insure performance compliance. For tow car stability a tentative performance criterion of maintaining a positive tow car understeer gradient up to and including 0.3 g cornering is recommended. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deceleration KW - Dynamic braking KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standards KW - Steering KW - Towed vehicles KW - Towing devices KW - Towing vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318411 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME IV: FMVSS 202 (HEAD RESTRAINTS) AND 207 (SEATING SYSTEMS) PY - 1979/11 SP - 84 p. AB - A program was conducted to determine the consumer cost and weight variance due to the implementation of FMVSS 202 and FMVSS 207. Several 1969 vehicle seats were purchased for the purpose of obtaining adjustable headrests, integral headrests, and seat locks. The standard tear-down cost estimating procedure was used to develop variable cost. The Macro-Analysis Factor was used to develop wholesale and consumer cost for each specimen. A volume weighted average of weight and consumer cost was developed for the integral and adjustable headrests. These weighted averages were applied to the 1979 industry vehicle mix. The implementation of FMVSS 202 resulted in a consumer cost of $17.68 and an increase in weight of 9.15 per vehicle. Several lock specimens were examined, cost estimate made, data extended by using the Macro-Analysis Method and average cost of implementation FMVSS 207 was a consumer cost of $6.81 and an increase in weight of 2.69 pounds. This standard only applies to vehicles with hinge front seats. No additional reinforcement appeared under the area of the seat attachments. KW - Analysis KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Headrests KW - Implementation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318409 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME II: FMVSS 108 (SIDE MARKER LAMPS) PY - 1979/11 SP - 118 p. AB - A program was conducted to determine the implementation consumer cost and weight variance per vehicle caused by the implementation of FMVSS 108 in January 1970. This study is direct to the implementation of the lamps to the system. Baseline systems were established and a cost and weight variance was considered the implementation cost and weight. A volume weighted average was prepared for the four car classes in the years of implementation. The weighted average factors were applied to the 1979 car volumes. The implementation resulted in a consumer cost increase of $2.89 and a weight increase of .38 pounds. The Halogen Lamp was studied and the consumer cost was estimated to be $3.21 each. Weight of the lamp was 1.1 pounds. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Halogens KW - Implementation KW - Lamps KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318408 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME I: FMVSS 105 (HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS ON PASSENGER CARS) PY - 1979/11 SP - 303 p. AB - A program was conducted to develop the consumer cost and weight variance resulting in the implementation of FMVSS 105 in the 1968 and 1976 passenger vehicles. An Integrated Cost Sampling Plan was developed that provided for the selection of specimen vehicles from the four classes of vehicles. Total brake systems were purchased for 1966 vehicles and were considered the baseline systems. Cost and weight differential between 1966 and 1968 models was the result of the first implementation. The cost and weight difference between the 1968 and 1976 models was the result of the second implementation. Automotive industry type teardown and manufacturing cost estimating techniques were applied and developed cost and weight data for the implementation analysis. The consumer cost per vehicle for the 1968 implementation was $11.80 and a weight increase of 15.83 pounds. The 1976 implementation consumer cost was $10.57 with an increase of 25.94 pounds. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Implementation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318421 AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CAR/TRAILER HANDLING AND BRAKING STANDARDS. VOLUME IV: TECHNICAL REPORT FOR PHASE II - FRONT WHEEL DRIVE TOW CARS PY - 1979/11 SP - 109 p. AB - This report verifies the handling and braking performance requirements proposed in Vol. II for passenger cars towing trailers. This includes straight line braking, trailer swing stability, tow car steady turn stability, and combined brake-in-turn stability. Over 500 combinations vehicle tests with three trailers and two front wheel drive tow cars (in 34 different configurations), plus the results of previous trailer towing research have been integrated into proposed performance criteria, and a compliance format based on tow car and trailer characteristics. For straight line braking performance a combination-vehicle (CV) deceleration criteria of 0.4g is recommended. A tow car weight requirement based on trailer brake capability is presented to insure the CV will meet this deceleration requirement. For unbraked trailers the tow car gross weight rating should never be less than 1.5 times the trailer weight. For trailer swing stability the safety-related performance measure is damping ratio, or the equivalent cycles to one-half amplitude. A minimum damping ratio of 0.15 (or 3/4 cycles to 1/2 amplitude) is recommended. Test procedures and analysis curves are presented which can be used to determine damping ratio for each trailer. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deceleration KW - Dynamic braking KW - Front wheel drive KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standards KW - Steering KW - Towed vehicles KW - Towing devices KW - Towing vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318177 AU - Legum, S E AU - Eden, S AU - Zook, L AU - Ames, L L AU - Kinton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OWNER MANUALS FOR SERVICE AND REPAIR OF FMVSS 121 AIR BRAKE SYSTEMS PY - 1979/11 SP - 62 p. AB - The FMVSS 121 air brake anti-lock equipment is currently found on a half million vehicles operating on the nation's highways. Approximately half of these vehicles are maintained by owner-operators who usually act as their own mechanics. Many of these owner-operators are unfamiliar with the 121 maintenance and repair procedures. Consequently the anti-lock systems may be inoperative on their vehicles during long periods of time. The objectives of this project is to develop troubleshooting manuals that make the troubleshooting so simple that owner-operators can repair their own FMVSS 121 system and thereby change the attitude that causes systems to be inoperative for long periods. KW - Air brakes KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standards KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314076 AU - Edmond, H J AU - Hanson, R H AU - Morganstein, D R AU - Waksberg, J AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM SAMPLE DESIGN, PHASES 2 AND 3. VOLUME I: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/11 SP - 145 p. AB - The document reports on a redesign of the sample for the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). The NASS is under development by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to provide a representative source of traffic accident data for use by regulatory agencies and accident researchers. KW - Casualties KW - Cluster analysis KW - Clustering KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Sampling KW - States KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314075 AU - Edmonds, H J AU - Hanson, R H AU - Morganstein, D R AU - Waksberg, J AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM SAMPLE DESIGN. PHASES 2 AND 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/11 SP - 26 p. AB - The report describes the Phase 2 and 3 sample design for the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). It recommends a procedure for the first-stage selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSU's) and the second-stage design for the selection of accidents for investigation. Cost models are developed to estimate the operating characteristics of the NASS. The design features extensive use of stratification and clustering. Controlled probability selection is used to insure geographic dispersion of the 75 recommended investigation sites, including the initial 10 NASS pilot sites. KW - Casualties KW - Cluster analysis KW - Clustering KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Sampling KW - States KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33325/33325.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313197 AU - Andon, J AU - Falk, R AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OLDSMOBILE OMEGA X-BODY BASELINE WEIGHT DATA PY - 1979/11 SP - 125 p. AB - A baseline weight study was made of the 1979 Oldsmobile X-Body 4-Door Sedan with a 2.8 litre V-6 engine and an automatic 3-speed transaxle (front wheel drive) transmission. The vehicle teardown was limited to the detail necessary to be useful to predict weight reduction for automotive fuel conservation studies. A complete parts list, which includes component description, quantity per car, total weight per car, material description, method of fabrication and gauge thickness, and photographs of the major components, are presented. A weight summary and material distribution list are included. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Components KW - Fuel consumption KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Transmissions KW - Weight KW - Weight mass KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452405 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A PROGRAM TO IMPROVE SAFETY & INJURY PROTECTION OF MOTORCYCLE, MINIBIKE & MOPED RIDERS (IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF MOTORBIKE ACCIDENTS) PY - 1979/11 SP - 119 p. AB - A project designed to improve safety and injury protection of riders of motorcycles, minibikes, and motorbikes (mopeds) on New York State highways was conducted by the Research Accident Investigation Team of the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry from October 1, 1976 to December 31, 1978. The study was conducted in an area which included Monroe, Ontario, and Wayne counties (the "Three County Area"). This area has been found to be suitable for sampling accidents which are representative of those occurring throughout the State, outside of New York City. Three interim reports were submitted to the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles in 1977 and in early 1978. In 1978, investigations of accidents involving motorcycles, and mopeds continued. In-depth studies concentrated on all moped accidents that occurred in the study area to determine their characteristics in comparison with accidents involving motorcycles and bicycles. Particular attention was given to injury characteristics and their sources and attempts were made to estimate their magnitude in terms of severity in relation to motorcycle and bicycle accidents as well as the overall accident population. In-depth investigations of a twenty percent sample of motorcycle accidents were also conducted, as well as some further evaluation of data in the police and motorists' reports of accidents. Effort was also expanded in 1978 to investigate motorcycle/minibike/moped accidents which were not known to be investigated by police agencies. This final report covers the particular aspects of the study that was conducted in 1978, as well as some analysis of the accident data that were collected for the three-year period. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bicycles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Protection KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390973 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Alfa, A S AU - Minh, D L AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - A STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR THE TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRAFFIC DEMAND--THE PEAK HOUR PROBLEM PY - 1979/11 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 315-324 AB - A mechanism by which commuters select departure time from home is suggested; based on this, a method is proposed for predicting the temporal distribution of traffic demand during the peak period. The traffic demand model is based on the assumption that commuters wish to arrive at work at a particular time without long delays in the traffic system. A commuter, therefore, assigns cost to delays as well as to early and late arrivals at work. This model proposes an iterative procedure by which to obtain the distribution of a commuter's departure time from home, assuming that he tries to minimize total cost. Three illustrative examples of the method are provided, one of which shows the effect of flexing work hours. KW - Commuters KW - Costs KW - Departure time KW - Flexible hours KW - Mathematical models KW - Minimization KW - Peak periods KW - Physical distribution KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210217 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390741 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - CLARK, R AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - FATIGUE MAKES FOR DANGEROUS DRIVING PY - 1979/11 IS - 107 SP - p. 29-30 AB - Ways are examined to combat fatigue and boredom while driving, thereby making travel safer, since fatigue results in dangerous driving. Steady speeds on highways can be more wearying than varied speeds required on local roads; heavy traffic can result in stress. In avoiding fatigue, it helps if the driver sits comfortably. An incorrect posture can restrict oxygen intake. Adequate but not excessive food and enough sleep can maximize muscular efficiency and driving safety. To maintain body warmth and to stimulate circulation, 10-minute stops every hour are recommended for trips. Companionship is the best solution for boredom, with regular checks on vehicle instruments being a good way of marking time. Tips for avoiding car sickness are identified, as well as circumstances in which an individual should not drive. A checklist to facilitate safe driving emphasizes physical characteristics of the individual, features of the car, drugs and their interaction with driving, and the trip itinerary. KW - Alertness KW - Comfort KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Rest stops KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Travel time KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210039 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390743 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - TEENS, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL PY - 1979/11 IS - 107 SP - p. 8-9 AB - Teenager's interest in drugs and alcohol and its impact on driving are discussed. In 1977, about 3923 drinking drivers aged 15 to 20 years were involved in fatal motor vehicle accidents resulting in 4657 fatalities. One out of four high school students who drink say that they have been drunk three or more times while driving. Since 1970, the number of alcohol-related traffic accidents involving teenage drivers has increased by 28%. While the teenager who has smoked marijuana, consumed alcohol, or both is a definite hazard on the highway, some people feel that the adult who takes tranquilizers regularly represents a more substantial hazard. The problem with teenagers, however, is that dangers may be multiplied if the intoxicant has been taken by an inexperienced driver who considers drugs to be a normal part of daily life. The message of teenage drug education programs is that driving an automobile under the influence of any mood-altering drug is dangerous. Such driving is particularly dangerous in heavy traffic where the driver must make many decisions simultaneously. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Marijuana KW - Teenage drivers KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210041 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382553 JO - Health & Social Work PB - National Association of Social Workers AU - Saunders, D N AU - National Association of Social Workers TI - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF "DRUNK DRIVING": LESSONS FOR SOCIAL WORK PY - 1979/11 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - p. 84-106 AB - Driving while intoxicated is discussed as a problem similar to others faced by social workers in health care and related services. It is suggested that a systems approach as used by the Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP) can be applied to such social problems as alcoholism, child abuse, and juvenile delinquency. These problems all involve clients who have difficulty recognizing and accepting their problems and judging the extent to which their behavior is tolerable. These individuals would benefit from early identification of problems, from prevention, from better coordination among ASAP system components, and from the support and legitimization that would result from a stronger role of the judicial system. The ASAP, developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, contains five primary components: enforcement of laws on drunk driving, judicial discretion in handling the arrested, comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation programs, the dissemination of information on drunk driving to the public, and evaluation. The basic thrust of ASAP is to reduce drinking and driving rather than to focus on abstinence as a treatment goal. The program is directed towards drivers with a wide range of drinking problems. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Prevention KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Service agencies KW - Social service KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202505 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380666 JO - Anaesthesia PB - Academic Press Incorporated AU - Cundy, J M AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - MEDICAL ASPECTS OF FITNESS TO DRIVE PY - 1979/11 VL - 34 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - Little research data on the residual effects of anesthesia on patients' driving ability is available, due to problems inherent with obtaining valid research data (e.g. underreporting of residual effects in retrospective studies, prohibitively high patient sample size needed in prospective studies, built-in bias of questionnaires). Several studies using driving simulators are reviewed, as well as various medical opinions on driving after anesthesia. Recommendations are made for the anesthetist's advice to his patients about the residual effects of drugs and necessary precautions. For short-stay patients, clear instructions should be given verbally and in writing before administering the anesthetic. Patients fit for discharge the same day should be accompanied home; they should be warned not to drive or use machinery for a clearly defined time interval and of the potentiating effects of alcohol. The recommended time interval is 8 hr. for inhalation techniques such as nitrous oxide and supplements of halothane and enflurane; a 24 hr. interval is recommended when using other induction agents. If patients plan to return to normal activity the next day, drugs with prolonged effects (e.g. benzodiazepines and trichloroethylene) should be avoided and agents such as thiopentone and methohexitone used in moderation. Only local anesthesia or propanidid should be administered if a patient wishes to drive as soon as possible. KW - Anesthesia KW - Anesthetics KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Driving fitness KW - Driving simulators KW - Physical fitness KW - Residual effects KW - Synergism (Ecology) KW - Synergistic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196961 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376849 JO - Visual Impairment and Blindness PB - American Foundation for the Blind AU - Kelleher, D K AU - American Foundation for the Blind TI - DRIVING WITH LOW VISION PY - 1979/11 VL - 73 SP - p. 345-350 AB - The current status of driving with low vision (below minimum central visual acuity), is discussed both with and without a bioptic telescope. The bioptic serves as a spotting system for vision impaired drivers; two types of bioptics are illustrated. Licensing criteria and bioptic use training for low-vision drivers are specified, and misunderstandings about the advantages and disadvantages of the bioptic are clarified. Preliminary data are presented on the accident rates of bioptic drivers (vs. those of normally sighted drivers) in California, Massachusetts, and New York. It is stated that the best way to refute the notion that low-vision drivers pose an unacceptable driving risk is to show that these drivers have good traffic records and are being monitored by the state Dept. of Motor Vehicles (DMV). It is recommended that each state DMV with the appropriate data collection/analysis capability be encouraged to design, implement, and evaluate studies of the low-vision driver with and without the bioptic. In 1971, the author became the first low-vision person in California to be licensed to drive with a bioptic. KW - Bioptic telescopic lenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318514 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - Eckel, C E AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS. TASK IX. SIDE DOOR STRENGTH, IDENTIFICATION AND COST EVALUATION OF DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING CHANGES PY - 1979/11 SP - 54 p. AB - The contractor reviewed the price evaluation of FMVSS 214 performed under Contract No. DOT-HS-7-01767 and selected fourteen commensurate 1979 models and door beams and body pillars (if necessary). The components required were purchased and a weight and consumer price was obtained by the application and automotive component processing. Variable cost was determined by the application of 1979 model year production data. The consumer price was determined by extending the variable cost by the macro-analysis method based on data from 1978. The changes were categorized either by (1) improvement by engineering and/or manufacturing changes or (2) by sizing changes. Four 1979 models did not change, four were redesigned for engineering and manufacturing reasons, and four were downsized and two were upsized. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Design standards KW - Doors KW - Estimates KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards KW - Strength of materials KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318916 AU - Pozzi, M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS 212/219/301 TESTING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES SOUTH COAST TECHNOLOGY-ELECTRIC VW (VOLKSWAGEN) RABBIT; BATTRONICS VAN PY - 1979/11 SP - 156 p. AB - The report presents the results of two electric vehicle-to-barrier head-on crash tests. These tests were conducted to determine if the vehicles would comply with the fuel spillage requirements of federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 301, Fuel System Integrity, the windshield retention requirements of FMVSS 212, and the windshield zone intrusion requirements of FMVSS 219. The standard fixed barrier was replaced by the NHTSA Fixed Test Device with 40 load cells for the SCT Rabbit crash test. The electric vehicles tested in this report were the SCT Electric Rabbit, manufactured by South Coast Technology, Inc., Goleta, California; and the Battronics Van, manufactured by Battronic Truck Corporation, Boyerstown, Pennsylvania. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Electric automobiles KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel systems KW - Fuel tanks KW - Impact tests KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318501 AU - Cropper, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PICKUP AND VAN SIDE STRUCTURE BASELINE ASSESSMENT TESTS 1, 2, AND 3 VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE 60 DEGREE LEFT SIDE IMPACT PY - 1979/11 SP - 265 p. AB - The objective of these tests was to provide baseline data for unmodified pickup trucks and vans when involved in 60 degree left side vehicle-to-vehicle impact crashes. For these tests, the target vehicle was stationary and set at 60 degree to the line of travel of the bullet vehicle. The target vehicle was struck one inch rearward of the left DOR. The bullet vehicles for all three tests were 1978 Chevrolet Impala 4-Door Sedans. The target vehicles were as follows: 1978 Chevrolet C-10 Pickup, 1978 Ford Courier Pickup, and 1978 Ford E-150 Econoline Van. KW - Anatomical models KW - Charts KW - Crashes KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Tables (Data) KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318413 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - LESCZHIK, J A AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME VI: FMVSS 220 (SCHOOL BUS, ROLLOVER PROTECTION), 221 (SCHOOL BUS, JOINT STRENGTH), 222 (SCHOOL BUS, SEATING AND CRASH PROTECTION) PY - 1979/11 SP - 59 p. AB - Total consumer out-of-pocket costs have been estimated for three school bus Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. These are the FMVSS 220 Rollover Protection, FMVSS 221 Body Joint Strength, and FMVSS 222 Seating and Crash Protection. From a list of eight major school bus body builders, three were selected for plant visits. The manufacturers representatives were questioned as to the extent of design, material, production, and personnel changes required to meet each standard. A plant inspection tour was made and the types of buses produced and the rates of production were established. The general findings as to the changes in design and production required to meet the new standards were: FMVSS 220--No change; FMVSS 221--Adhesive added to body joints; and FMVSS 222--Seats strengthened, padding added, front barriers added, seat belts added to under 10,000 pound vehicles. The typical variable profit of the manufacturer was established as was an average dealer's discount. The average costs of complying with the standards were established as: FMVSS 220--No cost; FMVSS 221--$242.37; and FMVSS 222--$784.72 (over 10,000 pounds GVWR)--$249.92 (under 10,000 pounds GVWR). KW - Analysis KW - Buses KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366762 AU - Haslegrave, C M AU - Hardy, R N AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILE OF THE BRITISH CAR OCCUPANT. 1979/2 PY - 1979/11 SP - 74 p. AB - An anthropometric survey of British car drivers and front seat passengers measured seventeen dimensions required in the design of cars. The distributions of dimensions were obtained for the male and female driving populations, showing the variations with age, stature and weight. The survey data has been transferred to computer file for use in design studies, especially in mathematical models requiring parameters of drivers representative of the whole user population. In considering the effect on seating layout of the statistics of drivers and front seat passengers, no significant difference was found between female occupants of either front seat, but male drivers were found to be significantly older and heavier than male passengers, although there was little difference in stature. Comparison with the dimensions of the U.S. civilian population, which have been used up to now in European car design and legislation, showed that where male dimensions have been based on American statistics, they are adequate for the present British driving population, but British female drivers are significantly taller than U.S. civilian women. A factor analysis was used to explore the relationships between dimensions relevant to vehicle design. After normalisation to remove the influence of stature and weight on the other dimensions, three factors were extracted and used to construct a set of body indices which are suggested as shape parameters in the definition of a range of anthropometric dummies and models. KW - Anthropometry KW - Drivers KW - Females KW - Males KW - Mathematical models KW - Passengers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314376 AU - BOBO, S N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF TIRE QUALITY FROM NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION PY - 1979/11 SP - 65 p. AB - The principal objective of the study was to assess the capability of an ultrasonic nondestructive inspection system to identify tire groups with a high propensity to failure among the groups selected for the Compliance Test under MVSS 109. A secondary objective was to assess the capability of the system to identify changes caused by the Compliance Test. The tire population used for the study consisted of 1440 tires purchased by the NHTSA Office of Standards Enforcement. KW - Degredation KW - Failure KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314020 AU - Edmonds, H J AU - Hanson, R H AU - Morganstein, D R AU - Waksberg, J AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM SAMPLE DESIGN, PHASES 2 AND 3. VOLUME II: EXHIBITS PY - 1979/11 SP - 357 p. AB - The report describes the Phase 2 and 3 sample design for the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). It recommends a procedure for the first-stage selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSU's) and the second-stage design for the selection of accidents for investigation. Cost models are developed to estimate the operating characteristics of the NASS. The design features extensive use of stratification and clustering. Controlled probability selection is used to insure geographic dispersion of the 75 recommended investigation sites, including the initial 10 NASS pilot sites. KW - Analysis KW - Computer programming KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sampling KW - Specialized training KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305889 AU - Berube, G AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON OF PRE AND POST ROAD TEST ULTRASONIC INSPECTION RESULTS ON 134 PASSENGER TIRES PY - 1979/11 SP - 38 p. AB - A study was conducted to compare ultrasonic inspection data from 134 tires prior and subsequent to road tests in order to determine whether excessive tread wear could be related to characteristics detected by the ultrasonic inspection. Analysis of data on all tires after road test resulted in the finding that nine of the tires exhibited substantial changes which may be related to abnormal tread wear. KW - Durability KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Road tests KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305923 AU - McCafferty, G P AU - Budd Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNDERRIDE GUARD DESIGN FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1979/11 SP - 60 p. AB - A parametric design analysis was performed in order to define the characteristics of protection devices which could be incorporated on the rear end of highway trailers in order to avoid automobile vehicle underride in a crash situation. Of particular concern in this study was the effect of weight and cost of the devices as they relate to parameters such as load capacity, guard height, restriction of the rear sliding bogie movement, and energy attenuation. Four separate design concepts were developed and compared on the basis of weight, cost, and slider restriction. Included were rigid as well as energy absorbing design approaches. Results have generally indicated that the energy absorbing guard approach has the best potential from a weight efficiency standpoint. The study also points out that significant modifications will be required to the trailer structure to absorb the impact loads under consideration. KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Heaving KW - Impact strength KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Shock resistance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305903 AU - Bobo, S AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF TEN RETREADED TIRES AND THIRTY-TWO CASINGS PY - 1979/11 SP - 29 p. AB - TSC examined 42 tires ultrasonically. Of these, 10 reportedly had belt-edge separations which had been identified and measured prior to retreading (control group). The remaining 32 were reportedly used casings in good condition ready for retreading. The ultrasonic data were analyzed and numerical scores from 1 (poor) to 9 (excellent), were assigned to tread, belts, sidewalls, and carcass for each tire. The tires were ranked in order of overall numerical scores. In the control group there were 5 tires with a belt score of 5; 4 tires with a belt score of 7 or less. In the group of 32 casings the belt scores were as follows; 3 for one casing, 4 for two casings, 5 for one casing, 6 for five casings, 7 for five casings, 8 for eight casings, 9 for 10 casings. If the threshold score which separates defective casings from the remainder is taken to be 7 (on the basis that all tires in the control group had separations), then 16 tires of the 32 are suspect. KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Retreaded tires KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305914 AU - BOBO, S N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORRELATION BETWEEN ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION AND WHEEL TEST OF 34 RETREADED TIRES PY - 1979/11 SP - 86 p. AB - The report covers a test in which 34 retread tires were inspected using reflection ultrasound nondestructive inspection, wheel tested and then subjected to failure analysis by sectioning. The results demonstrate for the first time the ability of ultrasound to identify and classify defects in tires which lead to failures. The nondestructive inspection (NDI) carried out on all 34 tires identified five tires which had major flaws, predominantly separations, and five tires with minor flaws. The wheel test was an 8-hour full-load 55 MPH test in which 6 of the 34 tires failed. All 6 failed tires were analyzed by an outside contractor and the results compared with flaw assessments made by nondestructive inspection. All 6 failed tires came from the ten identified by NDI as having flaws. Five of the six were tires listed as having major flaws by NDI with agreement between non-destructive inspection and failure analysis. Recommendations arising from the study are that the work be used more extensively to support NHTSA's ongoing rule enforcement activities; particularly in the area of identifying and defining separations as cited in FMVSS 109 and buff damage as cited in FMVSS 117. KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Retreaded tires KW - Safety KW - Separation KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305796 AU - Dexter, D AU - Lexington Technology Associates AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CASE STUDY OF THE INNOVATION PROCESS CHARACTERIZING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THREE-WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTER SYSTEM PY - 1979/11 SP - 52 p. AB - This report traces the development of the three-way catalytic converter system from its origins in automaker and chemical firm research in the 1950s, to present plans preparing the system to be the auto exhaust emission control device most widely used on American cars in the 1980s. Multiple forces led to the decision by major automakers in the late 1970s to adopt the system. Among these forces were tightening exhaust emissions regulations; the development of low-cost, mass-producible system components; and institutional factors including strong system advocates, internationalization of the auto industry, and the desire of certain technology-oriented automakers to defend their U.S. market shares by adoption of the system. The paper concludes that the three-way converter system may become the dominant auto exhaust emission control device for American-market cars in the 1980s if problems relating to adoption of the system to 6 and 8 cylinder engines, reduction in requirements for precious metals, and the development of secure sources of supply for those metals are resolved. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Case studies KW - Catalytic converters KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Technology KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313204 AU - Connecticut State Police Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT PROGRAM EVALUATION - 55 MPH. PHASE I. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1979/10/31 SP - 56 p. AB - Phase I of the 55 MPH Impact Program Evaluation, conducted in Connecticut, was a pilot test of the procedures, instrumentation and methods to be employed in the overall demonstration project. The purpose of the demonstration is to assess the relationship between specific levels of police patrol strength on limited access highways and motorists' compliance with the 55 mph speed limit. The present report describes actual experience with the speed measuring equipment to be employed, the utility of data collection procedures and forms, and scheduling enforcement patrols. In addition, summary data are presented on the enforcement activity recorded by baseline and increased levels of patrol. KW - Connecticut KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Expressways KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Measurement KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Project management KW - Scheduling KW - Speed indicators KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305793 AU - Olson, P L AU - Halstead-Nussloch, R AU - Sivak, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF TECHNIQUES FOR INCREASING THE CONSPICUITY OF MOTORCYCLES AND MOTORCYCLE DRIVERS PY - 1979/10/05 SP - 149 p. AB - The project was initiated to determine whether it might be possible to reduce the incidence of multi-vehicle motorcycle crashes by improving the conspicuity of the motorcycle-driver unit. Specifically, the following tasks were carried out: (1) A review of motorcycle accident data; (2) Development of potential conspicuity treatments; (3) Field evaluation of a selected sample of these treatments; and (4) Determination of cost benefits. A crash data analysis carried out by HSRI, together with several other published studies, makes it clear that motorcycles are overinvolved (relative to cars and trucks) in accidents in which the other vehicle is executing a maneuver (generally a left turn) across their path. More than thirty conspicuity treatments were developed and demonstrated for subjective appraisal. A sample of these was selected for field evaluation. The countermeasures were evaluated by means of a gap-acceptance procedure. The study was run in normal traffic, and measures were taken on drivers who were not aware they were involved in a study. The results indicate that daytime conspicuity can most effectively be improved by use of fluorescent garments or steady or modulating lights. Nighttime conspicuity seems to be aided by use of retroreflective garments and running lights. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that all of the items found to produce significant conspicuity effects are also cost-beneficial. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Colorimetry KW - Drivers KW - Fluorescence KW - Headlamps KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Photometers KW - Prevention KW - Protective clothing KW - Reflectivity KW - Retroreflectors KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144141 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00308857 JO - Computers and Operations Research PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Gass, S I AU - David, N A AU - Cronin, R H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TO CB OR NOT TO CB: A SIMULATION MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE ROLE OF CITIZENS BAND RADIO IN TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1979/10/01 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 99-111 AB - The Citizens Band (CB) radio model is designed to measure the role of CB units in a Highway Patrol emergency response system. A mathematical simulation, the model is used to describe the geography, dynamics and emergency response situations (e.g. accidents, road hazards and speeders) for a given set of assumed conditions. The model can measure changes in the detection, notification and response times of a system, as conditions are allowed to vary. It evaluates the activities on the highway and compares the emergency response times for when the Highway Patrol is assumed to have a CB communication system and when it does not, i.e. under experimental and control situations. The model can be accessed via terminal and is highly interactive. The analyst is requested to input data variable values, totally prompted by the computer. For a given situation modeled, the output displayed provides for a comparison among alternative ways of detecting an emergency or hazard event and notifying the authorities. The time from occurrence of the event to response on scene of a Highway Patrol vehicle is the basic measure of effectiveness of a particular scheme. How the model can be used to aid in the analysis of a particular CB demonstration program is discussed. (Author) KW - Citizen band radio KW - Demonstration projects KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/148237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082924 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Evaluation Plan for Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208: Occupant Crash Protection PY - 1979/10 SP - 127p AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 will require automatic crash protection for front seat occupants in full-sized automobiles beginning in model year 1982. Automatic crash protection will be required for intermediate and compact passenger automobiles in model year 1983, and for subcompacts in 1984. Automatic restraints have been available as optional equipment on a few makes and models since 1974. There were over 150,000 such automobiles on the highway by mid-1979 and more are expected to be sold prior to the Standard's effective date. Standard 208 is one of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) most significant regulations. This is NHTSA's proposed plan for evaluating automatic restraint systems and Standard 208 during the period 1980-86. The plan covers passenger automobiles equipped with automatic crash protection both prior to and after the Standard's effective dates. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Compact automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Highway safety KW - Large automobiles KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Performance KW - Protection KW - Seat belts KW - Standards KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25471/DOT-HS-805-066.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384706 JO - American Journal of Roentgenology PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Wagner, A C AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DISRUPTION OF ABDOMINAL WALL MUSCULATURE: UNUSUAL FEATURE OF SEAT BELT SYNDROME PY - 1979/10 VL - 133 SP - p. 753-754 AB - A clinical case is reported of disruption of the abdominal wall musculature of a 23-year-old female front seat passenger who was wearing a lap and diagonal shoulder seat belt in a compact car involved in a head-on collision. Upon admission to the emergency room, the patient complained of abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed tenderness, guarding, and rebound primarily in the right abdomen, and a contusion across the lower abdomen conforming to the placement of the lap part of the seat belt. Exploratory laparotomy revealed disruption of the entire musculature of the right abdomen from the midline well into the right flank and an associated tear in the peritoneum. There were herniation of several loops of small bowel, lacerations of the jejunum, and disruption of the mesentery. From a review of the literature, 13 clinical cases are reported of varying degrees of seat belt-induced injury to the abdominal wall muscles. The mechanism of this relatively uncommon component of seat belt syndrome seems to be related to the compressive and shearing forces generated by forward propulsion of the torso against the restraining effect of the seat belt and the concomitant, sudden, and explosive elevation of intra-abdominal pressure. Because of a potential masking effect and the high incidence of significant intra-abdominal injury associated with this disruption of the musculature, a careful radiographic search is warranted to facilitate prompt and adequate treatment. KW - Abdomen KW - Compression KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shear forces KW - Shear stress KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314055 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Preusser, D F AU - Psotka, J AU - Katz, D B AU - Edwards, J M AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUTH ALCOHOL SAFETY EDUCATION CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT PY - 1979/10 SP - 209 p. AB - The report describes development and evaluation of knowledge, attitude, and performance measures designed to assess the effectiveness of the Youth Alcohol Safety Education Curriculum. The following measures were developed: knowledge measure--a multiple choice test of drinking-driving knowledge; obvious attitude measure--a scale of drinking-driving opinions; projective attitude measure--a series of drinking and driving scenes to be interpreted; pseudo-knowledge measure--an opinion scale disguised as a multiple choice knowledge test; and performance measure--a drinking-driving behavior checklist. The measures were evaluated through administration to high school students prior to and six months following driver education. The knowledge and obvious attitude measures showed sufficient internal consistency to be used on an individual basis. The projective and pseudo-knowledge measures showed sufficient correlation with the obvious measures (.4-.5) to be used as a group measure of attitude. All three attitude measures showed sufficient correlation with subsequent performance (.3-.4) to permit the prediction of group performance. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway transportation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Specialized training KW - Students KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313623 AU - Ricci, L AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY STATISTICS PY - 1979/10 SP - 113 p. AB - The National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) is a major accident data collection program of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Accidents were investigated in seven geographical areas within the continental United States selected so that the aggregate of the areas closely resembles the urbanization distribution of the entire country. Within each area a stratified sampling plan was used to gather detailed information on passenger cars (and their occupants) in crashes severe enough to require that the vehicles be towed from the scene. The combined investigations presented here account for 6,626 crashes, 8,616 towed vehicles, 14,491 vehicle occupants, and 485 fatalities. The tables and figures in this factbook were generated using a computer file of the NCSS data and represent only a very broad treatment of the data. KW - Crash investigation KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Regions KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721391 AU - McKinney, D G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY SELF-INSTRUCTION COURSE MODULE 8 WORKBOOK: ADMINISTRATIVE EVALUATION PY - 1979/10 SP - 92 p. AB - This module is one of a series of modules which was designed to provide new personnel, hired by a State Highway Safety Office, with an introduction to the magnitude of the highway safety program. With this orientation, they can adapt more quickly to the program by being able to understand and communicate with others by using the terms and language of the system. They will also be knowledgeable of the components and requirements of a State Highway Safety Program. The modules are also intended to serve as familiarization training for Federal employees of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration. The module consists of a workbook to be used in conjunction with a script recorded on a tape cassette. This particular module addresses highway safety management administrative evaluation. KW - Administrative evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Programmed instruction KW - Safety programs KW - Self-instruction courses KW - States KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Workbooks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459206 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391851 JO - NRC Canada, Quarterly Bulletin, Div Mechanical Eng PB - National Research Council of Canada AU - Messenger, G S AU - Richardson, D B AU - Graefe, PWU AU - Mufti, I H AU - National Research Council of Canada TI - URBAN TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL FOR FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1979/10 IS - 4 SP - p. 17-42 AB - A comparison is made of the influence of two computer-controlled traffic signal timing plans over a given route: the existing plan based on SIGRID (SIgnal GRId Design program) and the proposed one, TRANSYT (TRAffic Network StudY Tool). Under the TRANSYT timing plan, vehicles encountered fewer stops, saved time and used a slightly smaller amount of fuel than under the existing timing plan. Vehicle fuel consumption was calculated with a computer model of a vehicle which used velocity profiles obtained from an instrumented "floating" car. Single and multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between the fuel consumption and relatively easy-to-measure and statistically stable quantities such as trip time, number of stops and delay time. It was found that fuel consumption could be expressed adequately as a linear combination of trip time, number of stops and delay time. Using only two independent variables showed a combination of delay time and stops to be as good as a combination of travel time and stops. When restricted to a single independent variable, any one of these could be used for predicting fuel consumption. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Stopping KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210709 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390965 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Heinsheimer, T F AU - Nevitt, J S AU - Nazemi, M A AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - UNLEADED GASOLINE SHORTAGES AND FUEL SWITCHING; THE POTENTIAL IMPACT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PY - 1979/10 VL - 29 IS - 10 SP - 3 p. AB - A reversal in the downward trend in ozone levels in the Los Angeles Basin occurred in the summer of 1978. A comparison of observed and expected ozone levels and the use of existing evidence of misfueling indicates that this increase in ozone is partly due to misfueling. The use of leaded gasoline in cars equipped with catalytic converters poisons the catalysts and results in increased reactive hydrocarbon, a precursor of ozone. The causes of misfueling are outlined: shortage of unleaded gasoline, price differentials between leaded and unleaded gasoline, and performance degradation. The probability of forced usage of three tankfuls of leaded gasoline during unleaded gasoline shortfalls is calculated for the South Coast Air Basin (SOCAB) for 1979. Use of this amount of leaded gasoline will deactivate a catalytic converter. The maximum expected ozone concentration and number of ozone episode days expected in SOCAB are also calculated for various shortfalls. For example, a 6% shortfall of unleaded gasoline lasting for 44 weeks, will deactivate 50% of the converters. Compared to 1976, the maximum yearly ozone concentration in SOCAB would increase from 0.40 to 0.50 ppm. The number of First Stage Health Advisory Episode days would increase from 73 to 117, the number of Second Stage Warning Episode days from four to 18, and the number of Third Stage Emergency Episode days from zero to one. Economic, legislative, educational, and policy actions are recommended in order to avoid such adverse impacts on the air quality in Southern California. KW - Catalytic converters KW - Deactivation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Misfueling KW - Ozone KW - Supply KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210211 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384723 JO - American Family Physician PB - American Academy of Family Physicians AU - Policastro, A M AU - American Academy of Family Physicians TI - CHILDHOOD AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY PY - 1979/10 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - p. 139-142 AB - Automobile accidents are the number one killer of children between the ages of one and 14 years, and many of these fatalities could be prevented by the use of proper restraint systems. Unfortunately, family physicians and pediatricians have been uninformed in this aspect of preventive medicine, and have consequently been negligent in informing parents about automobile safety. Counseling of parents on the proper use of car seats should begin in the prenatal period and should continue during regular pediatric checkups. Some of the existing apathy about child restraints can be offset by understanding parents' excuses for not using these protective devices (e.g. child safe in parent's arms, expense, child too young to ride in car seat, child's dislike for riding in seat, inconvenience, not needed for short trips, and fear that child might be trapped in car during an accident). The validity of these excuses is easily challenged; parental objections must be countered for effective counseling. Infants should ride in a rearward-facing device in a semireclining position. The device should contain energy-absorbing padding and its own harness system; the entire restraint should be held in place by a standard lap belt. Three types of devices are available for the older child: older child car seat, protective plastic shield, and safety harness. The restraints are usually outgrown when the child weighs 40 lb., is 40 in. tall, or is four years old. From then until he is 55 in. tall, only a standard lap seat belt is required. The standard seat belt/shoulder harness system can be used after the child is 55 in. tall. A child should be seated in the rear of the car if possible, and any restraint is better than none. It is noted that restrained children are better behaved and that child restraints are often combined with other articles of juvenile furniture. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rearward facing child seat KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Specifications KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203007 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379099 JO - Australian Law Journal PB - Law Book Company, Limited AU - Lovegrove, S A AU - Law Book Company, Limited TI - ROAD TRAFFIC CONTROL, DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND THE LAW PY - 1979/10 VL - 53 SP - p. 707-713 AB - The role of the law in a systems solution for road traffic control is explored, and this approach is compared to conventional attitudes and approaches to road traffic management. In the context of Victorian (Australia) law, the utility of the guidance and control aspects of road traffic law is examined for approach speeds to low-volume, uncontrolled cross-intersections with restricted right sight distances, and for right turn maneuvers against oncoming traffic at signalized (two-phase) cross-intersections when the light changes from green to amber. Driver decision-making in relation to avoiding conflicts and assigning priority is examined; it is concluded that driver errors occur because the rules of the road and physical traffic environments do not accommodate the nature and limitations of information processing. Three guiding principles (with examples) which illustrate the place of law in a systems approach to road traffic control include: redesign elements of the physical traffic environment (convert low-volume, uncontrolled cross-intersections to T-junctions, and maximize the sight distance for drivers on conflicting approaches); reformulate the rules of the road covering the physical traffic environment (erect stop or yield signs on the noncontinuous road at low-volume, uncontrolled T-junctions); and incorporate traffic control devices within the environment (use vehicle detectors to warn the signal controller of the approach of a high-speed vehicle so that the amber interval can be delayed until the vehicle has passed the intersection). KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Foreign KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Right turns KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326264 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Greyson, M AU - McNair, J W AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO HIGHWAY SAFETY COUNTERMEASURE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1979/10 SP - 264 p. AB - An analysis is made of the general constitutional, statutory, and judicially imposed limits on the power of government to make and enforce laws prohibiting unsafe driving behavior in general and to implement specific countermeasures. Essential principles of the American legal system--including the impact of constitutional provisions, elements of the criminal, civil, and administrative law system, and the methodology by which courts resolve legal disputes--were outlined. Specific legal principles addressed in this document include: the requirement of substantive and procedural due process of law; the guarantee of equal protection of the laws; the prohibition against unreasonable arrests, searches, and seizures; the privilege against compelled self-incrimination; and constitutional, statutory, and common-law privacy rights. The rights of probationers, and other persons convicted of or charged with traffic offenses, are also discussed. KW - Administrative law KW - Administrative procedures KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Litigation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Ordinances KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326070 AU - Johnson, J E AU - Charbonnet, C R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRE INSPECTION EQUIPMENT. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/10 SP - 75 p. AB - A nondestructive tire carcass integrity testing technique that is based upon mechanical vibration principles is verified. The testing methodology has been incorporated into a prototype machine capable of performing on-vehicle inspection. Also, a temperature compensated inflation device has been developed that can actually determine what volume of air must be either injected or bled from a tire such that the tire will exhibit a specified cold pressure. KW - Defects KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Inflating KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Microcomputers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Testing equipment KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326069 AU - Johnson, J E AU - Charbonnet, C R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRE INSPECTION EQUIPMENT. VOLUME I. SUMMARY PY - 1979/10 SP - 20 p. AB - A nondestructive tire carcass integrity testing technique that is based upon mechanical vibration principles is verified. The testing methodology has been incorporated into a prototype machine capable of performing on-vehicle inspection. Also, a temperature compensated inflation device has been developed that can actually determine what volume of air must be either injected or bled from a tire such that the tire will exhibit a specified cold pressure. This report is composed of two volumes--Volume 1, Summary and Volume II, Technical Report. KW - Defects KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Inflating KW - Inspection KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Media KW - Microcomputers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Tires KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367959 JO - Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Parker, D A AU - Wolz, M W AU - Grune and Stratton Corporation TI - ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND THE AVAILABILITY OF ALCOHOL PY - 1979/10 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 309-312 AB - This study assesses the statistical effects of the physical availability of alcohol as measured by the number of liquor store employees per 100,000 persons. Controlling for the effects of per capita income and urbanism, it is found that there are effects of physical availability on current tangible consequences but not on alcoholism rates of frequent heavy drinking. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Availability KW - Businesses KW - Consumption rates KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Per capita consumption/alcohol/ KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319852 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Fell, J C AU - Anderson, T E AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN PEDESTRIANS AND PEDESTRIAN CASUALTIES PY - 1979/10 SP - 20 p. AB - A field accident research study was conducted in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1975-1976 in order to determine the percentage and relative risk of alcohol involvement in adult pedestrian fatal and injury accidents; to identify in the alcohol-involved accidents any unique accident types, behavioral errors, or other characteristics; and to study the alcohol use patterns and drinker classifications of these pedestrians. Data were collected on pedestrian (age 14 and over) accident cases, and control groups were established. Positive blood alcohol concentrations (BAC's) were found in approximately half of both the fatally injured and nonfatally injured pedestrian groups. The outcome indicates that the degree of alcohol involvement in nonfatal crashes is as great as in fatal accidents and that a startling proportion of victims in both groups have very high BAC's. Depending upon the control group used, the relative risk of accident involvement increases at BAC's greater than or equal to .10% and accelerates rapidly at higher levels. There were indications that the path the pedestrian chose in crossing the road, the culpability of the pedestrian, and the frequency of the pedestrian striking the vehicle were related to the pedestrian's BAC. Areas for future research and potential countermeasures were identified. KW - Adults KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156404 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366791 JO - Polizei Technik Verkehr PB - Hannes Schmitt-Horr Verlag AU - Greiner, A AU - Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH und Co KG TI - ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF LEGAL MEASURES AGAINST INTOXICATED DRIVERS PY - 1979/10 SP - 2 p. AB - This article discusses a court case in Baden-Wuerttemberg in which the Administrative Court declared illegal the police confiscation and towing of the vehicle of a driver incapacitated by alcohol. The circumstances, reasons for the decision, and the individual case ruling are presented, followed by a critique and an explanation of statutory police practice. KW - Admissibility KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legal documents KW - Police KW - Statute cases KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313656 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Preusser, D F AU - Hale, A AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN PEDESTRIANS AND PEDESTRIAN CASUALTIES PY - 1979/10 SP - 328 p. AB - The objectives of the present study were to determine the frequency of alcohol involvement in adult injured pedestrians, determine whether alcohol was "overrepresented" and, if overrepresented, determine if alcohol played a unique causal role. Shortly after data collection began, the effort was modified to include determination of specific accident or collision "type," behavioral errors and alcohol histories as a function of pedestrian blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The data, collected between March 1, 1975 and April 1, 1976 in New Orleans, showed that alcohol is overrepresented as compared to accident case matched, controls and that very high BACs among crash involved pedestrians are common. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25523/DOT-HS-805-249.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305931 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPEATABILITY OF VISIBILITY TESTS PY - 1979/10 SP - 245 p. AB - The project provides information on current production vehicles concerning repeatability in making measurements of obstructions to visibility and in making measurements of the fields of view through the rear view mirror system. Three vehicles were tested in the program: International Harvester Diesel Tractor Transtar 4300; Ford Econoline Van E-100; and AMC Concord 4-Door Sedan. Each vehicle was tested three times. The tests were conducted as prescribed in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's proposed standards on 'Fields of Direct View' (Docket 70-7, Notice 5), and 'Rearview Mirror Systems' (Docket 71-3a, Notice 4). For the rearview mirror systems, only the ambinocular fields of view were measured. In general there was good repeatability on the direct fields of view measurements. Minor difficulties were encountered in positioning some of the mirrors repeatably. KW - Automobiles KW - Field of vision KW - Measurement KW - Mirrors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305922 AU - Nocerino, J T AU - Katz, N AU - Riviere, C AU - Blatch, P AU - MCGUIRE, J AU - CRC Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER (NDR) ALTERNATIVE PROGRAM COST EVALUATION. PART II PY - 1979/10 SP - 157 p. AB - The report presents the results of an analysis of costs that would accrue to both the Federal Government and the States, specifically and in the aggregate, to meet the operational requirements for each of three alternative National Driver Register (NDR) design concepts. It also presents summary findings from the Part I study to permit gross comparisons with the HR 11733 proposal and the current Batch/Mail System. The report recommends that the Problem Driver Pointer System be chosen for implementation to improve the National Driver Register. This recommendation is based on analysis indicating that this system is the least costly, provides information that has the highest level of utility, is the type of system that will be most acceptable to the States, and is a system that will stimulate State participation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Federal government KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Licenses KW - National Driver Register KW - Networks KW - Operations KW - Recommendations KW - State government KW - States KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305797 AU - Nordyke, H W AU - Henderson, C AU - Nordyke and Associates, Limited AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINANCING OPTIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION PROGRAMS PY - 1979/10 SP - 83 p. AB - A major impediment to initiating motor vehicle diagnostic inspection programs is the high initial capital investment needed to establish inspection centers. At the present time, there is a wide range of public and private finance methods available, with few if any of them geared specifically toward motor vehicle diagnostic inspection programs. This report provides a description of the methods by which, in the absence of a specific funding mechanism, it may be possible for a State or local government planner or private entrepreneur to innovatively obtain required funds from currently available sources. The funding mechanisms are divided into two main categories, public and private financing, to coincide with the two basic administrative organizational approaches to the various inspection concepts. State and local government funding mechanisms are described including Federal domestic assistance and State and locally generated revenues. In addition, the report contains the spectrum of funding mechanisms, including commercial banks and capital investment firms, applicable to private for-profit and non-profit enterprises such as cooperatives and auto service clubs. KW - Businesses KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Inspection KW - Investments KW - Local government KW - Motor vehicles KW - Planning KW - Project management KW - Revenues KW - State government KW - Taxes KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305754 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE HANDLING AND STABILITY PY - 1979/10 SP - 346 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning the handling and stability of motor vehicles. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Bibliographies KW - Brakes KW - Control KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway safety KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305937 AU - Dutt, A K AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF USING A "TOWAWAY" THRESHOLD IN STUDYING TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1979/09/30 SP - 68 p. AB - The Restraint Systems Evaluation Program (RSEP) and the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) utilized a "towaway" threshold for inclusion of accident vehicles in their samples. It is also going to be the major criterion for much of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). In this report, the effect of using such a threshold rather than "all accidents" is investigated. In the first part of the report, the independent variables which are most closely associated with post-crash vehicle drivability are identified. Two different data sources, 1976 North Carolina accident data and 1975 New York accident data, were examined. The variables identified in single vehicle and multi-vehicle accidents in the two files were very comparable. A log-linear model was fitted to the North Carolina data and predicted towaway odds as a function of the identified independent variables presented. For example, the odds of being towed versus the vehicle being drivable in high speed, front impact single vehicle crashes are from four to ten-fold greater depending on the object struck. In the second part of the report, accident and injury characteristics along with seat belt usage and effectiveness estimates are compared as a function of the sampling criterion. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Criteria KW - Effectiveness KW - Forecasting KW - Frontal crashes KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305748 AU - Wilson, L J AU - Horner, T W AU - Wilson-Hill Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA ANALYSIS OF TRACTOR-TRAILER DRIVERS TO ASSESS DRIVERS' PERCEPTION OF HEAVY DUTY TRUCK RIDE QUALITY PY - 1979/09/27 SP - 159 p. AB - In order to obtain information on the attitudes of drivers of heavy duty tractor-trailer configurations toward ride quality and safety and to assess the interrelationships among driver biographical, health status, and truck profiles as they affect comfort, safety, and causes of ride problems, a questionnaire was distributed to members of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) and the Professional Drivers Council (PROD); three thousand six hundred eight teamsters and 299 PROD members returned completed questionnaires. Over 36 percent of the IBT drivers and 52 percent of the PROD drivers stated that they experienced "problems which cause one major discomfort during normal operations or problems which make it almost impossible to drive the truck." Several truck and biographical variables we found to be problems with respect to comfort and safety. KW - Attitudes KW - Comfort KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Health KW - Perception KW - Profiles KW - Questionnaires KW - Riding qualities KW - Safety KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391482 JO - National Review PB - National Review, Incorporated AU - Solomon, J AU - National Review, Incorporated TI - BILLION-DOLLAR BUMPERS PY - 1979/09/14 VL - 31 SP - 4 p. AB - Federal involvement in the motor vehicle safety field is critiqued, with reference to the increasingly high prices for new cars. During the 1970's, many laws dealing with safety, emissions, and energy were passed by Congress. Federal control of the auto industry began with safety considerations in 1966, followed by emission regulations in 1970 and energy standards in 1975. Laws were passed in almost total isolation from one another. Safety regulations adversely affect gasoline mileage and, in some cases, emissions. Emission laws reduce performance and gasoline mileage. The Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, passed in 1966, put responsibility for passenger car design, previously monitored by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), in the hands of the Federal government. Because no more than 25% of the driving population have worn seat belts originally mandated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the agency proposes passive safety in the form of air bags, which will add to every new car's price tag. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards promulgated by the NHTSA differ from SAE standards in that the Federal standards specify a capability rather than a piece of hardware. Safety devices have added as much as $1500 to a car's cost, and it is questionable whether drivers are safer in 1980 than in 1966. Passive safety or crashworthiness does not achieve roadworthiness, and does nothing to prevent accidents, as is indicated by the absence of property damage reduction during the decade of Federal control over auto safety. The contribution of improved air quality to public health is not yet known. The greatest cost of compliance with Federal mandates has been the tremendous increase in auto fuel consumption. Improved air quality regulations have resulted in the burning of an additional three trillion gallons of gasoline at a cost of over $1.5 trillion. Downsizing is the biggest single factor in reducing fuel consumption. By 1984, car manufacturers will have spent over $80 billion to meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. The average new car about the size of a Ford Pinto is expected to cost over $10,000 in 1984, in light of Federal requirements. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Government intervention KW - Prices KW - Regulation KW - Safety equipment KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314092 AU - Neathery, R F AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REVIEW OF HUMAN TOLERANCE TO SIDE IMPACT PY - 1979/09 SP - 19 p. AB - Recent studies on the response and tolerance of human cadavers to side impact are reviewed. Attempts to statistically model these data in order to predict injury from side impact in motor vehicle crashes are detailed. Considering the needs of future crash test standards, deficiencies are cited and additional efforts are recommended. KW - Cadavers KW - Casualties KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Highway transportation KW - Human beings KW - Human factors KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Response KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313653 AU - Orr, B T AU - Desper, L P AU - Council, F M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT WORKSHOP SERIES. VOLUME I PY - 1979/09 SP - 197 p. AB - The purpose of the workshops was to improve the effectiveness of grass roots organizations in ongoing child restraint programs, to begin coordination efforts within the states, and to involve other grass root supports to increase the number of organizations actively involved in the child passenger safety area. During each two day workshop representatives from various service organizations, health care professions, state legislatures and law enforcement along with highway safety officials were presented with facts about the extent of the problem and its solution followed by discussion of the various types of programs which promote child restraint usage - legislative, education and distribution. Volume I contains details about the planning and implementation of the workshops. Workshop planning details include selection of dates and locations, identification of participants, determination of program format and content, and preparation of workshop materials. Implementation details include an extensive outline of workshop topics and highlights, and the trends of each particular workshop. KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Coordination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Meetings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25532/DOT-HS-805-266.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150655 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390961 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - BALD, J AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - LIGHTING: SOME BRIGHT IDEAS (VEHICLE FLEET OPERATORS) PY - 1979/09 VL - 74 IS - 9 SP - p. 81-83 AB - Opinions and experiences are cited of U.S. fleet operators who participated in a meeting on truck lighting. A table lists the fleet operators, their vehicle inventory, typical vehicle replacement program, area of service, and lighting problems. Consensus was reached on the following items: use of sealed and shock-mounted clearance lamps, relocation of dimmer switches away from the floor to avoid road spray exposure, and consideration of lighting as a total system. The fleetmen illustrated their recommendations with examples of failed electrical parts from their trucks, and pointed out some maintenance deficiencies. Maintenance problems included shock mounting and corrosion protection of lamps, lens replacement location, and lubrication of connections and joints. Several industry studies are cited which provide statistics on lighting system maintenance repair and costs, as well as a Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety report on lighting/electrical system roadside inspection violations. New lighting equipment available to fleets is described: a turn signal incorporating a pushbutton dimmer switch in the end of the handle, a remotely mounted relay to handle high amperage of the headlamp system, hermetically sealed top-tail-turn-backup (tractor and trailer) and trailer marker lamps with shock-mounted bulbs, and a dual front lamp for trucks and tractors that combines turn, marker, and park functions, using only one bulb. KW - Corrosion protection KW - Electrical systems KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Headlamps KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Mounting KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Turn signals KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210207 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390962 JO - Fleet Owner PB - Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated AU - Snyder, G L AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - CONSPICUITY. OLD WORD IS NEW HOPE FOR SAFETY (TRUCK VISIBILITY) PY - 1979/09 VL - 74 IS - 9 SP - p. 84-88 AB - Total conspicuity of vehicles includes every facet of outward appearance: tractor paint job, trailer markings, lights, and reflectors. Marking film manufacturers have produced pressure-sensitive vinyls and reflective sheetings of all colors which greatly broaden fleet identification options. Some fleet owners still prefer the use of high gloss, long-lasting urethane paints. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a truck conspicuity research and development planning meeting in July 1979 without deciding on a firm course of action. It was pointed out that a car approaching the rear of a truck trailer at night at a 45 degree angle would be almost entirely dependent on the trailer lights for instant identification; reflective markings would be almost invisible. To clarify its role and to integrate planning for vehicle conspicuity, the Truck Safety Equipment Institute (TSEI) has suggested that NHTSA study the conspicuity of all vehicles, heavy-duty trucks in particular, and has established a task group to study methods of promoting greater conspicuity. In 1978, TSEI submitted comments to a NHTSA docket concerning a five-year motor vehicle safety plan. Recommended topics for NHTSA study included positioning of clearance, side marker, and identification lamps; separation of stop, tail, and turn light functions; use of red rear fog lights; increasing the number of flasher lights on vehicles for transporting school children, workers, and the handicapped; and deceleration indicators. The American Trucking Associations (ATA) engineering director considers underride guards to be unjustified from a cost standpoint and states that conspicuity is in the formative stage. A recent update of an ATA research study on truck conspicuity is noted in a separate section, indicating that 94% of the five million visual impressions created by a tractor-trailer each year originate with motor vehicle occupants and only 6% with pedestrians. The report also stresses the need for road sign visibility. KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210208 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386133 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FIRST AID AT THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT, ARRANGED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ACCIDENT AND TRAFFIC MEDICINE (IAATM), OSLO, NORWAY, 20-23 JUNE, 1979. SURVEY OF PAPERS PRESENTED, (NO.1) PY - 1979/09 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - p. 40-43 AB - Five papers were presented on first-aid capability for accident victims. In an international survey of first aid, the layman was described by Rune Andreasson as the only prompt help available in developing countries; a resolution adopted by the Economic Commission for Europe was mentioned which includes first-aid training of driver's license applicants, and the lack of up-to-date methods of teaching first aid in many countries was cited. Recomendations were also outlined for training persons in first aid and equipping motor vehicles with first-aid kits. Some epidemiological aspects of trauma were discussed by Dr. George Blikra, using traffic accidents to illustrate some statistical problems (underreporting of accidents, differences in defining accident fatalities among countries, inadequate classification of accident causes by hospitals, and lack of reliable data on permanent incapacity). Some accident statistics for various countries and continents were presented. Red Cross activities in first-aid and water safety training were reported by Jurgen Weyand, as well as statistics on fatal water accidents (drowning ranks second or third in the world in accidental death after traffic accidents). The controversial question of whether or not a respiration mask should be used as a complement to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation was addressed by Dr. Matts Halldin. A simple anaesthetic mask placed over the victim's face was strongly recommended to reduce hesitation on the part of the rescuer in admininstering artificial respiration. First-aid service in developing countries was discussed by Dr. S. E. Asogwa, with specific reference to Nigeria. It was stated that the absence of first aid and lack of sufficient medical facilities are likely factors responsible for the high fatality rates of accident victims in developing countries. KW - Developing countries KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326252 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Greyson, M AU - Carroll, H O AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FEASIBILITY OF IMPOSING OWNER LIABILITY FOR MOVING TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS PY - 1979/09 SP - 25 p. AB - An analysis was made of the legal feasibility of a proposed owner-liability countermeasure. Under this countermeasure, a vehicle owner could be held civilly liable for speeding and other minor moving traffic violations committed by a driver using the vehicle with permission. The approach underlying the owner-liability countermeasure is similar to that used to enforce parking regulations. Relevant constitutional provisions, legislation, and court decisions dealing with holding individuals responsible for the actions of others, were analyzed. Analysis of current law revealed that some forms of legislation imposing liability on owners of vehicles driven in violation of traffic laws likely would be upheld by courts as constitutional. To be upheld, however, owner-liability legislation could impose only small, civil penalties (similar to parking fines), but could not impose jail sentences, license suspensions, or violation points on owners. In addition, analysis of legislation in other areas of traffic law revealed that the proposed owner-liability countermeasure might encounter public opposition; if such opposition were to develop, it could influence legislative willingness to enact owner-liability legislature. KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Liability KW - Motivation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Penalties KW - Regulations KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326260 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Greyson, M AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF SPEED MEASURING DEVICES PY - 1979/09 SP - 40 p. AB - An analysis was made of the potential legal constraints on the use of existing and proposed devices for measuring vehicle speeds. Some of the proposed devices are remote in nature and would operate without a police officer being present. Examination of current law reveals that existing devices, especially radar devices, for the most part face no substantial constraints. However, the use of such devices as VASCAR and stop watches, which are based on time-distance measurements, are prohibited by law in a few states. The use of proposed remote-observation devices is constrained by laws governing speed prosecutions; the chief constraint is that to obtain a conviction, driver must be personally identified and proved responsible. KW - Courts KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radar KW - Regulations KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Velocity measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326251 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Carroll, H O AU - Greyson, M AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF MECHANICAL DEVICES TO MONITOR DRIVING RESTRICTIONS PY - 1979/09 SP - 62 p. AB - An analysis was made of the potential legal constraints on the use of mechanical devices to supervise drinking and driving restrictions. These conceptual devices would be installed on vehicles operated by restricted drivers. Two devices contain psychomotor tests and are designed to prevent driving during prohibited times of the day. Analysis of current law revealed that the proposed devices would be a constitutional means of enforcing drinking and driving restrictions. Methods for use of the devices that will resolve other possible legal constraints are presented. KW - Control devices KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Licenses KW - Machinery KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25465/DOT-HS-805-523.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326259 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSTRAINTS ON PROPOSED MODEL LEGISLATION CREATING A CLASS OF TRAFFIC OFFENSES AGGRAVATED BY ALCOHOL PY - 1979/09 SP - 37 p. AB - An analysis was made of the legal feasibility of proposed legislation intended to deal with drinking drivers who do not meet the legal standard for alcohol intoxication, but who commit hazardous traffic violations while their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is high enough to increase the risk of traffic crash involvement. The combination of alcohol involvement and a hazardous violation would be classified as a traffic offense aggravated by alcohol. Convicted offenders would receive increased sanctions, alternative sanctions (such as mandatory attendance at an alcohol-education program), or both. Examination of current law revealed that the proposed legislation would be constitutional in principle. However, chemical testing of drivers could be compelled only if there existed probable cause to arrest for a drinking-driving offense. In addition, enacting the proposed legislation would require substantial changes in existing state implied-consent and drinking-driving laws; for that reason, practical and potential constraints might be encountered. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Constraints KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Legislation KW - Moving violations KW - Regulations KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326448 AU - Kimberling, F L AU - Tritsch, A A AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE STATES' PERSPECTIVE ON THE NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER PY - 1979/09 SP - 83 p. AB - A brief review is provided of the history of the National Driver Register, including the level of growth and volume of data processed since 1962. The Congressional mandate to study the need for a Register is reported on. To meet the desire of Congress for State participation in this study two groups were formed of State officials and other persons representing the private sector. One was a Technical Panel and the other a Policy Committee. After an extensive study of State needs and ways in which they might be met both groups concluded that the National Driver Register is essential to State driver licensing programs, but its means of communication with the States has been allowed to become obsolete and it should be upgraded to the level of an electronic switching center. A plan was presented for the development of the switching center including the data to be indexed, the operational design during the development phases, and the final design. An Advisory Board was recommended to ensure continuing State communications with the officials managing the Register and guidance was provided on the content of agreements to be used between the Register and individual States, content and format of data to be exchanged, and other issues. KW - Data communications KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Federal government KW - History KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Licenses KW - Meetings KW - National Driver Register KW - Networks KW - Planning KW - Problem solving KW - States KW - Switching KW - Switching systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346196 AU - Williams, R B AU - Human Research and Development Limited AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE FUNDING OF ALCOHOL SAFETY COUNTERMEASURE PROGRAMS PY - 1979/09 SP - 63 p. AB - The study was to analyze current State practices in funding State alcohol highway safety programs. The results were intended to provide guidelines for establishing and improving self-sustaining alcohol safety programs. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Arkansas KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - New York (State) KW - Ohio KW - South Carolina KW - State government KW - Tennessee KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313977 AU - McLean, R F AU - Lisiecki, G AU - De Lorean Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS-TASK VIII-FMVSS 301, FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY-DETERMINATION OF THE MODEL YEAR WHEN MANUFACTURERS MADE CHANGES TO MEET STANDARD'S 1976 REQUIREMENTS PY - 1979/09 SP - 17 p. AB - The findings of a previous study were reviewed to determine which passenger automobiles had the greatest weight and cost changes during the period 1967-1976 relative to FMVSS 301, Fuel System Integrity. From the listing of 17 models, five were selected for further study based on: (1) those with the greatest cost or weight change between the 1967 and 1976 models; (2) models which represent a major portion of the vehicles sold from year-to-year; and (3) including the major domestic and foreign manufacturers studied. The authors obtained the parts books for 1967 through 1976 for the models selected. Based on parts numbers, descriptions and pictures a determination was made when the manufacturer modified each fuel system to meet 1976 requirements. The major changes were--1973 - Ford Maverick, 1974 - Toyota Corona, Ford Torino, and 1976 - Chevrolet Nova and Malibu. KW - Automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel systems KW - Industries KW - Prices KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313654 AU - Orr, B T AU - Desper, L P AU - Council, F M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT WORKSHOP SERIES. VOLUME II: ONGOING AND PLANNED PROGRAMS PY - 1979/09 SP - 152 p. AB - The purpose of the workshops was to improve the effectiveness of grass roots organizations in ongoing child restraint programs, to begin coordination efforts within the states, and to involve other grass root supports to increase the number of organizations actively involved in the child passenger safety area. Volume II, Ongoing and Planned Programs, contains a brief description of ongoing and planned child restraint programs across the country. The information is based on workshop interaction, follow-up of workshop participants, and other sources. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Coordination KW - Manual safety belts KW - Meetings KW - Planning KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Small business KW - States KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25531/DOT-HS-805-267.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313244 AU - Berke, G B AU - Logical Technical Services Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PLAN FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION: PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY INCLUDING COMMUNICATIONS PLANS AND STRATEGIES PY - 1979/09 SP - 65 p. AB - States in Region VIII, headquartered in Denver, explored means for pooling funds to carry out selected occupant restraint activities involving the use of mass media. These States are Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Utah. The notion is that materials production and/or audience research efforts might be undertaken jointly in order to enhance effectiveness and reduce duplication. The report outlines a plan for interstate cooperation in conducting public communications programs on occupant restraints. KW - Colorado KW - Cooperation KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Montana KW - News KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Promotion KW - Restraint systems KW - South Dakota KW - Strategy KW - Traffic safety KW - Utah KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305934 AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - Lynch, J P AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVISION OF THE CRASH2 COMPUTER PROGRAM PY - 1979/09 SP - 94 p. AB - The Calspan Reconstruction of Accident Speeds on the Highway (CRASH) computer program was revised with the objectives of (1) improving the accuracy of reconstructions, (2) enhancing the convenience of applications, and (3) extending generality. The report documents the analytical bases for the program modifications. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Highway transportation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305810 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT USAGE AND EFFECTIVENESS ON THE NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY PY - 1979/09 SP - 36 p. AB - This report attempts to reconcile the differences between the estimates of restraint usage produced by the Opinion Research Corporation's survey of drivers stopped at intersections in 19 cities and the estimate from the National Crash Severity Study's file of accident-involved occupants. This is done by an examination of the assumptions and conditions which are inherent in the different methods of data collection. Next, estimates for the NCSS areas are produced for a variety of accident and injury-related factors: occupant sex, age, and injury level; vehicle size and model year; and accident environment as rural or urban. Finally, crude estimates of the effectiveness of the lap and shoulder system and the lap belt-only system are computed at various injury levels, including fatality. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Gender KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305740 AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Thompson, R C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM REGIONAL WORKSHOPS PY - 1979/09 SP - 55 p. AB - Four regional workshops were conducted addressing the National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) and highway safety programs. The attendees included the chief administrators and field commanders of state law enforcement agencies. The workshops accomplished the following major objectives: (1) to keep law enforcement administrators abreast of federal programs impacting on police traffic services, including the 55 NMSL, and to review the NHTSA's programs and research activities; (2) to provide state law enforcement administrators with the opportunity to identify key problem areas in the delivery of police traffic services to the NHTSA in order to provide direction for future NHTSA research efforts; (3) to review the Highway Safety Act of 1978 and attendant federal regulations as they impact on police traffic services, including the NMSL; and (4) to provide a forum for the participants for the exchange of ideas, mutual support, and regional planning for improvement in the delivery of police traffic services. Recommendations covering various aspects of state/federal relationships, highway safety programs, and combined efforts for NMSL enforcement were developed by the attendees. KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Law enforcement KW - Level of service KW - Meetings KW - Police KW - Project management KW - Services KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304661 AU - Braden, P AU - Marshak, S AU - Whorf, R AU - Green (Gilbert R) and Company, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE MARKETING METHODS AND PRACTICE PY - 1979/09 SP - 185 p. AB - The report is a comprehensive examination of the current marketing practices, marketing methodologies, and decision-making processes utilized by the domestic automotive industry. The various marketing elements, such as products, consumer behavior, sales, promotion, distribution, advertising, and regulatory constraints are reviewed as they pertain to the automotive industry. Specifically, the report's seven chapters include (1) a review of industry competitive relationships, (2) practical constraints on automotive decision-making, (3) corporate organization for decision-making, (4) understanding the consumer, (5) marketing decision-making, (6) assessment of current problems and issues, and (7) state-of-the-art summary. Four appendices focus on (1) the organization of General Motors Corporation, (2) the organization of Ford Motor Company, (3) the product and market planning process graphics, and (4) an example of a forward product strategy document. Where appropriate, the report highlights the differences in marketing approaches employed by the four automotive manufacturers and some of the adjustments and problems faced by these manufacturers in their marketing pursuits. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Distributing KW - Economic forecasting KW - Industries KW - Market research KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Needs assessment KW - Organization KW - Organization theory KW - Prices KW - Promoting KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Purchasing KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Sales KW - State of the art studies KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304803 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSIVE RESTRAINTS PY - 1979/09 SP - 190 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning the development and use of passive restraints in motor vehicles. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Automobiles KW - Bags KW - Bibliographies KW - Constraints KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Development KW - Inflatable structures KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passive constraints KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304804 AU - Flynn, L AU - Latchaw, A J AU - Ogden, A G AU - Tannahill, W J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING (REVISED EDITION) PY - 1979/09 SP - 321 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning driver licensing and driver licenses. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Aged KW - Bibliographies KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Epilepsy KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Licenses KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Requirement KW - Reviews KW - Specifications KW - State laws KW - Traffic safety KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305926 AU - Finkelstein, B AU - Seidel, L AU - Soffer, D AU - American Management Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS FEASIBILITY STUDY STATES' ASSISTANCE IN DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS. VOLUME I PY - 1979/08/31 SP - 138 p. AB - The paper presents the results, conclusions, and recommendations of a study conducted to determine if there are feasible and desirable activities that state agencies may perform to improve the effectiveness of motor vehicle safety defect recall campaigns. The four volumes of the report contain a review of the motor vehicle recall program and an assessment of the basic capabilities of state agencies to assist in the program (Volume IV); detailed analyses of the feasibility, cost, and effectiveness of two activities that states may perform to increase the percentage of vehicle owners that comply with recall campaigns (Volumes II and III); and a comparative evaluation of five recall-related activities that states may perform (Volume I). Volume I also summarizes the conclusions and recommendations to be drawn from the study. The major conclusion is that all five activities that were analyzed are sufficiently feasible and desirable to justify their implementation as demonstration projects. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Defects KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305928 AU - Finkelstein, B AU - Seidel, L AU - Soffer, D AU - American Management Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS FEASIBILITY STUDY STATES' ASSISTANCE IN DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS. VOLUME III PY - 1979/08/31 SP - 135 p. AB - The analysis is part of the 4 volume study and presents the feasibility study of one potential state activity: Issuance by state motor vehicle departments of follow-up recall notices. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Recall campaigns KW - Rejects KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305927 AU - Finkelstein, B AU - Seidel, L AU - Soffer, D AU - American Management Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS FEASIBILITY STUDY STATES' ASSISTANCE IN DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS. VOLUME II PY - 1979/08/31 SP - 185 p. AB - The analysis is part of a study conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to determine if there are feasible and desirable activities that state agencies could perform to improve the effectiveness of motor vehicle safety defect recall campaigns. The paper presents the results of an analysis of one potential state activity: Verifying compliance with safety defect recall campaigns during state safety inspections. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305929 AU - Finkelstein, B AU - Seidel, L AU - Soffer, D AU - American Management Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS FEASIBILITY STUDY STATES' ASSISTANCE IN DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS. VOLUME IV PY - 1979/08/31 SP - 452 p. AB - The major objective of the current study is to identify feasible and desirable activities that states may perform to increase recall campaign compliance rates. The volume discusses recall program operations, state program organization and operations, and potential state activities in recall campaigns. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337866 AU - Weisfeldt, M L AU - Johns Hopkins Hospital AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN CHEST DURING CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION PY - 1979/08 SP - 64 p. AB - The authors determined the compliance properties of the human chest during mechanical compression of the sternum in 11 adults. These subjects were undergoing sternal compression either as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest or while preparing for resuscitative measures in subjects with intact circulation and no prior chest trauma. Sternal force was exerted for 0.6 sec and then released to 0.4 sec 60 times per minute. Peak force was increased in stepwise fashion between compressions and the induced displacement of the sternum measured throughout each compression and release cycle up to a maximum peak force of 70 to 100 lbs. The studies characterized chest compliance with sternal pressure. They provide the basis for the continued use of subjects who have undergone prior, relatively brief periods, of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the study of chest compliance characteristics and point to the need for further studies using a variety of location and size of areas for force application. KW - Adults KW - Compressing KW - Compression KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Human beings KW - Injuries KW - Sternum KW - Thorax KW - Traumatic shock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305930 AU - American Management Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS FEASIBILITY STUDY STATES' ASSISTANCE IN DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS PY - 1979/08 SP - 910p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393609 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN MOTORCYCLE RIDER EDUCATION: 1979 PY - 1979/08 SP - 81 p. AB - The growth of motorcycle use in the United States has necessitated programs to prevent or reduce the consequences of motorcycle crashes. A comprehensive program for motorcycle safety is being developed which includes motorcycle operator education and licensing, motorist awareness of motorcycles, increased conspicuity, helmet use, accident investigation and reporting, and vehicle safety standards. This document is intended to describe the extensive work which has been done cooperatively by Federal, State, and non-government organizations to develop an effective motorcycle rider education program. It is also intended to describe the evaluation process through which the effectiveness of rider education will be measured and to outline the kinds of assistance which is available to State and local organizations interested in implementing motorcycle rider education programs. KW - Assistance programs KW - Driver education KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Federal aid KW - Grant aid KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392287 JO - Medical Care PB - Lippincott (JB) Company AU - Mayer, J D AU - Lippincott (JB) Company TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE. DELAYS, RESPONSE TIME AND SURVIVAL PY - 1979/08 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - p. 818-827 AB - The importance of ambulance response time is discussed in light of patient delay in seeking medical care and dispatch delay. Response time as one determinant of patient survival is analyzed, using Seattle's EMS (emergency medical service) program as a case study. The "Medic-1" program, operated by the Seattle Fire Department, consists of a three-tiered response. The first tier comprises 35 fire engine companies in the city, all of which are staffed by at least some emergency medical technicians (EMT's). In emergencies which are potentially life-threatening, the closest units to the emergency are dispatched. The second response tier consists of nine aid units throughout the city, staffed by EMT's. In non-life-threatening emergencies, these units provide the main Fire Department response; in life-threatening emergencies, they provide a back-up response. The third tier of service consists of four paramedic units strategically placed throughout the city. These units are staffed by paramedics with over 1000 hours of formal training who are legally empowered to perform sophisticated procedures in the field, including tracheotomies, defibrillation of cardiac arrest victims, and administration of intravenous medications on standing orders. The paramedic units serve as the major response in life-threatening emergencies. Seattle's EMS system appears to be operating quite well in terms of minimizing mortality and responding within acceptable time limits. Paramedic response times influence short-term patient survival. The greatest delays in responding to emergencies within urban areas come not from response time but from patients and bystanders. It is clear that policy should concentrate on educating the public about symptoms of acute emergencies and about the potentially lethal effects of delaying requests for medical assistance. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Emergency response time KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Paramedics KW - Reaction time KW - Survival KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318955 AU - Yee, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS (FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD) 212/219/301 TESTING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES - ELECTRA VAN 600, EVA PACER PY - 1979/08 SP - 179 p. AB - This report presents the results of two electric vehicle-to-NHTSA Fixed Test Device head-on crash tests. These tests were conducted to determine if the vehicles would comply with the fuel spillage requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 301, Fuel System Integrity, the windshield retention requirements of FMVSS 212, and the windshield zone intrusion requirements of FMVSS 219. The standard fixed barrier was replaced by the 40-load cell NHTSA Fixed Test Device. The electric vehicles tested in this report were: Electra Van 600, manufactured by Jet Industries, Inc., Austin, Texas and EVA Pacer, manufactured by Electric Vehicle Associates, Cleveland, Ohio. The Electra Van 600 was tested on June 13, 1979, at a speed of 30.34 mph, with the following results: (a) FMVSS 212 - 100% retention failure, (b) FMVSS 219 - inconclusive due to FMVSS 212 failure, (c) FMVSS 301 - 16.7 oz measured in 5 minutes, estimated 7 gallons lost during 90 degrees rollover. The EVA Pacer was tested June 14, 1979, at a speed of 30.53 mph, with the following results: (a) FMVSS 212 - 2.5 in. of windshield separation, (b) FMVSS 219 - 9/16 in. into lower right corner of windshield protected zone by hood corner, (c) FMVSS 301 - 0.33 oz collected transimpact, 27 oz during 90 degrees rollover. Tank completely drained after 180 degrees roll. Small fire occurred immediately after impact. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fires KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Vans KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366792 JO - Die Polizei PB - Carl Heymanns Verlag AU - Greiner, A AU - Rettig, H AU - Heymanns (Carl) Verlag KG TI - ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF TAKING A SECOND BLOOD SAMPLE IN CASES OF TRAFFIC OFFENSES PY - 1979/08 SP - p. 258-261 AB - In all federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany and in the federal state of Berlin, the materially identical ordinances/orders as to the detection of alcohol in blood in criminal offenses and violations of order were revised in 1977-1978. The statements as to the admissibility of ordering a second blood sample differ considerably from the previous versions. This fact has raised a number of questions in police practice which occasionally reveal a certain uncertainty as to the law. The authors are concerned with the question, which is so important for police traffic surveillance, of the extent to which the taking of a second blood sample is permissbile according to the current legal decrees in traffic offenses. KW - Admissibility KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362385 AU - Lea (ND) and Associates Limited AU - Transport Canada TI - AN EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1979/08 SP - 37 p. AB - Phase I survey data indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the accident involvement of vehicles with amber rear turn signals (the "experimental" group) and those with red rear turn signals (the "control" group). However, there were some non-statistical indications that given a larger data base, some differences may be observed. Further, the data base used in the feasibility study was too small to study the turn signal separated issue. From this pilot study it was recommended that the number of claim files sampled be increased in an attempt to clarify some of the trends. On the basis of this recommendation, Transport Canada decided to proceed with Phase II of the study in the form of an expanded insurance claims files survey. The primary objective of Phase II was to determine if the accident rate for various vehicles equipped with amber turn signals was different from that for vehicles fitted with red turn signals. Possibilities for investigating various other characteristics of rear lighting systems were also considered. However, any such decisions were postponed pending the results of the expanded insurance claims survey. This report thus presents the results of this expanded survey and attempts to produce statistically valid results. KW - Amber KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear signals KW - Red KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Turn signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199106 AU - RONAN, L AU - Abernathy, W AU - Lexington Technology Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF THE AUTOMOTIVE TURBOCHARGER: A CASE OF INNOVATION IN RESPONSE TO FUEL ECONOMY REGULATION PY - 1979/08 SP - 78 p. AB - This case study examines the evolution of the turbocharger from its invention in 1905 by Dr. A. J. Buechi, to its use on passenger cars in the late seventies. The case makes a number of points. The market for turbochargers has changed over time. In the fifties, suppliers developed a commercial turbocharger for compact, light, high-speed diesel engines which found a large and growing market. Application to the automotive field was slow in coming. Turbochargers found use in competitive racing. Aside from a brief period in the early sixties, the automobile industry did not seriously consider turbochargers for passenger cars until the mid-seventies. Down-sizing and the attendant reduction in engine horsepower in response to the mandated fuel economy standards have created a market for turbochargers. Suppliers played an important role in the success of this innovation. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - History KW - Horsepower KW - Markets KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Standards KW - Superchargers KW - Technology assessment KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199143 AU - Toth, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NOISE ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1979/08 SP - 187 p. AB - The primary objective of this work was to transfer technology developed in the area of truck noise reduction to that of construction equipment. Included is information gathered from previous contracts, surveys of manufacturers, a noise impact ranking by equipment type, engine and equipment test results, specific information to enable equipment owners to reduce noise from their equipment, and recommendations dealing with reasonable noise level goals for used equipment. Work accomplished under this contract involved the compilation of comprehensive specifications for diesel engines greater than 50 horsepower used in the construction industry, the development of a comparative muffler selection procedure, and the collection of costs for mufflers and complete exhaust systems. A noise impact ranking was developed to characterize equipment types with respect to degree of noise pollution. This ranking was based on: the average machine noise level, the typical percentage of time the machine was at full load, the average production rate per year based on production figures of the last ten years, and proximity of machine use to human population. Using the noise impact rating system, front-end loaders, tractors, and backhoes (excavators) were identified as the three machines of the greatest impact. Detailed tests conducted on two classes of tractors, a front-end loader and a backhoe, identified the contributions of the various major component noise sources to overall machine noise levels. Results indicate that construction equipment produced since the late 1960's have utilized reasonable muffling such that exhaust noise is not generally the dominant noise source. KW - Backhoes KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction industry KW - Diesel engines KW - Emission control systems KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Excavating equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Front end loaders KW - Horsepower KW - Machinery KW - Mufflers KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound level KW - Technology transfer KW - Truck engines KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199058 AU - ECCLESTON, B H AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, FUEL ECONOMY, EMISSIONS, AND TRIP LENGTH PY - 1979/08 SP - 122 p. AB - This report examines the relationship among automotive fuel economy, ambient temperature, cold-start trip length, and drive-train component temperatures of four 1977 vehicles. Fuel economy, exhaust emission, and drive-train temperatures were measured at temperatures of 20F, 45F, 70F, and 100F using the 1975 Federal Test Procedure (75 FTP) and the EPA highway fuel economy test (HWFET). KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Environmental protection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Statistics KW - Temperature KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313959 AU - Baczynski, R AU - Davis, S AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE (RSV) CRASH TEST REPORT. TEST NO. 3054-1, 41 MPH FLAT BARRIER FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1979/08 SP - 138 p. AB - The report presents the results of a 41 mph frontal flat barrier crash test. The vehicle selected for this test was Calspan RSV No. 9. For this test, two calibrated 50th percentile Part 572 instrumented anthropomorphic dummies were placed in the driver and front passenger positions in the car. The occupant automatic restraint system consisted of an air bag mounted in the steering wheel hub for the driver, and an air belt for the passenger. These were supplemented by knee impact padding for each occupant. KW - Air bags KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313206 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES IN CONJUNCTION WITH FMVSS 301 COMPLIANCE TESTING PY - 1979/08 SP - 356 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. Collisions reported herein were performed for "FMVSS 301 Standards Enforcement Testing," and establish data on frontal fixed barrier and rear-end moving barrier impacts. The information collected includes documentation of trajectory, residual crush, and tire marks for each vehicle in each test. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305890 AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL OF HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SAFETY HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR BAG USE AND DISPOSAL PY - 1979/08 SP - 130 p. AB - The program was undertaken to examine previous work conducted by various parties in order to assess the magnitude of any potential risks resulting from the use of air bag restraint systems. Specific potential hazards associated with the safe handling and disposal of inflator modules were identified and individual amelioration techniques were examined for various stages of vehicle life cycle. A countermeasure analysis indicated that perhaps the most effective method for providing the safe handling of retired cars with undeployed air bags requires that they be safely deployed early in the automobile recycling process. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Disposal KW - Gases KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Recycling KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305795 AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - McNair, J W AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGNING A HEALTH/LEGAL SYSTEM: A MANUAL PY - 1979/08 SP - 330 p. AB - The report presents a manual for use by state, county, and local organizations in improving their case-disposition process for persons arrested for drunk driving. These processes use the agencies of the traffic law system and the public health system to find and diagnose drunk drivers and to determine the combination of punitive and nonpunitive sanctions best suited to individual drivers. The manual presents information and methods at the system level and indicates information sources for use in developing more detailed designs. The manual describes the general principles of health/legal systems and presents detailed descriptions and assessments of generic types of systems now operating. This material is supplemented with summary descriptions of ten representative systems. Methods for developing an analytic description of one's health/legal system at a design tool are outlined. A three-step method for designing systems improvements is described and illustrated with examples drawn from the experience of operating health/legal systems. An introduction to program evaluation as applied to health/legal systems is provided. An extensive bibliography is included. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohols KW - Analysis KW - Analyzing KW - Classification KW - Classifying KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Design KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Information systems KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Public health KW - Rehabilitation KW - Therapy KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25468/DOT-HS-805-138.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305749 AU - Klein, R H AU - HOGUE, J R AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC DISTURBANCE TEST PROCEDURES. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/08 SP - 188 p. AB - Research described in this report was conducted using the first full scale crosswind disturbance test facility in the United States. This facility is capable of providing a 35 mph crosswind for a nominal 120 ft test length. The crosswind responses of twenty different vehicles were surveyed. These vehicles included 8 conventional cars (plus 4 trailers), 2 station wagons, 3 light trucks (one with camper), 3 vans, and 4 two-wheelers (including a moped and bicycle). Complete instrumented vehicle tests were conducted on five vehicles: Honda Accord, Chevrolet station wagon (alone and with trailer), Ford Econoline van, VW Microbus, and Ford pickup/camper. Three test procedures were used in three different crosswind disturbance configurations. These were steering fixed, steering free, and driver control of land position. The crosswind configurations were straight pulse, doublet pulse, and a shaped profile. Results showed that passenger cars, station wagons, trucks, and most vans have virtually no crosswind sensitivity problems, whereas the VW Microbus, the pickup/camper (in winds higher than 35 mph), cars pulling trailers, and mopeds do have potential problems. The collected results led to recommendations for the most useful test procedures, performance measures, crosswind configurations, and definitions of the relationship between subjective driver ratings and the objective measures. This latter step represents the first attempt at defining maximum allowable limits of vehicle crosswind sensitivity. KW - Aerodynamic characteristics KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Crosswinds KW - Light trucks KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Vans KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind direction KW - Wind tunnels KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305726 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NCA (NATIONAL COUNCIL ON ALCOHOLISM) ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC SAFETY SESSION ON APRIL 30 THROUGH MAY 2, 1979 PY - 1979/08 SP - 457 p. AB - Included are the most current research papers on the diagnosis, referral, rehabilitation and adjudication of persons convicted of driving while intoxicated. Research on the effectiveness of programs for youthful offenders, senior adults, and social and problem drinkers are reported. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholism KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Meetings KW - Project management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25458/DOT-HS-804-857.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304833 AU - Klein, R H AU - HOGUE, J R AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC DISTURBANCE TEST PROCEDURES. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/08 SP - 33 p. AB - Research described in this report was conducted using the first full scale crosswind disturbance test facility in the United States. This facility is capable of providing a 35 mph crosswind for a nominal 120 ft test length. The crosswind responses of twenty different vehicles were surveyed. These vehicles included 8 conventional cars (plus 4 trailers), 2 station wagons, 3 light trucks (one with camper), 3 vans, and 4 two-wheelers (including a moped and bicycle). Complete instrumented vehicle tests were conducted on five vehicles: Honda Accord, Chevrolet station wagon (alone and with trailer), Ford Econoline van, VW Microbus, and Ford pickup/camper. Three test procedures were used in three different crosswind disturbance configurations. These were steering fixed, steering free, and driver control of lane position. The crosswind configurations were straight pulse, doublet pulse, and a shaped profile. Results showed that passenger cars, station wagons, trucks, and most vans have virtually no crosswind sensitivity problems, whereas the VW Microbus, the pickup/camper (in winds higher than 35 mph), cars pulling trailers, and mopeds do have potential problems. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Drag KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Stability analysis KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304668 AU - Kaiser, R AU - Aerospace (H.H.) Design Company, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS' COST/REVENUE, FINANCIAL AND RISK ANALYSIS: PROJECTED IMPACT OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING ON THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY PY - 1979/08 SP - 184 p. AB - The report is part of a study to update the historical and projected cost/revenue analysis of the U.S. domestic automobile manufacturers. It includes the evaluation of the historical and projected financial data to assess the corporate financial position of each manufacturer and the assessment of the extraordinary risks imposed on the manufacturers by Automotive Fuel Economy Standards. In particular, the report includes the effect of changes in the characteristics of the average U.S. automobile on the plastics industry. KW - Abs resins KW - Acetal resins KW - Acrylic resins KW - Analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Consumption KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Economic impacts KW - Ethylene resins KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Fixed investment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hazards KW - Heat resistant plastics KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Plastics KW - Plastics industry KW - Polyethylene KW - Polypropylene KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Raw materials KW - Resins KW - Revenues KW - Risk assessment KW - Standards KW - Supply KW - Supply economics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304695 AU - Hause, J AU - Chavez, E AU - Hannon, R AU - Stockton Police Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INCREASED D.U.I. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM, STOCKTON, CALIFORNIA PY - 1979/08 SP - 147 p. AB - The report is a compilation and evaluation of data relating to the enforcement and roadside survey activities during calendar year 1977. The Project applies increased levels of personnal toward the reduction of alcohol related accidents through the detection and apprehension of persons driving under the influence of intoxicants. The roadside surveys measuring Blood Alcohol Contents indicated a reduction in the number of persons drinking during Experimental Hours, Particularlu during the hours of 2 a.m. to 4 a.m. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood chemical analysis KW - California KW - Design volume KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308860 AU - Teknekron Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPENDIUM OF SURVEY ITEMS AND RESULTS OF SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1979/07/31 SP - 104 p. AB - This compendium contains the survey items and results (where available) that were used in state and national surveys during the period 1976 to 1979. Items included are those that pertain to the 55 mph speed limit, safety belts, airbags, drinking and driving, and safety helmets. (E) KW - Air bags KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305722 AU - Baird, J AU - Dynamic Science Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY HIGHWAY COLLISION INVESTIGATION TRAINING COURSE PY - 1979/07/31 SP - 49 p. AB - Three, two week courses were conducted to train accident investigators and allied specialists. The course entitled "Multidisciplinary Highway Collision Investigation Training" (MDHCIT) was developed to fulfill the training requirements of state and local teams to bring them into compliance with Highway Safety Program Standard No. 18. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Observations KW - Personnel KW - Personnel development KW - Research KW - Specialized training KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Studies KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318908 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - Wilson, D L AU - White, A M AU - SCOTT, R A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING. VOLUME 4. USERS' GUIDE FOR THE GENERAL SIMULATION PY - 1979/07/15 SP - 160 p. AB - A basic goal of the project was to create an all digital simulation for vehicle handling capable of handling both open-loop and closed-loop maneuvers up to and including the limit regime. Another goal was extensive modularization, so that difficulties in possible future program development would be minimized. The simulation consists of two main parts, namely, a vehicle model called IDSFC and a general purpose driver module called DRIVER. Interfacing between the driver module and the vehicle model is handled by 3 subroutines which can be readily altered to use the driver module with different vehicle models. KW - Braking KW - Computer programming KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Digital simulation KW - Feedback control KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305818 AU - Lowery, M AU - Karawanny, P AU - Miller, B AU - Recard, R AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL PARTS RETURN PROGRAM. VOLUME II: THE EXPANSION STUDY PY - 1979/07/01 SP - 119 p. AB - The National Parts Return Program involves the voluntary submittal by independent automotive repair facilities of failed automotive components and information. The purpose of the program is to gather information on these components and failure reports to assist the NHTSA in identifying the existence of safety-related manufacturing defects in design, materials, construction or performance of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Under authority of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, the NHTSA can require manufacturers to conduct safety defect recall remedy campaigns when it has been determined that a defect relating to motor vehicle safety exists. In addition, the information obtained from these parts and reports is valuable in preparing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Building materials KW - Components KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repair shops KW - Safety engineering KW - Spare parts KW - Speed KW - Standards KW - Studies KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199102 AU - National Telecommunications and Information Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS OF LEGISLATION CONCERNING 911, THE EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER, WITH A SUGGESTED 911 EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER, ACT WITH SUPPORTING ANALYSIS PY - 1979/07 SP - 31 p. AB - Official interest in establishing a universal emergency telephone number stems primarily from a 1967 recommendation of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice that a 'single number should be established' for reporting emergencies to the police. In 1968, the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. announced that the three digit number 911 was being made available nationwide as an emergency telephone number. In March 1973, the Office of Telecommunications Policy, Executive Office of the President, issued a policy statement to Federal agencies supporting 911 and in May 1973, published a handbook on community planning for the implementation of 911 services. In 1979, approximately 26% of the U.S. population has 911 service. Growth continues at a fairly steady rate of about 70 systems per year, but it is obvious that timely implementation depends on increased efforts at the State and local levels. Nine States are known to have enacted 911 legislation. These are California, Louisiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Florida, Pennsylvania, Georgia and Massachusetts. There are several States with more than one-half of their populations served by 911 systems, but no State has achieved 100% coverage as yet. Because implementation of 911 is a matter of Statewide concern, guidance for it would be most effective if it came from the State government level. Telephone companies cannot be expected to undertake central office modifications needed to implement 911 until agreements can be made among the State and local governments and their public safety agencies as to requirements. Legislation provides a firm base for articulating the State's 911 policy and specifying planning steps for policy implementation. The text for a suggested '911 Emergency Telephone Number Act' is included in Section VI of the Report to assist in developing State legislation. KW - Ambulances KW - California KW - Federal government KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Florida KW - Georgia KW - Illinois KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Local government KW - Louisiana KW - Massachusetts KW - Medical services KW - Minnesota KW - Pennsylvania KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Safety KW - State government KW - States KW - Telephone KW - Traffic safety KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313635 AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science, Inciorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) TEST MONITORING AND DATA PUBLICATION-RESULTS OF EUROPEAN PERFORMANCE AND HANDLING TEST ON THE CALSPAN RSV PY - 1979/07 SP - 64 p. AB - Performance and handling tests on the Calspan RSV were performed in Italy by the Istituto Sperimentale Auto E Motori (ISAM) and in West Germany by Volkswagenwerk AG Wolfsburg. The ISAM tests evaluated the Calspan RSV in the areas of fuel economy, vehicle response, braking and handling, and driver environment. The Volkswagen tests evaluated the Calspan RSV in the areas of braking, steering, handling, and overturning immunity. The ISAM tests are unlike any previously used to evaluate American vehicles. Therefore, the Calspan RSV results are compared to those of ten European cars which had undergone identical tests. The Volkswagen test procedures were identical to those specified in the Research Safety Vehicle program. The Calspan RSV results are compared to the RSV specifications for these tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Fuel consumption KW - Human factors engineering KW - Performance evaluations KW - Steering KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721390 AU - INNOVATRIX, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PURSUIT DRIVING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. ADVANCED UNIT: TRAINING PROGRAM FOR OPERATION OF EMERGENCY VEHICLES PY - 1979/07 SP - 63 p. AB - This document is the fourth in the Emergency Vehicle Operation (EVO) Curriculum. This EVO Curriculum Unit is designed as a practical, in-vehicle training program. To a large extent, the instructional events are based on those used in the excellent EVO course conducted at the California Highway Patrol Academy. Trainees qualified to take this unit have completed the basic program (Parts I, II, and III). It is critical that instructors be completely familiar with each unit of the basic EVO Curriculum. The contents of this document are as follows: Introduction; Administrative Considerations; Description of Unit; Instructor Preparation Activities; Trainee Knowledge and Performance Objectives; Module 1: Initial Briefing; Module 2: Demonstrations; Module 3: Skid Pan Exercises; Module 4: Oval Track; Module 5: High-Speed Performance Driving; Module 6: Code-3 Run; Appendix A: Bibliography and References; and Appendix B: Audiovisual Directory. KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570698 AU - NATHANSON, K L AU - NATHANSON, F M AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER (NDR) STUDY OF SELECTED STATES PY - 1979/07 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Driver licenses KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338141 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390977 JO - Insurance Counsel Journal PB - International Association of Insurance Counsel AU - Golden, R A AU - International Association of Insurance Counsel TI - AUTOMOBILE CRASHWORTHINESS; THE JUDICIARY RESPONDS WHEN MANUFACTURERS IMPROPERLY DESIGN THEIR CARS PY - 1979/07 VL - 46 SP - p. 335-355 AB - The current state of "second collision" liability is surveyed and analyzed. Second collision injuries are those that result from passenger contact with vehicle interior structures. Cases involving automobile products liability are reviewed, and three cases are discussed in detail concerning automobile manufacturer liability in terms of product crashworthiness: Evans vs. General Motors Corporation (GM) (nonliability for defective design), Larsen vs. GM (imposition of liability for design defects causing second collision injuries), and Dreisonstok vs. Volkswagenwerk A.G. (a court's consideration of all circumstances surrounding the accident). The courts have formulated their decision based on one of these three policy stances. The Florida approach to the crashworthiness doctrine is discussed, i.e. the Larsen rule that an automaker has a duty to design and produce a crashworthy vehicle. The necessity of design safety standards for motor vehicles is addressed; it is advanced that crash standards should be left to legislative determination, although the favored approach has been for judiciary supplement when there is a cause of action for enhanced injuries. The Dreisonstok type approach is seen as one by which the courts will reach more uniform decisions on crashworthiness. Whatever approach is used, levy of the duty to design a crashworthy vehicle will exert pressure on the auto industry to produce safer vehicles. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Case studies KW - Crashworthiness KW - Defects KW - Injuries KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210221 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379667 JO - Boston University Law Review PB - Boston University AU - Bedard, D AU - Boston University TI - ONE MORE FOR THE ROAD: CIVIL LIABILITY OF LICENSEES AND SOCIAL HOSTS FOR FURNISHING ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES TO MINORS PY - 1979/07 VL - 59 SP - p. 725-753 AB - During the 1977-1978 session, the California legislature passed bills which, contrary to the state Supreme Court interpretation of existing law, would prohibit the imposition of civil liability upon persons who sell, furnish, or give alcoholic beverages to an intoxicated person who subsequently injures a third party. The present analysis argues that both liquor licensees and social hosts should be liable to victims injured by a minor whom the defendant has furnished liquor. The primary justification for imposing civil liability for negligently providing alcohol is to deter the furnisher from continuing potentially harmful conduct. No need is found to define an "obviously intoxicated" standard for minors since they presumptively cannot responsibly consume liquor or control its effects; furnishing minors with any alcohol endangers the public. Both licensees and hosts can readily determine whether a potential drinker is a minor, and damage awards do not burden one of these groups more than the other. Legislative prohibition of service to minors and independent evidence concerning the problem of drunken minor drivers sufficiently justify imposing civil liability upon those who serve alcohol to minors. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal responsibility KW - Liability KW - Minors KW - Negligence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362372 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Commerce TI - STATUS OF LEGISLATION CONCERNING 911 THE EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER PY - 1979/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This report, which sets forth the status of the state legislation for the implementation of 911, the universal emergency telephone number and suggests a 911 Emergency Telephone Number Act, is intended to assist those seeking the implementation of 911 service in their states or local governments. The text for the 911 Emergency Number Act is broadly drafted. Information on existing state 911 legislation was collected and received. A detailed analysis was performed of 911 legislation in nine states. Considerations in the implementation of 911 are discussed and it is emphasized that legislation should establish responsibility for implementing 911, identify the scope of that responsibility, and provide for both planning and funding. The importance of local participation is emphasized and the engineering and equipment problems of telephone companies must be taken into account. Implementation of 911 requires clear goals be set at the state government level. The purpose of the suggested Act is to establish 911 as the primary emergency telephone number and to develop and improve methods of handling emergency calls. It calls for 911 planning at the state and local levels, places responsibility for 911 implementation in a communications division at the state level, deals with jurisdictional problems, and addresses possible funding methods. KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Fund allocations KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - State government KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176958 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361511 JO - Tire Science and Technology AU - Dudley, E A AU - Bauer, R F AU - Reilly, P M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PREDICTION OF TIRE TREAD WEAR RATE AND TREAD WEAR RATE DIFFERENCES PY - 1979/07 VL - 7 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 43-57 AB - A method is presented for the analysis of tread wear test data, having the principal aim of predicting the ultimate tread life from results of a test suspended near the halfway mark. This method uses standard regression analysis of a suitable model followed by Bayesian inference to produce subjective probability distributions of predicted tread depth and their associated uncertainty. KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Durability tests KW - Regression analysis KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361605 JO - Tire Science and Technology AU - Williams, H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A SELECTED REVIEW OF WINTER DRIVING AIDS PY - 1979/07 VL - 7 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 58-70 AB - This report describes briefly the evolution of winter driving aids that accompanied the evolution of the tire. Examples are given of patents issued for antiskid devices and tire additives. Discussion of mud and snow tires, studs, and chains follows. It is concluded that chains are the best winter driving aid available despite their drawbacks. KW - Antiskid device KW - Chains KW - Driving KW - Skid resistance KW - Snow tires KW - Studded tires KW - Tires KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199109 AU - Dreyer, C B AU - Hawkins, T E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Texas Department of Traffic and Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE ORBIS III SPEED ENFORCEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT IN ARLINGTON, TEXAS: PROGRAM EVALUATION PY - 1979/07 SP - 51 p. AB - The report represents an evaluation of the Mobile ORBIS III Speed Enforcement Demonstration Project in Arlington, Texas. An ORBIS III unit(which detects and photographs speeders, recording speed, time, date, driver, and license plate) was installed in a van, and its performance was evaluated at four selected sites over a 3-month period. The sites were selected to provide data on the impact of the mobile ORBIS III unit in various roadway environments (rural, residential, urban, and urban thoroughfare) with various posted speed limits. Each site was evaluated at 25- and 50-percent levels of enforcement. The greatest impact in reductions of percent speeders was realized on the urban roadways at high levels of enforcement, with a general reduction in speeders realized throughout the 0.5-mile long test segments. Significant, but less dramatic reductions were also observed at the rural and residential sites and lower enforcement levels appeared to be more effective at these sites. Speed distribution profile data showed a small decrease in mean speeds at three of the four sites, with the impact of the mobile unit lasting for some time after the van was removed from operation. KW - Behavior KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Installation KW - Law enforcement KW - Mobile equipment KW - Performance KW - Photographic equipment KW - Photographs KW - Portable equipment KW - Profiles KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Texas KW - Urban areas KW - Vans KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318899 AU - Rabe, F T AU - EIC Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/07 SP - 21 p. AB - Federal regulations impose financial penalties and credits on automobile manufacturers based upon 0.1 mpg increments in their Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) values for each model year. CAFE values are defined legally by a set of sampling and estimation procedures that neglect inherent uncertainties. This report characterizes alternative statistical procedures to quantify the inherent uncertainties in average fuel economy and examines their cost-effectiveness in achieving 0.1 mpg precision. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Regression analysis KW - Regulations KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318900 AU - Rabe, F T AU - EIC Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/07 SP - 145 p. AB - Federal regulations impose financial penalties and credits on automobile manufacturers based upon 0.1 mpg increments in their Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) values for each model year. CAFE values are defined legally by a set of sampling and estimation procedures that neglect inherent uncertainties. This report characterizes alternative statistical procedures to quantify the inherent uncertainties in average fuel economy and examines their cost-effectiveness in achieving 0.1 mpg precision. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Regression analysis KW - Regulations KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305815 AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE ENERGY ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT PY - 1979/07 SP - 389 p. AB - Testing was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the interrelationships between and the effects of automobile interior surfaces on driver in jury. Testing was limited to frontal impacts of subcompact vehicles. At velocities near 20 mph, variations in steering wheels, steering coumns and knee restraints did not substantially affect the driver's injury serverity as described by FMVSS 208. At velocities near 25 mph, these effects became evident. Steering wheels which deform easily in a mode which aligns the steering wheel rim and hub to the driver's torso result in significant reductions in the driver's chest injury severity. The tube and mandrel type steering column, designed to reduce binding due to bending forces, produced less chest injury. The passive knee restraint substantially increased driver femur forces. With no knee restraint the driver submarined under the steering wheel and instrument panel, whereas with he knee restraint, the forward translation of the driver's knees was restricted, causing the driver to rotate about the H-point into the steering wheel and windshield. This reduced head and chest injury, but contributed to neck hyperextension. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Energy absorption KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Research KW - Small car KW - Steering columns KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle design KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313112 AU - HODGSON, J W AU - Edmondson, A J AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORRELATION OF BRAKING SYSTEM DEFECTS AND PERFORMANCE INSPECTION. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/07 SP - 117 p. AB - In a previous study a low cost torsion bar brake dynamometer was developed. The present study reviewed the design of this brake tester, to suggest changes in the design, to construct two prototypes, and to conduct tests that would permit the prototypes to be evaluated against three commercially available testers. The commercially available testers used were a low speed roller, a high speed roller with inertia capability, and a platform tester. Evaluation criteria included accuracy, repeatability, ability to detect known defects, and cost. The results show that the prototype is ranked highest using the criteria listed. It is recommended that its long term durability be determined by placing it in service. KW - Brakes KW - Defects KW - Durability KW - Dynamometers KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Test equipment KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305798 AU - Lowery, M AU - Karawanny, P AU - Miller, B AU - Recard, R AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL PARTS RETURN PROGRAM. VOLUME I: INDEPENDENT REPAIR FACILITIES PY - 1979/07 SP - 107 p. AB - The national Parts Return Program involves the voluntary submittal by independent automotive repair facilities of failed automotive components and information. The purpose of the program is to gather information on these components and failure reports to assist the NHTSA in identifying the existence of safety-related manufacturing defects in design, materials, construction or performance of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Under authority of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, the NHSTA can require manufacturers to conduct safety defect recall remedy campaigns when it has been determined that a defect relating to motor vehicle safety exists. In addition, the information obtained from these parts and reports is valuable in preparing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Components KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repair shops KW - Safety engineering KW - Spare parts KW - Standards KW - Studies KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305834 AU - Teknekron Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURVEY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS ON HIGHWAY SAFETY, 1979 PY - 1979/07 SP - 95 p. AB - The four major areas of interest in the survey were the 55 mph national speed limit; safety belts; 1984 requirement for airbags or similar passive restraint or crash protection devices; and driving after drinking. A national sample of 1,500 licensed drivers was interviewed by telephone concerning their attitudes, knowledge, and behavior with respect to the four issues of interest. In addition, the survey assessed drivers' awareness of public information and education campaigns, and their perceptions of accident risk. The report contains the results of the survey as well as a description of the procedures. The questionnaire is appended. KW - Air bags KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Manual safety belts KW - Protection KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Requirement KW - Risk assessment KW - Specifications KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305746 AU - HODGSON, J W AU - Edmondson, A J AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORRELATION OF BRAKING SYSTEM DEFECTS AND PERFORMANCE INSPECTION. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1979/07 SP - 17 p. AB - Under the provisions of a previous contract with a different contractor, the NHTSA had commissioned the design of a low cost "torsion bar brake dynamometer". The present contract called for the University of Tennessee to review the design of this brake tester, to suggest changes in the design, to construct two prototypes, and to conduct tests that would permit the prototypes to be evaluated against three commercially available testers. The commercially available testers used were a low speed roller, a high speed roller with inertia capability, and a platform tester. Evaluation criteria included accuracy, repeatability, ability to detect known defects, and cost. The results show that the prototype is ranked highest using the criteria listed. It is recommended that its long term durability be determined by placing it in service. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brakes KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Dynamometers KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Test equipment KW - Tests KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305547 AU - Humann, K AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE ENERGY ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/07 SP - 20 p. AB - Testing was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the interrelationships between and the effects of automobile interior surfaces on driver injury. Testing was limited to frontal impacts of subcompact vehicles. At velocities near 20 mph, variations in steering wheels, steering columns and knee restraints did not substantially affect the driver's injury severity as described by FMVSS 208. At velocities near 25 mph, these effects became evident. Steering wheels which deform easily in a mode which aligns the steering wheel rim and hub to the driver's torso result in significant reductions in the driver's chest injury severity. The tube and mandrel type steering column, designed to reduce binding due to bending forces, produced less chest injury. The passive knee restraint substantially increased driver femur forces. With no knee restraint, the driver submarined under the steering wheel and instrument panel, whereas with the knee restraint, the forward translation of the driver's knees was restricted, causing the driver to rotate about the H-point into the steering wheel and windshield. This reduced head and chest injury, but contributed to neck hyperextension. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax KW - Traffic speed KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305535 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME 9, NUMBER 1 PY - 1979/07 SP - 471 p. AB - The report contains case summaries of recent in-depth reports submitted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams in a continuing series of publications. Accidents are studies involving vehicles of the last three model years of fatal, injury producing, or property damage severity (severe enough so that at least one vehicle must be towed from the scene). The Teams investigate each accident in-depth and each element of the collision (human, vehicle, environment) as it interacts with each phase of the collision (pre-crash, crash, post-crash). The summaries consist of identification information, basic information on the highway and vehicles involved, a description of the driver and occupants with their injuries, a phase-by-phase description of the sequence of events of the collision, and a list of the causal factors, conclusions and recommendations. A diagram of each collision is included. KW - Casualties KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304791 AU - ABERNATHY, W J AU - Ginsburg, D H AU - Harvard University AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOPS ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE U. S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, OCTOBER 1977 THROUGH APRIL 1978, AND THE SYMPOSIUM ON TECHNOLOGY, GOVERNMENT AND THE AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE, OCTOBER 19-20, 1978 PY - 1979/07 SP - 409 p. AB - The purpose of the meetings was to explore the implications of technological change in the U.S. automotive industry in support of improved policy formulation to meet emerging national needs. Five workshops were conducted in the following areas: (1) Motor Vehicle Regulatory Process, (2) Consumer as a Factor in Motor Vehicle Innovation, (3) the Supply Industry as a Factor in Motor Vehicle Innovation, (4) Changing Incentives for Motor Vehicle Research and Development, and (5) Role of National and Multinational Corporations in Motor Vehicle Innovation. The five key issues emanating from these workshops were the federal R&D policy in the motor vehicle sector, product rating information for consumers, regulatory decision-making, regulation and international trade, and transportation policy. KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Equipment KW - Government policies KW - Innovation KW - International trade KW - Legislation KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Supply KW - Supply economics KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305725 AU - Squires, M L AU - HUME, R D AU - Hochberg, Y AU - Joksch, H AU - Reidy, J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT CAUSATION METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM PY - 1979/06/09 SP - 214 p. AB - This is the final report of a research program entitled "Accident Causation Methodology Development for the National Accident Sampling System". With implementation currently underway of a National Accident Sampling System (NASS) to provide nationally-representative data on traffic accidents, this research was undertaken as one of several steps required in the development of an overall analysis system for NASS. The report explores issues related to the design of statistical methods to estimate the determinants of traffic accidents using NASS data; recommends criteria for selecting pre-crash variables for use in analysis; identifies relevant exposure measures, decision rules for their definition, and data sources; discusses a method of estimating multi-dimensional contingency tables from supplementary margins of varying detail and drawn from different samples which "represent" the same population; and demonstrates analysis procedures for handling some of the peculiar problems of traffic accident data analysis and rate computation. Results of a field trial of a preliminary methodology design are reported, along with recommendations for further development. A basic design for a causation methodology appropriate to NASS is recommended. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Data sampling KW - Estimates KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sampling theory KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418393 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Nisonger, R L AU - Mallikarjunarao, C AU - Gillespie, T D AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The yaw stability of tractor semi trailers during cornering PY - 1979/06 IS - DOT HS 805 141 SP - 142P KW - Articulated vehicle KW - Cornering KW - Curve KW - Design KW - Design KW - Driving KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Highway curves KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Motor vehicle dynamics KW - Overturning KW - Overturning KW - Stability analysis KW - Steering KW - Suspension system components KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Tyre KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle handling KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle stability KW - Vehicle suspension KW - Vibration KW - Vibration KW - Yaw KW - Yawing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082969 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Alcohol Safety Program Progress. Volume 2: State Program Progress PY - 1979/06 SP - 94p AB - In 1970, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched a major national alcohol countermeasures program to deal with the drunk driver problem. One of the most important objectives of this undertaking was to simulate States and communities to expand the coverage and improve the effectiveness of individual efforts to reduce drunk driving as a major factor in traffic crashes. Thirty-five federally funded Alcohol Safety Action Projects (ASAPs) in as many States formed the nucleus of NHTSA's program. The ASAPs were based on a new concept of the nature of the drinking driver problem. The concept used a systems approach, surrounding the problem drinker with a set of countermeasures designed to identify him on the road, make appropriate decisions regarding his punishment and/or rehabilitation, and then take action to make sure these measures are put into effect. This report summarizes the progress of the State programs. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal aid KW - Highway safety KW - Penalties KW - States KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25519/DOT-HS-803-889.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305573 AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE ENERGY ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT PY - 1979/06 SP - 398p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198232 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SHOULDER HARNESSES PY - 1979/06 SP - 105 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning the development and use of shoulder harnesses in motor vehicles. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. KW - Bibliographies KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721387 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REFRESHER TRAINING PROGRAM FOR THE BASIC EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN. COURSE GUIDE 1979 PY - 1979/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This is the Course Guide for the Basic Emergency Medical Technician Refresher Training curriculum which was developed to supplement the Basic EMT training materials. The contents are as follows: Introduction; Administering the Course; Resource Requirements; and Evaluating the Course. Appendix A is a Sample Application Packet, Appendix B Hand-out Materials, Appendix C a Resources Table, and Appendix D a Process Evaluation Checklist. KW - Course guides KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Refresher training courses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496611 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY: FACTORS IN FATAL ACCIDENTS PY - 1979/06 SP - 70 p. AB - This study investigates the fatalities on the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) of towaway, passenger car accidents. The analysis is in three stages. First, NCSS fatalities are compared to the fatally-injured occupants reported on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), as a tool for evaluating the representativeness of the NCSS data. Second, estimates of the probability of fatality for NCSS are computed for various conditions, such as the incidence of fire and the sex of the occupant. Third, in cases where two factors are highly correlated, such as is the case for rollover and ejection, modeling techniques are used to help quantify the effects of each variable. The results of this study suggest the following preliminary conclusions: (1) FARS and NCSS have similar distributions of many variables. These include urbanization, size of vehicles, type damage to vehicle, occupant seating location, sex, and restraint use. Differences resulting from the investigative methods and geogaphical areas of the two studies are identified and assessed. (2) On the NCSS file, many variables are associated with a much higher rate of fatality. These include (a) at the accident level: the number of vehicles involved, urbanization, and the incidence of fire or explosion; (b) at the vehicle level: the change of velocity at impact, the direction of the impacting force, and vehicle damage area; and (c) at the occupant level: seating position, age, sex, ejection, entrapment, and restraint use. (3) Rollover and ejection, which often occur together, are each independently associated with a higher rate of fatality. Of the two factors, ejection appears more related to a higher probability of fatality than does rollover alone. NCSS is the best currently-available source of accident data for analyzing injury-related factors. This report attempts to describe the accidents occurring in the NCSS sampling areas, and suggest ideas for further research. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Ejection KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - National crash severity study KW - Rollover crashes KW - Variables UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25462/DOT-HS-804-773.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394033 AU - Negri, D B AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ACCIDENTS IN NEW YORK STATE INVOLVING YOUNG DRIVERS FROM ADJACENT STATES PY - 1979/06 SP - 18 p. AB - New York State accident data were analyzed comparing out-of-state driver involvement for Pennsylvania, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Jersey. (Pennsylvania is the only adjacent state with a twenty-one year minimum drinking age.) The statistical analysis of these data shows that there is a significantly higher percent of Pennsylvania drivers under twenty-one involved in New York State accidents than the proportions of accident-involved drivers from other adjacent states. If this percent were equal to the average of the other adjacent states, there would be 132 fewer accident involved Pennsylvania drivers. In general, this report supports a rhetorical argument often heard in public debate relating to changing a drinking age minimum. The argument states that young drivers from a state with a higher drinking age will drive and drink in a bordering state with a lower drinking age and as a result of these actions be involved in disproportionately more accidents. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Out of state KW - Statistical analysis KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390978 JO - NOTRE DAME LAWYER AU - Clark, G A AU - Notre Dame University TI - CORPORATE HOMICIDE: A NEW ASSAULT ON CORPORATE DECISION-MAKING (THE FORD PINTO CASE AS ONE EXAMPLE) PY - 1979/06 VL - 54 SP - p. 911-924 AB - On 13 September 1978, an Elkhart County, Indiana, grand jury indicted the Ford Motor Company on three counts of reckless homicide. Ford was charged with recklessly designing and manufacturing a 1973 Pinto and allowing the vehicle to remain on the highway. The faulty design and manufacture of the car were alleged to have caused the Pinto to explode upon rear-end impact in a 10 August 1978 traffic accident, resulting in the death of its three occupants. The criminal liability of a corporation for homicide is discussed in the context of the Pinto case, focusing on the legality and practicality of such prosecutions. The conclusion is that corporate criminal liability for homicide is ambiguous, stemming from two factors: the relatively few attempts to indict corporations for homicide, and the adoption of traditional definitions of homicide in statutes, which lack a clear legislative intent to extend liability to corporations. Most of the ambiguity in statutory language can be resolved by substituting "a" for "another" preceding "human being" in the description of the victim in the homicide statute. The prevailing trend in the courts appears to favor corporate criminal liability for homicide, although the issue is unresolved in most jurisdictions. The option to prosecute supplements the civil process and, in some states, may be the only practical recourse. Corporate criminal liability for homicide introduces a factor into industry decision making which operates to promote product safety. Such liability is justified by its deterrence of reckless disregard for consumer safety. KW - Automobile industry KW - Case studies KW - Corporations KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Fatalities KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390967 JO - Practitioner PB - Morgan-Grampian Limited AU - Hall, M M AU - Morgan-Grampian Limited TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1979/06 VL - 222 IS - 3112 SP - p. 754-764 AB - The social aspects of driving, and the evolution of motor vehicle design (including motorcycles) over the years are reviewed. The incidence of traffic accident casualties in the U.K. is noted. The failure of the fatality rate to rise in parallel with traffic increase can be attributed to medical care improvements, vehicle safety features, and roads which are more suitable for high-speed traffic. The collection of traffic accident data by the Department of Transport, and the difficulties in collecting information on accident victims treated in emergency rooms are discussed. Alcohol as a serious traffic safety problem in Britain is examined, and various countermeasures (special enforcement squads, publicity campaigns) are discussed. The kinematics of and forces exerted on unrestrained vehicle occupants during a collision are described. Various aspects of seat belt use are considered: types of restraints and their adjustment, effectiveness in injury prevention, and compulsory seat belt use laws. Motorcycle safety is addressed, with emphasis on the need for the training and education of young cyclists. The medical aspects of traffic accidents are discussed: emergency medical services (ambulances, hospital-and practitioner-based "flying squads"), patient management by emergency personnel, equipment for medical aid at accident site, primary care facilities, and long-term effects. KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Kinematics KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210213 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390969 JO - Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation PB - American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine AU - Kent, H AU - Sheridan, J AU - Wasko, E AU - June, C AU - American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine TI - A DRIVER TRAINING PROGRAM FOR THE DISABLED PY - 1979/06 VL - 60 IS - 6 SP - p. 273-276 AB - Experience is reported of a driver training program for disabled individuals at the Long Beach Veterans Administration Medical Center, Calif. After a VA candidate has been declared eligible and has undergone a medical examination, he undergoes the following program: simulator ADL (activities of daily living) evaluation; education on traffic laws and Department of Motor Vehicle (DMV) examination, and discussion of insurance; vehicular instruction (simulator and in automobile or van); and final evaluation and examination. Patient data from 167 candidates who entered the program from April 1976 to March 1977 indicate that 154 (92%) were successful. Dropouts were due to educational deficiencies, physical inability, and/or stress in performance ability. In general, it was found that sedan-type vehicles can be used by handicapped drivers who have some upper limb function. Increasing numbers of disabled drivers prefer vans. Many of the patients were somewhat older than expected. Patients with hemiplegia or quadriplegia required the most training time, the single lower amputee usually the least. The right lower amputee required more time than the left because of accelerator and brake design. Older people and those with psychiatric disorders generally required more educational effort. The Medical Center experience illustrates that with proper selection and training, patients with various categories of disabilities can be taught to satisfy DMV requirements for licensure. KW - Disabled drivers KW - Driver training KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389621 JO - Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science PB - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited AU - THOMPSON, A G AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - PARAMETER PLANE STUDIES OF CAR-STEERING STABILITY WITH COMBINED LATERAL AND PREVIEWED ERROR-SENSING BY THE DRIVER PY - 1979/06 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - p. 139-152 AB - Parameter plane curves of the driver's minimum preview distance for stability versus driver's gain are mathematically derived to represent boundaries for absolute or relative stability of the complete car-driver system. Driver error input is assumed to be a weighted sum of his lateral position error and predicted error at the preview distance, resulting in a simple steering strategy which permits a car to be driven on winding roads in simulation studies. Parameter plane and gain-crossover theories are compared in operation on a straight road. Tracking accuracy in a steady turn is shown to be improved by a steering strategy in which the driver acts on both lateral and previewed errors. It is also demonstrated that the lateral error becomes zero if the preview distance equals an optimum value, depending on turn speed and radius. Stability plots for straight roads are adapted to the determination of stability in turns. A computer simulation of a car driven on a road S-bend provides information on stability, tracking accuracy, and optimum preview distance. It is concluded that the preview distance should be as great as possible on straight roads to achieve maximum relative stability and minimize the driver's lead time. A winding road generates more driver activity and steering accuracy becomes important. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel performance KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318502 AU - Segel, L AU - Weber, K AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ADEQUACY OF NHTSA'S MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY RESEARCH PLAN, FINDINGS OF A WORKSHOP PY - 1979/06 SP - 51 p. AB - A workshop was held to evaluate the adequacy of the safety-related research and development activities planned in support of NHTSA's Five Year Plan for Motor Vehicle Safety and Fuel Economy Rulemaking. The document summarizes the deliberations and findings of that workshop. KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicles KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328370 AU - Yee, R AU - Pirtle, R AU - Thatcher, C AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VAN CRASHWORTHINESS AND AGGRESSIVITY STUDY, TEST REPORT 3, ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES PY - 1979/06 SP - 109 p. AB - A series of eight, full-scale van crash tests was conducted, six tests were van-to-fixed barrier and two tests were van-to-car head-on collisions. The report presents data gathered for the Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis. The data was gathered to obtain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions for use in the CRASH 2 computer program. Vehicle and accident scene information from each test was collected for the purpose of improving crash phase reconstruction programs used in field studies. The information collected includes documentation of crash trajectory residual crush and tire marks for each vehicle in each test. KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Loss and damage KW - Moments of inertia KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Trajectory KW - Vans KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328369 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VAN CRASHWORTHINESS AND AGGRESSIVITY STUDY TEST REPORT I, VAN-TO-NHTSA FIXED TEST DEVICE HEAD-ON IMPACT TESTS, VOLUME I PY - 1979/06 SP - 164 p. AB - A series of eight full-scale van crash tests was conducted. The report presents the results of six symmetric, head-on Van-to-NHTSA Fixed Test Device crash tests. Two different model vans were crashed at test speeds of 15, 25, and 30 mph. Tests 3052-1 through 3052-3 were conducted using 1979 Ford E-150 Econoline Vans, while Tests 3052-4 through 3052-6 were conducted using 1979 Dodge B-200 Vans. The objective of these tests was to study the aggressivity of vans, to provide baseline test data to support extension of FMVSS 208 to vans, and to provide initial information for the future FMVSS 400 series standards upgrading. This report contains all test results which include still photographs, dimensions, accelerometer location identification summaries of electronic data, and summaries of simulated occupant data. KW - Aggression KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328384 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VAN CRASHWORTHINESS AND AGGRESSIVITY STUDY TEST REPORT I, VAN-TO-NHTSA FIXED TEST DEVICE HEAD-ON IMPACT TESTS, VOLUME II PY - 1979/06 SP - 280 p. AB - The report presents the results of Tests 3052-1 through 3052-6, symmetric head-on Van-to-NHTSA Fixed Test Device crash tests. Two different model vans were crashed at test speeds of 15, 25, and 30 mph. Tests 3052-1 thrugh 3052-3 were conducted using 1979 Ford E-150 Econoline Vans while Tests 3052-4 through 3052-6 were conducted using 1979 Dodge B-200 Vans. The objective of these tests was to study the aggressivity of vans, to provide baseline test data to support extension of FMVSS No. 208 to vans, and to provide initial information for the future FMVSS 400 series standards upgrading. The report contains all Calcomp plots of vehicle and NHTSA Test Device electronic data gathered for each test. KW - Aggression KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328383 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VAN CRASHWORTHINESS AND AGGRESSIVITY STUDY TEST REPORT 2, VAN-TO-CAR HEAD-ON IMPACT TESTS PY - 1979/06 SP - 137 p. AB - The report presents the results of two symmetric, head-on van-to-car crash tests. Two different model vans were tested at speeds calculated to give a velocity change of 30 mph for the van. Bullet vehicles in both tests were 1979 Chevrolet Impala, 4-door sedans. Test 3052-7 was conducted using a 1978 Ford E-150 Econoline Van while Test 3052-8 used a 1979 Dodge B-200 Van. The objective of these tests was to study the aggressivity of vans, to provide baseline test data to support extension of FMVSS 208 to vans, and to provide initial information for the future FMVSS 400 series standards upgrading. The report contains all test results which include still photographs, dimensions, accelerometer location identification summaries of electronic data, and summaries of simulated occupant data. KW - Aggression KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199000 AU - Adams, J W AU - Taggart, H E AU - Kanda, M AU - Shafer, J AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) RADIATIVE MEASUREMENTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1979/06 SP - 49 p. AB - This report describes the measured results of the electromagnetic (EM) environment encountered by three different-sized vehicles exposed to a selection of CB and mobile radio transmitters and broadcast stations. The vehicle in these situations is immersed in the near field of the radiating signals and the measured data is near-field data. This report gives measured data of electric and magnetic fields measured independently. The purpose of the report is to identify the EM environmental conditions under different circumstances in order to estimate EMC testing criteria for vehicles and their electronic systems. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Citizen band radio KW - Electric fields KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electronic control KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field strength KW - Ground vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radio transmission KW - Radio transmitters KW - Transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313958 AU - Cropper, R AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) TEST MONITORING AND DATA PUBLICATION-RENAULT R20TS-TO-CALSPAN RSV 75 DEGREE RIGHT SIDE IMPACT AT RENAULT PY - 1979/06 SP - 99 p. AB - The report presents the results of a 75 degree right side impact collision between a Renault R20TS and the Calspan RSV No. 4. The Calspan RSV was the stationary target vehicle and was struck in the side by the Renault bullet vehicle. The test was conducted by Renault. The crash test evaluated the structural integrity and dynamic response of the Calspan RSV, and the dynamic response of its three occupants when involved in a 75 degree side impact crash. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305789 AU - Ervin, R D AU - NISONGER, R L AU - MALLIKARJUNARAO, C AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE YAW STABILITY OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILERS DURING CORNERING. APPENDICES PY - 1979/06 SP - 370 p. AB - Contents: Survey of accident data; Vehicle parameter listings; Detailed data from full-scale tests; Analysis of tractor-semitrailer yaw response; Detailed results of computerized parametric sensitivity study; Detailed measures of ride response; Approximate analysis of tire side forces arising during a transient maneuver. KW - Control KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading procedures KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Vibration KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305794 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF FMVSS 208, COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE ON VEHICLE MANUFACTURING PY - 1979/06 SP - 168 p. AB - A major deterrent in the public acceptance of existing motor vehicle passive and active safety restraint system, is the lack of comfort and convenience in their use. The purpose of FMVSS 208, Comfort and Convenience, is to correct this deficiency by specifying standards of governing belt fit, belt pressure tension, use of rear occupant emergency locking retractors, warning systems, belt guides and stand-offs, and latch plate accessibility. This study analyzed the domestic 1979 Model Year passenger and light truck and van fleets for compliance. The results indicated that the 1979 fleets are generally in non-compliance in the areas of chest location and belt pressure for torso belt fit; availability of emergency locking retractors for rear seats; free standing belt guides for rear seats; and audible and indicator light warning systems for belt non-engagement. The design changes required to correct these deficiencies are relatively minor and can be instituted within the 1981 Model Year time frame. Results of an analysis of the impact on manufacturing lead time and per unit costs for rulemaking compliance are given by manufacturer and vehicle model. KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Design KW - Enforcement KW - Fasteners KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305799 AU - Darwick, N AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Smith, AVJ AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPEED ENFORCEMENT/PATROL CONFIGURATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT (NMSL): ADMINISTRATOR'S GUIDE PY - 1979/06 SP - 158 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to combine the information received from state law enforcement agencies and observations made during site visits to ten states relating to enforcement practices with evaluations made of various NMSL enforcement configurations designed to provide information by which state law enforcement administrators may design or study their NMSL enforcement programs most effectively. The effects of patrol vehicle visibility (marked cars, unmarked cars and aircraft) and availability of additional personnel or speed measuring devices (speedometer only, moving radar, moving radar and stopwatch, and speedometer with stopwatch) are related to their effects on cost effectiveness, productivity and special classes of violators. Recommendations include reducing the visibility of vehicles used in NMSL enforcement and increasing the availability of moving radar and stopwatches to officers for detecting and measuring speeds of violators. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway transportation KW - Law enforcement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Police vehicles KW - Radar KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305742 AU - Ervin, R D AU - NISONGER, R L AU - MALLIKARJUNARAO, C AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE YAW STABILITY OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILERS DURING CORNERING PY - 1979/06 SP - 150 p. AB - The study examined the yaw stability of tractor-semitrailers under pure cornering conditions, with no braking. The particular stability mode which was of interest could be called the jackknife mode, although the divergent response which can occur is much less violent than that which occurs when tractor rear wheels are braked to the point of lockup. KW - Braking KW - Computerized simulaton KW - Control KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading procedures KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vibration KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305727 AU - REISS, M L AU - Institute for Safety Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMERCIAL TRUCK EXPOSURE ESTIMATION. VOLUME II: PROCEEDINGS PY - 1979/06 SP - 278 p. AB - The document represents the proceedings that were given out to the attendees of the symposium on April 9-11, 1979. Twenty-two formal presentations were made. The general areas covered are: (1) Background--what is exposure data, why is it needed, what does it look like; (2) General needs--at the National level, for accident analysis; (3) Measures of truck exposure; (4) Techniques for exposure estimation; (5) Vehicular observation techniques, and (6) Uses of exposure data. KW - Commercial transportation KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Common carriers KW - Conferences KW - Coordination KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Exposure KW - Highway transportation KW - Information systems KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Simulation KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305741 AU - Ervin, R D AU - NISONGER, R L AU - MALLIKARJUNARAO, C AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE YAW STABILITY OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILERS DURING CORNERING: SUMMARY PY - 1979/06 SP - 24 p. AB - The yaw stability of tractor-semitrailers in steering-only maneuvers is examined by means of computer simulation and full-scale tests. The tests included as-designed vehicles as well as vehicles modified with frame and front suspension stiffening elements installed. Results show that while tractor yaw instability can occur well below the rollover threshold for certain vehicles, modified stiffness parameters can eliminate such premature yaw instability. Simulation study of the influence of design and operating variables on tractor yaw stability served to classify the relative importance of different suspension stiffness options, as well as tire mix, fifth wheel placement, and trailer loading practices. Results show that remarkably low levels of tractor yaw stability are possible with certain combinations of design and in-use variables. A set of measurements of tractor-semitrailer ride vibrations is also reported as an add-on task to this study. KW - Control KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Loading KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading procedures KW - Loads KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vibration KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305728 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Humann, K AU - Egbert, T P AU - Phillips, L AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE ENERGY ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT. VOLUME II: ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA STATISTICIAN/ANALYST'S POINT OF VIEW PY - 1979/06 SP - 192 p. AB - The report describes the statistical analysis of automobile accident cases for the purpose of determining the injury causing factors involved in subcompact vehicle driver-steering assembly interaction during impact. This Volume of the project describes the analysis from the statistician/analyst's point of view. KW - Automobiles KW - Case studies KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash investigation KW - Energy absorption KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Small car KW - Statistical analysis KW - Steering columns KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305571 AU - REISS, M L AU - Institute for Safety Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMERCIAL TRUCK EXPOSURE ESTIMATION. VOLUME I: SUMMARY PY - 1979/06 SP - 17 p. AB - The scope for the symposium provided by NHTSA included discussion and presentation of materials involving the broadest aspects of the subject of commercial vehicle exposure estimation, with specific emphasis on: (1) The basic need for exposure measurement as an essential element of accident research reflecting accident causation analysis, risk analysis, etc.; (2) Current data sources and collection mechanisms; (3) Potential new data sources and collection mechanisms; and (4) Potentialities for modeling and simulation of commercial vehicle trip-making or travel characteristics. It was identified that a large number of state and federal agencies are compiling truck exposure data in a non-uniform fashion. Recommendations include the need for coordination between federal agencies to establish an integrated data gathering and retrieval system for commercial truck exposure information. KW - Commercial transportation KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Common carriers KW - Coordination KW - Crash causes KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Exposure KW - Hazards KW - Highway transportation KW - Information systems KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Risk assessment KW - Simulation KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305574 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Humann, K AU - Egberg, T R AU - Phillips, L AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE ENERGY ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT. VOLUME I: ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA ENGINEER'S POINT OF VIEW PY - 1979/06 SP - 100 p. AB - The report describes the statistical analysis of automobile accident cases for the purpose of determining the injury causing factors involved in subcompact vehicle driver-steering assembly interaction during impact. The statistical analysis techniques discussed are "Principal Component Analysis", "Contingency Table Analysis", and "Discriminant Function Analysis". These techniques were applied to data sets consisting of 108 Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation team cases and 53 cases recorded by the University of Birmingham, England, Accident Research Unit. The accidents analyzed consisted of frontal impacts of unrestrained drivers. The analysis developed a methodology for the determination and illustration of the injury causing and injury indicating factors in automobile accidents. This is Volume I of the project interim report and describes the analysis from the engineer's point of view. KW - Automobiles KW - Case studies KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Small car KW - Statistical analysis KW - Steering columns KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305555 AU - Naab, K N AU - Baum, A S AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPEATABILITY OF PERFORMANCE OF THE SA103C THREE YEAR OLD CHILD TEST DUMMIES PY - 1979/06 SP - 137 p. AB - The objective of the research effort was to determine the performance repeatability of four SA103C three-year old child test dummies. The dummies were first tested in a series of static and dynamic component tests in accordance with test procedures specified in the proposed standard 49 CFR, Part 572, Subpart C. A series of 60 whole dummy performance tests was then conducted on a HYGE accelerator sled with each dummy tested in a sequence of six replicate runs in two different child restraint seats. The GM Love Seat and the Chrysler Mopar Safety Seat were both used in this series of tests. Sled impact velocities were 30 mph and 20 mph. The primary measures of dummy sled test performance analyzed with the statistical methods were: (1) peak head resultant acceleration, (2) peak chest resultant acceleration, (3) maximum head C.G. horizontal displacement and (4) maximum knee horizontal displacement. An analysis of the absolute deviations of each data point from the overall means demonstrated that the dummy variations were within an acceptable level for all performance measures. In addition, performance comparison overlay time history graphs are presented for direct comparisons. KW - Anatomical models KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Highway transportation KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tests KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305575 AU - Humann, K AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE ENERGY ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT. VOLUME III: APPENDICES PY - 1979/06 SP - 106 p. AB - This volume of the project interim report presents the appendices of corresponding Volume I and II. The appendices contain the following information: Appendix A - Coding and distribution of significant variables; Appendix B - Sample collision performance and injury report (CPIR) used for MDAI data; Appendix C - Sample accident investigation report, University of Birmingham; Appendix D - MDAI codebook; Appendix E - Birmingham data codebook; Appendix F - Listing of accident cases and important variables for the MDAI 108, MDAI 78 and Birmingham 53 data files; Appendix G - Example of a CRASH2 computer simulation; Appendix H - Frequency distributions and classifications for important MDAI and Birmingham variables; Appendix I - "Measurement of Thoracic Injury in Collision Simulations Using Anthropomorphic Dummies." KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Simulation KW - Small car KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198288 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD AND INFANT RESTRAINTS PY - 1979/06 SP - 82 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as related to restraints in automobiles for children and infants. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Highway safety KW - Infants KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25464/DOT-HS-804-729.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305899 AU - McLean, R F AU - De Lorean (John Z) Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF APPLYING FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS 203 AND 204 TO LIGHT TRUCKS AND VANS. MODIFICATION NO. 3 (FINAL) PY - 1979/05/31 SP - 36 p. AB - From a careful inspection of trucks, their possible compliance or non-compliance with the requirements of FMVSS 203 and 204 was determined. Where non-compliance was indicated, design studies were made to bring the trucks into compilance. The added weight of the new designs was estimated. Using established cost estimating procedures, the incremental costs of the new design features were estimated. The manufacturing, wholesale, dealer markup, and total consumer costs were estimated. The average service life of the light trucks was used to establish a lifetime fuel cost based on the effects of the weight increases. The industry's leadtime requirements were discussed. Based on 1978 production volumes, the average cost per truck of complying with FMVSS 203 and 204 would be $11.35 per truck. KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impacts KW - Light trucks KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318906 AU - MITCHELL, B AU - ABRAMS, R AU - SCOTT, R A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING. VOLUME 2. PROGRAMMERS' GUIDE FOR THE FIVE DEGREE OF FREEDOM MODELS PY - 1979/05/30 SP - 265 p. AB - The aim of this report is to provide sufficient documentation on the digital programs SLABAM and SLABIM as to enable them to be altered readily. Both programs involve five-degree-of-freedom vehicle models and are designed to simulate straight line braking and acceleration maneuvers. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Computer programming KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Digital simulation KW - Feedback control KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318905 AU - MITCHELL, B AU - ABRAMS, R AU - SCOTT, R A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE HANDLING. VOLUME 1. USER'S GUIDE FOR THE FIVE DEGREE OF FREEDOM MODELS PY - 1979/05/30 SP - 38 p. AB - This report is composed of seven volumes: Volume 1--User's Guide for the Five Degree of Freedom Models, which contains directions on how to operate the digital programs SLABAM and SLABIM; Volume 2--Programmers' Guide for the Five Degree of Freedom Models, which is intended to provide sufficient documentation on the SLABAM and SLABIM programs as to enable them to be alltered readily; Volume 3--Technical Mannual for the Five Degree of Freedom Models, which contains information on model validation and operating costs as well as samples and analyses of simulation output; Volume 4--Users' Guide for the General Simulation; Volume 6--Programmers' Guide for the Driver Module, which is intended to provide sufficient documentation on the DRIVER MODULE as to enable it to be altered readily if necessary; Volume 7--Technical Manual for the General Simulation, which contains mathematical modelling of the vehicle and the human driver as well as differences between the APL simulation and the current one; and Volume 8--Summary Report--which lists the major objectives of the entire study: to develop an all digital vehicle simulation for handling and braking, to develop a human driver simulation for evaluating handling capabilities of closed loop vehicle-driver systems, and to investigate methods for describing the directional stability and control of automobiles applicable to nonlinear transit response. KW - Braking KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Digital computers KW - Digital simulation KW - Digital techniques KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Feedback control KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Improvements KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305724 AU - Treat, J R AU - Tumbas, N S AU - McDonald, S T AU - Shinar, D AU - HUME, R D AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRI-LEVEL STUDY OF THE CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/05/30 SP - 69 p. AB - Data were collected on three levels. Police reports and other baseline data on the Monroe County, Indiana study area were collected on Level A. On Level B, teams of technicians responded to accidents at the time of their occurrence to conduct on-scene investigations; a total of 2,258 investigations were conducted during Phases II through V. Concurrently, 420 of these accidents were independently examined by a multidisciplinary team on Level C. General population surveys were also conducted. Human factors were cited by the in-depth team as probable causes in 92.6% of accidents investigated in Phases II through V. Environmental factors were cited as probable causes in 33.8% of these accidents, while vehicular factors were identified as probable causes in 12.6%. The major human direct causes were improper lookout, excessive speed, inattention, improper evasive action, and internal distraction. Leading environmental causes were view obstructions and slick roads. The major vehicular causes were brake failure, inadequate tread depth, side-by-side brake imbalance, under-inflation, and vehicle-related vision obstructions. Vision (especially poor dynamic visual acuity) and personality (especially poor personal and social adjustment) were found related to accident-involvement. However, as measured in this study, knowledge of the driving task was not shown to be related. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Brakes KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Failure KW - Human factors KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Police KW - Research KW - Roads KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles KW - Visibility KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365578 AU - MERRITT, J O AU - HELANDER, M AU - Abrams, C AU - Miller, J C AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF WIDE-ANGLE HEADLIGHT ILLUMINATION ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 1979/05 SP - 108 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify possible improvements in the present U.S. low beam headlight system, using an instrumented passenger car to evaluate the effect of experimental wide-angle low beam lighting on various driver performance measures--speed, brake pressure, longitudinal acceleration, steering wheel position, lateral acceleration, lateral lane position, and electrodermal response (GSR), for over 1,000 vehicle miles (30 hours) on a winding rural highway at night. KW - Headlamps KW - Highway transportation KW - Illuminating KW - Lighting systems KW - Motor vehicles KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197629 AU - Idaho Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANAGEMENT SUMMARY OF THE IDAHO ASAP DEMONSTRATION PROJECT JULY 1972-JUNE 1975 PY - 1979/05 SP - 54 p. AB - The report presents a condensed version of the three-year operational Alcohol Safety Action Project in Idaho. Countermeasures implemented to reduce the number of drunken drivers on Idaho highways are discussed. The contents of the report verifies the success of the project. KW - Alcoholism KW - Countermeasures KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Idaho KW - Information services KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Project management KW - Public relations KW - Regulations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379771 AU - Pretorius, Henry B AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - INJURIES IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AND THE ROLE OF SEAT-BELTS PY - 1979/05 SP - 35 p. AB - The main object of this study was to identify injuries caused by seat-belts. The data discussed in this report were obtained by means of 185 case studies undertaken country-wide over a period of one year, involving 408 vehicle occupants. Of the 1,271 injuries identified, 52 (about 4 percent) were caused by seat-belts. Of this total 21 (about 1.5 percent) were caused by seat-belts which were worn correctly, while 31 injuries were caused by seat-belts which were worn too loosely. In order to establish the distribution of injuries, occupants of vehicles were categorised according to an international seven-point injury scale (AIS). From the results it is clear that occupants who wear their seat-belts correctly are likely to sustain less severe injuries than those who wear them too loosely or not at all. It can, therefore, be concluded that seat-belts worn correctly offer better protection than those worn either too loosely or not at all. The fear of some people of being injured by their seat-belts is not justified as in our sample seat-belts worn properly produced less than 2 percent of all injuries. In the study no injuries could be ascribed to seat-belts in accidents involving fire and water. It would appear that approximately 5 percent of seat-belts used failed in accidents due to various reasons, e.g. old seat-belts and too high speed. However, in certain cases even belts that failed offered some protection. KW - Effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Protection KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368772 AU - MERRITT, J O AU - HELANDER, M AU - Abrams, C AU - Miller, J C AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF WIDE-ANGLE HEADLIGHT ILLUMINATION ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 1979/05 SP - 99 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify possible improvements in the present U.S. low beam headlight system, using an instrumented passenger car to evaluate the effect of experimental wide-angle low beam lighting on various driver performance measures: speed, brake pressure, longitudinal acceleration, steering wheel position, lateral acceleration, lateral lane position, and electrodermal response (GSR), for over 1,000 vehicle miles (30 hours) on a winding rural highway at night. The present U.S. low beam system poses a visibility problem in rural night driving for two reasons: down-the-road preview distance in curves is severely limited due to the narrow angular coverage of U.S. low beams; and many drivers tend to use low beams continuously on two-lane rural roads, even after opposing traffic has passed. Improvements in the U.S. low beam system may contribute significantly to a reduction in the much higher nighttime increase in the rate of single vehicle fatal accidents which occur on curves vs. straight sections. Eighteen subjects in Experiment 1 and ten subjects in Experiment 2 provided performance data for 134 test runs, sampled by a digital computer-compatible tape recorder at 5 Hz. This time-based data was subsequently computer processed and converted to distance-based data in order to average across subjects for each 10 m segment of the test road, and to permit an analysis of variance within subjects for lighting pattern, left/right curve vs. straight, outbound vs. inbound, first four runs vs. second four runs. Average values of the driver performance measures showed only slight differences as a function of the different headlight patterns, but the statistical significance of these differences suggests that another approach to analysis of the data base would show much stronger lighting effects. Complex interactions of the lighting variable with roadway geometry and familiarity showed that lighting affects driver performance only at specific critical points along the roadway. High beam produced significantly lower electrodermal response than the three low beam systems, and the widest low beam system showed greater lateral lane position variability than high beam and the other two low beam systems. In a survey after the test runs, subjects consistently preferred the widest-angle low beam system for driving on the winding rural highway, even over the standard high beam system. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway curves KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Night visibility KW - Personnel performance KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199127 AU - Lacey, J H AU - Stewart, J R AU - Council, F M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING HIGH-RISK DRIVERS FOR ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/05 SP - 155 p. AB - The report, a companion to the Volume II User Manual by the same name, describes the development and testing of predictive models for identifying individuals with a high risk of alcohol/related (A/R) crash involvement. Prospective analyses of the models' predictive capabilities using 1976 crash data indicated that, in general, they effectively identify the driver subgroups that have the highest risk of A/R crash involvement. Because most of the information used in the model development is readily available in most governmental jurisdictions, the models can be adapted for use in areas other than North Carolina. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Identification systems KW - Identifying KW - Law enforcement KW - Males KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - North Carolina KW - Prevention KW - Recidivism KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Techniques79.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313957 AU - Cropper, R AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) TEST MONITORING AND DATA PUBLICATION-RENAULT R20TS-TO-CALSPAN RSV 75 DEGREE LEFT SIDE IMPACT AT PEUGEOT PY - 1979/05 SP - 125 p. AB - The report presents the results of a 75 degree left side impact collision between a Renault R20TS and the Calspan RSV No. 4. The Calspan RSV was the stationary target vehicle and was struck in the side by the Renault bullet vehicle. The test was conducted by Automobiles Peugeot in France. This crash test evaluated the structural integrity and dynamic response of the Calspon RSV, and the dynamic response of its three occupants when involved in a 75 degree side impact crash. The side door intrusion into the passenger compartment was limited to 3.8 inches maximum at the driver door, and all occupant responses met established human survival specifications. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Doors KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Referencing KW - Research KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199012 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE FUEL TANKS PY - 1979/05 SP - 102 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and concerns automobile fuel tanks and fuel tank systems. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. KW - Abstracts KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel systems KW - Fuel tanks KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Reviews KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199066 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1978. A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1979/05 SP - 340 p. AB - The bibliography cites technical reports published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1978. It serves as a supplement to previous published bibliographies covering the years 1967 through 1977. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Human factors engineering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Safety equipment KW - Technical reports KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311308 AU - MERRITT, J O AU - HELANDER, M AU - Adams, C AU - Miller, J C AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF WIDE-ANGLE HEADLIGHT ILLUMINATION ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 1979/05 SP - 99 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify possible improvements in the present U.S. low beam head-light system, using an instrumented passenger car to evaluate the effect of experimental wide-angle low beam lighting on various driver performance measures: speed, brake pressure, longitudinal acceleration, steering wheel position, lateral acceleration, lateral lane position, and electrodermal response (GSR), for over 1,000 vehicle miles (30 hours) on a winding rural highway at night. The present U.S. low beam system poses a visibility problem in rural night driving for two reasons: down-the-road preview distance in curves is severely limited due to the narrow angular coverage of U.S. low beams; and many drivers tend to use low beams continuously on two-lane rural roads, even after opposing traffic has passed. Improvements in the U.S. low beam system may contribute significantly to a reduction in the much higher nighttime increase in the rate of single vehicle fatal accidents which occur on curves vs. straight sections. Eighteen subjects in Experiment 1 and ten subjects in Experiment 2 provided performance data for 134 test runs, sampled by a digital computer-compatible tape recorder at 5 Hz. This time-based data was subsequently computer processed and converted to distance-based data in order to average across subjects for each 10 m segment of the test road, and to permit an analysis of variance within subjects for lighting pattern, left/right curve vs. straight, outbound vs. inbound, first four runs vs. second four runs. Average values of the driver performance measures showed only slight differences as a function of the different headlight patterns, but the statistical significance of these differences suggests that another approach to analysis of the data base would show much stronger lighting effects. Complex interactions of the lighting variable with roadway geometry and familiarity showed that lighting affects driver performance only at specific critical points along the roadway. High beam produced significantly lower electrodermal response than the three low beam systems, and the widest low beam system showed greater lateral lane position variability than high beam and the other two low beam systems. In a survey after the test runs, subjects consistently preferred the widest-angle low beam system for driving on the winding rural highway, even over the standard high beam system. (NHTSA) KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Headlamps KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Pavement widening KW - Personnel performance KW - Rural highways KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305717 AU - Faris, W R AU - Tresselt, C P AU - Yee, H C AU - Bendix Research Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE RADAR BRAKING SYSTEMS INVESTIGATION - PHASE III STUDY PY - 1979/05 SP - 249 p. AB - This document is the final report of the Phase III program to study the potential application of an anticipatory radar braking system in preventing motor vehicle accidents. The progress was undertaken by Bendix Research Laboratories for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The report describes the design of the experimental radar braking system by Bendix Research Laboratories. The report also describes the installation of the system on two test vehicles. A summary of the functional tests which demonstrate the performance of the experimental system is included as well. The system description is divided into three sections. Section 2 outlines the design of the radar sensor, including the signal processing electronics, control panel display, and installation of the entire subsystem on the test vehicles. Section 3 and 4 describe the design of the brake actuation subsystem and the anti-lock subsystem, respectively, and include information about installation of these two subsystem on test vehicles. Section 5 outlines functional tests conducted with the two test vehicles equipped with the radar braking system. The preliminary tests outlined in Section 5 demonstrate the performance of the radar braking system. In addition to general observations about closed-loop braking performance of the two radar-brake-equipped test vehicles, Section 6 outlines the major differences in performance between the two test vehicles. More extensive tests of the radar braking system installed in the test vehicles are recommended. A test plan, separate from this report, has been submitted. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automation KW - Brakes KW - Computer programs KW - Control devices KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Electronics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Radar KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Signal processing KW - Tests KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305736 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stewart, J R AU - Stutts, J C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF MOPEDS AS A POTENTIAL SAFETY PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES. VOLUME II: DATA ANALYSIS AND USAGE AND ACCIDENT PROJECTIONS PY - 1979/05 SP - 164 p. AB - The project represents an attempt to forecast the possible moped accident problem that may occur in the United States over the next five to ten years. The three basic objectives are the following: (1) formulate a procedure to forecast the nature and scope of the moped accident problem that may develop in the U.S., (2) use the procedure to predict outcomes for input values such as sales volume, usage patterns and crash rates, and (3) based on the outputs, recommend NHTSA research and safety program action. The Volume I report for the project (Hunter and Stutts, 1979) contained the findings from the literature review and data search phases of the project. This second volume presents the analysis results, utilizing the available data on U.S. moped sales, usage and accident involvement. After an introduction and overview of the project in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 gives some demographic information on U.S. moped riders and describes the typical use of the vehicle, based on information derived from the various consumer surveys reviewed. Chapter 3 then presents a descriptive analysis of moped accidents based on police-reported accident data provided by 11 U.S. states. Chapter 4 details how the available data were utilized to develop projections of the number of mopeds in use and the number of moped accidents, injuries and fatalities through 1988. The year by year projections are contained in Appendix B. KW - Consumers KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Police KW - Sales KW - States KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144105 ER -